document_title: Cowboys–Redskins rivalry

question_text: who's winning the cowboys or the redskins

question_tokens: who 's winning the cowboys or the redskins

text: Cowboys–Redskins rivalry

text: Beginning[edit]

text: Texas oil tycoon Clint Murchison, Jr. was having a hard time bringing a National Football League team to Dallas, Texas. He tried buying two teams, but the negotiations fell through. In 1958, Murchison heard that George Preston Marshall, owner of the Washington Redskins, was eager to sell the team. Just as the sale was about to be finalized, Marshall called for a change in terms. Murchison was outraged and canceled the whole deal.[8]

text: Around this time, Marshall had a falling out with the Redskin band director, Barnee Breeskin. Breeskin had written the music to the Redskins fight song, now a staple at the stadium; additionally, Marshall's wife penned the lyrics to the song.[8] Breeskin wanted revenge after the failed negotiations with Marshall. He approached Tom Webb, Murchison's lawyer, and sold the rights for $2,500.[8]

text: Murchison then decided to create his own team, with the support of NFL expansion committee chairman, George Halas. Halas decided to put the proposition of a Dallas franchise before the NFL owners, which needed to have unanimous approval in order to pass. The only owner against the proposal was George Preston Marshall. However, Marshall found out that Murchison owned the rights to Washington's fight song, so a deal was finally struck. If Marshall showed his approval of the Dallas franchise, Murchison would return the song. The Cowboys were then founded and began playing in 1960.[8]

text: To build the roster of an expansion team, Dallas was allowed to pick certain players from certain teams per League rules. In addition to selecting 3 players from the Redskins roster, the Cowboys traded their first round (#2-Norm Snead) and sixth round (#72-Joe Krakoski) draft choices in the 1961 NFL Draft to the Redskins in exchange for Pro Bowl quarterback Eddie LeBaron,[9] convincing him to come out of retirement to become the franchise's first starting quarterback.

text: First Few Games[edit]

text: Though both teams would become juggernauts in the National Football League, the beginning of the rivalry was not all that exciting. The first game took place in Griffith Stadium on October 9, 1960 and was won by the Redskins. It was the only game they would win that year. The Cowboys would go winless that season. The Redskins would win two of the first four and tied the two others.

text: Cowboy Chicken Club[edit]

text: In December 1961, an unknown number of Cowboys fans snuck into D. C. Stadium, armed with bags of chicken feed.[8] When Alaskan snow dogs were to drag Santa Claus onto the field during the halftime show, the pranksters would unleash dozens of hungry chickens onto the field – 75 white, one black.[10] The significance of the black chicken was to symbolize how Marshall was the only owner in the league who would not recruit an African-American football player; Marshall stating, "We'll start signing Negroes when the Harlem Globetrotters start signing whites."[11]

text: The chickens fit into two large crates, which were smuggled into the stadium the morning of the game. The chickens and the smugglers went unspotted until halftime, when a stadium usher noticed a man guarding the crates and heard the chickens. Though the guard tried to bribe the official with $100, he was quickly reported and arrested, and the chickens confiscated. As it turned out, the "official" was actually Redskins general manager Dick McCann.

text: The following year and the night before the third Redskins-Cowboys match-up in less than a year, pranksters sneaked into Marshall's hotel suite and dropped off a large turkey in the bathroom. When Marshall went into the bathroom, the turkey puffed up and gobbled at him, causing Marshall to flee his room. "Chickens are nice", Marshall said, "but a man shouldn't fool with a mad turkey."

text: Just minutes before kickoff, while "Hail to the Redskins" blared throughout the stadiums, four banners reading "CHICKENS" – one at each 50-yard line and one in each end zone center – were unfurled in the stadium's upper decks.[8] Two acrobats, hired by Cowboys fans and Chicken Club founders Bob Thompson and Irv Davidson (along with the University of Maryland students with the banners) rushed onto the field dressed in chicken costumes and began to throw colored eggs.[8] One was apprehended by a guard, but the other proved to be too elusive. By this time, the band was playing the National Anthem, therefore unable to move. The lone chicken-acrobat reached into this bag and released a chicken, then returned to his egg-throwing. Running to a sideline, he then attempted to leave the stadium by jumping over a bench, but slipped.

text: A group of security guards then apprehended him, but he was able to break free. He made it back to the 50-yard line, turned a cartwheel, then ran and flopped onto the 30-yard line. By this time, only aware that the National Anthem was over, the two teams rushed onto the field in the middle of the chaos. In the midst of the ruckus, the man made it off the field and into the stands. Although the real chicken was caught, the acrobat-chicken was never apprehended.[8]

text: The next day, while reporting the 38-10 Cowboys victory, the Dallas News scoring summary ended with, Attendance-49,888 (and one chicken).[8]

text: 1965 – 1967[edit]

text: From 1965 through 1967, the Redskins and Cowboys, led by Sonny Jurgensen and Don Meredith respectively, played four games against each other that produced a combined total of 222 points with only ten points of overall difference between the two teams.

text: November 28, 1965, DC Stadium: The Cowboys quickly took a 21-0 lead on a pass play, a running play and a 60-yard fumble recovery. Despite Jurgensen's 26-yard touchdown pass to Charley Taylor, the fans in the stands called for him to be benched in favor of second-string quarterback Dick Shiner. However, Jurgensen then drove the Redskins down field for a second touchdown to cut the Cowboys lead to 24-13. They then scored a rushing touchdown to make it 24-20. But just when the Redskins were gaining momentum, Meredith tossed a 53-yard scoring touch to Frank Clarke. Jurgensen was then able to throw another touchdown pass to Bobby Mitchell to make it 31-27. The Redskins got the ball back on their 20-yard line with less than two minutes to go. After working his way down the field, Jurgensen passed to tight end Angelo Coia to give the Redskins their first lead, 34-31, with about one minute to play. But Meredith was not done either. He drove the Cowboys to the Redskins 37-yard line with seven seconds to go. Danny Villanueva was then brought in and attempted a tying field goal, but it was blocked by Redskins defensive back Lonnie Sanders. Final: Redskins, 34 – Cowboys, 31

text: November 13, 1966, DC Stadium: In the second quarter with the score 7-6 Dallas, Meredith threw a 52-yard touchdown to Bob Hayes, followed in the third quarter with a 95-yard repeat, making the score 21-7. Then Washington scored three consecutive times with Jurgensen's 4-yard pass to Jerry Smith and 78-yard pass to Charley Taylor, followed by a Charlie Gogolak field goal, giving them the lead, 23-21. Meredith then drove the Cowboys down field to set up a one-yard touchdown run by Dan Reeves. But the Redskins matched their score on a drive ending with Jurgensen's 18-yard scoring pass to Taylor, making it 30-28. Meredith got the ball back with no timeouts and the Redskins playing deep prevent. Somehow, he was able to drive them to the Redskins 33. The Redskins mounted a strong pass rush to push the Cowboys out of field goal range. But apparently it was too strong. Meredith was hit just as he scrambled out of bounds. The penalty put the Cowboys on the Redskins 12 for an easy Villanueva field goal. Final: Cowboys, 31–Redskins, 30

text: December 11, 1966, The Cotton Bowl: The Redskins took a 10-7 lead at the half after linebacker John Reger recovered a block punt and ran it in for a score. But Danny Villanueva then kicked a tying 26-yard field goal for the Cowboys and Bob Hays caught a 23-yard pass for the 17-10 lead. The Redskins tied it up on Bobby Mitchell's 11-yard reception from Jurgensen. The Cowboys regained the lead when Dan Reeves broke for a 67-yard touchdown run, making it 24-17. But the Redskins then drove the field and scored on Jurgensen's 11-yard pass to Jerry Smith, only to have the Cowboys regain the lead with a six-yard touchdown run by Don Perkins, making it 31-24. Jurgensen was then able to hit Charlie Taylor with a 65-yard touchdown pass that Taylor caught between two defenders, tying the game. After good defense, the Redskins got the ball back with two minutes to go. Starting at their 46-yard line, Redskins running back A. D. Whitfield ran right for a 30-yard gain that set up Charlie Gogolak's winning field goal. Final: Redskins, 34 – Cowboys, 31

text: October 8, 1967, DC Stadium: The Redskins led 14-10 with 70 seconds to go in the fourth quarter. The Cowboys took possession on their 29-yard line. On fourth down with 23 seconds remaining, Meredith hit an open Dan Reeves who beat out linebacker Chris Hanburger to score, making it 17-14. After the kick-off with seven seconds to go, Jurgensen pitched a long pass to Charley Taylor, but he was tackled at the Cowboys 20-yard line as time ran out. Final: Cowboys, 17 – Redskins, 14

text: Washington would win the rematch in Dallas that season, 27-20, but the Cowboys closed out the decade with four straight wins over the Redskins. In the late 60's the Redskins hired Vince Lombardi to try to stop ex-Giants coordinator Tom Landry. Lombardi's 7-5-2 record with the Redskins was the team's first winning season in 14 years, but he was still swept by the Cowboys. Lombardi's untimely death in 1970 froze Redskins development for two seasons.

text: The rivalry was in full-swing by 1971, when Washington hired George Allen as head coach. During the 1972 season, Allen's Redskins met Dallas three times en route to a date with the Miami Dolphins in Super Bowl VII. This is how the season progressed.

text: After a losing season in 1970, the Redskins' hired George Allen from the Los Angeles Rams. As the 1972 football season approached, preseason predictors were touting the Cowboys, who had defeated the Dolphins, 24-3 in the previous Super Bowl, to again win the NFC East.

text: The sixth game of the season brought the Cowboys to Washington, D.C. Both teams came into the game with a 4-1-0 record. Sonny Jurgensen was Washington's starting quarterback, with Billy Kilmer benched after a previous loss. Craig Morton was the Cowboys' quarterback while the injured Roger Staubach watched from the sideline. Despite Washington's home-field advantage, the Cowboys were favored by a touchdown.

text: A field goal and a Morton touchdown pass gave Dallas a 10-0 lead at the end of the first quarter, which was extended to 13-0 in the second period. Jurgensen led a Washington drive that climaxed with a pass to Larry Brown for a touchdown, but at the half the Redskins trailed by six points. Another seven points were added to the lead in the third quarter when Walt Garrison scored a touchdown. But then, Larry Brown broke a run for 34 yards and a touchdown to bring the score to 20-14. Curt Knight kicked a 42-yard field goal to make it 20-17. Charley Harraway ran for 13 yards to make the score 24-20, Redskins on top. During this offensive scoring period, the Over-the-Hill Gang defense shut down the Cowboys. At the end, Washington had defeated the Cowboys and was in possession of first place in the NFC East.

