document_title: List of The Originals episodes

question_text: how many episodes in the originals season 2

text: List of The Originals episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

Pilot
April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)

1
22
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)

2
22
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

3
22
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)

4
13
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)

5
13[4]
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)[3]
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Pilot (2013)[edit]

text: "No. overall" and "No. in season" for the pilot dictate the airing and location of the episode within the parent series.

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

86
20
"The Originals"
Chris Grismer
Julie Plec
April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)
2J6670
2.24[5]

Following a tip off informing him a witch called Jane Anne Deveraux has ties to him, Klaus goes back to New Orleans only to find the protégé he thought dead ruling the city. The city lives under his strict rules, which makes the witches in the city hope to overthrow Marcel. They persuade Klaus to help by using Hayley, a werewolf who is pregnant with his child. Along with his brother, Elijah's, help, they decide to get back the city. Meanwhile, Elijah tries to persuade their sister Rebekah to come home too.

text: Season 1 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Always and Forever"
Chris Grismer
Michael Narducci & Julie Plec
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
2J7802
2.21[6]

2
2
"House of the Rising Son"
Brad Turner
Diane Ademu-John & Declan de Barra
October 8, 2013 (2013-10-08)
2J7801
1.92[7]

3
3
"Tangled Up in Blue"
Chris Grismer
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
October 15, 2013 (2013-10-15)
2J7803
2.22[8]

4
4
"Girl in New Orleans"
Jesse Warn
Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci
October 22, 2013 (2013-10-22)
2J7804
2.23[9]

5
5
"Sinners and Saints"
Chris Grismer
Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec
October 29, 2013 (2013-10-29)
2J7805
2.05[10]

6
6
"Fruit of the Poisoned Tree"
Michael Allowitz
Charlie Charbonneau & Diane Ademu-John
November 5, 2013 (2013-11-05)
2J7806
2.03[11]

7
7
"Bloodletting"
Jeffrey Hunt
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
November 12, 2013 (2013-11-12)
2J7807
2.40[12]

8
8
"The River in Reverse"
Jesse Warn
Declan de Barra & Julie Plec
November 26, 2013 (2013-11-26)
2J7808
2.38[13]

9
9
"Reigning Pain in New Orleans"
Joshua Butler
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
December 3, 2013 (2013-12-03)
2J7809
2.33[14]

10
10
"The Casket Girls"
Jesse Warn
Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise
January 14, 2014 (2014-01-14)
2J7810
2.07[15]

11
11
"Après Moi, Le Déluge"
Leslie Libman
Marguerite MacIntyre & Diane Ademu-John
January 21, 2014 (2014-01-21)
2J7811
2.51[16]

12
12
"Dance Back from the Grave"
Rob Hardy
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
January 28, 2014 (2014-01-28)
2J7812
2.32[17]

13
13
"Crescent City"
Chris Grismer
Michael Narducci & Julie Plec
February 4, 2014 (2014-02-04)
2J7813
2.10[18]

14
14
"Long Way Back from Hell"
Matt Hastings
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)
2J7814
1.83[19]

15
15
"Le Grand Guignol"
Chris Grismer
Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu-John
March 4, 2014 (2014-03-04)
2J7815
1.80[20]

16
16
"Farewell to Storyville"
Jesse Warn
Michael Narducci
March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)
2J7816
1.73[21]

17
17
"Moon Over Bourbon Street"
Michael Robison
Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier
March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)
2J7817
1.53[22]

18
18
"The Big Uneasy"
Leslie Libman
Marguerite MacIntyre & Michael Russo
April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)
2J7818
1.52[23]

19
19
"An Unblinking Death"
Kellie Cyrus
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)
2J7819
1.50[24]

20
20
"A Closer Walk with Thee"
Sylvain White
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Julie Plec
April 29, 2014 (2014-04-29)
2J7820
1.77[25]

21
21
"The Battle of New Orleans"
Jeffrey Hunt
Charlie Charbonneau & Michael Narducci
May 6, 2014 (2014-05-06)
2J7821
1.44[26]

22
22
"From a Cradle to a Grave"
Matt Hastings
Diane Ademu-John
May 13, 2014 (2014-05-13)
2J7822
1.76[27]

text: Season 2 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

23
1
"Rebirth"
Lance Anderson
Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec
October 6, 2014 (2014-10-06)
3J5201
1.37[28]

24
2
"Alive and Kicking"
Jeffrey Hunt
Michelle Paradise & Michael Narducci
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
3J5202
1.29[29]

25
3
"Every Mother's Son"
Dermott Downs
Christopher Hollier
October 20, 2014 (2014-10-20)
3J5203
1.27[30]

26
4
"Live and Let Die"
Jeffrey Hunt
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
October 27, 2014 (2014-10-27)
3J5204
1.31[31]

27
5
"Red Door"
Michael Robison
Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu-John
November 3, 2014 (2014-11-03)
3J5205
1.09[32]

28
6
"Wheel Inside the Wheel"
Matt Hastings
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)
3J5206
1.46[33]

29
7
"Chasing the Devil's Tail"
Jesse Warn
Carina Adly Mackenzie & Christopher Hollier
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)
3J5207
1.44[34]

30
8
"The Brothers That Care Forgot"
Michael Allowitz
Charlie Charbonneau & Michelle Paradise
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)
3J5208
1.26[35]

31
9
"The Map of Moments"
Leslie Libman
Marguerite MacIntyre & Julie Plec
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)
3J5209
1.41[36]

32
10
"Gonna Set Your Flag on Fire"
Rob Hardy
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
January 19, 2015 (2015-01-19)
3J5210
1.52[37]

33
11
"Brotherhood of the Damned"
Sylvain White
Kyle Arrington & Diane Ademu-John
January 26, 2015 (2015-01-26)
3J5212
1.74[38]

34
12
"Sanctuary"
Matt Hastings
Declan de Barra & Michael Narducci
February 2, 2015 (2015-02-02)
3J5211
1.47[39]

35
13
"The Devil is Damned"
Lance Anderson
Christopher Hollier & Julie Plec
February 9, 2015 (2015-02-09)
3J5213
1.22[40]

36
14
"I Love You, Goodbye"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Narducci
February 16, 2015 (2015-02-16)
3J5214
1.44[41]

37
15
"They All Asked for You"
Chris Grismer
Michelle Paradise
March 9, 2015 (2015-03-09)
3J5215
1.40[42]

38
16
"Save My Soul"
Kellie Cyrus
Michael Russo
March 16, 2015 (2015-03-16)
3J5216
1.25[43]

39
17
"Exquisite Corpse"
Dermott Downs
Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu-John
April 6, 2015 (2015-04-06)
3J5217
1.12[44]

40
18
"Night Has A Thousand Eyes"
Jesse Warn
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
April 13, 2015 (2015-04-13)
3J5218
1.01[45]

41
19
"When The Levee Breaks"
Bethany Rooney
Marguerite MacIntyre
April 20, 2015 (2015-04-20)
3J5219
1.30[46]

42
20
"City Beneath the Sea"
Leslie Libman
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Charlie Charbonneau
April 27, 2015 (2015-04-27)
3J5220
1.20[47]

43
21
"Fire with Fire"
David Straiton
Michael Narducci
May 4, 2015 (2015-05-04)
3J5221
1.14[48]

44
22
"Ashes to Ashes"
Matt Hastings
Christopher Hollier & Diane Ademu-John
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)
3J5222
1.19[49]

text: Season 3 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

45
1
"For the Next Millennium"
Lance Anderson
Michael Narducci
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
3J5301
0.89[50]

46
2
"You Hung the Moon"
Jeffrey Hunt
Carina Adly Mackenzie
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
3J5302
1.12[51]

47
3
"I'll See You in Hell or New Orleans"
Michael Grossman
Declan de Barra & Michelle Paradise
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
3J5303
0.95[52]

48
4
"A Walk on the Wild Side"
Matt Hastings
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
October 29, 2015 (2015-10-29)
3J5304
1.07[53]

49
5
"The Axeman's Letter"
Michael Allowitz
Michael Russo & Diane Ademu-John
November 5, 2015 (2015-11-05)
3J5305
0.97[54]

50
6
"Beautiful Mistake"
Steven DePaul
Kyle Arrington & Christopher Hollier
November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)
3J5306
0.98[55]

51
7
"Out of the Easy"
Bethany Rooney
Beau DeMayo & Michelle Paradise
November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19)
3J5307
0.80[56]

52
8
"The Other Girl in New Orleans"
Kellie Cyrus
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
December 3, 2015 (2015-12-03)
3J5308
1.17[57]

53
9
"Savior"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Diane Ademu-John
December 10, 2015 (2015-12-10)
3J5309
0.97[58]

54
10
"A Ghost Along the Mississippi"
Michael Grossman
Declan de Barra
January 29, 2016 (2016-01-29)
3J5310
0.95[59]

55
11
"Wild at Heart"
John Hyams
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
February 5, 2016 (2016-02-05)
3J5311
0.92[60]

56
12
"Dead Angels"
Darren Genet
Kyle Arrington & Michael Narducci
February 12, 2016 (2016-02-12)
3J5312
0.80[61]

57
13
"Heart Shaped Box"
Chris Grismer
Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier
February 19, 2016 (2016-02-19)
3J5313
0.87[62]

58
14
"A Streetcar Named Desire"
Matt Hastings
Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu-John
February 26, 2016 (2016-02-26)
3J5314
1.07[63]

59
15
"An Old Friend Calls"
Jeffrey Hunt
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo
March 4, 2016 (2016-03-04)
3J5315
0.88[64]

60
16
"Alone with Everybody"
Hanelle Culpepper
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
April 1, 2016 (2016-04-01)
3J5316
0.93[65]

61
17
"Behind the Black Horizon"
Joseph Morgan
Declan de Barra & Diane Ademu-John
April 8, 2016 (2016-04-08)
3J5317
0.89[66]

62
18
"The Devil Comes Here and Sighs"
Jesse Warn
Kyle Arrington & Michelle Paradise
April 15, 2016 (2016-04-15)
3J5318
0.86[67]

63
19
"No More Heartbreaks"
Millicent Shelton
Celeste Vasquez & Michael Narducci
April 29, 2016 (2016-04-29)
3J5319
0.93[68]

64
20
"Where Nothing Stays Buried"
John Hyams
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Christopher Hollier
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)
3J5320
0.83[69]

65
21
"Give 'Em Hell, Kid"
Jeffrey Hunt
Ashley Lyle & Bart Nickerson
May 13, 2016 (2016-05-13)
3J5321
0.79[70]

66
22
"The Bloody Crown"
Matt Hastings
Beau DeMayo & Diane Ademu-John
May 20, 2016 (2016-05-20)
3J5322
0.85[71]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

