document_title: Indian Ocean trade

question_text: when did the indian ocean trade route began

text: Indian Ocean trade

text: Early period[edit]

text: There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and Mesopotamian civilizations as early as the middle Harappan Phase (2600-1900 BCE), with much commerce being handled by "middlemen merchants from Dilmun" (modern Bahrain and Failaka located in the Persian Gulf).[1] Such long-distance sea trade became feasible with the development of plank-built watercraft, equipped with a single central mast supporting a sail of woven rushes or cloth.[citation needed]

text: Several coastal settlements like Sotkagen-dor (astride Dasht River, north of Jiwani), Sokhta Koh (astride Shadi River, north of Pasni), and Balakot (near Sonmiani) in Pakistan along with Lothal in western India, testify to their role as Harappan trading outposts. Shallow harbours located at the estuaries of rivers opening into the sea allowed brisk maritime trade with Mesopotamian cities.[citation needed]

text: Hellenic Period[edit]

text: Prior to Roman expansion, the various peoples of the subcontinent had established strong maritime trade with other countries. The dramatic increase in South Asian ports, however, did not occur until the opening of the Red Sea by the Greeks and the Romans and the attainment of geographical knowledge concerning the region’s seasonal monsoons. In fact, the first two centuries of the Common Era indicate this increase in trade between present-day western India and Rome. This expansion of trade was due to the comparative peace established by the Roman Empire during the time of Augustus (23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), which allowed for new explorations.

text: Roman period[edit]

text: The replacement of Greece by the Roman empire as the administrator of the Mediterranean basin led to the strengthening of direct maritime trade with the east and the elimination of the taxes extracted previously by the middlemen of various land-based trading routes.[2] Strabo's mention of the vast increase in trade following the Roman annexation of Egypt indicates that monsoon was known and manipulated for trade in his time.[3]

text: The trade started by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 130 BCE kept increasing, and according to Strabo (II.5.12.), writing some 150 years later:[4]

text: At any rate, when Gallus was prefect of Egypt, I accompanied him and ascended the Nile as far as Syene and the frontiers of Kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia), and I learned that as many as one hundred and twenty vessels were sailing from Myos Hormos to the subcontinent, whereas formerly, under the Ptolemies, only a very few ventured to undertake the voyage and to carry on traffic in Indian merchandise.

text: By the time of Augustus up to 120 ships were setting sail every year from Myos Hormos to India.[4] So much gold was used for this trade, and apparently recycled by the Kushan Empire (Kushans) for their own coinage, that Pliny the Elder (NH VI.101) complained about the drain of specie to India:[5]

text: Roman ports[edit]

text: The three main Roman ports involved with eastern trade were Arsinoe, Berenice and Myos Hormos. Arsinoe was one of the early trading centers but was soon overshadowed by the more easily accessible Myos Hormos and Berenice.

text: Arsinoe[edit]

text: The Ptolemaic dynasty exploited the strategic position of Alexandria to secure trade with the subcontinent.[6] The course of trade with the east then seems to have been first through the harbor of Arsinoe, the present day Suez.[6] The goods from the East African trade were landed at one of the three main Roman ports, Arsinoe, Berenice or Myos Hormos.[7] The Romans repaired and cleared out the silted up canal from the Nile to harbor center of Arsinoe on the Red Sea.[8]  This was one of the many efforts the Roman administration had to undertake to divert as much of the trade to the maritime routes as possible.[8]

text: Arsinoe was eventually overshadowed by the rising prominence of Myos Hormos.[8] The navigation to the northern ports, such as Arsinoe-Clysma, became difficult in comparison to Myos Hormos due to the northern winds in the Gulf of Suez.[9] Venturing to these northern ports presented additional difficulties such as shoals, reefs and treacherous currents.[9]

text: Myos Hormos and Berenice[edit]

text: Myos Hormos and Berenice appear to have been important ancient trading ports, possibly used by the Pharaonic traders of ancient Egypt and the Ptolemaic dynasty before falling into Roman control.[10]

text: The site of Berenice, since its discovery by Belzoni (1818), has been equated  with the ruins near Ras Banas in Southern Egypt.[10] However, the precise location of Myos Hormos is disputed with the latitude and longitude given in Ptolemy's Geography favoring Abu Sha'ar and the accounts given in classical literature and satellite images indicating a probable identification with Quseir el-Quadim at the end of a fortified road from Koptos on the Nile.[10] The Quseir el-Quadim site has further been associated with Myos Hormos following the excavations at el-Zerqa, halfway along the route, which have revealed ostraca leading to the conclusion that the port at the end of this road may have been Myos Hormos.[10]

text: Major regional ports[edit]

text: The regional ports of Barbaricum (modern Karachi), Sounagoura (central Bangladesh) Barygaza, Muziris in Kerala,  Korkai, Kaveripattinam and Arikamedu on the southern tip of present-day India were the main centers of this trade, along with Kodumanal, an inland city. The Periplus Maris Erythraei describes Greco-Roman merchants selling in Barbaricum "thin clothing, figured linens, topaz, coral, storax, frankincense, vessels of glass, silver and gold plate, and a little wine" in exchange for "costus, bdellium, lycium, nard, turquoise, lapis lazuli, Seric skins, cotton cloth, silk yarn, and indigo".[11] In Barygaza, they would buy wheat, rice, sesame oil, cotton and cloth.[11]

text: Barigaza[edit]

text: Trade with Barigaza, under the control of the Indo-Scythian Western Satrap Nahapana ("Nambanus"), was especially flourishing:[11]

text: There are imported into this market-town (Barigaza), wine, Italian preferred, also Laodicean and Arabian; copper, tin, and lead; coral and topaz; thin clothing and inferior sorts of all kinds; bright-colored girdles a cubit wide; storax, sweet clover, flint glass, realgar, antimony, gold and silver coin, on which there is a profit when exchanged for the money of the country; and ointment, but not very costly and not much. And for the King there are brought into those places very costly vessels of silver, singing boys, beautiful maidens for the harem, fine wines, thin clothing of the finest weaves, and the choicest ointments. There are exported from these places spikenard, costus, bdellium, ivory, agate and carnelian, lycium, cotton cloth of all kinds, silk cloth, mallow cloth, yarn, long pepper and such other things as are brought here from the various market-towns. Those bound for this market-town from Egypt make the voyage favorably about the month of July, that is Epiphi.

text: Muziris[edit]

text: Muziris is a lost port city on the south-western coast of India which was a major center of trade in the ancient Tamil land between the Chera kingdom and the Roman Empire.[12] Its location is generally identified with modern-day Cranganore (central Kerala).[13][14] Large hoards of coins and innumerable shards of amphorae found at the town of Pattanam (near Cranganore) have elicited recent archeological interest in finding a probable location of this port city.[12]

text: According to the Periplus, numerous Greek seamen managed an intense trade with Muziris:[11]

text: Then come Naura and Tyndis, the first markets of Damirica (Limyrike), and then Muziris and Nelcynda, which are now of leading importance. Tyndis is of the Kingdom of Cerobothra; it is a village in plain sight by the sea. Muziris, of the same Kingdom, abounds in ships sent there with cargoes from Arabia, and by the Greeks; it is located on a river, distant from Tyndis by river and sea five hundred stadia, and up the river from the shore twenty stadia"

text: Arikamedu[edit]

text: The Periplus Maris Erythraei mentions a marketplace named Poduke (ch. 60), which G.W.B. Huntingford identified as possibly being Arikamedu in Tamil Nadu, a centre of early Chola trade (now part of Ariyankuppam), about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) from the modern Pondicherry.[15] Huntingford further notes that Roman pottery was found at Arikamedu in 1937, and archeological excavations between 1944 and 1949 showed that it was "a trading station to which goods of Roman manufacture were imported during the first half of the 1st century AD".[15]

text: Decline and Legacy[edit]

text: Following the Roman-Persian Wars, the areas under the Roman Byzantine Empire were captured by Khosrow II of the Persian Sassanian Dynasty,[16] but the Byzantine emperor Heraclius reconquered them (628). The Arabs, led by 'Amr ibn al-'As, crossed into Egypt in late 639 or early 640 CE.[17] This advance marked the beginning of the Islamic conquest of Egypt[17] and the fall of ports such as Alexandria,[18] used to secure trade with the subcontinent by the Roman world since the Ptolemaic dynasty.[6]

text: The decline in trade saw the ancient Tamil country turn to Southeast Asia for international trade, where it influenced the native culture to a greater degree than the impressions made on Rome.[19]

text: Hindu-Buddhist period[edit]

text: The Satavahanas developed shipping ventures in Southeast Asia.

text: The 8th century depiction of a wooden double outrigger and sailed Borobudur ship in ancient Java suggests that there were ancient trading links across the Indian Ocean between Indonesia and Madagascar and East Africa sometimes referred to as the 'Cinnamon Route.' The single or double outrigger is a typical feature of vessels of the seafaring Austronesians and the most likely vessel used for their voyages and exploration across Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Indian Ocean.[20] During this period, between 7th to 13th century in Indonesian archipelago flourished the Srivijaya thalassocracy empire that rule the maritime trade network in maritime Southeast Asia and connecting India and China.

text: Muslim period[edit]

text: During the Muslim period, in which the Muslims had dominated the trade across the Indian Ocean, the Gujaratis were bringing spices from the Moluccas as well as silk from China, in exchange for manufactured items such as textiles, and then selling them to the Egyptians and Arabs.[21] Calicut was the center of Indian pepper exports to the Red Sea and Europe at this time[21] with Egyptian and Arab traders being particularly active.[21]

text: In Madagascar, merchants and slave traders from the Middle East (Shirazi Persians, Omani Arabs, Arabized Jews, accompanied by Bantus from southeast Africa) and from Asia (Gujarat Indians, Malays, Javanese, Bugis) were sometimes integrated within the indigenous Malagasy clans [22][23]  New waves of Austronesian migrants arrived in Madagascar at this time leaving behind a lasting cultural and genetic legacy.[24]

text: Chinese travels[edit]

text: Chinese fleets under Zheng He criscrossed the Indian Ocean during the early part of the 15th century. The missions were diplomatic rather than commercial, but many exchanges of gift and produces were made.