text: Now with two games remaining, Washington was 11-1 and had clinched the NFC East title. An ensuing loss to the Cowboys (34-24) was meaningless. It was the first time since the NFL went to a divisional format in 1967 that the Cowboys had not won their division.

text: The playoffs in 1972 pitted Washington against the Green Bay Packers. The final score was Washington 16, Green Bay 3. The victory sent the Redskins to the NFC Championship Game against the Cowboys who entered the playoffs as a wild-card entry. The Cowboys, who had been runner-up to the Redskins in the regular season defeated the NFC West champions, the San Francisco 49ers, 30-28.

text: The game was played in Washington. Staubach was back for the Cowboys, and Dallas fans were thrilled to have him. But Billy Kilmer for the Redskins was the better quarterback that day. After a field goal got the scoring started, Kilmer connected with Charley Taylor on a 15-yard touchdown pass and Washington had a 10-3 lead at halftime. In the fourth quarter, Kilmer again went to Taylor, this time for a 45-yard touchdown. Knight added three more field goals that period and the Over-the-Hill Gang defense allowed only a second-quarter field goal. The final score was Washington 26, Dallas 3.

text: 1973 Redskins 14, Cowboys 7[edit]

text: Roger Staubach had won back the quarterback job after missing most of the 1972 season with a shoulder injury, but Tom Landry pulled him in the third quarter when he missed an important signal and was sacked by the Redskins defense. Dallas led 7-0 when Staubach was replaced by Craig Morton. Late in the fourth quarter, the game was tied 7-7 when Redskins defender Brig Owens picked off Morton's errant pass and raced 26 yards to score a touchdown. The Cowboys threatened in the last seconds to tie the game, but Ken Houston tackled Walt Garrison on the one-yard line as time ran out, preserving the Redskins win.

text: 1974 Thanksgiving Day Game[edit]

text: On November 28, 1974, the Redskins were 8-3 and ready to secure a playoff berth with a win against the Cowboys (6-5) in a nationally televised game in Dallas. With less than ten minutes to go in the third quarter, Washington was leading 16-3, when Redskins linebacker Dave Robinson knocked Roger Staubach out of the game. Rookie Clint Longley led the Cowboys to a last-minute come-from-behind victory, throwing a 50-yard touchdown pass to Drew Pearson with 28 seconds left. The final score was Cowboys 24, Redskins 23.

text: The Redskins were stunned. "I don't have very much to say", coach George Allen said when it was over. "It was probably the toughest loss we ever had."[12]

text: 1979 season-ending game[edit]

text: December 16, 1979: The NFC East Division Championship and home field advantage on the line for both teams. This set the stage for the regular season finale against Washington; the winner would capture the NFC East title while the loser missed the playoffs. In the game, Texas Stadium fans were treated to one of Staubach's greatest comebacks. The Cowboys trailed 17-0, but then scored three touchdowns to take the lead. Led by running back John Riggins, the Redskins came back to build a 34-21 lead, but the Cowboys scored 2 touchdowns in the final five minutes — including a Staubach touchdown pass to Tony Hill with less than a minute remaining — for an amazing 35-34 victory. In the week leading up to the game, Cowboys’ defensive end Harvey Martin received a funeral wreath, supposedly sent by the Redskins. He kept it in his locker all week for motivation and after the win, he raced into Washington's locker room, opened the door and heaved it into the room, breaking up a team prayer. Adding insult to injury, the Chicago Bears defeated the St Louis Cardinals 42-6, the Redskins lost the tie breaker to the Bears for the last Wild Card spot.[13]

text:
Jan. 22, 1983, NFC Championship Game at RFK Stadium, the Redskins defeated the Cowboys to earn a trip to Super Bowl XVII. Prior to the game the stadium physically shook as a capacity crowd of 54,000 chanted "We Want Dallas!" The game is best remembered for the quarterback hit by Redskins defensive end Dexter Manley that sent Cowboys' quarterback Danny White into the locker room shortly before halftime knocking him out for the rest of the game, and defensive tackle Darryl Grant's interception return for a 10-yard touchdown of a Gary Hogeboom pass tipped by Manley to score the decisive points. John Riggins rushed for 140 yards and two touchdowns on 36 carries as the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 31-17. The Redskins went on to defeat Miami for their first Super Bowl championship.
Before a sold-out 1983 season opener on Monday Night Football, the Redskins were leading the visiting Cowboys 23–3 going into halftime. Danny White's second half comeback erased the lead and the Cowboys took an improbable 31–30 victory.
The second 1983 regular season meeting between the Redskins and Cowboys at Texas Stadium was more remembered for an infamous play by the Cowboys than it was for the game's outcome. On a 4th down and 1 play, Danny White was attempting to draw the Redskins offside by using hard counts, thereby giving the Cowboys a first down and keeping their drive going. But the Redskins' defense never moved and Danny White ran a play that resulted in a loss of yards, turning the ball over to the Redskins on downs. During the replay, coach Tom Landry was simultaneously shown yelling, "No, Danny, no!" from the sidelines (undoubtedly wanting White to call a time out to punt the ball). After the play, Landry was shown shaking his head in disgust. The Redskins went on to win, 31-10.
On December 9, 1984, down 21-6 at halftime, the Redskins scored 17 unanswered points on turnovers to take a 23-21 lead going into the fourth quarter. They came back to defeat the Cowboys, 30-28. Coupled with the 34-14 win earlier in the year, the Redskins enjoyed their first season sweep of the Cowboys in series history.
On September 9, 1985, the season opener of Monday Night Football was played at Texas Stadium. The Cowboys secondary, nicknamed "Thurman's Thieves", intercepted Redskins quarterback Joe Theismann five times. Redskins coach Joe Gibbs would pull Theismann from the game in the 4th Quarter due to his poor performance. To rub salt in the wound, fans at Texas Stadium began singing "Happy Birthday" to Theismann as he sat on the bench staring straight ahead (the game took place on Theismann's birthday). The Cowboys went on to win in a blowout, 44-14.
1987-Scab Game: No team in the NFL had more players cross the picket line during the 1987 strike than the Cowboys, who were 2–0 with their "scab" players entering a game with the Redskins on Monday Night Football. Washington had also won their two games during the strike, but without any veterans. For this game the Cowboys had Danny White, Randy White, Tony Dorsett, Ed Jones among other veterans, but were upset by the replacement Redskins players, 13-7, in a game former Washington head coach Joe Gibbs called "one of my greatest experiences and wins." The Redskins finished 3–0 with the replacements, the strike ending the following week. The Redskins would go on to win Super Bowl XXII later that season. In 2000 Warner Bros. made a movie loosely based on the 1987 Redskins, The Replacements.
On December 11, 1988, the Cowboys upset the reigning Super Bowl champion Redskins at RFK stadium, 24-17, ending any shot the Redskins had of making the playoffs. Rookie and eventual hall of fame wide receiver, Michael Irvin was the big star of the game with three touchdown catches. This game would prove to be the final victory for legendary Dallas Cowboys head coach Tom Landry.
The Cowboys lone victory of their woeful 1-15 season in 1989 would come on November 5 against the Redskins at RFK Stadium, 13–3. Ultimately this loss coupled with a last second loss to the Philadelphia Eagles where Gerald Riggs fumbled the football at the Eagles' goal line with less than a minute remaining in the game prevented the 10–6 Redskins from making the playoffs for the second straight year. The Redskins led the Eagles 37-35 at the time when Riggs was stripped and the football was returned 96 yards to the Redskins' 4-yard line. The Eagles scored a touchdown and won the football game 42-37.

text:
On November 24, 1991, the 6–5 Cowboys handed the then unbeaten 11–0 Redskins their first defeat and their only defeat at home that season, 24–21. Despite the loss the Redskins would finish 14–2 and go on to win the Super Bowl XXVI. The Cowboys, motivated by the victory, would reel off a 6-game win streak, finishing 11–5; Cowboys owner Jerry Jones would later tell The Washington Post that he believed this victory was a key turning point in the Cowboys' transformation into the dominant team they would become for much of the decade.[14]
On September 7, 1992, in front a nationally televised Monday night audience, the Cowboys, led by Emmitt Smith's 140 yards rushing, handed the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins an embarrassing 23–10 loss at Texas Stadium in their first game of the season.
On December 13, 1992, the defending Super Bowl champion Redskins stunned the eventual Super Bowl champion Cowboys 20–17 in Washington thanks to Safety Danny Copeland's fourth quarter recovery of a Troy Aikman/Emmitt Smith fumble in the end zone. This game would prove to be Hall of Fame Head Coach Joe Gibbs' final victory at RFK Stadium.
On September 6, 1993, in front of a nationally televised Monday night audience, the Redskins gained revenge for their opening week Monday night loss of a year before by defeating the defending Super Bowl champion Cowboys 35–16 at RFK to earn Richie Petitbon his first victory in his first game as a head coach.
On the day after Christmas, 1993, the Cowboys would gain revenge for their opening week loss by defeating the Redskins 38–3 at Texas Stadium. The Cowboys' 35 point margin of victory is the largest margin of victory by either team in the rivalry's history. The Cowboys would eventually close out the season with their second straight Super Bowl championship while the Redskins would finish 4–12, their worst regular season record since 1963, the Bill McPeak era.
On December 22, 1996, the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 37–10 in the final game played at RFK Stadium, the Redskins home for the last 36 years. The Cowboys rested their starters during this game.
In the first game of the 1999 season, the Redskins opened a 35–14 lead. Then Dallas scored three touchdowns during the final 11 minutes of regulation time. The Redskins botched a last-second field goal attempt and the game went to overtime. A play-action pass four minutes into overtime to Raghib Ismail fooled Redskins safety Matt Stevens, and won the game for the visiting Cowboys. This game took place during the middle of a 10-game win streak in the series by the Cowboys, the longest by either team during the tenure of this rivalry.