67
1
"Gather Up the Killers"
Lance Anderson
Michael Russo & Michael Narducci
March 17, 2017 (2017-03-17)
401
1.05[72]

68
2
"No Quarter"
Bethany Rooney
Talicia Raggs & Michelle Paradise
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)
402
0.99[73]

69
3
"Haunter of Ruins"
Jeffrey Hunt
Carina Adly Mackenzie & Declan de Barra
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)
403
0.93[74]

70
4
"Keepers of the House"
Joseph Morgan
Beau DeMayo & Christopher Hollier
April 7, 2017 (2017-04-07)
404
1.08[75]

71
5
"I Hear You Knocking"
Chris Grismer
Kyle Arrington
April 14, 2017 (2017-04-14)
405
0.87[76]

72
6
"Bag of Cobras"
Jesse Warn
Michael Russo & Michelle Paradise
April 28, 2017 (2017-04-28)
406
0.96[77]

73
7
"High Water and a Devil's Daughter"
Charles Michael Davis
Celeste Vasquez & Carina Adly MacKenzie
May 5, 2017 (2017-05-05)
407
0.93[78]

74
8
"Voodoo in My Blood"
John Hyams
Talicia Raggs & Christopher Hollier
May 12, 2017 (2017-05-12)
408
0.85[79]

75
9
"Queen Death"
Nicole Rubio
Beau DeMayo
May 19, 2017 (2017-05-19)
409
0.84[80]

76
10
"Phantomesque"
Daniel Gillies
K.C. Perry & Kyle Arrington
June 2, 2017 (2017-06-02)
410
1.03[81]

77
11
"A Spirit Here That Won't Be Broken"
Hanelle Culpepper
Carina Adly MacKenzie & Michael Russo
June 9, 2017 (2017-06-09)
411
0.89[82]

78
12
"Voodoo Child"
Michael Grossman
Michelle Paradise & Christopher Hollier
June 16, 2017 (2017-06-16)
412
1.01[83]

79
13
"The Feast of All Sinners"
Bethany Rooney
Michael Narducci
June 23, 2017 (2017-06-23)
413
0.80[84]

text: Season 5[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

80
1
"Where You Left Your Heart"[85]
Lance Anderson
Marguerite MacIntyre
April 18, 2018 (2018-04-18)
TBA
TBD

81
2
TBA
TBA
TBA
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)[86]
TBA
TBD

82
3
TBA
Joseph Morgan[87]
TBA
May 2, 2018 (2018-05-02)[86]
TBA
TBD

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: The Originals: The Awakening[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"The Awakening: Part 1"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie
November 10, 2014 (2014-11-10)

2
"The Awakening: Part 2"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie
November 17, 2014 (2014-11-17)

3
"The Awakening: Part 3"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie
November 24, 2014 (2014-11-24)

4
"The Awakening: Part 4"
Matt Hastings
Carina Adly MacKenzie
December 8, 2014 (2014-12-08)


document_title: George O'Malley

question_text: who does george end up with grey's anatomy

question_tokens: who does george end up with grey 's anatomy

root

text: George O'Malley

text: Storylines[edit]

text: George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers); the five of them working under Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). O'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith, for whom he has romantic feelings but did not express them due to his fear of rejection and the fact that she and one of the attendings Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) had a mutual interest in one another. On the first day of internship, O'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) as the first intern to perform surgery. He freezes in the operating room, and is mocked by his peers, and earns the nickname "007" because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation (referring to James Bond's "licence to kill"). O'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback), breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her, which she in turn contracted from Karev. His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out. Karev freezes, and O'Malley is able to save the patient single-handedly. He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith, and the two have a one-night stand. When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake, O'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez).

tag: p

text: During a camping trip, O'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand. When O'Malley's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve, he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him, instead contacting Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith), Burke's medical school rival. His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan, but he allows her to support him through his father's deteriorating health. Complications from his father's surgery leave him in multi-system organ failure, and his life support is turned off. In an attempt to overcome his grief, O'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas. He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her, and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated. Stevens confesses that she is in love with him, so O'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife. However, he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams. O'Malley decides to repeat his intern year, and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens, leading the two to separate. O'Malley and Stevens embark on a short-lived relationship, only to discover there is no real chemistry between them.

text: O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Meredith's half-sister. Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point, leading him to confront Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), the chief of surgery, to ask for a chance to retake the exam. He passes the second attempt, and begins to distance himself from Lexie, who has fallen in love with him. O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma, and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev. O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery, and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) that it is definitely his specialty. He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army. While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay, they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe, brought in after a horrible bus accident, in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life. When Meredith goes to check on John Doe, he seems to recognize her and will not let go of her hand. After several attempts at trying, he succeeds in tracing "007" on Meredith's hand. Shocked, she realizes "John Doe" is in fact O'Malley. She informs the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery. However, he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead. His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted, and he is buried a week later.

text: Development[edit]

text: Casting and creation[edit]

text: T. R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O'Malley, expecting that the role might be short-lived, because he liked that the character was multi-faceted.[1] In October 2006, news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur,[2] during an argument with Patrick Dempsey (Derek Shepherd). Shortly after, the details of the argument became public, and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay.[3] "I was under no delusions," Knight said at the time. "My friends on the set knew. We talked about it. Publicly it's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like, 'Hey, you want to know something about me?'...I could've just let it slide and not said anything, but it became important. It became important to make the statement."[3] The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement, apologizing for his "unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on-set".[4]

text: At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, while being interviewed on the red carpet, Washington joked, "I love gay. I wanted to be gay. Please let me be gay."[5] Later, Washington claimed he never used the slur, labeling it "vile".[6][7] In June 2007, it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington's contract with the show,[8] not immediately specifying a reason.[9] In a subsequent interview, Washington claimed that "they fired the wrong guy" (referring to Knight), and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result. He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey's Anatomy.[10]

text: On July 2, 2007, Washington appeared on Larry King Live, to present his side of the controversy. According to Washington, he never used the "F Word" in reference to Knight, but rather blurted it out in an unrelated context in the course of an argument "provoked" by Dempsey, who he felt was treating him like a "B-word", a "P-word", and the "F-word", which Washington said conveyed "somebody who is being weak and afraid to fight back".[11] In 2009, Rhimes told Entertainment Weekly that she may not have handled the incident correctly, stating: "I wasn't interested in what anybody thought publicly. I was interested in what was going on right here on the ground...with the people I work with every day. Did I do it perfectly? Of course not. This is my first television show. It was a learning experience."[12] Knight said that Rhimes was among those for discouraging him to come out, however Rhimes said: "I remember saying [to fellow executive producer], 'This is our proudest day here. T.R. got to come out and I got to say to him that it wouldn't affect his character' because he was concerned he was going to come out and George would suddenly be gay. [...] The idea that a gay actor can't play a straight man is insulting."[12]

text: In December 2008, reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that "they were working out the details" at that time. In June 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey's Anatomy, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season.[13] The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a "breakdown in communication" with Rhimes,[14] O'Malley's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to be openly gay.[15] Prior to the official announcement of his departure, there was speculation that the role of O'Malley would be recast,[16] but Rhimes labeled it as a "hilarious, ridiculous rumor".[16] After the confirmation of his exit, Knight told TV Guide: "Leaving Grey's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make. I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much. I continue to wish them the very best, and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm."[17] In a statement confirming Knight's departure, Rhimes said: "I think I speak for the entire Grey's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors. He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us."[17]

text:
"There are ebbs and flows. And every season is shaped differently. With George, I really wanted you to not notice that he wasn't there for most of this episode. I don't think anybody noticed because of the way we laid it out this season. And, actually, he was really lovely and elegant about lying there in all that very painful makeup and prosthetics for much of the episode with no words. That moment where he grabs Meredith's hand is one of the most affecting moments of the episode, and it was without words."

— Rhimes on Knight's lack of screen time in season five[18]

tag: div

text: In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting, explaining: "I looked in his face and he was really sure. It felt like the right thing for him."[12] However, in another interview, Knight said of his exit: "My five-year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given [about O'Malley]."[19] Knight was "at peace" with his departure, saying: "There just comes a time when it's so clear that moving on is the best decision." However, Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving, saying: "I didn't think it was the right decision. I felt like some of the problems could be worked through. But by the time it came to fruition, I was [glad] for him because he was ready to go."[19] On the topic of losing a US$14 million contract, Knight commented: "From an outsider's perspective, I get the [impression that] 'He's just a spoiled actor, he doesn’t know how good he has it.' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position. But in the end, I need to be fulfilled in my work."[19]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: O'Malley was characterized a "hapless naif".[20] On the topic of O'Malley's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season, Knight said: "What's going to be very interesting to see is what he's going to do with Meredith. It's getting close to time. Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life."[21] After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen, Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune: "George wasn't really paying full attention. He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith. A person really clued in would get that there wasn't anything coming back, but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he wasn't listening. It's not just that he loves her...it's a kind of selfish love he had for her." He also added that, "I think George has a lot of growing up to do. Part of that is making horrible, stupid mistakes. He's been pretty sheltered."[22]

text: Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter: "There's no turning back. There's nothing George and Meredith can do. The damage is done – things will never be the same. They've just changed something important in their lives forever."[23] When asked if O'Malley was becoming more assertive, Knight said:

text:
“
I think that's very true, especially since the elevator scene. The first time we saw George, he failed at an appendectomy, he failed very publicly. In the elevator scene, if he hadn't been in that elevator, if they had been in any other place, he would have let someone else step in and deal with it. The fact that it was only George and Alex forced him to act, it was either that or let this man die. He stepped up because he had to.[22]
”

tag: table

text: Knight also commented that the character does not appreciate himself and his positive traits.[22] On the topic of O'Malley performing open heart surgery in an elevator, Knight said: "It's a slow change but he's starting to realize, 'The way I have been doing things is not working.' The big thing about the open-heart surgery in the elevator was he was forced into it. He needs to be kind of kicked in the (butt) to do these things."[21]

