document_title: United States men's national soccer team

question_text: number 20 on the us men's soccer team

question_tokens: number 20 on the us men 's soccer team

text: United States men's national soccer team

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: The first United States national team was constituted in 1885, when it played Canada in the first international match held outside the United Kingdom.[7] Canada defeated the U.S. 1–0 in Newark, New Jersey. The United States had its revenge the following year when it beat Canada 1–0, also in Newark, although neither match was officially recognized. The U.S. earned both silver and bronze medals in men's soccer at the 1904 St. Louis Summer Olympics through Christian Brothers College and St. Rose Parish, though the tournament has since been unofficiated by FIFA. The United States played its first official international match under the auspices of U.S. Soccer August 20, 1916, against Sweden in Stockholm, where the U.S. won 3–2.

text: The U.S fielded a team in the 1930 World Cup in Uruguay, the first ever World Cup to be played. The U.S. began group play by beating Belgium 3–0. The U.S. then earned a 3–0 victory over Paraguay, with FIFA crediting Bert Patenaude with two of the goals.[8][9][10][11] In November 2006, FIFA announced that it had accepted evidence that Patenaude scored all three goals against Paraguay, and was thus the first person to score a hat trick in a World Cup.[12] In the semifinals, the U.S. lost to Argentina 6–1. Using the overall tournament records, FIFA credited the U.S. with a third-place finish ahead of fellow semi-finalist Yugoslavia.[13] The finish remains the U.S. team's best World Cup result, and is the highest finish of any team from outside of South America and Europe.

text: There was no official soccer tournament in the 1932 Olympic Games. In an informal tournament, the United States finished first, followed by Mexico and Canada.[citation needed] The U.S. qualified for the 1934 World Cup by defeating Mexico 4–2. The team played Italy and lost 7–1, eliminating them from the tournament. The Olympic soccer tournament was reinstated in the 1936 Olympic Games.

text: The 1950 World Cup in Brazil was the United States's next World Cup appearance (it withdrew from the tournament in 1938). The U.S. lost its first match 3–1 against Spain, but then won 1–0 against England at Independência Stadium in Belo Horizonte. Striker Joe Gaetjens was the goal scorer. The result is considered one of the greatest upsets in the history of the World Cups.[citation needed] Months before the famous World Cup loss to the U.S., England had beaten an all-star "rest of Europe" side 6–1 in an exhibition match. Sports Illustrated and Soccer Digest have called World Cup upset by the Americans in 1950 the "Miracle on Grass,".[14] In the U.S. third game of the 1950 tournament, a defeat by Chile by a 5–2 margin saw the U.S. eliminated from the tournament. It would be four decades before the United States would make another appearance at the World Cup.

text: Drought (1960s–1980s)[edit]

text: The national team spent the mid-to-late 20th century near complete irrelevance in both the international game and the domestic sporting scene. The emergence of the North American Soccer League in the 1960s and 1970s raised hopes that the U.S. national team would soon improve and become a global force. However such hopes were not realized and by the 1980s the U.S. Soccer Federation found itself in serious financial struggles, with the national team playing only two matches from 1981 to 1983. U.S. Soccer targeted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and the 1986 World Cup as means of rebuilding the national team and its fan base. The International Olympic Committee declared that teams from outside Europe and South America could field full senior teams, including professionals, that had never played in a World Cup. U.S. Soccer rearranged its Olympic roster, cutting many collegiate players and replacing them with professionals, but the U.S. finished 1–1–1 and failed to make the second round.

text: To provide a more stable national team program and renew interest in the NASL, U.S. Soccer entered the national team into the NASL league schedule for the 1983 season as Team America. This team lacked the continuity and regularity of training that conventional clubs enjoy, and many players were unwilling to play for the national team instead of their own clubs when conflicts arose. Team America finished the season at the bottom of the league, with U.S. Soccer canceling the experiment and withdrawing the national team from the NASL after one season. By the end of 1984, the NASL had folded, leaving the United States without a single professional-level outdoor soccer league.[15]

text: The United States bid to host the 1986 World Cup after Colombia withdrew from contention due to economic concerns, but FIFA selected Mexico to host the tournament. In the last game of CONCACAF qualifying for the 1986 World Cup, the U.S. needed only a tie against Costa Rica to reach the final qualification group against Honduras and Canada. U.S. Soccer scheduled the game to be played in Torrance, California, an area with many Costa Rican expatriates, and marketed the game almost exclusively to the Costa Rican community.[16] Costa Rica won the match 1–0, and kept the United States from reaching its fourth World Cup finals.[17]

text: In 1988, U.S. Soccer attempted to re-implement its national-team-as-club concept, offering contracts to players to train with the national program full-time while occasionally loaning them to club teams as a revenue source for the federation. This brought many key veterans back into the program and allowed the team to begin playing more matches which, combined with an influx of talent from new youth clubs and leagues established across the nation in the wake of the NASL's popularity, allowed the national team to end the 1980s with optimism and higher hopes of qualifying for the 1990 World Cup than had existed for previous tournaments.

text: Rise in the U.S. (1990s)[edit]

text: In 1988, FIFA named the United States as the host of the 1994 World Cup, but it did so under significant international criticism because of the perceived weakness of the national team and the lack of a professional outdoor league. This criticism diminished somewhat when a 1–0 win against Trinidad and Tobago, the U.S.'s first road win in nearly two years, in the last match of the 1989 CONCACAF Championship, earned the United States its first World Cup appearance in 40 years.

text: The team was managed by Bob Gansler in preparation for the 1990 World Cup in Italy, with two of the team's more experienced players, Rick Davis and Hugo Perez, recovering from serious injuries and unavailable for selection. Rather than fill out his team with veteran professionals from American indoor soccer leagues as suggested by some, Gansler chose to select many younger players with better conditioning for the outdoor game, including some amateurs playing for college teams. The U.S. entered the tournament as massive underdogs and suffered defeats in all three of its group games to Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Austria.

text: In a historic match, in 1993 U.S. Cup, U.S. beat England by 2–0.[18]

text: After qualifying automatically as the host of the 1994 World Cup under Bora Milutinović, the U.S. opened its tournament schedule with a 1–1 tie against Switzerland in the Pontiac Silverdome in the suburbs of Detroit, the first World Cup game played indoors. In its second game, the U.S. faced Colombia, then ranked fourth in the world, at the Rose Bowl. Aided by an own goal from Andrés Escobar, the United States won 2–1.[19] Escobar was later murdered in his home country, possibly in retaliation for this mistake.[20] Despite a 1–0 loss to Romania in its final group game, the U.S. made it to the knockout round for the first time since 1930. In the round of 16, the U.S. lost 1–0 to the eventual champion Brazil.[21] Despite this success, the team fired Bora in 1995, reportedly because he was not interested in administrative duties.[22]

text: In 1995, the United States came back from 3–0 to win 4–3 against Saudi Arabia, the biggest comeback in the team's history.

text: In the 1998 World Cup in France, the team lost all three group matches, 2–0 to Germany, 2–1 to Iran, and 1–0 to Yugoslavia, finishing dead last in the field of 32. Head coach Steve Sampson received much of the blame for the performance as a result of abruptly cutting team captain John Harkes, whom Sampson had ironically named "Captain for Life" shortly before, as well as several other players who were instrumental to the qualifying effort, from the squad. Thomas Dooley became the Captain at that point.[23] It emerged in February 2010 that Sampson removed Harkes from the team due to Harkes allegedly having an affair with teammate Eric Wynalda's wife.[24]

text: Success in the 2000s[edit]

text: In the 2002 World Cup under Bruce Arena, the U.S. reached the quarterfinals, its best finish in a World Cup since 1930. The team reached the knockout stage after a 1–1–1 record in the group stage. It started with a 3–2 upset win over Portugal, followed by a 1–1 tie with co-host and eventual semi-finalist, South Korea. It then lost its third and final match 1–3 to Poland but still qualified for the second round when South Korea defeated Portugal. This set the stage for a Second round face-off with continental rivals Mexico, the first time they met in a World Cup. The U.S. won the game 2–0. Brian McBride opened the scoring, and Landon Donovan scored the second goal. That victory advanced the team to the quarterfinals, where it met Germany. The team lost 1–0; after being denied a penalty when Torsten Frings handled the ball to prevent a Gregg Berhalter goal.

