document_title: Oort cloud

question_text: how long will it take voyager to pass through the oort cloud

text: Oort cloud

text: Hypothesis[edit]

text: There are two main classes of comet: short-period comets (also called ecliptic comets) and long-period comets (also called nearly isotropic comets). Ecliptic comets have relatively small orbits, below 10 AU, and follow the ecliptic plane, the same plane in which the planets lie. All long-period comets have very large orbits, on the order of thousands of AU, and appear from every direction in the sky.[7]

text: A. O. Leuschner in 1907 suggested that many comets believed to have parabolic orbits, and thus making single visits to the solar system, actually had elliptical orbits and would return after very long periods.[8] In 1932 Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik postulated that long-period comets originated in an orbiting cloud at the outermost edge of the Solar System.[9] Dutch astronomer Jan Oort independently revived the idea in 1950 as a means to resolve a paradox:[10]

text:
Over the course of the Solar System's existence the orbits of comets are unstable and eventually dynamics dictate that a comet must either collide with the Sun or a planet or else be ejected from the Solar System by planetary perturbations.
Moreover, their volatile composition means that as they repeatedly approach the Sun, radiation gradually boils the volatiles off until the comet splits or develops an insulating crust that prevents further outgassing.

text: Thus, Oort reasoned, a comet could not have formed while in its current orbit and must have been held in an outer reservoir for almost all of its existence.[10][11][7] He noted that there was a peak in numbers of long-period comets with aphelia (their farthest distance from the Sun) of roughly 20,000 AU, which suggested a reservoir at that distance with a spherical, isotropic distribution. Those relatively rare comets with orbits of about 10,000 AU have probably gone through one or more orbits through the Solar System and have had their orbits drawn inward by the gravity of the planets.[7]

text: Structure and composition[edit]

text: The Oort cloud is thought to occupy a vast space from somewhere between 2,000 and 5,000 AU (0.03 and 0.08 ly)[7] to as far as 50,000 AU (0.79 ly)[3] from the Sun. Some estimates place the outer edge at between 100,000 and 200,000 AU (1.58 and 3.16 ly).[7] The region can be subdivided into a spherical outer Oort cloud of 20,000–50,000 AU (0.32–0.79 ly), and a torus-shaped inner Oort cloud of 2,000–20,000 AU (0.0–0.3 ly). The outer cloud is only weakly bound to the Sun and supplies the long-period (and possibly Halley-type) comets to inside the orbit of Neptune.[3] The inner Oort cloud is also known as the Hills cloud, named after Jack G. Hills, who proposed its existence in 1981.[12] Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo;[12][13][14] it is seen as a possible source of new comets to resupply the tenuous outer cloud as the latter's numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains the continued existence of the Oort cloud after billions of years.[15]

text: The outer Oort cloud may have trillions of objects larger than 1 km (0.62 mi),[3] and billions with absolute magnitudes[16] brighter than 11 (corresponding to approximately 20-kilometre (12 mi) diameter), with neighboring objects tens of millions of kilometres apart.[6][17] Its total mass is not known, but, assuming that Halley's Comet is a suitable prototype for comets within the outer Oort cloud, roughly the combined mass is 3×1025 kilograms (6.6×1025 lb), or five times that of Earth.[3][18] Earlier it was thought to be more massive (up to 380 Earth masses),[19] but improved knowledge of the size distribution of long-period comets led to lower estimates. The mass of the inner Oort cloud has not been characterized.

text: If analyses of comets are representative of the whole, the vast majority of Oort-cloud objects consist of ices such as water, methane, ethane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide.[20] However, the discovery of the object 1996 PW, an object whose appearance was consistent with a D-type asteroid[21][22] in an orbit typical of a long-period comet, prompted theoretical research that suggests that the Oort cloud population consists of roughly one to two percent asteroids.[23] Analysis of the carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in both the long-period and Jupiter-family comets shows little difference between the two, despite their presumably vastly separate regions of origin. This suggests that both originated from the original protosolar cloud,[24] a conclusion also supported by studies of granular size in Oort-cloud comets[25] and by the recent impact study of Jupiter-family comet Tempel 1.[26]

text: Origin[edit]

text: The Oort cloud is thought to be a remnant of the original protoplanetary disc that formed around the Sun approximately 4.6 billion years ago.[3] The most widely accepted hypothesis is that the Oort cloud's objects initially coalesced much closer to the Sun as part of the same process that formed the planets and minor planets, but that gravitational interaction with young gas giants such as Jupiter ejected the objects into extremely long elliptic or parabolic orbits.[3][27] Recent research has been cited by NASA hypothesizing that a large number of Oort cloud objects are the product of an exchange of materials between the Sun and its sibling stars as they formed and drifted apart, and it is suggested that many—possibly the majority of—Oort cloud objects did not form in close proximity to the Sun.[28] Simulations of the evolution of the Oort cloud from the beginnings of the Solar System to the present suggest that the cloud's mass peaked around 800 million years after formation, as the pace of accretion and collision slowed and depletion began to overtake supply.[3]

text: Models by Julio Ángel Fernández suggest that the scattered disc, which is the main source for periodic comets in the Solar System, might also be the primary source for Oort cloud objects. According to the models, about half of the objects scattered travel outward toward the Oort cloud, whereas a quarter are shifted inward to Jupiter's orbit, and a quarter are ejected on hyperbolic orbits. The scattered disc might still be supplying the Oort cloud with material.[29] A third of the scattered disc's population is likely to end up in the Oort cloud after 2.5 billion years.[30]

text: Computer models suggest that collisions of cometary debris during the formation period play a far greater role than was previously thought. According to these models, the number of collisions early in the Solar System's history was so great that most comets were destroyed before they reached the Oort cloud. Therefore, the current cumulative mass of the Oort cloud is far less than was once suspected.[31] The estimated mass of the cloud is only a small part of the 50–100 Earth masses of ejected material.[3]

text: Gravitational interaction with nearby stars and galactic tides modified cometary orbits to make them more circular. This explains the nearly spherical shape of the outer Oort cloud.[3] On the other hand, the Hills cloud, which is bound more strongly to the Sun, has not acquired a spherical shape. Recent studies have shown that the formation of the Oort cloud is broadly compatible with the hypothesis that the Solar System formed as part of an embedded cluster of 200–400 stars. These early stars likely played a role in the cloud's formation, since the number of close stellar passages within the cluster was much higher than today, leading to far more frequent perturbations.[32]

text: In June 2010 Harold F. Levison and others suggested on the basis of enhanced computer simulations that the Sun "captured comets from other stars while it was in its birth cluster". Their results imply that "a substantial fraction of the Oort cloud comets, perhaps exceeding 90%, are from the protoplanetary discs of other stars".[33][34]

text: Comets[edit]

text: Comets are thought to have two separate points of origin in the Solar System. Short-period comets (those with orbits of up to 200 years) are generally accepted to have emerged from either the Kuiper belt or the scattered disc, which are two linked flat discs of icy debris beyond Neptune's orbit at 30 AU and jointly extending out beyond 100 AU from the Sun. Long-period comets, such as comet Hale–Bopp, whose orbits last for thousands of years, are thought to originate in the Oort cloud. The orbits within the Kuiper belt are relatively stable, and so very few comets are thought to originate there. The scattered disc, however, is dynamically active, and is far more likely to be the place of origin for comets.[7] Comets pass from the scattered disc into the realm of the outer planets, becoming what are known as centaurs.[35] These centaurs are then sent farther inward to become the short-period comets.[36]

text: There are two main varieties of short-period comet: Jupiter-family comets (those with semi-major axes of less than 5 AU) and Halley-family comets. Halley-family comets, named for their prototype, Halley's Comet, are unusual in that although they are short-period comets, it is hypothesized that their ultimate origin lies in the Oort cloud, not in the scattered disc. Based on their orbits, it is suggested they were long-period comets that were captured by the gravity of the giant planets and sent into the inner Solar System.[11] This process may have also created the present orbits of a significant fraction of the Jupiter-family comets, although the majority of such comets are thought to have originated in the scattered disc.[6]

text: Oort noted that the number of returning comets was far less than his model predicted, and this issue, known as "cometary fading", has yet to be resolved. No dynamical process are known to explain the smaller number of observed comets than Oort estimated. Hypotheses for this discrepancy include the destruction of comets due to tidal stresses, impact or heating; the loss of all volatiles, rendering some comets invisible, or the formation of a non-volatile crust on the surface.[37] Dynamical studies of hypothetical Oort cloud comets have estimated that their occurrence in the outer-planet region would be several times higher than in the inner-planet region. This discrepancy may be due to the gravitational attraction of Jupiter, which acts as a kind of barrier, trapping incoming comets and causing them to collide with it, just as it did with Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1994.[38]

text: Tidal effects[edit]

text: Most of the comets seen close to the Sun seem to have reached their current positions through gravitational perturbation of the Oort cloud by the tidal force exerted by the Milky Way. Just as the Moon's tidal force deforms Earth's oceans, causing the tides to rise and fall, the galactic tide also distorts the orbits of bodies in the outer Solar System. In the charted regions of the Solar System, these effects are negligible compared to the gravity of the Sun, but in the outer reaches of the system, the Sun's gravity is weaker and the gradient of the Milky Way's gravitational field has substantial effects. Galactic tidal forces stretch the cloud along an axis directed toward the galactic centre and compress it along the other two axes; these small perturbations can shift orbits in the Oort cloud to bring objects close to the Sun.[39] The point at which the Sun's gravity concedes its influence to the galactic tide is called the tidal truncation radius. It lies at a radius of 100,000 to 200,000 AU, and marks the outer boundary of the Oort cloud.[7]

text: Some scholars theorise that the galactic tide may have contributed to the formation of the Oort cloud by increasing the perihelia (smallest distances to the Sun) of planetesimals with large aphelia (largest distances to the Sun).[40] The effects of the galactic tide are quite complex, and depend heavily on the behaviour of individual objects within a planetary system. Cumulatively, however, the effect can be quite significant: up to 90% of all comets originating from the Oort cloud may be the result of the galactic tide.[41] Statistical models of the observed orbits of long-period comets argue that the galactic tide is the principal means by which their orbits are perturbed toward the inner Solar System.[42]

text: Stellar perturbations and stellar companion hypotheses[edit]

text: Besides the galactic tide, the main trigger for sending comets into the inner Solar System is thought to be interaction between the Sun's Oort cloud and the gravitational fields of nearby stars[3] or giant molecular clouds.[38] The orbit of the Sun through the plane of the Milky Way sometimes brings it in relatively close proximity to other stellar systems. For example, it is hypothesized that 70 thousand years ago, perhaps Scholz's star passed through the outer Oort cloud (although its low mass and high relative velocity limited its effect).[43] During the next 10 million years the known star with the greatest possibility of perturbing the Oort cloud is Gliese 710.[44] This process could also scatter Oort cloud objects out of the ecliptic plane, potentially also explaining its spherical distribution.[44][45]

text: In 1984, Physicist Richard A. Muller postulated that the Sun has a heretofore undetected companion, either a brown dwarf or a red dwarf, in an elliptical orbit within the Oort cloud. This object, known as Nemesis, was hypothesized to pass through a portion of the Oort cloud approximately every 26 million years, bombarding the inner Solar System with comets. However, to date no evidence of Nemesis or the Oort cloud have been found, and many lines of evidence (such as crater counts), have thrown their existence into doubt.[46][47] Recent scientific analysis no longer supports the idea that extinctions on Earth happen at regular, repeating intervals.[48] Thus, the Nemesis hypothesis is no longer needed to explain current assumptions.[48]

text: A somewhat similar hypothesis was advanced by astronomer John J. Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 2002. He contends that more comets are arriving in the inner Solar System from a particular region of the postulated Oort cloud than can be explained by the galactic tide or stellar perturbations alone, and that the most likely cause would be a Jupiter-mass object in a distant orbit.[49] This hypothetical gas giant was nicknamed Tyche. The WISE mission, an all-sky survey using parallax measurements in order to clarify local star distances, was capable of proving or disproving the Tyche hypothesis.[48] In 2014, NASA announced that the WISE survey had ruled out any object as they had defined it.[50]

text: Future exploration[edit]

text: Space probes have yet to reach the area of the Oort cloud. Voyager 1, the fastest[51] and farthest[52][53] of the interplanetary space probes currently leaving the Solar System, will reach the Oort cloud in about 300 years[4][54] and would take about 30,000 years to pass through it.[55][56] However, around 2025, the radioisotope thermoelectric generators on Voyager 1 will no longer supply enough power to operate any of its scientific instruments, preventing any exploration by Voyager 1. The other four probes currently escaping the Solar System either are already or are predicted to be non-functional when they reach the Oort cloud; however, it may be possible to find an object from the cloud that has been knocked into the inner Solar System.

