document_title: Love Island (series 4)

question_text: what is the current episode of love island

text: Love Island (series 4)

text: Production

text: During the final of the previous series on 24 July 2017, it was confirmed that Love Island would return for a fourth series due to air the following year.[5] It becomes the fourth series from the current revived format, but sixth series overall.[6] Caroline Flack and Iain Stirling were confirmed to continue their roles as presenter and narrator, respectively.[7] The first 10-second teaser for the new series began airing on 21 April 2018 with a second teaser released on 29 April.[8] A full length trailer was released on 17 May, which Stephanie Chase of Digital Spy pointed out included "all our favourite lingo from the show".[9] On 23 May, it was confirmed that the series would begin on 4 June on ITV2.[10] On 27 May, it was announced that a new spin-off, "Love Island: The Morning After", had been commissioned for the series. It is hosted by Kem Cetinay and Arielle Free and is a daily podcast delivering the freshest gossip to the fans.[11] First look pictures of the villa were released on 31 May.[12] The sixteenth episode of the series, first broadcast on 21 June 2018, features a tribute to series 2 contestant Sophie Gradon, who died on 20 June.[13]

text: Some episodes this series were aired outside of the usual 9pm timeslot due to the FIFA World Cup.[14]

text: Islanders

text: Angela Jain, the managing director at ITV Studios Entertainment, wanted the series to feature "some surprising cast members", who the audience would not expect to see.[15] She explained that she wanted "enough cast that feels like they are absolutely heart and soul Love Island – and then a certain percentage of people who feel genuinely new to telly and genuinely surprising."[15] When asked whether a former contestant could appear in this series, executive producer Andy Cadman did not rule out anything, but said he struggled to imagine it.[16] The first Islanders for the fourth series were released on 28 May 2018, just one week before the launch.[17] However, throughout the series, more Islanders entered the villa to find love.[18] Niall Aslam's decision to leave the series voluntarily for "personal reasons" marks the first time since the second series where an Islander voluntarily left the show.[19] The series was won by Dani Dyer and Jack Fincham having received 79.66% of the final vote.[2]

text:
Islander

Age

Hometown

Entered

Status

Ref

Dani Dyer

21

East London

Day 1

Winner (Day 59)

[20]

Jack Fincham

26

Kent

Day 1

Winner (Day 59)

[21]

Laura Anderson

29

Stirling

Day 1

Runner-up (Day 59)

[22]

Paul Knops

31

Bournemouth

Day 43

Runner-up (Day 59)

[23]

Josh Denzel

26

London

Day 8

Third place (Day 59)

[24]

Kazimir Crossley

23

London

Day 26

Third place (Day 59)

[25]

Megan Barton Hanson

24

Essex

Day 8

Fourth place (Day 59)

[24]

Wes Nelson

20

Staffordshire

Day 1

Fourth place (Day 59)

[26]

Alex George

27

Carmarthen

Day 1

Dumped (Day 57)

[27]

Alexandra Cane

27

Hertfordshire

Day 39

Dumped (Day 57)

[28]

Jack Fowler

22

London

Day 26

Dumped (Day 53)

[29]

Laura Crane

23

Devon

Day 43

Dumped (Day 53)

[23]

Josh Mair

21

Birmingham

Day 43

Dumped (Day 50)

[23]

Stephanie Lam

23

Hertfordshire

Day 43

Dumped (Day 50)

[23]

Georgia Steel

20

York

Day 4

Dumped (Day 47)

[18]

Sam Bird

25

Norwich

Day 19

Dumped (Day 47)

[30]

Charlie Brake

23

Chelsea

Day 26

Dumped (Day 43)

[31]

Ellie Brown

20

Newcastle

Day 15

Dumped (Day 43)

[32]

Idris Virgo

25

Birmingham

Day 37

Dumped (Day 40)

[33]

Kieran Nicholls

26

London

Day 37

Dumped (Day 40)

[33]

Samira Mighty

22

London

Day 1

Walked (Day 40)

[34]

Frankie Foster

22

Cheltenham

Day 26

Dumped (Day 37)

[35]

Grace Wardle

25

London

Day 26

Dumped (Day 37)

[36]

Darylle Sargeant

24

Watford

Day 26

Dumped (Day 33)

[37]

Ellie Jones

22

Kent

Day 26

Dumped (Day 33)

[38]

Adam Collard

22

Newcastle

Day 1

Dumped (Day 33)

[39]

Alex Miller

28

Essex

Day 26

Dumped (Day 33)

[40]

Charlie Williams

24

Bath

Day 26

Dumped (Day 30)

[41]

Dean Overson

25

Burnley

Day 26

Dumped (Day 30)

[42]

Jordan Adefeyisan

23

Stockport

Day 26

Dumped (Day 30)

[43]

Savanna Darnell

22

Sheffield

Day 26

Dumped (Day 30)

[37]

Zara McDermott

21

Essex

Day 15

Dumped (Day 25)

[32]

Eyal Booker

22

London

Day 1

Dumped (Day 25)

[44]

Rosie Williams

26

South Wales

Day 4

Dumped (Day 20)

[18]

Charlie Frederick

23

Plymouth

Day 8

Dumped (Day 13)

[24]

Hayley Hughes

21

Liverpool

Day 1

Dumped (Day 13)

[45]

Niall Aslam

23

Coventry

Day 1

Walked (Day 9)

[46]

Kendall Rae-Knight

26

Blackpool

Day 1

Dumped (Day 6)

[47]

text: Coupling

text: The couples were chosen shortly after the contestants entered the villa. After all of the girls entered, the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with. Alex G was paired with Samira, Eyal with Hayley, Jack Fi and Dani paired up, Niall and Kendall coupled up, whilst Wes paired up with Laura A. Adam then entered the villa and was told he would be stealing one of the girls the following day.

text:
Day 1

Day 6

Day 10

Day 20

Day 30

Day 40

Day 47

Final

Dani

Jack Fi

Jack Fi

Jack Fi

Jack Fi

Jack Fi

Jack Fi

Jack Fi

Winner  (Day 59)

Jack Fi

Dani

Dani

Dani

Dani

Dani

Dani

Dani

Winner  (Day 59)

Laura A

Wes

Wes

Wes

Wes

Jack Fo

Jack Fo

Paul

Runner-up  (Day 59)

Paul

Not in Villa

Laura A

Runner-up  (Day 59)

Josh D

Not in Villa

Georgia

Georgia

Kazimir

Kazimir

Kazimir

Third place  (Day 59)

Kazimir

Not in Villa

Josh D

Josh D

Josh D

Third place  (Day 59)

Megan

Not in Villa

Eyal

Eyal

Alex M

Wes

Wes

Fourth place  (Day 59)

Wes

Laura A

Laura A

Laura A

Laura A

N/A

Megan

Megan

Fourth place  (Day 59)

Alex G

Samira

Samira

Samira

Ellie B

Grace

Alexandra

Alexandra

Dumped (Day 57)

Alexandra

Not in Villa

Alex G

Alex G

Dumped (Day 57)

Jack Fo

Not in Villa

Laura A

Laura A

Laura C

Dumped (Day 53)

Laura C

Not in Villa

Jack Fo

Dumped (Day 53)

Josh M

Not in Villa

Stephanie

Dumped (Day 50)

Stephanie

Not in Villa

Josh M

Dumped (Day 50)

Georgia

Not in Villa

Niall

Josh D

Josh D

N/A

Sam

Dumped (Day 47)

Sam

Not in Villa

Samira

Ellie J

Georgia

Dumped (Day 47)

Charlie B

Not in Villa

Ellie B

Ellie B

Dumped (Day 43)

Ellie B

Not in Villa

Alex G

Charlie B

Charlie B

Dumped (Day 43)

Idris

Not in Villa

Dumped (Day 40)

Kieran

Not in Villa

Dumped (Day 40)

Samira

Alex G

Alex G

Alex G

Sam

Frankie

Walked (Day 40)

Frankie

Not in Villa

Samira

Dumped (Day 37)

Grace

Not in Villa

Alex G

Dumped (Day 37)

Darylle

Not in Villa

Adam

Dumped (Day 33)

Ellie J

Not in Villa

Sam

Dumped (Day 33)

Adam

N/A

Rosie

Rosie

Zara

Darylle

Dumped (Day 33)

Alex M

Not in Villa

Megan

Dumped (Day 33)

Charlie W

Not in Villa

Dumped (Day 30)

Dean

Not in Villa

Dumped (Day 30)

Jordan

Not in Villa

Dumped (Day 30)

Savanna

Not in Villa

Dumped (Day 30)

Zara

Not in Villa

Adam

Dumped (Day 25)

Eyal

Hayley

Hayley

Megan

Megan

Dumped (Day 25)