text: In the 2006 World Cup, after finishing top of the CONCACAF qualification tournament, the U.S. was drawn into Group E along with the Czech Republic, Italy, and Ghana. The United States opened its tournament with a 3–0 loss to the Czech Republic. The team then tied 1–1 against Italy, who went on to win the World Cup.[25] The United States was then knocked out of the tournament when beaten 2–1 by Ghana in its final group match, with Clint Dempsey scoring the U.S.'s only goal in the tournament – the goal against Italy had been an own goal by Italian defender Cristian Zaccardo.[26] Following the tournament, Arena's contract was not renewed. After the national team remained dormant for the rest of 2006 while negotiating with various coaches, the federation hired former Chicago Fire, MetroStars and Chivas USA manager Bob Bradley in early 2007.

text: Bradley began his competitive career with the national team with the 2007 Gold Cup. In the final, the United States beat Mexico 2–1, which qualified it for the 2009 Confederations Cup.[27]

text: The U.S. had a notable performance at the 2009 Confederations Cup.[28] In the semifinals, the U.S. defeated Spain 2–0.[29] At the time, Spain was atop the FIFA World Rankings and was on a run of 35 games undefeated. With the win, the United States advanced to its first-ever final in a men's FIFA tournament; however, the team lost 3–2 to Brazil after leading 2–0 at half time.[30] The United States then hosted the 2009 Gold Cup.[31] In the final, the United States was beaten by Mexico 5–0. This defeat broke the U.S. team's 58-match home unbeaten streak against CONCACAF opponents, and was the first home loss to Mexico since 1999.

text: The U.S. qualified for the Fourth round, or Hexagonal, of the 2010 World Cup qualification. The U.S. began the Fourth round by beating Mexico 2–0 in February 2009, a loss that extended Mexico's losing streak against America on U.S. soil to 11 matches.[32] Jozy Altidore became the youngest U.S. player to score a hat-trick, in a 3–0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago.[33] Near the end of the summer of 2009, the United States lost 2–1 to Mexico at Estadio Azteca. On October 10, 2009, the United States secured qualification to the 2010 World Cup with a 3–2 win over Honduras. Four days later, the U.S. secured first place in the Fourth round with a 2–2 tie against Costa Rica.

text: In the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the U.S. team were drawn in Group C against England, Slovenia and Algeria. After drawing against England (1–1) and Slovenia (2–2), the U.S. defeated Algeria through a Landon Donovan stoppage time goal, the first time the U.S. had won its group since 1930. In the round of 16, the U.S. was eliminated by Ghana, 2–1.[34] On FIFA's ranking of World Cup teams the U.S. finished in 12th place out of the 32-team field.

text: The United States again hosted the 2011 Gold Cup. The U.S. advanced past the group stage, and defeated Jamaica 2–0 in the quarerfinals and Panama 1–0 in the semifinals, to advance to its fourth consecutive Gold Cup final. In the final, the U.S. was beaten by Mexico 4–2. Later in the summer, Coach Bradley was relieved of his duties and former German national team manager Jürgen Klinsmann was hired as head coach.

text: The U.S. had some success in friendlies in 2012 and 2013. The U.S. team won 1–0 in Italy on February 29, 2012, the team's first ever win over Italy. On June 2, 2013, the U.S. played a friendly against Germany at a sold out RFK Stadium in Washington D.C., with the U.S. winning 4–3. In July 2013, the U.S. hosted and played in the 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup where it went undefeated in the group stage and won with a 1–0 victory over Panama in the final, with Landon Donovan winning the tournament's golden ball award.

text: A 4–3 victory over Bosnia in an international friendly match in Sarajevo represented the 12th straight win for the USMNT, the longest winning streak for any team in the world at that time.[35][36][37][38] The 12 game winning streak ended September 6, 2013, when the U.S. lost to Costa Rica 3–1 in San Jose.[39] In 2013 the national team played the final round of qualification,[40][41] and by defeating Mexico in September, the U.S. clinched a spot in the 2014 World Cup.[42]

text: For the 2014 World Cup, the U.S. was drawn into Group G, along with Ghana, Germany, and Portugal.[43] The U.S. took revenge on the Ghanaians, winning 2–1.[44] They tied their second group game against Portugal 2–2. In the final game of the group stage, the U.S. fell to Germany 1–0, but moved on to the knockout stage on goal difference.[45] This was the first time that the team made two consecutive trips to the knockout stage of the FIFA World Cup.[46] In the round of 16, the U.S. lost 2–1 to Belgium in extra time, despite goalkeeper Tim Howard making a World Cup record 15 saves[47][Note 1] during the match.[48]

text: The national team's next tournament under Klinsmann was the 2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup. However, the U.S. were eliminated by Jamaica 2–1 in the semifinals, before losing to Panama on penalties in the third place match. The fourth-place finish was the worst Gold Cup performance by the national team since 2000, and the first time the team failed to make the tournament final since 2003. In the 2015 CONCACAF Cup playoff to determine the region's entry to the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, the U.S. were defeated 3–2 by Mexico at the Rose Bowl. In the summer of 2016, the United States played as hosts of Copa América Centenario. The U.S. topped Group A on goal difference against Colombia. The U.S. beat Ecuador 2–1 in the quarter-finals, but then fell to Argentina 4–0 and lost to Colombia again 1–0 in the third place match. They finished fourth at the Copa América, tying their best finish ever in 1995.

text: Following consecutive losses to Mexico and Costa Rica in the opening games of the final round of qualification for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, Klinsmann was removed as national team coach and technical director and replaced by previous U.S. manager Bruce Arena. His first two games coaching for the national team in 2017 were friendlies against Serbia and Jamaica. World Cup qualification resumed on March 24, where Arena and his team had a record 6–0 win over Honduras.[49] Four days later, the team traveled to Panama City, drawing Panama 1–1. After beating Trinidad and Tobago 2–0, the U.S. got their third ever result in World Cup Qualification at the Estadio Azteca when they drew 1–1 against Mexico. In July 2017, the U.S. won their sixth CONCACAF Gold Cup with a 2–1 win over Jamaica in the final.

text: Team image[edit]

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: ESPN and Fox Sports 1 evenly split the English language rights for U.S. Soccer broadcasts from 2015 to 2022. Univision Deportes has the Spanish language rights to all U.S. Soccer broadcasts from 2015 to 2022.[50] These agreements do not apply to FIFA World Cup away qualifiers, whose rights are distributed by the host country.[51] Therefore, these matches can often be found on other networks such as beIN Sports and Telemundo.[52]

text: Uniforms[edit]

text: Since their first unofficial game against Canada, the most common U.S. uniform has been white tops with blue shorts. In 1950, the U.S. adopted a Peru-styled diagonal stripe or "sash" across the shirt. The stripe has been on third uniforms for 2003, 2004, and 2006, as well as the 2010 home, road and third uniforms. An additional color scheme based on the U.S. flag has been occasionally used (most prominently in the 1994 World Cup and 2012–13 qualifiers as well the 1983 Team America franchise of the North American Soccer League) comprising a shirt with red and white stripes with blue shorts.

text: Adidas provided the uniforms for the United States from 1985 until 1994. Since 1995, Nike has been the uniform supplier.[53]

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: The teams of Mexico and the United States are widely considered as the two major powers of CONCACAF. Matches between the two nations often attract much media attention, public interest and comment in both countries.

text: Although the first match was played in 1934, their rivalry was not considered major until the 1980s, when the teams began to frequently compete in CONCACAF cups. On August 15, 2012, the United States defeated Mexico at Estadio Azteca in the first victory for the U.S. against Mexico on Mexican soil in 75 years.[54]

text: Ever since their first meeting in 1934, the two teams have met 65 times, with Mexico leading the overall series 33–18–14 (W–L–T), outscoring the U.S. 131–75. However, since the 1990s, the tide began to change due to a rapid growth of soccer in the United States. During this decade, Mexico continued to hold an edge over their arch-rivals but since the 2000s the series has favored the U.S. 13–6–5 (W–L–T).