text:
In Week 6 of the 2001 season, the two teams met in a Monday Night Football matchup. What made that particular game unique was that both teams entered the game 0-4, a MNF first. Dallas won 9-7, and won the rematch as well.
In the 2002 regular season finale, Washington finally ended an 11-game losing streak to the Cowboys, defeating them 20-14. The win allowed Washington to finish 7-9, while Dallas finished 5-11 for the third straight year. Cowboys coach Dave Campo was fired following the 2002 season.
Week 2 of the 2005 season, the Redskins were at Dallas where Emmitt Smith, Troy Aikman, and Michael Irvin were inducted into the Cowboys' "Ring of Honor" with a pre-game and halftime ceremony. Throughout a poorly played game, Dallas kept the Redskins out of the endzone, and led 13–0 with less than 4 minutes left. It was at that point that the Redskins, led by quarterback Mark Brunell, took the lead thanks to two long touchdown passes to Santana Moss to win the game.
Week 15 of the 2005 season saw the Redskins' largest margin of victory against the Cowboys in a 35-7 blowout. The Cowboys lone touchdown came in the fourth quarter after Washington was already ahead 35-0. The victory gave Washington its first sweep against Dallas since the 1995 season. Dallas eventually finished 9-7, while Washington won its last two games to secure the final NFC wildcard playoff berth.
In Week 9 of the 2006 season, during the fourth quarter, the game was tied 19–19 (due in part to a missed two-point conversion by the Cowboys). With 31 seconds to go, the Redskins' recently acquired kicker, Nick Novak, missed a 49-yard field goal wide right. The Cowboys then worked their way up the field to set up Mike Vanderjagt, the most accurate kicker in NFL history, for a 35-yard field goal with only seconds left. However, the kick was blocked by Troy Vincent, a safety who had been picked up by the Redskins off waivers earlier that week. The ball was scooped up by the Redskins' free safety, Sean Taylor, who ran it back to the Cowboys' 44-yard line, where the Cowboys' offensive lineman Kyle Kosier grabbed him by his facemask in an attempt to tackle him. The game would have gone into overtime had it not been for Kosier's defensive penalty, which added fifteen yards to the end of the return (by rule an NFL game cannot end on a defensive penalty). Novak set up for a 47-yard field goal with no time left on the clock. Despite the recent missed field goal, Novak was able to make this field goal to give the Redskins a victory.
On November 18, 2007, the Cowboys beat the Redskins 28–23 with Terrell Owens gaining 173 yards on eight catches and four touchdowns. In the final game of that same season with the Cowboys already owning the NFC #1 seed, rested several key players due to injury including Owens, and limited Tony Romo to only one series into the second half in order to prevent possible injury before the playoffs. The Redskins defeated the Cowboys 27–6 at FedExField, earning Washington the NFC's final playoff spot.
On September 28, 2008, the Redskins beat the Cowboys 26–24 in the final Redskins/Cowboys game at Texas Stadium.
On November 16, 2008, the Cowboys returned the favor of the 2005 Week 2 game defeat. Darrell Green and Art Monk were honored before the game for their recent induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. In a game that was highly touted for the return of Tony Romo, the Cowboys defense held the Redskins to ten points while the Cowboys scored 14.
December 27, 2009, the Cowboys shutout the Redskins 17-0. This marked the third time the Cowboys have blanked the Redskins. Washington has never shutout Dallas.

text:
September 12, 2010, the Redskins beat the Cowboys. One of the game's highlights was a Fumble return for a TD for the Redskins as time expired in the first half. Late in the fourth quarter, Tony Romo led the team down the field. With three seconds on the clock and the score 13-7, Romo made a touchdown pass to wide receiver Roy Williams that would've at least tied the game, depending on the PAT. However, the touchdown was negated due to a holding call against Alex Barron as time expired, and Washington held on to win.
December 19, 2010, marked the 100th meeting between the two clubs. The Cowboys built a 20-7 lead by halftime. By the end of the third quarter the Cowboys led 30-14. The Redskins started quarterback Rex Grossman who filled in for the recently benched Donovan McNabb and he brought the Redskins back to an even 30-30 with minutes left to play. Cowboys kicker David Buehler kicked a 39-yard field goal to put Dallas up 33-30 with 50 seconds to play. Rex Grossman then drove the Redskins down the field only to be intercepted by cornerback Terrence Newman to end the game. Dallas' Jason Witten caught 10 passes for 140 yards and a touchdown, and became only the fourth tight end in NFL history with 600 career catches. He did it the fastest, needing only 125 games.
September 26, 2011, prior to the game, the Redskins gathered in the middle of the field at Cowboys Stadium where several players were seen to be "stomping on the Star." London Fletcher was also overheard proclaiming to his team, "Why are we standing on this star? Cuz this is our house." Tony Romo overcame 4 botched snaps and several receivers running wrong routes to put the Cowboys within scoring position for the final field goal to ultimately win the game.
November 22, 2012, In quarterback Robert Griffin III's first start against the Cowboys, the Redskins defeated the Cowboys 38-31 at Cowboys Stadium. After the Redskins built a 28-3 lead, Dallas quarterback Tony Romo led the Cowboys to within seven but it proved too little too late as the Redskins held on to win. This marked the first time the Redskins had won at Cowboys Stadium as well as the first time Washington had defeated the Cowboys on Thanksgiving, previously 0-5 to their archrival on Thanksgiving Day. Robert Griffin III completed 19 of 27 passes for 304 yards and had 4 touchdown passes and 1 interception on his way to winning the Galloping Gobbler Award issued to the player deemed to have had the best performance in the game. Alfred Morris also had 113 yards rushing on 24 carries and 1 touchdown while the Redskins defense intercepted two passes from Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo and sacked him a total of three times.
December 30, 2012 – In the last game of the 2012 NFL season the Redskins met the Cowboys in a prime time game on NBC Sunday Night Football at Fed Ex Field to decide the winner of the NFC East division. Three interceptions by Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo doomed the Cowboys. The Redskins defense, led by London Fletcher's eleven total tackles, two sacks, and one pass defensed, confused and rattled Romo all game long. The Redskins defense had two sacks and three interceptions in the game with the final one being the most costly, with Dallas trailing 21-18 late in the fourth quarter from the Cowboys own 29-yard line. Romo threw a pass to the flat intended for Cowboys running back DeMarco Murray which was intercepted by Redskins outside linebacker Rob Jackson. The Redskins offensive line only gave up one sack and held Cowboys defensive stalwart DeMarcus Ware, who was playing with a hurt shoulder and elbow, to zero sacks and just one assisted tackle. Redskins rookie running back Alfred Morris rushed for 200 yards and three touchdowns on 33 carries, the last coming with one minute left, effectively putting the game out of reach (the referee initially called a fumble and Cowboys recovery, but reversed his ruling once convinced by the side judge that, as replays would clearly show,[15] Morris had crossed the goal line before losing the ball). The 28-18 win gave the Redskins their first playoff appearance since 2007 and their first NFC East title since 1999 while also preventing the Cowboys from making the playoffs.
December 22, 2013 – The Cowboys were up 14-6 at halftime but fumble recovery by the Redskins and a 3rd quarter interception by Romo along with a field goal led to the Redskins being up 23-14 at the start of the 4th quarter. The Cowboys converted on a 4th and 6 Romo pass to Cole Beasley to eventually give them a field goal by Dan Bailey. With Dallas trailing 23-17 and Tony Romo hobbling from a severe back injury that would ultimately end his season, the Cowboys would have one last drive to win this game. With 3:39 left, Romo connected with rookie Terrance Williams for a 51-yard pass to deep into Redskins territory. Another pass from Romo to Dez Bryant got them into the Red Zone. With less than 90 seconds remaining in regulation and on a 4th and goal play from the 12 yard line, Romo threw a 10-yard pass to DeMarco Murray to score a touchdown and make the game 24-23. Kirk Cousins, starting for a shutdown Robert Griffin III, got the ball back with 1:04 left to go but couldn't get a first down after 4 attempts which clinched the game for the Cowboys.
October 27, 2014 – The Cowboys came into the Monday Night Football showdown with the Redskins on a six-game winning streak. Both teams had a shaky first half, with both teams combining for 3 turnovers in the half. Despite 2 fumbles, the Cowboys took a 7-3 lead into halftime. After halftime, the Redskins drove down the field and scored on a 5-yd run by Alfred Morris to make it 10-7. When Tony Romo left the game in the third quarter with a back injury, Brandon Weeden came in to lead the Cowboys to a field goal by Dan Bailey. The Redskins then scored on a Colt McCoy touchdown run with 13:38 left in the 4th to retake the lead 17-10. Dallas would score on the next possession in the game as Weeden threw a 25-yard touchdown pass to Jason Witten to make the score 17-17 with 9:27 left in the game. Romo would then make his return to the game in the last possession in the 4th but both teams failed to score again in regulation. The Redskins would score first in overtime with a Kai Forbath 41-yd field goal to make it 20-17. The Cowboys would be stopped on four down in their overtime drive to secure a Redskins victory.
December 28, 2014 – The Cowboys, now the NFC East champions, ran over the Redskins in the last game of the season 44-17. The Redskins only lead of the game came after a DeSean Jackson 69-yard touchdown catch from Robert Griffin III to make it 7-3. Tony Romo would then throw 2 touchdown passes to Dez Bryant to make it 17-7. The Redskins would cut a 27-7 lead down to 27-17 but the Cowboys would score 17 straight points in the last 3:31 to conclude a 12-4 season and split the season series with the Redskins.
December 7, 2015 – In their 17th meeting all-time on Monday Night Football, the Redskins and Cowboys both entered with losing records, but were still very much alive in the weak NFC East. Both teams traded field goals throughout the majority of the game with it being tied 9-9 with 1:30 left. On a punt return, Redskins wide receiver DeSean Jackson fumbled the ball, which was recovered by Dallas. This led to the Cowboys only touchdown when Darren McFadden ran it in from six yards to make it 16-9 with 1:14 left. The Redskins quickly recovered as Jackson would catch a 28-yard TD pass from QB Kirk Cousins with 44 seconds left to tie it at 16-16. Dallas would drive down the field however, and Dan Bailey would hit a 54-yard FG to win the game 19-16 for Dallas.
September 18, 2016 – Both teams came into their week 2 match-up having lost their season openers (the Cowboys losing by 1 to the Giants and the Redskins blown out by the Steelers). Dallas started hot, getting a field goal and a TD run by rookie running back Ezekiel Elliott on their first two possessions to take a 10-0 lead into the 2nd quarter. The Redskins responded with a Matt Jones touchdown to make it 10-7, and both teams traded field goals to make it 13-10 at halftime. The Redskins came out hot in the third quarter, with Kirk Cousins throwing an 11-yard touchdown to Jamison Crowder. Dallas rookie QB Dak Prescott, who like Elliott was playing in his first game in the rivalry, responded with a 6-yard touchdown run to help Dallas retake the lead at 20-17. The Redskins got two field goals to make it 23-20 and were about to make it a potential two-score game in the fourth quarter, but Cousins threw a crucial interception in the endzone. That proved costly as Alfred Morris, the former Redskin, scored a 4-yard touchdown to make the score 27-23 Dallas, and the Redskins failed to score on their final two possessions.
November 24, 2016 – This would be the 8th time the Cowboys and Redskins have faced off for the annual Thanksgiving Day event hosted in Dallas. The Redskins offense led by Kirk Cousins with 449 yards (8 yards shy of a career best) would light up the air attack against a porous Dallas secondary. However, failing to convert key drives into touchdowns, missing two field goals, a questionable onside kick attempt, and the inability to stop the Dallas Cowboys 4th ranked offense in the 4th quarter would be too much for the Redskins to overcome. The Cowboys rolled to a then franchise best 10th win in a row with an easy 31-26 victory. The Cowboys–Redskins rivalry was rekindled between Josh Norman and Dez Bryant as both clashed several times during the game and both coaches were warned by referees about their antics. Immediately after the game, both players would go to helmet to helmet while exchanging shoves and taunts. During an interview Dez Bryant added fuel to fire by saying, "Washington needs to get their money back...I honestly feel like the guy is extremely soft." 2016 would also be the 18th time the Cowboys have swept the two-game regular season series. Washington has swept the Cowboys only 6 times.
October 29, 2017 – The Redskins and Cowboys entered their first matchup in 2017 both at 3-3 and behind the Eagles by 3.5 games in the division. In a rainy, washout game, the Cowboys would win 33-19 for their third straight win of the season. Ezekiel Elliot fumbled on the first play of the game, which led to a Redskins field goal and 3-0 lead. The Cowboys answered with an Elliot touchdown to take a 7-3 lead. The Redskins came back with 10 unanswered points to take a 13-7 lead, but momentum shifted when the Cowboys blocked a Nick Rose FG attempt and returned it inside the Redskins 10 yard line. The Cowboys then scored 19 unanswered points to take a 26-13 lead late in the fourth, with Elliot's second TD coming right after the blocked FG. The Redskins would score a touchdown yet miss an extra point to make the score to 26-19 and give them a chance, but Kirk Cousins had yet another untimely turnover as he threw an Interception that was returned for a touchdown with 21 seconds left to seal the Cowboys victory. With the win, the Cowboys secured their 10th victory against the Redskins this decade, and have now won at least 10 games against the Redskins in every decade of this rivalry
November 30, 2017 - Former Redskin running back, Alfred Morris, rumbled for 127 yards while subbing for the suspended 2016 rushing champion Ezekiel Elliot. Redskin hopes were all but doomed after Kirk Cousins' pension for turnovers continued with two interceptions and a lost fumble on the day. This win for the Cowboys marked the 19th time the Cowboys have swept the two-game regular season series, compared to only six by the Washington franchise.