Rosie

Not in Villa

Adam

Adam

Dumped (Day 20)

Charlie F

Not in Villa

Hayley

Dumped (Day 13)

Hayley

Eyal

Eyal

Charlie

Dumped (Day 13)

Niall

Kendall

Georgia

Walked (Day 9)

Kendall

Niall

Dumped (Day 6)

Notes

1

none

2, 3

none

4

none

text: Notes

text:
^Note 1 : Adam arrived after the coupling on Day 1, but was told he would be able to steal a girl for himself on Day 2. He chose Kendall.[48]
^Note 2 : Original Islanders were only given the option to remain in their current couple, or re-couple with one of the new Islanders.
^Note 3 : After the public voted for their favourite couple, on Day 33 it was announced that Adam & Darylle, Alex M & Megan, and Ellie J & Sam had the fewest votes. It was then down to the only single Islanders Georgia and Wes to couple up with one of them, and therefore save them from being dumped. Georgia chose to couple up with Sam, whilst Wes chose Megan.
^Note 4 : After being chosen by their fellow Islanders, Georgia and Sam were given the choice to leave as a couple or remain in the villa but stay single. They decided to stay, meaning they were not permitted to couple up during the next recoupling. However, during the recoupling both refused to couple with anybody else meaning they had to leave the villa.

text: Casa Amor

text: On 27 June 2017, it was confirmed that "Casa Amor" would be reintroduced following its success during the previous series.[49] It is a second villa featuring new Islanders in a twist designed to put the couples to the ultimate test. Twelve new Islanders were introduced during this twist.[50] The villa was called "Casa Amor" which translates to Love House, and is located not far from the main villa. The new Islanders for the twist included six girls; Charlie, Darylle, Ellie, Grace, Kazimir and Savanna, as well as six boys; Alex, Charlie, Dean, Frankie, Jack and Jordan.[51]

text: The twist came to its conclusion four days later when the original Islanders were given the choice of remaining with their current partner in the opposite villa or couple up with one of the new Islanders. However as they were living in separate villas, they were not aware of each other's choice. If one decided to re-couple and the other did not, then the one that didn't would be single but still remain on the island. If both re-coupled then they would both remain in the villa with their new partner, whilst any remaining single new islanders would be dumped. At the end of this, Georgia and Wes became the only single original Islanders, whilst Charlie W, Dean, Jordan and Savanna were dumped.[52]

text: Weekly summary

text: The main events in the Love Island villa are summarised in the table below.

text:
Week 1

Entrances

On Day 1, Adam, Alex G, Dani, Eyal, Hayley, Jack Fi, Kendall, Laura A, Niall, Samira and Wes entered the villa.[53]
On Day 4, Georgia and Rosie entered the villa.[18]

Coupling

On Day 1, the Islanders coupled up for the first time. After all of the girls entered, the boys were asked to choose a girl to pair up with. Alex G was paired with Samira, Jack Fi with Dani, Eyal and Hayley paired up, Wes and Laura A coupled up, whilst Niall paired up with Kendall.[54]
On Day 2, single Adam was given the opportunity to steal one of the girls. He chose Kendall, leaving Niall single.[48]
On Day 6, the islanders re-coupled. This time it was the boys who had to pick a girl to pair up with. Alex G and Samira, Dani and Jack Fi, Eyal and Hayley, and Laura A and Wes all remained together, whilst Adam chose to be with Rosie, and Niall coupled up with Georgia. As Kendall remained single, she was dumped from the island.[55]

Dates

On Day 2, Adam and Kendall left the villa to go on a date.[48]
On Day 4, following a public vote for which boys to send on a date with new Islanders Georgia and Rosie. Niall was sent on a date with Georgia, whilst Alex G was chosen to date Rosie.[56]

Challenges

On Day 3, the girls and the boys competed against each other in "Excess Baggage" to guess which islander some facts are about. To make their guess they had to kiss that islander. The boys won the challenge by getting the most correct.[57]
On Day 5, in a superhero themed challenge, the girls competed against each other to prove who had the biggest superpower. Kendall was the overall winner of the challenge.[58]

Exits

On Day 6, Kendall was dumped from the island after failing to couple up.[59]

Week 2

Entrances

On Day 8, Charlie F, Josh D and Megan entered the villa.[60]

Coupling

On Day 10, the islanders re-coupled. This time it was the girls who had to pick a boy to couple up with. Adam and Rosie, Alex G and Samira, Dani and Jack Fi, Wes and Laura A and Wes all remained together, whilst Georgia chose to be with Josh D, Megan coupled up with Eyal, and Hayley picked Charlie F.[61]

Dates

On Day 7, Dani and Jack Fi left the villa to go on a date.
On Day 8, new Islanders Charlie F, Josh D and Megan were asked to choose three other Islanders to take on dates. Charlie F chose Hayley, Samira and Georgia, Josh D picked Hayley, Samira and Laura A, whilst Megan chose Alex G, Eyal and Niall.[62]
On Day 11, after winning a challenge, Wes and Laura A were rewarded with a date.
On Day 13, Georgia and Josh D left the villa to go on a date.

Challenges

On Day 11, the couples took part in "Meals on Wheels" where a three course meal had to be passed from the boy to the girl using their mouths alone. Wes and Laura A won the challenge by completing this in the quickest time.

Exits

On Day 9, Niall left the villa due to personal reasons.[19]
On Day 12, the Islanders voted anonymously for the two least compatible couples. As Alex G and Samira, and Charlie F and Hayley received the most votes they then went head-to-head in a public vote to save. On Day 13, Charlie F and Hayley were dumped from the island having received the fewest votes.

Week 3

Entrances

On Day 15, Ellie B and Zara entered the villa.[63]
On Day 19, Sam entered the villa.[64]

Coupling

On Day 20, the islanders re-coupled. This time it was the boys who had to pick a girl to couple up with. Dani and Jack Fi, Laura A and Wes, Georgia and Josh D and Eyal and Megan all remained together, whilst Adam chose to be with new girl Zara, Alex G coupled up with Ellie B and new boy Sam chose Samira.[65]

Dates

On Day 16, new Islanders Ellie B and Zara were asked to choose three other Islanders to take on dates. Ellie B chose Josh D, Wes and Alex G, whilst Zara chose Alex G, Eyal and Adam.[66]
On Day 19, Eyal and Megan left the villa to go on a date.[67]
On Day 20, new islander Sam was asked to choose three other Islanders to take on a date. He chose, Rosie, Samira and Ellie B.[68]

Challenges

On Day 18, the girls took part in "Girls Night In", where they were faced with a number of slumber party themed games.

Exits

On Day 20, Rosie was dumped from the island after failing to couple up.[69]

Week 4

Entrances

On Day 26, Alex M, Charlie B, Dean, Frankie, Jack Fo and Jordan entered the villa, whilst Charlie W, Darylle, Ellie J, Grace, Kazimir and Savanna entered Casa Amor.[70]

Challenges

On Day 22, the couples took part in a number of music festival themed games.
On Day 23, the Islanders took part in a quiz about their other half. The Islanders wrote down the answers to the questions, and if it matched their partner's then they'd score a point. Dani and Jack Fi won the challenge with the most points
On Day 24, the Islanders took part in a game of "Snog, Marry, Pie", where both the boys and girls were tasked with choosing an islander of the opposite gender, to snog, marry and pie, using wedding rings and pies.
On Day 27, the Islanders in the main villa went head-to-head again with the Islanders in Casa Amor, where they took part in a number of challenges. For every challenge won they would earn a point, where the villa with the most points at the end would receive a party.

Exits

On Day 25, after receiving the fewest public votes, Adam and Zara, Alex G and Ellie B, and Eyal and Megan were in danger of leaving. The remaining Islanders had to choose one boy and one girl to dump from the island. The boys chose Zara, whilst the girls chose Eyal.[71]
On Day 26, Adam, Alex G, Jack Fi, Josh D, Sam and Wes moved out of the villa and moved into Casa Amor.

Week 5

Coupling

On Day 30, the original Islanders were told that they would be re-coupling. They were only given the option to remain in their current couple or to choose one of the new Islanders. However, as the boys and the girls were living in separate villas, they were not aware of what the other one chose. If one decided to re-couple and the other did not, then they would be single but still remain on the island. If both re-coupled then they would both remain in the villa with their new partner, whilst any remaining single new islanders would be dumped. Already single Adam chose Darylle, whilst Megan chose Alex M. Dani and Jack Fi stayed loyal, whilst Samira and Sam both decided to recouple with Frankie and Ellie J respectively, and Alex G and Ellie B chose Grace and Charlie B. Laura A chose Jack Fo, whereas Wes chose to remain single, and Josh D brought Kazimir to the villa leaving Georgia single.[72]
On Day 33, after the public voted for their favourite couple, it was announced that Adam & Darylle, Alex M & Megan, and Ellie J & Sam had the fewest votes. It was then down to the only single Islanders Georgia and Wes to couple up with one of them, and therefore save them from being dumped. Georgia chose to couple up with Sam, whilst Wes chose Megan.[73]

Dates

On Day 33, as the only single Islanders, Georgia and Wes were given the opportunity to go on two dates. Georgia chose Jack Fo and Sam, whilst Wes chose Darylle and Megan.