text: In the 1980s there was a concept for a probe to reach 1,000 AU in 50 years called TAU; among its missions would be to look for the Oort cloud.[57]

text: In the 2014 Announcement of Opportunity for the Discovery program, an observatory to detect the objects in the Oort cloud (and Kuiper belt) called the "Whipple Mission" was proposed.[58] It would monitor distant stars with a photometer, looking for transits up to 10,000 AU away.[58] The observatory was proposed for halo orbiting around L2 with a suggested 5-year mission.[58] It has been suggested that the Kepler observatory may also be able to detect objects in the Oort cloud.[59]


document_title: List of Scottish Cup finals

question_text: when did rangers last win the scottish cup

root

text: List of Scottish Cup finals

text: History[edit]

text: At the time of the cup's first season Queen's Park were by far the dominant force in Scottish football, and no other team had even managed to score a goal against them until 1875, eight years after their formation.[2] This early dominance meant they were invited into the first FA Cup season and in season 1883–84 they came close to a cup double, winning the Scottish Cup but losing the FA Cup Final to Blackburn Rovers.[3] They again met Blackburn Rovers in the following season's Final but were defeated once again.[4] Other Scottish teams competed in the FA Cup such as Partick Thistle and 3rd Lanark RV and continued to compete until 1887, when the Scottish Football Association banned its members from taking any further part in the "English Cup".[5] By the time the Scottish Football League was founded in the 1890–91 season Queen's Park had been eclipsed by many of the league clubs, they finally agreed to enter the competition in the 1900–01 season, they finished seventh in their first season.[6] Their demise was reflected in their Scottish Cup results, although they reached 4 Finals after the foundation of the league they could only win one and their 1893 success was their last, reaching only one more final in 1900. Dumbarton filled the void left by Queen's Park for a time but like all Scottish football competitions the Scottish Cup would come to be dominated by the Old Firm of Celtic and Rangers.

tag: p

text: In 1909 the cup was withheld by the SFA after a riot broke out following a replay between Rangers and Celtic. The first match was drawn 2–2 and the second 1–1.[7]

text: The cup was not competed for between 1914 and 1919 due to World War I. World War II prevented competition between 1939 and 1945 although the Scottish War Emergency Cup was held in the 1939–40 season.

text: Results[edit]

text: A draw in the final used to result in the match being replayed at a later date. Since the 1981 final, however, the result has always been decided on the day, with a penalty shootout if required after extra time.

text: Key[edit]

text:
(R)

Replay, or repeat if original match was declared void

(SR)

Second Replay

‡

Match void

*

Match went to extra time

†

Match decided by a penalty shootout after extra time

Italics

Team from outside the top level of Scottish football(since the formation of The Scottish Football League in 1890)

Bold

Winning team were also Scottish football champions, winning The Double

tag: table

text: Results[edit]

text:
Season

Winner

Score

Runner-up

Venue

Attendance

Notes

1873–74

Queen's Park (1)

2–0

Clydesdale

Hampden Park (original)

2,500

[8][9]

1874–75

Queen's Park (2)

3–0

Renton

Hampden Park (original)

7,000

[8][10]

1875–76

Queen's Park (3)

1–1

3rd Lanark RV

Hamilton Crescent

6,000

[8][11]

(R)

2–0

Hampden Park (original)

10,000

[8][12]

1876–77

Vale of Leven (1)

1–1

Rangers

Hamilton Crescent

8,000

[8][13]

(R)

1–1

Hamilton Crescent

15,000

[8][14]

(SR)

3–2

Hampden Park (original)

12,000

[8][15]

1877–78

Vale of Leven (2)

1–0

3rd Lanark RV

Hampden Park (original)

5,000

[8][16]

1878–79

Vale of Leven (3)

1–1

Rangers

Hampden Park (original)

9,000

[8][17]

(R)

walkover[18]

Hampden Park (original)

[8]

1879–80

Queen's Park (4)

3–0

Thornliebank

Hampden Park (original)

4,000

[8][19]

1880–81

Queen's Park (5)

2–1 ‡[20]

Dumbarton

Kinning Park

15,000

[8][21]

(R)

3–1

Kinning Park

10,000

[8][22]

1881–82

Queen's Park (6)

2–2

Dumbarton

Cathkin Park (first)

12,500

[8][23]

(R)

4–1

Cathkin Park (first)

14,000

[8][24]

1882–83

Dumbarton (1)

2–2

Vale of Leven

Hampden Park (original)

15,000

[8][25]

(R)

2–1

Hampden Park (original)

12,000

[8][26]

1883–84

Queen's Park (7)

walkover[27]

Vale of Leven

Cathkin Park (first)

[8]

1884–85

Renton (1)

0–0

Vale of Leven

Hampden Park (second)

3,000

[8][28]

(R)

3–1

Hampden Park (second)

5,500

[8][29]

1885–86

Queen's Park (8)

3–1

Renton

Cathkin Park (first)

7,000

[8][30]

1886–87

Hibernian (1)

2–1

Dumbarton

Hampden Park (second)

15,000

[8][31]

1887–88

Renton (2)

6–1

Cambuslang

Hampden Park (second)

10,000

[8][32]

1888–89

3rd Lanark RV (1)

3–0 ‡[33]

Celtic

Hampden Park (second)

17,000

[8][34]

(R)

2–1

Hampden Park (second)

13,000

[8][35]

1889–90

Queen's Park (9)

1–1

Vale of Leven

Ibrox Park (first)

11,000

[8][36]

(R)

2–1

Ibrox Park (first)

13,000

[8][37]

1890–91

Heart of Midlothian (1)

1–0

Dumbarton

Hampden Park (second)

10,836

[8][38]

1891–92

Celtic (1)

1–0 ‡[39]

Queen's Park

Ibrox Park (first)

40,000

[8][40]

(R)

5–1

Ibrox Park (first)

26,000

[8][41]

1892–93

Queen's Park (10)

0–1 ‡[42]

Celtic

Ibrox Park (first)

18,771

[8][43]

(R)

2–1

Ibrox Park (first)

13,239

[8][44]

1893–94

Rangers (1)

3–1

Celtic

Hampden Park (second)

17,000

[8][45]

1894–95

St Bernard's (1)

2–1

Renton

Ibrox Park (first)

10,000

[8][46]

1895–96

Heart of Midlothian (2)

3–1

Hibernian

New Logie Green

16,034

[8][47]

1896–97

Rangers (2)

5–1

Dumbarton

Hampden Park (second)

14,000

[8][48]

1897–98

Rangers (3)

2–0

Kilmarnock

Hampden Park (second)

13,000

[8][49]

1898–99

Celtic (2)

2–0

Rangers

Hampden Park (second)

25,000

[8][50]

1899–1900

Celtic (3)

4–3

Queen's Park

Ibrox Park

15,000

[8][51]

1900–01

Heart of Midlothian (3)

4–3

Celtic

Ibrox Park

15,000

[8][52]

1901–02

Hibernian (2)

1–0

Celtic

Celtic Park

16,000

[8][53]

1902–03

Rangers (4)

1–1

Heart of Midlothian

Celtic Park

13,000

[8][54]

(R)

0–0

Celtic Park

35,000

[8][55]

(SR)

2–0

Celtic Park

30,000

[8][56]

1903–04

Celtic (4)

3–2

Rangers

Hampden Park

64,472

[8][57]

1904–05

Third Lanark (2)

0–0

Rangers

Hampden Park

54,000

[8][58]

(R)

3–1

Hampden Park

55,000

[8][59]

1905–06

Heart of Midlothian (4)

1–0

Third Lanark

Ibrox Park

30,000

[8][60]

1906–07

Celtic (5)

3–0

Heart of Midlothian

Hampden Park

50,000

[8][61]

1907–08

Celtic (6)

5–1

St Mirren

Hampden Park

58,000

[8][62]

1909–10

Dundee (1)

2–2

Clyde

Ibrox Park

60,000

[8][63]

(R)

0–0 *

Ibrox Park

25,000

[8][64]

(SR)

2–1

Ibrox Park

25,000

[8][65]

1910–11

Celtic (7)

0–0

Hamilton Academical

Ibrox Park

45,000

[8][66]

(R)

2–0

Ibrox Park

25,000

[8][67]

1911–12

Celtic (8)

2–0

Clyde

Ibrox Park

45,000

[8][68]

1912–13

Falkirk (1)

2–0

Raith Rovers

Celtic Park

45,000

[8][69]

1913–14

Celtic (9)

0–0

Hibernian

Ibrox Park

56,000

[8][70]

(R)

4–1

Ibrox Park

40,000

[8][71]

1919–20

Kilmarnock (1)

3–2

Albion Rovers

Hampden Park

95,000

[8][72][73]

1920–21

Partick Thistle (1)

1–0

Rangers

Celtic Park

28,294

[8][74][75]

1921–22

Morton (1)

1–0

Rangers

Hampden Park

70,000

[8][76]

1922–23

Celtic (10)

1–0

Hibernian

Hampden Park

82,000

[8][77]

1923–24

Airdrieonians (1)

2–0

Hibernian

Ibrox Park

65,000

[8][78]

1924–25

Celtic (11)

2–1

Dundee

Hampden Park

75,317

[8][79]

1925–26

St Mirren (1)

2–0

Celtic

Hampden Park

98,000

[8][80]

1926–27

Celtic (12)

3–1

East Fife

Hampden Park

80,070

[8][81]

1927–28

Rangers (5)

4–0

Celtic

Hampden Park

118,115

[8][82]

1928–29

Kilmarnock (2)

2–0

Rangers

Hampden Park

114,780

[8][83]

1929–30

Rangers (6)

0–0

Partick Thistle

Hampden Park

107,475

[8][84]

(R)

2–1

Hampden Park

103,688

[8][85]

1930–31

Celtic (13)

2–2

Motherwell

Hampden Park

104,863

[8][86]

(R)

4–2

Hampden Park

98,509

[8][87]

1931–32

Rangers (7)

1–1

Kilmarnock

Hampden Park

112,000

[8][88]

(R)

3–0

Hampden Park

104,600

[8][89]

1932–33

Celtic (14)

1–0

Motherwell

Hampden Park

102,339

[8][90]

1933–34

Rangers (8)

