document_title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

question_text: who sang vocals on while my guitar gently weeps

text: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Background and inspiration[edit]

text:
The Eastern concept is that whatever happens is all meant to be ... every little item that's going down has a purpose. "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was a simple study based on that theory ... I picked up a book at random, opened it, saw "gently weeps", then laid the book down again and started the song.[10]

– George Harrison

tag: div

text: George Harrison wrote "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" after his return from India, where the Beatles had been studying Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi during the spring of 1968. The visit had allowed Harrison to re-engage with the guitar as his primary instrument, after focusing on the Indian sitar for the previous two years,[11] and also marked the start of a prolific period for him as a songwriter.[12][13] Inspiration for the song came to him when he was visiting his parents in Warrington, Cheshire, and he began reading the I Ching, or "The Book of Changes".[10] As Harrison put it, "[the book] seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else, as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental."[14] Embracing this idea of relativism, he committed to writing a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a book, which happened to be "gently weeps".[15] Harrison continued to work on the lyrics after this initial writing session.[14]

text: The song reflects the disharmonious atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India.[16] Harrison had led the band in their highly publicised endorsement of Transcendental Meditation[17][18] and viewed this spiritual pursuit as superior in importance to their career momentum.[19] When discussing another song he wrote at this time, "Not Guilty", Harrison said it referred to "the grief I was catching" from John Lennon and Paul McCartney for leading them to Rishikesh[20] and supposedly hindering the group's career and the launch of their Apple record label.[21] Eric Clapton, with whom Harrison collaborated on several recordings throughout 1968 as a distraction from the Beatles,[22] said that "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" conveyed Harrison's spiritual isolation within the group.[23][nb 1] Author Jonathan Gould writes that, although in the past each of the Beatles had become temporarily subsumed in fads and personal interests, the level of Harrison's commitment to Indian spirituality as an alternative to the band was unprecedented.[26]

text: A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse: "I look at the trouble and see that it's raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but ageing …"[27] This version also includes the line "The problems you sow are the troubles you're reaping", which he similarly discarded. An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse: "I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but ageing …"[27] This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix, with a string arrangement by George Martin.[28]

text: Composition[edit]

text: Music[edit]

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was one of the few Beatles compositions from early 1968 that changed markedly from demo form to the official recording.[29] Harrison's demos suggest the influence of folk music, yet the Beatles' version is in the heavy rock style typical of much of the band's late 1960s work.[30] While noting the importance of Harrison's return to the guitar during this period, Gould describes the song as "virtually a declaration of his recommitment to rock".[31]

text: The song as originally issued by the Beatles is in the key of A minor,[32] changing to A major over the bridges.[33] Aside from the intro, the composition is structured into two rounds of verse and bridge, with an instrumental passage extending the second of these verse sections, followed by a final verse and a long instrumental passage that fades out on the released recording.[33] All the sections consist of an even sixteen bars or measures, which are divided into four phrases.[33]

text: The chord progression over the verses includes a shift to a ♭7 (Am/G) on "all" (bass note G) and a 6 (D9 (major 3rd F♯)) after "love" (bass note F♯) to a ♭6 (Fmaj7) on "sleeping" (bass note F). According to musicologist Dominic Pedler, the 8–♭7–6–♭6 progression represents a hybrid of the Aeolian and Dorian modes.[34] The change to the parallel major key is heralded by a C chord as the verse's penultimate chord (replacing the D used in the second phrase of each verse) before the E that leads into the bridge.[33] Musicologist Alan Pollack views this combination of C and E as representing a sense of "arrival", after which the bridge contains "upward [harmonic] gestures" that contrast with the bass descents that dominate the verse.[33] Such contrasts are limited by the inclusion of minor triads (III, VI and II) played over the E chord that ends the bridge's second and fourth phrases.[35]

text: Lyrics[edit]

text: In his lyrics to "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", Harrison revisits the theme of universal love and the philosophical concerns that were evident in his overtly Indian-influenced compositions, particularly "Within You Without You".[36] The song is a lament for how a universal love for humankind is latent in all individuals yet remains unrealised.[36][37] In the description of theologian Dale Allison, the song "conveys spiritual angst and an urgent religious point of view without being explicitly theological".[38] Harrison sings of surveying "you all" and seeing "the love there that's sleeping".[39] Musicologist Walter Everett comments that the change from the minor-mode verse to the parallel major might express hope that "unrealized potential" described in the lyrics is to be "fulfilled", but the continued minor triads "seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded".[35] During the bridges, Harrison adopts a repetitive rhyming scheme in the style of Bob Dylan[40] to convey how humankind has become distracted from its ability to manifest this love.[39] He sings of people that have been "inverted" and "perverted" from their natural perspective.[41]

text: According to Harrison biographer Joshua Greene, the song's message reflects the pessimism encouraged by world events throughout 1968, such as the assassinations of Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy in the United States, and the Soviet Russian oppression of Czechoslovakia.[42][nb 2] Allison writes that the lyrics represent the "antithesis of spiritual triumphalism", in which Harrison "mourns because love has not conquered all".[41]

text: Recording[edit]

text: Early attempts and basic track[edit]

text: The Beatles recorded "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" several times during the sessions for their self-titled double album, also known as "the White Album".[44] The recording sessions, which began in late May 1968, were characterised by a lack of cooperation among the four band members,[45][46] and by what Lennon's bandmates regarded as the overly intrusive presence of his new romantic partner, Yoko Ono.[47] In this atmosphere, Harrison had initially been reluctant to present his new compositions to the group.[48][49] Take 1 on 25 July – the version later issued on Anthology 3 – was a solo performance by Harrison, playing his Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar, with an overdubbed harmonium part.[28][35][nb 3]

text: Sessions on 16 August and 5 September produced full band recordings of the song. In the case of the 16 August version, an overdubbing session on 3 September marked the first time that the Beatles had used eight-track recording at EMI Studios.[48][52] At the same session, Harrison overdubbed a backwards (or "backmasked") guitar solo, as he had done two years before on "I'm Only Sleeping", on the Revolver album, but he was not satisfied with the results.[53] The Beatles then remade the basic track on 5 September[35] – a session that marked Ringo Starr's return to the group after he had walked out on 22 August, upset at the unpleasant atmosphere.[54] While Harrison led the band in welcoming back their drummer, by installing a large flower display all over Starr's drum kit,[55] he continued to think that his bandmates were not giving their best to the song.[56][57]

text: Overdubs[edit]

text: On 6 September, during a ride from Surrey into London, Harrison asked Clapton to play guitar on the track. Clapton, who recognised Harrison's talent as a songwriter,[58] and considered that his abilities had long been held back by Lennon and McCartney,[59] was nevertheless reluctant to participate; he later recalled that his initial response was: "I can't do that. Nobody ever plays on Beatles records."[60] Harrison convinced him, and Clapton's lead guitar part, played on Harrison's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar "Lucy" (a recent gift from Clapton), was overdubbed that evening.[4][61] Recalling the session in his 2007 autobiography, Clapton says that, while Lennon and McCartney were "fairly non-committal", he thought the track "sounded fantastic", adding: "I knew George was happy, because he listened to it over and over in the control room."[62]

text: Harrison recalled that Clapton's presence also ensured that his bandmates "tr[ied] a bit harder" and "were all on their best behaviour".[4] The Beatles carried out the remaining overdubs, which included an ascending piano motif, played by McCartney, over the introduction,[63] Hammond organ by Harrison, and further percussion by Starr.[61] McCartney also added a second bass part, played on his Fender Jazz Bass[63] rather than on either of his preferred Hofner or Rickenbacker models.