Challenges

On Day 31, the couples took part in "Babewatch", where they competed against each other in a number of beach themed challenges. Charlie B and Ellie B were the overall winners of the challenge.
On Day 34, the boys and the girls competed to get each other's hearts racing the most by performing sexy dances. The boys were the overall winners of this challenge.[74]

Exits

On Day 30, Charlie W, Dean, Jordan and Savanna were dumped from the island after failing to couple up.[52]
On Day 33, Adam, Alex M, Darylle and Ellie J were dumped after failing to be chosen by Georgia or Wes to be in a couple with them.[75]

Week 6

Entrances

On Day 37, Idris and Keiran entered the villa.[76]
On Day 39, Alexandra entered the villa.[77]

Dates

On Day 37, Josh D and Kazimir left the villa to go on a date.
On Day 38, new Islanders Idris and Kieran were asked to choose another Islander to take on a date. Idris chose Laura A, whilst Kieran picked Georgia.
On Day 39, before entering the villa, new Islander Alexandra went on dates with both Alex and Jack Fo.

Coupling

On Day 40, the Islanders recoupled, this time with the girls choosing which boy they'd like to couple up with. Dani and Jack Fi, Laura A and Jack Fo, Georgia and Sam, Megan and Wes, Ellie B and Charlie B, and Kazimir and Josh D all remained together, whilst Alexandra coupled up with Alex G for the first time. This left Idris and Kieran single, who were subsequently dumped from the island.[78]

Challenges

On Day 40, the boys took part in a sexy rescue mission. Dressed as a fireman, they had to perform a strip tease, endure a number of obstacles and rescue a cat from a tree for the girl they're coupled with. Idris was chosen as the winner of this challenge.[79]
On Day 41, the couples played "Twitter Bingo" where they took part in a quiz based on viewers opinions.

Exits

On Day 37, the public voted for their favourite boy and girl. As Frankie and Grace received the fewest votes, they were dumped from the island.[80]
On Day 40, Samira voluntarily left the villa.[81] On the same day, after failing to re-couple, Idris and Kieran were dumped from the island.[78]

Week 7

Entrances

On Day 43, Josh M, Laura C, Paul and Stephanie entered the villa.[82]

Dates

On Day 47 as a result of winning the challenge Jack Fo and Laura C left the villa to go on a date.

Challenges

On Day 42, the couples took part in a quiz guessing who came top of a public poll about them.[83]
On Day 47, the couples took part in 'Master Baker' where the boys were blindfolded and attached to the girl's body and they had to decorate a cake.  Jack Fo and Laura C won the challenge.

Coupling

On Day 47, the Islanders recoupled, this time with the boys choosing which girl they'd like to couple up with. As Sam and Georgia had previously decided to remain in the villa apart, they were not permitted to choose each other. However, they refused to recouple. As a result of this, they were dumped from the island. Elsewhere, Dani and Jack Fi, Megan and Wes and Kazimir and Josh D, Alexandra and Alex G all remained together whilst Josh M coupled up with Stephanie, Jack Fo chose to couple up with Laura C and Paul chose to couple up with Laura A.

Exits

On Day 43, the viewers voted for their favourite couples. As Charlie B and Ellie B received the fewest votes, they were dumped from the island.
On Day 47, Sam and Georgia were dumped from the island after refusing to recouple.

Week 8

Challenges

On Day 50, the girls competed against each other in "Ladies Day" where they raced around a course on a horse space hopper. Laura C was the eventual winner of this challenge.[84]
On Day 51, the boys took a lie detector test with the girls asking the questions.[85]
On Day 52, the Islanders took part in "Shake it Off" where they were split into two teams and had to guess the missing words in various media headlines.[86]
On Day 53, the couples had their parenting skills tested by looking after dolls.[87]

Dates

On Day 50, Alex and Alexandra left the villa to go on a date.[88]
On Day 54, Dani and Jack, Alex and Alexandra, and Laura and Paul left the villa to go on their final Love Island date.[89][90][91]
On Day 55, Megan and Wes, and Kazimir and Josh left the villa to go on their final Love Island date.

Exits

On Day 50, Josh M and Stephanie were dumped from the island after receiving the fewest public votes to save.[92]
On Day 53, Jack Fo and Laura C were dumped from the island after receiving the fewest public votes to save.

Week 9

Challenges

On Day 59, as winners, Dani and Jack Fi were given the choice of two envelopes. One containing £50,000 and the other containing nothing. As Jack Fi picked the one with the money in, he was given the choice to keep it for himself of split the money with Dani. He chose to share.

Exits

On Day 57, Alex G and Alexandra were dumped from the island having received the fewest public votes following the Islanders anonymous vote for the couple they wanted to dump. As Alex G and Alexandra, Josh D and Kazimir, and Laura A and Paul received the most votes they then went head-to-head in a public vote to save.
On Day 59, Megan and Wes left the villa in fourth place, whilst Kazimir and Josh D finished third. Dani and Jack Fi were then voted the winners, leaving Laura A and Paul as runners-up.

text: Ratings

text: Official ratings are taken from BARB and include ITV2 +1.[93] Because the Saturday episodes are weekly catch-up episodes rather than nightly highlights, these are not included in the overall averages. The series launch on 4 June 2018 was the most watched digital TV programme since the 2012 Summer Olympics were broadcast on BBC Three, and the most watched ever on ITV2, this was overtaken by the episode that aired on 8 July 2018 which had 4.46 million viewers.[94]

text:
Viewers (millions)

Week 1

Week 2

Week 3

Week 4

Week 5

Week 6

Week 7

Week 8

Week 9

Sunday

3.65
3.95
3.74
4.27
4.46
3.94
3.64
4.13

Monday

4.05
3.76
3.86
3.56
4.17
4.17
4.01
4.07

Tuesday

3.91
4.00
4.00
3.98
3.83
4.11
4.01
3.88

Wednesday

3.81
3.88
4.04
4.09
3.97
4.03
3.79
3.82

Thursday

3.63
3.87
3.71
4.36
4.31
3.75
3.89
3.84

Friday

3.66
3.71
3.63
4.22
4.13
3.99
3.86
3.80

Weekly average

3.81

3.81

3.87

3.99

4.11

4.09

3.92

3.84

Running average

3.81

3.81

3.83

3.87

3.92

3.95

3.94

3.93

Series average

Weekly Hotlist

1.09
0.88
1.09
1.23
0.86
0.89
0.73
0.89

Aftersun

1.40
1.66
1.41
1.86
2.18
1.59
1.59
1.71


document_title: Sanford and Son

question_text: who owns the truck from sanford and son

question_tokens: who owns the truck from sanford and son

root

text: Sanford and Son

text: Summary[edit]

text: Sanford and Son stars Redd Foxx as Fred G. Sanford, a widower and junk dealer living at 9114 South Central Avenue in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, and Demond Wilson as his son Lamont Sanford. In his youth, Fred moved to South Central Los Angeles from his hometown of St. Louis.

tag: p

text: After the show's premiere in 1972, newspaper ads touted Foxx as NBC's answer to Archie Bunker, the bigoted white protagonist of All in the Family. Both shows were adapted by Norman Lear from BBC programs. Sanford and Son was adapted from Steptoe and Son and All in the Family from Till Death Us Do Part.

text: An earlier pilot for an American version of Steptoe and Son was produced by Joseph E. Levine in 1965. Starring Lee Tracy and Aldo Ray as Albert and Harold Steptoe, it was unscreened, and did not lead to a series. The pilot was released on DVD in the UK in 2018.[3]

text: Fred Sanford[edit]

text: Redd Foxx played Fred G. Sanford (named after Redd Foxx's [real name: John Elroy Sanford] brother, Fred), portraying him as a sarcastic, streetwise, irascible schemer whose frequent get-rich-quick ideas routinely backfired. His son Lamont longs for independence, but loves his father too much to move out and leave the trouble-prone Fred unsupervised. Though each owns an equal share in the business (technically Fred is the boss), Lamont often finds himself doing all the work and demanding his father complete tasks and duties, which he almost never does. Fred often insults his son, usually calling him "dummy." Lamont returns the favor, referring to Fred as an "old fool." Despite their disagreements, the two share a close bond and regularly come to each other's aid. An episode in the second season featured a plot in which Fred and Lamont had a heated argument over the business; Lamont quit and went to work for one of his father's business competitors. Meanwhile, Fred filled Lamont's position with a slacker who squandered Fred's money on a worthless item. When Lamont quits his new job and Fred fires the slacker, the two decide to reform their partnership, though each is too proud to admit they could not make it without the other.