5–0

St Mirren

Hampden Park

113,430

[8][91]

1934–35

Rangers (9)

2–1

Hamilton Academical

Hampden Park

87,740

[8][92]

1935–36

Rangers (10)

1–0

Third Lanark

Hampden Park

88,859

[8][93]

1936–37

Celtic (15)

2–1

Aberdeen

Hampden Park

147,365

[8][94]

1937–38

East Fife (1)

1–1

Kilmarnock

Hampden Park

80,091

[8][95]

(R)

4–2 *

Hampden Park

92,716

[8][96]

1938–39

Clyde (1)

4–0

Motherwell

Hampden Park

94,000

[8][97]

1946–47

Aberdeen (1)

2–1

Hibernian

Hampden Park

82,140

[8][98]

1947–48

Rangers (11)

1–1 *

Morton

Hampden Park

129,176

[8][99]

(R)

1–0 *

Hampden Park

133,750

[8][100]

1948–49

Rangers (12)

4–1

Clyde

Hampden Park

108,435

[8][101]

1949–50

Rangers (13)

3–0

East Fife

Hampden Park

118,262

[8][102]

1950–51

Celtic (16)

1–0

Motherwell

Hampden Park

131,943

[8][103]

1951–52

Motherwell (1)

4–0

Dundee

Hampden Park

136,274

[8][104]

1952–53

Rangers (14)

1–1

Aberdeen

Hampden Park

129,761

[8][105]

(R)

1–0

Hampden Park

113,700

[8][106]

1953–54

Celtic (17)

2–1

Aberdeen

Hampden Park

130,060

[8][107]

1954–55

Clyde (2)

1–1

Celtic

Hampden Park

106,234

[8][108]

(R)

1–0

Hampden Park

68,831

[8][109]

1955–56

Heart of Midlothian (5)

3–1

Celtic

Hampden Park

132,840

[8][110]

1956–57

Falkirk (2)

1–1

Kilmarnock

Hampden Park

83,000

[8][111]

(R)

2–1 *

Hampden Park

79,785

[8][112]

1957–58

Clyde (3)

1–0

Hibernian

Hampden Park

95,123

[8][113]

1958–59

St Mirren (2)

3–1

Aberdeen

Hampden Park

108,591

[8][114]

1959–60

Rangers (15)

2–0

Kilmarnock

Hampden Park

108,017

[8][115]

1960–61

Dunfermline Athletic (1)

0–0

Celtic

Hampden Park

113,618

[8][116]

(R)

2–0

Hampden Park

87,866

[8][117]

1961–62

Rangers (16)

2–0

St Mirren

Hampden Park

127,940

[8][118]

1962–63

Rangers (17)

1–1

Celtic

Hampden Park

129,643

[8][119]

(R)

3–0

Hampden Park

120,273

[8][120]

1963–64

Rangers (18)

3–1

Dundee

Hampden Park

120,982

[8][121][122]

1964–65

Celtic (18)

3–2

Dunfermline Athletic

Hampden Park

108,800

[8][123]

1965–66

Rangers (19)

0–0

Celtic

Hampden Park

126,552

[8][124]

(R)

1–0

Hampden Park

98,202

[8][125]

1966–67

Celtic (19)

2–0

Aberdeen

Hampden Park

126,102

[8][126]

1967–68

Dunfermline Athletic (2)

3–1

Heart of Midlothian

Hampden Park

56,365

[8][127]

1968–69

Celtic (20)

4–0

Rangers

Hampden Park

132,000

[8][128]

1969–70

Aberdeen (2)

3–1

Celtic

Hampden Park

108,434

[8][129]

1970–71

Celtic (21)

1–1

Rangers

Hampden Park

120,092

[8][130]

(R)

2–1

Hampden Park

103,332

[8][131]

1971–72

Celtic (22)

6–1

Hibernian

Hampden Park

106,102

[8][132]

1972–73

Rangers (20)

3–2

Celtic

Hampden Park

122,714

[8][133]

1973–74

Celtic (23)

3–0

Dundee United

Hampden Park

75,959

[8][134]

1974–75

Celtic (24)

3–1

Airdrieonians

Hampden Park

75,457

[8][135]

1975–76

Rangers (21)

3–1

Heart of Midlothian

Hampden Park

85,354

[8][136]

1976–77

Celtic (25)

1–0

Rangers

Hampden Park

54,252

[8][137]

1977–78

Rangers (22)

2–1

Aberdeen

Hampden Park

61,563

[8][138]

1978–79

Rangers (23)

0–0

Hibernian

Hampden Park

50,610

[8][139]

(R)

0–0 *

Hampden Park

33,504

[8][140]

(SR)

3–2 *

Hampden Park

30,602

[8][141]

1979–80

Celtic (26)

1–0 *

Rangers

Hampden Park

70,303

[8][142]

1980–81

Rangers (24)

0–0 *

Dundee United

Hampden Park

53,000

[8][143]

(R)

4–1

Hampden Park

43,099

[8][144]

1981–82

Aberdeen (3)

4–1 *

Rangers

Hampden Park

53,788

[8][145]

1982–83

Aberdeen (4)

1–0 *

Rangers

Hampden Park

62,979

[8][146]

1983–84

Aberdeen (5)

2–1 *

Celtic

Hampden Park

58,900

[8][147]

1984–85

Celtic (27)

2–1

Dundee United

Hampden Park

60,346

[8][148]

1985–86

Aberdeen (6)

3–0

Heart of Midlothian

Hampden Park

62,841

[8][149]

1986–87

St Mirren (3)

1–0 *

Dundee United

Hampden Park

51,782

[8][150]

1987–88

Celtic (28)

2–1

Dundee United

Hampden Park

74,000

[8][151]

1988–89

Celtic (29)

1–0

Rangers

Hampden Park

72,069

[8][152]

1989–90

Aberdeen (7)

0–0 †

Celtic

Hampden Park

60,493

[8][153]

1990–91

Motherwell (2)

4–3 *

Dundee United

Hampden Park

57,319

[8][154]

1991–92

Rangers (25)

2–1

Airdrieonians

Hampden Park

44,045

[8][155]

1992–93

Rangers (26)

2–1

Aberdeen

Celtic Park

50,715

[8][156]

1993–94

Dundee United (1)

1–0

Rangers

Hampden Park

37,450

[8][157]

1994–95

Celtic (30)

1–0

Airdrieonians

Hampden Park

36,915

[8][158]

1995–96

Rangers (27)

5–1

Heart of Midlothian

Hampden Park

37,730

[8][159]

1996–97

Kilmarnock (3)

1–0

Falkirk

Ibrox Stadium

48,953

[8][160]

1997–98

Heart of Midlothian (6)

2–1

Rangers

Celtic Park

48,946

[8][161]

1998–99

Rangers (28)

1–0

Celtic

Hampden Park

52,670

[8][162]

1999–00

Rangers (29)

4–0

Aberdeen

Hampden Park

50,865

[8][163]

2000–01

Celtic (31)

3–0

Hibernian

Hampden Park

51,824

[8][164]

2001–02

Rangers (30)

3–2

Celtic

Hampden Park

51,138

[8][165]

2002–03

Rangers (31)

1–0

Dundee

Hampden Park

47,136

[8][166]

2003–04

Celtic (32)

3–1

Dunfermline Athletic

Hampden Park

50,846

[8][167]

2004–05

Celtic (33)

1–0

Dundee United

Hampden Park

50,635

[8][168]

2005–06

Heart of Midlothian (7)

1–1 †

Gretna

Hampden Park

51,232

[8][169]

2006–07

Celtic (34)

1–0

Dunfermline Athletic

Hampden Park

49,600

[8][170]

2007–08

Rangers (32)

3–2

Queen of the South

Hampden Park

48,821

[8][171]

2008–09

Rangers (33)

1–0

Falkirk

Hampden Park

50,956

[8][172]

2009–10

Dundee United (2)

3–0

Ross County

Hampden Park

47,122

[8][173]

2010–11

Celtic (35)

3–0

Motherwell

Hampden Park

49,618

[8]

2011–12

Heart of Midlothian (8)

5–1

Hibernian

Hampden Park

51,041

[8]

2012–13

Celtic (36)

3–0

Hibernian

Hampden Park

51,254

[8]

2013–14

St Johnstone (1)

2–0

Dundee United

Celtic Park

47,345

[8][174]

2014–15

Inverness Caledonian Thistle (1)

2–1

Falkirk

Hampden Park

37,149

[175]

2015–16

Hibernian (3)

3–2

Rangers

Hampden Park

50,701

[176]

2016–17

Celtic (37)

2–1

Aberdeen

Hampden Park

48,713

[177]

2017–18

Celtic (38)

2–0

Motherwell

Hampden Park

49,967

[178]

text: Performance by club[edit]

text:
Club

Wins

Last win

Runners-up

Last final lost

Celtic
38
2018
18
2002

Rangers
33
2009
18
2016

Queen's Park
10
1893
2
1900

Heart of Midlothian
8
2012
6
1996

Aberdeen
7
1990
9
2017

Hibernian
3
2016
11
2013

Kilmarnock
3
1997
5
1960

Vale of Leven
3
1879
4
1890

Clyde
3
1958
3
1949

St Mirren
3
1987
3
1962

Dundee United
2
2010
8
2014

Motherwell
2
1991
6
2018

Third Lanark
2
1905
4
1936

Falkirk
2
1957
3
2015

Dunfermline Athletic
2
1968
3
2007

Renton
2
1888
3
1895

Dumbarton
1
1883
5
1897

Dundee
1
1910
4
2003

Airdrieonians (1878)
1
1924
3
1995

East Fife
1
1938
2
1950

Greenock Morton
1
1922
1
1948

Partick Thistle
1
1921
1
1930

St. Bernard's
1
1895
—
—

Inverness Caledonian Thistle
1
2015
—
—

St Johnstone
1
2014
—
—

Hamilton Academical

—

—

2

1935

Albion Rovers
—
—
1
1920

Cambuslang
—
—
1
1888

Clydesdale
—
—
1
1874

Gretna
—
—
1
2006

Queen of the South
—
—
1
2008

Raith Rovers
—
—
1
1913

Ross County
—
—
1
2010

Thornliebank
—
—
1
1880

text: Note: The 1909 Scottish Cup Final between Rangers and Celtic is not included in this tally.

text: By City / Town[edit]

text:
City / Town

Wins

Clubs

Glasgow

84

Celtic (38), Rangers (33), Queen's Park (10), Third Lanark (2), Partick Thistle (1)

Edinburgh

12

Heart of Midlothian (8), Hibernian (3), St Bernard's (1)

Aberdeen

7

Aberdeen (7)

Alexandria

3

Vale of Leven (3)

Dundee

3

Dundee United (2), Dundee (1)

Kilmarnock

3

Kilmarnock (3)

Paisley

3

St Mirren (3)

Rutherglen

3

Clyde (3)

Dunfermline

2

Dunfermline Athletic (2)

Falkirk

2

Falkirk (2)

Motherwell

2

Motherwell (2)

Renton

2

Renton (2)

Airdrie

1

Airdrieonians (1)

Dumbarton

1

Dumbarton (1)

Greenock

1

Greenock Morton (1)

Inverness

1

Inverness Caledonian Thistle (1)

Methil

1

East Fife (1)