text: Rivalry off the field[edit]

text:
On December 19, 2005, Dallas Mavericks guard Darrell Armstrong was fined $1,000 for grabbing a microphone before a game against the Minnesota Timberwolves at the American Airlines Center and yelling "How 'bout those Redskins!" Only a few hours prior, the Cowboys had been routed by the Redskins 35-7, in the most lopsided loss of Bill Parcells's coaching career. Armstrong was raised in North Carolina as a Redskins fan.[16]
Dallas coach Tom Landry appeared in a 1980s American Express TV commercial in which he visits an Old West-style saloon and makes the statement, "You never know when you'll be surrounded by Redskins". Several large men dressed in Redskins uniforms encircled Landry, who addressed them with, "Howdy!" After the credit card sales pitch was read, the ad returned to the scene where Landry, as he recites the company's slogan, "Don't leave home without it", leaves the saloon and the Redskins follow him out. The saloon doors knock the Redskins backwards as they swing shut.[17]
After Tom Landry was fired as Cowboys coach by new Cowboys owner Jerry Jones in 1989, Landry appeared in another TV commercial for Choice Hotels, in which he states that he feels so great being out of football that he might take up a new career. Landry then pulls out a guitar and sings the Waylon Jennings/Willie Nelson classic, "Mamas, don't let your babies grow up to be", and after a pause, sings, "Redskins!" In the commercial's closing tag, Landry quips, "You didn't think I would say 'Cowboys', did ya?"
In 2017, the animosity between Cowboys wide receiver Dez Bryant and Redskins cornerback Josh Norman was made into series of commercials for the Samsung Galaxy Note 8. In the first commercial, Norman is asked by reporters about a picture he posts on Twitter that shows Bryant's hands replaced with sticks of butter and a picture in which he says "I'm Better Than Dez Bryant." Dez Bryant responded with his own commercial, where he says he's taking the high road when talking about Norman but draws Norman on a snail, indicating he's slow, and another drawing of the Redskins cornerback as a blanket, meaning Norman can't cover him.

text: Rivalry statistics[edit]

text:
Cowboys wins
Redskins wins
Ties
Cowboys points
Redskins points

Regular season
70
42
2
2,594
2,162

Postseason
0
2
0
20
57

Totals
70
44
2
2,614
2,219

text: Rivalry statistics by decade[edit]

text:
Cowboys wins
Redskins wins
Ties
Cowboys points
Redskins points

1960's
10
7
2
522
448

1970's
12
9
0
478
371

1980's
11
9
0
394
389

1990's
12
8
0
483
387

2000's
14
6
0
373
310

2010's
10
5
0
383
343

Totals
70
44
2
2,647
2,238

text: Game results[edit]

text: The following is a list of results from all of the meetings between the Cowboys and Redskins from their first meeting on October 9, 1960, to the most recent game on December 1, 2016.

text:
Cowboys victory

Redskins victory

Tied game

Post season meeting

Overtime result

text: 1960s (Cowboys 10–7–2)[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Result
Loser
Location
Series

1960
October 9
Washington Redskins
26–14
Dallas Cowboys
Griffith Stadium
1–0–0 WSH

1961
November 19
Tie
28–28
Tie
Cotton Bowl
1–0–1 WSH

December 17
Washington Redskins
34–24
Dallas Cowboys
D.C. Stadium
2–0–1 WSH

1962
September 16
Tie
35–35
Tie
Cotton Bowl
2–0–2 WSH

November 10
Dallas Cowboys
38–10
Washington Redskins
D.C. Stadium
2–1–2 WSH

1963
September 29
Washington Redskins
21–17
Dallas Cowboys
D.C. Stadium
3–1–2 WSH

November 3
Dallas Cowboys
35–20
Washington Redskins
Cotton Bowl
3–2–2 WSH

1964
September 20
Dallas Cowboys
24–18
Washington Redskins
Cotton Bowl
3–3–2

November 22
Washington Redskins
28–16
Dallas Cowboys
D.C. Stadium
4–3–2 WSH

1965
September 26
Dallas Cowboys
27–7
Washington Redskins
Cotton Bowl
4–4–2

November 28
Washington Redskins
34-31
Dallas Cowboys
D.C. Stadium
5–4–2 WSH

1966
November 13
Dallas Cowboys
31–30
Washington Redskins
D.C. Stadium
5–5–2

December 11
Washington Redskins
34–31
Dallas Cowboys
Cotton Bowl
6–5–2 WSH

1967
October 8
Dallas Cowboys
17–14
Washington Redskins
D.C. Stadium
6–6–2

November 19
Washington Redskins
27–20
Dallas Cowboys
Cotton Bowl
7–6–2 WSH

1968
November 17
Dallas Cowboys
44–24
Washington Redskins
D.C. Stadium
7–7–2

November 28
Dallas Cowboys
29–20
Washington Redskins
Cotton Bowl
8–7–2 DAL

1969
November 16
Dallas Cowboys
41–28
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
9–7–2 DAL

December 21
Dallas Cowboys
20–10
Washington Redskins
Cotton Bowl
10–7–2 DAL

text: 1970s (Cowboys 12–9)[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Result
Loser
Location
Series

1970
November 22
Dallas Cowboys
45–21
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
11–7–2 DAL

December 6
Dallas Cowboys
34–0
Washington Redskins
Cotton Bowl
12–7–2 DAL

1971
October 3
Washington Redskins
20–16
Dallas Cowboys
Cotton Bowl
12–8–2 DAL

November 21
Dallas Cowboys
13–0
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
13–8–2 DAL

1972
October 22
Washington Redskins
24–20
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
13–9–2 DAL

December 9
Dallas Cowboys
34–24
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
14–9–2 DAL

December 31
Washington Redskins
26-3
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
14–10–2 DAL

1973
October 8
Washington Redskins
14–7
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
14–11–2 DAL

December 9
Dallas Cowboys
27–7
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
15–11–2 DAL

1974
November 17
Washington Redskins
28–21
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
15–12–2 DAL

November 28
Dallas Cowboys
24–23
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
16–12–2 DAL

1975
November 2
Washington Redskins
30–24 (OT)
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
16–13–2 DAL

December 13
Dallas Cowboys
31–10
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
17–13–2 DAL

1976
October 31
Dallas Cowboys
20-7
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
18–13–2 DAL

December 12
Washington Redskins
27–14
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
18–14–2 DAL

1977
October 16
Dallas Cowboys
34–16
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
19–14–2 DAL

November 27
Dallas Cowboys
14–7
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
20–14–2 DAL

1978
October 2
Washington Redskins
9–5
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
20–15–2 DAL

November 23
Dallas Cowboys
37–10
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
21–15–2 DAL

1979
November 18
Washington Redskins
34–20
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
21–16–2 DAL

December 16
Dallas Cowboys
35–34
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
22–16–2 DAL

text: 1980s (Cowboys 11–9)[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Result
Loser
Location
Series

1980
September 8
Dallas Cowboys
17–3
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
23–16–2 DAL

November 27
Dallas Cowboys
14–10
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
24–16–2 DAL