text: Knight felt a parallel to George in that his "confidence isn't always at its absolute highest", but overall he sees more differences than similarities. However, when the actor starts to think he is so different from O'Malley, an awkward move can suggest otherwise. "I was walking, doing a scene with Katherine Heigl. I finished my line with her, and then I walked straight into the light stand."[21] Critical of her affair with O'Malley, Knight's co-star Heigl explained: "They really hurt somebody, and they didn't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it. I have a really hard time with that kind of thing. I'm maybe a little too black and white about it."[24] Speaking of O'Malley's relationship with Lexie, Rhimes offered her insight: "I love them as friends. They make good friends. We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere – we just hit it off right away. And right away there was no pretense or airs. Just pure honesty. That's Lexie and George. They're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater."[25] When asked what his "favorite George moment" was, Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey.[26]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Fans were "widely against" O'Malley's affair with Meredith in the second season,[22] however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him.[27][28] Fans and critics were also against O'Malley's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season;[29] Maclean's said: "George must die. He's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast. And he's not that great of a doctor. Evolve or die."[30] Christopher Monfette of IGN said O'Malley and Stevens were a "mismatch", adding: "Unfortunately, while it's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy, the idea of these two ever-affable, best-friend characters suddenly discovering their potential, out-of-nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force-fed and emotionally-incorrect."[31] Similarly, DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were "one of the strongest 'best friend' vibes on television" for the first three seasons, explaining "they were perfect as friends [while] George and Callie made a good couple."[32] UGO.com put the two on their list of "Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened".[33]

text: Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens, the scene was too "melodramatic".[34] Laura Burrows, also of IGN, said that the fourth-season premiere "introduced a new side of George".[35] Armstrong said of O'Malley and Stevens' reconciliation: "George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey's Anatomy road to ruin. And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey's viewing as well as life: Sit tight if you hate something, as nothing is permanent."[36] Armstrong also commented that the "sparkling" friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley "won her over".[37] The following year, Monfette observed of O'Malley's lack of screen time: "His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale, but the character is virtually side-lined this season."[38] Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character's death: "The time-lapse episode was an interesting choice, and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours, it didn't feel rushed to me. I'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness."[39]

text: The Huffington Post's Michael Pascua commented that O'Malley's funeral did not live up to his expectations, writing that it "wasn't as sad as [he] thought it would be".[40] In 2006, Knight and the other cast of Grey's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards.[41] Also in 2006, the cast won the award for Best Cast – Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards.[42] The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards,[43] and were nominated again the following year.[44] Knight's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards.[45]


document_title: Garden hose

question_text: what is the female end of a garden hose

question_tokens: what is the female end of a garden hose

text: Garden hose

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The alternative term "hosepipe" is a chiefly British, South African, and southern US usage; "hose" or "garden hose" is the predominant term in other English-speaking areas. The term "hose" is also used for other types of flexible, water-carrying tubes such as those used by fire departments.

text: Description[edit]

text: Garden hoses are typically made of extruded synthetic rubber or soft plastic, often reinforced with an internal web of fibers. As a result of these materials, garden hoses are flexible and their smooth exterior facilitates pulling them past trees, posts and other obstacles. Garden hoses are also generally tough enough to survive scraping on rocks and being stepped on without damage or leaking.

text: Each male end of a typical garden hose can mate with the female connector on another, which allows multiple garden hoses to be linked end-to-end to increase their overall length. Small rubber or plastic washers (often confusingly called "hose washers") are used in female ends to prevent leakage, because the threads are not tapered and are not used to create a seal. Sometimes the gaskets stiffen, disintegrate, or fall out of older hoses, which results in pressurized leakage spraying from the hose; simply replacing the washer insert often fixes the problem.

text: Most garden hoses are not rated for use with hot water, and their packaging will often specify whether or not this is the case. Leaving non-reinforced hoses in the hot sun while pressurized can cause them to burst.

text: Hoses used to carry potable water are typically made of NSF International-listed polymers tested and shown not to leach harmful materials into the drinking water, such as the plasticizers (phthalates) used in polyvinyl chloride (PVC, or vinyl) hoses.

text: Usage[edit]

text: As implied by the name, garden hoses are commonly used to transport water for gardening, lawn care, and other landscaping purposes. They are also used for outdoor cleaning of items such as vehicles, equipment, building exteriors, and animals. NSF-approved hoses may be used for connecting drinkable water to recreational vehicles and trailers.

text: Whenever a flexible hose is connected to a drinkable water supply, the spigot or tap should be fitted with an approved backflow prevention device, to prevent contaminated water from being siphoned back, in the event of a pressure drop. Many water suppliers require this, and plumbing code may legally require permanently installed backflow preventers.

text: Porous or perforated hoses[edit]

text: Special hoses designed to leak throughout their length are sometimes used to gently distribute water on a lawn or garden. These hoses either have many small holes drilled or punched in them, or are deliberately formulated of a porous material, such as sintered rubber particles. These "soaker hoses" are a simple, low-cost, crude type of drip irrigation system.

text: Expandable hoses[edit]

text: These differ from traditional hoses in that the inner membrane expands when filled with water, much like a balloon. An outer cover protects the delicate expandable membrane from punctures. Such hoses "grow" when pressurized, and shrink back down when the pressure is released, allowing for easier storage.

text: Standards and connectors[edit]

text: Garden hoses connect using a male/female thread connection. Spigots typically have male connectors, and one end of a hose has a captive nut which fits the threads. The technical term for this arrangement is a "hose union".

text: The thread standard for garden hose connectors in the United States, its territories, and Canada is known colloquially as "garden hose thread" (GHT), but its official designation is NHR (NH stands for "National Hose"; ¾-11.5NHR is for thin-walled couplers typically found on hoses, and ¾-11.5NH is for full form threads as produced by cutting or rolling material such as the brass pipe or valve fittings). The standard was defined by NFPA 1963, "Standard for Fire Hose Connections",[1] then later by ANSI-ASME B1.20.7,[2] which is 3⁄4 inch (19 mm) diameter straight (non-tapered) thread with a pitch of 11.5 threads per inch (TPI). The female thread is abbreviated FHT, and the male part (MHT) has an outer diameter of 1 1⁄16 inches (27 mm). This fitting is used with  1⁄2-inch,  5⁄8-inch, and  3⁄4-inch hoses.[3][4]

text: In other countries, a British Standard Pipe (BSP) thread is used, which is  3⁄4 inch and 14 TPI (male part outside diameter is 26.441 mm or 1.04 in). The GHT and BSP standards are not compatible, and attempting to connect a GHT hose to a BSP fitting, or vice versa, will damage the threads.

text: Various adaptors made of metal or plastic are available to interconnect GHT, BSP, NPT, hose barb, and quick connect fittings.

text: Quick connectors[edit]

text: Starting in the 1990s, the use of quick-connector systems has become more popular. These are fittings that screw into the common hose connectors, allowing hoses and accessories to be easily connected together using a snap-fit system. The style manufactured by Gardena is common, imitated by and compatible with many other manufacturers. The connectors may optionally include an internal valve that is only opened by connecting the fitting, so that disconnecting a hose using this adaptor causes the water flow to stop. This greatly eases common tasks by allowing specialized sprayers to be interchanged without requiring two trips back to the spigot for each change.[citation needed]

text: Health risks from aerosols[edit]

text: In 2014, it was reported that use of common garden hoses in combination with spray nozzles may generate aerosols containing droplets smaller than 10 μm, which can be inhaled by nearby people. Water stagnating in a hose between uses, especially when warmed by the sun, can host the growth and interaction of Legionella and free-living amoebae (FLA) as biofilms on the inner surface of the hose. Clinical cases of Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever have been found to be associated with inhalation of garden hose aerosols containing Legionella bacteria. The report provided measured microbial densities resulting from controlled hose conditions in order to quantify the human health risks. The densities of Legionella spp. identified in two types of hoses were found to be similar to those reported during legionellosis outbreaks from other causes. It was proposed that the risk could be mitigated by draining hoses after use.[5]

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)

text: In the United States, the first garden hose spray nozzle, and thus possibly the first US threaded garden hose coupler, was made prior to 1890 by the W. D. Allen Mfg. Co. of Chicago, Illinois.[citation needed]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Garden hose in use (Germany)

Closeup of a garden hose shows the crisscrossed fiber reinforcements

Gardena quick-connect hose fittings

Hose cart and some quick-connect fittings

This greenhouse is equipped with a hose suspended on pulleys

Special expandable hose can be stretched to reach farther

tag: ul


document_title: Halley's Comet

question_text: when was the last time halleys comet came

text: Halley's Comet

text: Pronunciation[edit]

text: Comet Halley is commonly pronounced /ˈhæli/, rhyming with valley, or /ˈheɪli/, rhyming with daily.[17][18] Colin Ronan, one of Edmund Halley's biographers, preferred /ˈhɔːli/ (HAW-lee, similar to holly). Spellings of Halley's name during his lifetime included Hailey, Haley, Hayley, Halley, Hawley, and Hawly, so its contemporary pronunciation is uncertain.[19]

text: Computation of orbit[edit]

text: Halley was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. Until the Renaissance, the philosophical consensus on the nature of comets, promoted by Aristotle, was that they were disturbances in Earth's atmosphere. This idea was disproved in 1577 by Tycho Brahe, who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the Moon. Many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun, and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System.[20]

text: In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in which he outlined his laws of gravity and motion. His work on comets was decidedly incomplete. Although he had suspected that two comets that had appeared in succession in 1680 and 1681 were the same comet before and after passing behind the Sun (he was later found to be correct; see Newton's Comet),[21] he was unable to completely reconcile comets into his model.

text: Ultimately, it was Newton's friend, editor and publisher, Edmond Halley, who, in his 1705 Synopsis of the Astronomy of Comets, used Newton's new laws to calculate the gravitational effects of Jupiter and Saturn on cometary orbits.[22] Having compiled a list of 24 comet observations, he calculated that the orbital elements of a second comet that had appeared in 1682 were nearly the same as those of two comets that had appeared in 1531 (observed by Petrus Apianus) and 1607 (observed by Johannes Kepler).[22][23] Halley thus concluded that all three comets were, in fact, the same object returning about every 76 years, a period that has since been found to vary between 74–79 years. After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the gravitational attraction of the planets, he predicted its return for 1758.[24] While he had personally observed the comet around perihelion in September 1682,[25] Halley died in 1742 before he could observe its predicted return.[26]

text: Halley's prediction of the comet's return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by Johann Georg Palitzsch, a German farmer and amateur astronomer. It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759, the attraction of Jupiter and Saturn having caused a retardation of 618 days.[27] This effect was computed prior to its return (with a one-month error to 13 April)[28] by a team of three French mathematicians, Alexis Clairaut, Joseph Lalande, and Nicole-Reine Lepaute.[29] The confirmation of the comet's return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun. It was also one of the earliest successful tests of Newtonian physics, and a clear demonstration of its explanatory power.[30] The comet was first named in Halley's honour by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1759.[30]

text: Some scholars have proposed that first-century Mesopotamian astronomers already had recognized Halley's Comet as periodic.[31] This theory notes a passage in the Bavli Talmud[32] that refers to "a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err."[33]

text: Researchers in 1981 attempting to calculate the past orbits of Halley by numerical integration starting from accurate observations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries could not produce accurate results further back than 837 due to a close approach to Earth in that year. It was necessary to use ancient Chinese comet observations to constrain their calculations.[34]