text: In recent years, the United States has begun to develop a rivalry with Costa Rica, the third strongest team in CONCACAF.[55][56][57][58][59]

text: Supporters[edit]

text: The main supporter groups backing the United States men's national soccer team are Sam's Army and The American Outlaws. The two groups are usually put together in a "supporters' section" at U.S. home games. Sam's Army started shortly after the 1994 World Cup in the United States.[60] Sam's Army members wear red to matches, sing or chant throughout the match. They are so dedicated that they often bring huge American flags and other banners to the game. Both The American Outlaws and Sam's Army both commonly wear soccer supporter scarves.[61] Some branches of the American Outlaws have their own scarves specific to their branch.[62]

text: The American Outlaws was started in Lincoln, Nebraska as a local supporters' group.[63] The group's membership attempted to address a lack of consistency from game to game in supporter organization and social events on match days.[64] To achieve this goal the American Outlaws became a nationwide, non-profit, supporters' group. Some American Outlaws members wear American flag bandanas over their faces.

text: Home stadium[edit]

text: The United States does not have a dedicated national stadium like other national teams; instead, the team has played their home matches at 107 venues in 27 states and the District of Columbia. Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium, located in the national capital of Washington, D.C., has hosted 24 matches, the most of any stadium.[65] The state of California has hosted 109 matches, the most of any state, and the Los Angeles metropolitan area has hosted 73 matches at several venues in and around the city of Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum hosted 20 matches from 1965 to 2000, but fell out of use due to its age.[citation needed] The Rose Bowl, a 92,000-seat venue in Pasadena, has hosted 17 national team matches, as well as the 1994 FIFA World Cup Final, the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup Final, and the 1984 Olympics Gold Medal Match.[66]

text: Coaching staff[edit]

text:
Position
Name

Head coach
 Bruce Arena

Associate head coach
 Dave Sarachan

Assistant coach
 Pat Noonan

Assistant coach
 Kenny Arena

Assistant coach
 Richie Williams

Goalkeeping coach
 Matt Reis

Conditioning coach
 Daniel Guzman

Chief scout
 Thomas Rongen

text: Players[edit]

text: For all past and present players who have appeared for the national team, see United States men's national team players.

text: Current squad[edit]

text:
The following 23 players were named to the squad for the World Cup qualifier against Honduras on September 5, 2017.[67]
Caps and goals are updated as of September 5, 2017 after the match against Honduras.

text:
0#0
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club

1
1GK
Tim Howard
(1979-03-06) March 6, 1979 (age 38)
119
0
 Colorado Rapids

12
1GK
Brad Guzan
(1984-09-09) September 9, 1984 (age 33)
58
0
 Atlanta United

22
1GK
Nick Rimando
(1979-06-17) June 17, 1979 (age 38)
22
0
 Real Salt Lake

2
2DF
Jorge Villafaña
(1989-09-16) September 16, 1989 (age 28)
12
0
 Santos Laguna

3
2DF
Omar Gonzalez
(1988-10-11) October 11, 1988 (age 28)
46
3
 Pachuca

5
2DF
Matt Besler
(1987-02-11) February 11, 1987 (age 30)
45
1
 Sporting Kansas City

7
2DF
DaMarcus Beasley
(1982-05-24) May 24, 1982 (age 35)
126
17
 Houston Dynamo

14
2DF
Tim Ream
(1987-10-05) October 5, 1987 (age 29)
26
1
 Fulham

15
2DF
Eric Lichaj
(1988-11-17) November 17, 1988 (age 28)
13
1
 Nottingham Forest

19
2DF
Graham Zusi
(1986-08-18) August 18, 1986 (age 31)
55
5
 Sporting Kansas City

20
2DF
Geoff Cameron
(1985-07-11) July 11, 1985 (age 32)
55
4
 Stoke City

4
3MF
Michael Bradley (Captain)
(1987-07-31) July 31, 1987 (age 30)
138
17
 Toronto FC

6
3MF
Darlington Nagbe
(1990-07-19) July 19, 1990 (age 27)
22
1
 Portland Timbers

10
3MF
Christian Pulisic
(1998-09-18) September 18, 1998 (age 18)
18
7
 Borussia Dortmund

11
3MF
Alejandro Bedoya
(1987-04-29) April 29, 1987 (age 30)
64
2
 Philadelphia Union

13
3MF
Dax McCarty
(1987-04-20) April 20, 1987 (age 30)
12
0
 Chicago Fire

16
3MF
Kellyn Acosta
(1995-07-24) July 24, 1995 (age 22)
15
1
 FC Dallas

21
3MF
Paul Arriola
(1995-02-05) February 5, 1995 (age 22)
13
2
 D.C. United

23
3MF
Fabian Johnson
(1987-12-11) December 11, 1987 (age 29)
57
2
 Borussia Mönchengladbach

8
4FW
Clint Dempsey
(1983-03-09) March 9, 1983 (age 34)
139
57
 Seattle Sounders FC

9
4FW
Bobby Wood
(1992-11-15) November 15, 1992 (age 24)
34
9
 Hamburger SV

17
4FW
Jordan Morris
(1994-10-26) October 26, 1994 (age 22)
24
5
 Seattle Sounders FC

18
4FW
Chris Wondolowski
(1983-01-28) January 28, 1983 (age 34)
35
11
 San Jose Earthquakes

text: Recent call-ups[edit]

text: The following players have also been called up to the United States squad within the last twelve months.

text:
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
Latest call-up

GK
Jesse González
(1995-05-25) May 25, 1995 (age 22)
0
0
 FC Dallas
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

GK
Bill Hamid
(1990-11-25) November 25, 1990 (age 26)
3
0
 D.C. United
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

GK
Sean Johnson
(1989-05-31) May 31, 1989 (age 28)
5
0
 New York City FC
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup GS

GK
Joe Bendik
(1989-04-25) April 25, 1989 (age 28)
0
0
 Orlando City
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

GK
Ethan Horvath
(1995-06-09) June 9, 1995 (age 22)
1
0
 Club Brugge
v.  Mexico; June 11, 2017 PRE

GK
David Bingham
(1989-10-19) October 19, 1989 (age 27)
3
0
 San Jose Earthquakes
v.  Panama; March 28, 2017

GK
Luis Robles
(1984-05-11) May 11, 1984 (age 33)
3
0
 New York Red Bulls
v.  Jamaica; February 3, 2017

GK
Stefan Frei
(1986-04-20) April 20, 1986 (age 31)
0
0
 Seattle Sounders FC
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

GK
Brian Rowe
(1988-11-16) November 16, 1988 (age 28)
0
0
 LA Galaxy
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

GK
William Yarbrough
(1989-03-20) March 20, 1989 (age 28)
3
0
 León
v.  Costa Rica; November 15, 2016

DF
Matt Hedges
(1990-04-01) April 1, 1990 (age 27)
5
0
 FC Dallas
v.  Honduras; September 5, 2017 PRE

DF
Matt Miazga
(1995-07-19) July 19, 1995 (age 22)
3
1
 SBV Vitesse
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

DF
Justin Morrow
(1987-10-04) October 4, 1987 (age 29)
3
0
 Toronto FC
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

DF
Steve Birnbaum
(1991-01-23) January 23, 1991 (age 26)
11
1
 D.C. United
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

DF
Greg Garza
(1991-08-16) August 16, 1991 (age 26)
10
0
 Atlanta United
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

DF
Matt Polster
(1993-06-08) June 8, 1993 (age 24)
0
0
 Chicago Fire
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

DF
Jonathan Spector
(1986-03-01) March 1, 1986 (age 31)
36
0
 Orlando City
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

DF
John Brooks
(1993-01-28) January 28, 1993 (age 24)
32
3
 VfL Wolfsburg
v.  Mexico; June 11, 2017

DF
DeAndre Yedlin
(1993-07-09) July 9, 1993 (age 24)
46
0
 Newcastle United
v.  Mexico; June 11, 2017

DF
Timothy Chandler
(1990-03-29) March 29, 1990 (age 27)
29
1
 Eintracht Frankfurt
v.  Venezuela; June 3, 2017 PRE

DF
Walker Zimmerman
(1993-05-19) May 19, 1993 (age 24)
1
0
 FC Dallas
v.  Panama; March 28, 2017

DF
Michael Orozco
(1986-02-07) February 7, 1986 (age 31)
29
4
 Tijuana
v.  Honduras; March 24, 2017 PRE