1981
September 6
Dallas Cowboys
26–10
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
25–16–2 DAL

November 22
Dallas Cowboys
24–10
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
26–16–2 DAL

1982
December 5
Dallas Cowboys
24–10
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
27–16–2 DAL

1983
January 22
Washington Redskins
31–17
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
27–17–2 DAL

September 5
Dallas Cowboys
31–30
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
28–17–2 DAL

December 11
Washington Redskins
31–10
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
28–18–2 DAL

1984
October 14
Washington Redskins
34–14
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
28–19–2 DAL

December 9
Washington Redskins
30–28
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
28–20–2 DAL

1985
September 9
Dallas Cowboys
44-14
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
29–20–2 DAL

November 10
Dallas Cowboys
13–7
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
30–20–2 DAL

1986
October 12
Dallas Cowboys
30–6
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
31–20–2 DAL

November 23
Washington Redskins
41–14
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
31–21–2 DAL

1987
October 19
Washington Redskins
13-7
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
31–22–2 DAL

December 13
Washington Redskins
24–20
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
31–23–2 DAL

1988
October 9
Washington Redskins
35–17
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
31–24–2 DAL

December 11
Dallas Cowboys
24–17
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
32–24–2 DAL

1989
September 24
Washington Redskins
30–7
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
32–25–2 DAL

November 5
Dallas Cowboys
13–3
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
33–25–2 DAL

text: 1990s (Cowboys 12–8)[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Result
Loser
Location
Series

1990
September 23
Washington Redskins
19–15
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
33–26–2 DAL

November 22
Dallas Cowboys
27–17
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
34–26–2 DAL

1991
September 9
Washington Redskins
33–31
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
34–27–2 DAL

November 24
Dallas Cowboys
24–21
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
35–27–2 DAL

1992
September 7
Dallas Cowboys
23–10
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
36–27–2 DAL

December 13
Washington Redskins
20–17
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
36–28–2 DAL

1993
September 6
Washington Redskins
35–16
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
36–29–2 DAL

December 26
Dallas Cowboys
38–3
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
37–29–2 DAL

1994
October 2
Dallas Cowboys
34–7
Washington Redskins
RFK Stadium
38–29–2 DAL

November 20
Dallas Cowboys
31–7
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
39–29–2 DAL

1995
October 1
Washington Redskins
27–23
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
39–30–2 DAL

December 3
Washington Redskins
24–17
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
39–31–2 DAL

1996
November 28
Dallas Cowboys
21–10
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
40–31–2 DAL

December 22
Washington Redskins
37–10
Dallas Cowboys
RFK Stadium
40–32–2 DAL

1997
October 13
Washington Redskins
21–16
Dallas Cowboys
Jack Kent Cooke Stadium
40–33–2 DAL

November 16
Dallas Cowboys
17–14
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
41–33–2 DAL

1998
October 4
Dallas Cowboys
31–10
Washington Redskins
Jack Kent Cooke Stadium
42–33–2 DAL

December 27
Dallas Cowboys
23–7
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
43–33–2 DAL

1999
September 12
Dallas Cowboys
41–35 (OT)
Washington Redskins
Jack Kent Cooke Stadium
44–33–2 DAL

October 24
Dallas Cowboys
38–20
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
45–33–2 DAL

text: 2000s (Cowboys 14–6)[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Result
Loser
Location
Series

2000
September 18
Dallas Cowboys
27–21
Washington Redskins
FedExField
46–33–2 DAL

December 10
Dallas Cowboys
32–13
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
47–33–2 DAL

2001
October 15
Dallas Cowboys
9–7
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
48–33–2 DAL

December 2
Dallas Cowboys
20–14
Washington Redskins
FedExField
49–33–2 DAL

2002
November 28
Dallas Cowboys
27–20
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
50–33–2 DAL

December 29
Washington Redskins
20–14
Dallas Cowboys
FedExField
50–34–2 DAL

2003
November 2
Dallas Cowboys
21–14
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
51–34–2 DAL

December 14
Dallas Cowboys
27–0
Washington Redskins
FedExField
52–34–2 DAL

2004
September 27
Dallas Cowboys
21–18
Washington Redskins
FedExField
53–34–2 DAL

December 26
Dallas Cowboys
13–10
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
54–34–2 DAL

2005
September 19
Washington Redskins
14–13
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
54–35–2 DAL

December 18
Washington Redskins
35–7
Dallas Cowboys
FedExField
54–36–2 DAL

2006
September 17
Dallas Cowboys
27–10
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
55–36–2 DAL

November 5
Washington Redskins
22–19
Dallas Cowboys
FedExField
55–37–2 DAL

2007
November 18
Dallas Cowboys
28–23
Washington Redskins
Texas Stadium
56–37–2 DAL

December 30
Washington Redskins
27–6
Dallas Cowboys
FedExField
56–38–2 DAL

2008
September 28
Washington Redskins
26–24
Dallas Cowboys
Texas Stadium
56–39–2 DAL

November 16
Dallas Cowboys
14–10
Washington Redskins
FedExField
57–39–2 DAL

2009
November 22
Dallas Cowboys
7–6
Washington Redskins
Cowboys Stadium
58–39–2 DAL

December 27
Dallas Cowboys
17–0
Washington Redskins
FedExField
59–39–2 DAL

text: 2010s (Cowboys 11–5)[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Winner
Result
Loser
Location
Series

2010
September 12
Washington Redskins
13–7
Dallas Cowboys
FedExField
59–40–2 DAL

December 19
Dallas Cowboys
33–30
Washington Redskins
Cowboys Stadium
60–40–2 DAL

2011
September 26
Dallas Cowboys
18–16
Washington Redskins
Cowboys Stadium
61–40–2 DAL

November 20
Dallas Cowboys
27–24 (OT)
Washington Redskins
FedExField
62–40–2 DAL

2012
November 22
Washington Redskins
38–31
Dallas Cowboys
Cowboys Stadium
62–41–2 DAL

December 30
Washington Redskins
28–18
Dallas Cowboys
FedExField
62–42–2 DAL

2013
October 13
Dallas Cowboys
31–16
Washington Redskins
AT&T Stadium
63–42–2 DAL

December 22
Dallas Cowboys
24–23
Washington Redskins
FedExField
64–42–2 DAL

2014
October 27
Washington Redskins
20–17 (OT)
Dallas Cowboys
AT&T Stadium
64–43–2 DAL

December 28
Dallas Cowboys
44–17
Washington Redskins
FedExField
65–43–2 DAL

2015
December 7
Dallas Cowboys
19–16
Washington Redskins
FedExField
66–43–2 DAL

January 3
Washington Redskins
34–23
Dallas Cowboys
AT&T Stadium
66–44–2 DAL

2016
September 18
Dallas Cowboys
27-23
Washington Redskins
FedEx Field
67–44–2 DAL

November 24
Dallas Cowboys
31-26
Washington Redskins
AT&T Stadium
68–44–2 DAL

2017
October 29
Dallas Cowboys
33-19
Washington Redskins
FedEx Field
69–44–2 DAL

November 30
Dallas Cowboys
38-14
Washington Redskins
AT&T Stadium
70–44–2 DAL

text: Monday Night Football[edit]

text: The Cowboys and Redskins met for the 17th time on Monday Night Football in 2015, tied with the Denver Broncos and Oakland Raiders for the most frequent pairing in Monday Night Football history. The series has been played nine times at Washington's home field (five times at RFK Stadium and four times at FedExField) and eight times at Dallas' home field (six at Texas Stadium and twice at AT&T Stadium).

text: MNF (Cowboys lead 9–8)[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Result
Location

1973
Washington Redskins
14–7
Washington, D.C.

1978
Washington Redskins
9–5
Washington, D.C.

1980
Dallas Cowboys
17–3
Washington, D.C.

1983
Dallas Cowboys
31–30
Washington, D.C.

1985
Dallas Cowboys
44–14
Irving, Texas

1987
Washington Redskins
13–7
Irving, Texas

1991
Washington Redskins
33–31
Irving, Texas

1992
Dallas Cowboys
23–10
Irving, Texas

1993
Washington Redskins
35–16
Washington, D.C.

1997
Washington Redskins
21–16
Landover, Maryland

2000
Dallas Cowboys
27–21
Landover, Maryland

2001
Dallas Cowboys
9–7
Irving, Texas

2004
Dallas Cowboys
21–18
Landover, Maryland

2005
Washington Redskins
14–13
Irving, Texas

2011
Dallas Cowboys
18–16
Arlington, Texas

2014
Washington Redskins
20–17 (OT)
Arlington, Texas

2015
Dallas Cowboys
19–16
Landover, Maryland


document_title: Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England

question_text: who was sent to england to convert the pagan anglo-saxons

root

text: Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England

text: Kent 588-640[edit]

text: 588: Æthelbert of Kent marries Bertha[edit]

text: In 595, when Pope Gregory I decided to send a mission to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity,[1] the Kingdom of Kent was ruled by Æthelberht. He had married a Christian princess named Bertha before 588,[2] and perhaps earlier than 560.[3] Bertha was the daughter of Charibert I, one of the Merovingian kings of the Franks. As one of the conditions of her marriage she had brought a bishop named Liudhard with her to Kent as her chaplain.[4] They restored a church in Canterbury that dated to Roman times,[5] possibly the present-day St Martin's Church. Æthelberht was at that time a pagan, but he allowed his wife freedom of worship.[4] Liudhard does not appear to have made many converts among the Anglo-Saxons,[6] and if not for the discovery of a gold coin bearing the inscription Leudardus Eps (Eps is an abbreviation of Episcopus, the Latin word for bishop) his existence may have been doubted.[7] One of Bertha's biographers states that, influenced by his wife, Æthelberht requested Pope Gregory to send missionaries.[4] The historian Ian Wood feels that the initiative came from the Kentish court as well as the queen.[8]

tag: p

text: 597: Gregorian mission arrives[edit]

text: In 597 the mission landed in Kent,[2] and it quickly achieved some initial success:[9][10] Æthelberht permitted the missionaries to settle and preach in his capital of Canterbury, where they used the church of St. Martin's for services,[11] and this church became the seat of the bishopric.[9] Neither Bede nor Gregory mentions the date of Æthelberht's conversion,[12] but it probably took place in 597.[11][notes 1]