text: Orbit and origin[edit]

text: Halley's orbital period has varied between 74–79 years since 240 BC.[30][11] Its orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.967 (with 0 being a circle and 1 being a parabolic trajectory). The perihelion, the point in the comet's orbit when it is nearest the Sun, is just 0.6 AU.[35] This is between the orbits of Mercury and Venus. Its aphelion, or farthest distance from the Sun, is 35 AU (roughly the distance of Pluto). Unusual for an object in the Solar System, Halley's orbit is retrograde; it orbits the Sun in the opposite direction to the planets, or, clockwise from above the Sun's north pole. The orbit is inclined by 18° to the ecliptic, with much of it lying south of the ecliptic. (Because it is retrograde, the true inclination is 162°.)[36] Due to the retrograde orbit, it has one of the highest velocities relative to the Earth of any object in the Solar System. The 1910 passage was at a relative velocity of 70.56 km/s (157,838 mph or 254,016 km/h).[37] Because its orbit comes close to Earth's in two places, Halley is associated with two meteor showers: the Eta Aquariids in early May, and the Orionids in late October.[38] Halley is the parent body to the Orionids. Observations conducted around the time of Halley's appearance in 1986 suggested that the comet could additionally perturb the Eta Aquarid meteor shower, although it might not be the parent of that shower.[39]

text: Halley is classified as a periodic or short-period comet; one with an orbit lasting 200 years or less.[40] This contrasts it with long-period comets, whose orbits last for thousands of years. Periodic comets have an average inclination to the ecliptic of only ten degrees, and an orbital period of just 6.5 years, so Halley's orbit is atypical.[30] Most short-period comets (those with orbital periods shorter than 20 years and inclinations of 20–30 degrees or less) are called Jupiter-family comets. Those resembling Halley, with orbital periods of between 20 and 200 years and inclinations extending from zero to more than 90 degrees, are called Halley-type comets.[40][41] As of 2015[update], only 75 Halley-type comets have been observed, compared with 511 identified Jupiter family comets.[42]

text: The orbits of the Halley-type comets suggest that they were originally long-period comets whose orbits were perturbed by the gravity of the giant planets and directed into the inner Solar System.[40] If Halley was once a long-period comet, it is likely to have originated in the Oort Cloud,[41] a sphere of cometary bodies that has an inner edge of 20,000–50,000 AU. Conversely the Jupiter-family comets are generally believed to originate in the Kuiper belt,[41] a flat disc of icy debris between 30 AU (Neptune's orbit) and 50 AU from the Sun (in the scattered disc). Another point of origin for the Halley-type comets was proposed in 2008, when a trans-Neptunian object with a retrograde orbit similar to Halley's was discovered, 2008 KV42, whose orbit takes it from just outside that of Uranus to twice the distance of Pluto. It may be a member of a new population of small Solar System bodies that serves as the source of Halley-type comets.[43]

text: Halley has probably been in its current orbit for 16,000–200,000 years, although it is not possible to numerically integrate its orbit for more than a few tens of apparitions, and close approaches before 837 AD can only be verified from recorded observations.[44] The non-gravitational effects can be crucial;[44] as Halley approaches the Sun, it expels jets of sublimating gas from its surface, which knock it very slightly off its orbital path. These orbital changes cause delays in its perihelion of four days, average.[45]

text: In 1989, Boris Chirikov and Vitaly Vecheslavov performed an analysis of 46 apparitions of Halley's Comet taken from historical records and computer simulations. These studies showed that its dynamics were chaotic and unpredictable on long timescales.[46] Halley's projected lifetime could be as long as 10 million years. These studies also showed that many physical properties of Halley's Comet dynamics can be approximately described by a simple symplectic map, known as the Kepler map.[47] More recent work suggests that Halley will evaporate, or split in two, within the next few tens of thousands of years, or will be ejected from the Solar System within a few hundred thousand years.[48][41] Observations by D.W. Hughes suggest that Halley's nucleus has been reduced in mass by 80–90% over the last 2000–3000 revolutions.[16]

text: Structure and composition[edit]

text: The Giotto and Vega missions gave planetary scientists their first view of Halley's surface and structure. Like all comets, as Halley nears the Sun, its volatile compounds (those with low boiling points, such as water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and other ices) begin to sublime from the surface of its nucleus.[49] This causes the comet to develop a coma, or atmosphere, up to 100,000 km across.[3] Evaporation of this dirty ice releases dust particles, which travel with the gas away from the nucleus. Gas molecules in the coma absorb solar light and then re-radiate it at different wavelengths, a phenomenon known as fluorescence, whereas dust particles scatter the solar light. Both processes are responsible for making the coma visible.[13] As a fraction of the gas molecules in the coma are ionized by the solar ultraviolet radiation,[13] pressure from the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emitted by the Sun, pulls the coma's ions out into a long tail, which may extend more than 100 million kilometers into space.[49][50] Changes in the flow of the solar wind can cause disconnection events, in which the tail completely breaks off from the nucleus.[15]

text: Despite the vast size of its coma, Halley's nucleus is relatively small: barely 15 kilometers long, 8 kilometers wide and perhaps 8 kilometers thick.[b] Its shape vaguely resembles that of a peanut.[3] Its mass is relatively low (roughly 2.2 × 1014 kg)[4] and its average density is about 0.6 g/cm3, indicating that it is made of a large number of small pieces, held together very loosely, forming a structure known as a rubble pile.[5] Ground-based observations of coma brightness suggested that Halley's rotation period was about 7.4 days. Images taken by the various spacecraft, along with observations of the jets and shell, suggested a period of 52 hours.[16] Given the irregular shape of the nucleus, Halley's rotation is likely to be complex.[49] Although only 25% of Halley's surface was imaged in detail during the flyby missions, the images revealed an extremely varied topography, with hills, mountains, ridges, depressions, and at least one crater.[16]

text: Halley is the most active of all the periodic comets, with others, such as Comet Encke and Comet Holmes, being one or two orders of magnitude less active.[16] Its day side (the side facing the Sun) is far more active than the night side. Spacecraft observations showed that the gases ejected from the nucleus were 80% water vapour, 17% carbon monoxide and 3–4% carbon dioxide,[51] with traces of hydrocarbons[52] although more-recent sources give a value of 10% for carbon monoxide and also include traces of methane and ammonia.[53] The dust particles were found to be primarily a mixture of carbon–hydrogen–oxygen–nitrogen (CHON) compounds common in the outer Solar System, and silicates, such as are found in terrestrial rocks.[49] The dust particles decreased in size down to the limits of detection (~0.001 µm).[15] The ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the water released by Halley was initially thought to be similar to that found in Earth's ocean water, suggesting that Halley-type comets may have delivered water to Earth in the distant past. Subsequent observations showed Halley's deuterium ratio to be far higher than that found in Earth's oceans, making such comets unlikely sources for Earth's water.[49]

text: Giotto provided the first evidence in support of Fred Whipple's "dirty snowball" hypothesis for comet construction; Whipple postulated that comets are icy objects warmed by the Sun as they approach the inner Solar System, causing ices on their surfaces to sublimate (change directly from a solid to a gas), and jets of volatile material to burst outward, creating the coma. Giotto showed that this model was broadly correct,[49] though with modifications. Halley's albedo, for instance, is about 4%, meaning that it reflects only 4% of the sunlight hitting it; about what one would expect for coal.[54] Thus, despite appearing brilliant white to observers on Earth, Halley's Comet is in fact pitch black. The surface temperature of evaporating "dirty ice" ranges from 170 K (−103 °C) at higher albedo to 220 K (−53 °C) at low albedo; Vega 1 found Halley's surface temperature to be in the range 300–400 K (30–130 °C). This suggested that only 10% of Halley's surface was active, and that large portions of it were coated in a layer of dark dust that retained heat.[15] Together, these observations suggested that Halley was in fact predominantly composed of non-volatile materials, and thus more closely resembled a "snowy dirtball" than a "dirty snowball".[16][55]

text: History[edit]

text: Prior to 1066[edit]

text: Halley may have been recorded as early as 467 BC, but this is uncertain. A comet was recorded in ancient Greece between 468 and 466 BC; its timing, location, duration, and associated meteor shower all suggest it was Halley.[56] According to Pliny the Elder, that same year a meteorite fell in the town of Aegospotami, in Thrace. He described it as brown in colour and the size of a wagon load.[57] Chinese chroniclers also mention a comet in that year.[58]

text: The first certain appearance of Halley's Comet in the historical record is a description from 240 BC, in the Chinese chronicle Records of the Grand Historian or Shiji, which describes a comet that appeared in the east and moved north.[59] The only surviving record of the 164 BC apparition is found on two fragmentary Babylonian tablets, now owned by the British Museum.[59]

text: The apparition of 87 BC was recorded in Babylonian tablets which state that the comet was seen "day beyond day" for a month.[60] This appearance may be recalled in the representation of Tigranes the Great, an Armenian king who is depicted on coins with a crown that features, according to Vahe Gurzadyan and R. Vardanyan, "a star with a curved tail [that] may represent the passage of Halley's Comet in 87 BC." Gurzadyan and Vardanyan argue that "Tigranes could have seen Halley's Comet when it passed closest to the Sun on August 6 in 87 BC" as the comet would have been a "most recordable event"; for ancient Armenians it could have heralded the New Era of the brilliant King of Kings.[61]

text: The apparition of 12 BC was recorded in the Book of Han by Chinese astronomers of the Han Dynasty who tracked it from August through October.[10] It passed within 0.16 AU of Earth.[62] Halley's appearance in 12 BC, only a few years distant from the conventionally assigned date of the birth of Jesus Christ, has led some theologians and astronomers to suggest that it might explain the biblical story of the Star of Bethlehem. There are other explanations for the phenomenon, such as planetary conjunctions, and there are also records of other comets that appeared closer to the date of Jesus' birth.[63]

text: If, as has been suggested, the reference in the Talmud to "a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err"[64] (see above) refers to Halley's Comet, it may be a reference to the 66 AD appearance, because this passage is attributed to the Rabbi Yehoshua ben Hananiah. This apparition was the only one to occur during ben Hananiah's lifetime.[65]

text: The 141 AD apparition was recorded in Chinese chronicles.[66] It was also recorded in the Tamil work Purananuru, in connection with the death of the south Indian Chera king Yanaikatchai Mantaran Cheral Irumporai.[67]

text: The 374 AD and 607 approaches each came within 0.09 AU of Earth.[62] The 684 AD apparition was recorded in Europe in one of the sources used by the compiler of the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicles; it is the oldest known picture of a comet. Chinese records also report it as the "broom star".[68][23]