DF
Brad Evans
(1985-04-20) April 20, 1985 (age 32)
27
1
 Seattle Sounders FC
v.  Jamaica; February 3, 2017

DF
Chad Marshall
(1984-08-22) August 22, 1984 (age 33)
12
1
 Seattle Sounders FC
v.  Jamaica; February 3, 2017

DF
Taylor Kemp
(1990-07-23) July 23, 1990 (age 27)
0
0
 D.C. United
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

DF
Keegan Rosenberry
(1993-12-11) December 11, 1993 (age 23)
0
0
 Philadelphia Union
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

DF
Cameron Carter-Vickers
(1997-12-31) December 31, 1997 (age 19)
0
0
 Sheffield United
v.  Costa Rica; November 15, 2016

DF
Tim Parker
(1993-02-23) February 23, 1993 (age 24)
0
0
 Vancouver Whitecaps FC
v.  New Zealand; October 11, 2016

MF
Cristian Roldan
(1995-06-03) June 3, 1995 (age 22)
1
0
 Seattle Sounders FC
v.  Honduras; September 5, 2017 PRE

MF
Joe Corona
(1990-07-09) July 9, 1990 (age 27)
20
3
 Tijuana
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

MF
Chris Pontius
(1987-05-12) May 12, 1987 (age 30)
5
0
 Philadelphia Union
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

MF
Gyasi Zardes
(1991-09-02) September 2, 1991 (age 26)
37
6
 LA Galaxy
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

MF
Kelyn Rowe
(1991-12-02) December 2, 1991 (age 25)
3
1
 New England Revolution
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup GS

MF
Kenny Saief
(1993-12-17) December 17, 1993 (age 23)
1
0
 Gent
v.  Ghana; July 1, 2017

MF
Thomas McNamara
(1991-02-06) February 6, 1991 (age 26)
0
0
 New York City FC
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

MF
Wil Trapp
(1993-01-15) January 15, 1993 (age 24)
2
0
 Columbus Crew SC
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

MF
Jermaine Jones
(1981-11-03) November 3, 1981 (age 35)
69
4
 LA Galaxy
v.  Panama; March 28, 2017

MF
Sacha Kljestan
(1985-09-09) September 9, 1985 (age 32)
52
6
 New York Red Bulls
v.  Panama; March 28, 2017

MF
Sebastian Lletget
(1992-09-03) September 3, 1992 (age 25)
3
1
 LA Galaxy
v.  Honduras; March 24, 2017

MF
Benny Feilhaber
(1985-01-19) January 19, 1985 (age 32)
43
2
 Sporting Kansas City
v.  Jamaica; February 3, 2017

MF
Kekuta Manneh
(1994-12-30) December 30, 1994 (age 22)
0
0
 Columbus Crew SC
v.  Serbia; January 29, 2017 PRE

MF
Lynden Gooch
(1995-12-24) December 24, 1995 (age 21)
2
0
 Sunderland
v.  Costa Rica; November 15, 2016

MF
Julian Green
(1995-06-06) June 6, 1995 (age 22)
8
3
 Greuther Fürth
v.  Costa Rica; November 15, 2016

MF
Caleb Stanko
(1993-07-23) July 23, 1993 (age 24)
1
0
 SC Freiburg
v.  Costa Rica; November 15, 2016 PRE

MF
Perry Kitchen
(1992-02-29) February 29, 1992 (age 25)
5
0
 Randers FC
v.  New Zealand; October 11, 2016

MF
Danny Williams
(1989-03-08) March 8, 1989 (age 28)
22
2
 Huddersfield Town
v.  New Zealand; October 11, 2016

FW
Jozy Altidore
(1989-11-06) November 6, 1989 (age 27)
108
39
 Toronto FC
v.  Costa Rica; September 1, 2017

FW
Juan Agudelo
(1992-11-23) November 23, 1992 (age 24)
26
3
 New England Revolution
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup

FW
Dom Dwyer
(1990-07-30) July 30, 1990 (age 27)
3
2
 Orlando City
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup GS

FW
C. J. Sapong
(1988-12-27) December 27, 1988 (age 28)
2
0
 Philadelphia Union
2017 CONCACAF Gold Cup PRE

FW
Alan Gordon
(1981-10-16) October 16, 1981 (age 35)
2
0
 Colorado Rapids
v.  Costa Rica; November 15, 2016

FW
Aron Jóhannsson
(1990-10-26) October 26, 1990 (age 26)
19
4
 Werder Bremen
v.  Costa Rica; November 15, 2016

FW
Terrence Boyd
(1991-02-16) February 16, 1991 (age 26)
14
0
 SV Darmstadt 98
v.  New Zealand; October 11, 2016

text: Notes:

text:
GS = Group stage squad
PRE = Preliminary squad

text: Results and schedule[edit]

text: The following is a list of match results from the previous 12 months, as well as any future matches that have been scheduled.

text: For all past match results of the national team, see single-season articles and the team's results page.

text:
October 7, 2016 (2016-10-07) Friendly
Cuba
0–2
 United States
[show]Havana, Cuba

16:00 ET
Urgelles  7'
López  59'
Report
Wondolowski  62'
Green  71'
Stadium: Estadio Pedro Marrero
Referee: Jafeth Perea (Panama)

text:
October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11) Friendly
United States
1–1
 New Zealand
[show]Washington, D.C.

20:00 ET
Green  27'
Altidore  86'
Report
Patterson  72'  84'
Stadium: RFK Stadium
Attendance: 9,012
Referee: Juan Carlos Guerra (Guatemala)

text:
November 11, 2016 (2016-11-11) WCQ R5
United States
1–2
 Mexico
[show]Columbus, Ohio

19:45 ET
Brooks  15'
Chandler  44'
Wood  49'
Besler  68'
Report
Reyes  10'
Layún  20',  70'
Herrera  58'
Vela  64'
Márquez  89'
Salcedo  76', 90+3'
Stadium: MAPFRE Stadium
Attendance: 24,650
Referee: Walter López Castellanos (Guatemala)

text:
November 15, 2016 (2016-11-15) WCQ R5
Costa Rica
4–0
 United States
[show]San José, Costa Rica

21:00 ET
Salvatierra  9'
Venegas  44'
Acosta  51'
Bolaños  68'
Campbell  74,78'
Report
Chandler  11'
Jones  37'
Bradley  55'
Altidore  71'
Stadium: Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica
Attendance: 35,400
Referee: César Arturo Ramos (Mexico)

text:
January 29, 2017 (2017-01-29) Friendly
United States
0–0
 Serbia
[show]San Diego, California

16:00 ET
Kljestan  57'
Report
Cirkovic  80'
Stadium: Qualcomm Stadium
Attendance: 20,079
Referee: Kevin Morrison (Jamaica)

text:
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03) Friendly
United States
1–0
 Jamaica
[show]Chattanooga, Tennessee

19:00 ET
Morris  59'
Report
Grandison  10'
Stadium: Finley Stadium
Attendance: 17,903
Referee: Jafeth Perea (Panama)

text:
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24) WCQ R5
United States
6–0
 Honduras
[show]San Jose, California

20:30 ET
Lletget  5'
Cameron  25'
Bradley  27'
Dempsey  32', 49', 54'
Pulisic  46'
Report
Alvarado  15'
Stadium: Avaya Stadium
Attendance: 17,729
Referee: Walter López Castellanos (Guatemala)

text:
March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28) WCQ R5
Panama
1–1
 United States
[show]Panama City, Panama

20:00 ET
Gómez  43'
Report
Dempsey  39'
Stadium: Estadio Rommel Fernández
Attendance: 23,052
Referee: César Arturo Ramos (Mexico)

text:
June 3, 2017 (2017-06-03) Friendly
United States
1–1
 Venezuela
[show]Sandy, Utah

22:00 ET
Pulisic  61'
Report
Velázquez  29'
Stadium: Rio Tinto Stadium
Attendance: 17,315
Referee: Jeffrey Solis (Costa Rica)

text:
June 8, 2017 (2017-06-08) WCQ R5
United States
2–0
 Trinidad and Tobago
[show]Commerce City, Colorado

19:50 ET
Pulisic  52', 62'
Bedoya  85'
Report
Paul  76'
Stadium: Dick's Sporting Goods Park
Attendance: 19,188
Referee: Óscar Moncada (Honduras)

text:
June 11, 2017 (2017-06-11) WCQ R5
Mexico
1–1
 United States
[show]Mexico City, Mexico