text: Portuguese period[edit]

text: The Portuguese under Vasco da Gama discovered a naval route to the Indian Ocean through the southern tip of Africa in 1497–98. Initially, the Portuguese were mainly active in Calicut, but the northern region of Gujarat was even more important for trade, and an essential intermediary in east-west trade.[21]

text: Venetian interests were directly threatened as the traditional trade patterns were eliminated and the Portuguese became able to undersell the Venetians in the spice trade in Europe. Venice broke diplomatic relations with Portugal and started to look at ways to counter its intervention in the Indian Ocean, sending an ambassador to the Egyptian court.[25] Venice negotiated for Egyptian tariffs to be lowered to facilitate competition with the Portuguese, and suggested that "rapid and secret remedies" be taken against the Portuguese.[25] The Mamluks sent a fleet in 1507 under Amir Husain Al-Kurdi, which would fight in the Battle of Chaul.[25]

text: The Ottomans tried to challenge Portugal's hegemony in the Persian Gulf region by sending an armada against the Portuguese under Ali Bey in 1581. They were supported in this endeavor by the chiefs of several local principalities and port towns such as Muscat, Gwadar, and Pasni. However, the Portuguese successfully intercepted and destroyed the Ottoman Armada. Subsequently, the Portuguese attacked Gwadar and Pasni on the Mekran Coast and sacked them in retaliation for providing aid and comfort to the enemy.

text: Dutch and English period[edit]

text: During the 16th century the Portuguese had established bases in the Persian Gulf. In 1602, the Iranian army under the command of Imam-Quli Khan Undiladze managed to expel the Portuguese from Bahrain. In 1622, with the help of four English ships, Abbas retook Hormuz from the Portuguese in the capture of Ormuz. He replaced it as a trading centre with a new port, Bandar Abbas, nearby on the mainland, but it never became as successful.

text: Japanese Trade[edit]

text:
During the 16th and 17th century, Japanese ships also made forays into Indian Ocean trade through the Red Seal ship
system.


document_title: List of My Babysitter's a Vampire characters

question_text: my babysitter's a vampire cast little sister

question_tokens: my babysitter 's a vampire cast little sister

root

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Ethan[edit]

text: Ethan Morgan (portrayed by Matthew Knight) is a geeky sci-fi-loving 15-year-old who discovers that his little sister's babysitter Sarah, is a vampire. Awkward, sweet and well-meaning, Ethan just wants to have a normal high school experience. But the constant paranormal chaos of Whitechapel make that nearly impossible. Ethan is a Seer. Seers are able to see visions through touch. His visions help him learn more about supernatural forces. Ethan lacks social skills because of which he usually finds himself lost when it comes to navigating social waters. Ethan is understood most by Benny, whom he has been best friends with since childhood. He loves playing video games and is book-smart. He is more sarcastic than Benny and thinks things through carefully. He cares for his loved ones and will go to any height to protect them. He is in the chess club along with Benny. Although Benny often gets the two of them into sticky situations, Ethan is usually able to find a way out. His biggest fear is being alone. Later on Ethan begins to develop a romantic relationship with best friend and supernatural partner Sarah in the two part Season 2 finale, "The Date to End All Dates." In Season 2 (The Date To End all Dates Part 2) Benny's grandmother try's to help out Ethan get over his fear in seeing dead people, but then that does not work so when he holds Benny's and Sarah's hand he sees them normal again. But then he has to bring back our loyal friend Jesse, so then they have to go to this old building and defeat the bad guy by Jesse joining their side and not the vampire's side. Then Ethan touches the schoolmaster's soldier and goes into his mind and tells him, You're not strong it's the thing" and then they all run out of the building.

tag: p

text: Sarah[edit]

text: Sarah (portrayed by Vanessa Morgan) is Jane's babysitter, and one of Ethan's best friends who he has a crush on. Although most times, she ends up babysitting Ethan and Benny as well. By the time the pilot movie begins, she is already a new vampire, bitten by her ex-boyfriend Jesse. Since she has not drunk human blood, she is only a fledgling, not fully human, not fully vampire. Hoping for a cure to become human again, Sarah tries her best to fit into high school and be a normal teenage girl, though she is unsuccessful. She refrains from human blood and instead, drinks a human blood substitute that Benny's grandmother makes. Sarah usually aids Ethan and Benny in their quests to defeat supernatural forces and has excellent fighting skills which, combined with her superhuman strength and speed, make her a formidable opponent. She struggles to keep her friends protected from evil vampires, particularly Jesse. In the first season finale, she finally turns into a full vampire when Ethan is bitten by Jesse and she drinks his blood to get the venom out. Although upset at first, she is later shown to somewhat accept what she is in the end. Later on Sarah begins to develop a romantic relationship with best friend and supernatural partner Ethan Morgan in the two part Season 2 finale, "The Date to End All Dates."

text: Benny[edit]

text: Benny Weir (portrayed by Atticus Mitchell) is Ethan's loud and goofy best friend. He is similar to Ethan, being geeky. He often gets into trouble with his antics. Benny has been Ethan's best friend since they were 6 years old. He and Ethan understand each other better than anyone else, although Benny is more funny and outspoken than Ethan. Benny can be just as brave and strategically clever as his pal, though he only showcases these abilities in the most dire of situations. Benny's dream is to make it big as a sorcerer and paranormal expert. He is told by his grandma that he is a Spellmaster and can cast magical spells, although his magic usually goes wrong due to his lack of practice. Benny often tries to lighten the mood when things get too intense. He is girl-crazy and frequently drags Ethan into his schemes, getting them both in trouble. Despite that, Benny is a genuine friend to Ethan and is always ready to go on another adventure. In season two, Benny begins to improve on his magic, becoming more helpful than in the first season. Benny secretly has a crush on Erica.

text: Rory[edit]

text: Rory Keaner (portrayed by Cameron Kennedy) is Ethan and Benny's geeky, dimwitted, funny, non-genuse vampire friend. He is turned into a vampire after being bitten by Jesse at a vampire-infested party. No matter how odd Ethan and Benny are, Rory still manages to be the odd man out. He is even more immature than Ethan and Benny and has ideas that often gets him or all three of them into bad situations. Rory is a follower instead of a leader and has a major crush on Erica and is always eager to impress her, a trend which is in line with the traditional biter-bitten relationship. He is easily manipulated and does whatever he is told to do which leads him to become a full vampire (in the movie he says that his first reason for drinking human blood was because "everyone else was doing it"). Ethan and Benny mostly try to keep Rory out of their adventures, knowing that Rory can get himself into danger with his weak intellect. Rory includes himself nevertheless and though he can be foolish, he supports Ethan and Benny to the best of his ability. Embracing his new-found vampirism, he goes through several short-lived personae including 'Vampire Ninja' and 'Rory Vampire'. He's a fond lover of animals both as pets (he kept a cat called Mr Kitty and two alligators which he mistook for iguanas) and as a delicacy. In the movie he promises Ethan he'll not drink human blood again and sticks to this promise throughout the series only hunting animals, something other vampires including Sarah and Erica find disgusting, though he happily drinks bagged human blood again in "Blood Drive" and "Fanged and Furious" where he fights over a phial of it with Erica. In "The Date to end All Dates- Part 2" he shows courage (or complete stupidity) being ready to face a hooded menace until he finds out the intruder is his vice-principal, only at this point does he cow down and runs. He later displays his loyalty with Erica when he says that "if there's a fight coming I want to be here with my friends", he only avoids the battle when placed under Anastasia's powerful glamour. Rory's last name "Keaner" was shown on a computer screen in episode "Siren Song".

text: Erica[edit]

text: Erica (portrayed by Kate Todd) is a vampire and Sarah's best friend. She is a huge fan of the "Dusk" series. (Dusk is a parody of the Twilight series) Erica becomes a vampire after being bitten by Gord in the same vampire-infested party where Rory was also bitten. Erica is the kind of girl who gets revenge if someone does her wrong. She used to be a nerd when human but has become beautiful since turning into a vampire, a fact she is very proud of. Erica doesn't share an actual friendship with Ethan and Benny but speaks to them when necessary. She is annoyed mostly by Rory and makes sure not to be seen with him. However, she uses his crush on her as an advantage to get him to do things for her. Although Erica is conceited and shallow, she genuinely cares for Sarah and always comes through for her. In the first season finale, she supports Sarah after Sarah becomes a full vampire and tells her that they will (literally) be friends forever. In the second season, Erica becomes closer to Ethan and Benny as well, and subsequently becomes more active in their heroic activities. Erica seeks out Benny to help Sarah out after she dumped the new vice principal in a trash can, Benny doing a forgetting spell and gathers him and Ethan to testify against the Vampire Council's accusations. In "Say You'll Be Maztak", Erica helps Sarah get their male classmates out of a spell where they were controlled by Lucia, who wanted to be reunited with her Sun King. Erica seemed to be jealous that Ethan and Benny were all over Lucia, not believing that they were blowing her and Sarah off for her. In "Mirror/rorriM", Erica is controlled by a ghost trapped in a dressing room mirror during the school's production of the play, "The Rainbow Factory". Benny, Ethan, and Sarah manage to get the ghost out of Erica, in the middle of the play, the audience assuming they were performing. In "Village of the Darned", Benny makes a potion mixed with his blood for Erica and Sarah (because the towns' older citizens were possessed by an evil girl scout troop leaders cookies), Erica initially takes dislike to drinking blood from children and teenagers, citing it had fats; but Erica confides to Sarah that she liked Benny's blood, that it was "the best she ever tasted", and she might be starting to have feelings for him. In "The Date to End All Dates", while the vampire community is preparing to evacuate Whitechapel (in which Erica reluctantly and unwillingly helps them do), Erica helps Sarah and Ethan prepare for their first date, even choosing their restaurant, which was a vampire restaurant, where the staff assumed Ethan was Sarah's meal. Erica was bitten by Jesse's friend.