text: Mixing[edit]

text: Still wary that his contribution might present too much of a departure from the band's sound, Clapton requested that Harrison give the lead guitar track a more "Beatley" sound when mixing the song.[64][65] During final mixing for the White Album, on 14 October,[64] the guitar part was run through an ADT circuit with "varispeed", with engineer Chris Thomas manipulating the oscillator to achieve the desired "wobbly" effect.[66][nb 4] According to Everett, Lennon's tremolo-rich guitar part, recorded on 5 September, was retained only in the song's coda.[68]

text: Clapton's guitar contribution has been described as making this a "monumental" track. As particularly notable features, Everett highlights the increasing lengths of thrice-heard first scale degrees (0:17–0:19), the restraint shown by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances (as at 0:28–0:29), commanding turnaround phrases (0:31–0:33), expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C♯ (0:47–0:53), power retransition (1:21–1:24), emotive vibrato (2:01–2:07), and a solo (1:55–2:31) with a "measured rise in intensity, rhythmic activity, tonal drive and registral climb".[63] In October 1968, Harrison reciprocated by co-writing "Badge" with Clapton and playing on Cream's recording of the track.[69][70] Released on Cream's final album, Goodbye, "Badge" reflected Harrison's pop sensibilities[70] and helped Clapton transition from the heavy blues style and its reliance on extended soloing, and onto the more song-based approach that he and Harrison admired in the Band's 1968 album Music from Big Pink.[71]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Apple Records released The Beatles on 22 November 1968.[72] One of four Harrison compositions on the double album, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was sequenced as the penultimate track on side one in the LP format,[73] between Lennon's "The Continuing Story of Bungalow Bill" and "Happiness Is a Warm Gun".[74][75] The song was issued as the B-side of "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da",[76] a McCartney-written song that had also tested the Beatles' patience during the White Album sessions.[77][78] This single was an international hit, topping charts in Australia, Austria, Switzerland[79] and West Germany,[80] but was not released in Britain or the United States.[51][76][nb 5]

text: According to music critic Tim Riley, Harrison's writing contributions "regain[ed] the promise" evident in his three songs on the Beatles' 1966 album Revolver.[82] Recalling the release in his 1977 book The Beatles Forever, Nicholas Schaffner said that, in returning to pop/rock songwriting after his excursions into the Indian classical style, Harrison's four White Album songs "firmly established him as a contender" beside Lennon and McCartney. In Schaffner's description, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was the most instantly popular of "a quartet of more conventionally accessible pop songs [written by Harrison] that many felt were among the finest on the album".[83]

text: Among contemporary reviews, Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone said that "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was "one of George Harrison's very best songs", and likened it to "Blue Jay Way" in that it "recalls California, the simple Baja California beat, the dreamy words of the Los Angeles haze, the organic pace lapping around every room as if in invisible waves". Wenner found the lyrics "slightly self-righteous and preaching", representing "a general set of incidents, a message, like a sermon, impersonally directed to everyone", and concluded: "I am willing to bet something substantial that the lead guitarist on this cut is Eric Clapton, yet another involution of the circular logic on which this song [is] so superbly constructed as a musical piece."[84] In his review for the International Times, Barry Miles said the song was a "great tune" with "nice hi-hats" but a "lifeless" guitar part.[85] Alan Smith of the NME credited the "warm voice" and "very strong melody" to McCartney and said that the track was one of the "highlights … moving into a slightly Hendrix thing" and was bound to be "Another hit for somebody".[86] Three weeks later, Smith acknowledged that the singer and composer was in fact Harrison, and added: "the words are evocative and the melody line is creeping into my mind to stay."[87] Geoffrey Cannon wrote in The Guardian: "George Harrison has seen the truth, and is anxious that we should see our truth. He's a preacher, man of fire. When his songs speak of 'you,' the address is direct. He achieves his character in 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps', which, with Phil Ochs's 'Tape from California', is the first track I know that succeeds in making magnanimous love serious and touching."[88]

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" became a staple of US rock radio during the early 1970s,[89] on a par with songs such as "Layla" by Clapton's short-lived band Derek and the Dominos, Led Zeppelin's "Stairway to Heaven" and the Who's "Won't Get Fooled Again".[82] In 1973, it appeared on the Beatles' double album compilation 1967–1970,[90] as one of only three tracks representing the White Album.[91] Capitol Records included it on The Best of George Harrison in 1976;[92] a year before this, Harrison released a sequel to the song, titled "This Guitar (Can't Keep from Crying)", which also served as the final single issued by Apple in its original incarnation.[93][94] The Beatles' recording also appeared on the soundtrack to Withnail and I, a 1987 comedy film set in late-1960s London and produced by Harrison's company HandMade Films.[95]

text: Despite his reluctance to record "While My Guitar Gently Weeps", McCartney later identified it as one of his favourite selections on the 1995–96 Anthology outtakes series,[96] and he grouped the song with "Something" and "Here Comes the Sun" as candidates for Harrison's "greatest track".[97] Starr paired it with "Something" as "Two of the finest love songs ever written", adding: "they're really on a par with what John and Paul or anyone else of that time wrote."[97] In their written tributes to Harrison following his death in November 2001, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards each expressed their admiration for the song.[98] Jagger said: "It's lovely, plaintive. Only a guitar player could write that ..."[99]

text: Harrison live performances[edit]

text: Harrison played "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at every one of his comparatively rare concerts as a solo artist. Writing for Mojo in 2003, Ashley Kahn attributed the track's "classic" status to its evocation of "a band falling out of harmony" and, with regard to the enduring musical bond between Harrison and Clapton, its standing as "their song".[100] At Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh, held at Madison Square Garden in New York on 1 August 1971, Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland, a hollow-body guitar more suited to jazz[101] or country music than rock.[102] He later said that this was a poor decision and, as with his substandard playing at the event, one indicative of his descent into heroin addiction.[102][103][nb 6]

text: The version performed by Harrison during his set at the 1987 Prince's Trust Concert reunited him with Starr and Clapton,[105] and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving. On their 1991 tour of Japan, Harrison and Clapton performed "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" with additional background vocals. An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo Dome performances of the song was included on Harrison's 1992 double album Live in Japan.[106]

text: Harrison also featured the song in the set list for his only other tour as a solo artist, a series of North American concerts over November–December 1974 with Ravi Shankar.[107] Harrison shared the lead guitarist's role with Robben Ford, often extending the piece to eight minutes.[108] While it was a popular inclusion in a set list that barely acknowledged Harrison's past as a former Beatle, his alteration of some of the lyrics – so that his guitar "gently smiles" and "tries to smile" – disappointed many concert-goers and reviewers.[107][109] Author Simon Leng comments that on Harrison's return to Madison Square Garden towards the end of the tour, his playing on the song nevertheless received a standing ovation.[110]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" on his 1990 album Hell to Pay. Harrison participated in the recording, contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals.[111] Also issued as a single, Healey's version peaked at number 27 in Canada,[112] number 85 in the UK[113] and number 25 in New Zealand.[114]

text: During the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II concert at Buckingham Palace Garden on 3 June 2002, McCartney performed the song with Clapton, as a tribute to Harrison.[115] The performance appears on the DVD release Party at the Palace.[116] On 29 November the same year, Clapton, McCartney, Starr, Dhani Harrison, Jeff Lynne and Marc Mann performed "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at the Concert for George in memory of Harrison.[115] This version showcased Clapton singing the lead vocal while McCartney provided background vocals and piano; Mann played Clapton's original fills and the mid-song solo. Author Ian Inglis writes that while Clapton was already "permanently associated" with "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" due to his presence on the White Album recording and the Concert for Bangladesh and Live in Japan versions, Clapton's long, closing solo at the Concert for George contained "perhaps the most expressive" playing of all these versions.[117]

text: American musician Todd Rundgren covered "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" for the 2003 album Songs from the Material World: A Tribute to George Harrison. Rundgren said of his contribution to the multi-artist tribute: "[Before the Beatles], I'd never heard the term 'lead guitarist.' George created the job description for my first paying gig, the vocation that I'm still lucky enough to practice today …"[118] Johnny Loftus of AllMusic views the recording as one of the collection's highlights, saying that Rundgren "effortlessly replicates the grandeur" of the Beatles' track.[119] As his personal tribute to Harrison,[120] Peter Frampton released a version of the song on his 2003 album Now.[121]

text: In 2004, when Harrison was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist, "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was played in tribute by a large band that included Tom Petty, Lynne, Steve Winwood, Marc Mann and Dhani Harrison.[115] The performance concluded with an extended guitar solo by Prince, who was also being inducted into the Hall of Fame.[122][123]

text: Among other cover versions, the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot, Phish and Charlie Byrd, and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro.[124][125] Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam.[124] Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven: The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time, in 2010, featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo-Yo Ma.[126] Released as a single, it charted on Billboard's Adult Contemporary.[127] In 2016, Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings, accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen.