text: According to Fred, his wife Elizabeth died around 1950. In a running gag in the series, during times of distress, Fred looks up (as to heaven) with his hand across his chest, faking a heart attack and saying, "This is the big one, Elizabeth! I'm coming to join ya honey." No one, however, falls for this transparent ruse. Fred raised Lamont alone and missed Elizabeth deeply. According to Fred, his son was named for Lamont Lomax, a pitcher from the Homestead Grays. In one episode, Lamont asks why he did not have a middle name; Fred tells him that Lamont is his middle name: he and Elizabeth never came up with a first name. However, it was revealed in the third episode of the first season that Lamont was named "Lamont Grady Sanford."

text: Initially, Fred's main antagonist on the show was his sister-in-law and Lamont's aunt Ethel (Beah Richards). Ethel's involvement in the Sanford family squabbles lasted until midway through the second season, where she was replaced in the cast with her more tart-tongued sister Esther (LaWanda Page). Fred and Esther's relationship as in-laws became a major part of the plot. The two frequently trade insults, usually instigated by Fred, who contorts his face upon Esther's entrance and describes her with disparaging and colorful metaphors (such as comparing her to King Kong). The deeply religious, no-nonsense Esther typically responds to Fred's insults by scowling, saying "watch it, sucka!", referring to him as "you old heathen" or "old fish-eyed fool", or even attacking Fred with her purse when he continues his remarks. Esther's disdain for Fred goes back to when he and Elizabeth were dating; she disapproved of Fred's marrying her sister.

text: Despite his stubbornness and irascible nature, Fred sometimes redeems himself with acts of kindness, even to those (like Esther) whom he insists he does not like. In the last episode of the series, Fred earns his high school diploma, and is the valedictorian of his graduating class.

text: Earlier in the show's run, it more closely adhered to the format of its British predecessor Steptoe and Son with 16 episodes (12 in season one and 4 in season two) being re-made from the original "Galton and Simpson" scripts with Fred and Lamont often at odds over various issues. Fred and Lamont also are depicted as being equally manipulative. Fred manipulates with constant threats of "the big one" and avoids manual labor due to his "arthur-itis". In earlier episodes, Lamont through various antics would try and drive a wedge between his father and Fred's girlfriend Donna Harris (Lynn Hamilton), who he disapproves of because he thinks she is trying to usurp his mother's place.

text: Lamont Sanford[edit]

text: Demond Wilson played Lamont Sanford, who is depicted at times as the greedier of the two. In one episode, for example, he refuses to sell two coffins for less than what he thinks they were worth, despite the fact that even possessing them upsets his superstitious father. Lamont sometimes receives his comeuppance for being disdainful of his father's habits and ways. (One example of this is the time Lamont is upbraided by a Nigerian woman who considers his attitude towards Fred to be disrespectful.) There are moments when Lamont is shown to be naive and foolish, such as the episode where he invites his new "friends" over to play poker. His street-savvy father immediately recognizes that they are card sharps, out to cheat Lamont after they gain his confidence by letting him win a few smaller-stakes games. After Lamont has lost all of his money, Fred turns the tables on the scammers by pretending to be ignorant of poker himself, agreeing to play a few hands and then taking all of their money by means of a marked deck of cards and special glasses that allow him to see what he is dealing. A similar predicament befalls Lamont in the second season when he gets involved in an unethical deal by purchasing a possibly valuable Regency commode from a woman for a rock-bottom price, then selling it back to her husband at double the price. He then takes an offer from a third party for quadruple that price while Fred tries over and over again to warn him that he is doing something immoral. Lamont becomes so angry that he threatens to lock Fred in his bedroom. Finally, due to some investigation on Fred's part, it is revealed that Lamont has been scammed, the pot is a fake, and the culprits have made off with several hundred dollars of Lamont's money.

text: One constant with Lamont (particularly in the second season) is that he is always trying to find new ways to move up in the world and away from the junk business, like his British counterpart Harold Steptoe (played by Harry H. Corbett), but he often is thwarted by Fred's interference. In the first episode, he buys a possibly valuable piece of porcelain from an elderly woman in Beverly Hills with the intention of selling at auction. However, Fred messes things up at the auction, and Lamont ends up buying the piece back from himself. In the second season, Lamont buys a war rifle from the American Revolution at an auction with the intent to sell it for thousands. While investigating it, Fred accidentally fires the gun through the front window, and he and Lamont spend all night wondering if he's accidentally killed the neighbor across the street who appears to be missing. In a panic, Lamont melts the gun down before realizing that the neighbor was just out of town. In one episode, he attempts to become an actor, Lamont and Rollo answer an ad for wannabe black film actors for an independent film company only to realize that it is really a pornographic film factory. In another episode, he answers an ad to travel around the world working on a tramp steamer, which would mean putting Fred in a nursing home, but Fred tricks him into not going. During the third season, Lamont attempts to open a side business with Julio, selling used automobile parts. Fred is so upset that he leaves and moves into a flop house. Lamont eventually convinces Fred to come home, but whether or not he left the new business venture never is addressed.

text: The most significant change in Lamont's character throughout the series was his attitude toward his work, his father and his future. In the very first episode, he is portrayed as hostile and angry toward Fred and the life he is forced to live, especially when Fred's interference ruins his plans; similar to the relationship of Harold Steptoe and Albert Steptoe. This would last through the middle of the first season, especially in an episode when he takes Fred out on the town for his birthday and becomes frustrated by Fred's lack of manners and crudeness in public. At the end of the night, he becomes so angry that he abandons Fred at the restaurant, leaving his father to walk home in the rain. His attitude towards Fred would soften by mid-season as episodes tended to focus more on the two working together to solve a problem, as when several bill collectors converged on the house threatening to repossess their belongings. He would change throughout the series and become a man dedicated to his work and to his father, but also who would try new things and new ideas to better himself, such as when he attempts to embrace his African heritage or later when he tries to run for state assemblyman.

text: Series progression[edit]

text: As the series progressed, it focused more on Fred's antics and schemes, with Lamont often adopting the role of the gentler, more open-minded progressive who attempts to broaden his father's horizons. A notable example of the softening of Lamont's character is his change in attitude towards Donna Harris (Lynn Hamilton), Fred's girlfriend. Early in the show's run Lamont derides her as "the barracuda" and is openly hostile towards her, attempting to ruin her relationship with his father at least twice. In a later episode, however, Lamont invites Donna to dinner with himself and his girlfriend, remarking that it would do his reputation good to be seen with "two lovely ladies."

text: Similarly, Fred is initially depicted as a man who, though not always ethically or culturally sensitive, has the wisdom of experience and significant street smarts. As the series progressed, Fred got into increasingly ludicrous situations, such as faking an English accent to get a job as a waiter, convincing a white couple that an earthquake was really the "Watts Line" of the then-nonexistent L.A. subway (a wordplay on the common phrase "WATS line"), taking over a play featuring George Foreman, or sneaking into a celebrity's private area, such as Lena Horne's dressing room or Frank Sinatra's hotel room. Some of these situations revolve around Fred's trying to make a quick buck.

text: One constant throughout the show is the loyalty of father and son to each other. Even in the show's earliest episodes when one or the other leaves the house, seemingly for good (Lamont moves out at least twice, and at one point he even puts Fred in a retirement home), something always occurs to return the situation to normal. (Lamont gets homesick and worries about his father, or something does not work out and Lamont schemes his way back in, Lamont feels lonely without his father around the house thanks to a plan Fred hatched with his friend Bubba, etc.)

text: Perhaps the best example of this bond between father and son occurs in the episode where a friend from Fred's past shows up and claims to be Lamont's real father. After hearing the news, Lamont tells a tearful Fred that he is "the only pop I've ever known" and as far as he is concerned, it is "always" going to be Sanford and Son. (In the humorous twist that closes the episode, it turns out the friend had actually slept with Aunt Esther, thinking she was her sister Elizabeth.) Lamont's birthday is mentioned in the third-season episode "Libra Rising All Over Lamont" as September 27, 1940. However, in a season five episode called "Ebenezer Sanford", Lamont says his birthday is in February. In yet another episode, Fred says Lamont was born in 1942.