20:30 ET
Vela  23'
Report
Bradley  6'
Stadium: Estadio Azteca
Attendance: 71,537
Referee: Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)

text:
July 1, 2017 (2017-07-01) Friendly
United States
2–1
 Ghana
[show]East Hartford, Connecticut

16:45 ET
Dwyer  19'
Acosta  31',  52'
Villafana  45+2'
Report
Ofori  24'
Gyan  60'
Sackey  61'
Stadium: Rentschler Field
Attendance: 28,754
Referee: Ismael Cornejo (El Salvador)

text:
July 8, 2017 (2017-07-08) Gold Cup Group B
United States
1–1
 Panama
[show]Nashville, Tennessee

16:30 ET
Dwyer  50'
Report
Camargo  60'
Stadium: Nissan Stadium
Attendance: 47,622
Referee: Fernando Guerrero (Mexico)

text:
July 12, 2017 (2017-07-12) Gold Cup Group B
United States
3–2
 Martinique
[show]Tampa, Florida

21:00 ET
Gonzalez  53'
Morris  64', 76'
Report
Parsemain  66', 74'
Stadium: Raymond James Stadium
Attendance: 23,368
Referee: Henry Bejarano (Costa Rica)

text:
July 15, 2017 (2017-07-15) Gold Cup Group B
Nicaragua
0–3
 United States
[show]Cleveland, Ohio

19:00 ET

Report
Corona  37'
Rowe  56'
Miazga  88'
Stadium: FirstEnergy Stadium
Attendance: 27,934
Referee: Melvin Matamoros (Honduras)

text:
July 19, 2017 Gold Cup QF
United States
2–0
 El Salvador
[show]Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

19:00 ET
Gonzalez  41'
Lichaj  45+2'
Report

Stadium: Lincoln Financial Field
Attendance: 31,615
Referee: Drew Fischer (Canada)

text:
July 22, 2017 Gold Cup SF
Costa Rica
0–2
 United States
[show]Arlington, Texas

22:00 ET

Report
Altidore  72'
Dempsey  82'
Stadium: AT&T Stadium
Attendance: 45,516
Referee: Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)

text:
July 26, 2017 Gold Cup Final
United States
2–1
 Jamaica
[show]Santa Clara, California

21:30 ET
Altidore  45'
Morris  88'
Report
Watson  50'
Stadium: Levi's Stadium
Attendance: 63,032
Referee: Walter López (Guatemala)

text:
September 1, 2017 (2017-09-01) WCQ R5
United States
0–2
 Costa Rica
[show]Harrison, New Jersey

18:30 ET

Report
Ureña  30', 82'
Stadium: Red Bull Arena
Attendance: 26,500
Referee: John Pitti (Panama)

text:
September 5, 2017 (2017-09-05) WCQ R5
Honduras
1–1
 United States
[show]San Pedro Sula, Honduras

17:30 ET
Quioto  27'
Report
Wood  85'
Stadium: Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano
Attendance: 37,325
Referee: Joel Aguilar (El Salvador)

text:
October 6, 2017 (2017-10-06) WCQ R5
United States
v
 Panama
[show]Orlando, Florida

19:00 ET

Stadium: Orlando City Stadium

text:
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10) WCQ R5
Trinidad and Tobago
v
 United States
[show]Couva, Trinidad and Tobago

20:00 ET

Stadium: Ato Boldon Stadium

text:
U.S. Soccer Schedule
U.S. Soccer Results
USA: Fixtures and Results – FIFA.com

text: Player records[edit]

text:
Most caps

#
Player
Caps
Goals
Career

1
Cobi Jones
164
15
1992–2004

2
Landon Donovan
157
57
2000–2014

3
Clint Dempsey
139
57
2004–0000

4
Michael Bradley
138
17
2006–0000

5
Jeff Agoos
134
4
1988–2003

6
Marcelo Balboa
127
13
1988–2000

7
DaMarcus Beasley
126
17
2001–0000

8
Tim Howard
119
0
2002–0000

9
Claudio Reyna
112
8
1994–2006

10
Carlos Bocanegra
110
14
2001–2012

Paul Caligiuri
110
5
1984–1997

Top goalscorers

#
Player
Goals
Caps
Career

1
Clint Dempsey
57
139
2004–0000

Landon Donovan
57
157
2000–2014

3
Jozy Altidore
39
108
2007–0000

4
Eric Wynalda
34
106
1990–2000

5
Brian McBride
30
95
1993–2006

6
Joe-Max Moore
24
100
1992–2002

7
Bruce Murray
21
85
1985–1993

8
Eddie Johnson
19
63
2004–2014

9
Earnie Stewart
17
101
1990–2004

DaMarcus Beasley
17
126
2001–0000

Michael Bradley
17
138
2006–0000

text: Competitive record[edit]

text: The United States regularly competes at the FIFA World Cup and the CONCACAF Gold Cup. The U.S. has also played in the FIFA Confederations Cup, Copa América by invitation, as well as several minor tournaments.

text: The U.S. men's team have played in the Summer Olympics since 1924. 1924 to 1976 when the U.S. national team played, only amateur players were allowed on Olympic teams per Olympic rules. From when that tournament became a full international tournament after the IOC allowed full national teams from outside FIFA CONMEBOL & UEFA confederations in 1984, the U.S. national team results dramatically improved. Ever since 1992 the men's Olympic event has been age-restricted (under 23 plus three overage players), and participation has been by the United States men's national under-23 soccer team.

text: The best result for the United States in a World Cup came in 1930 when they reached the semifinals.[68] The best results in the modern era include the 2002 World Cup, when the U.S. reached the quarterfinals, and the 2010 World Cup, when the U.S. won its group. The worst result in the modern era was a first round elimination in 1990, 1998, and 2006.

text: In the Confederations Cup, the United States finished in third place in both 1992 and 1999, and were runner-up in the 2009 Confederations Cup. During the 2009 Confederations Cup, the United States appeared in their first ever intercontinental tournament final.[69] In the semifinals, the United States upset top ranked Spain, 2–0, to advance to the final. In the final, the United States lost 3–2 to Brazil.

text: In regional competitions, the United States has won the CONCACAF Gold Cup six times, with their most recent title in 2017.[70] Their best ever finish at the Copa América was fourth-place at the 1995 and 2016 editions.[71][72]

text: FIFA World Cup[edit]

text:
FIFA World Cup record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

 1930
Semi-Finals*[6]
3rd
3
2
0
1
7
6

 1934
Round 1
16th
1
0
0
1
1
7

 1938
Withdrew

 1950
Group Stage
10th
3
1
0
2
4
8

 1954
Did Not Qualify

 1958

 1962

 1966

 1970

 1974

 1978

 1982

 1986

 1990
Group Stage
23rd
3
0
0
3
2
8

 1994
Round of 16
14th
4
1
1
2
3
4

 1998
Group Stage
32nd
3
0
0
3
1
5

  2002
Quarter-Finals
8th
5
2
1
2
7
7

 2006
Group Stage
25th
3
0
1
2
2
6

 2010
Round of 16
12th
4
1
2
1
5
5

 2014
Round of 16
15th
4
1
1
2
5
6

 2018
TBD

 2022

Total
10/22
0 titles
33
8
6
19
37
62

text:
United States World Cup record

First match
 United States 3–0 Belgium
(July 13, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest win
 United States 3–0 Belgium
(July 13, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)
 United States 3–0 Paraguay
(July 17, 1930; Montevideo, Uruguay)

Biggest defeat
 Italy 7–1 United States
(May 27, 1934; Rome, Italy)

Best result
Third place at the 1930 FIFA World Cup

Worst result
32nd place at the 1998 FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA Confederations Cup[edit]

text:
FIFA Confederations Cup record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

 1992
Third Place
3rd
2
1
0
1
5
5

 1995
Did Not Qualify

 1997

 1999
Third Place
3rd
5
3
0
2
5
3

  2001
Did Not Qualify

 2003
Group Stage
7th
3
0
1
2
1
3

 2005
Did Not Qualify

 2009
Runners-up
2nd
5
2
0
3
8
9

 2013
Did Not Qualify

 2017

Total
4/10
0 titles
15
6
1
8
19
20

text: Summer Olympics[edit]

text:
Summer Olympics record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