text: In the early medieval period, large-scale conversions required the ruler's conversion first, and large numbers of converts are recorded within a year of the mission's arrival in Kent.[11] By 601, Gregory was writing to both Æthelberht and Bertha, calling the king his son and referring to his baptism.[notes 2] A late medieval tradition, recorded by the 15th-century chronicler Thomas Elmham, gives the date of the king's conversion as Whit Sunday, or 2 June 597; there is no reason to doubt this date, but there is no other evidence for it.[11] A letter of Gregory's to Patriarch Eulogius of Alexandria in June 598 mentions the number of converts made, but does not mention any baptism of the king in 597, although it is clear that by 601 he had been converted.[13][notes 3] The royal baptism probably took place at Canterbury, but Bede does not mention the location.[15]

text: Why Æthelberht chose to convert to Christianity is uncertain. Bede suggests that the king converted strictly for religious reasons, but most modern historians see other motives behind Æthelberht's decision.[16] Certainly, given Kent's close contacts with Gaul, it is possible that Æthelberht sought baptism in order to smooth his relations with the Merovingian kingdoms, or to align himself with one of the factions then contending in Gaul.[17] Another consideration may have been that new methods of administration often followed conversion, whether directly from the newly introduced church or indirectly from other Christian kingdoms.[18]

text: Evidence from Bede suggests that although Æthelberht encouraged conversion, he was unable to compel his subjects to become Christians. The historian R. A. Markus feels that this was due to a strong pagan presence in the kingdom, which forced the king to rely on indirect means including royal patronage and friendship to secure conversions.[19] For Markus, this is demonstrated by the way in which Bede describes the king's conversion efforts, which when a subject converted, were to "rejoice at their conversion" and to "hold believers in greater affection".[20]

text: 616: Eadbald's Pagan backlash[edit]

text:
O: Bust of Eadbald right. AVDV[ALD REGES]
R: Cross on globe within wreath. ++IÞNNBALLOIENVZI

Gold thrymsa of Eadbald of Kent, London (?), 616–40

tag: table

text: Eadbald came to the throne on the death of his father on 24 February 616, or possibly 618. Although Æthelberht had been Christian since about 600 and his wife Bertha was also Christian, Eadbald was a pagan. Bertha died some time before Eadbald's accession, and Æthelberht remarried. The name of Æthelberht's second wife is not recorded, but it seems likely that she was a pagan, since on his death she married Eadbald, her stepson: a marriage between a stepmother and stepson was forbidden by the church.[21][22]

text: Bede records that Eadbald's repudiation of Christianity was a "severe setback" to the growth of the church. Sæberht, the king of Essex, had become a Christian under Æthelberht's influence, but on Sæberht's death, at about the same time, his sons expelled Mellitus, the bishop of London.[22] According to Bede, Eadbald was punished for his faithlessness by "frequent fits of insanity", and possession by an "evil spirit" (perhaps referring to epileptic fits),[22][23] but was eventually persuaded to give up his wife and adopt Christianity.[22] Eadbald's second wife, Ymme, was Frankish,[24] and it may well be that Kent's strong connections with Francia were a factor in Eadbald's conversion. It is likely that the missionaries in Canterbury had Frankish support.[25] In the 620s, Eadbald's sister Æthelburg came to Kent, but sent her children to the court of King Dagobert I in Francia; in addition to the diplomatic connections, trade with the Franks was important to Kent. It is thought likely that Frankish pressure had been influential in persuading Æthelberht to become Christian, and Eadbald's conversion and marriage to Ymme are likely to have been closely connected diplomatic decisions.[25][26]

text: Two graves from a well-preserved sixth and seventh-century Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Finglesham have yielded a bronze pendant and a gilt buckle with designs that are related to each other and may be symbolic of religious activity involving the Germanic deity Woden. These objects probably date from the period of the pagan reaction.[27]

text: Bede's account[edit]

text: Bede's account of Eadbald's rejection of the church and subsequent conversion is quite detailed, but not without some internal inconsistencies.[25] Bede's version of events are laid out as follows:

text:
24 February 616: Æthelberht dies and Eadbald succeeds.[22]
616: Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity. He marries his stepmother, contrary to church law, and he refuses baptism. At about this time Mellitus, bishop of London, is expelled by the sons of Sæberht in Essex, and goes to Kent.[22]
616: Mellitus and Justus, bishop of Rochester, leave Kent for Francia.[22]
616/617: Some time after Mellitus and Justus depart, Laurence, the archbishop of Canterbury, plans to leave for Francia, but has a vision in which St Peter scourges him. In the morning he shows the scars to Eadbald who is converted to Christianity as a result.[28]
617: Justus and Mellitus both return from Francia, "the year after they left". Justus is restored to Rochester.[22]
c. 619: Laurence dies, and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury.[29]
619–624: Eadbald builds a church which is consecrated by Archbishop Mellitus.[28]
24 April 624: Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury.[29]
624: after Justus’s succession, Pope Boniface writes to him to say that he has heard in letters from King Aduluald (possibly a scribal error for Eadbald) of the king’s conversion to Christianity. Boniface sends the pallium with this letter, adding that it is only to be worn when celebrating "the Holy Mysteries".[30]
By 625 Edwin of Deira, king of Northumbria, asks for the hand in marriage of Æthelburg, Eadbald’s sister. Edwin is told he must allow her to practice Christianity, and must consider baptism himself.[31]
21 July 625: Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York.[31]
July or later in 625: Edwin agrees to the terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria, accompanied by Paulinus.[31]
Easter 626: Æthelburg is delivered of a daughter, Eanflæd.[31]
626: Edwin completes a military campaign against the West Saxons.[31] At "about this time" Boniface writes to both Edwin and Æthelburg. The letter to Edwin urges him to accept Christianity and refers to the conversion of Eadbald. The letter to Æthelburg mentions that the pope has recently heard the news of Eadbald’s conversion, and encourages her to work for the conversion of her husband, Edwin.[32]

tag: ul

text: Alternative chronology[edit]

text: Although Bede's narrative is widely accepted, an alternative chronology has been proposed by D.P. Kirby. Kirby points out that Boniface’s letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that the news of Eadbald’s conversion is recent, and that it is unthinkable that Boniface would not have been kept up to date on the status of Eadbald’s conversion. Hence Eadbald must have been converted by Justus, as is implied by Boniface’s letter to Justus. The pallium accompanying that letter indicates Justus was archbishop by that time, and the duration of Mellitus’s archiepiscopate means that even if Bede’s dates are somewhat wrong in other particulars, Eadbald was converted no earlier than 621, and no later than April 624, since Mellitus consecrated a church for Eadbald before his death in that month. The account of Laurence's miraculous scourging by Peter can be disregarded as a later hagiographical invention of the monastery of St Augustine's, Canterbury.[25]

text: As mentioned above, it has been suggested that King "Aduluald" in the letter to Justus is a real king Æthelwald, perhaps a junior king of west Kent. In that case it would appear that Laurence converted Eadbald, and Justus converted Æthelwald.[33] It has also been suggested that the pallium did not indicate Justus was archbishop, since Justus is told the limited circumstances in which he may wear it; however, the same phrasing occurs in the letter conveying the pallium to Archbishop Augustine, also quoted in Bede. Another possibility is that the letter was originally two letters. In this view, Bede has conflated the letter conveying the pallium with the letter congratulating Justus on the conversion, which according to Bede’s account was seven or so years earlier; but the grammatical details on which this suggestion is based are not unique to this letter, and as a result it is usually considered to be a single composition.[25]

text: The letter to Æthelburg makes it clear that she was already married at the time the news of Eadbald’s conversion reached Rome. This is quite inconsistent with the earlier date Bede gives for Eadbald’s acceptance of Christianity, and it has been suggested in Bede's defence that Æthelburg married Edwin substantially earlier and stayed in Kent until 625 before travelling to Rome, and that the letter was written while she was in Kent. However, it would appear from Boniface’s letter that Boniface thought of Æthelburg as being at her husband’s side. It also appears that the letter to Justus was written after the letters to Edwin and Æthelburg, rather than before, as Bede has it; Boniface's letter to Edwin and Æthelburg indicates he had the news from messengers, but when he wrote to Justus he had heard from the king himself.[25]

text: The story of Æthelburg’s marriage being dependent on Edwin allowing her to practice her faith has been questioned, since revising the chronology makes it likely, though not certain, that the marriage was arranged before Eadbald’s conversion. In this view, it would have been the church that objected to the marriage, and Æthelburg would have been Christian before Eadbald’s conversion. The story of Paulinus’s consecration is also problematic as he was not consecrated until at least 625 and possibly later, which is after the latest possible date for Æthelburg’s marriage. However, it may be that he traveled to Northumbria prior to his consecration and only later became bishop.[25]

text: A revised chronology of some of these events follows, taking the above considerations into account.

text:
616: Eadbald leads a pagan reaction to Christianity.
616: Mellitus and Justus, bishop of Rochester, leave Kent for Francia.[22]
c. 619: Laurence dies, and Mellitus becomes archbishop of Canterbury.[28]
Early 624?: Justus converts Eadbald. Messengers go to Rome.[30] Also at about this time Æthelburg’s marriage to Edwin is arranged, perhaps before the conversion.[31] Eadbald builds a church, and Mellitus consecrates it.[28]
24 April 624: Mellitus dies and Justus succeeds him as archbishop of Canterbury.[29]
Mid 624: Edwin agrees to the marriage terms and Æthelburg travels to Northumbria, accompanied by Paulinus.[31]
Later 624: the pope receives news of Eadbald’s conversion and writes to Æthelburg and Edwin.[32]
Still later 624: the pope hears from Eadbald of his conversion, and also hears of Mellitus’s death. He writes to Justus to send him the pallium.[30]
21 July 625 or 626: Justus consecrates Paulinus bishop of York.[31]

text: This timeline extends the duration of the pagan reaction from less than a year, in Bede's narrative, to about eight years. This represents a more serious setback for the church.[25]

text: 640: Eorcenberht orders idols destroyed[edit]

text: According to Bede (HE III.8), Eorcenberht was the first king in Britain to command that pagan "idols" (cult images) be destroyed and that Lent be observed. It has been suggested that these orders may have been officially committed to writing, in the tradition of Kentish law-codes initiated by Æthelberht, but no such text survives.[34] This indicates that while King Eadbald had converted at least 16 years previously, the general population were still openly pagan in 640.