text: In 837, Halley's Comet may have passed as close as 0.03 AU (3.2 million miles; 5.1 million kilometers) from Earth, by far its closest approach.[62] Its tail may have stretched 60 degrees across the sky. It was recorded by astronomers in China, Japan, Germany, the Byzantine Empire, and the Middle East.[10] In 912, Halley is recorded in the Annals of Ulster, which state "A dark and rainy year. A comet appeared."[69]

text: In 1066, the comet was seen in England and thought to be an omen: later that year Harold II of England died at the Battle of Hastings; it was a bad omen for Harold, but a good omen for the man who defeated him, William the Conqueror. The comet is represented on the Bayeux Tapestry and described in the tituli as a star. Surviving accounts from the period describe it as appearing to be four times the size of Venus and shining with a light equal to a quarter of that of the Moon. Halley came within 0.10 AU of Earth at that time.[62]

text: This appearance of the comet is also noted in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Eilmer of Malmesbury may have seen Halley previously in 989, as he wrote of it in 1066: "You've come, have you? ... You've come, you source of tears to many mothers, you evil. I hate you! It is long since I saw you; but as I see you now you are much more terrible, for I see you brandishing the downfall of my country. I hate you!"[70]

text: The Irish Annals of the Four Masters recorded the comet as "A star [that] appeared on the seventh of the Calends of May, on Tuesday after Little Easter, than whose light the brilliance or light of The Moon was not greater; and it was visible to all in this manner till the end of four nights afterwards."[69] Chaco Native Americans in New Mexico may have recorded the 1066 apparition in their petroglyphs.[71]

text: The 1145 apparition was recorded by the monk Eadwine. The 1986 apparition exhibited a fan tail similar to Eadwine's drawing.[68] Some claim that Genghis Khan was inspired to turn his conquests toward Europe by the 1222 apparition.[72] The 1301 apparition may have been seen by the artist Giotto di Bondone, who represented the Star of Bethlehem as a fire-colored comet in the Nativity section of his Arena Chapel cycle, completed in 1305.[68] Its 1378 appearance is recorded in the Annales Mediolanenses[73] as well as in East Asian sources.[74]

text: In 1456, the year of Halley's next apparition, the Ottoman Empire invaded the Kingdom of Hungary, culminating in the Siege of Belgrade in July of that year. In a papal bull, Pope Calixtus III ordered special prayers be said for the city's protection. In 1470, the humanist scholar Bartolomeo Platina wrote in his Lives of the Popes that,[75]

text: A hairy and fiery star having then made its appearance for several days, the mathematicians declared that there would follow grievous pestilence, dearth and some great calamity. Calixtus, to avert the wrath of God, ordered supplications that if evils were impending for the human race He would turn all upon the Turks, the enemies of the Christian name. He likewise ordered, to move God by continual entreaty, that notice should be given by the bells to call the faithful at midday to aid by their prayers those engaged in battle with the Turk.

text: Platina's account is not mentioned in official records. In the 18th century, a Frenchman further embellished the story, in anger at the Church, by claiming that the Pope had "excommunicated" the comet, though this story was most likely his own invention.[76]

text: Halley's apparition of 1456 was also witnessed in Kashmir and depicted in great detail by Śrīvara, a Sanskrit poet and biographer to the Sultans of Kashmir. He read the apparition as a cometary portent of doom foreshadowing the imminent fall of Sultan Zayn al-Abidin (AD 1418/1420–1470).[77]

text: After witnessing a bright light in the sky which most historians have identified as Halley's Comet, Zara Yaqob, Emperor of Ethiopia from 1434 to 1468, founded the city of Debre Berhan (tr. City of Light) and made it his capital for the remainder of his reign.[78]

text: Halley's periodic returns have been subject to scientific investigation since the 16th century. The three apparitions from 1531 to 1682 were noted by Edmond Halley, enabling him to predict its 1759 return.[79] Streams of vapour observed during the comet's 1835 apparition prompted astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet's orbit.[80]

text:
1531
1682
1759
1835

text: The 1910 approach, which came into naked-eye view around 10 April[62] and came to perihelion on 20 April,[62] was notable for several reasons: it was the first approach of which photographs exist, and the first for which spectroscopic data were obtained.[15] Furthermore, the comet made a relatively close approach of 0.15 AU,[62] making it a spectacular sight. Indeed, on 19 May, Earth actually passed through the tail of the comet.[81][82] One of the substances discovered in the tail by spectroscopic analysis was the toxic gas cyanogen,[83] which led astronomer Camille Flammarion to claim that, when Earth passed through the tail, the gas "would impregnate the atmosphere and possibly snuff out all life on the planet."[84] His pronouncement led to panicked buying of gas masks and quack "anti-comet pills" and "anti-comet umbrellas" by the public.[85] In reality, as other astronomers were quick to point out, the gas is so diffuse that the world suffered no ill effects from the passage through the tail.[84]

text: The comet added to the unrest in China on the eve of Xinhai Revolution that would end the last dynasty in 1911. As James Hutson, a missionary in Sichuan Province at the time, recorded,

text: The people believe that it indicates calamity such as war, fire, pestilence, and a change of dynasty. In some places on certain days the doors were unopened for half a day, no water was carried and many did not even drink water as it was rumoured that pestilential vapour was being poured down upon the earth from the comet."[86]

text: The 1910 visitation is also recorded as being the travelling companion of Hedley Churchward, the first known English Muslim to make the Haj pilgrimage to Mecca. However, his explanation of its scientific predictability did not meet with favour in the Holy City.[87]

text: The comet was also fertile ground for hoaxes. One that reached major newspapers claimed that the Sacred Followers, a supposed Oklahoma religious group, attempted to sacrifice a virgin to ward off the impending disaster, but were stopped by the police.[88]

text: American satirist and writer Mark Twain was born on 30 November 1835, exactly two weeks after the comet's perihelion. In his autobiography, published in 1909, he said,

text: I came in with Halley's comet in 1835. It is coming again next year, and I expect to go out with it. It will be the greatest disappointment of my life if I don't go out with Halley's comet. The Almighty has said, no doubt: 'Now here are these two unaccountable freaks; they came in together, they must go out together.'[89][90]

text: Twain died on 21 April 1910, the day following the comet's subsequent perihelion.[91] The 1985 fantasy film The Adventures of Mark Twain was inspired by the quotation.

text: Halley's 1910 apparition is distinct from the Great Daylight Comet of 1910, which surpassed Halley in brilliance and was actually visible in broad daylight for a short period, approximately four months before Halley made its appearance.[92][93]

text: Halley's 1986 apparition was the least favourable on record. The comet and Earth were on opposite sides of the Sun in February 1986, creating the worst viewing circumstances for Earth observers for the last 2,000 years.[94] Halley's closest approach was 0.42 AU.[95] Additionally, with increased light pollution from urbanization, many people failed to even see the comet. It was possible to observe it in areas outside of cities with the help of binoculars.[96] Further, the comet appeared brightest when it was almost invisible from the northern hemisphere in March and April.[97] Halley's approach was first detected by astronomers David Jewitt and G. Edward Danielson on 16 October 1982 using the 5.1 m Hale telescope at Mount Palomar and a CCD camera.[98] The first person to visually observe the comet on its 1986 return was amateur astronomer Stephen James O'Meara on 24 January 1985. O'Meara used a home-built 24-inch telescope on top of Mauna Kea to detect the magnitude 19.6 comet.[99] On 8 November 1985, Stephen Edberg (then serving as the Coordinator for Amateur Observations at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory) and Charles Morris were the first to observe Halley's Comet with the naked eye in its 1986 apparition.[100][101]

text: Although Halley's Comet's retrograde orbit and high inclination make it difficult to send a space probe to it,[102] the 1986 apparition gave scientists the opportunity to closely study the comet, and several probes were launched to do so. The Soviet Vega 1 started returning images of Halley on 4 March 1986, and the first ever of its nucleus,[16] and made its flyby on 6 March, followed by Vega 2 making its flyby on 9 March. On 14 March, the Giotto space probe, launched by the European Space Agency, made the closest pass of the comet's nucleus.[16] There were also two Japanese probes, Suisei and Sakigake. The probes were unofficially known as the Halley Armada.[103]

text: Based on data retrieved by Astron, the largest ultraviolet space telescope of the time, during its Halley's Comet observations in December 1985, a group of Soviet scientists developed a model of the comet's coma.[104] The comet was also observed from space by the International Cometary Explorer. Originally International Sun-Earth Explorer 3, the probe was renamed and freed from its L1 Lagrangian point location in Earth's orbit to intercept comets 21P/Giacobini-Zinner and Halley.[105]

text: Two Space Shuttle missions – the ill-fated STS-51-L (ended by the Challenger disaster)[106] and STS-61-E – were scheduled to observe Halley's Comet from low Earth orbit. STS-51-L carried the Shuttle-Pointed Tool for Astronomy (SPARTAN-203) satellite, also called the Halley's Comet Experiment Deployable (HCED).[107] STS-61-E was a Columbia mission scheduled for March 1986, carrying the ASTRO-1 platform to study the comet.[108] Due to the suspension of America's manned space program after the Challenger explosion, the mission was canceled, and ASTRO-1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS-35.[109]

text: After 1986[edit]

text: On 12 February 1991, at a distance of 14.4 AU (2.15×109 km) from the Sun, Halley displayed an outburst that lasted for several months, releasing a cloud of dust 300,000 km across.[49] The outburst likely started in December 1990, and then the comet brightened from magnitude 24.3 to magnitude 18.9.[110] Halley was most recently observed in 2003 by three of the Very Large Telescopes at Paranal, Chile, when Halley's magnitude was 28.2. The telescopes observed Halley, at the faintest and farthest any comet has ever been imaged, in order to verify a method for finding very faint trans-Neptunian objects.[9] Astronomers are now able to observe the comet at any point in its orbit.[9]

text: The next predicted perihelion of Halley's Comet is 28 July 2061,[1] when it is expected to be better positioned for observation than during the 1985–1986 apparition, as it will be on the same side of the Sun as Earth.[11] It is expected to have an apparent magnitude of −0.3, compared with only +2.1 for the 1986 apparition.[111] It has been calculated that on 9 September 2060, Halley will pass within 0.98 AU (147,000,000 km) of Jupiter, and then on 20 August 2061 will pass within 0.0543 AU (8,120,000 km) of Venus.[112] In 2134, Halley is expected to pass within 0.09 AU (13,000,000 km) of Earth.[112] Its apparent magnitude is expected to be −2.0.[111]

text: Apparitions[edit]

text: Halley's calculations enabled the comet's earlier appearances to be found in the historical record. The following table sets out the astronomical designations for every apparition of Halley's Comet from 240 BC, the earliest documented widespread sighting.[2][113] For example, "1P/1982 U1, 1986 III, 1982i" indicates that for the perihelion in 1986, Halley was the first period comet known (designated 1P) and this apparition was the first seen in half-month U (the second half of October)[114] in 1982 (giving 1P/1982 U1); it was the third comet past perihelion in 1986 (1986 III); and it was the ninth comet spotted in 1982 (provisional designation 1982i). The perihelion dates of each apparition are shown.[115] The perihelion dates farther from the present are approximate, mainly because of uncertainties in the modelling of non-gravitational effects. Perihelion dates of 1531 and earlier are in the Julian calendar, while perihelion dates 1607 and after are in the Gregorian calendar.[116]

text: Halley's Comet is visible from Earth every 74–79 years.[2][10][11]

text:
Designation
Year BC/AD
Gap (years)
Date of perihelion
Visible duration
Closest approach
Description

1P/−239 K1, −239
240 BC
-
15 May
15 May – 25 May

First confirmed sighting.