Amateur

 1908
Did not enter

1912–1920
Did not qualify

 1924
Round 2
14th
2
1
0
1
1
3

 1928
Round 1
16th
1
0
0
1
2
11

 1936
Round 1
16th
1
0
0
1
0
1

 1948
Round 1
16th
1
0
0
1
0
9

 1952
Round 1
26th
1
0
0
1
0
8

 1956
Round 1
8th
1
0
0
1
1
9

1960–1968
Did not qualify

 1972
Group Stage
14th
3
0
1
2
0
10

 1976
Did not qualify

National Team

 1980
Withdrew

 1984
Group Stage
11th
3
1
1
1
5
2

 1988
Group Stage
12th
2
0
1
2
3
5

Total
9/18
0 Titles
15
2
3
11
12
58

Under-23 National Team

1992 – present
See United States national under-23 team

text: CONCACAF Gold Cup[edit]

text: CONCACAF Championship 1963–1989, CONCACAF Gold Cup 1991–present

text:
CONCACAF Gold Cup record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

 1963
Did Not Enter

 1965

 1967

 1969
Did Not Qualify

 1971
Did Not Enter

 1973
Did Not Qualify

 1977

 1981

1985
Group Stage
6th
4
2
1
1
4
3

1989
Runners-up
2nd
8
4
3
1
6
3

 1991
Champions
1st
5
4
1
0
10
3

  1993
Runners-up
2nd
5
4
0
1
5
5

 1996
Third Place
3rd
4
3
0
1
8
3

 1998
Runners-up
2nd
4
3
0
1
6
2

 2000
Quarter-Finals
5th
3
2
1
0
6
2

 2002
Champions
1st
5
4
1
0
9
1

  2003
Third Place
3rd
5
4
0
1
13
4

 2005
Champions
1st
6
4
2
0
11
3

 2007
Champions
1st
6
6
0
0
13
3

 2009
Runners-up
2nd
6
4
1
1
12
8

 2011
Runners-up
2nd
6
4
0
2
9
6

 2013
Champions
1st
6
6
0
0
20
4

  2015
Fourth Place
4th
6
3
2
1
12
5

 2017
Champions
1st
6
5
1
0
13
4

Total
14/14
6 titles
85
62
13
10
157
59

text: Copa América[edit]

text: South American Championship 1916–1967, Copa América 1975–present

text:
CONMEBOL Copa América record

Year
Result
Position
Pld
W
T
L
GF
GA

1916–1991
Did Not Enter

 1993
Group Stage
12th
3
0
1
2
3
6

 1995
Fourth Place
4th
6
2
1
3
6
7

1997–2004
Did Not Enter

 2007
Group Stage
12th
3
0
0
3
2
8

2011–2015
Did Not Enter

 2016
Fourth Place
4th
6
3
0
3
7
8

Total
4/45
0 titles
18
5
2
11
18
29

text: Honors[edit]

text: Major competitions

text: FIFA World Cup

text: FIFA Confederations Cup

text: CONCACAF Championship / CONCACAF Gold Cup

text: Copa América

text: Minor competitions

text: U.S. Cup

text: Marlboro Cup

text: NAFC Championship


document_title: General (United States)

question_text: how many general officers are there in the us army

root

text: General (United States)

text: Statutory limits[edit]

text: The United States Code explicitly limits the total number of general officers (termed flag officers in the Navy and Coast Guard) that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army, 62 for the Marine Corps, 198 for the Air Force, and 162 for the Navy.[1] No more than about 25% of a service's active duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars,[2] and statute sets the total number of four-star officers allowed in each service.[2] This is set at 7 four-star Army generals, 9 four-star Air Force generals, 2 four-star Marine generals, and 6 four-star Navy admirals.[2]

tag: p

text: Several of these slots are reserved by statute. For example, the two highest-ranking members of each service (the service chief and deputy service chief) are designated as four-star generals. For the Army the Chief of Staff and the Vice Chief of Staff are four-star generals; for the Marine Corps, the Commandant and the Assistant Commandant are both four-star generals; and for the Air Force, the Chief of Staff and Vice Chief of Staff are four-star generals. In addition, for the National Guard, the Chief of the National Guard Bureau[3] is a four-star general under active duty in the Army or Air Force.

text: There are several exceptions to these limits allowing more than allotted within the statute[citation needed]:

text:
A four-star officer serving as Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;
an officer serving as Chief of the National Guard Bureau counts only against his service's four-star cap;
the commander of a Unified Combatant Command;[4]
the commander of United States Forces Korea;[4]
the deputy commander of United States European Command if their immediate commander is also the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe;[4][not in citation given]
officers serving in certain intelligence positions i.e. the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency;[5]
officers serving in four-star slots added by the President to one service which are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services.[2]

tag: ul

text: Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the President's discretion during time of war or national emergency.[6]

text: Appointment and tour length[edit]

text: Four-star grades go hand-in-hand with the positions of office to which they are linked; the active rank of four-star general can only be held for so long- though upon retirement, if satisfactory service requirements are met, the general or admiral is normally allowed to hold that rank in retirement, rather than reverting to a lower position, as was formerly usually the case.[7] Their active rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute.[7] Generals are nominated for appointment by the President from any eligible officers holding the rank of brigadier general or above who meet the requirements for the position, with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, service secretary (Secretary of the Army, Secretary of the Navy, or Secretary of the Air Force), and if applicable the Joint Chiefs of Staff.[7] For some positions, statute allows the President to waive those requirements for a nominee deemed to serve national interests.[8] The nominee must be confirmed by the United States Senate before the appointee can take office and assume the rank.[7] Four-star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare. The standard tour for most four-star positions is three years, bundled as a two-year term plus a one-year extension, with the following exceptions:

text:
Service chiefs serve for four years in one four-year term.
Service vice chiefs serve for a nominal four years, but are commonly reassigned after one or two years.

The Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps serves for two years.

The Chief of the National Guard Bureau serves a nominal four years.

text: Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved, within statutory limits, by their respective service secretaries, the Secretary of Defense, the President, or Congress but these are rare, as they block other officers from being promoted. Some statutory limits can be waived in times of national emergency or war.

text: Retirement[edit]

text: Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. A four-star general must retire after 40 years of service unless he or she is reappointed to serve longer.[9] Otherwise all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday.[10] However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a four-star officer's retirement until the officer's 66th birthday[10] and the President can defer it until the officer's 68th birthday.[10]

text: General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the career paths of more junior officers. Since only a limited number of four-star slots are available to each service, typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted.[11] Maintaining a four-star rank is a game of musical chairs: once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank, he or she has no more than 60 days to be appointed or reappointed to a position of equal or greater importance before he or she must involuntarily retire.[7][11] Historically, officers leaving four-star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two-star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement, but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing the promotion flow.

text: To retire at four-star grade, an officer must accumulate at least three years of satisfactory active duty service in that grade, as certified by the Secretary of Defense.[12] The Secretary of Defense may reduce this requirement to two years, but only if the officer is not being investigated for misconduct. Officers who do not meet the service-in-grade requirement revert to the next highest grade in which they served satisfactorily for at least six months. It is extraordinarily rare for a four-star officer not to retire in that grade.

text: Four-star officers typically step down from their posts up to 60 days in advance of their official retirement dates. Officers retire on the first day of the month, so once a retirement month has been selected, the relief and retirement ceremonies are scheduled by counting backwards from that date by the number of days of accumulated leave remaining to the retiring officer. During this period, termed transition leave or terminal leave, the officer is considered to be awaiting retirement but still on active duty.