text: Other characters[edit]

text:
Esther Anderson (LaWanda Page), also known as Aunt Esther, is the Bible-toting sister of Fred's late wife Elizabeth. Esther is a staunchly religious Baptist who finds little use for humor, though she is kind and loving towards Lamont. Fred and Esther dislike each other intensely. Fred's trademark response to Esther's entrance is to make an exaggerated grimace followed by colorful insults and comparisons to various animals ("Esther, I could stick your face in some dough and make gorilla cookies") and fictitious monsters such as King Kong (often referring to her as "Esther Kong") and Godzilla. Her usual reaction to his antics is to scowl and exclaim "watch it, sucka!". Other times, she will threaten Fred with violence, with phrases like "I'll knock you so far down in your socks, you'll think you wearing a turtleneck sweater!", or she swings her purse at Fred while angrily calling him "old fish-eyed fool" or "old heathen". When leaving the Sanford home, she often exclaims "oh glory!" or "hallelujah!" Her long-suffering but loving alcoholic husband Woodrow (played by Raymond Allen) began appearing infrequently later in the series. Woodrow eventually became sober so he and Esther could adopt a young orphan, played by Eric Laneuville. Fred and Esther called a temporary truce, of sorts, in the episode "My Fair Esther." Esther first appeared in early 1973, in the 29th episode of the series ("The Big Party"), and would eventually replace her sister Ethel (Beah Richards), the first main in-law character.
Grady Wilson (Whitman Mayo) is Fred's good-natured, simple minded best friend, who appears regularly on the show. Grady's catchphrase is "Good Googley Goo" He utters this when something good happens or he is in a pleasant mood. Grady is Fred's "sidekick" and often is involved in various get-rich-quick schemes concocted by Fred. In the episode "Hello Cousin Emma, Goodbye Cousin Emma", it is revealed that Grady grew up on the south side of Chicago and in his youth was a lady's man with the nickname "The Sheik of Drexel Avenue." Early in the series, a running gag was that Grady could never remember Lamont's name. Lamont would often correct him with a bogus name like Lucas or Lance. Later in the series, Grady's name-confusion gag was targeted at Esther. When Foxx refused to appear in several episodes due to a contract dispute, Grady became the central character, watching over the business and Lamont while Fred was "away" on vacation in St. Louis. Grady was actually named after actor Demond Wilson, whose full real name is "Grady Demond Wilson." (The character eventually was spun off into his own eponymous TV series in December 1975.)
Bubba Bexley[1] (Don Bexley) is another of Fred's friends who appears frequently, alternating with Grady as Fred's best friend. Bubba is known for his infectious belly-laugh and jovial personality. Bubba is primarily a straight man to set up punchlines for Fred. His loud greeting of "Hey Fred!" drives Fred and Lamont crazy. His function in several episodes is to encourage Fred's get-rich-quick schemes, as when he tells Fred to fake having whiplash after he is hit by a white man in a Cadillac while driving the truck. In the episode "Lamont Goes African", Bubba reveals that he is originally from Memphis, Tennessee.
Rollo Lawson (Nathaniel Taylor) is Lamont's best friend. Fred will often make disrespectful remarks towards Rollo, usually stating that he thinks Rollo is a criminal, as Rollo had spent time in jail. At one time, when Rollo introduced Lamont to his African cultural heritage, Fred thought it was a scam and noted that "If there was money to be made, Rollo would become an Eskimo". Rollo's mother Rita is an unseen character sometimes referred to when Rollo's name comes up and someone asks "Is that Rita Lawson's boy Rollo?" and she is also friends with Lamont's aunt Esther.
Donna Harris (Lynn Hamilton) is Fred's on-again, off-again girlfriend who later becomes his fiancée. She is employed as a practical nurse. Donna is an amiable, even-tempered lady who takes in stride Fred's shenanigans and occasional trysts. She also appears to be more sophisticated in contrast to Fred's rather blunt and boorish personality. Lamont, being the overprotective son, mistrusts Donna at first (branding her as "The Barracuda"), but by Season 6 has completely warmed to her. Esther is hostile toward Donna at first, almost coming to blows with her during their first meeting on Donna's and Fred's wedding day (an event that causes the cancellation of the wedding). Eventually, Esther warms to her as well.
Julio Fuentes (Gregory Sierra) is the Sanfords' Puerto Rican next-door neighbor who befriends Lamont. When Julio and his family move in next to the Sanfords, Fred takes an immediate dislike to them and remarks, "There goes the neighborhood." Despite Julio's friendliness, Fred often makes insulting ethnic jokes about Julio and openly wishes he would return to Puerto Rico, despite the fact that Julio is originally from New York City. Despite the contention, Fred does stand up for Julio's nephew at his elementary school, which has threatened to drop him to a lower grade due to lack of proficiency in speaking English; Fred tutors him for some time as well. In the fifth season, Julio moves away. The Sanfords buy his former home and convert it into a boarding house named the Sanford Arms.
Ah Chew (Pat Morita) is a Japanese-American friend of Lamont whom Fred belittles every chance he gets. Fred insults Ah Chew on numerous occasions using clichéd Oriental jokes. Fred actually befriends Ah Chew in a later episode because he wants to use him as a cook when he opens "Sanford and Rising Son", a Japanese restaurant in the Sanford house. Despite this arrangement, Fred still hurls verbal abuse at Ah Chew. In the fifth-season episode "Sergeant Gork", Morita portrays Colonel Hiakowa, in a flashback where Fred tells Roger, Lamont's fiancée's son, of his supposed heroism in World War II.
Officer "Smitty" Smith and Officer Howard "Hoppy" Hopkins are a pair of police officers who occasionally show up at the Sanfords' residence. One officer is African-American, Officer "Smitty" Smith (played by Hal Williams), and one Caucasian, Officer Howard "Hoppy" Hopkins (played by Howard Platt). Often, Hoppy incorrectly uses 'jive' slang, which Smitty corrects — e.g., "cold" instead of "cool" or "right up" instead of "right on." Conversely, the ever-professional Hoppy delivers a speech filled with police jargon and big words, which confuses Fred and/or Lamont thus turning to Smitty, who would translate Hoppy's speech into jive. Later in the series's run, the officers often appear individually. Unlike Ah Chew and Julio, Hoppy remains free of Fred's usual insults. In one episode, "This Little TV Went to Market", Officer "Jonesy" Jones (Bernie Hamilton) appears with Hoppy in place of Smitty. In the sixth-season episode "The Hawaii Connection", Smitty appears with his slow-witted new partner, Percy (Pat Paulsen). In "The Reverend Sanford", comic Freeman King appears as a police officer named Jim, presumably standing in for Smitty, but without Hoppy or any other partner.
Officer "Swanny" Swanhauser (Noam Pitlik) is originally Officer Smitty's Caucasian partner who is replaced early in the second season with Officer Hopkins. Swanny is basically the same as Hoppy, but his demeanor is much more serious and humorless. Like Hoppy, Swanny never is insulted racially by Fred.
May Hopkins (Nancy Kulp) is Officer Hopkins' prim and proper mother who appeared in the fifth season. She is a retired store detective who rents a room at the Sanford Arms next door. Landlord Fred often insults her when she pays a visit. Much like her son, Mrs. Hopkins incorrectly uses jive slang, but the more experienced Hoppy corrects her.
Janet Larson (Marlene Clark) is a divorcee Lamont begins dating in the fifth season. Janet also has a young son, Roger (Edward Crawford). The Larsons appear occasionally until Lamont and Janet break up in the sixth and final season, due to the return of Janet's ex-husband.
Melvin White (Slappy White) is an old buddy of Fred's who appears in the first season. He appears in one second-season episode as well.
Leroy & Skillet (Leroy Daniels & Ernest 'Skillet' Mayhand) are a rambunctious pair of Fred's friends who like to play poker, billiards or joke around. They appear in the second and third seasons.
Otis Littlejohn (Matthew "Stymie" Beard) is a friend of Grady's who appears in the third and fourth seasons.
George "Hutch" Hutton (Arnold Johnson) is an elderly tenant of the Sanford Arms who befriends Fred. When they first meet, Hutch admits to serving a lengthy sentence in prison to avoid his ugly sister-in-law. This immediately endears him to Fred. Fred is then disgusted when Hutch joins Aunt Esther's Bible study group. He appears in the fifth season.
Frank Nelson appears as various comic foils to Fred in the fifth and sixth seasons using his catchphrase, "Yeeees?"
Fritzi Burr appeared as various comic foils to Fred from the fourth season to the sixth.
Dr. Caldwell (Davis Roberts) is the Sanford's family doctor who shows up in several early episodes. He often enters the Sanford residence with an alarming cough and his credentials as a doctor are questionable. Asked if he is really a doctor he claims "On Monday, Wednesday and Friday, I'm a doctor. The other days I work in the post office."
Nelson B. Davis (James Wheaton) is a mortician who dropped by the Sanford residence several times in the second season, at one point to look at some caskets that Lamont picked up an auction. With a deep voice and a spooky laugh, he would often make odd quips in reference to his unusual profession: "It's been a slow week, business is dead" and "I must to return to my place, I'm a working stiff." Once he told Lamont that "Burial insurance is something that everybody digs."
Reverend Trimble (Alvin Childress) is the soft-spoken minister of the Central Avenue Baptist Church who dropped by in the first two seasons, usually to officiate a wedding. The running joke was that every time he officiated a wedding for the Sanford family, the family usually ended up in a screaming match over petty disagreements which escalated into a war that left everyone fleeing the house in anger while the Reverend stood by in stunned silence.