Perth

1

St Johnstone (1)


document_title: Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman

question_text: who played anthony on dr quinn medicine woman

text: Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman

text: Plot[edit]

text: The series begins in the year 1867 and centers on a proper and wealthy female physician from Boston, Massachusetts, Michaela Quinn (Seymour), familiarly known as "Dr. Mike". After her father's death, she sets out west to the small wild west town of Colorado Springs, to set up her own practice. She makes the difficult adjustment to life in Colorado with the aid of rugged outdoorsman and friend to the Cheyenne, Byron Sully (Joe Lando) and a midwife named Charlotte Cooper (played by Diane Ladd). After Charlotte is bitten by a rattlesnake, she asks Michaela on her deathbed to look after her three children: Matthew, Colleen, and Brian. Dr. Mike settles in Colorado Springs and adapts to her new life as a mother, with the children, while finding true love with Sully. Furthermore, she acts as a one-woman mission to convince the townspeople that a female doctor can successfully practice medicine.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jane Seymour – Dr. Michaela Quinn
Joe Lando – Byron Sully
Chad Allen – Matthew Cooper
Erika Flores – Colleen Cooper (seasons 1 - 3)
Jessica Bowman – Colleen Cooper Cook ( mid-season 3 – 6)
Shawn Toovey – Brian Cooper

tag: ul

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Orson Bean – Loren Bray
Jim Knobeloch – Jake Slicker
Frank Collison – Horace Bing
William Shockley – Hank Lawson
Geoffrey Lower – Rev. Timothy Johnson
Henry G. Sanders – Robert E.
Larry Sellers – Black Hawk (pilot), Cloud Dancing
Jonelle Allen – Grace
Nick Ramus – Chief Black Kettle (seasons 1-3)
Heidi Kozak – Emily Donovan (season 1)
Gail Strickland – Olive Davis (season 1)
Jennifer Youngs – Ingrid (seasons 1–4)
Helene Udy – Myra Bing (seasons 1–4; guest: season 5)
Haylie Johnson – Becky Bonner (seasons 1–6)
Barbara Babcock – Dorothy Jennings (seasons 2–6)
Georgann Johnson – Elizabeth Quinn (seasons 2–6)
Alley Mills – Marjorie Quinn (seasons 2–6)
Elinor Donahue – Rebecka Quinn Dickinson (seasons 2–6)
Charlotte Chatton – Emma (seasons 4 & 5)
Michelle Bonilla – Teresa Morales (season 5)
Alex Meneses – Teresa Morales Slicker (season 6)
Brandon Douglas – Randolph Cummings (episode 4.16), Dr. Andrew Cook (seasons 4–6)
Jason Leland Adams – George Armstrong Custer (seasons 2 & 3), Preston A. Lodge III (seasons 4–6)
John Schneider – Red McCall (episode 1.09), Daniel Simon (seasons 5 & 6)
Brenden Jefferson – Anthony (season 4)
Brandon Hammond – Anthony (seasons 5 & 6)
Ben Murphy - Ethan Cooper (seasons 1-3)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Edward Albert – Dr. William Burke (episode 2.06)
David Beecroft – Sergeant Terence McKay (episodes 5.25, 26; 6.1–3, 11)
Verna Bloom – Maude Bray (pilot)
Guy Boyd – Loren Bray (pilot)
David Carradine – Houston Currier (episode 5.20)
June Carter Cash – Sister Ruth (episodes 2.05, 3.09, 5.16)
Johnny Cash – Kid Cole (episodes 1.05, 2.05, 3.09, 5.16)
Maxwell Caulfield – Andrew Strauss/David Lewis (episode 2.24)
Denise Crosby – Isabelle Maynard (episode 4.25)
Robert Culp – Dr. Elias Jackson (episode 1.07)
Steven Culp – Peter Doyle (episode 5.21)
Jon Cypher – Preston A. Lodge II (episode 5.10)
Kristin Davis – Carey McGee (episode 3.09)
Zach Galligan – Chester Barnes (episode 6.12)
Megan Gallivan – Abigail Bray Sully (episode 2.3)
Joseph Gordon-Levitt – Zach Lawson, Hank's son (episode 1.15)
Jerry Haynes – Mr. Royce (episodes 6.8, 9)
Christine Healy – Dr. Miriam Tilson (episode 4.22)
Richard Herd – Dr. John Hansen (episodes 2.6, 7)
James Keach – Brent Currier (episode 5.20)
Stacy Keach, Sr. – Judge Webster (episodes 5.3, 7, 14)
Diane Ladd – Charlotte Cooper (pilot, episode 2.11)
Matt Letscher – Tom Jennings, Dorothy's son (episode 2.19)
Anne Lockhart – Maureen (episodes 2.6, 7)
Barbara Mandrell – Gilda St. Clair (episode 5.04)
Colm Meaney – Jake Slicker (pilot)
Richard Moll – John (episodes 3.06, 3.28, 3.29)
Willie Nelson – Marshall Elias Burch (episodes 5.09, 6.19)
Ivory Ocean – Robert E. (pilot)
David Ogden Stiers – Theodore Quinn (episode 5.15)
Tom Poston – Mysterious 'Dead Man' (episode 2.03)
Andrew Prine – Thaddeus Birch (episode 1.09)
Fred Rogers – Reverend Thomas (episode 4.19)
Kenny Rogers – Daniel Watkins (episode 1.16)
Richard Roundtree – 'Barracuda' Jim Barnes (episode 6.21)
Nick Tate – Martin 'Avishominis' Chesterfield (episode 6.18)
Travis Tritt – Zachary Brett (episode 4.14)
Casper Van Dien – Jesse (episodes 3.3, 4)
Ray Walston – Lucius Slicker (episode 5.08)
Jane Wyman – Elizabeth Quinn (episode 1.03)
Trisha Yearwood – Choir Director (episode 3.10)

text: Production[edit]

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The pilot episode was shot in early 1992 and aired in a two-hour television special on New Year's Day 1993. CBS aired a second, hour-long episode the next night in order to attract and maintain the audience's attention. The pilot served more as a made-for-television movie – or mini-series suggestion – which could either be developed later into a full series or remain as a stand-alone two-hour movie. CBS ordered the show picked up immediately for the full season. However, the show made some imperative casting changes. Several pilot leads and a few of the supporting cast were replaced. Henry Sanders was recast as Robert E. in place of Ivory Ocean as a less folksy hard-nosed working man; Orson Bean replaced Guy Boyd as a more fatherly, cynically-comical Loren Bray; and Colm Meaney was replaced by Jim Knobeloch, a much younger, attractive, and contemptuously stoic Jake Slicker. Likewise, Larry Sellers's character, a Cheyenne brave called Black Hawk (listed under the closing credits as such) who played an auxiliary role as one of Chief Black Kettle's aides and spoke only their language, was quietly retooled into Cloud Dancing, Sully's blood brother and a major recurring character, who, in addition to aiding Black Kettle, plays a large role in quelling the tribulations of the Cheyenne and other neighboring tribes. He also acquired the ability to speak English, allowing him to act as a liaison alongside Sully. His character's name was never spoken on-screen during his first appearance, which can cause viewers to inadvertently re-interpret this look-alike as Cloud Dancing's first appearance before his formal debut.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Veteran actress Jane Seymour, labeled a mini-series "queen", was a last-minute casting choice for Michaela Quinn after reading the script only a day before production was set to begin on the pilot. She was instructed beforehand to review the script and make a decision of whether or not she felt the role was right for her, and, if so, that she truly wanted to commit to the strict contract Sullivan had demanded for the title character. The next day she began the wardrobe fittings for the series.

text: Colleen portrayer changes[edit]

text: There were various cast changes of minor characters during the series. The most controversial change took place during the show's third season, when the character of Colleen Cooper was recast halfway through the year.[citation needed] Unlike the other actors, who signed five-year contracts with the show, Erika Flores was hesitant. She asked to be offered a contract of less than five years. Rumors circulated that Flores's father gave her an ultimatum to end the contract unless they offered her more money, or he would cut her off financially. Flores has denied such rumors, saying that she left the series for personal reasons and to pursue other opportunities.

text: Beth Sullivan decided that she wanted the character to continue instead of being killed off or sent away. As a result, Jessica Bowman was cast as the new Colleen in Flores's place. Some of Erika Flores's fans were quite vocal in their anger over the change and wrote to CBS demanding to know why the actress had been replaced. The producers of the show felt that Jessica Bowman had the ability to successfully recreate the character on her own.

text: Other cast changes[edit]

text: Numerous cast changes occurred throughout the series, although none was as significant. Most notable was the replacement of Jane Wyman as Michaela's mother, Elizabeth Quinn. Wyman signed on to play the role for the third episode of Dr. Quinn in season one. Later Wyman turned down an invitation to return for another guest appearance in season two, as she had retired completely from acting by this stage (her previous appearance in season one marked her final acting role of any kind). Georgann Johnson was hired to replace Wyman in the role and continued throughout the remainder of the series, making one guest appearance each season and appearing in the final Dr. Quinn television movie.

text: Michelle Bonilla originated the role of Theresa Morales in season five and was replaced by Alex Meneses in season six. Bonilla was abruptly let go for reasons that were never publicly stated. Meneses's portrayal was well received and she was featured throughout the sixth season, when her character fell in love with Jake Slicker.

text: The role of Anthony (Grace and Robert E.'s adopted son) was played by Brenden Jefferson for four episodes in season four. He was replaced by Brandon Hammond, who continued in the role throughout seasons five and six.

text: Jennifer Youngs did not begin playing Ingrid until the character's second appearance; the first time the character appeared, she was played by Ashley Jones.

text: Themes[edit]

text: Dr. Quinn was best known for its large, supporting cast, and its high-concept storytelling. The series often used its semi-historical setting as a vehicle to address issues of gender and race within the community. For example, one episode took on homophobia when the famous poet Walt Whitman came to town. Religion played a somewhat minor role in the series, but was also used to address certain issues and new ideas.

text: In the season-three finale, "For Better or Worse", Michaela and Sully were married during a special two-hour episode. During season four, Seymour's real-life pregnancy was written into the show. The following season saw the birth of Michaela and Sully's daughter, Katie.