text: Essex 604-665[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
604: Sæberht of Essex is baptised by Mellitus
616: Sexred and Sæward of Essex are crowned: pagan resurgence
653: Sigeberht the Good is baptized
660: Swithhelm of Essex is crowned: pagan resurgence
662: Swithhelm is baptized
665: Sighere of Essex leads a pagan resurgence
665: Jaruman is sent by Wulfhere of Mercia to reconvert the East Saxons.

text: Sæbert of Essex was baptised by Mellitus in 604, but following his death in 616 his sons Sexred and Sæward drove Melitus out and “encouraged their people to return to the old gods”. Mellitus returned to Essex when Eadbald of Kent converted, but pagans drove him out again. Essex remained officially pagan until 653 when Oswy of Northumbria persuaded Sigeberht the Good to convert and allow Cedd to preach there. In 660 Sigeberht was killed by his pagan brothers for being too accommodating to Christianity. Swithhelm took over, but Æthelwold of East Anglia persuaded him to convert in 662. Swithhelm died in 664 and his two cousins Sighere and Sæbbi ruled Essex jointly. While there is no mention of Sighere accepting Christianity in the first place, when a plague broke out in 665 he “abandoned the mysteries of the Christian faith and relapsed into paganism”. The people in Sighere’s half of Essex became openly pagan once again, but Sæbbi's ally Wulfhere of Merica sent the Jaruman to convert them and made Sighere marry his niece Osyth, who he later divorced. Sighere was the last pagan king of Essex.

text: East Anglia 604-630[edit]

text: 604: Rædwald is baptized[edit]

text: Rædwald of East Anglia received the Christian sacraments from Mellitus in Kent, presumably at the invitation of Æthelberht who may have been his baptismal sponsor. The date of this initiation is not exactly known, but since it is claimed that Augustine (d. c 604) dedicated a church near Ely, it may have followed Saebert's conversion fairly swiftly. In this way Rædwald became aligned with Æthelberht's system of authority. Bede states that even during Æthelbert's lifetime Rædwald was building up the leadership of the southern English for his own nation of East Angles.

text: In East Anglia Rædwald's conversion was not universally acceptable to his household, nor by his wife. She and her pagan teachers probably persuaded him to default in part from his commitment to it. In his temple, therefore, there were two altars, one dedicated to Christ, and one for dedications to the Anglo-Saxon gods. Raedwald is considered the most likely candidate for the Sutton Hoo ship burial, which displays both pagan and Christian iconography.

text: In 616 the pagan backlash in Kent and Essex left Rædwald the only (partially) Christian king in the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Rædwald died in 624 and was succeeded by his son Eorpwald.

text: 627: Eorpwald is baptized[edit]

text: Paulinus undertook the conversion of the Northumbrian people, and also those of the Kingdom of Lindsey (Lincolnshire) and East Anglia. This Christian patronage helped to affirm Edwin's position as senior ruler of the English, and until his final confrontation with Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in 632-3 he also held the British or Welsh powers under his dominion.

text: It was at Edwin's prompting that Eorpwald, together with his kingdom, received the Christian faith and sacraments. Eorpwald was therefore not yet a Christian during his father's lifetime nor at his own accession. It is not known whether his baptism took place in East Anglia, Northumbria or Kent, but it is very likely that Edwin, now a senior ruler, was his sponsor at baptism. The conversion had the political benefit of bringing the entire eastern seaboard from Northumbria to Kent under the dominion of Christian rulers in alliance with Edwin, with the single exception of the Essex.

text: 627: Ricberht's Pagan backlash[edit]

text: Not long after his conversion Eorpwald was slain (occisus) by a pagan (viro gentili) named Ricberht. The circumstances are not recorded, so that it is not known whether Ricberht represented an internal East Anglian opposition to Christian rule, or if he was an emissary from an external power wishing to diminish Edwin's influence.

text: Bede states that after the slaying of Eorpwald the kingdom reverted to heathen rule (in errore versata est) for three years. This does not necessarily mean an overt struggle between the worship of the Anglo-Saxon gods and the worship of Christ, but could equally express a conflict in the political allegiances which Edwin's rise to power had prompted. The attribution of these three years to a supposed rule of Ricberht is a banner of convenience, though the fact that his name was remembered at all (when East Anglian history of this period is dependent upon very fragmentary records) indicates that he was a person of some importance.

text: 630: Sigeberht of East Anglia returns from exile[edit]

text: After the interregnum prompted by Eorpwald's assassination, Sigeberht was recalled from Gaul to become ruler of the East Angles. It is likely that he gained the kingdom by military means, because his prowess as a military commander was later remembered. During his reign part of the Kingdom was governed by his kinsman Ecgric, the relationship described by the Latin term cognatus. This may mean that Ecgric was a son of Rædwald. However some authorities consider Ecgric to be the same person as Æthilric, named in the East Anglian tally (in the Anglian Collection) as a son of Eni, Rædwald's brother. Whoever Ecgric was, Sigeberht had equal or senior power while he ruled, because the influence of his religious patronage was felt both in eastern and western parts of the kingdom.

text: Sigeberht's Christian conversion may have been a decisive factor in his achieving royal power, since at that time Edwin of Northumbria (616-632/3) was the senior English king, and only he and Eadbald of Kent were Christian rulers. Eadbald certainly had contacts with the Frankish rulers. After Dagobert succeeded Clothar II in Francia in 628, Sigeberht's emergence helped to strengthen the English conversion upon which Edwin's power rested. Sigeberht is likely to have encouraged the conversion of Ecgric, if he was not already Christian. Edwin's encouragement took shape in the marriage of his grand-niece Hereswith, sister of Saint Hilda, to Æthilric, Rædwald's nephew. Hereswith and Hild were under Edwin's protection and were baptised with him in 626. This marriage held the presumption that Æthilric was, or would become, Christian, and probably also that he should at some time become King of East Anglia.

text: Bede relates that the East Anglian apostle Saint Felix came to England from Burgundy as a missionary bishop, and was sent by Honorius, the Archbishop of Canterbury to assist Sigeberht. William of Malmesbury has the later story that Felix accompanied Sigeberht to East Anglia. In either case, this dates Sigeberht's accession to c629-630, because Felix was Bishop for 17 years, his successor Thomas for five, and his successor Berhtgisl Boniface for 17 - and Berhtgisl died in around 669. Sigeberht established the bishop's seat of his kingdom for Felix at Dommoc, claimed variously for Dunwich or Walton, Felixstowe (both coastal sites in Suffolk). If at Walton (as Rochester claimed during the thirteenth century), the site of Dommoc may have been within the precinct of a Roman fort which formerly stood there.

text: Sigeberht also established a school in his kingdom for boys to be taught reading and writing in Latin, on the model that he had witnessed in Gaul. Felix assisted him by obtaining teachers of the kind who taught in Kent. Paulinus of York was from 633 to 644 bishop of Rochester on the Medway, then the nearest bishopric in Kent to East Anglia. Paulinus had (according to the Whitby Life of Gregory the Great) been connected with the court of Rædwald during the exile of Edwin.

text: The allegiance of Felix to Canterbury determined the Roman basis of the East Anglian Church, though his training in Burgundy may have been coloured by the teaching of the Irish missionary Columbanus in Luxeuil. In around 633, perhaps shortly before Aidan was sent to Lindisfarne from Iona, the Irish royal hermit and missionary Fursey came from the Athlone area with his priests and brethren to East Anglia. Sigeberht granted him a monastery site in an old Roman fort called Cnobheresburg, usually identified as Burgh Castle near Yarmouth. Felix and Fursey both effected many conversions and established churches in Sigeberht's kingdom. Bede records that Archbishop Honorius and Bishop Felix much admired the work of Aidan of Lindisfarne. Therefore, it is likely that they also appreciated of Fursey, whose community also lived according to the ascetic principles of Irish Christianity.

text: Northumbria 625-634[edit]

text:
625: Paulinus begins preaching
627: Edwin is baptised
633: Osric and Eanfrith of Bernicia are crowned: Heathen resurgence
634: Oswald is crowned

text: Paulinus arrived in Bernicia in 625 to convince Edwin to accept baptism. Edwin allowed his daughter Eanfled to be baptised, and vowed to accept baptism himself if his campaign against Cwichelm of Wessex was successful. Bede recounts that Edwin was finally baptised on 12 April 627, but he does not appear to have made any effort to convert his subjects. He died in 633 and Osric and Eanfrith, his cousin and nephew respectively, took over Bernicia and Deira. Osric and Eanfrith had both accepted baptism while in exile with the Picts, but upon taking their thrones reverted their kingdoms to paganism. They were both killed by Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd in 634, who was in turn killed by Eanfrith's brother Oswald in the same year. Oswald had been baptised while in exile with the Scots, and had persuaded his council to accept baptism if they were victorious against Cadwallon. Oswald requested missionaries to convert the pagan Bernicians and Deirans. The first bishop to try eventually gave up and returned to Iona, reporting that the Northumbrians were ardently pagan and refusing to convert. Aidan arrived in 635 and spent the rest of his life converting the Northumbrians, dying in 651.

text: Mercia 653-655[edit]

text:
653: Preaching Begins
655: Peada is crowned

text: The pagan King Penda allowed Christian missionaries to begin preaching in Mercia in 653 when his son Peada was baptised. Peada had accepted baptism in order to marry Alhflæd, the daughter of Oswiu of Bernicia. Penda was killed in battle against Oswiu on 15 November 655, and Peada took the throne, becoming the first Christian king. Unusually Mercia had no official relapse into paganism.

text: Sussex 675-681[edit]

text:
675: Æthelwealh is baptised
681: Wilfrid begins preaching

text: Æthelwealh of Sussex was baptised in Mercia sometime during or just before 675, probably as a condition of marrying the Christian Queen Eafa of the Hwicce. In 681 Wilfrid arrived in Sussex to begin converting the general population. Bede says Wulfhere had had him converted “not long previously”, but it couldn’t have been later than 675 because that is when Wulfhere died. Æthelwealh gave Wilfrid land in Selsey where he founded Selsey Abbey. While there Wilfrid met with Cædwalla of Wessex and guaranteed support for his invasion of Sussex (despite Æthelwealh granting him land and allowing him to preach in his kingdom). In 685 Cædwalla, who was now King of Wessex, invaded Sussex and killed Æthelwealh. Two ealdormen of Æthelwealh, Berthun and Andhun, drove him out and administered the kingdom from then on. Their religious affiliation is not recorded. In 686 Wilfrid was recalled to York, Berthun and Andhun attacked Kent, Berthun was killed somewhere along the line and Sussex was conquered by Cædwalla.