tag: ul

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[4]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating
Tied with

1
14
January 14, 1972 (1972-01-14)
April 14, 1972 (1972-04-14)
6
25.2
N/A

2
24
September 15, 1972 (1972-09-15)
March 16, 1973 (1973-03-16)
2
27.6
N/A

3
24
September 14, 1973 (1973-09-14)
March 29, 1974 (1974-03-29)
3
27.5
N/A

4
25
September 13, 1974 (1974-09-13)
April 25, 1975 (1975-04-25)
2
29.6
N/A

5
24
September 12, 1975 (1975-09-12)
March 19, 1976 (1976-03-19)
7
24.4
Rhoda

6
25
September 24, 1976 (1976-09-24)
March 25, 1977 (1977-03-25)
27
20.3
N/A

tag: table

text: Reception and cancellation[edit]

text: Sanford and Son was enormously popular during most of its run, and was one of the top 10 highest-rated series on American television from its first season (1972) through the 1976–77 season.

text: With its coveted 8 p.m. Eastern Friday night time slot, Sanford and Son put enough of a dent into the middling audience of ABC's The Brady Bunch to drive it off the air in 1974. Sanford and Son peaked at #2 in the Nielsen ratings during the 1972–73 season and the 1974–75 season. The series was second only to All in the Family in terms of ratings during those years. By the 1974–75 season, Sanford and Son's high lead-in helped the entire NBC Friday night lineup to place in the coveted bracket of the Top 15 shows (Chico and the Man, following Sanford, ranked #3 for the season, while the police dramas The Rockford Files and Police Woman aired later in the evening and ranked at #12 and #15 respectively).

text: In the midst of taping episodes for the 1973-74 season, Redd Foxx walked off the show in a salary dispute. In 1973, Foxx was earning $19,000 per episode. His character was written out of the series for the rest of the season. The continuity of the show explained that Fred Sanford was away in St. Louis attending his cousin's funeral and leaving his friend Grady (Whitman Mayo) in charge of the business. NBC sued Foxx and as part of the settlement, Foxx later returned. Foxx had taped 18 of that season's 24 episodes before Fred "left for St. Louis." The show was still quite popular when it was cancelled in 1977.

text: In 2007, Time magazine included the show on its list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time".[5]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Sanford and Son was a ratings hit through its six-season run on NBC. Despite airing in the Friday night death slot, it managed to peak at #2 in the ratings (behind All in the Family, and ranked less than one ratings point behind during the 1974-75 season).

text:
Season
Time slot (ET)
Rank
Rating

1971–72
Friday at 8:00-8:30 PM
#6
25.2

1972–73
#2
27.6

1973–74
#3
27.5

1974–75
#2
29.6

1975–76
#7
24.4 (Tied with Rhoda)

1976–77
Friday at 8:00-8:30 PM (Episodes 1, 3-11, 13-25)
Friday at 8:30-9:00 PM (Episode 2)[6]
Tuesday at 8:00-8:30 PM (Episode 12)[7]
#27
20.3

text: Production notes[edit]

text: The series was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin's Tandem Productions, which were also responsible for All in the Family. The two shows had a number of things in common. Both were based on popular British sitcoms and both were pioneers of edgy, racial humor that reflected the changing politics of the time. Both series also featured outspoken, working class protagonists with overt prejudices. However, Sanford and Son differed from All in the Family and other Norman Lear shows of the era in that it lacked the element of drama. Sanford and Son helped to redefine the genre of black situation comedy. Due to Lear's commitments to his other series that were on the air at the time, and the relative distance among taping locations of other Tandem shows (as Sanford and Son taped at NBC's now-former Burbank facility, while the other shows such as All in the Family, Maude, The Jeffersons, and One Day at a Time were recorded at either CBS Television City or Metromedia Square, both in Hollywood), he did not have as much day-to-day involvement in Sanford and Son as he did with the other Tandem series, leaving the show-running to Yorkin.

text: As noted, the show was taped at the NBC Studios in Burbank, California; an exterior shot of the NBC Burbank lot was featured in the season five episode, "Steinberg and Son". The storefront, seen only in the opening credits, stood at 10659 West Magnolia Boulevard in North Hollywood. This same storefront, minus the "Sanford and Son" sign, can also be seen in Emergency!, in the episode titled "Alley Cat," filmed in 1973.

text: Foxx did not appear in nine episodes due to his conflicts with the series producers Bud Yorkin and Norman Lear. Foxx was absent from the third season's final six episodes and the first three episodes of the fourth season (in which the episodes were held back from broadcast and aired later in the season). The series continued with Fred's best friend Grady Wilson stepping in to serve as guardian for Lamont.[8]

text: The pickup truck depicted in the series is a 1951 Ford F1. It was purchased at auction after the series ended and was later leased back to NBC for the spin offs Sanford Arms and Sanford. It has changed hands a few times over the years, eventually purchased by a real life junk dealer, Donald Dimmitt of Dimmitts Auto Salvage, in Argos, Indiana. Most recently it was purchased from Dimmitts Auto Salvage by Tim Franko and Jeff Canter, owners of BlueLine Classics, a classic car dealership in North Royalton, Ohio. The truck has been preserved by BlueLine Classics to its true condition as seen on the TV series and is displayed in the BlueLine Classics showroom.[9]

text: Redd Foxx's death[edit]

text: On October 11, 1991, during a break from rehearsals for Foxx's sitcom The Royal Family, he suffered a fatal heart attack on the set. Reportedly, co-star Della Reese and the rest of the cast and crew thought he was doing his "It's the big one..."[10] fake heart attack routine he made famous on Sanford and Son, even when he collapsed on the floor, although that was not part of the usual shtick.[11] However, this heart attack was real, and Foxx never regained consciousness.

text: Theme music[edit]

text: Titled "The Streetbeater", the theme music was composed by Quincy Jones through A&M Records and released on record in 1973.[12] Although the song did not reach Billboard status, it has maintained mainstream popularity and is featured on Jones' greatest hits album.[13]

text: Spin-offs and 1980–81 revival[edit]

text: After the series was canceled in 1977, a short-lived continuation featuring the supporting characters titled Sanford Arms aired. Whitman Mayo starred in a short-lived spin-off series, Grady, during the 1975–76 season.

text: In 1980–81, Foxx attempted to revive the show with another short-lived series entitled Sanford, but Demond Wilson refused to reprise his role as Lamont Sanford for the new series.

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all six seasons of Sanford and Son on Region 1 DVD between August 2002 and June 2005, with a Complete Series box set following in 2008.

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date

First Season
14
August 6, 2002

Second Season
24
February 4, 2003

Third Season
24
October 7, 2003

Fourth Season
24
March 30, 2004

Fifth Season
24
September 14, 2004

Sixth and Final Season
24
June 7, 2005

Complete Series
136
October 28, 2008


document_title: Geography of North America

question_text: what is the highest landform in north america

text: Geography of North America

text: Paleogeography[edit]

text: Seventy percent of North America is underlain by the Laurentia craton,[5] which is exposed as the Canadian Shield in much of central and eastern Canada around the Hudson Bay, and as far south as the U.S. states of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The continental crust started to form 4 billion years ago (Ga), and six of the microcontinents collided to form the craton about 2 Ga. This core has been enlarged by plate tectonics, most notably between 1.8 and 1.65 Ga when a piece currently stretching from Arizona to Missouri fused with the south and west portion of the craton. The craton started to rift about 1.1 Ga, and the fissure (now the Midcontinent Rift System) ran between Kansas and Lake Superior before stopping, perhaps due to the Grenville collision in the east. Otherwise the craton has remained relatively stable, with some rocks dating from 2.5 to 4 Ga, including what may be the world's oldest known rock: Specimens from the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt on the coast of the Hudson Bay have been dated to 4.38 Ga,[6][7] though the dating methods are disputed.[8] Periodic flooding by inland seas, most recently the Western Interior Seaway during the Cretaceous, caused the layer of sedimentary rock over the remainder of the craton. The Laurentia craton is the center of the Proterozoic supercontinent Rodinia in most models,[9] and was also part of the later Laurussia, Pangea, and Laurasia supercontinents.