text: Recurring Characters[edit]

text: Jane Morgan[edit]

text: Jane Morgan (portrayed by Ella Jonas Farlinger) is Ethan's younger, 9-year-old sister. She has her own strange view of the world around her. Jane knows about Ethan's, Benny's, Sarah's, Rory's and Erica's supernatural abilities and keeps the secret, often helping along when they are in dangerous situations. She usually gets her way by blackmailing Ethan, threatening to tell their parents about all of Ethan, Benny, and Sarah's secret adventures. Although she is manipulative, she cares for Ethan and shares a friendly and easy relationship with Benny. Jane seems to have certain limited abilities to cast spells; She once used one of Benny's spells to bring one of her dolls to life and gets her parents and others turned into little dolls after being touched by Jane's doll, prompting Ethan, Benny and Sarah to come to the rescue and turn everyone back to normal again.

text: Samantha Morgan[edit]

text: Samantha Morgan (portrayed by Laura DeCarteret) is the mother of Ethan and Jane Morgan. She is a fun-loving, supportive mom to Ethan and Jane, and will do whatever she can to keep her kids happy. She and her husband go out on date nights every Friday, which is when Sarah is needed to babysit. Although she doesn't quite understand her kids, she loves them all the same.

text: Ross Morgan[edit]

text: Ross Morgan (portrayed by Ari Cohen) is the father of Ethan & Jane Morgan and Samantha Morgan's husband. When Ross isn't taking cookery/dancing/archery lessons with his wife, he sells insurance – which oddly enough is something people in Whitechapel seem to need a lot of. Ross is a proud father to Ethan and Jane, even though he doesn't always understand his son's geeky hobbies. But that doesn't stop him from trying to connect with him.

text: Benny's Grandma[edit]

text: Benny's Grandma Evelyn[1] (portrayed by Joan Gregson) is an Earth Priestess (a witch on the side of good) who knows what to do in every situation that Ethan and Benny get themselves into. She also has everything that often ends up causing the problem. She tends to be sardonic, especially while scolding the boys.

text: Principal Hicks[edit]

text: Principal Hicks (played by Hrant Alianak) is the often dimwitted principal of Whitechapel High School, usually blissfully unaware of what is really going on around him. He often appears concerned about Ethan and Benny because of their weirdness and unusual hobbies.

text: Jesse[edit]

text: Jesse (portrayed by Joe Dinicol) is an evil vampiric cult leader and main antagonist in the movie. In the original settlement of Whitechapel, he was a priest named Reverend Horace Black, and led an evil vampire cult. In recent times, he poses as a high school student. His personality is pure callous, being willing to sacrifice any follower for his own gains. This is shown numerous times such as in the movie when he didn't react to the news that his entire new cult was eliminated by Ethan, Benny and Sarah, and in The Date to end All Dates when he admitted he'd let "most of his old flock" get wiped out by the Lucrifractor two hundred years ago and was extremely willing to let Benny be destroyed when the would-be wizard temporarily turned against them. His plan throughout the movie was to use the cubile animus to exchange the souls of 219 Dusk fans in order to resurrect the 219 ancient souls of the vampires in his cult, known as the "Black Army". He was also the vampire who originally sired Sarah, turning her into a fledgling, and his minions turned Rory and Erica into vampires at his house party. When Ethan and Benny become aware of the existence of vampires, they team up with Sarah to help stop Jesse. Days later Jesse comes close to succeeding in his plan but he and his minions are killed by Ethan and Benny before he can complete it. In the first season finale, he returns from the grave after Ethan and Benny dig up and inadvertently open the cubile animus he was trapped in. He tries to convince Sarah to become a full vampire so they can be together and leave Whitechapel. When Sarah refuses, Jesse bites Ethan's wrist to infect him with vampire venom, compelling Sarah to save him and become a full vampire after all. Jesse leaves, unharmed, and is later banished from Whitechapel by the Vampire Council for being an "undesirable element". Jesse returns in the Season 2 finale to give Ethan a message about someone seeking the powers of the Lucifractor. He says that he cannot deal with it himself due to his banishment. Following Stern succeeding in driving out the vampire council, Ethan invites Jesse back, as he managed to defeat the original wizard Gaelon Sinisteral. Jesse joins them in facing Stern. Jesse is a handsome but sinister vampire whose charming smile hides a deep,dark secret thats centuries old. Not one to leave his fangs a idle for long, Jesse has ambitious plans that he is determined to see succeed. he hopes to one day control not only all of whitechapel, but especially the heart of one beautiful young lady named Sarah.

text: Mr. G[edit]

text: Mr. G (portrayed by Ryan Blakely) is a teacher who often gets wrapped up in the supernatural goings-on that happen at the school, whether he is fully aware or not. He first appears in "Double Negative" to take the yearbook photos but an evil version of Hannah Price is out to use Benny's grandmother's evil camera to make evil doubles of the students. Mr. G is also seen as the school's wrestling team coach in "Friday Night Frights". Mr. G unearths a crystal skull which summons Lucia, a queen looking for her Sun King. Mr. G is later controlled by Lucia, she seeking him to be bearer of a sacred vessel. When the spell is broken over Mr. G (and the other male students), he gives Sarah and Erica detention for smashing the skull he dug up, Mr. G never gave students detention prior to this.

text: Vice Principal Stern[edit]

text: Vice Principal Stern (portrayed by Richard Waugh) The new vice principal in Whitechapel's high school and the main antagonist in season two. He made his first appearance in "Welcome back Dusker" where he was quickly met with Sarah's highly emotional wrath and was plunged headfirst into a trashcan by the newly fully-fledged vampire. His Great grandfather (Gaelon Sinisteral) was a wizard who hated vampires, and attempted to wipe them out but was defeated by Reverend Horace Black (a.k.a. Jesse). Centuries later, Stern planned to do the same. Around the same time as he got the job as vice principal, he conjured the breath of death to begin his vampire genocide, but that plan soon failed. In The Date to End all Dates we also learn from Erica that she despised him since he banned the Dusk Fanclub, no doubt due to its affiliation with vampires. He later attempts to kill Ethan in "Independence Daze" whilst wearing a Grim Reaper-esque disguise and is referred to as "some guy without a face". In the episode Date To End All Dates, his secret is revealed that his new goal was finding the Lucifactor to wipe out all vampires in Whitechapel. He attempts to steal it from Benny and Rory after they find it in the abandoned Darkwood hotel, but was thwarted when he found himself face to face with Jesse's "guard dog". Later he confiscates the Lucifractor from Benny and places Ethan under a spell, making him fear everyone is dead. When Stern attacks the vampire council, he kills several vampires and chases the rest away. He plans to use their beacon (which Jesse states is referred to as "the Caller") to broadcast the Lucifractor's power across town. Benny is put temporarily under his control, but is taken out by his own magic and the vice-principal is soon defeated by Ethan after Sarah and Jesse successfully distract him. Ethan telepathically attacks Stern, and uses the man's own arrogance against him, causing him to absorb energy from the Lucifractor and results in a huge explosion.

text: Minor Characters[edit]

text: Gord[edit]

text: Gord (portrayed Nathan Stephenson) is Jesse's right hand man, and another vampire. He becomes Erica's boyfriend and turns her into a vampire. He is later killed in the climax by holy water rigged sprinklers.

text: Della[edit]

text: Della (portrayed by Rebecca Dalton) is a normal student at Whitechapel High, who gets her heart broken after the death of her dog, Puffles. Benny brings Puffles back to life to woo her but ends up bringing to life every other dead animal buried in the ground. This ends up driving her away from Benny. Della is said to be attending therapy since she can't forget Puffles. Della is seen again in the first season finale at the school dance, later talking with Rory.

text: Stephanie[edit]

text: Stephanie (portrayed by Leah Renee Cudmore (young), Susan Robertson (elder)) is an old witch, disguised as the cheerleader captain, and the antagonist of the episode, Three Cheers for Evil. She went to school with Benny's grandmother but physically looks 17 because she has used her powers to maintain immortality. It's revealed that Stephanie teased Erica when Erica used to be a nerd as a human. Stephanie puts a spell on Erica and Sarah so they obey her. On the night of the school pep rally, Ethan and Benny are able to thwart her plan to steal the souls of the student body and Stephanie's real age is unmasked. An old Stephanie ends up as a lunch lady at Whitechapel High.

text: Annie Vee[edit]

text: Annie "Hot Nurse" Vee (portrayed by Kristin Adams) is the Hot Nurse who appeared in the episode "Blood Drive". Annie was the better-looking and younger nurse at the Blood Drive in Whitechapel. She is a vampire who has worked with the older vampire nurse for years, using blood drives to get their food. She thinks she can do anything and does not like to get involved with the Vampire Council. Benny only went to donate blood because he wanted Annie to do it. Benny then learns she is one of the bloodsuckers and lets Erica and Rory away for a pint of blood from Ethan.

text: Older Nurse[edit]

text: The Older Nurse (portrayed by Amy Ciupak Lalonde) is a character who appeared in the episode Blood Drive. She and Annie are vampire nurses that first appeared in Blood Drive. She makes all the decisions and is the leader of the two. She always thinks that mistakes should be justified and wanted to take Erica and Rory to the Vampire Council for stealing food from their own kind. She took blood out of Benny when he thought that Annie would.