text: History and origins[edit]


document_title: Bharat Ratna

question_text: the first foreigner to receive bharat ratna was

text: Bharat Ratna

text: History[edit]

text: On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahela Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3]

text: There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10]

text: The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension occurred after Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[14][15] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][16]

text: Regulations[edit]

text: The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][17]

text: Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four individuals were awarded the honour. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Under the terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] the recipients cannot use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name, although recipients may use either the expressions "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honoured with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in the Indian order of precedence.[19]

text: As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][3]

text: Specifications[edit]

text: The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 3⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2]

text: A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 2 5⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 1 7⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of 5⁄8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from 5⁄6 inch (21 mm) to 1⁄2 inch (13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][20] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][21] The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param Veer Chakra.[22]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had been filed against the conferral of the award.[13][23][24][25][26]

text: On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose. The decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[23] The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It said that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission. Bose's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award.[27][28]

text: To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata V. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and Padma Shri, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992–97), had not conferred a Sanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[27]

text: On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[27][29]

text: In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution".[16]

text: Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled.[24] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of the model code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time.[25] Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand."[26][c]

text: On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[30] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[31]

text: Criticism[edit]

text: In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[32][33] The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[34] While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award,[35] the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar to please the Dalits.[36][32]

text: The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.[37] It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[38] Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore,[39] Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[40] and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[41] The then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[41][42] Similarly in 2015, the incumbent Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with criticism.[41] Janardan Dwivedi, politician of the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime Minister Modi, who is the incumbent Member of Parliament from Varanasi.[43]

text: A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.[44] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[45][46] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed  by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to President K. R. Narayanan who agreed to the proposal.[47][48]

text: Popular demands[edit]

text: Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President,[4] there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[49][50] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal.[51] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister, said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[52] Similar demands were made by Telugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[53] In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[54]

text: Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were discussed; among the most talked-about of these was field-hockey player Dhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour.[55] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[56] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[57] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[56][58] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][59]

text: A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[60][61]

text: List of recipients[edit]

text:
Key

   + Naturalized citizen recipient

   * Non-citizen recipient

   # Posthumous recipient

tag: table

text:
List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10]

Year

Laureates

Notes

1954

C. Rajagopalachari

An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer, Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and last Governor-General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54); and founder of Indian political party Swatantra Party.[62]

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan

Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India's first Vice-President (1952–62) and second President (1962–67).[63][64] Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.[65]

C. V. Raman

Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering", Raman mainly worked in the field of atomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[66]

1955

 –

Bhagwan Das

Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, Das is a co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.[67]

M. Visvesvaraya

Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18), Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.[68]

Jawaharlal Nehru

Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and the longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947–64).[49][69]

1957

Govind Ballabh Pant

Independence activist Pant was premier of United Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (1950–54). He served as Union Home Minister from 1955–61.[70]

1958

Dhondo Keshav Karve

Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and started Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[8][71]

1961

 –

Bidhan Chandra Roy

A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of Modern West Bengal".[72] He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as National Doctors' Day in India.[51]

 –

Purushottam Das Tandon

Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independence activist and served as speaker of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[73]

1962

Rajendra Prasad

Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar,[74] Prasad was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the non-cooperation movement for Indian independence.[75] He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).[63]

1963

 –

Zakir Husain

Independence activist and education philosopher, Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62).[76] Later, he was elected as second Vice-President of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967–69).[63][64]

Pandurang Vaman Kane

Indologist and Sanskrit scholar,[77] Kane is best known for his five volume literary work, History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India; the "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.[78]

1966

Lal Bahadur Shastri[i]#

Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"),[79] Independence activist Shastri served as second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[49][80]

1971

Indira Gandhi

Known as the "Iron Lady of India",[81] Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[49] During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.[82]

1975

V. V. Giri

While studying at the University College Dublin, Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement. Returning to India, he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle. He was elected as the first President of All India Trade Union Congress in 1926. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India (1969–74).[63][83][84]

1976

K. Kamaraj[ii]#

Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was a Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62, and 1962–63.[85][86]

1980

Mother Teresa +

"Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 by Pope Francis.[87]

1983

Vinoba Bhave[iii]#

Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for his Bhoodan movement, "Land-Gift Movement".[88] He was given the honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[89]

1987

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan*

Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[90]

1988

M. G. Ramachandran[iv][d]#

Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84, 1985–87.[85]

1990

B. R. Ambedkar[v]#

Social reformer and leader of the Dalits ("Untouchables"),[92] Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India.[93] Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits, the Hindu varna system.[94] He was associated with the Dalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956.[95]

Nelson Mandela*

Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa, Mandela was the President of South Africa (1994–99).[96] Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa",[97] Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy.[98] In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.[99]

1991

Rajiv Gandhi[vi]#

Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from 1984 to 1989.[49]

Vallabhbhai Patel[vii]#

Widely known as the "Iron Man of India",[100] Patel was an independence activist and first Deputy Prime Minister of India (1947–50). Post independence, "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel worked with V. P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union.[101][102]

Morarji Desai[e]

Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister of India (1977–79).[49] He is the only Indian national to be awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.[104]

1992

Abul Kalam Azad[viii][f]#

Independence activist Azad was India's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education. He was widely known as "Maulana Azad" and his birthday on 11 November is observed as National Education Day in India.[107]

J. R. D. Tata

Industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, Tata founded India's first airline Air India. He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Tata Motors, TCS, National Institute of Advanced Studies, and National Centre for the Performing Arts.[108]

Satyajit Ray

Having debuted as a director with Pather Panchali (1955),[109] film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Indian cinema.[110] In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[111]

1997

Gulzarilal Nanda

Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India (1964, 1966) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.[49][112]

 –

Aruna Asaf Ali[ix]#

Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the Indian flag in Bombay during the Quit India Movement in 1942. Post Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.[113]

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Aerospace and defence scientist, Kalam was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicle SLV III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation.[114] Later, he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 till 2007.[63]

1998

M. S. Subbulakshmi

Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi, often hailed as "Queen of songs", is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award.[115]

Chidambaram Subramaniam

Independence activist and former Minister of Agriculture of India (1964–66), Subramaniam is known for his contribution towards Green Revolution in India. During the late 1970s, he worked for International Rice Research Institute, Manila, and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute, Mexico.[116]

1999

 –

Jayaprakash Narayan[x]#

Independence activist, social reformer, and commonly referred as "Lok Nayak" ("People's Hero"), Narayan is better known for "Total Revolution Movement" or "JP Movement" initiated during the mid-1970s to "overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government".[117]

Amartya Sen

Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1998),[118] Sen has done research over several topics including social choice theory, ethics and political philosophy, welfare economics, decision theory, development economics, public health, and gender studies.[119]

Gopinath Bordoloi[xi]#

Independence activist Bordoloi is the first Chief Minister of Assam (1946–50).[120] His efforts and association with the then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keeping Assam united with India when parts of it were to merge with East Pakistan.[121]

Ravi Shankar

Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music", sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians including Yehudi Menuhin and George Harrison.[122]

2001

Lata Mangeshkar

Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[123] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has sung songs in over 36 languages.[124] In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[111]

Bismillah Khan

Hindustani classical shehnai player, Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.[125]

2008

Bhimsen Joshi

Hindustani classical vocalist, Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana, an Indian musical school. He is widely known for the Khyal genre of singing with a "mastery over rhythm and accurate notes".[126][127]

2014

C. N. R. Rao

The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue, IIT Bombay, Oxford, chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure. He has authored around 1600 research papers and 48 books.[128]

Sachin Tendulkar

Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades. He holds various cricket records including the only player to have scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket.[129][130]

2015

Madan Mohan Malaviya[xii]#

Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu University and served as the university's vice-chancellor from 1919 till 1938. He was the President of Indian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman of Hindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.[131]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms; 1996, 1998, 1999–2004.[49] He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977–79 and was awarded the "Best Parliamentarian" in 1994.[132]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held at Rashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday, 18 April 1958.[9]

^ Jump up to: a b Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".[18]

Jump up ^ The PIL accused the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde, Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department.

Jump up ^ In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, but declined as the invitation was written in the Devanagari script and not Tamil.[91]

Jump up ^ Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless and politicized".[103]

Jump up ^ Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was the Education Minister of India (1947–58) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients.[35][105][106]

tag: ol

text:
Jump up ^ Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966, at the age of 61.

Jump up ^ K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975, at the age of 72.

Jump up ^ Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982, at the age of 87.

Jump up ^ M. G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987, at the age of 70.

Jump up ^ B. R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956, at the age of 65.

Jump up ^ Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991, at the age of 46.

Jump up ^ Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950, at the age of 75.

Jump up ^ Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958, at the age of 69.

Jump up ^ Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996, at the age of 87.

Jump up ^ Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979, at the age of 76.

Jump up ^ Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950, at the age of 60.