text: 2016 music video[edit]

text: In June 2016, Apple Corps and Cirque du Soleil released a music video for "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". The video was created for the tenth anniversary re-staging of Cirque du Soleil's Love theatrical production.[128] The video was directed by Dandypunk, André Kasten and Leah Moyer. Ryan Reed, describing the clip for rollingstone.com, wrote that "Dandypunk's hand-drawn illustrations depict Harrison's lyrics falling off the page into the air, transporting LOVE performer Eira Glover into a series of fantastical locations. Projection mapping – and no CGI – was used to create the clip."[129]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: According to Ian MacDonald,[130] Walter Everett[68] and John Winn:[61]

text: White Album version

text:
George Harrison – double-tracked vocals, backing vocal, acoustic guitar, Hammond organ
John Lennon – electric guitar with tremolo
Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, piano, bass guitar
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, castanets
Eric Clapton – lead guitar

text: Anthology 3 version

text:
George Harrison – vocals, acoustic guitar
Paul McCartney – organ

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Having contributed to "Ski-ing" on Harrison's debut solo album, Wonderwall Music, in January 1968, Clapton played on "Sour Milk Sea", a song that Harrison wrote and produced for his Apple Records signing Jackie Lomax.[24] Another Harrison composition from 1968, "Savoy Truffle", was inspired by Clapton's love of chocolate.[25]
Jump up ^ Greene comments that "Wilting Flowers" was the title of Time magazine's article summarising the year.[42] By contrast, at the start of 1968, Life had declared it "the Year of the Guru", partly as a result of the Beatles' championing of Eastern religion,[19] and had featured the Maharishi on the cover of the magazine.[43]
Jump up ^ This version remained in EMI's archives through the 1980s.[49] It was first presented for public hearing when Abbey Road Studios (formerly EMI Studios) hosted The Beatles at Abbey Road in 1983,[28] at which point EMI reported that Harrison was keen that the song be released "as soon as possible".[50] When remixing the recording for inclusion on the planned Sessions compilation album in 1984, however (and as later heard on Anthology 3),[51] Geoff Emerick chose to loop and repeat Harrison's concluding guitar phrase into a fadeout, and increased the volume of the harmonium.[28]
Jump up ^ In Ken Scott's recollection, the need to manually work the ADT oscillation was a result of the Beatles' impatience to use EMI's new eight-track recording equipment. The company's technical engineers had yet to carry out the conversion necessary to allow the effect to be applied automatically.[67]
Jump up ^ "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was listed with "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da", as a double A-side, when the single topped Australia's Go-Set National Top 40 chart.[81]
Jump up ^ This 1971 performance of the song was included on Harrison's 2009 compilation album Let It Roll.[104]


document_title: Henderson (surname)

question_text: where does the henderson last name come from

root

text: Henderson (surname)

text:
Henderson

Origin

Region of origin
Scotland

Meaning
1. "Son of Hendry"
2. "Son of Henry"

tag: table

text: Henderson is a common Scottish surname. The name is derived from patronymic form of the name Hendry, which is a Scottish form of Henry. Some Hendersons also derive their name from Henryson.[1]

tag: p

text: The surname Henderson is borne by numerous unrelated families in Scotland. For example, the Hendersons of Fordell, in Fife, were the chief Lowland family of the name. This family descended from a family of Henrysons, from Dumfriesshire. A branch of Clan Gunn also bears the name. According to tradition, this family descends from Henry Gunn, a younger son of a chief of the Gunns who lived in the 15th century. The Hendersons of Glencoe derive their surname from the Gaelic MacEanruig.

text: The surname was unknown in England prior to the 17th century and is first mentioned in a marriage document between one of the Borders Hendersons and the daughter of a Carlisle merchant at Hexham. The surname is rendered in Scottish Gaelic as: MacEanraig or MacEanruig (masculine), and NicEanraig or NicEanruig (feminine).

text:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

tag: ul

text: A[edit]

text:
Adele Dunlap (née Henderson; born 1902), American academic and nation's oldest living person
Ainslie Henderson (born 1979), Scottish singer-songwriter
Alan Henderson (born 1972), African-American basketball player
Alexander Henderson (disambiguation), several people including:

Alexander Henderson (American politician) (1738–1815), Scottish merchant and politician in Virginia, United States
Alexander Henderson (Canadian politician), historical Member of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, Canada
Alexander Henderson (theologian) (1583–1646), Scottish theologian
Alexander Henderson, 1st Baron Faringdon
Alexander D. Henderson (businessman) (1865–1925), Vice-President and Treasurer of California Perfume Company
Alexander D. Henderson, Jr. (1895–1964), Vice-President of Purchasing, California Perfume Company

Alice Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Alice Henderson (novelist), American author
Alice Corbin Henderson, American poet and editor
Alice Faye Henderson, African-American singer Alice Wonder Land

Alistair Donald Henderson of Fordell, Australian environmental engineer, inventor, and Chief of the Clan Henderson
Andrew Henderson (disambiguation)
Ann Henderson-Sellers, climatologist
Anthony Henderson, African-American rapper Krayzie Bone
Archibald Henderson (1783–1859), fifth Commandant of the US Marine Corps
Archibald Henderson (politician), United States Congressman from North Carolina
Arthur Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Arthur Henderson (1863–1935), British union leader, politician, and Nobel Peace Prize Laureate
Arthur Henderson (VC) (1894–1917), British Army officer
Arthur Henderson, Baron Rowley (1893–1968), British Labour Party politician

text: B[edit]

text:
Barrington "Bo" Henderson, African-American singer
Barry Henderson, Conservative member of the House of Commons
Biff Henderson, American television personality
Bill Henderson (Canadian singer), singer and songwriter
Bill Henderson (novelist) (William McCranor Henderson), American novelist, author of I Killed Hemingway
Billy Henderson (disambiguation)
Bobby Henderson, American creator of the satirical parody religion Flying Spaghetti Monsterism
Brian Henderson (disambiguation)
Brodie Henderson, Canadian rugby player
Brodie Henderson (engineer), British civil engineer
Brooke Henderson (born 1997), Canadian golfer
Bruce Henderson, American management consultant
Bryan Henderson, American football player

text: C[edit]

text:
Cam Henderson, American college sports coach
Camille Henderson, Canadian singer
Caspar Henderson, British journalist
Charles Henderson (historian), British antiquarian, historian of Cornwall
Charles Henderson Yoakum, American politician
Charles Roy Henderson, American geneticist and statistician
Charlie Butler-Henderson, British motor racing driver
Caroline Henderson (disambiguation)
Chris Henderson, American soccer player
Claude Henderson, South African cricketer

text: D[edit]

text:
Dan Henderson, American martial arts fighter
Darius Henderson (born 1981), Nottingham Forest football player
David Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

David Henderson (basketball), head basketball coach at the University of Delaware
David Henderson (British Army officer), senior British Army and, later, RAF officer
David Henderson (economist), chief economist at the OECD in Paris from 1984 to 1992
David B. Henderson, prominent U.S. politician of the 1890s and 1900s
David N. Henderson (1921–2004), U.S. Representative from North Carolina
Dave Henderson, Major League Baseball player
Dave Henderson (footballer), Irish football player

Sir Denys Henderson (1932–2016), chairman of Imperial Chemical Industries from 1987 to 1995
Devery Henderson, American football player
Dickie Henderson, British comedian
Don Henderson, British actor
Donald Henderson (1928–2016), American epidemiologist who led the World Health Organization's successful World Smallpox Eradication Campaign
Donnie Henderson, American football figure
Doug Henderson (Labour politician) (b. 1949), British politician
Douglas Henderson (SNP politician) (1935–2006), British politician
Douglas Mackay Henderson (1927-2007), Scottish botanist

text: E[edit]

text:
Ebenezer Henderson (1784–1858), Scottish minister and missionary
Ebenezer Henderson (writer) (1809–1879), Scottish historian and science writer
Edith Henderson, American landscape architect
Edith Maude Henderson, British writer better known as E. M. Hull
Sir Edmund Henderson, head of London Metropolitan Police
Edward Elers Delaval Henderson, British Army officer
Ella Henderson, British singer
Eugénie Henderson (1914–1989), British linguist and academic

text: F[edit]

text:
Faye Henderson, Scottish bagpipe player
Fergus Henderson, British chef
Fletcher Henderson (1897–1952), African-American jazz and swing musician
Florence Henderson (1934-2016), American television actress
Frank Henderson (disambiguation)
Frederick Henderson, CEO of General Motors

text: G[edit]

text:
Gary Henderson (baseball coach), American college baseball coach
George Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

George Henderson (Australian politician), Australian politician
George Henderson (Manitoba politician) (1916–2008), MLA in Manitoba
George Henderson (Prince Edward Island politician), former Member of Parliament in Canada
George Francis Robert Henderson (1854–1903), British soldier and military author
George R. Henderson (1893–1964), World War II-era officer in United States Navy
George Stuart Henderson (c. 1894–1920), recipient of the Victoria Cross
George Wylie Henderson (1904–1965), American author of the Harlem Renaissance
Krazy George Henderson, American cheerleader