text: Debbie Dazzle[edit]

text: Debbie Dazzle (portrayed by Georgina Reilly) is Jane's favorite doll. She was turned into a human after Jane cast a spell on her to fix her broken leg. She is the antagonist in the episode "Guys and Dolls." Debby loves cupcakes, ice cream, disco-dance parties and make overs. Debbie didn't like being a doll, claiming that it was boring and she wanted to have fun. In order to stay in human form, she sucks life energy out of humans, thus turning them into dolls. Jane manages to reverse the spell to change Debbie back into a doll. But in the end she turn her head at the audience and wink at them. Her counterpart doll is Dazzle Dan. Her look is seemingly based on Katy Perry, though this is never mentioned in the series.

text: Hannah Price[edit]

text: Hannah Price (portrayed by Kiana Madeira) is the photographer, and the leader of the yearbook committee at Whitechapel High in the episode Double Negative. Ethan and Benny mistakenly believe she has a crush on Ethan after misinterpreting her actions. It was found at the end, that she had a boyfriend. She bought a camera from Benny at a yard sale for $10 and wanted to use the camera for yearbook photos, not knowing of its evil powers.

text: Coach Ed[edit]

text: Coach Ed (portrayed by Clé Bennett) is a character in the episode, Friday Night Frights. He is a ghost whose spirit was locked into Whitechapel High's sole sports trophy. His spirit was released when Ethan held the trophy, and haunted him relentlessly. Ethan tried to confide in Sarah and Benny to get rid of him, but in the end he agreed to win a new trophy for his spirit to move on. Though Ethan 'cheated' to win the trophy, the coach's spirit was banished by the ghosts of those he coached.

text: Kurt "The Hurt" Lochner[edit]

text: Kurt Lochner (portrayed by William Greenblatt) is an ace wrestler who appears in Friday Night Frights. In this episode, he is dating Erica, and Sarah is led to suspect that he is a vampire and tries to investigate; only leading Ethan to think that she likes him.

text: Ethan and Kurt meet during a wrestling match, and Ethan wins a trophy by pinching him to the floor and tickling his neck to keep him under. He tries to beat up Ethan, but Sarah knocks him to the ground and confirms that he has been "beaten by a geek and a girl". He is last seen on a date with Erica, who shows him her fangs. It is unknown what happened to him later.

text: David Stachowski[edit]

text: David Stachowski (portrayed by Jake Epstein) is a character from the episode Blue Moon. He is the hairiest jock at Whitechapel High and very popular. He makes Ethan and Benny his best friends but Ethan suspects that David is a werewolf and has a motive behind making them his friends. Benny tries a spell to expose him, but it has no effect whatsoever. However Ethan has a vision that confirms his suspicions of David. He then sees that David scratched him and starts to turn into a werewolf. It is revealed that David knew Ethan is a Seer and was hoping Ethan could help him find the cure to become human again. During a party at Ethan's house, Ethan and Benny find out that David isn't an actual werewolf after Sarah, Benny, Rory, and Erica mistake Ethan as David; he simply turns into a shaggy dog under the full moon, making him a weredog.

text: Doug Falconhawk/Machowski[edit]

text: Doug Falconhawk (true name Doug Machowski, portrayed by Thomas Mitchell) is the host of his own television show that called him the Scarefinder. Rory, Benny and Ethan are his only fans because his lack of locating paranormal activities is boring the audience except those three. He makes his first appearance in Doug The Vampire Hunter and hires the kids to hunt vampires. His show is eventually ruined by his fans.

text: Dirk Baddison[edit]

text: Dirk Baddison (played by Jamie Johnston) is the actor who portrays the vampire named James in the Dusk series, he appears in "Welcome Back Dusker" when Ethan starts the rumor that he's coming to Whitechapel, in order to get Sarah to come back. Erica abducts Dirk, showing him that she's a vampire and that vampires are real, Dirk involuntarily gets dragged in front of the vampire council with Erica, and the head of the council likes Dirk, wanting his autograph for "a friend". Dirk is placed into a psychiatric facility after going to the media and saying he has a vampire girlfriend, pictures he took with Erica showed that only he was in the pictures, because vampires don't show up on film.

text: Anastasia[edit]

text: Anastasia (portrayed by Addison Holley) is first introduced in "Welcome back Dusker" as a little girl who is after Ethan and Sarah because vampires are being attacked by an ominous green mist later identified by Benny as, "The Breath of Death". She initially accuses Ethan of being the one behind the vampire attacks as he is a known vampire hunter and because vampires sent by the Council to retrieve his love interest Sarah were killed in his garden. When one of the other council members is taken over by the Breath of Death and tries to go after her, Ethan saves her and she believes that he has nothing to do with it. She secretly likes Dirk Baddison, asking to have his autograph "for a friend". Her personality is heavily juxtaposed to her demeanor, as she is very assertive (despite being on a council where each member has an equal vote, she always takes charge and no one seems willing to go against her) and also sinister and scary, usually resorting to death threats to get things done. Rory claims she's "scary" (at the end of "The Date to End All Dates") while Benny refers to her as "Little Miss Fang-Fang". Her sense of style both in her outfits and possessions (such as her choice of duffle bag in "The Date to end all Dates- Part 2") shows that despite her youthful appearance she is actually several centuries old. Despite banishing him, she is somewhat similar to Jesse, being quick to use force, mind control and is very williing to sacrifice her followers to save herself (Jesse freely admits he allowed most of his "flock" to be Lucifractored so he could defeat Stern's great-grandfather and Anastasia happily sent guards at Stern knowing they had no chance of defeating him while she fled Whitechapel. She also says that Stern could "have this town" (Whitechapel), in essence leaving every vampire in Whitechapel at the mercy of the vengeful vice-principal by leaving the Caller (a device Jesse says the Council uses to communicate with other covens) undefended). Most likely she only forced Rory and Erica to flee with her as all her remaining guards were busy holding off Stern while the rest of her Council had already fled.

text: Lucia[edit]

text: Lucia (portrayed by Shiva Negar) is a queen in search of her Sun King, Mr. G summons her when he digs up a crystal skull around the school. Lucia uses Mr. G and his male students to get reunited with her Sun King. The students make an altar out of the classroom desks for Lucia along with finding things such as animal hearts, gold, and jewelry. And Lucia initially chooses Rory to be "The Chosen One", or a sacrifice to the Sun King, but when she learns Rory is a vampire and isn't pure, she moves onto Ethan instead, who is breaking from Lucia's control over him. Sarah and Erica defeat Lucia after learning that the moon could interfere with Lucia's plan, they use moon rocks that Ethan bought to get their friends and classmates out of Lucia's spell. Ethan destroys Lucia using a moon rock as well, the skull crashing to the floor in the process.

text: Malcolm Bruner[edit]

text: Malcolm Bruner (portrayed by Scott Beaudin) is a Whitechapel High student whose grandfather had recently passed in the episode "Fanged and Furious". Ethan wanted to buy his grandfather's clunker car, but chose against it when he learned the car was possessed by a vampire. Bruner threatens to have Ethan's learner's permit revoked because he thinks Ethan stole the car and tried to run him over with it. When he came to school the next day he was all bandaged up and Rory told him his bandages were leaking.

text: Sunday Clovers[edit]

text: Sunday Clovers (portrayed by Bindi Irwin) is an energetic foreign exchange student from Australia who becomes lead in the school's upcoming play, "The Rainbow Factory", where Erica is assigned as her understudy. Clovers looks in a possessed dressing room mirror and she is controlled by the ghost trapped in it, to harm her classmates involved in the play. In the process of doing that, Clovers cuts numerous sandbags hoping to hurt her classmates, many of them fell on her in the process, breaking both of her legs; Sarah thought suspiciously that Erica did it to become lead in the play. Clovers watches a controlled Erica on stage the night of the play, sitting by Ethan's mother, both amazed at Erica's "acting".

text: Boltz[edit]

text: In "Jockenstein", Boltz is a robotic hockey player at Whitechapel High, invented by the coach to win games, taking human body parts to make him. The coach abducts Ethan and tries to take Ethan's brain and put it into Boltz to make him the greatest hockey player ever, until Sarah manages to stop the coach while Benny and Erica try to dismantle Boltz.

text: Hottie Ho-Tep[edit]

text: Hottie Ho-Tep (portrayed by Jesse Rath) is an ancient Egyptian mummy that took the form of a human teen by taking magical objects from Benny's home, after Benny took his pancreas, causing his mummy to break out of its sarcophagus. Hottie falls for Sarah and vice versa, trying to take her back to the underworld with her as his. Benny and Ethan manage to stop him by shaking Hottie's ancient artifacts that were buried with him.

text: Serena[edit]

text: Serena (portrayed by Kendra Timmins) is a local singing sensation who has the voice of an angel, but in reality she's a siren; a mythical creature whose songs bring out the self-destructive worst in anyone who hears it. Ethan, Benny, and Rory sign up for the talent show to stop Serena, using her songs against her, to stop her from bringing out the worst of people in the whole town.

text: Richard Bruner[edit]

text: Richard (portrayed by Trevor Coll) is grandson of Milfred Bruner. A tall, handsome, snooty prep-school kid. Extremely condescending.Younger version of the Winklevoss twins from The Social Network. The gang figures out that Richard is the latest target of the evil car…so in order to save Richard they invite him over under the pretense of taking his picture for a “Charity Photo Shoot” and draw a tube of his blood. Rory takes on his identity to attract the evil car and stop it from its rage.

text: Vivian Keaner[edit]

text: Vivian Keaner (portrayed by Marsha Mason) is Rory's mother who is first seen in "Siren Song", cheering her son on at the school's talent show. Vivian bored Benny's grandmother in the audience with stories of what Rory does, praising that he'd be a veterinarian one day, blissfully unaware that her son's recent interest in small mammals was actually due to finding them more delicious than cute. Benny's grandmother turned off her hearing aid as a result. Backstage, Rory gets nervous when he hears his mum is in the audience, not because he's worried for his safety but actually for the rest of the audience as he claims his mum can "really throw them" in terms of throwing punches. Ms. Keaner is later seen to be taken over by Serena's songs, punching out a lady in the audience.