1P/−163 U1, −163
164 BC
76
20 May
12 November, 164 – 28 September 164

Seen by Babylonians.

1P/−86 Q1, −86
87 BC
77
15 August
6 August – 19 August

Seen by the Babylonians and Chinese.

1P/−11 Q1, −11
12 BC
75
8 October
August – 10 October
0.16 AU
Watched by Chinese for two months.

1P/66 B1, 66
66
78
26 January
25 January – 26 January

‘A comet of the kind called Xiphias, because their tails appear to represent the blade of a sword’

1P/141 F1, 141
141
75
25 March
22 March – 25 March

Described by the Chinese as bluish-white in colour

1P/218 H1, 218
218
77
6 April
6 April – 17 May

Described by the Roman historian Dion Cassius as ‘a very fearful star’.

1P/295 J1, 295
295
77
7 April
7 April – 20 April

Seen in China, but not spectacular.

1P/374 E1, 374
374
79
13 February
13 February – 16 February
0.09 AU
Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth.

1P/451 L1, 451
451
77
3 July
28 June – 3 July

Appeared before the defeat of Attila the Hun at the Battle of Chalons.

1P/530 Q1, 530
530
79
15 November
27 September – 15 November

Noted in China and Europe, but not spectacular.

1P/607 H1, 607
607
77
26 March
15 March – 26 March
0.09 AU
Comet passed 13.5 million kilometres from Earth.

1P/684 R1, 684
684
77
26 November
2 October – 26 November

First known Japanese records of the comet. Seen in Europe and depicted 800 years later in the Nuremberg Chronicle. Attempts have been made to connect an ancient Maya depiction of God L to the event.[117]

1P/760 K1, 760
760
76
10 June
20 May – 10 June

Seen in China, at the same time as another comet.

1P/837 F1, 837
837
77
25 February
25 February – 28 February
0.03 AU
Closest-ever approach to the Earth (5 million km). Tail stretched halfway across the sky. Appeared as bright as Venus.

1P/912 J1, 912
912
75
27 July
18 July – 27 July

Seen briefly in China and Japan.

1P/989 N1, 989
989
77
2 September
2 September – 5 September

Seen in China, Japan, and (possibly) Korea.

1P/1066 G1, 1066
1066
77
25 March
January – 25 March
0.10 AU
Seen for over two months in China. Recorded in England and depicted on the later Bayeux tapestry which portrayed the events of that year.

1P/1145 G1, 1145
1145
79
19 April
15 April – 19 April

Depicted on the Eadwine Psalter, with the remark that such ‘hairy stars’ appeared rarely, ‘and then as a portent’.

1P/1222 R1, 1222
1222
77
10 September
10 September – 28 September

Described by Japanese astronomers as being ‘as large as the half Moon . . . Its colour was white but its rays were red’.

1P/1301 R1, 1301
1301
79
22 October
22 October – 31 October

Seen by Giotto di Bondone and included in his painting The Adoration of the Magi. Chinese astronomers compared its brilliance to that of the first-magnitude star Procyon.

1P/1378 S1, 1378
1378
77
9 November
9 November – 14 November

Passed within 10 degrees of the north celestial pole, more northerly than at any time during the past 2000 years. This is the last appearance of the comet for which Oriental records are better than Western ones.

1P/1456 K1, 1456
1456
78
8 January
8 January – 9 June

Observed in Italy by Paolo Toscanelli, who said its head was ‘as large as the eye of an ox’, with a tail ‘fan-shaped like that of a peacock’. Arabs said the tail resembled a Turkish scimitar. Turkish forces attacked Belgrade.

1P/1531 P1, 1531
1531
75
26 August
26 August

Seen by Peter Apian, who noted that its tail always pointed away from the Sun. This sighting was included in Halley’s table.

1P/1607 S1, 1607
1607
76
27 October
27 October

Seen by Johannes Kepler. This sighting was included in Halley’s table.

1P/1682 Q1, 1682
1682
75
15 September
15 September

Seen by Edmond Halley at Islington.

1P/1758 Y1, 1759 I
1758
76
13 March
13 March – 25 December

Return predicted by Halley. First seen by Johann Palitzsch on 1758 December 25.

1P/1835 P1, 1835 III
1835
77
16 November
August – 16 November

First seen at the Vatican Observatory in August. Studied by John Herschel at the Cape of Good Hope.

1P/1909 R1, 1910 II, 1909c
1910
75
20 April
20 April – 20 May

Photographed for the first time. Earth passed through the comet’s tail on May 20.

1P/1982 U1, 1986 III, 1982i
1986
76
9 February
9 February
0.586 AU
Reached perihelion on February 9, closest to Earth (63 million km) on April 11. Nucleus photographed by the European space probe Giotto and the Russian probes Vega 1 and 2.

2061
75
28 July
28 July 2061

Next return of Halley's comet.


document_title: List of Major League Baseball progressive single-season home run leaders

question_text: who has the most home runs in a single season in major league baseball

text: Single-season records[edit]

text:
Batter
Team
Age
Year
HR
Reign
Record breaker

George Hall
Philadelphia Athletics
27
1876
5
3 years
—

Charley Jones
Boston Red Caps
29
1879
9
4 years
6th on July 31 off George Bradley

Harry Stovey
Philadelphia Athletics
27
1883
14
1 year
10th on August 1 off Jack Neagle

Ned Williamson
Chicago White Stockings
27
1884
27
35 years
15th on July 9 off Ed Bagley

Babe Ruth
Boston Red Sox
24
1919
29
1 year
28th on September 24 off Bob Shawkey

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
25
1920
54
1 year
30th on July 19 off Dickie Kerr

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
26
1921
59
6 years
55th on September 15 off Bill Bayne

Babe Ruth
New York Yankees
32
1927
60
34 years
60th on September 30 off Tom Zachary

Roger Maris
New York Yankees
27
1961
61
37 years
61st on October 1 off Tracy Stallard

Mark McGwire
St. Louis Cardinals
35
1998
70
3 years
62nd on September 8 off Steve Trachsel

Barry Bonds
San Francisco Giants
36
2001
73
17 years
71st on October 5 off Chan Ho Park

text: Sammy Sosa hit his 66th home run on September 25, 1998, breaking McGwire's then standing record of 65 home runs. McGwire tied that record less than an hour later and then hit two home runs on each of the next two days to achieve his 70 home run record.[1]

text: Progression[edit]

text: Summarized from The Baseball Encyclopedia for older information, and from various news stories for newer information:

text: Home runs per game[edit]

text: Number of home runs in the season divided by number of games in schedule (not games played)

text:
Average
Name

0.451
Barry Bonds

0.430
Mark McGwire

0.390
Babe Ruth (1)

0.383
Babe Ruth (2)

0.377
Roger Maris

0.350
Babe Ruth (3)

0.240
Ned Williamson

0.200
Babe Ruth (4)

0.140
Harry Stovey

0.100
Charley Jones

0.070
George Hall


document_title: Glenne Headly

question_text: what part did glenne headley play in lonesome dove

text: Glenne Headly

text: Background[edit]

text: Headly was born on March 13, 1955 in New London, Connecticut.[2] Her first years were spent living under the care of her mother, Joan Ida (Sniscak),[3] in San Francisco, and her maternal grandmother in Lansford, Pennsylvania. Early in her elementary school years, she joined her mother, who was then living in Greenwich Village, and grew up having a rich cultural life. She studied ballet at the Robert Joffrey school of ballet and modern dance at the Martha Graham Studios. In New York, she attended public schools, including P. S. 41, where she was placed in a class for intellectually gifted children. There, a fifth-grade teacher introduced her to the work of Jacques Cousteau in an oceanography class, inspiring a lifelong interest in preserving the natural world. She later went on to the High School of Performing Arts, majoring in drama and graduating with honors.[4]

text: Rather than continuing to study the dramatic arts, she attended American College of Switzerland, a small college in Leysin from which she graduated with a bachelor's degree.[5] Soon after, she moved to New York, taking day jobs as a waitress so that she could work nights in the theater for little or no salary.[6] Later, she moved to Chicago,[6] where she joined the New Works Ensemble at the St. Nicholas Theatre. She was eventually cast in a Goodman Theatre production of Curse of the Starving Class, directed by Robert Falls and co-starring John Malkovich.[7]

text: Film and television career[edit]

text: While appearing on the Chicago stage in Curse of the Starving Class, Headly was asked to join the Steppenwolf Theatre ensemble, which was looking to expand.[5] She also appeared in several other productions. In Chicago, she was nominated for five Joseph Jefferson awards, and won three for best supporting actress. She received her Actors' Equity card when cast by Vivian Matalon in a summer theatre production of Charley's Aunt, and joined SAG when Arthur Penn wrote a breakout role for her in the film Four Friends.[8]

text: On August 2, 1982, Headly married fellow ensemble member John Malkovich.[4] Soon after, she was cast to replace Ellen Barkin in Extremities, with Susan Sarandon, off- Broadway. She then was cast in The Philanthropist, also off-Broadway, and won a Theatre World Award for best newcomer.[4] In New York, she appeared in Balm in Gilead with her fellow Steppenwolf Theatre members,[9] and in Arms and the Man, on Broadway, with Kevin Kline and Raul Julia.[10]

text: 1988–1995: Early work[edit]

text: Headly played several supporting roles in such films as Making Mr. Right, Paperhouse, Seize the Day and Nadine, but her role in Dirty Rotten Scoundrels (1988), opposite Steve Martin and Michael Caine, truly launched her film career. In 1988, Headly was named Most Promising New Actress by the Chicago Film Critics Association.[11]