Gerald Henderson (born 1956), American basketball player
Gerald Henderson Jr. (born 1987), son of the above, also an American basketball player
Gerard Henderson, Australian journalist and commentator
Girard B. Henderson, CEO of Alexander Dawson, Inc.
Gordon Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Gordon Henderson (lawyer), Canadian lawyer
Gordon Henderson (politician), British Conservative Member of Parliament

Greg Henderson, professional New Zealand track and road racing cyclist
Grace Henderson, American silent film and stage actress
Gus Henderson, American football coach

text: H[edit]

text:
Hamish Henderson, Scottish poet
Harold Lloyd Henderson, Canadian Presbyterian minister and politician
Hazel Henderson, British futurist writer
Herb Henderson, Australian rules footballer
Herbert Stephen Henderson, British soldier
Horace Henderson, American jazz musician, brother of Fletcher Henderson

text: I[edit]

text:
Ian Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Ian Henderson (footballer), current Northampton Town F.C. football player
Ian Henderson (news presenter), Australian news presenter
Ian Henderson (police officer), former head of secret police in Bahrain, accused of torture

Isaac Henderson, American writer
Ivan Henderson, British politician

text: J[edit]

text:
J. W. Henderson, fourth governor of Texas
Jack Henderson (artist)
Jack Henderson (author)
Jackie Henderson (1932–2005), Scottish football player
Jacob Henderson (2001–Present), Memer
James Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

James Henderson (footballer, born 1867), footballer for Woolwich Arsenal
James Henderson (footballer, born 1870), footballer for Liverpool
James Pinckney Henderson, first governor of Texas
James (Sákéj) Youngblood Henderson, Indigenous law scholar

Jeremy Henderson (1952-2009), artist
Jim Henderson (politician) (D. James Henderson), Canadian politician
Joe Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Joe Henderson, American jazz saxophonist
Joe Henderson (runner)

Joseph Henderson (pilot), early American harbor pilot
John Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

John Henderson (Australian rules footballer), Australian rules footballer
John Henderson (defensive tackle) (born 1979), American football player
John Henderson (director), British film and television director
John Henderson (ice hockey), Canadian ice hockey player
John Henderson (Mississippi politician) (1797–1857), U.S. senator from Mississippi
John Henderson (Scottish politician) (1888–1975), Conservative MP for Glasgow Cathcart 1946–1964
Sir John Henderson, 5th of Fordell (1605–1650), Scottish soldier who brought his military expertise to the Royalists cause during the English Civil War.
Sir John Henderson, 5th Baronet of Fordell (1752–1817), Scottish nobleman and politician
John B. Henderson (1826–1913), U.S. senator from Missouri and author of the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
John D. Henderson ("Colonel Jack" Henderson), American editor and pro-slavery politician
John E. Henderson, American politician
John Ronald Henderson (1920–2003), British Army officer

Jordan Henderson (born 1990), English footballer
Joseph Welles Henderson, lawyer and Bucknell University president
Josh Henderson, American actor
Julian Henderson, Bishop of Blackburn

text: K[edit]

text:
Karen L. Henderson, American judge
Keith Henderson, American football player
Keith Henderson (artist), Scottish painter and illustrator
Kelson Henderson, Australian actor
Ken Henderson (baseball coach) (born 1960), American college baseball coach

text: L[edit]

text:
Larry Henderson, Canadian television journalist
Laura Henderson, English theatrical promoter
Lawrence Joseph Henderson, American scientist
Les Henderson, Canadian consumer-fraud author
Liam Henderson (born 1996), Scottish football player (Celtic FC, Hibernian FC)
Liam Henderson (English footballer) (born 1989), English football player (Watford FC)
Lofton R. Henderson, World War II aviator
Lois T. Henderson, novelist
Lucius J. Henderson, American silent film director
Luther Henderson, American arranger
Logan Henderson, American actor/singer

text: M[edit]

text:
M. R. Henderson, Scottish botanist
Margot Henderson (born 1964), New Zealand chef
Marjorie Lyman Henderson, the cartoonist Marge
Mark Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people
Marshall Henderson (born 1990), American basketball player
Martin Henderson, New Zealand actor
Mary Henderson, writer Mary H. Eastman (1818–1887)
Mary Foote Henderson, socialite and wife of Missouri senator John Brooks Henderson
Matt Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Matt Henderson (cricketer) (1895–1970), New Zealand cricketer
Matt Henderson (ice hockey) (born 1974), retired American professional ice hockey player

Meredith Henderson, Canadian actress
Michael Henderson (doctor), (born 1937), Vehicle safety researcher
Monique Henderson, American athlete
Monroe Henderson (1818–1899), New York politician

text: N[edit]

text:
Nekeshia Henderson, American basketball player
Nevile Henderson, British Ambassador to Germany 1937–1939
Nicholas Henderson, British diplomat

text: O[edit]

text: Othello Henderson, American football player

text: P[edit]

text:
Paul Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Paul Henderson (born 1943), Canadian ice hockey player
Paul Henderson (cricketer), English cricketer
Paul Henderson (footballer) (born 1976), Australian football goalkeeper
Paul Henderson (rugby union) (born 1964), New Zealand rugby union player

Peter Henderson (disambiguation), multiple people

text: R[edit]

text:
Ray Henderson (born Raymond Brost), American songwriter
Richard Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Richard Henderson (biologist)
Richard Henderson (jurist), American pioneer

Richard Alexander Henderson, First World War stretcher-bearer at Gallipoli and the Somme
Rickey Henderson (born 1958), American baseball player
Robert Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Robert Henryson (c 1425 - c 1500), Scottish poet
Robert Henderson (Welsh cricketer) (1851–1931), English cricketer
Robert Henderson (writer) (born 1947), English political writer
Rob Henderson (born 1972), English and Irish rugby union footballer

Rosa Henderson (1896–1968), American jazz singer
Ryan Henderson, Canadian music producer

text: S[edit]

text:
Saffron Henderson, Canadian actress
Safiya Henderson-Holmes (1950–2001), African-American poet
Sákéj Henderson, Indigenous law scholar
Sam Henderson, American comics artist
Sammy Henderson, Scottish footballer
Sara Henderson, Australian writer
Scott Henderson, American guitarist
Sean Henderson, American soccer player
Shirley Henderson, Scottish actress
Skitch Henderson, musician and band leader
Stephen Henderson, Irish footballer
Stewart Henderson, Scottish footballer

text: T[edit]

text:
Thelton Henderson, federal judge
Thomas Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Thomas Henderson (American football), NFL football player
Thomas Henderson (astronomer) (1798–1844), Scottish Astronomer Royal
Thomas Henderson (Liberal politician), Scottish Liberal Member of Parliament for Roxburghshire and Selkirkshire 1922–1923
Thomas Henderson (New Jersey), U.S. congressman
Thomas Henderson (New Zealand politician), New Zealand politician
Tom Henderson (Labour politician) (1867–1960), Scottish Labour Cooperative politician
Thomas Finlayson Henderson (1844–1923), Scottish author
Thomas J. Henderson (activist), American businessman
Thomas J. Henderson (politician), United States congressman from Illinois
Tommy Henderson, Northern Ireland politician

text: V[edit]

text:
Valerie Henderson, American footballer
Vicki Butler-Henderson, British racing driver and television presenter
Virginia Henderson, American nurse

text: W[edit]

text:
Wayne Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

Wayne Henderson (footballer), Irish football player
Wayne Henderson (musician), American jazz trombonist

William Henderson (disambiguation), one of several people including:

William Henderson (American football), NFL player
William James Henderson, American music critic
William Penhallow Henderson, American painter, architect and furniture designer
William Williams Henderson, American educator

text: Z[edit]

text: Zenna Henderson, American author

text: Fictional[edit]

text:
Christopher Henderson, fictional character portrayed by Peter Weller on the television series 24
Inspector Henderson, character from DC Comics
General James Henderson, president of the International Astrofisical Commission from UFO (his name is probably a reference to Gerry and Sylvia Anderson).


document_title: Ariel Winter

question_text: who does ariel winter voice on phineas and ferb

text: Ariel Winter

text: Early life[edit]

text: Winter was born in Los Angeles, California, on January 28, 1998,[1] the daughter of Chrisoula (née Batistas) and Glenn Workman. She is the sister of actors Shanelle Workman and Jimmy Workman.[2][3][4]

text: Career[edit]

text: Winter obtained her first entertainment industry job in a Cool Whip commercial advertisement in 2002 when she was four years old.[5] She had her first television role in an episode of Listen Up!, and followed it with appearances in a variety of shows such as Freddie, Monk, Bones, and ER. In the animated children's show Phineas and Ferb, she voiced the character of Gretchen before winning the regular role of Alex Dunphy in the series Modern Family, which premiered in 2009. She has continued to work in TV animation, including providing the voice of Marina the Mermaid on Disney Junior's Jake and the Never Land Pirates. In 2012, Winter was cast as Sofia, the lead character in a then-new Disney animated franchise Sofia the First.[6] The series premiered in January 2013 on Disney Junior. In 2014, she voiced Penny Peterson, Sherman's enemy turned friend in the 2014 Dreamworks Animation film Mr. Peabody and Sherman. She also lent her voice to characters in the animated films, Disney's Bambi II and Blue Sky's Ice Age: The Meltdown.