document_title: List of The Fosters characters

question_text: who plays callie jacobs half sister on the fosters

text: List of The Fosters characters

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Main cast of The Fosters

Character
Actor
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5

Stephanie "Stef" Adams Foster
Teri Polo
Main

Lena Adams Foster
Sherri Saum
Main

Jesus Adams Foster
Jake T. Austin
Main

Noah Centineo

Main

Jude Adams Foster
Hayden Byerly
Main

Brandon Foster
David Lambert
Main

Callie Adams Foster
Maia Mitchell
Main

Mike Foster
Danny Nucci
Main [A]

Mariana Adams Foster
Cierra Ramirez
Main

tag: table

text: A In season 5, Danny Nucci is only credited on the episodes Mike appears but still in the opening titles.

tag: ul

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Stef Adams Foster[edit]

text: Stefanie "Stef" Marie Adams Foster (season 1–present) is a police officer. She and Mike Foster, her partner at work, are Brandon's biological parents. They divorced shortly after Stef met Lena and realized she's a lesbian and wanted to be with her. In a flashback in episode 9, when she first met the twins, it is shown that she has a very caring nature despite her tough appearance. At the end of episode 1x10, Stef and Lena are officially married, legally cementing their long-term union of ten years. Stef is very strong and tough, but is also very funny and loving. Callie initially doesn't feel comfortable around her due to her position as a cop, but gradually forms a close bond with her. While Stef likes to act tough around everyone, especially Lena, it is shown that she cares a great deal about her wife and family, although she won't hesitate to discipline her kids if need be.

text: Lena Adams Foster[edit]

text: Lena Elizabeth Adams Foster (season 1–present) is Stef's wife, Brandon's stepmother, and the other children's adoptive/foster mother. While neither she or Stef are really the dominant one in their relationship, Lena has a more motherly nature. She is good with kids and tries often to reason with her kids more so than punish them, despite Stef's usually "quick to act" nature. She is the biracial vice principal of the charter school the kids attend. In episode 8, she and Stef get into a fight about Lena wanting to be married and never discussing it, showing that while she is more a lover than a fighter she will defend herself, but more so around Stef than anyone else. It was Lena who decided to take Callie in after she was released from the juvenile detention center. Lena is very aware of the people around her and takes on the role of caring mother to all of the kids. She is artificially inseminated with co-worker Timothy's sperm, desiring to have a biological child of her own, and finds out she is pregnant shortly afterwards in the season 1 finale. However, in season 2, she is diagnosed with life-threatening preeclampisa and, consequently, loses the baby.

text: Jesus Adams Foster[edit]

text: Jesus Adams Foster "(season 1–present) 16, was one of the twins that Lena and Stef fostered as children and eventually adopted. He is the more laid-back of the twins. He had ADHD, for which he took medication. After a fainting spell caused by his pills in "House and Home", he decided with the suggestion of Mike to join the wrestling team to cope with negative effects of ADHD. He is close with his sister as they were both in the foster care system and he acted as her protector; however their personalities and values clash occasionally, causing many arguments. He even went as far to take the blame for her selling his pills to have money for their birth mom, Ana, who he feels disgust and resentment towards because she chose drugs over him and his sister. He starts dating Mariana's childhood best friend Lexi, in "Consequently" after defending her from a guy. He falls out with his sister in "Quinceanera" when she finds out he's been secretly dating Lexi and feels betrayed by Jesus for doing so. They make-up in the "The Fall-Out". He has sex with Lexi once in "The Morning After". His relationship with Lexi is on hold when she moves back to Honduras because her grandmother is sick and her family cannot find a way back as they are undocumented immigrants. He eventually moves on from their relationship and falls into a love triangle between wrestling mate Emma and popular girl Hayley.

text: Jude Adams Foster[edit]

text: Jude Adams Foster (season 1–present) is Callie's 13-year-old half brother, who Callie and Brandon rescue from an abusive foster home. He is a quiet child with somewhat more optimistic views on foster homes than Callie, though he has been moved from foster home to foster home along with his sister and been abused as well. Once he is moved into the Fosters' home, he quickly begins to adjust to the new lifestyle and becomes more talkative and energetic. At school, he develops a close friendship with a handsome and kind-hearted boy named Connor, a growing relationship which prompts Jude to begin questioning his sexuality.[6][7] As the series progresses, Jude turns 13 and is subsequently adopted by Lena and Stef, although a technicality regarding Callie's birth certificate prevents her from being adopted along with him. He deals with the emotional impact of Callie becoming close to her biological family, but realizes that she will always be with him no matter what. He later develops a romance with his best friend, Connor, and the two begin dating in the season 2 finale. In the mid-season 3 finale the two admit they love each other for the first time after Connor considers moving to Los Angeles to live with his more accepting mother. Then a little more after that Taylor asked if Jude wanted to go to church then meets a boy named Noah then he asks Jude if he wants to try pot so they are not allowed to see each other.

text: Brandon Foster[edit]

text: Brandon Foster (season 1–present) is the 17-year-old son of Stef and her ex-husband, Mike. He is one of Callie's love interests. He is very talented musically, specifically with the piano, and writes piano pieces which he presents for chances at scholarships. He has been shown to have an unsteady relationship with his father, Mike, due to the fact that Mike is a struggling alcoholic and has disappointed him many times through his childhood and teen years. At the start of Season 1, Brandon has a girlfriend named Talya, but breaks up with her because of his growing feelings for Callie and his annoyance and anger at her harassment and jealousy directed at Callie. For most of the first season, Brandon continues to pursue Callie romantically, even though she warned him that she could be kicked out of the house if they got involved. Brandon continues to make reckless decisions, included violating a restraining order, in order to be with Callie. Ultimately, he accepts that Callie needs a family more than a relationship, and eventually agrees to a mutual break up. He eventually joins a band and begins a relationship with bandmate Lou.

text: Callie Adams Foster[edit]

text: Callie Adams Foster (season 1–present), 17, is one of the Foster family's new foster children. Callie is headstrong and tough as a result of being in the foster system since she was a child, but holds a soft spot for her younger brother Jude. She was sent to Juvie for destroying a car in order to protect him from their foster father's abuse. After she is released from Juvie and placed with the Fosters, Callie and Brandon rescue Jude, who is subsequently fostered by the Foster family as well. Callie has had a hard life— her mother is dead and her father is in jail and she has been abused in many ways in the foster care system. She initially has trouble opening herself up to her new family, but she slowly comes to love and accept them as her "forever" family. Initially, Callie opens up mainly to Brandon, and the two develop a romantic relationship, although it is forbidden by the rules of the foster system, which soon meets a heartbreaking end. Callie also holds an on-again, off-again relationship with a classmate named Wyatt. Unfortunately, after the Fosters decide to adopt Callie and Jude, Callie learns that the man she thought was her father (Donald Jacob) is not. She then pursues to meet her biological father, as well as her half-sister who looks as if she could be her identical twin. In the episode "Lucky" from season 3, she is officially adopted and an "Adams Foster"

text: Mike Foster[edit]

text: Michael "Mike" Foster (season 1-present) is a San Diego police sergeant, Brandon's father, and Stef's ex-husband and ex-police patrol partner. As the series progresses, it is revealed that Mike has a drinking problem, but joins AA to cope with it. A frequent visitor to the Foster household, Mike is familiar with his son's family. Toward the end of the first season, he started dating Dani, who helped him to keep his sobriety. However, he soon discovers that Dani had sex with a drunken Brandon one night and arrests her for statutory rape. Since then, Mike helps Ana come to terms with her addiction and live a clean life.

text: Mariana Adams Foster[edit]

text: Mariana Adams Foster (season 1–present) is Jesus's 16-year-old twin sister. She was fostered as a young child, and eventually adopted, by Lena and Stef. She is very smart and girly, and cares about her appearance very much. She is popular and social, likes to gossip, and speaks Spanish fluently. She is naive when it comes to certain topics - especially her birth mother, but she smartens up about her when finally realizing she was using her for money. She changes herself for guys and friends like in "The Morning After" when she sees that an old friend, Garrett is cute now and writes poetry, she goes to a Poetry Slam with him, and pierces her nose herself for him since he was hanging out with a girl who was dressed much edgier than Mariana. Also, in season 2, she dyes her hair blonde to fit in when making it on a dance team only to overhear the other girls say she only did because she is Latina. However, she eventually gains the confidence in herself to not give in to what other people say and make her feel. Mariana has a thing for the bad boys later on in the seasons and she gets caught up into some trouble. Her ex-boyfriend Nick gets put into a mental hospital because of her.

text: Recurring and minor characters[edit]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons

1
2
3
4
5

Alexandra Barreto
Ana Gutierrez
Recurring

Amanda Leighton
Emma Kurtzman
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Daffany Clark
Daphne Keene
Recurring
Guest

Gavin MacIntosh
Connor Stevens
Recurring
Guest

Alex Saxon
Wyatt
Recurring
Guest

Guest

Jay Ali
M. Timothy
Recurring

Guest

Marla Sokoloff
Danielle "Dani" Kirkland
Recurring

Rosie O'Donnell
Rita Hendricks
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Tom Phelan
Cole
Recurring
Guest