text: Roughly 3 million years ago (Ma), the volcanic Isthmus of Panama formed between the North and South American continents creating a bridge over what was the Central American Seaway and allowing the migration of flora and fauna between the two landmasses in the Great American Interchange. Starting 2.58 Ma, the Quaternary glaciation covered much of the continent with ice, centered west of Hudson Bay, the floor of which is slowly rebounding after being depressed by the great weight of the ice. Glaciers descended the slopes of the Rocky Mountains and those of the Pacific Margin. Extensive glacial lakes, such as Glacial Lake Missoula, Bonneville, Lahontan, Agassiz, and Algonquin, formed by glacial melt water. "Remnants of them are still visible in the Great Basin and along the edge of the Canadian Shield in the form of the Great Salt Lake, the Great Lakes, and the large lakes of west central Canada."[10] The last glacial period of the current ice age caused a lowering of the sea level, exposing the Bering Land Bridge between Alaska and Siberia, which resulted in human migration from Asia to the Americas between 40,000 and 15,000 years ago.[11]

text:
North America can also be divided into four great regions:[citation needed]
Great Plains: stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian Arctic;
the geologically young, mountainous west: including the Rocky Mountains, the Great Basin, California and Alaska;
the raised but relatively flat plateau of the Canadian Shield in the northeast;
the varied eastern region: including the Appalachian Mountains, the coastal plain of the Atlantic Seaboard, and the Florida peninsula.[12]
Mexico and its long plateaus and cordilleras fall largely in the western region, although the eastern coastal plain does extend south along the Gulf.

tag: div

text: Physiography[edit]

text: North America may be divided into at least five major physiographic regions:[citation needed]

text: The Coastal Plain and the main belts of the North American Cordillera continue in the south in Mexico (where the Mexican Plateau, bordered by the Sierra Madre Oriental and the Sierra Madre Occidental, is considered a continuation of the intermontane system) to connect the Transverse Volcanic Range, a zone of high and active volcanic peaks south of Mexico City.

text: The vast majority of North America is located on the North American Plate, centered on the Laurentia craton. Parts of California and western Mexico form the partial edge of the Pacific Plate; the two plates meet along the San Andreas Fault. The southern portion of the Caribbean and parts of Central America compose the much smaller Caribbean Plate.

text: The western mountains have split in the middle, into the main range of the Rockies and the Coast Ranges in California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia with the Great Basin (a lower area containing smaller ranges and low-lying deserts) in between. The highest peak is Mount McKinley/Denali in Alaska.  The geographic center of North America is approximately "6 miles west of Balta, Pierce County, North Dakota" at 48⁰ 10′north, 100⁰ 10′west,[13] and a 15-foot (4.5 m) field stone obelisk in Rugby, North Dakota (~15 miles or 25 km away) claims to mark the center.[citation needed]

text: Three countries (Canada, the United States, and Mexico) make up most of North America's land mass; they share the continent with 34 other island countries in the Caribbean and south of Mexico.

text: Surface and climate[edit]

text: The Great Plains is the broad expanse of prairie and steppe which lies east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. The narrow plains in the Mexican coast and the savannas of the Mississippi are analogous to, respectively, the Patagonian steppes and the pampas of the Piranha, Paraguay, and Rio de la Plata. Thus the Appalachians and the mountain chains of Brazil are regarded as creating similar interruptions to the plains community.[14]

text: North America extends to within 10° of latitude of both the equator and the North Pole. It embraces every climatic zone, from tropical rain forest and savanna on the lowlands of Central America to areas of permanent ice cap in central Greenland.[14] Subarctic and tundra climates prevail in north Canada and north Alaska, and desert and semiarid conditions are found in interior regions cut off by high mountains from rain-bearing westerly winds.[12] However, most of the continent has temperate climates very favorable to settlement and agriculture. Prairies, or vast grasslands cover a huge amount in mountain ranges.[12]

text: North America's greatest snowfalls[edit]

text:
Greatest Snowfalls

Places

Date

Inches

Centimeters

24 hours

Silver Lake, Colorado

April 14–15, 1921

76

195.6

1 month

Tamarack, California

January  1911

390

991

One storm

Mt. Shasta Ski Bowl, Calif.

February 13–19, 1959

189

480

One season

Mount Baker, WA

1998–1999

1, 140

2, 895.6

text: Hydrography and Deserts[edit]

text: The average rainfall in North America is 76 cm/year, which produces some 18 petaliters of water.[16]

text: River systems[edit]

text: North American rivers include:

text:
Approaching the Arctic Ocean
Albany
Churchill
Mackenzie
Nelson
Severn
Approaching the Atlantic Ocean
Arkansas
Churchill
Connecticut
Delaware
Grijalva
Hudson
James
Mississippi
Missouri
Ohio
Potomac
Rio Grande
Saint John
St. Johns
St. Lawrence
Savannah
Susquehanna
Tennessee
Usumacinta

text:
Approaching the Pacific Ocean
Balsas River
Colorado
Columbia
Fraser
Fuerte River
Lerma River
Sacramento
San Joaquin
Suchiate River
Yukon
Within the Great Basin
Bear River
Humboldt River
Sevier River

text: Deserts[edit]

text: The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run along the entire Pacific Coast, acting as a barrier to the humid winds that sweep in from the ocean. The rising topography forces this air upwards, causing moisture to condense and fall in the form of rain on the western slopes of the mountains, with some areas receiving more than 70 inches (1.8 m) of rainfall per year. As a result, the air has lost much of its moisture and becomes hot and dry when it reaches the areas east of the coastal mountain ranges.[12] These arid conditions are, in some instances, exacerbated in regions of extremely low altitude (some near or below sea level) by higher air pressure, resulting in drier conditions and adiabatic heating effects, some of these pocket deserts exist in valleys well north of the Canada–US border in interior British Columbia.  What precipitation does fall generally does not last long, lost primarily to evaporation, as well as rapid runoff and efficient water uptake and storage by native vegetation.

text: Climate and vegetation[edit]

text:
There are various plant life distributions in North America. Plant life in the Arctic includes grasses, mosses, and Arctic willows. Coniferous trees, including spruces, pines, hemlocks, and firs, are indigenous to the Canadian and Western U.S. mountain ranges as far south as San Francisco. Among these are giant sequoias, redwoods, great firs, and sugar pines. Sugar pines are generally confined to the northwestern area of the United States.
The central region of the country has hardwoods. Southern states grow extensive yellow pines. In addition, mahogany, logwood, and lignumvitae - all tropical in nature - are grown. The southwest has desert plants, including yucci and cacti. The cultivated native plants of North America are tobacco, maize, potato, vanilla, melons, cacao, gourds, indigo plant, and bean.

text:
Major habitat types of the United States and Canada
Ecoregions map of Canada, United States and Mexico

text: Zoology[edit]

text: North America is home to many native mammal species.  Several species of deer, including elk, caribou, moose, mule deer, and the abundant white-tailed deer are found throughout various regions, along with the bison and musk ox in the central and northern plains, respectively.  Three species of bear, several subspecies of wolf, and various other carnivores such as raccoons, skunks, and cats including cougars and lynxes are widely distributed.  The family Mustelidae is well represented, including badgers, otters, ferrets, and wolverines.  Numerous species of squirrels and other rodents, such as beavers and muskrats, can be found in virtually every region of the continent.   Central America has adapted sloths, anteaters, and armadillos. Other animals includes the condor, among the heights of the Andes, the parrots and the monkeys of Tropical forests, the humming bird, rattlesnake, alligator, and Cayman of the banks of the streams, and swarms of mosquitoes on the wide plains.

text: Mining and petroleum[edit]

text: The mining and petroleum industries are important in Canada, the United States and Mexico. These natural resources make the region one of the richest on the earth.[1][1][17]

text: Rocky Mountains[edit]

text: The Rocky Mountain region is known for vast resources and rich mineral deposits including copper, lead, gold, silver, tungsten, uranium, and zinc. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are mineral fuels found.[1][17] Old mine tailings are present in the Rocky Mountain landscape.

text: Agriculture and forestry[edit]

text: Agriculture and forestry are two major industries. Agriculture includes arid land and irrigated farming and livestock grazing.[1]  Livestock are often moved between high-elevation summer pastures and low-elevation and winter pastures.


document_title: History of iPhone

question_text: when did the first iphone come out in australia

question_tokens: when did the first iphone come out in australia

text: History of iPhone

text: Connection to AT&T[edit]

text: When Apple released the iPhone on January 9, 2007,[23] it was sold only with AT&T (formerly Cingular) contracts in the United States.[14] After 18 months of negotiations, Steve Jobs reached an agreement with the wireless division of AT&T to be the iPhone's exclusive carrier. Consumers were unable to use any other carrier without unlocking their device.