text: Winter has appeared in feature films, most notably in Kiss Kiss Bang Bang, Speed Racer, Duress, Opposite Day, and Fred 2. For her leading role in the film The Chaperone, she was nominated at the Young Artist Awards 2012 as Best Actress in a Motion Picture.[7]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: In October 2012, Winter's sister Shanelle Workman filed to become her guardian, alleging that their mother had been physically and emotionally abusive.[8] On May 5, 2014, the court ordered guardianship to Workman and removed Winter from her mother's guardianship permanently.[9] Their mother later released a statement stating that "the family has moved beyond the conflict".[9] On May 15, 2015, Winter declared on Twitter that she was officially emancipated.[10]

text: In June 2015, Winter underwent breast reduction surgery.[11][12]

text: In April 2016, Winter was accepted to University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and was slated to begin attendance in the fall quarter of 2016.[13] However, on September 12 she confirmed that she planned to attend UCLA in fall 2017. On her decision to go to college, she explained, "You gotta have something else you can do. I've always been interested in law so I think it'll definitely be something that I'll love to do and also go to school for."[14]

text: Winters attends an Eastern Orthodox Church. [15]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2005
Kiss Kiss Bang Bang
Young Harmony Faith Lane

2006
Bambi II
Thumper's sister
Voice role

2006
Curious George
Kid
Voice role

2006
Ice Age: The Meltdown
Various characters
Voice role

2006
Over the Hedge
Additional voices
Voice role

2006
Grilled
Dolly

2008
One Missed Call
Ellie Layton

2008
Horton Hears a Who!
Various characters
Voice role

2008
Speed Racer
Young Trixie Shimura

2009
Tales from the Catholic Church of Elvis!
Little girl

2009
Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children Complete
Marlene Wallace
Voice role

2009
Life Is Hot in Cracktown
Suzie

2009
Duress
Sarah Barnett

2009
Opposite Day
Carla Benson

2009
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs
Various characters
Voice role

2009
Afro Samurai: Resurrection
Young Sio
Voice role

2010
Killers
Sadie

2010
Nic & Tristan Go Mega Dega
Lisa

2010
DC Showcase: Green Arrow
Princess Perdita
Voice role

2011
Chaperone, TheThe Chaperone
Sally

2011
Phineas and Ferb: Across the 2nd Dimension
Gretchen / Various characters
Voice role

2011
Fred 2: Night of the Living Fred
Talia

2012
Excision
Grace

2012
ParaNorman
Blithe Hollow – kid
Voice role

2012/13
Batman: The Dark Knight Returns – Parts 1 & 2
Carrie Kelley/Robin (voice)
Direct-to-video; originally released separately

2012
Sofia the First: Once Upon a Princess
Sofia
Voice role

2013
Dora the Explorer and the Destiny Medallion
Dora
YouTube short film series by CollegeHumor

2013
Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright
Chrissy Damon
Voice role

2013
Sofia the First: The Floating Palace
Sofia
Voice role

2013
Tad, The Lost Explorer
Sara Lavrof
Voice role

2014
Mr. Peabody & Sherman
Penny Peterson
Voice role

2015
Safelight
Kate

2016
Elena and the Secret of Avalor
Sofia
Voice role

2017
Smurfs: The Lost Village
Smurf Lily
Voice role

2017
The Last Movie Star
Lil

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2005
Listen Up!
Little Girl
Episode: "Last Vegas"

2005
Tickle-U
Pipoca

2005
Freddie
Hobo
Episode: "Halloween"

2006
Monk
Donna Cain
Episode: "Mr. Monk and the Astronaut"

2006
So NoTORIous
Little Tori
5 episodes

2006
Jericho
Julie
Episode: "Pilot"

2006
Bones
Liza
Episode: "The Girl with the Curl"

2006
Nip/Tuck
Kid
Episode: "Reefer"

2007
Crossing Jordan
Gwen
Episode: "Faith"

2007
Shorty McShorts' Shorts
Taffy
Episode: "Flip-Flopped"; voice role

2007
Criminal Minds
Katie Jacobs
Episode: "Seven Seconds"

2007–15
Phineas and Ferb
Gretchen / Various characters
Voice role

2008
Ghost Whisperer
Natalie
Episode: "Imaginary Friends and Enemies"

2009
ER
Lucy Moore
5 episodes

2009
Penguins of Madagascar, TheThe Penguins of Madagascar
Little girl
Episode: "What Goes Around / Mask of the Raccoon"; voice role

2009–present
Modern Family
Alex Dunphy
Main role

2011
Jake and the Never Land Pirates
Marina the Mermaid
15 episodes; voice role

2011
Minnie's Bow-Toons
Roxie Squirrel
Episode: "Pom Pom Problem;Pet Adoption"

2011
WWE Raw
Appearing as herself
Appeared February 14, 2011 on the Valentine's Day Edition as a Guest Star

2011
R. L. Stine's The Haunting Hour: The Series
Jenny
Episode: "Fear Never Knocks"

2012
Gracie
Episode: "Headshot"

2012–present
Sofia the First
Sofia
Voice role

2016
Milo Murphy's Law
Jackie
Episode: "The Wilder West"

text: Video games[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Voice role

2010
Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep
Young Kairi

2012
Final Fantasy XIII-2
Mog

2012
Guild Wars 2
Cassie

2014
Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix
Young Kairi

2015
Final Fantasy Type-0 HD
Moglin

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result

2009
Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series
Modern Family
(shared with Ed O'Neill, Sofía Vergara, Julie Bowen, Ty Burrell, Jesse Tyler Ferguson, Eric Stonestreet, Sarah Hyland, Rico Rodriguez, and Nolan Gould)
Nominated

2010
Won

2011
Won

2012
Won

2013
Won

2014
Nominated

2015
Nominated

text: Young Artist Awards[edit]

text:
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref.

2010
Outstanding Young Ensemble in a TV Series
Modern Family
Won
[16]

2011
Nominated
[17]

2012
Best Leading Young Actress in a Feature Film
The Chaperone
Nominated
[7]


document_title: Phoenix Marketcity (Pune)

question_text: who is the owner of phoenix mall pune

question_tokens: who is the owner of phoenix mall pune

text: Phoenix Marketcity (Pune)

text:
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text: Phoenix Market City is a shopping mall developed by Phoenix Mills Limited located in Pune, Maharashtra. It was opened in January 2013 and is the smallest mall in India, with the area of 3.4 million square feet. It is located in the Vimannagar area of Pune.[1]

text: Phoenix Market City has four floors of retail space and several features such as a retail zone, a food court with fine dining restaurants and quick service restaurants, and a nine-screen PVR Cinemas.[2] The food court at the mall has several options. Multinational companies for clothing and style are Adidas, Puma, Zara, Nike, Jack&Jones Tommy Hilfiger etc. The mall also consists of Reliance Trends, Reliance Digital and others [3][4][5]


document_title: Dugout canoe

question_text: what is the advantage of making canoes that are light

text: Dugout canoe

text: Construction[edit]

text: Construction of a dugout begins with the selection of a log of suitable dimensions. Sufficient wood needed to be removed to make the vessel relatively light in weight and buoyant, yet still strong enough to support the crew and cargo. Specific types of wood were often preferred based on their strength, durability, and density. The shape of the boat is then fashioned to minimize drag, with sharp ends at the bow and stern.

text: First the bark is removed from the exterior. Before the appearance of metal tools, dugouts were hollowed out using controlled fires. The burnt wood was then removed using an adze. Another method using tools is to chop out parallel notches across the interior span of the wood, then split out and remove the wood from between the notches. Once hollowed out, the interior was dressed and smoothed out with a knife or adze.

text: More primitive designs keep the tree's original dimensions, with a round bottom. However, it is possible to carefully steam the sides of the hollow log until they are pliable, then bend to create a more flat-bottomed "boat" shape with a wider beam in the centre.

text: For travel in the rougher waters of the ocean, dugouts can be fitted with outriggers. One or two smaller logs are mounted parallel to the main hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers, one is mounted on either side of the hull.