Guest

Cherinda Kincherlow
Kiara
Recurring
Guest

Alicia Sixtos
Carmen Cruz
Recurring
Guest

Annamarie Kennoyer
Becka
Recurring
Guest

Reiley McClendon
Vico Cerar
Recurring
Guest

Madisen Beaty
Talya Banks
Recurring

Guest

Bianca A. Santos
Lexi Rivera
Recurring

Guest

April Parker-Jones
Captain Roberts
Recurring

Guest

Anne Winters
Kelsey
Recurring

Julian de la Celle
Zachary Rogers
Recurring

Lorraine Toussaint
Dana Adams
Guest

Annie Potts
Sharon Elkin
Guest

Adam Kang
Aiden
Guest

Guest

Michael Traynor
Craig
Guest

Guest

Brandon W. Jones
Liam Olmstead
Guest

Michael Patrick McGill
Coach Spears
Guest

Annika Marks
Monte Porter

Recurring

Jordan Rodrigues
Mat Tan

Recurring
Guest

Kerr Smith
Robert Quinn

Recurring
Guest

Ashley Argota
Lucy "Lou" Chan

Recurring
Guest

Bailee Madison
Sophia Quinn

Recurring
Guest

Jack DePew
Jasper Landry

Recurring
Guest

Caitlin Carver
Hayley Heinz

Recurring
Guest

Valerie Dillman
Jill Quinn

Recurring
Guest

Chris Bruno
Adam Stevens

Recurring
Guest

Hannah Kasulka
Kaitlyn Reihl

Recurring

Samantha Logan
Tia Stephens

Recurring

Izabela Vidovic
Taylor

Guest
Recurring

Marlene Forte
Elena Gutierrez

Guest

Tony Plana
Victor Gutierrez

Guest

Guest

Judy Kain
Lauren

Guest

Guest

Madison Pettis
Daria

Guest

Alberto De Diego
Rafael

Guest

Tom Williamson
AJ Hensdale

Recurring

Brandon Quinn
Gabriel "Gabe" Duncroft

Recurring

Denyse Tontz
Cortney Strathmore

Recurring
Guest

Louis Hunter
Nick Stratos

Recurring
Guest

Chris Warren
Ty Hensdale

Recurring
Guest

Tanner Buchanan
Jack Downey

Recurring
Guest

Keean Johnson
Tony

Recurring

Kelli Williams
Justina Marks

Recurring

Pepi Sonuga
Sally Benton

Recurring

Benjamin and Alexander Freitas
Mason Strathmore

Guest
Recurring
Guest

Mark Totty
Craig Stratos

Guest
Recurring
Guest

Various babies
Isabella Gutierrez

Guest

Elliot Fletcher
Aaron Baker

Recurring

Kalama Epstein
Noah

Recurring

Alex Skuby
Joe Gray

Recurring
Guest

Meg DeLacy
Grace

Guest
Recurring

Jared Ward
Drew Turner

Guest
Recurring

Adam Irigoyen
Kyke Snow

Guest

Mercedes Colon
Margo Velasquez

Guest

Lisseth Chavez
Ximena Sinfuego

Recurring

Reggie Austin
Dean Bayfield

Recurring

Kristen Ariza
Teresa "Tess" Bayfield

Recurring

Christopher Meyer
Logan Bayfield

Recurring

Nandy Martin
Poppy Sinfuego

Recurring

Nick Fink
Shawn

Recurring

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Annika Marks as Monte Porter (season 2-present), the principal at Anchor Beach Community Charter School. An attractive, personable professional woman, Monte wants to focus on administration, budget and finance, giving Lena control over student curriculum.
Bianca A. Santos as Lexi Rivera (season 1, season 3): Mariana's best friend and Jesus' ex-girlfriend who moves to Honduras in "Honeymoon". She is also an undocumented immigrant.[5]
Jordan Rodrigues as Mat (season 2-present): A guitarist in Lou's band. Mariana has a small crush on him and they soon begin a relationship together.[8]
Alex Saxon as Wyatt (season 1-present): Callie's friend and on-again, off-again boyfriend. In "I Do" Wyatt reveals that his mother is moving him to Indiana to live with his grandmother.[9] He returns in "Metropolis" and resumes his relationship with Callie.
Madisen Beaty as Talya Banks (season 1, season 3): Brandon's girlfriend in the beginning of the series before the two broke up. Brandon broke up with her due to her intense jealousy over Callie. After this, she remains Callie's enemy.
Alexandra Barreto as Ana Gutierrez (season 1-present): Mariana and Jesus' biological mother. She is a drug addict, and repeatedly tries to manipulate Mariana into giving her money to support her addiction. She even suggests that Mariana steal something from her parents in order to obtain more money for herself. Mike helps her to finally become sober and it is later revealed that she is pregnant and hopes to be a better mother than she was to Mariana and Jesus.
April Parker Jones as Captain Roberts (season 1, season 4): Stef and Mike's boss.
Anne Winters as Kelsey (season 1): A girl who is sent to a rehab after having problems with drugs. She is a friend of Mariana's, and after coming back from rehab, becomes her enemy because they both liked the same guy.[10]
Brandon W. Jones as Liam Olmstead (season 1-present): A boy from one of Callie's previous foster homes. Liam raped Callie while she was living with his family as a foster child and lied that she came onto him, resulting in her and Jude being forced out of the home.[11][12]
Justina Machado as Sofia "Sophia" Rivera (season 1): Lexi's protective and religious mother. Despite being religious, she and her husband support the LGBT community.[13]
Carlos Sanz as Ernesto Rivera (season 1): Sofia's husband and Lexi's father.
Gavin MacIntosh as Connor Stevens (season 1-season 3): Jude's classmate, best friend and, later, love interest, who accepts Jude as he is and encourages him to express his true personality. In season two, he informs Jude that his dad thinks Jude is gay and doesn't want him to spend time with Jude anymore because of it. Despite pressure from his dad, the two were able to maintain a friendship together. Later, it's revealed that the two boys kissed while on a school camping trip in their shared tent together, a moment they have ignored ever since. As their friendship continues to evolve, their relationship becomes complicated. In the episode "Now Hear This", they kiss on-screen for the first time and at the end of the next episode, Connor is shot in the foot and, in the next episode, officially comes out to his father and Jude. After finally being able to see Jude, they begin to officially date. In the mid-season 3 finale, Connor decides to move to Los Angeles to live with his mother due to his father's continuing homophobia and inability to accept him. Though both are heartbroken, Connor and Jude agree to maintain a long-distance relationship and profess their love for each other for the first time.
Amanda Leighton as Emma (season 1-present): A girl on Jesus' wrestling team who is known to be independent, semi-bossy and tom-boyish. She is a love interest for Jesus and the two began dating, but broke up due to her bossiness in their relationship.
Julian De La Celle as Zac Rogers (season 1): A boy who worked on the school play with Mariana and was her first boyfriend. They dated until he had to move away to live with his dad when his mother was diagnosed with early on Alzheimer's.
Garrett Clayton as Chase (season 1, season 3): Mariana's former love interest and star of the high school play.
Jay Ali as Timothy (season 1-present): Callie's and Talya's literature teacher. They call him by his first name.[14] He was Stef and Lenas' new baby's biological father before the baby died due to pregnancy complications.
Mary Mouser as Sarah (season 1-2): A foster child in Callie's foster child support group who was staying with Liam and his family. Callie became worried for her safety upon learning Liam was with her. She was then taken out of Liam's home after Callie confessed to Lena and Stef about Liam assaulting her.
Sam McMurray as Frank Elkin (season 1): Stef's late father, who struggled to accept Stef's relationship with Lena. He dies in "Family Day", deeply affecting Stef who regretted never making amends with him.
Annie Potts as Sharon Elkin (season 1-present): Stef's supportive mother and ex-wife of Frank.
Lorraine Toussaint as Dana Adams (season 1-present): Lena's mother who is oblivious to Lena's biracial struggles. The two have something of a rocky relationship, due to Dana not seeing Lena as a "real" African American woman, but Dana is there for Lena when she needs it.
Stephen Collins/Bruce Davison as Reverend Stuart Adams (season 1-present): Lena's father.
Daffany Clark as Daphne (season 1-present): A girl in Callie's group home who becomes one of her best friends. She has a young daughter who she intends to get back one day.
Rosie O'Donnell as Rita Hendricks (season 1-present): A leader of a group home who befriends Callie.
Tom Phelan as Cole (season 1-present): A transgender boy in Callie's group home.
Cherinda Kincherlow as Kiara (season 1-present): Callie's roommate as well as house sponsor while Callie is at Girls United. She offers Callie advice on how to survive at Girls United.
Marla Sokoloff as Dani (season 1-2): Mike's girlfriend and recovering alcoholic. She wants to help Brandon out in his daily struggles, even supporting his relationship with Callie until she breaks up with him. After she and Mike break up, she ends up having sex with a drunken Brandon. After this, she later gets back together with Mike. Despite trying to convince him to keep their one night stand a secret, Brandon confesses about having sex with her, therefore getting Dani arrested for statutory rape.
Romy Rosemont as Amanda Rogers (season 1): Zac's mother who suffers from Early-onset Alzheimer's disease.
Reiley McClendon as Vico (season 1-2): A boy on the wrestling team that brings Brandon in on the fake ID's. After Brandon scares away all of his customers, he seeks revenge by jumping Brandon at night and breaking his hand. He is now attending military school and is on probation.
Caitlin Carver as Hayley Heinz (season 2-present): A dancer with Mariana on the dance team who has a secret relationship with Jesus before being dumped by him.
Kerr Smith as Robert Quinn (season 2-present): Callie's biological father. He grows attached to Callie after getting to know her and, despite promising to hand her over to the Fosters, finds himself unable to give her up. He soon refuses to sign his abandonment papers, devastating Callie.
Bailee Madison as Sophia Quinn (season 2-present): Robert Quinn's other daughter and Callie biological paternal half-sister, who wants to meet her. They develop a close relationship. In the summer finale, she reveals that when Robert tried to send the adoption papers, she ripped them up and threw them out so Callie couldn't get adopted. After an upset Callie yells at Sophia, calling her a "spoiled little brat", Sophia locks herself in the bathroom in tears.
Ashley Argota as Lou (season 2-present): An attractive singer in whom Brandon takes an interest.[15]


document_title: Cellular respiration

question_text: what is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain of cellular respiration

text: Cellular respiration

text: Aerobic respiration

text: Aerobic respiration requires oxygen (O2) in order to create ATP. Although carbohydrates, fats, and proteins are consumed as reactants, it is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown in glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondria in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The products of this process are carbon dioxide and water, but the energy transferred is used to break bonds in ADP as the third phosphate group is added to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2

text:
Simplified reaction:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) → 6 CO2 (g) + 6 H2O (l) + heat