text: Wessex 603-685[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
603: Augustine of Canterbury begins preaching (possibly apocryphal)
635: Cynegils of Wessex and Cwichelm of Wessex are baptised
643: Cenwalh is crowned: Heathen resurgence
655: Cenwalh returns from exile, now baptized
676: Centwine is crowned, Heathen resurgence
685: Cædwalla is crowned, unbaptized but pro-Christian

text: The monk Goscelin recorded a short legend that after converting Æthelberht of Kent, Augustine traveled into Wessex to convert the population. In the village of Cernel the locals jeered at him and drove him out of town, pinning fish to him in mockery of his religion. According to this legend Augustine eventually returned and converted them by smashing their idol. Bede, however, says that the West Saxons were “completely heathen” until 635 when Birinus began preaching there. The joint Kings Cynigils and Cwichelm were baptised in 635 or 636 with King Oswin of Northumbria as their godfather, and Bede claims the common population were converted also. When Cynegils died in 643 his son Cenwalh ascended to the throne; Bede said of Cenwalh, that he “refused to embrace the mysteries of the faith, and of the heavenly kingdom; and not long after also he lost the dominion of his earthly kingdom; for he put away the sister of Penda, king of the Mercians, whom he had married, and took another wife; whereupon a war ensuing, he was by him expelled his kingdom".[35] The pagan King Penda took over Wessex and Cenwalh accepted baptism while under the protection of the Christian king Anna of East Anglia. Penda was killed in 655 allowing the now-Christian Cenwalh to return to Wessex. He was succeeded by his widow Seaxburh and then Æscwine; their religion is unknown. In 676 Centwine took the throne. Centwine was a Heathen throughout his reign, but abdicated to become a Christian monk. Cædwalla became king of Wessex in 685 or 686, and his religion is difficult to determine. He remained unbaptised throughout his entire reign, but supported Christianity. Before attacking the pagan Isle of Wight, be vowed to give 1/4 of the land and booty to the Church if he was successful, a vow he fulfilled by granting estates to Wilfrid. He also “allowed” the heirs of Arwald, the last pagan King of Wight, to be baptised before he executed them. He is recorded elsewhere granting land to the church. Before conquering Sussex he worked with the Bishops Wilfrid and Eorcenwald to establish an ecclesiastical structure there. He was seriously wounded while conquering the Isle of Wight in 686. In 688 he abdicated and went on a pilgrimage to Rome and was baptised by Pope Sergius I on 10 April 689, dying 10 days later from his wounds.

text: His successor Ine issued a law code in 695 which reveal him to be a Christian. However, one of Ine’s laws proscribe a fine for failing to baptise one’s children, and another fine for failing to tithe, which indicates the common population were slow to adopt Christian habits voluntarily.

text: Isle of Wight 661-686[edit]

text:
661: Wulfhere of Mercia invades, islanders forcibly baptized
661: Wulfhere of Mercia leaves, islanders immediately return to Heathenism
686: Cædwalla of Wessex invades, islanders ethnically cleansed and Kingdom annexed

text: The Jutes of the Isle of Wight were forcibly baptised when Wulfhere invaded in 661. When Wulfhere returned to Mercia he left the priest Eoppa in Wight, but he could not stop the islanders quickly reverting to open paganism. Wight remained pagan until 686 when it was invaded by the Christian sympathiser Cædwalla of Wessex. Their pagan King Arwald was killed in battle, and his heirs were baptised and executed. Most of the pagan population was purportedly exterminated and replaced with Christian West Saxons. Those who remained were forced to accept baptism and also the West Saxon dialect, and the Isle of Wight was incorporated into the Kingdom of Wessex. King Arwald was the last English King to die a pagan.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Bede's chronology may be a little awry, as he gives the king's death as occurring in February 616, and says the king died 21 years after his conversion, which would date the conversion to 595. This would be before the mission and would mean that either the queen or Liudhard converted Æthelberht, which contradicts Bede's own statement that the king's conversion was due to the Gregorian mission.[3] Since Gregory in his letter of 601 to the king and queen strongly implies that the queen was unable to effect the conversion of her husband, thus providing independent testimony to Æthelberht's conversion by the mission, the problem of the dating is likely a chronological error on Bede's part.[13]
Jump up ^ The letter, as translated in Brooks' Early History of the Church of Canterbury, p. 8, says "preserve the grace he had received". Grace in this context meant the grace of baptism.
Jump up ^ Attempts by Suso Brechter to argue that Æthelberht was not converted until after 601 have met with little agreement among medievalists.[13][14]

tag: ol


document_title: List of actors with two or more Academy Awards in acting categories

question_text: who won the most oscars during his career

text: The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences has given Academy Awards to actors and actresses for their performances in films since its inception. Throughout the history of the Academy Awards, there have been actors and actresses who have received multiple Academy Awards for Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Supporting Actor, or Best Supporting Actress.[1] The only restriction is that actors cannot receive multiple nominations for the same performance.[2] This rule was implemented after Barry Fitzgerald received a Best Actor and a Best Supporting Actor nomination for his performance in Going My Way.[3]

text: As of 2017[update], 40 actors and actresses have received two or more Academy Awards in acting categories. Katharine Hepburn leads the way with four Best Actress awards.[4] Five have won three Academy Awards: Ingrid Bergman (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award),[5] Walter Brennan (three Best Supporting Actor awards),[6] Jack Nicholson (two Best Actor awards and one Best Supporting Actor award),[7] Meryl Streep (two Best Actress awards and one Best Supporting Actress award), and Daniel Day-Lewis (three Best Actor awards). Brennan was the first to receive three or more Academy Awards in 1940, followed by Hepburn in 1968, Bergman in 1974, Nicholson in 1997, Streep in 2011, and most recently Day-Lewis in 2012. Of the six, only Nicholson, Streep, and Day-Lewis are still living.

text:
Actor/Actress
Best Actor/Actress Awards
Best Supporting Actor/Actress Awards
Total awards
Total nominations

Hepburn, KatharineKatharine Hepburn
Morning Glory (1933)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)
The Lion in Winter (1968)
On Golden Pond (1981)

4
12

Day-Lewis, DanielDaniel Day-Lewis
My Left Foot (1989)
There Will Be Blood (2007)
Lincoln (2012)

3
6

Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
Sophie's Choice (1982)
The Iron Lady (2011)
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
3
21

Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
As Good as It Gets (1997)
Terms of Endearment (1983)
3
12

Bergman, IngridIngrid Bergman
Gaslight (1944)
Anastasia (1956)
Murder on the Orient Express (1974)
3
7

Brennan, WalterWalter Brennan

Come and Get It (1936)
Kentucky (1938)
The Westerner (1940)
3
4

Davis, BetteBette Davis
Dangerous (1935)
Jezebel (1938)

2
10

Tracy, SpencerSpencer Tracy
Captains Courageous (1937)
Boys Town (1938)

2
9

Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando
On the Waterfront (1954)
The Godfather (1972)

2
8

Lemmon, JackJack Lemmon
Save the Tiger (1973)
Mister Roberts (1955)
2
8

Washington, DenzelDenzel Washington
Training Day (2001)
Glory (1989)
2
8

Blanchett, CateCate Blanchett
Blue Jasmine (2013)
The Aviator (2004)
2
7

De Niro, RobertRobert De Niro
Raging Bull (1980)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
2
7

Fonda, JaneJane Fonda
Klute (1971)
Coming Home (1978)

2
7

Hoffman, DustinDustin Hoffman
Kramer vs. Kramer (1979)
Rain Man (1988)

2
7

Caine, MichaelMichael Caine

Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
The Cider House Rules (1999)
2
6

Lange, JessicaJessica Lange
Blue Sky (1994)
Tootsie (1982)
2
6

Smith, MaggieMaggie Smith
The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1969)
California Suite (1978)
2
6

Cooper, GaryGary Cooper
Sergeant York (1941)
High Noon (1952)

2
5

de Havilland, OliviaOlivia de Havilland
To Each His Own (1946)
The Heiress (1949)

2
5

Hackman, GeneGene Hackman
The French Connection (1971)
Unforgiven (1992)
2
5

Hanks, TomTom Hanks
Philadelphia (1993)
Forrest Gump (1994)

2
5

March, FredricFredric March
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)

2
5

Penn, SeanSean Penn
Mystic River (2003)
Milk (2008)

2
5

Taylor, ElizabethElizabeth Taylor
Butterfield 8 (1960)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966)

2
5

Foster, JodieJodie Foster
The Accused (1988)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

2
4

Jackson, GlendaGlenda Jackson
Women in Love (1970)
A Touch of Class (1973)

2
4

Quinn, AnthonyAnthony Quinn

Viva Zapata! (1952)
Lust for Life (1956)
2
4

Winters, ShelleyShelley Winters

The Diary of Anne Frank (1959)
A Patch of Blue (1965)
2
4

Douglas, MelvynMelvyn Douglas

Hud (1963)
Being There (1979)
2
3

Field, SallySally Field
Norma Rae (1979)
Places in the Heart (1984)

2
3

Robards, JasonJason Robards

All the President's Men (1976)
Julia (1977)
2
3

Ustinov, PeterPeter Ustinov

Spartacus (1960)
Topkapi (1964)
2
3

Wiest, DianneDianne Wiest

Hannah and Her Sisters (1986)
Bullets over Broadway (1994)
2
3

Hayes, HelenHelen Hayes
The Sin of Madelon Claudet (1931)
Airport (1970)
2
2

Leigh, VivienVivien Leigh
Gone with the Wind (1939)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)

2
2

Rainer, LuiseLuise Rainer
The Great Ziegfeld (1936)
The Good Earth (1937)

2
2

Spacey, KevinKevin Spacey
American Beauty (1999)
The Usual Suspects (1995)
2
2

Swank, HilaryHilary Swank
Boys Don't Cry (1999)
Million Dollar Baby (2004)

2
2

Waltz, ChristophChristoph Waltz

Inglourious Basterds (2009)
Django Unchained (2012)
2
2