text: Africa[edit]

text: The Dufuna canoe from Nigeria is an 8000-year-old dugout, the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and the third-oldest worldwide. The well-watered tropical rainforest and woodland regions of sub-Saharan Africa provide both the waterways and the trees for dugout canoes, which are commonplace from the Limpopo River basin in the south through East and Central Africa and across to West Africa. African Teak is the timber favoured for their construction, though this comprises a number of different species, and is in short supply in some areas. Dugouts are paddled across deep lakes and rivers or punted through channels in swamps (see makoro) or in shallow areas, and are used for transport, fishing and hunting, including, in the past, the very dangerous hunting of hippopotamus. Dugouts are called pirogues in Francophone areas of Africa.

text: Asia[edit]

text: An 8000-year-old dugout canoe was found by archaeologists in Kuahuqiao, Zhejiang Province, in east China.[2] This is the earliest canoe found in Asia.

text: The Moken, an ethnic group that lives in Myanmar's Mergui Archipelago and the north of Thailand as sea nomads, still builds and uses dugout canoes.[3] According to the Moken's accounts of their people's origin, a mythical queen punished the forbidden love of their ancestral forefather for his sister-in-law by banishing him and his descendants to life on sea in dugout canoes with indentations fore and aft ("a mouth that eats and a rear that defecates"), symbolizing the unending cycle of ingestion, digestion and evacuation.[4]

text: A centuries-old unfinished dugout boat, a big banca (five tons, measuring 8 by 2 by 1.5 meters) was accidentally retrieved on November, 2010 by Mayor Ricardo Revita at Barangay Casanicolasan, Rosales, Pangasinan, Philippines, in Lagasit River, near Agno River.[5] It is now on display in front of the Municipal Town Hall.

text: Europe[edit]

text: In ancient many dugouts were made from linden wood, for several reasons. First, was abundant in the Paleolthic after the melting of the Weichselian glaciation and readily available. Secondly it grew to be one of the tallest trees in the forests of the time, making it easier to build longer boats. Linden wood also lends itself well to carving and doesn't split or crack easily. It is lighter and therefore boats made from it have a better cargo capacity and are easier to carry, than most other tree types from the European old-growth forests.

text: The Pesse canoe, found in the Netherlands, is a dugout which is believed to be the world's oldest boat, carbon dated to between 8040 BCE and 7510 BCE.

text: Dugouts have also been found in Germany. In German, the craft are known as einbaum (one-tree). In the old Hanseatic town of Stralsund three log-boats were excavated in 2002. Two of the boats were around 7,000 years old and are the oldest boats found in the Baltic area. The third boat (6,000 years old) was 12 meters long and holds the record as the longest dugout in the region. The finds have partly deteriorated due to poor storage conditions. [6] [7]

text: In 1991, remains of a linden wood log-boat of nearly 6 meters were found at Männedorf-Strandbad in Switzerland at Lake Zürich. The boat has since been dated to be 6,500 years old. [8]

text: In 1902 an oak log boat over 15m long and 1m wide, was found at Addergoole Bog, Lurgan, County Galway, Ireland and delivered to the National Museum of Ireland. The Lurgan boat radiocarbon date was 3940 +/- 25 BP. The boat has holes suggesting that it had an outrigger or was joined to another boat.

text: In 2012, at Parc Glyndwr, Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, UK, an excavation by Monmouth Archeological Society, revealed three ditches suggesting a Neolithic dugout trimaran of similar length to the Lurgan log boat, carbon dated 3700+/-35 BP.[9]

text: De Administrando Imperio details how the Slavs built monoxyla that they sold to Rus' in Kiev.[11] These ships were then used against the Byzantine Empire during the Rus'–Byzantine Wars of the 9th and 10th centuries. They used dugouts to attack Constantinople and to withdraw into their lands with bewildering speed and mobility. Hence, the name of Δρομίται ("people on the run") applied to the Rus in some Byzantine sources. The monoxyla were often accompanied by larger galleys, that served as command and control centres. Each Slavic dugout could hold from 40 to 70 warriors.

text: The Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host were also renowned for their artful use of dugouts, which issued from the Dnieper to raid the shores of the Black Sea in the 16th and 17th centuries. Using small, shallow-draft, and highly maneuverable galleys known as chaiky, they moved swiftly across the Black Sea. According to the Cossacks' own records, these vessels, carrying a 50 to 70 man crew, could reach the coast of Anatolia from the mouth of the Dnieper River in forty hours.

text: More than 40 pre-historic log-boats have been found in the Czech Republic. The latest discovery was in 1999 of a 10 m long log-boat in Mohelnice (Šumperk District). It was cut out of a single oak log and has a width of 1.05 m. The log-boat has been dated to around 1,000 BC and is kept at the 'Mohelnice Muzeum' (Museum of National History). Geographically, Czech log-boat sites and remains are clustered along the Elbe and Morava Rivers.[12]

text: Poland is known for the socalled Lewin-type log-boats, found a Lewin Brzeski, Koźle and Roszowicki Las accordingly. These boats, are characterized by square or trapezoidal cross-section, rectangular hull-ends and low height of the sides in relation to vessel length. In addition, nearly all the Lewin-type boats have a single hole in the bow and two at the stern. The low height is a result of the parent log being split lengthwise in half, in order to obtain two identical timbers from a single trunk. The advantage lies in the resulting identical twin hulls, which are then joined to form a double-hulled raft. The paired hulls were joined by transverse poles, which did not go through the holes in the platform ends but were fastened to the top walls or in special grooves at the hull ends. These vessels were typically 7–12 m in length, and the largest of them could carry up to 1.5 tons of cargo because of the special design. The Lewin type logboats are usually associated with the Przeworsk culture in the early centuries AD. [13][14]

text: Many pre-historic dugout boats have been found in Scandinavia. These boats were used for transport on calmer bodies of water, fishing and maybe occasionally for whaling and sealing. Dugouts require no metal parts, and were common amongst the Stone Age people in Northern Europe until large trees suitable for making this type of watercraft became scarce. Length was limited to the size of trees in the old-growth forests—up to 12 metres (39 ft) in length. In Denmark in 2001 and some years prior to that, a few dugout canoes of linden wood, was unearthed in a large scale archaeological excavation project in Egådalen, just north of Aarhus. They have been carbon dated to the years 5210-4910 BCE and they are the oldest known boats in Northern Europe.[15][16]

text: Later models increased freeboard (and seaworthiness) by lashing additional boards to the side of the boat. Eventually, the dugout portion was reduced to a solid keel, and the lashed boards on the sides became a Lapstrake hull.[17]

text: In the United Kingdom, two log boats were discovered in Newport, Shropshire and are now on display at Harper Adams University Newport. The Iron Age residents of Great Britain, were known to have used logboats for fishing and basic trade. In 1964, a logboat was uncovered in Poole Harbour, Dorset. The Poole Logboat dated to 300 BC, was large enough to accommodate 18 people and was constructed from a giant oak tree. It is currently located in the Poole Museum. An even older logboat (the Hanson log boat) was unearthed in 1998 in Shardlow south of Derby. It has been dated to the Bronze Ages around 1.500 BC and is now exhibited at Derby Museum and Art Gallery. There was another pre-historic boat at the same location, but it was buried in situ.

text: In Northern Europe, the tradition of making dugout canoes survived into the 20th and 21st centuries only in Estonia, where seasonal floods in Soomaa, a 390 km² wilderness area, make conventional means of transportation impossible. In recent decades a new surge of interest in making dugouts (Estonian haabjas) has revitalized the ancient tradition.[18]

text: The Americas[edit]

text: Dugout canoes were constructed throughout the Americas, where suitable logs were available. The indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest are very skilled at crafting wood. Best known for totem poles up to 80 feet (24 m) tall, they also construct dugout canoes over 60 feet (18 m) long for everyday use and ceremonial purposes.[19]

text: In 1978, Geordie Tocher and two companions sailed a 3.5-short-ton (3.2 t), 40-foot (12 m) dugout canoe (the Orenda II), made of Douglas fir, and based on Haida designs (but with sails), from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to Hawaiʻi to add credibility to stories that the Haida had travelled to Hawaiʻi in ancient times. Altogether they ventured some 4,500 miles (7,242 km) after two months at sea.[20][21]

text: The dugout canoes were made mostly of huge cedar logs in the state of Washington for the ocean travellers, but natives that lived on the smaller rivers used smaller cedar logs.