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: During its entire original run on CBS, the show aired from 8–9 pm Eastern time on Saturday nights. It was the last successful TV Western drama to date until the premiere of Deadwood on HBO in March 21, 2004, and the premiere AMC Western series Hell on Wheels on November 6, 2011; and also one of the last original series to find long-term success in a Saturday timeslot.[citation needed]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Dr. Quinn was one of the few dramatic shows that allowed fans full access to their filming sets at the Paramount Ranch in Agoura Hills, California. Fans were permitted, often invited, to watch episodes being shot each week. Cast members were known to speak with their fans and sign autographs during shooting breaks. During the show's final season run, an official website was established, which remains active. Two fans went on to create the Dr. Quinn Times, a newsletter in which interviews with the cast, producers, directors, and technical specialists were conducted and distributed to fans, twice each year.

text: Seymour and Barbara Babcock were the only cast members to receive Emmy nominations for their work on the series. Seymour was nominated several times during the series' run, while Babcock received a single nomination in 1995 for the episode entitled "Ladies' Night". Her character, Dorothy Jennings, underwent a mastectomy.

text: The show did win many technical awards, as well as hair and make-up honors.[citation needed] Seymour also won a Golden Globe in 1996 for her portrayal of Michaela Quinn.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
U.S. ratings
Rank

1
1993
N/A
#19

2
1993–94
13.46 million
#25

3
1994–95
10.7 million
#49

4
1995–96
9.6 million
#55

5
1996–97
8.5 million
#58

6
1997–98
11.7 million
#51

text: Demographics change and cancellation[edit]

text: The show was a major hit in the United States for CBS and drew large ratings even though it aired on Saturday nights. Despite the high ratings, CBS claimed that the demographics changed during the show's run. During its final season, the majority of Dr. Quinn's viewers were women 40 years of age and older, and not the male and female 18-to-49 demographic that networks try to reach. In response, CBS ordered the writers to give the show a slightly darker feel than in previous seasons. As a result, season six was darker than any previous season, with the death of several characters as well as some highly sensitive subject matter: the painful miscarriage of Michaela's second child, as well as an episode entitled Point Blank, where Michaela was shot by a man and then later developed post-traumatic stress disorder. Many fans did not like the changes, while others felt that the tensions and high drama benefited the show after the overall pleasant past seasons. Despite these opposing opinions, the ratings still proved to be steady and consistent (finishing at #51 for the year). The series was suddenly canceled in 1998 after its sixth season.[1] Despite this, the series concluded on a bookend by seeing Colleen marry Andrew and prepare to embark as a doctor in her own right, following her adoptive mother's footsteps.

text: There is still an active fan club for William Shockley, who played Hank Lawson on the show, known as "Hank's Hussies." In January 2014, they attended a red carpet movie premiere together in Nashville for his new movie.

text: Post-series[edit]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: The show has enjoyed strong ratings in reruns. Dr. Quinn was one of the rare instances of a show entering rerun syndication in the middle of a TV season. It debuted reruns in most American markets on Monday, December 30, 1996, just two days shy of the show's 4th anniversary. With 4 seasons being the minimum requirement for syndication pickup, Dr. Quinn reruns could have started at the more traditional launch date of September 1996, but the show's distributor, like many, had an additional minimum episode limit in order for the show to be eligible for syndication. This episode count was not reached until several episodes into Dr. Quinn's fifth season (1996–1997), and since stations had already purchased the show at the beginning of that season, the distributor decided not to hold off until the next fall and let the stations start airing reruns right away.

text: When PAX TV launched in August 1998, it acquired reruns of current family-friendly series from CBS, including Dr. Quinn. Because dedicated Dr. Quinn fans were angered by the show's cancellation by CBS that year, these national reruns via PAX helped relieve the blow, especially in markets where local stations were not airing reruns in syndication.

text: Until late 2005, the Hallmark Channel aired it daily, but in late 2005 Hallmark removed Dr. Quinn from its lineup, citing a drop in viewership. It is also believed that the high cost in Dr. Quinn distribution rights played a role in its removal. Dr. Quinn continues to be seen throughout the world and has been translated to several languages.

text: Starting in June 2009, the Gospel Music Channel began airing Dr. Quinn weekdays at 5:00 and 6:00. More recently Vision TV Canada began airing Dr Quinn week nights at 6PM AT. It also airs on CHNU10 in the Lower Mainland of BC, Canada, at 3 PM PST Weekdays. It has also been shown continuously in Denmark since 2001, with plans on to keep it at its daily broadcast time of 1:00, Monday to Friday, on Danish TV station, tv2.

text: Since the last movie in 2001, many of the show's cast members have expressed interest in reprising their roles and would like to do another reunion movie, or even a new season. Jane Seymour, Joe Lando, Chad Allen, and other cast members have stated they would all like to work together again and would reprise their Dr. Quinn roles if the opportunity arises.[citation needed] The show's creator, Beth Sullivan, has also stated her interest in writing another Dr. Quinn movie.[citation needed]

text: In 2003, A&E Network managed to buy the distribution rights for Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman from CBS. All six seasons plus the two made-for-TV movies have been released on DVD. The series appears on the GMC Network. GMC aired all the series episodes, including the season-six episodes not shown in a decade, during the summer of 2010. Joe Lando did several teasers and promotions for the weekend marathons, and says he finds GMC's ad campaign "funny", saying: "Truthfully, I haven't had that many opportunities to make fun of Sully. No one's really found me that funny. But it's fun to do it now. GMC came up with a great ad campaign. My kids were entertained by it and my wife got a kick out of it."[2]

text: Movies[edit]

text: Dr. Quinn: Revolutions[edit]

text: The cancellation of Dr. Quinn caused a massive fan uproar, the likes of which had not been seen since Star Trek in the 1960s.[3] CBS decided that instead of producing another season, as the cost involved was deemed too high, it would instead produce a TV movie. In May 1999, one year after its cancellation, CBS aired Dr. Quinn: Revolutions, a television movie special, set in 1877. However, the actual date should have been 1875, two years following the final episode, which would have been in 1873. In this TV movie, Katie Sully, now age 4, is kidnapped, and Dr. Mike and Sully, with help from some townsfolk, embark on a desperate search for their missing daughter in Mexico. Fans were delighted that a special movie was being produced, but they were not altogether impressed with its overall concept. The movie was very different in tone from the rest of the series, incorporating more guns and violence in an effort to please the twenty-something male audience demographics. Furthermore, both Jessica Bowman and Chad Allen declined appearances in that episode, due to its content, and William Olvis' entire score was scrapped in favor of more cost-effective music that was completely unlike that of the original series.

text: Fans were shocked to find a Dr. Quinn episode that did not include the main title sequence or theme. Moreover, the script, acting, and interpretations of the original characters came across as unfamiliar and very unlike their portrayals in the series. Beth Sullivan was so furious with CBS's control over the whole project that she declined any involvement. It was critically panned and failed in the ratings. Following this backlash from having excessive creative say over the film, CBS profoundly softened its involvement with the next attempt to produce a TV movie.

text: Dr. Quinn: The Heart Within[edit]

text: A second TV movie entitled Dr Quinn: The Heart Within, aired in May 2001. The movie was set a year after Revolutions, making it 9 years since the first episode of Dr. Quinn in the year 1876. This time around, CBS gave Beth Sullivan total creative control; however, there were some strong ground rules. To save money, the movie had to be filmed in Canada, and only the principal cast could be involved. Jane Seymour also served as an executive producer. The plot revolved around Michaela and the Sully family returning to Boston to attend Colleen's graduation from Harvard Medical School. Having transferred from The Women's Medical College to the male dominated university since the series finale, Colleen has met harsh criticism from the board as well as from Andrew's father, who resents the fact that she continues to pursue medicine, despite his misgivings. Unfortunately, Michaela's mother, Elizabeth, has fallen ill due to a heart condition, and eventually passes, leaving her entire estate to Michaela to establish a hospital back in Colorado Springs, echoing the demise of her father at the very beginning of the series. Colleen soon finds herself in a situation similar to the one her mother, Michaela, had just nine years earlier – in the same Bostonian sector — in that she is not respected or taken seriously as a woman doctor.

text: The movie is a proper finale to the series, depicting the now-adult Cooper children's farewell to Colorado Springs, and finding their new futures in Boston, while Michaela and Sully inevitably return to Colorado Springs to begin a new chapter in their own, now older, adult lives.

text: While this movie was far better received by fans, they did complain that more of the townspeople and original supporting cast were not involved, due to CBS's demands, as well as the last-minute absence of Chad Allen's Matthew (Allen had declined after learning that none of his original supporting costars were offered any appearances). Despite these criticisms, the movie was a success. It was filmed in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

text: Historical facts and filming information[edit]

text:
While much of Dr. Quinn was fictional, some of the events and people were based on historical fact:

Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania actually existed and is today part of Drexel University College of Medicine.
The Sand Creek Massacre in 1864 was referred to in the pilot episode (though it was historically inaccurate as the pilot took place in 1867).
Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer, and Chief Black Kettle, are true historical figures.
The Battle of Washita River, seen in the third-season episode Washita, was an actual historical event. In the show, the battle took place in 1869 in Colorado, while in fact it took place in the fall of 1868 in Oklahoma.

In what most consider the final episode of the series, the town's often-antagonist banker, Preston A. Lodge III, went bankrupt as a result of the great stock market crash, caused by the Panic of 1873, a historically-accurate event. Lodge lost much of the townspeople's money along with his own, in the Panic.
The episode The Body Electric features Walt Whitman, who was a poet and a true historical figure.
One of the major historical oversights of the show is that Colorado Springs was not technically founded until 1871, by General William Palmer, and was mainly a resort town. There were no saloons, as Palmer declared Colorado Springs to be alcohol-free. Colorado Springs stayed "dry" until the end of Prohibition in 1933. However, nearby towns, including Old Colorado City and Manitou Springs did permit saloons.
Dr. Quinn was largely filmed at the western set on Paramount Ranch in Agoura Hills. Fans of the show were able to visit the sets, talk to the actors, and watch episodes being shot during its six-year run. Since Dr. Quinn ended, the ranch has been used numerous times for other filming projects. Numerous buildings, including the church, Sully's homestead, the school house, and the Spring Chateau Resort, were leveled soon after the series was canceled. However, the entire town still remains. Despite minor changes over the years, it is still recognizable as the Dr. Quinn set, and is a popular tourist attraction for many fans today.
Other areas used throughout the series were the back lot at Universal Studios in Hollywood, including the New England street as the location of Quinn family home; and the New York streets, doubling as the streets of Boston and Washington. The setting of Boston in the final movie was filmed in Canada, using various locations in Old Montreal.
William Olvis wrote the underscoring music for the series, except for a few episodes in season one (where he either alternated with Star Trek spin-off series composer David Bell, or co-scored with Bell) and the Revolutions movie.
Jane Seymour's husband, James Keach, directed and produced numerous episodes of the show, and guest starred in the season 5 episode entitled, "The Hostage."
Due to child labor laws, the role of Katie, Dr. Mike and Sully's young daughter, was portrayed by identical triplets: Alexandria, McKenzie, and Megan Calabrese.
Jane Seymour is the only cast member who appeared in every episode of the series. Shawn Toovey missed only one episode as did Chad Allen, who also did not appear in episode titled "Reunion" (Season 4), as well as the two made-for-TV movies. Joe Lando came in third, missing only a few episodes in the sixth and final season.
Starting in season 5, several episodes featured real world trivia relevant to the episode's context, usually about medical knowledge. These segments would appear at the end of the episode in the form of white text on a black background, narrated by Jane Seymour. In the episode "A Place to Die", the inclusion of the trivia was particularly significant because it revealed that Dr. Mike's practice was besieged by a staph infection, a malady that was completely unknown at the time. No one, Dr. Mike, included, actually figured out what was behind this mysterious blight, which killed several of her patients and forced her to fumigate the building and cremate everything inside, including some irreplaceable keepsakes.
In the earliest episodes of the series, Shawn Toovey was still losing his baby teeth and spoke with a noticeable lisp until his permanent teeth grew in.

text: Other media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: A&E Home Video has released all six seasons of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman on DVD in Region 1. It has released also the two television movies that were made after the series ended.

text: In Region 2, Revelation Films has released all six seasons on DVD in the UK. The two TV-movies were released separately, the first was entitled Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman – The Movie and the second was entitled Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman – The Heart Within.

text:
DVD name
Ep #
Release dates

Region 1
Region 2

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season One
17
May 27, 2003
March 20, 2006

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Two
24
September 30, 2003
June 19, 2006

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Three
25
March 30, 2004
March 26, 2007

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Four
27
October 26, 2004
June 18, 2007

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Five
26
January 25, 2005
October 22, 2007

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Season Six
22
July 26, 2005
March 10, 2008

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Movies
2
June 27, 2006
March 8, 2010
July 19, 2010

Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman: The Complete Series
151
October 20, 2009
October 4, 2010

text: Novels[edit]

text: There were several books based on the series written by as follows. Some of them were also released abroad, including in France, Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Poland.

text: The books by Dorothy Laudan were originally released in Germany and have never appeared in an English version. However, it was these books that were most commonly translated into other languages. The series of nine covers most of the series, although the episodes on which they are based were shortened and some scenes were left out or were mentioned only briefly.

text:
No.
Title
Year
Notes

Dorothy Laudan[4]

1.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft
1995
based on the episodes: 1.01 "Pilot", 1.02 "Epidemic", 1.03 "The Visitor", 1.11 "The Prisoner", 1.06 "Father's Day" and 1.12 "Happy Birthday"

2.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Sprache des Herzens
1995
based on the episodes: 2.01 "The Race", 1.13 "Rite of Passage", 1.15 "The Operation", 2.02 "Sanctuary", 2.03 "Halloween", 2.04 "The Incident", 2.06–07 "Where the Heart Is" and 2.09 "Best Friends"

3.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Zwischen zwei Welten
1996
based on the episodes: 2.13 "The Offering", 2.15 "Another Woman", 2.16 "Orphan Train", 2.22–23 "The Abduction", 2.24 "The Campaign" and 2.26–27 "Return Engagement"

4.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Was ist Liebe?
1996
based on the episodes: 3.02 "Fathers and Sons", 3.03–04 "Cattle Drive", 3.09 "Money Trouble", 3.11–12 "Ladies Night", 3.14 "Indian Agent", 3.17–18 "Cooper vs. Quinn", 3.19 "What is Love?"