text: She was then cast by Warren Beatty to appear opposite him as Tess Trueheart in Dick Tracy. She next starred opposite Demi Moore and Bruce Willis in Mortal Thoughts, directed by Alan Rudolph. In 1988, she divorced Malkovich after he had an affair with Michelle Pfeiffer during the filming of Dangerous Liaisons.[12][13][14] In 1992, she went to Canada to work on a small Canadian film called Ordinary Magic, and on the first day of filming, met her future husband Byron McCulloch, whom she married in 1993.[15] She also co-starred with Ted Danson and Macaulay Culkin in the 1994 comedy Getting Even with Dad.[16]

text: She went on to appear in Mr. Holland's Opus, Sgt. Bilko, What's the Worst That Could Happen?, Breakfast of Champions, Around the Bend, 2 Days in the Valley, and others.[17]

text: Headly appeared in the television movies Winchell, And the Band Played On, Pronto, My Own Country, and Women Vs. Men,[17] and was nominated for two Emmy Awards, for best supporting actress in a television movie for both Lonesome Dove (1989) and Bastard Out of Carolina (1996).[18] She appeared as Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer's daughter in the 2001 live telecast of the play On Golden Pond for CBS.[19] She was cast in the series Encore! Encore!, starring Nathan Lane and Joan Plowright, from 1998–1999,[20] and had recurring roles as Dr. Abby Keaton on ER from 1996–1997[21] and as Leland Stottlemeyer's wife, Karen, on Monk.[22]

text: In 2004 she played the mother of Lindsay Lohan's character in Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen.[23] Her recent appearances include the films The Amateurs (2005), The Namesake (2006), Comeback Season (2006), Kit Kittredge: An American Girl (2008), The Joneses (2009),[24] and Don Jon (2013).[25]

text: More recently, Headly appeared in the film Strange Weather (2016)[26] and in the HBO limited series The Night Of (2016).[27]

text: Future Man[edit]

text: Headly and Ed Begley Jr. were cast in lead roles with Josh Hutcherson in Future Man, Hulu's half-hour comedy television series produced by Seth Rogen and Evan Goldberg. Headly died on June 8, 2017, during filming of the series. At the time of her death she had filmed five episodes of the planned 13-episode season order. Producers stated that she would not be recast and that the episodes she filmed will air, leaving the writers the need to rework the episodes in which she was due to feature.[28][29]

text: Theater[edit]

text: Headly was an ensemble member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company from 1979 until 2005,[30] although she never returned to Chicago to do a play after the late 1980s, believing that such a move would uproot and be disruptive to her family. She took a break from the stage altogether for 10 years until 1999, when she starred opposite Miranda Richardson in Wallace Shawn's Aunt Dan and Lemon, which premiered at the Almeida Theatre in London.[31][32][33]

text: In 1983 Headly appeared in Christopher Hampton's The Philanthropist at the Manhattan Theater Club in New York.[34]

text: In 1984 Headly appeared in Lanford Wilson's Balm in Gilead presented by the Circle Repertory Company and the Steppenwolf Theater Ensemble.[35]

text: In 1985 Headly starred as Raina in George Bernard Shaw's Arms and the Man, directed by John Malkovich, in New York. [36]

text: In 2000 Headly starred as Ellen in Detachments at the Tiffany Theater in Los Angeles, written and directed by Colleen Dodson-Baker. [37]

text: In 2001 Headly starred as Angela Kennedy Lipsky in the premiere of My Brilliant Divorce at the Druid Theatre in Galway, Ireland.[38]

text: In 2003 Headly starred opposite David Hyde Pierce in The Guys as part of a revolving cast at the Actors' Gang in Los Angeles. She also appeared in Malkovich's production of Shaw's Arms and the Man, with Kevin Kline at New York City's Circle in the Square Uptown.[39]

text: In 2012 Headly played Eva White in the Geffen Playhouse's production of The Jacksonian, written by Beth Henley.[40]

text: In 2016, once again at the Geffen Playhouse, Headly starred in Sarah Ruhl's Stage Kiss.[41]

text: Death[edit]

text: Headly died of complications from a pulmonary embolism on June 8, 2017, at the age of 62, in Santa Monica, California.[42][43]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs

1981
Four Friends
Lola

[44]

1983
Doctor Detroit
Miss Debbylike

[44]

1985
Fandango
Trelis

[44]

1985
The Purple Rose of Cairo
Hooker

[44]

1985
Eleni
Joan

[44]

1986
Seize the Day
Olive

[44]

1987
Making Mr. Right
Trish

[44]

1987
Nadine
Renée Lomax

[44]

1988
Stars and Bars
Cora Gage

[44]

1989
Paperhouse
Kate Madden

[44]

1988
Dirty Rotten Scoundrels
Janet Colgate
Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Most Promising Actress
[44][11]

1990
Dick Tracy
Tess Trueheart

[44]

1991
Mortal Thoughts
Joyce Urbanski

[44]

1992
Grand Isle
Adele Ratignolle

[44]

1993
Ordinary Magic
Charlotte

[44]

1994
Getting Even with Dad
Theresa

[44]

1995
Mr. Holland's Opus
Iris Holland

[44]

1996
Sgt. Bilko
Rita Robbins

[44]

1996
2 Days in the Valley
Susan Parish

[44]

1998
The X-Files
Bartender
Uncredited
[44]

1998
Babe: Pig in the City
Zootie
Voice
[44]

1999
Breakfast of Champions
Francine Pefko

[44]

2001
Bartleby
Vivian

[44]

2001
What's the Worst That Could Happen?
Gloria Sidell

[44]

2004
Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen
Karen

[44]

2004
Eulogy
Samantha

[44]

2004
Around the Bend
Katrina

[44]

2005
Amateurs, TheThe Amateurs
Helen Tatelbaum

[44]

2006
Comeback Season
Deborah Pearce

[44]

2006
Namesake, TheThe Namesake
Lydia

2006
Raising Flagg
Anne Marie Purdy

[44]

2009
Joneses, TheThe Joneses
Summer Symonds

[44]

2013
Don Jon
Angela

[44]

2015
Dial a Prayer
Mary

[44]

2015
Merry Xmas
Sarah
Short film

2016
Strange Weather
Mary Lou Healy

2017
The Circle
Bonnie Holland

[44]

2017
Just Getting Started
Jane
Post-production; posthumous release
[44]

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes
Refs

1989
Lonesome Dove
Elmira Boot Johnson
4 episodes
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
[44]

1993
Hotel Room
Darlene
Episode: "Tricks"
[44]

1993
And the Band Played On
Dr. Mary Guinan
Television film
[44]

1995
Frasier
Gretchen
Voice; episode: "An Affair to Forget"
[44]

1996
Bastard Out of Carolina
Aunt Ruth
Television film
Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie
[44]

1996–1997
ER
Dr. Abby Keaton
Recurring role, 9 episodes
[44]

1997
Pronto
Joyce Patton
Television film
[44]

1998
My Own Country
Vickie Talley
Television film
[44]

1998
Winchell
Dallas Wayne
Television film
[44]

1998–1999
Encore! Encore!
Francesca Pinoni
Main role, 12 episodes
[44]

2000
Sandy Bottom Orchestra, TheThe Sandy Bottom Orchestra
Ingrid Green
Television film
[44]

2001
Fugitive, TheThe Fugitive
Renee Charnquist
Episode: "New Orleans Saints"

2001
Girl Thing, AA Girl Thing
Helen McCormack
Television film
[44]

2001
On Golden Pond
Chelsea Thayer Wayne
Television film
[44]

2002
Rugrats
Dr. Cathy
Voice
[45]

2002
Women vs. Men
Brita
Television film
[44]

2003–2006
Monk
Karen Stottlemeyer
4 episodes
[44]

2004
Guardian, TheThe Guardian
Anne Joplin
Episode: "Beautiful Blue Mystic"
[46]

2005
Law & Order: Special Victims Unit
Attorney Simone Bryce
Episode: "Intoxicated"
[44]

2008
Grey's Anatomy
Elizabeth Archer
Episode: "Lay Your Hands on Me"
[46]

2008
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation
Viviana Conway
Episode: "The Happy Place"
[46]

2012
Psych
Grace Larsen
Episode: "Autopsy Turvy"
[47]

2012
Pound Puppies
Miss Petunia
Voice; episode: "Pound Preemies"

2012
Parks and Recreation
Julia Wyatt
Episode: "Ben's Parents"
[46]

2013
League, TheThe League
Gloria
Episode: "The Von Nowzick Wedding"
[46]

2016
The Night Of
Alison Crowe
3 episodes
[46]

2017
Future Man
Diane Futterman
Hulu pilot; Posthumous release


document_title: Stock market crash

question_text: when did the stock market crash in 2008

question_tokens: when did the stock market crash in 2008

text: Stock market crash

text: History[edit]

text: Tulip Mania (in the mid-1630s) is often considered to be the first recorded speculative bubble. Historically, early stock market bubbles and crashes have also their roots in socio-politico-economic activities of the 17th-century Dutch Republic (the birthplace of the world's first formal stock exchange and market)[3][4][5][6][7][8] and the Dutch East India Company (the world's first formally listed public company) in particular.

text: Mathematical theory[edit]

text: The mathematical description of stock market movements has been a subject of intense interest. The conventional assumption has been that stock markets behave according to a random log-normal distribution.[9] Among others, mathematician Benoît Mandelbrot suggested as early as 1963 that the statistics prove this assumption incorrect.[10] Mandelbrot observed that large movements in prices (i.e. crashes) are much more common than would be predicted from a log-normal distribution. Mandelbrot and others suggested that the nature of market moves is generally much better explained using non-linear analysis and concepts of chaos theory.[11] This has been expressed in non-mathematical terms by George Soros in his discussions of what he calls reflexivity of markets and their non-linear movement.[12] George Soros said in late October 1987, 'Mr. Robert Prechter's reversal proved to be the crack that started the avalanche'.[13][14]

text: Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology suggests that there is evidence the frequency of stock market crashes follows an inverse cubic power law.[15] This and other studies such as Prof. Didier Sornette's work suggest that stock market crashes are a sign of self-organized criticality in financial markets.[16] In 1963, Mandelbrot proposed that instead of following a strict random walk, stock price variations executed a Lévy flight.[17] A Lévy flight is a random walk that is occasionally disrupted by large movements. In 1995, Rosario Mantegna and Gene Stanley analyzed a million records of the S&P 500 market index, calculating the returns over a five-year period.[18] Researchers continue to study this theory, particularly using computer simulation of crowd behaviour, and the applicability of models to reproduce crash-like phenomena.