ΔG = −2880 kJ per mol of C6H12O6

text: The negative ΔG indicates that the reaction can occur spontaneously.

text: The potential of NADH and FADH2 is converted to more ATP through an electron transport chain with oxygen as the "terminal electron acceptor". Most of the ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is made by oxidative phosphorylation. This works by the energy released in the consumption of pyruvate being used to create a chemiosmotic potential by pumping protons across a membrane. This potential is then used to drive ATP synthase and produce ATP from ADP and a phosphate group. Biology textbooks often state that 38 ATP molecules can be made per oxidised glucose molecule during cellular respiration (2 from glycolysis, 2 from the Krebs cycle, and about 34 from the electron transport system).[2] However, this maximum yield is never quite reached because of losses due to leaky membranes as well as the cost of moving pyruvate and ADP into the mitochondrial matrix, and current estimates range around 29 to 30 ATP per glucose.[2]

text: Aerobic metabolism is up to 15 times more efficient than anaerobic metabolism (which yields 2 molecules ATP per 1 molecule glucose). However some anaerobic organisms, such as methanogens are able to continue with anaerobic respiration, yielding more ATP by using other inorganic molecules (not oxygen) as final electron acceptors in the electron transport chain. They share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post-glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.

text: Glycolysis

text: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that takes place in the cytosol of cells in all living organisms. This pathway can function with or without the presence of oxygen. In humans, aerobic conditions produce pyruvate and anaerobic conditions produce lactate. In aerobic conditions, the process converts one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid), generating energy in the form of two net molecules of ATP. Four molecules of ATP per glucose are actually produced, however, two are consumed as part of the preparatory phase. The initial phosphorylation of glucose is required to increase the reactivity (decrease its stability) in order for the molecule to be cleaved into two pyruvate molecules by the enzyme aldolase. During the pay-off phase of glycolysis, four phosphate groups are transferred to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation to make four ATP, and two NADH are produced when the pyruvate are oxidized. The overall reaction can be expressed this way:

text: Starting with glucose, 1 ATP is used to donate a phosphate to glucose to produce glucose 6-phosphate. Glycogen can be converted into glucose 6-phosphate as well with the help of glycogen phosphorylase. During energy metabolism, glucose 6-phosphate becomes fructose 6-phosphate. An additional ATP is used to phosphorylate fructose 6-phosphate into fructose 1,6-disphosphate by the help of phosphofructokinase. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate then splits into two phosphorylated molecules with three carbon chains which later degrades into pyruvate.

text: Glycolysis can be literally translated as "sugar splitting". [3]

text: Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate

text: Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC). The PDC contains multiple copies of three enzymes and is located in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes. In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA, one molecule of NADH and one molecule of CO2 is formed.

text: Citric acid cycle

text: This is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA is produced from the pyruvate molecules created from glycolysis. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, aerobic or anaerobic respiration can occur. [4] When oxygen is present, the mitochondria will undergo aerobic respiration which leads to the Krebs cycle. However, if oxygen is not present, fermentation of the pyruvate molecule will occur. In the presence of oxygen, when acetyl-CoA is produced, the molecule then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) inside the mitochondrial matrix, and is oxidized to CO2 while at the same time reducing NAD to NADH. NADH can be used by the electron transport chain to create further ATP as part of oxidative phosphorylation. To fully oxidize the equivalent of one glucose molecule, two acetyl-CoA must be metabolized by the Krebs cycle. Two waste products, H2O and CO2, are created during this cycle.

text: The citric acid cycle is an 8-step process involving 18 different enzymes and co-enzymes. [4] During the cycle, acetyl-CoA (2 carbons) + oxaloacetate (4 carbons) yields citrate (6 carbons), which is rearranged to a more reactive form called isocitrate (6 carbons). Isocitrate is modified to become α-ketoglutarate (5 carbons), succinyl-CoA, succinate, fumarate, malate, and, finally, oxaloacetate.

text: The net gain of high-energy compounds from one cycle is 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 GTP; the GTP may subsequently be used to produce ATP. Thus, the total yield from 1 glucose molecule (2 pyruvate molecules) is 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP.

text: Oxidative phosphorylation

text: In eukaryotes, oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondrial cristae. It comprises the electron transport chain that establishes a proton gradient (chemiosmotic potential) across the boundary of inner membrane by oxidizing the NADH produced from the Krebs cycle. ATP is synthesized by the ATP synthase enzyme when the chemiosmotic gradient is used to drive the phosphorylation of ADP. The electrons are finally transferred to exogenous oxygen and, with the addition of two protons, water is formed.

text: Efficiency of ATP production

text: The table below describes the reactions involved when one glucose molecule is fully oxidized into carbon dioxide. It is assumed that all the reduced coenzymes are oxidized by the electron transport chain and used for oxidative phosphorylation.

text:
Step
coenzyme yield
ATP yield
Source of ATP

Glycolysis preparatory phase

−2
Phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate uses two ATP from the cytoplasm.

Glycolysis pay-off phase

4
Substrate-level phosphorylation

2 NADH
3 or 5
Oxidative phosphorylation : Each NADH produces net 1.5 ATP (instead of usual 2.5) due to NADH transport over the mitochondrial membrane

Oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate
2 NADH
5
Oxidative phosphorylation

Krebs cycle

2
Substrate-level phosphorylation

6 NADH
15
Oxidative phosphorylation

2 FADH2
3
Oxidative phosphorylation

Total yield
30 or 32 ATP
From the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule to carbon dioxide and oxidation of all the reduced coenzymes.

text: Although there is a theoretical yield of 38 ATP molecules per glucose during cellular respiration, such conditions are generally not realized because of losses such as the cost of moving pyruvate (from glycolysis), phosphate, and ADP (substrates for ATP synthesis) into the mitochondria. All are actively transported using carriers that utilize the stored energy in the proton electrochemical gradient.

text:
Pyruvate is taken up by a specific, low Km transporter to bring it into the mitochondrial matrix for oxidation by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
The phosphate carrier (PiC) mediates the electroneutral exchange (antiport) of phosphate (H2PO4−; Pi) for OH− or symport of phosphate and protons (H+) across the inner membrane, and the driving force for moving phosphate ions into the mitochondria is the proton motive force.
The ATP-ADP translocase (also called adenine nucleotide translocase, ANT) is an antiporter and exchanges ADP and ATP across the inner membrane. The driving force is due to the ATP (−4) having a more negative charge than the ADP (−3), and thus it dissipates some of the electrical component of the proton electrochemical gradient.

text: The outcome of these transport processes using the proton electrochemical gradient is that more than 3 H+ are needed to make 1 ATP. Obviously this reduces the theoretical efficiency of the whole process and the likely maximum is closer to 28–30 ATP molecules.[2] In practice the efficiency may be even lower because the inner membrane of the mitochondria is slightly leaky to protons.[5] Other factors may also dissipate the proton gradient creating an apparently leaky mitochondria. An uncoupling protein known as thermogenin is expressed in some cell types and is a channel that can transport protons. When this protein is active in the inner membrane it short circuits the coupling between the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. The potential energy from the proton gradient is not used to make ATP but generates heat. This is particularly important in brown fat thermogenesis of newborn and hibernating mammals.

text: According to some of newer sources the ATP yield during aerobic respiration is not 36–38, but only about 30–32 ATP molecules / 1 molecule of glucose [6], because:

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ and ATP : FADH2 ratios during the oxidative phosphorylation appear to be not 3 and 2, but 2.5 and 1.5 respectively. Unlike in the substrate-level phosphorylation, the stoichiometry here is difficult to establish.

ATP synthase produces 1 ATP / 3 H+. However the exchange of matrix ATP for cytosolic ADP and Pi (antiport with OH− or symport with H+) mediated by ATP–ADP translocase and phosphate carrier consumes 1 H+ / 1 ATP as a result of regeneration of the transmembrane potential changed during this transfer, so the net ratio is 1 ATP : 4 H+.
The mitochondrial electron transport chain proton pump transfers across the inner membrane 10 H+ / 1 NADH+H+ (4 + 2 + 4) or 6 H+ / 1 FADH2 (2 + 4).

text:
ATP : NADH+H+ coming from glycolysis ratio during the oxidative phosphorylation is

1.5, as for FADH2, if hydrogen atoms (2H++2e−) are transferred from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial FAD by the glycerol phosphate shuttle located in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
2.5 in case of malate-aspartate shuttle transferring hydrogen atoms from cytosolic NADH+H+ to mitochondrial NAD+

text: So finally we have, per molecule of glucose

text:
Substrate-level phosphorylation: 2 ATP from glycolysis + 2 ATP (directly GTP) from Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

2 NADH+H+ from glycolysis: 2 × 1.5 ATP (if glycerol phosphate shuttle transfers hydrogen atoms) or 2 × 2.5 ATP (malate-aspartate shuttle)
2 NADH+H+ from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate and 6 from Krebs cycle: 8 × 2.5 ATP
2 FADH2 from the Krebs cycle: 2 × 1.5 ATP

text: Altogether this gives 4 + 3 (or 5) + 20 + 3 = 30 (or 32) ATP per molecule of glucose

text: The total ATP yield in ethanol or lactic acid fermentation is only 2 molecules coming from glycolysis, because pyruvate is not transferred to the mitochondrion and finally oxidized to the carbon dioxide (CO2), but reduced to ethanol or lactic acid in the cytoplasm.[6]

text: Fermentation

text: Without oxygen, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the electron carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate. Fermentation oxidizes NADH to NAD+ so it can be re-used in glycolysis. In the absence of oxygen, fermentation prevents the buildup of NADH in the cytoplasm and provides NAD+ for glycolysis. This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In strenuous exercise, when energy demands exceed energy supply, the respiratory chain cannot process all of the hydrogen atoms joined by NADH. During anaerobic glycolysis, NAD+ regenerates when pairs of hydrogen combine with pyruvate to form lactate. Lactate formation is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction. Lactate can also be used as an indirect precursor for liver glycogen. During recovery, when oxygen becomes available, NAD+ attaches to hydrogen from lactate to form ATP. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate-level phosphorylation, which does not require oxygen.