5.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Auf immer und ewig
1996
based on the episodes: 3.20 "Things My Father Never Taught Me", 3.23 "The Permanence of Change", 3.24–25 "Washita", 3.26 "Sully's Recovery", 3.27 "Ready or Not", 3.28–29 "For Better or Worse"

6.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Die Geschichte von Sully und Abigail
1997
Michaela and Sully are finally happily married. It seems nothing will stand in their way until Michaela finds in their new house some old keepsakes from Sully's late first wife. Sully eventually decides to tell her about his dramatic childhood and what happedned after his parents' death.

7.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Eine Frau geht ihren Weg
1998
Sully is worried about Michaela who clearly seems to be bothered by something. When all the children are out of home, Sully makes her talk and she starts talking about her father and her former fiancé David.

8.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Ein neues Leben
1998
based on the episodes: 4.04 "Brother's Keeper", 4.06" Dorothy's Book", 4.10 "One Touch of Nature" and others

9.
Dr. Quinn – Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Zeit der Erwartung
1999
based on the episodes: 4.11 "Hell on Wheels" and others

Dorothy Laudan[5]

1.
Dr. Quinn, Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Büffeljagd
1997
based on the episode 3.01 "The Train"

2.
Dr. Quinn, Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Tödliches Wasser
1997
based on the episode 1.07 "Bad Water"

3.
Dr. Quinn, Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Das Geheimnis
1997
based on the episode 1.16 "The Secret"

4.
Dr. Quinn, Ärztin aus Leidenschaft, Die Macht der Liebe
1998
based on the episode 2.05 "Saving Souls"

Teresa Warifield[6]

1.
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
1996
Young Michaela Quinn is determined to become a doctor, but she faces many obstacles in her hometown of Boston. Her perseverance will fuel her dreams throughout childhood and medical school. And one day it will even lead her to America's untamed frontier.

2.
Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman: The Bounty
1997
When scheming bounty hunter George Hagan returns to town in pursuit of a fugitive whom he claims is being sheltered by the local Pawnee, it is up to Michaela Quinn and her husband, Sully, who must confront his own past, to stop him before he ignites a war.

3.
Dr. Quinn Medicine Woman: Growing Pains
1998
Settling of the once-limitless West gives Colorado Springs a new problem—overcrowding. Boarding houses are overflowing, saloons are rowdier, and Dr. Quinn has too many patients to count. And because of this new flow of patients, she has to find someone to take care of her little girl. As arguments escalate over how to control the swarms of citizens without damaging new-found freedoms, Dr. Mike can tell that if the chaos isn't calmed soon, she'll have to find a cure for this town's growing pains.

Colleen O'Shaughnessy McKenna[7]

1.
Dr. Quinn Medicine, Woman, No 1: New Friends
1995
Unable to understand why the troublesome Laura McCoy has been causing problems for her lately, Colleen Cooper tries to keep her distance, until both girls are thrust together in a strange town and forced to stick together.

2.
Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, No 2: Queen of the May
1996
When Dr. Mike gets overly busy with seasonal flu cases, Colleen decides to keep her school problems to herself, a situation that teaches her a lesson in communication when things spiral out of control.

Becky H[8]

1.
Vanished
2011
When David is wounded in the war, Michaela rushes to her fiance's side to nurse him back to health. The happy couple soon marry and start a family in Boston, but David's battle scars go much deeper when he develops a powerful addiction to morphine. Michaela soon finds she and her young children are trapped in a cycle of terrible violence. The only way out could be to leave David forever and hide in a far-away land out West. Could a kind stranger and his young daughter be their only hope?

text: Spin-off[edit]

text: In 1997, there were plans of making a spin-off series centered around the Hank Lawson character. Some of the other regular Dr. Quinn characters, including the ones of Jane Seymour, Joe Lando, Jim Knobeloch, Frank Collison and Orson Bean, were in as well.

text: It was directed by Jerry London, with Robert Brooks Mendel as the first assistant director, Timothy O. Johnson as the executive producer, and Beth Sullivan as the producer. The rest of the cast members were Laura Harring (Christina Guevara), Edward Albert (Ted McKay), James Brolin (Sheriff), Eddie Albert (Ben McKay), Carlos Gómez (Father Thomas Guevara) and John Saxon (Rafael Guevara).[9]

text: The show was entitled California and it is likely that only the pilot episode was filmed. It remains unclear whether it has ever aired on television. It was available on YouTube for a time but has since disappeared except for a couple of clips.


document_title: David (Michelangelo)

question_text: where is the original statue of david in italy

text: David (Michelangelo)

text: History[edit]

text: Commission[edit]

text: The history of the statue begins before Michelangelo's work on it from 1501 to 1504.[3] Prior to Michelangelo's involvement, the Overseers of the Office of Works of Florence Cathedral, consisting mostly of members of the influential woolen cloth guild, the Arte della Lana, had plans to commission a series of twelve large Old Testament sculptures for the buttresses of the cathedral.[4] In 1410 Donatello made the first of the statues, a figure of Joshua in terracotta. A figure of Hercules, also in terracotta, was commissioned from the Florentine sculptor Agostino di Duccio in 1463 and was made perhaps under Donatello's direction.[5] Eager to continue their project, in 1464, the Operai contracted Agostino to create a sculpture of David. A block of marble was provided from a quarry in Carrara, a town in the Apuan Alps in northern Tuscany. Agostino only got as far as beginning to shape the legs, feet and the torso, roughing out some drapery and probably gouging a hole between the legs. His association with the project ceased, for reasons unknown, with the death of Donatello in 1466, and ten years later Antonio Rossellino was commissioned to take up where Agostino had left off.

text: Rossellino's contract was terminated soon thereafter, and the block of marble remained neglected for 26 years, all the while exposed to the elements in the yard of the cathedral workshop. This was of great concern to the Opera authorities, as such a large piece of marble not only was costly but represented a large amount of labour and difficulty in its transportation to Florence. In 1500, an inventory of the cathedral workshops described the piece as "a certain figure of marble called David, badly blocked out and supine."[6] A year later, documents showed that the Operai were determined to find an artist who could take this large piece of marble and turn it into a finished work of art. They ordered the block of stone, which they called The Giant, "raised on its feet" so that a master experienced in this kind of work might examine it and express an opinion. Though Leonardo da Vinci and others were consulted, it was Michelangelo, only 26 years old, who convinced the Operai that he deserved the commission. On 16 August 1501, Michelangelo was given the official contract to undertake this challenging new task.[7] He began carving the statue early in the morning on 13 September, a month after he was awarded the contract. He would work on the massive statue for more than two years.

text: Placement[edit]

text: On 25 January 1504, when the sculpture was nearing completion, Florentine authorities had to acknowledge there would be little possibility of raising the more than six-ton statue to the roof of the cathedral.[8] They convened a committee of 30 Florentine citizens that comprised many artists, including Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli, to decide on an appropriate site for David.[9] While nine different locations for the statue were discussed, the majority of members seem to have been closely split between two sites. One group, led by Giuliano da Sangallo and supported by Leonardo and Piero di Cosimo, among others, believed that, due to the imperfections in the marble, the sculpture should be placed under the roof of the Loggia dei Lanzi on Piazza della Signoria; the other group thought it should stand at the entrance to the Palazzo della Signoria, the city's town hall (now known as Palazzo Vecchio). Another opinion, supported by Botticelli, was that the sculpture should be situated on or near the cathedral. In June 1504, David was installed next to the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio, replacing Donatello's bronze sculpture of Judith and Holofernes, which embodied a comparable theme of heroic resistance. It took four days to move the statue the half mile from Michelangelo's workshop into the Piazza della Signoria. Later that summer the sling and tree-stump support were gilded, and the figure was given a gilded loin-garland.[10][11]

text: Later history[edit]

text: In 1873, the statue of David was removed from the piazza, to protect it from damage, and displayed in the Accademia Gallery, Florence, where it attracted many visitors. A replica was placed in the Piazza della Signoria in 1910.[12]

text: In 1991, a mentally disturbed artist named Piero Cannata attacked the statue with a hammer he had concealed beneath his jacket;[13] in the process of damaging the toes of the left foot, he was restrained.[14]

text: On 12 November 2010, a fiberglass replica[15] of the David was installed on the roofline of Florence Cathedral, for one day only. Photographs of the installation reveal the statue the way the Operai who commissioned the work originally expected it to be seen.

text: In 2010, a dispute over the ownership of David arose when, based on a legal review of historical documents, the municipality of Florence claimed ownership of the statue in opposition to the Italian Culture Ministry, which disputes the municipality claim.[16][17]

text: In the mid 1800s, small cracks were noticed on the left leg on David which can possibly be attributed to an uneven sinking of the ground under the massive statue.[18]

text: Interpretation[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The pose of Michelangelo's David is unlike that of earlier Renaissance depictions of David. The bronze statues by Donatello and Verrocchio represented the hero standing victorious over the head of Goliath, and the painter Andrea del Castagno had shown the boy in mid-swing, even as Goliath's head rested between his feet,[19] but no earlier Florentine artist had omitted the giant altogether. According to Helen Gardner and other scholars, David is depicted before his battle with Goliath.[20][21] Instead of being shown victorious over a foe much larger than he, David looks tense and ready for combat.

text: The statue appears to show David after he has made the decision to fight Goliath but before the battle has actually taken place, a moment between conscious choice and action. His brow is drawn, his neck tense and the veins bulge out of his lowered right hand. His left hand holds a sling that is draped over his shoulder and down to his right hand, which holds a rock. [22] The twist of his body effectively conveys to the viewer the feeling that he is in motion, an impression heightened with contrapposto. The statue is a Renaissance interpretation of a common ancient Greek theme of the standing heroic male nude. In the High Renaissance, contrapposto poses were thought of as a distinctive feature of antique sculpture. This is typified in David, as the figure stands with one leg holding its full weight and the other leg forward. This classic pose causes the figure’s hips and shoulders to rest at opposing angles, giving a slight s-curve to the entire torso. The contrapposto is emphasised by the turn of the head to the left, and by the contrasting positions of the arms.