Jump up ^ Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946, at the age of 84.


document_title: List of Olympic medalists in curling

question_text: who won the gold medal in the olympic men's curling

question_tokens: who won the gold medal in the olympic men 's curling

text: List of Olympic medalists in curling

text: Medalists[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1924 Chamonix
details
 Great Britain (GBR)1
William Jackson
Robin Welsh
Thomas Murray
Laurence Jackson
D. G. Astley
 Sweden (SWE)
Johan Petter Åhlén
Carl August Kronlund
Ture Ödlund
Carl Wilhelm Petersén
Carl Axel Pettersson
Erik Severin
Karl Wahlberg
Victor Wetterström
 France (FRA)
Henri Cournollet
Georges André
Armand Bénédic
Pierre Canivet
Robert Planque
Henri Aldebert

1928–1994
not included in the Olympic programme

1998 Nagano
details
 Switzerland (SUI)
Patrick Hürlimann
Patrik Lörtscher
Daniel Müller
Diego Perren
Dominic Andres
 Canada (CAN)
Mike Harris
Richard Hart
Collin Mitchell
George Karrys
Paul Savage
 Norway (NOR)
Eigil Ramsfjell
Jan Thoresen
Stig-Arne Gunnestad
Tore Torvbråten
Anthon Grimsmo

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Norway (NOR)
Pål Trulsen
Lars Vågberg
Flemming Davanger
Bent Ånund Ramsfjell
Torger Nergård
 Canada (CAN)
Kevin Martin
Don Walchuk
Carter Rycroft
Don Bartlett
Ken Tralnberg
 Switzerland (SUI)
Andreas Schwaller
Christof Schwaller
Markus Eggler
Damian Grichting
Marco Ramstein

2006 Turin
details
 Canada (CAN)
Brad Gushue
Mark Nichols
Russ Howard
Jamie Korab
Mike Adam
 Finland (FIN)
Markku Uusipaavalniemi
Wille Mäkelä
Kalle Kiiskinen
Teemu Salo
Jani Sullanmaa
 United States (USA)
Pete Fenson
Shawn Rojeski
Joseph Polo
John Shuster
Scott Baird

2010 Vancouver
details
 Canada (CAN)
Kevin Martin
John Morris
Marc Kennedy
Ben Hebert
Adam Enright
 Norway (NOR)
Thomas Ulsrud
Torger Nergård
Christoffer Svae
Håvard Vad Petersson
Thomas Løvold
 Switzerland (SUI)
Ralph Stöckli
Jan Hauser
Markus Eggler
Simon Strübin
Toni Müller

2014 Sochi
details
 Canada (CAN)
Brad Jacobs
Ryan Fry
E. J. Harnden
Ryan Harnden
Caleb Flaxey
 Great Britain (GBR)
David Murdoch
Greg Drummond
Scott Andrews
Michael Goodfellow
Tom Brewster
 Sweden (SWE)
Niklas Edin
Sebastian Kraupp
Fredrik Lindberg
Viktor Kjäll
Oskar Eriksson

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 United States (USA)
John Shuster
Tyler George
Matt Hamilton
John Landsteiner
Joe Polo
 Sweden (SWE)
Niklas Edin
Oskar Eriksson
Rasmus Wranå
Christoffer Sundgren
Henrik Leek
 Switzerland (SUI)
Benoît Schwarz
Claudio Pätz
Peter de Cruz
Valentin Tanner
Dominik Märki

text: Women[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
details
 Canada (CAN)
Sandra Schmirler
Jan Betker
Joan McCusker
Marcia Gudereit
Atina Ford
 Denmark (DEN)
Helena Blach Lavrsen
Margit Pörtner
Dorthe Holm
Trine Qvist
Jane Bidstrup
 Sweden (SWE)
Elisabet Gustafson
Katarina Nyberg
Louise Marmont
Elisabeth Persson
Margaretha Lindahl

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Great Britain (GBR)
Rhona Martin
Deborah Knox
Fiona MacDonald
Janice Rankin
Margaret Morton
 Switzerland (SUI)
Luzia Ebnöther
Mirjam Ott
Tanya Frei
Laurence Bidaud
Nadia Röthlisberger
 Canada (CAN)
Kelley Law
Julie Skinner
Georgina Wheatcroft
Diane Nelson
Cheryl Noble

2006 Turin
details
 Sweden (SWE)
Anette Norberg
Eva Lund
Cathrine Lindahl
Anna Svärd
Ulrika Bergman
 Switzerland (SUI)
Mirjam Ott
Binia Beeli
Valeria Spälty
Michèle Moser
Manuela Kormann
 Canada (CAN)
Shannon Kleibrink
Amy Nixon
Glenys Bakker
Christine Keshen
Sandra Jenkins

2010 Vancouver
details
 Sweden (SWE)
Anette Norberg
Eva Lund
Cathrine Lindahl
Anna Le Moine
Kajsa Bergström
 Canada (CAN)
Cheryl Bernard
Susan O'Connor
Carolyn Darbyshire
Cori Bartel
Kristie Moore
 China (CHN)
Wang Bingyu
Liu Yin
Yue Qingshuang
Zhou Yan
Liu Jinli

2014 Sochi
details
 Canada (CAN)
Jennifer Jones
Kaitlyn Lawes
Jill Officer
Dawn McEwen
Kirsten Wall
 Sweden (SWE)
Margaretha Sigfridsson
Maria Prytz
Christina Bertrup
Maria Wennerström
Agnes Knochenhauer
 Great Britain (GBR)
Eve Muirhead
Anna Sloan
Vicki Adams
Claire Hamilton
Lauren Gray

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Sweden (SWE)
Anna Hasselborg
Sara McManus
Agnes Knochenhauer
Sofia Mabergs
Jennie Wåhlin
 South Korea (KOR)
Kim Eun-jung
Kim Kyeong-ae
Kim Seon-yeong
Kim Yeong-mi
Kim Cho-hi
 Japan (JPN)
Satsuki Fujisawa
Chinami Yoshida
Yumi Suzuki
Yurika Yoshida
Mari Motohashi

text: Mixed doubles[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Canada (CAN)
Kaitlyn Lawes
John Morris
 Switzerland (SUI)
Jenny Perret
Martin Rios
 Norway (NOR)
Kristin Skaslien
Magnus Nedregotten

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ The members of the 1924 British team vary depending on the source. William Jackson, Robin Welsh, Thomas Murray and Laurence Jackson are listed as the medallists by the British Olympic Association and International Society of Olympic Historians.[11][12] The Herald reports that those four are the only British curlers that played, and they received gold medals and certificates.[3] However, the IOC database omits Laurence Jackson and includes T. Aikman, D. G. Astley, W. Brown, R. Cousin and J. McLeod.[13] According to The Herald, the IOC believes that those five also received medals.[3] The World Curling Federation's list agrees with the BOA, but also lists John T. Robertson Aikman [incorrectly] as an alternate.[14]

text: Athlete medal leaders[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Morris, JohnJohn Morris
 Canada (CAN)
2010, 2018
2
0
0
2

Norberg, AnetteAnette Norberg
 Sweden (SWE)
2006, 2010
2
0
0
2

Lawes, KaitlynKaitlyn Lawes
 Canada (CAN)
2014, 2018
2
0
0
2

Lund, EvaEva Lund
 Sweden (SWE)
2006, 2010
2
0
0
2

Lindahl, CathrineCathrine Lindahl
 Sweden (SWE)
2006, 2010
2
0
0
2

Le Moine, AnnaAnna Le Moine
 Sweden (SWE)
2006, 2010
2
0
0
2

Knochenhauer, AgnesAgnes Knochenhauer
 Sweden (SWE)
2014, 2018
1
1
0
2

Martin, KevinKevin Martin
 Canada (CAN)
2002, 2010
1
1
0
2

Nergård, TorgerTorger Nergård
 Norway (NOR)
2002, 2010
1
1
0
2

Shuster, JohnJohn Shuster
 United States (USA)
2006, 2018
1
0
1
2

Polo, JoeJoe Polo
 United States (USA)
2006, 2018
1
0
1
2

Ott, MirjamMirjam Ott
 Switzerland (SUI)
2002, 2006
0
2
0
2

Edin, NiklasNiklas Edin
 Sweden (SWE)
2014, 2018
0
1
1
2

Eriksson, OskarOskar Eriksson
 Sweden (SWE)
2014, 2018
0
1
1
2