text: Fermentation is less efficient at using the energy from glucose: only 2 ATP are produced per glucose, compared to the 38 ATP per glucose nominally produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of fermentation still contain chemical potential energy that can be released by oxidation. Ethanol, for example, can be burned in an internal combustion engine like gasoline. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly. For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. For multicellular organisms, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use fermentation to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so fermentation may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting.

text: Anaerobic respiration

text: Cellular respiration is the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor (such as oxygen) to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP.

text: Anaerobic respiration is used by some microorganisms in which neither oxygen (aerobic respiration) nor pyruvate derivatives (fermentation) is the final electron acceptor. Rather, an inorganic acceptor such as sulfate or nitrate is used. Such organisms are typically found in unusual places such as underwater caves or near hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean.


document_title: The Mill on the Floss

question_text: mill on the floss by george eliot summary

text: The Mill on the Floss

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The novel spans a period of 10 to 15 years and details the lives of Tom and Maggie Tulliver, siblings growing up at Dorlcote Mill on the River Floss at its junction with the more minor River Ripple near the village of St. Ogg's in Lincolnshire, England. Both the river[1] and the village are fictional.

text: The novel is initially set in the late 1820s or early 1830s – a number of historical references place the events in the book after the Napoleonic Wars but before the Reform Act of 1832.[2] (In chapter 3, the character Mr. Riley is described as an "auctioneer and appraiser thirty years ago," placing the opening events of the novel in approximately 1829, thirty years before the novel's composition in 1859. Additionally, in chapter 8, Mr. Tulliver and Mr. Deane discuss the Duke of Wellington and his "conduct in the Catholic Question," a conversation that could only take place after 1828 when Wellington became Prime Minister and supported a bill for Catholic Emancipation). The novel includes autobiographical elements, and reflects[citation needed] the disgrace that George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) herself experienced while in a lengthy relationship with a married man,[citation needed] George Henry Lewes.

text: Maggie Tulliver is the central character of the book. The story begins when she is 9 years old, 13 years into her parents' marriage. Her relationship with her older brother Tom, and her romantic relationships with Philip Wakem (a hunchbacked, sensitive, and intellectual friend) and with Stephen Guest (a vivacious young socialite in St. Ogg's and assumed fiancé of Maggie's cousin Lucy Deane) constitute the most significant narrative threads.

text: Tom and Maggie have a close yet complex bond, which continues throughout the novel. Their relationship is coloured by Maggie's desire to recapture the unconditional love her father provides before his death. Tom's pragmatic and reserved nature clashes with Maggie's idealism and fervor for intellectual gains and experience. Various family crisis, including bankruptcy, Mr. Tulliver's rancorous relationship with Philip Wakem's father, which results in the loss of the mill, and Mr. Tulliver's untimely death, serve both to intensify Tom's and Maggie's differences and to highlight their love for each other. To help his father repay his debts, Tom leaves school to enter a life of business. He eventually finds a measure of success, restoring the family's former estate. Meanwhile, Maggie languishes in the impoverished Tulliver home, her intellectual aptitude wasted in her socially isolated state. She passes through a period of intense spirituality, during which she renounces the world, spurred by Thomas à Kempis's The Imitation of Christ.

text: This renunciation is tested by a renewed friendship with Philip Wakem, with whom she had developed a friendship while he and Tom were students together. Against the wishes of Tom and her father - who both despise the Wakems - Maggie secretly meets with Philip, and together they go for long walks through the woods. The relationship they forge is founded partially in Maggie's heartfelt pity for broken and neglected human beings, but it also serves as an outlet for her intellectual romantic desires. Philip's and Maggie's attraction is, in any case, inconsequential because of the family antipathy. Philip manages to coax a pledge of love from Maggie. When Tom discovers the relationship between the two, however, he forces his sister to renounce Philip, and with him her hopes of experiencing the broader, more cultured world he represents.

text: Several more years pass, during which Mr. Tulliver dies. Lucy Deane invites Maggie to come and stay with her and experience the life of cultured leisure that she enjoys. This includes long hours conversing and playing music with Lucy's suitor, Stephen Guest, a prominent St. Ogg's resident. Stephen and Maggie, against their rational judgments, become attracted to each other. The complication is compounded by Philip Wakem's friendship with Lucy and Stephen; he and Maggie are reintroduced, and Philip's love for her is rekindled, while Maggie, no longer isolated, enjoys the clandestine attentions of Stephen Guest, putting her past profession of love for Philip in question. Lucy intrigues to throw Philip and Maggie together on a short rowing trip down the Floss, but Stephen unwittingly takes a sick Philip's place. When Maggie and Stephen find themselves floating down the river, negligent of the distance they have covered, he proposes that they board a passing boat to the next substantial city, Mudport, and get married. Maggie is too tired to argue about it. Stephen takes advantage of her weariness and hails the boat. They are taken on board the boat, and during the trip to Mudport, Maggie struggles between her love for Stephen and her duties to Philip and Lucy, which were established when she was poor, isolated, and dependent on them for what good her life contained. Upon arrival in Mudport she rejects Stephen and makes her way back to St. Ogg's, where she lives for a brief period as an outcast, Stephen having fled to Holland. Although she immediately goes to Tom for forgiveness and shelter, he roughly sends her away, telling her that she will never again be welcome under his roof. Both Lucy and Philip forgive her, in a moving reunion and in an eloquent letter, respectively.

text: Maggie's brief exile ends when the river floods. Having struggled through the waters in a boat to find Tom at the old mill, she sets out with him to rescue Lucy Deane and her family. In a brief tender moment, the brother and sister are reconciled from all past differences. When their boat capsizes, the two drown in an embrace, thus giving the book its Biblical epigraph: "In their death they were not divided".[3]

text: Major characters[edit]

text:
Maggie Tulliver – young female protagonist
Tom Tulliver – Maggie's brother
Mrs Bessy Tulliver – Maggie and Tom's mother
Mr Tulliver – Maggie and Tom's father, owner of the Mill
Philip Wakem – hunchbacked classmate of Tom, and friend/suitor to Maggie
Stephen Guest – affluent suitor to Maggie

text: Minor characters[edit]

text:
Mr. Wakem – Philip's father and rival of Mr Tulliver
Lucy Deane – Tom and Maggie's cousin, supposed to be betrothed to Stephen Guest
Mr. Riley – auctioneer and appraiser, friend of Mr. Tulliver
Rev. Walter Stelling – teacher of Tom and Phillip
Dr. Kenn – the clergyman of St. Ogg's
Bob Jakin – childhood friend of Tom who later helps Tom in business, both Tom and Maggie stay at his house at different times
Mrs. Jane Glegg – leader of the Dodson clan, critical and dominating aunt of Maggie and Tom who stands up for Maggie after her scandal with Stephen
Mrs. Sophy Pullet – Tom and Maggie's aunt
Mrs. Susan Deane – Tom and Maggie's aunt
Gritty Moss – Mr Tulliver's sister, mother of 8 children, 6 living
Kezia – The Tulliver family maid
Luke – the head miller
Yap – the Tullivers' dog (white and brown)
Dr. Turnbull - Doctor of Dorlecote Mill

text: Locations[edit]

text:
Dorlecote Mill – the Tulliver family home for a century
Basset – home of Moss Farm
Dunlow Common
Garum Firs – visited for a treat
Midsummer – home of the academy
Mudport
St. Ogg's
St. Ursula
Wakem

text: Themes[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Like other novels by George Eliot, The Mill on the Floss articulates the tension between circumstances and the spiritual energies of individual characters struggling against those circumstances. A certain determinism is at play throughout the novel, from Mr Tulliver's grossly imprudent inability to keep himself from "going to law", and thereby losing his patrimony and bankrupting his family, to the series of events which sets Maggie and Stephen down the river and past the point of no return. People such as Mr Tulliver are presented as unable to determine their own course rationally, and forces, be it the drift of the river or the force of a flood, are presented as determining the courses of people for them. On the other hand, Maggie's ultimate choice not to marry Stephen, and to suffer both the privation of his love and the ignominy of their botched elopement demonstrates a final triumph of free will.

text: Critics assert that Maggie's need for love and acceptance is her underlying motivation throughout The Mill on the Floss, and the conflicts that arise in the novel often stem from her frustrated attempts at gaining this acceptance. Alan Bellringer has commented, "The two main themes of the novel, growing up and falling in love, lend themselves to amusement, but it is stunted growth and frustrated love that are emphasized." Commentators have often focused on the constant rejection of Maggie's talents and mannerisms by her family and society. Even the cultural norms of her community deny her intellectual and spiritual growth, according to Elizabeth Ermarth, "They are norms according to which she is an inferior, dependent creature who will never go far in anything, and which consequently are a denial of her full humanity."

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: The story was adapted as a film, The Mill on the Floss, in 1937, and as a BBC series in 1978 starring Christopher Blake, Pippa Guard, Judy Cornwell, Ray Smith and Anton Lesser.

text: A single-episode television adaptation of the novel first was aired on 1 January 1997. Maggie Tulliver is portrayed by Emily Watson and Mr Tulliver by Bernard Hill. The production was filmed at The Historic Dockyard Chatham in Kent for exterior street scenes.[4]

text: In 1994, Helen Edmundson adapted the play for the stage, in a production performed by Shared Experience.

text: A radio dramatisation in five one-hour parts was broadcast on BBC7 in 2009.