text: Research at the New England Complex Systems Institute has found warning signs of crashes using new statistical analysis tools of complexity theory. This work suggests that the panics that lead to crashes come from increased mimicry in the market. A dramatic increase in market mimicry occurred during the whole year before each market crash of the past 25 years, including the recent financial crisis. When investors closely follow each other's cues, it is easier for panic to take hold and affect the market. This work is a mathematical demonstration of a significant advance warning sign of impending market crashes.[19][20]

text: A recent phenomenon, known as the RR Reversal, has also been well documented in recent years – where a rapidly increasing stock experiences an inexplicable and sudden pullback to the magnitude of 10 – 40%[clarification needed] within a month.[citation needed]

text: Major crashes in the United States[edit]

text: Panic of 1907[edit]

text: In 1907 and in 1908, the NYSE fell by nearly 50% due to a variety of factors, led by the manipulation of copper stocks by the Knickerbocker company.[21] Shares of United Copper rose gradually up to October, and thereafter crashed, leading to panic.[22][23] A number of investment trusts and banks that had invested their money in the stock market fell and started to close down. Further bank runs were prevented due to the intervention of J.P.Morgan.[24]  The panic continued to 1908 finally and led to the formation of the Federal reserve in 1913.[25]

text: Wall Street Crash of 1929[edit]

text: The economy had been growing for most of the Roaring Twenties. It was a technological golden age, as innovations such as the radio, automobile, aviation, telephone, and the power grid were deployed and adopted. Companies that had pioneered these advances, like Radio Corporation of America (RCA) and General Motors, saw their stocks soar. Financial corporations also did well, as Wall Street bankers floated mutual fund companies (then known as investment trusts) like the Goldman Sachs Trading Corporation. Investors were infatuated with the returns available in the stock market, especially by the use of leverage through margin debt.

text: On August 24, 1921, the Dow Jones Industrial Average stood at a value of 63.9. By September 3, 1929, it had risen more than sixfold, touching 381.2. It would not regain this level for another 25 years. By the summer of 1929, it was clear that the economy was contracting, and the stock market went through a series of unsettling price declines. These declines fed investor anxiety, and events came to a head on October 24, 28, and 29 (known respectively as Black Thursday, Black Monday, and Black Tuesday).

text: On Black Monday, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 38.33 points to 260, a drop of 12.8%. The deluge of selling overwhelmed the ticker tape system that normally gave investors the current prices of their shares. Telephone lines and telegraphs were clogged and were unable to cope. This information vacuum only led to more fear and panic. The technology of the New Era, previously much celebrated by investors, now served to deepen their suffering.

text: The following day, Black Tuesday, was a day of chaos. Forced to liquidate their stocks because of margin calls, overextended investors flooded the exchange with sell orders. The Dow fell 30.57 points to close at 230.07 on that day. The glamour stocks of the age saw their values plummet. Across the two days, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 23%.

text: By the end of the weekend of November 11, the index stood at 228, a cumulative drop of 40% from the September high. The markets rallied in succeeding months, but it was a temporary recovery that led unsuspecting investors into further losses. The Dow Jones Industrial Average lost 89% of its value before finally bottoming out in July 1932. The crash was followed by the Great Depression, the worst economic crisis of modern times, which plagued the stock market and Wall Street throughout the 1930s.

text: October 19, 1987[edit]

text: The mid-1980s were a time of strong economic optimism. From August 1982 to its peak in August 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) grew from 776 to 2722. The rise in market indices for the 19 largest markets in the world averaged 296 percent during this period. The average number of shares traded on the NYSE(New York Stock Exchange) had risen from 65 million shares to 181 million shares.[26]

text: The crash on October 19, 1987, a date that is also known as Black Monday, was the climactic culmination of a market decline that had begun five days before on October 14. The DJIA fell 3.81 percent on October 14, followed by another 4.60 percent drop on Friday, October 16. On Black Monday, the Dow Jones Industrials Average plummeted 508 points, losing 22.6% of its value in one day. The S&P 500 dropped 20.4%, falling from 282.7 to 225.06. The NASDAQ Composite lost only 11.3%, not because of restraint on the part of sellers, but because the NASDAQ market system failed. Deluged with sell orders, many stocks on the NYSE faced trading halts and delays. Of the 2,257 NYSE-listed stocks, there were 195 trading delays and halts during the day.[27] The NASDAQ market fared much worse. Because of its reliance on a "market making" system that allowed market makers to withdraw from trading, liquidity in NASDAQ stocks dried up. Trading in many stocks encountered a pathological condition where the bid price for a stock exceeded the ask price. These "locked" conditions severely curtailed trading. On October 19, trading in Microsoft shares on the NASDAQ lasted a total of 54 minutes.

text: The Crash was the greatest single-day loss that Wall Street had ever suffered in continuous trading up to that point. Between the start of trading on October 14 to the close on October 19, the DJIA lost 760 points, a decline of over 31 percent.

text: The 1987 Crash was a worldwide phenomenon. The FTSE 100 Index lost 10.8% on that Monday and a further 12.2% the following day. In the month of October, all major world markets declined substantially. The least affected was Austria (a fall of 11.4%) while the most affected was Hong Kong with a drop of 45.8%. Out of 23 major industrial countries, 19 had a decline greater than 20%.[28]

text: Despite fears of a repeat of the 1930s Depression, the market rallied immediately after the crash, posting a record one-day gain of 102.27 the very next day and 186.64 points on Thursday October 22. It took only two years for the Dow to recover completely; by September 1989, the market had regained all of the value it had lost in the 1987 crash. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained six-tenths of a percent during the calendar year 1987.

text: No definitive conclusions have been reached on the reasons behind the 1987 Crash. Stocks had been in a multi-year bull run and market P/E ratios in the U.S. were above the post-war average. The S&P 500 was trading at 23 times earnings, a postwar high and well above the average of 14.5 times earnings.[29] Herd behavior and psychological feedback loops play a critical part in all stock market crashes but analysts have also tried to look for external triggering events. Aside from the general worries of stock market overvaluation, blame for the collapse has been apportioned to such factors as program trading, portfolio insurance and derivatives, and prior news of worsening economic indicators (i.e. a large U.S. merchandise trade deficit and a falling U.S. dollar, which seemed to imply future interest rate hikes).[30]

text: One of the consequences of the 1987 Crash was the introduction of the circuit breaker or trading curb on the NYSE. Based upon the idea that a cooling off period would help dissipate investor panic, these mandatory market shutdowns are triggered whenever a large pre-defined market decline occurs during the trading day.

text: Crash of 2008–2009[edit]

text: On September 16, 2008, failures of massive financial institutions in the United States, due primarily to exposure to packaged subprime loans and credit default swaps issued to insure these loans and their issuers, rapidly devolved into a global crisis. This resulted in a number of bank failures in Europe and sharp reductions in the value of stocks and commodities worldwide. The failure of banks in Iceland resulted in a devaluation of the Icelandic króna and threatened the government with bankruptcy. Iceland obtained an emergency loan from the International Monetary Fund in November.[31] In the United States, 15 banks failed in 2008, while several others were rescued through government intervention or acquisitions by other banks.[32] On October 11, 2008, the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) warned that the world financial system was teetering on the "brink of systemic meltdown".[33]

text: The economic crisis caused countries to close their markets temporarily.

text: On October 8, the Indonesian stock market halted trading, after a 10% drop in one day.

text: The Times of London reported that the meltdown was being called the Crash of 2008, and older traders were comparing it with Black Monday in 1987. The fall that week of 21% compared to a 28.3% fall 21 years earlier, but some traders were saying it was worse. "At least then it was a short, sharp, shock on one day. This has been relentless all week."[34] Business Week also referred to the crisis as a "stock market crash" or the "Panic of 2008."[35]

text: From October 6–10 the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) closed lower in all five sessions. Volume levels were record-breaking. The DJIA fell over 1,874 points, or 18%, in its worst weekly decline ever on both a points and percentage basis. The S&P 500 fell more than 20%.[36] The week also set 3 top ten NYSE Group Volume Records with October 8 at #5, October 9 at #10, and October 10 at #1.[37]

text: Having been suspended for three successive trading days (October 9, 10, and 13), the Icelandic stock market reopened on 14 October, with the main index, the OMX Iceland 15, closing at 678.4, which was about 77% lower than the 3,004.6 at the close on October 8. This reflected that the value of the three big banks, which had formed 73.2% of the value of the OMX Iceland 15, had been set to zero.

text: On October 24, many of the world's stock exchanges experienced the worst declines in their history, with drops of around 10% in most indices.[38] In the US, the DJIA fell 3.6%, i.e. not as much as other markets.[39] Instead, both the US dollar and Japanese yen soared against other major currencies, particularly the British pound and Canadian dollar, as world investors sought safe havens. Later that day, the deputy governor of the Bank of England, Charles Bean, suggested that "This is a once in a lifetime crisis, and possibly the largest financial crisis of its kind in human history."[40]

text: By March 6, 2009 the DJIA had dropped 54% to 6,469 (before beginning to recover) from its peak of 14,164 on October 9, 2007, over a span of 17 months.[41][42]

text: Mitigation strategies[edit]

text: One mitigation strategy has been the introduction of trading curbs, also known as "circuit breakers", which are a trading halt in the cash market and the corresponding trading halt in the derivative markets triggered by the halt in the cash market, all of which are affected based on substantial movements in a broad market indicator. Since their inception, circuit breakers have been modified to prevent both speculative gains and dramatic losses within a small time frame.[43]

text: United States[edit]

text: There are three thresholds, which represent different levels of decline in the DJIA in terms of points. These thresholds are set at the beginning of each quarter to establish a specific point value. For example, in the second quarter of 2011, Threshold 1 was a drop of 1200 points, Threshold 2 was 2400 points, and Threshold 3 was 3600 points.[44]

text:
If Threshold 2 is breached before 1 pm, the market closes for two hours. If such a decline occurs between 1 pm and 2 pm, there is a one-hour pause. The market would close for the day if stocks sank to that level after 2 pm
If Threshold 3 is breached, the market would close for the day, regardless of the time.

text: France[edit]

text: In France, the main French stock index is called the CAC 40. Daily price limits are implemented in cash and derivative markets. Securities traded on the markets are divided into three categories according to the number and volume of daily transactions. Price limits for each security vary by category. For instance, for the more[most?] liquid category, when the price movement of a security from the previous day's closing price exceeds 10%, the quotation is suspended for 15 minutes, and transactions are then resumed. If the price then goes up or down by more than 5%, transactions are again suspended for 15 minutes. The 5% threshold may apply once more before transactions are halted for the rest of the day. When such a suspension occurs, transactions on options based on the underlying security are also suspended. Further, when more than 35% of the capitalization of the CAC40 Index cannot be quoted, the calculation of the CAC40 Index is suspended and the index is replaced by a trend indicator. When less than 25% of the capitalization of the CAC40 Index can be quoted, quotations on the derivative markets are suspended for half an hour or one hour, and additional margin deposits are requested.[43]