text: Michelangelo’s David has become one of the most recognized works of Renaissance sculpture, a symbol of strength and youthful beauty.

text: Just the colossal size of the statue impressed Michelangelo's contemporaries. Vasari described it as "certainly a miracle that of Michelangelo, to restore to life one who was dead," and then listed all of the largest and most grand of the ancient statues that he had ever seen, concluding that Michelangelo's work surpassed "all ancient and modern statues, whether Greek or Latin, that have ever existed."[23]

text: The proportions of the David are atypical of Michelangelo's work; the figure has an unusually large head and hands (particularly apparent in the right hand). The small size of the genitals, though, is in line with his other works and with Renaissance conventions in general, perhaps referencing the ancient Greek ideal of pre-pubescent male nudity. These enlargements may be due to the fact that the statue was originally intended to be placed on the cathedral roofline, where the important parts of the sculpture may have been accentuated in order to be visible from below. The statue is unusually slender (front to back) in comparison to its height, which may be a result of the work done on the block before Michelangelo began carving it.

text: It is possible that the David was conceived as a political statue before Michelangelo began to work on it.[24] Certainly David the giant-killer had long been seen as a political figure in Florence, and images of the Biblical hero already carried political implications there.[25] Donatello's bronze David, made for the Medici family, perhaps c. 1440, had been appropriated by the Signoria in 1494, when the Medici were exiled from Florence, and the statue was installed in the courtyard of the Palazzo della Signoria, where it stood for the Republican government of the city. By placing Michelangelo's statue in the same general location, the Florentine authorities ensured that David would be seen as a political parallel as well as an artistic response to that earlier work. These political overtones led to the statue being attacked twice in its early days. Protesters pelted it with stones the year it debuted, and, in 1527, an anti-Medici riot resulted in its left arm being broken into three pieces.

text: Commentators have noted the presence on David's penis of his foreskin, which is at odds with the Judaic practice of circumcision, but is consistent with the conventions of Renaissance art.[26][27]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: During World War II, David was entombed in brick to protect it from damage from airborne bombs.

text: In 1991, the foot of the statue was damaged by a man with a hammer.[13] The samples obtained from that incident allowed scientists to determine that the marble used was obtained from the Fantiscritti quarries in Miseglia, the central of three small valleys in Carrara. The marble in question contains many microscopic holes that cause it to deteriorate faster than other marbles. Because of the marble's degradation, from 2003 to 2004 the statue was given its first major cleaning since 1843. Some experts opposed the use of water to clean the statue, fearing further deterioration. Under the direction of Franca Falleti, senior restorers Monica Eichmann and Cinzia Parnigoni undertook the job of restoring the statue.[28]

text: In 2008, plans were proposed to insulate the statue from the vibration of tourists' footsteps at Florence's Galleria dell'Accademia, to prevent damage to the marble.[29]

text: Replicas[edit]

text: David has stood on display at Florence's Galleria dell'Accademia since 1873. In addition to the full-sized replica occupying the spot of the original in front of the Palazzo Vecchio, a bronze version overlooks Florence from the Piazzale Michelangelo. The plaster cast of David at the Victoria and Albert Museum has a detachable plaster fig leaf which is displayed nearby. Legend claims that the fig leaf was created in response to Queen Victoria's shock upon first viewing the statue's nudity, and was hung on the figure prior to royal visits, using two strategically placed hooks.[30] In 2010, the Italian government began a campaign to solidify its claim to the iconic marble statue.

text: David has been endlessly reproduced,[31] in plaster and imitation marble fibreglass, signifying an attempt to lend an atmosphere of culture even in some unlikely settings such as beach resorts, gambling casinos and model railroads.[32]


document_title: Northern Ireland Open (snooker)

question_text: who won the northern ireland open snooker championship

text: Northern Ireland Open (snooker)

text: History[edit]

text: On April 29, 2015, World Snooker chairman Barry Hearn announced it would be added to the main tour in 2016 as the "Northern Ireland Open"[1] at a Belfast venue, as part of a new Home Nations Series with the existing Welsh Open and new English Open and Scottish Open tournaments.[2][3]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Winner
Runner-up
Final score
Sponsor
Venue
Season

Northern Ireland Open (ranking)

2016
 Mark King
 Barry Hawkins
9–8
Coral
 Belfast
2016/17

2017
 Mark Williams
 Yan Bingtao
9–8
Dafabet
2017/18


document_title: The Magisterium Series

question_text: when is the next magisterium book coming out

text: The Magisterium Series

text: The Iron Trial[edit]

text: The protagonist of the series is twelve-year-old Callum Hunt, or Call, who was raised by his father and former mages - Alastair Hunt. Alastair rejected the world of magic after the death of his wife Sarah at the Cold Massacre during the Second Mage War. 'The Enemy of Death', Constantine Madden, was responsible for her death.

text: In the first book 'The Iron Trial', Call participates in a series of tests to see whether he has sufficient magic to attend training at the Magisterium. At the Magisterium apprentices are trained to be mages using the four elements of fire, air, water, and earth. Alastair instructs Call to fail the tests by whatever means necessary. Call, without effort, fails the tests, scoring even lower than those who do not even possess magical ability. But Master Rufus, a master at the Magisterium, sees that Call has power, but lacks control. Master Rufus decides to take him on as an apprentice. He also selects Tamara Rajavi and Aaron Stewart - the topped ranked students.

text: During the book after doing countless seemingly pointless and boring exercises the three apprentices become friends after a frigid start and Call starts to decide to stay on at the Magisterium after his Iron year to receive more tutelage and go against his father's wishes. After an exercise in the caverns Call, Tamara and Aaron are confronted by a fire elemental who tells them their fates. 'One will die, one will fail, another is already dead.' Call at dinner mentions this to the other students, one of whom, Drew, says the prophecy is complete babble. When Call walks out of the Cafeteria Drew asks for a moment to talk to him and says that it wasn't a good idea to tell everyone about the prophecy, but Call gets confused about what Drew means. At this Drew realizes something important and that night runs away leaving a note behind. When his note is found Call and the other apprentices and Masters go to look for him. After finding him Call, Aaron, Tamara, a bronze year student Alex Strike, and Drew are confronted by a pack of chaos-ridden wolves. Chaos is the fifth element and only Makars can wield it. When confronted Aaron ends up saving their lives by sending the wolves to the void using chaos magic and in doing so reveals himself to be a makar, astonishing everyone. On the way back to the Magisterium, Jasper DeWinter, someone whom Call dislikes and vice versa, tells everyone the story of Constantine Madden the chaos mage, and why he started the third mage war. While Jasper is telling this story Call finds a chaos-ridden wolf pup in the snow and decides to take the wolf, later named Havoc, into the Magisterium with him without telling anyone. Later after, an incident where Call foolishly decides to participate in an activity that he could not accomplish because of his bad leg that was smashed when he was a baby, Aaron is kidnapped by the Enemy's minions when taking Havoc for a walk. As neither Tamara nor Call wanted to leave Aaron then decided to save him without telling anyone. Walking in the forest outside the mission gate and the magisterium they come to a bowling alley where they find Aaron tied up and being dangled on top of a chaos elemental by their classmate Drew who works for the Enemy. Tamara releases Aaron and Call tries too leave too but Drew stops him by releasing the chaos elemental, which kills Drew after he calls the elemental a coward. Chased into another room Call is confronted by the Enemy of Death who, while being briefly angry about his son Drew's death, takes off his mask and tells Call that Call is Constantine Madden, The Enemy of Death and that he is Master Joseph who taught Constantine/Call. Callum and Master Joseph have a conversation where Joseph explains that, during the Cold Massacre Constantine had been mortally wounded and was dying, so he placed his soul into the body of a baby. That baby was Callum. Call also finds out that his father suspects he is The Enemy of Death as during the massacre after Constantine's soul had entered Call's body, Call's mother had written the words, 'Kill the Child' on the ice where she lay almost dead. Alastair had also sent a letter to Master Rufus earlier that year asking him to bind Callum's magic, sending Master Rufus a wristband that later turned out to be Constantine's. Then, Tamara and Aaron accidentally broke the roof with the bowling alley sign. Master Joseph disappeared and Call was rescued. Later Call was back at the Infirmary after passing out. There he has a conversation with Master Rufus about what happened in the bowling alley. Call doesn't tell him though, about Master Joseph and their conversation. After that, Master Rufus gives him permission to contact his father. When Call is out of the Infirmary, he and his friends pass through the First Gate

text: The Copper Gauntlet[edit]

text: In the second book 'The Copper Gauntlet', Call finds that his father may be trying to destroy both him and Havoc, and runs away from home to go back to the magical world. When he leaves his house he notices a design of what appears to be a copper gauntlet. He meets up with his friends Aaron and Tamara at Tamara's house. There, he meets Alex Strike, the boyfriend of Tamara's sister, Kimiya. He finds out from Tamara's parents that his dad used to be an exceptional metal mage. They go back to the Magisterium, when they find out that an attack was made on a dangerous weapon called the Alkahest. The research the Alkahest, and discover that it's the copper gauntlet that Call's dad, Alastair was researching. The Alkahest is a weapon that can only harm a Makar, and can be used to rip out the Makar's soul. Call predicts that his dad faked an attack on the Alkahest, so that they'd move the Alkahest to a more secure vault made of metal. He concludes that Alastair wants to use the Alkahest on Call to destroy Constantine's soul and potentially kill Call. He tells Tamara about his dad potentially trying to steal the Alkahest. Tamara misunderstands Call's concerns and thinks that Alastair wants to use the Alkahest to kill Aaron. She tells Master Rufus this and later, it is confirmed that the Alkahest is missing. Alex Strike tells Call that the mages will not hesitate to kill his dad to protect the Makar, Aaron, so Call decides to set out to find and warn his dad. Tamara and Aaron agree to go with him, and because Jasper catches them, they force Jasper to come along with them. They stop at a junkyard where they think Calls father may have been and they find letters from Master Joseph, to his father that describe his location using coordinate points. That night, they wake up to find a metal elemental named, Automontes. Automontes was controlled by the school, and after defeating it they decide that they can not return to the Magisterium. They are found by the Masters on the highway, and the Masters use air elementals to take control of their car and carry them away. Call and the others escape the car and hide out and rest in a cave, made by Aaron. The next day they are surrounded by Chaos-ridden. Instead of killing them, the Chaos-ridden kneel in front of Call and Call is forced to explain his identity to everyone there. They are escorted by the army to the coordinate points which turns out to be a tomb. In the tomb it is revealed that Constantine's body is still intact, and that Joseph plans to transfer the soul from Call's body to Constantine's body. His plans are quickly foiled though, as Alastair quickly steals the Alkahest and destroys Constantine Madden's body, therefore foiling the plan to transfer the souls. Because of Constantine's death, Call receives the chaos magic in Constantine's body, and becomes a Makar. They quickly escape, and bring along Constantine's head as proof they killed the "Enemy", but his soul was still living inside Call. When they get back, they are praised as heroes, but a shocking fact is revealed. Nobody from the Assembly sent the elementals, so it must have been a spy. And he is out to kill Call.