text: Pacific Islands[edit]

text: In the Pacific Islands, dugout canoes are very large, made from whole mature trees and fitted with outriggers for increased stability in the ocean, and were once used for long-distance travel. Such are the very large waka used by Māori who came to New Zealand probably from East Polynesia, about 1280. Such vessels carried 40 to 80 warriors in calm sheltered coastal waters or rivers. It is believed that trans-ocean voyages were made in Polynesian catamarans and one hull, carbon-dated to about 1400, was found in New Zealand in 2011.[22] In New Zealand smaller waka were made from a single log, often Totara, because of its lightness, strength and resistance to rotting. Larger waka were made of about seven parts lashed together with flax rope. All waka are characterized by very low freeboard. In Hawaiʻi, waʻa (canoes) are traditionally manufactured from the trunk of the koa tree. They typically carry a crew of six: one steersman and five paddlers.

text: The Pacific Ocean has been the nursery for many different forms of dugout sailing craft. They differ in their sail plan (i.e., crab-claw or half-crab-claw, Latin, or triangular), hull formats (single, double, catamaran or proa), the absence or presence of a beam (a bridge for a double hull). Hull shapes and end forms vary greatly. Masts can "be right or made of double spars." Hulls can be constructed by assembling boards or digging out tree trunks. Intended use (fish, war, sea voyage) and geographical features (beach, lagoon, reefs) are reflected in design. Importantly, there is an important dividing line: some craft use a tacking rig; others "shunt" that is change tack "by reversing the sail from one end of the hull to the other." Tacking rigs are similar to those seen in most parts of the world, but shunting rigs change tack by reversing the sail from one end of the hull to the other and sailing in the opposite direction (the "Pushmi-pullyu" of the sailing world).[23]

text: John F. Kennedy's PT-109[edit]

text: The Solomon Islanders have used and continue to use dugout canoes to travel between islands. In World War II these were used during the Japanese occupation - with their small visual and noise signatures these were among the smallest boats used by the Allied forces in World War II. After the sinking of PT-109, Biuku Gasa reached the shipwrecked John F. Kennedy by dugout.


document_title: Islam by country

question_text: what is the country with the largest muslim population

text: Islam by country

text: Denominations[edit]

text:
Organisation of
Islamic Cooperation

Economy

GDP (PPP)
GDP (PPP) per capita
Exports
Imports

Education

Member states

By population
Largest cities

Parliamentary Union

v
t
e

text: Historically, Islam was divided into two major religious denominations: Sunni and Shi'a. Of the total Muslim population, 87-90% are Sunni and 10-13% are Shi'a. Most Shi'as (between 68% and 80%) live in mainly four countries: Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain and Iraq.[17] Today, many of the Shia sects are extinct. The major surviving Imamah-Muslim Sects are Usulism (with nearly more than 10%), Nizari Ismailism (with nearly more than 1%) and Alevism (with slightly more than 0.5%[18] but less than 1%[19]). The other existing groups include Zaydi Shi'a of Yemen whose population is nearly more than 0.5% of the world's Muslim population, Musta’li Ismaili (with nearly 0.1%[20] whose Taiyabi adherents reside in Sindh and Gujarat in South Asia. There are also significant diaspora populations in Europe, North America, the Far East and East Africa[21]), and Ibadis from the Kharijites whose population has diminished to a level below 0.15%. On the other hand, new Muslim sects like the Nation of Islam, Ahmadi Muslims[22] (with nearly around 1%[23]), non-denominational Muslims, Quranist Muslims and Wahhabis (with nearly around 1-2%[24] of the world's total Muslim population) were later independently developed.

text: According to the Pew Research Center in 2010, there were 50 Muslim-majority countries.[25][26] Around 62% of the world's Muslims live in the Asia-Pacific region (from Turkey to Indonesia), with over 1 billion adherents.[27] The largest Muslim population in a country is in Indonesia, a nation home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims, followed by Pakistan (11.0%), and India (10.9%).[4][28] About 20% of Muslims live in Arab countries.[29] In the Middle East, the non-Arab countries of Iran and Turkey are the largest Muslim-majority countries; in Africa, Egypt and Nigeria have the most populous Muslim communities.[4][28] The study found more Muslims in the United Kingdom than in Lebanon and more in China than in Syria.[4]

text: Countries[edit]

text: Most of the percentages of Muslim populations of each country, if not stated otherwise, were taken from the study by the Pew Research Center report of The Future of the Global Muslim Population, as of 27 January 2011.[4][30] Other studies show variance with Pew figures. The percentage of Muslims in Egypt is given as 93.7%. However, the figure for Christians in Egypt is usually estimated at 12-15%, but in truth nobody knows since there has been no religious census. Likewise the percentage of Christians in Jordan is usually estimated to be 6-7%.

text: Table[edit]

text:
Country/Region
Muslims
Muslim percentage (%) of total population
Percentage (%) of World Muslim population

 Afghanistan
29,047,100
99.8
1.8

 Albania
1,587,608
56.7[31]
0.1

 Algeria
40,400,000
98.2[4]–99[32]
2.7

 American Samoa
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Andorra
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Angola
90,000
1.0
< 0.1

 Anguilla
< 1,000
0.3
< 0.1

 Antigua and Barbuda
< 1,000
0.6
< 0.1

 Argentina
784,000
2.5
< 0.1

 Armenia
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Aruba
< 1,000
0.4
< 0.1

 Australia
604,000[33]
2.6
< 0.1

 Austria
700,000[34]
8[34]
< 0.1

 Azerbaijan
9,872,765
96.9
0.5

 Bahamas
< 1,000
0.1
< 0.1

 Bahrain
866,888[35]
70.2[35]
< 0.1

 Bangladesh
148,607,000[36]
90.4
9.2

 Barbados
2,000
0.9
< 0.1

 Belarus
19,000
0.2
< 0.1

 Belgium
658,463
5.9[37]
< 0.1

 Belize
< 1,000
0.1
< 0.1

 Benin
2,710,000
24.5
0.1

 Bermuda
< 1,000
0.8
< 0.1

 Bhutan
≤ 2,000[38]
0.2[38]
< 0.1

 Bolivia
2,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Bosnia-Herzegovina
1,790,454
50.7[39]
0.1

 Botswana
8,000
0.4
< 0.1

 Brazil
204,000
0.1
< 0.1

 British Virgin Islands
< 1,000
1.2
< 0.1

 Brunei
295,000
67[40]
< 0.1

 Bulgaria
577,000[41]
7.8
< 0.1

 Burkina Faso
11,270,000
60.5[42]
0.6

 Burma (Myanmar)
2,237,495
2.3[43]
0.1

 Burundi
277,480
2.5[44]
< 0.1

 Cambodia
303,187[45]
1.9[45]
< 0.1

 Cameroon
4,940,000
20.9[46]
0.2

 Canada
1,053,945[47]
3.2[47][48]
0.1

 Cape Verde
10,000
2[32]
< 0.1

 Cayman Islands
< 1,000
0.2
< 0.1

 Central African Republic
403,000
15[49][50]
< 0.1

 Chad
7,827,653
58[32]
0.4

 Chile
2,894[51]
0.03 (over 15+ pop.)[51]
< 0.1

 China
22,000,000[52]-50,000,000[53]
1.8
1.4

 Cocos (Keeling) Islands
< 1,000[54]
80[54]
< 0.1

 Colombia
40,000 to 80,000[55]
0.2
< 0.1

 The Comoros
785,000
98.3
< 0.1

 Congo
3,648,267
5[32]
0.1

 Cook Islands
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Costa Rica
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Côte d'Ivoire
7,960,000
40[56][57][58]
0.5

 Croatia
60,000
1.4[37]
< 0.1

 Cuba
10,000
0.1
< 0.1

 Cyprus
273,000
22.7
< 0.1

 Czech Republic
10,500
0.1
< 0.1

 Denmark
230,000
4.1[37]
< 0.1

 Djibouti
853,000
97.0
0.1

 Dominica
< 1,000
0.2
< 0.1

 Dominican Republic
2,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Ecuador
145
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Egypt
73,800,000
90[59]
4.9

 El Salvador
2,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Equatorial Guinea
28,000
4.1
< 0.1

 Eritrea
1,909,000
36.6[60]-48[61]/50
0.1

 Estonia
1,508
<0.1
< 0.1

 Ethiopia
25,037,646[62]
34
1.8

 Faroe Islands
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Falkland Islands
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Federated States of Micronesia
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Fiji
54,000
6.3
<0.1

 Finland
42,000[63]
0.8[63]
<0.1

 France
5,020,000
7.5[37]
0.3

 French Guiana
2,000
0.9
<0.1

 French Polynesia
< 1,000
< 0.1
<0.1

 Gabon
145,000
9.7
<0.1

 Gambia
1,669,000
95.3
0.1

 Georgia
442,000
10.5
<0.1

 Germany
3,551,802-4,700,000[64][63]
4.4-5.8
0.2

 Ghana
4,914,000
18[32]
0.2

 Gibraltar
1,000
4.0
<0.1

 Greece
610,000
5.3[37]
<0.1

 Greenland
< 1,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Grenada
< 1,000
0.3
<0.1

 Guadeloupe
2,000
0.4
<0.1

 Guam
< 1,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Guatemala
1,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Guinea
8,693,000
84.2
0.5

 Guinea Bissau
705,000
45[65]
<0.1

 Guyana
55,000
7.2
<0.1

 Haiti
2,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Honduras
11,000
0.1
<0.1

 Hong Kong
220,000[66]
3.1
<0.1

 Hungary
5,579[67]
0.3
<0.1

 Iceland
770[68]
0.2[68]
<0.1

 India
180,000,000[69]
14.2[70]
9.6

 Indonesia
225,000,000[71]
87.2[72]
12.7

 Iran
80,750,000[73]
99.7
4.6

 Iraq
31,108,000
99
1.9

 Ireland
70,158
1.3[74]
<0.1

 Isle of Man
< 1,000
0.2
<0.1

 Israel
1,287,000
17.7
0.1

 Italy
2,220,000
3.7[37]
0.1

 Jamaica
1,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Japan
185,000
0.1
<0.1

 Jordan
6,397,000
93.8
0.4

 Kazakhstan
11,200,000
70.2 (official census)[75]
0.5

 Kenya
2,868,000
10[76]
0.2

 Kiribati
< 1,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Kosovo
1,584,000[77]
95.6
0.1

 Kuwait
2,636,000
74.1[78]
0.2

 Kyrgyzstan
4,927,000
88.8
0.3

 Laos
1,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Latvia
2,000
0.1
<0.1

 Lebanon
2,542,000
59.7
0.2

 Lesotho
1,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Liberia
523,000
12.8
<0.1

 Libya
6,325,000
96.6
0.4

 Liechtenstein
2,000
4.8
<0.1

 Lithuania
3,000
0.1
<0.1

 Luxembourg
11,000
2.3
<0.1

 Macau
< 1,000
<0.1
<0.1

 Macedonia
500,000
33.3[79]
<0.1

 Madagascar
220,000
7[80]
<0.1

 Malawi
2,011,000
12.8
0.1

 Malaysia
19,500,000
61.4
1.1

 Maldives
309,000
100
<0.1

 Mali
15,667,704
95[32]
0.8

 Malta
1,000
0.2
<0.1

 Marshall Islands
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Martinique
< 1,000
0.2
< 0.1

 Mauritania
4,171,633
100[81]
0.2

 Mauritius
230,118
17.3[82]
< 0.1

 Mayotte
197,000
98.8
< 0.1

 Mexico
3,700[83] - 111,000[4]
0.1
< 0.1

 Moldova
15,000
0.4
< 0.1

 Monaco
< 1,000
0.5
< 0.1

 Mongolia
200,000
6
< 0.1

 Montenegro
118,477[84]
19.11[84]
< 0.1

 Montserrat
< 1,000
0.1
< 0.1

 Morocco
32,381,000
99[85]
2.0

 Mozambique
5,340,000
22.8
0.3

 Namibia
9,000
0.4
< 0.1

 Nauru
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Nepal
1,253,000
4.2
0.1

 Netherlands
825,000/1,000,000
5[86] - 6[37]
0.1

 Netherlands Antilles
< 1,000
0.2
< 0.1

 New Caledonia
7,000
2.8
< 0.1

 New Zealand
41,000
0.9
< 0.1

 Nicaragua
1,000
<0.1
< 0.1

 Niger
19,502,214
98.3[87]
1.0

 Nigeria
93,839,000
41[87]-50[88]
4.7

 Niue
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 North Korea
3,000
0.1
< 0.1

 Northern Mariana Islands
< 1,000
0.7
< 0.1

 Norway
121,098[89]
2.3[89] (official census via CIA, of July 2016).
< 0.1

 Oman
2,427,000
85.9[90]
0.2

 Pakistan
200,294,136[91]
96.4
11.0

 Palau
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Palestinian Territories
4,298,000
97.5
0.3

 Panama
25,000
0.7
< 0.1

 Papua New Guinea
2,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Paraguay
1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Peru
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Philippines
5,000,000-10,700,000[92]
5-11
0.3-0.6

 Poland
20,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Portugal
65,000
0.6
< 0.1

 Puerto Rico
1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Qatar
1,168,000
77.5
0.1

 Republic of Congo
77,736
1.6
< 0.1

 Reunion
35,000
4.2
< 0.1

 Romania
73,000
0.3
< 0.1

 Russia
9,400,000[93] - 20,000,000[94]
6.5[93] - 15[94][95]
1.0

 Rwanda
589,429
4.8[96]
< 0.1

 St. Helena
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 St. Kitts and Nevis
< 1,000
0.3
< 0.1

 St. Lucia
< 1,000
0.1
< 0.1

 St. Pierre and Miquelon
< 1,000
0.2
< 0.1

 St. Vincent and the Grenadines
2,000
1.7
< 0.1

 Samoa
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 San Marino
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 São Tomé and Príncipe
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Saudi Arabia
25,493,000
97.1
1.6

 Senegal
14,584,931
95.9
0.8

 Serbia
221,460
3.1[97]
< 0.1

 Seychelles
< 1,000
1.1
< 0.1

 Sierra Leone
4,171,000
71.5
0.3

 Singapore
721,000
14.7[98]
< 0.1

 Slovakia
10,866
0.2[37]
< 0.1

 Slovenia
73,568
3.6[37]
< 0.1

 Solomon Islands
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Somalia
9,231,000
98.9[99][100][101][102]
0.6

 South Africa
654,064[103]
1.5
< 0.1

 South Korea
35,000
0.1
< 0.1

 South Sudan
610,000
6.2
<0.1

 Spain
1,887,906
4.1[104]
0.1

 Sri Lanka
1,967,227[105]
9.71[105]
0.1

 Sudan
39,027,950
97.0[106]
1.9

 Suriname
84,000
19.6[107]
< 0.1

 Swaziland
129,230
10[108]
< 0.1

 Sweden
450,000-500,000[109]
5[109]
< 0.1

 Switzerland
400,000[110]
5[110]
< 0.1

 Syria
17,376,000
82.9[111]
1.0

 Taiwan
60,000[112]
0.3[113]
< 0.1

 Tajikistan
6,506,000
96.7[114][115]
0.4

 Tanzania
19,426,814
35[116]
0.8

 Thailand
3,952,000
5.8
0.2

 Timor-Leste
1,000
0.1
< 0.1

 Togo
827,000
20[117]
0.1

 Tokelau
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Tonga
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Trinidad and Tobago
78,000
5.8
< 0.1

 Tunisia
11,190,000
99.8
0.6

 Turkey
74,660,000
98.6
4.6

 Turkmenistan
4,830,000
93.3
0.3

 Turks and Caicos Islands
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Tuvalu
< 1,000
0.1
< 0.1

 Uganda
5,030,000
12.0
0.3

 Ukraine
393,000[118]
0.9
< 0.1

 United Arab Emirates
3,262,000
67[119]
0.2

 United Kingdom
3,106,368
4.8[37]
0.2

 United States
2,595,000
0.8[120]-0.9[121]
0.2

 U.S. Virgin Islands
< 1,000
0.1
< 0.1

 Uruguay
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Uzbekistan
26,833,000
96.5
1.7

 Vanuatu
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Vatican City
0
0
0

 Venezuela
95,000
0.3
< 0.1

 Vietnam
71,200[122]
0.2
< 0.1

 Wallis and Futuna
< 1,000
< 0.1
< 0.1

 Western Sahara
528,000
99.6
< 0.1

 Yemen
24,023,000
99.0
1.5

 Zambia
140,000
1[32]
< 0.1

 Zimbabwe
488,656
3[32]
< 0.1

Zh !Central Asia
54,000,000[123]
81[124]
3.0

Zi !South Asia
600,000,000[125][126]
31.4[127][128]
30.6[129][130]

Zj !Southeast-East Asia
257,000,000[131][123]
12.0
15.0

Zk !Middle East-North Africa (MENA)
315,322,000[13]
91.2
22.9

Zl !Sub-Saharan Africa
242,544,000
29.6
15.0

Zm !Europe
44,138,000
6.0
2.7

Zn !Americas
5,256,000
0.6
0.3

Zo !World Total
1,800,000,000[1]
24.1
100.0