text: The Bronze Key[edit]

text: In the third book 'The Bronze Key', the action starts shortly after the ending of the second as Call, Aaron and Tamara are beginning their third or bronze year at the Magisterium. The book picks up the story with a death among the students and a spy on the loose threatening Call. The group is invited to a party in their honor, where two tragic incidents occur. First, Call is almost killed by a falling chandelier when he is invited to a room by Celia with a note, but it is not as it seems. A few minutes later, he sees Jennifer, the person who delivered the note, dead in the water. This throws the party into chaos, and everybody starts to evacuate. Call's dad takes the children to the Magisterium, where he believes they will be safe. Tamara and Aaron both believe that the spy, who they think tried to kill Call, is from the Magisterium, so they both keep an eye on Call 24/7. But that night, when Call comes to bed he is attacked by an elemental and almost killed if Aaron didn't step in and send the elemental to the void using his Makar or chaos powers. They started to investigate themselves, and wanted to go down to the prison where they held the elementals. But to do that, they would have to break into Anastasia Tarquin's room, Alex's stepmother. Upon entering Anastasia's room, they discover that the key they look for is hidden inside a voice-activated safe. After multiple faulty attempts, Call comes to a realization and enunciates the word that opens the safe: Jericho. Jericho is the mame of Constantine's twin brother, killed in an accident while they were students. Constantine was driven to find a method of "curing death" because of the loss of his brother. After retrieving the key, the trio enter it in the elemental gate, and as the gates disappear, they rush inside with a purpose. No information is retrieved from the elementals. Master Rufus surprises them by announcing that Alma, the leader of the Order of Disorder, will be teaching Aaron and Call. Aaron and Call make a deal with Alma to help her free the Chaos-ridden animals if she helps them communicate with the first victim, Jennifer. Later, Callum and Aaron help free the Chaos-ridden, assisted by Anastasia Tarquin and Alex Strike. Call passes out afteto a truck. When he wakes up, Aaron goes with him to visit Alma. Alma teaches them how to communicate with the dead. Callum interrogates Jennifer and finds out that she was killed by a "boy she liked" and Jennifer starts screaming for Kimiya to stay away. While trying to figure out more information, Callum accidentally raises her from the dead and Alma becomes suspicious of him. Call runs back to the hospital to find out that Tamara has left. They head back to their rooms when Alex rushes through the gates and alerts them that Tamara was kidnapped by the spy, and Havoc ran off into the woods surrounding the Magisterium. After running with Alex for a while, Call asks Alex to take off his hoodie. Upon seeing two black stripes up his sleeve, (which Call recognises from a photograph of Constantane and Master Joseph) Call realizes that Alex is indeed the spy in the Magisterium, working for the Enemy of Death. Alex drags the pair to his hideout in the woods, and extracts the Chaos from Aaron's body using the Alkahest, killing him in the process. After subduing Call and Tamara, Alex escapes with wounds inflicted by Havoc. The masters arrive, and in Call's desperation rant about how he didn't do it, he mentions that he is the Enemy of Death, and the Masters "clap him in chains" He is taken to the Panopticon, the prison, and as the book ends, Anastasia Tarquin is at Call's cell door, telling him she shall free him, and that he is her "son" as she was Constantine's mother.

text: Books[edit]

text:
The Iron Trial (September 9, 2014)
The Copper Gauntlet (September 1, 2015)
The Bronze Key (August 30, 2016)
The Silver Mask (October 26, 2017)
The Golden Tower (September 7, 2018)

tag: ol

text: The last book is not out yet

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first book in the series, The Iron Trial, was well received. Kirkus Reviews praised the setting and "refreshingly nuanced" characters,[4] and a Publishers Weekly starred review predicted that the "string of ominous revelations" would leave readers wanting more.[5] Though Kirkus noted that the similarities to Harry Potter can be distracting, a reviewer at The Daily Telegraph wrote that the book "moves deftly into the gap" left by the JK Rowling series.[6]

text: In 2012, Constantin Film acquired the rights to the book series.[7] Black and Clare will adapt the script itself, and serve as executive producers.[8] Constantin is one of the production companies behind another adaptation of Clare's, The Mortal Instruments: City of Bones.


document_title: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

question_text: who is performing at the 2018 olympics opening ceremony

text: 2018 Winter Olympics opening ceremony

text: Preparations[edit]

text: The site of the opening ceremony, Pyeongchang Olympic Stadium, was built specifically for the Games. The pentagonal stadium seats 35,000. The organizers for the event said the shape was chosen because it is a combination of different shapes, a circle, a square, and a triangle, which represent heaven, earth, and mankind.[1] No Olympic or Paralympic events will be held at the stadium, which will only be used for the opening and closing ceremonies. The venue will be torn down afterwards.[2]

text: The broadcast of the Opening Ceremony of the 2018 Winter Olympic Games was available in more than 200 countries around the world.[3]

text:
Ha Hyun-woo of the band Guckkasten, Ahn Ji-young of the musical duo Bolbbalgan4, Lee Eun-mi and Jeon In-kwon with his band Deulgukhwa performed and sang John Lennon's "Imagine" at the opening ceremony.[4]
The Rainbow Children's Choir performed an arrangement, with Korean traditional musical instruments, of the national anthem, “Aegukga”.[5] The song was written to educate the public about various ethnicities. [6]
Insooni sang the theme song for the PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Torch Relay, "Let Everyone Shine".[7]

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The ceremony's message centered on peace, passion, harmony, and convergence.[1]

text: Five children from rural Gangwon province led the ceremony, which included animals, nature and a cast of 2,000. Five children were used to symbolize the five Olympic rings, and the five names were chosen to represent fire, water, wood, metal, and earth, the five elements that are believed to make up the Earth.[1]

text: Augmented reality and 5G technology were also incorporated in the event. The largest drone show in history, featuring 1,218 Shooting Star drones, was planned for the ceremony but cancelled at the last minute; television audiences were shown a version that had been recorded the previous December.[8]

text: During the opening ceremony the organizing committee was a victim of a cyber attack, but without major consequences.

text: Programme[edit]

text: Parade of Nations[edit]

text: The Parade of Nations was led, according to custom due to hosting the original ancient Olympics, by the Greek team, followed by other competing countries in alphabetical order based on their names in the Korean language, with the host country, South Korea, concluding the march.[9]

text: The delegations from both the host nation South Korea and North Korea (Korea at the 2018 Winter Olympics) marched under the Korean unification flag.[9] South Korean Won Yun-jong and North Korean Hwang Chung-gum both held the flagpole.[10]

text: Even though the temperature in the stadium during the ceremony was very cold, Bermuda's delegation wore shorts and Tongan Pita Taufatofua repeated his shirtless and oiled up Summer Olympic appearance.[10]

text: Background music for the parade began with an instrumental version of "Hand in Hand" by Koreana and included modern dance remixes of songs such as "단발머리" by Cho Yong-pil and of traditional Korean music, as well as the following K-pop hits: "Gangnam Style" by Psy, "Likey" by Twice, "Fantastic Baby" by Big Bang, "DNA" by BTS, and "Red Flavor" by Red Velvet.[11] "Red Flavor" was cut off just as the unified Korean team was introduced.

text: Torch lighting[edit]

text: The Olympic flame was on a 101-day relay across South Korea. The start of the ceremony takes place in Olympia of Greece. Apostles Angelis, 24 years old cross-country skier, is selected to be the first torchbearer. He said "It is a great honour for me to be chosen as the first torchbearer for the Olympic Winter Games of 2018. It is truly a unique moment that I am looking forward to. I feel very proud and with a unique sense of happiness." [12] Park Ji-Sung, football player in Republic of Korea, was the second person to hold the torch. After the flame touring around Greece for a week, it reached the Acropolis on 30th of October. [12] There were 36 ceremonies held in different cities over a week, then the flame arrived to the PyeongChang Panathenaic Stadium. More than 500 torchbearers participated to follow the rituals of Olympic cycle, and carried the message of peace.[13] In the stadium, Opera soloist Sumi Hwang sang the Olympic anthem during the torch lighting ceremony. The final person to hold the torch was Inbee Park, the golfer from Republic of Korea. Chung Su-hyon from North Korea and Park Jong-ah from South Korea carried the torch and headed up stairs toward the cauldron. [14]As the torch neared the cauldron, an ice skating rink with South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim was revealed.[10] Yuna Kim is the well-known figure skater who won gold medal in 2010 and silver metal in 2014.[14] The cauldron was designed to represent a full moon when it is not lit. Kim received the torch and lit the cauldron.[1]

text: Wish Fire[edit]

text: The final segment entitled "Wish Fire" featured Korean dance group Just Jerk[15] (who became known internationally for their participation in the twelfth season of America's Got Talent) entered the stage dressed as Dokkaebi, and performers with sparklers on roller blades. This segment in total featured 2,000 fireworks within and out of the stadium, some reaching as high as 1,300 metres (4,300 ft).[1]

text: Intel® Drone Light Show[edit]

text: More than 1,200 Intel Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones flying above Pyeong Chang to celebrate the opening of 2018 Winter Olympic Games. Intel® drone team now holds the Guinness World Record of flying largest number of drones. [16] The drones flew together to form custom animations illustrating snow boarding, skiing, other different sports, as well as the iconic Olympic rings. The Shooting Star drones carried on the symbol of unity and progress from lighting of the torch. [17]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Mike Pence[edit]

text: While there is no protocol requiring guests to stand for the host country's arrival,[18] United States Vice President Mike Pence was criticized for not standing, as North and South Korean athletes entered during the Parade of Athletes.[18] Pence was accused of hypocrisy, with critics drawing parallels to national anthem protests by NFL athletes.[19][20][21]

text: Russian hacking[edit]

text: On 24 February, the Washington Post reported that U.S. intelligence uncovered Russian spies hacked computers during the Opening Ceremony, an act that was previously speculated to be the work of North Korea. Analysts believed the Russians instigated the February 9 attack as a way to retaliate for the International Olympic Committee’s decision to ban Russia from the 2018 Winter Olympics as punishment for doping violations.[22][23]

text: Dignitaries in attendance[edit]

text:
Co-Prince of Andorra and President of France Emmanuel Macron[24]
 Governor General Julie Payette[25][24]
 Politburo standing member Han Zheng[26]
 Vice President Óscar Naranjo[24]
 President Kersti Kaljulaid[27]
 Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs Jean-Yves Le Drian[28] and Minister of Sports Laura Flessel
 President Frank-Walter Steinmeier[29]
 Sports Minister Luca Lotti[30]
 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[31]
 President of Korea Moon Jae-In[32]
 President Dalia Grybauskaitė[33]
 President Hashim Thaçi[34]
 Grand Duke Henri[35]
 Prince Albert II[36]
 King Willem Alexander, Queen Máxima and Prime Minister Mark Rutte[37]
 President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly Kim Yong-nam and Director of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party of Korea Kim Yo-jong[38]
 President Andrzej Duda[39]
 Minister of Youth and Sports Vanja Udovičić[40]
 President Andrej Kiska[41]
 President Alain Berset[42]
 Princess Anne[43]
 Vice President Mike Pence and Second Lady Karen Pence[44]
 Secretary-General António Guterres[45]

text: On 9 February 2018, Kim Yo-jong — sister of Kim Jong-un — attended the ceremony in Pyeongchang, South Korea. This was a first time that a member of the ruling Kim dynasty had visited South Korea since the Korean War.[46] Kim Yo-jong shook hands with South Korean president Moon Jae-in before sitting down to watch the ceremony together.[10]

text: Anthems[edit]

text:
Rainbow Children's Choir – South Korean National Anthem[5]
 Sumi Hwang – Olympic Hymn[5]

text: Ceremony key team[edit]

text:
Artistic Director: Yang Jung-woong[4]
Executive Director, creative: Song Seung-whan[47]
Executive Director, cinematography: Lim Tae-hong, Andrew