text: Apple retained control of the design, manufacturing and marketing of the iPhone.[24] Since some customers were jailbreaking their iPhones to leave their network, AT&T began charging them a $175 early-termination fee for leaving before the end of their contract.[25]

text: Court cases[edit]

text: Questions arose about the legality of Apple's arrangement after the iPhone was released.[26] Two class-action lawsuits were filed against the company in October 2007: one in Federal court and the other in state court.[27] According to the suits, Apple's exclusive agreement with AT&T violated antitrust law.[28]

text: The state-court suit, filed by the law office of Damian R. Fernandez on behalf of California resident Timothy P. Smith,[28] sought an injunction barring Apple from selling iPhones with a software lock and $200 million in damages.[29] In Smith v. Apple Inc., the plaintiffs said that Apple failed to disclose to purchasers its five-year agreement with AT&T when they bought iPhones with a two-year contract and cited the Sherman Act's prohibition of monopolies.[30]

text: The second case was filed in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California. The plaintiff, Paul Holman, filed a complaint against Apple and AT&T Mobility that he could not switch carriers or change SIM cards without losing iPhone improvements to which he was entitled. Holman also cited a Sherman Act violation by the defendants.[31] On July 8, 2010, the case was affirmed for class certification.[32] On December 9 the court ordered a stay on the case, awaiting the Supreme Court's decision in AT&T v. Concepcion (disputed whether the state's basic standards of fairness were met by a clause in AT&T's contract limiting complaint resolution to arbitration).[33] On April 27, 2011, the Supreme Court ruled that AT&T met the state's fairness standards.[34]

text: Advertising[edit]

text: The first advertisement for iPhone, titled "Hello", aired during the 79th Academy Awards on February 25, 2007, on American Broadcasting Company (ABC).[35] On June 4, 2007, Apple released four advertisements announcing that iPhone would be released on June 29, 2007.

text: Domain name[edit]

text: On July 1, 2007, it was reported that Apple paid at least US$1 million to Michael Kovatch for the iPhone.com domain name, previously owned by Kovatch since 1995.[36] The URL now redirects to Apple's iPhone page.

text: United States release[edit]

text: On June 28, 2007, during an address to Apple employees, Steve Jobs announced that all full-time Apple employees and those part-time employees who had been with the company for at least one year would receive a free iPhone. Employees received their phones in July after the initial demand for iPhones subsided.[37]

text: Initially priced at US $499 and US $599 for the 4GB models and 8GB models respectively, the iPhone went on sale on June 29, 2007. Apple closed its stores at 2:00pm local time to prepare for the 6:00pm iPhone launch, while hundreds of customers lined up at stores nationwide.[38]

text: In the US and some other countries, iPhones could only be acquired with a credit card, preventing completely anonymous purchases of iPhones.[39][40][41] At the time, there was no way to opt out of the bundled AT&T data plan. At first, iPhones could not be added to an AT&T Business account, and any existing business account discounts could not be applied to an iPhone AT&T account. AT&T changed these restrictions in late January 2008.[42]

text: The Associated Press also reported in 2007 that some users were unable to activate their phones because, according to AT&T, "[a] high volume of activation requests [was] taxing the company's computer servers."[43][44] On Oct 29, 2007, the Usenet newsgroup misc.phone.mobile.iphone was created.[relevant? – discuss]

text: Early estimates by technology analysts estimated sales of between 250,000 and 700,000 iPhones in the first weekend alone, with strong sales continuing after the initial weekend.[45][46] As part of their quarterly earnings announcement, AT&T reported that 146,000 iPhones were activated in the first weekend. Though this figure does not include units that were purchased for resale on eBay or otherwise not activated until after the opening weekend, it is still less than most initial estimates.[47] It is also estimated that 95% of the units sold are the 8GB model.[48]

text: On January 11, 2011, Verizon announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4. The Verizon iPhone went on sale on February 10, 2011.[49][50][51]

text: During Apple's official unveiling of iPhone 4S on October 4, 2011, it was announced that Sprint would begin carrying the reconfigured CDMA iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S in the US on October 14.[52][53] Cricket Wireless announced on May 31, 2012 that it would become the first prepaid carrier in the US to offer iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S, beginning June 22, 2012.[54] A week later, Virgin Mobile USA became the second American prepaid carrier to offer iPhone 4 and 4S, announcing plans to release the phones on June 29, 2012.[55] Due to T-Mobile USA's inability to provide iPhone to customers raised its subscription churn rate, put the unit in an "unsustainable position", and contributed to parent Deutsche Telekom's decision to sell it to AT&T in March 2011;[clarify] T-Mobile began offering iPhone on April 12, 2013.[56]

text: Media reports emerged in early August 2013 that announced that Apple would be launching its next iPhone model on September 10, 2013, but further details were not available. Brian Barrett, Managing Editor of the Gizmodo publication, speculated that either an upgraded version of iPhone 5 or a budget version would be released.[57]

text: Outsized bills[edit]

text: Stories of unexpected billing issues began to circulate in blogs and the technical press a little more than a month after iPhone's heavily advertised and anticipated release.[58] The 300-page iPhone bill in a box received by iJustine on Saturday, August 11, 2007[59][60] became the subject of a viral video, posted by the following Monday, which quickly became an Internet meme.[61][62] This video clip brought the voluminous bills to the attention of the mass media. Ten days later, after the video had been viewed more than 3 million times on the Internet,[63] and had received international news coverage, AT&T sent iPhone users a text message outlining changes in its billing practices.[64]

text: Price drop outcry[edit]

text: On September 5, 2007, the 4GB model was discontinued, and the 8GB model price was cut by a third, from US $599 to US $399.[65] Those who had purchased an iPhone in the 14-day period before the September 5, 2007 announcement were eligible for a US $200 "price protection" rebate from Apple or AT&T. However, it was widely reported that some who bought between the June 29, 2007 launch and the August 22, 2007 price protection kick-in date complained that this was a larger-than-normal price drop for such a relatively short period and accused Apple of unfair pricing.[66][67]

text: In response to customer complaints, on September 6, 2007, Apple CEO Steve Jobs wrote in an open letter to iPhone customers that everyone who purchased an iPhone at the higher price "and who is not receiving a rebate or other consideration", would receive a US$100 credit to be redeemed towards the purchase of any product sold in Apple's retail or online stores.[68]

text: iPhone 3G pricing model changes[edit]

text: With the July 11, 2008 release of the iPhone 3G, Apple and AT&T changed the US pricing model from the previous generation. Following the de facto model for mobile phone service in the United States, AT&T would subsidize a sizable portion of the upfront cost for the iPhone 3G, followed by charging moderately higher monthly fees over a minimum two-year contract.[69]

text: European release[edit]

text: This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2012)

text: On November 9, 2007, the iPhone was officially launched in Europe, in the United Kingdom and Germany.[clarify] In the UK, sales go through the UK O2 unit of Telefónica, while in Germany, it is offered through Deutsche Telekom's T-Mobile division.[clarify] As in the case of the previous launch in the US, customers lined up as much as a day in advance to obtain the much-anticipated phone.[70]

text: Apple occasionally produced a limited number of 4GB iPhones for German and UK markets, but they never reached end customers and were used as in-store demo units. Later[when?] most of the units were disposed of.[71]

text: The initial operating model of locking iPhone owners to one selected carrier has been controversial in Europe. In Germany, Vodafone, an operator competing with the operator that Apple had locked German iPhone sales to (Deutsche Telekom's T-Mobile division), brought a legal case[clarify] claiming that the arrangement was against German law. On November 20, 2007, an interim court order resulted in sales of locked iPhones in Germany being temporarily stopped. The iPhone launch in France a few weeks later through the operator Orange faced the same legal issues. Other countries that will pose[clarify] the same problems for the business model revolving around the sale of locked iPhones include Belgium, Italy, Finland, and Brazil.

text: On December 1, 2007, Tušmobil, the Slovenian mobile operator,[clarify] started selling "unlocked" iPhones without an official contract with Apple. The offer caused confusion between Apple Europe, local media, and local Apple representatives.[72]

text: On May 6, 2008, Telecom Italia announced that it had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhones in Italy by the end of 2008.[73] It was estimated that it would probably be the second generation iPhone with 3G-UMTS capability.

text: On May 27, 2008, TeliaSonera released a press release stating that it would start selling iPhones in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia during 2008.[74]

text: On June 4, 2008, Movistar announced that it had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhones in Spain beginning on July 11, 2008.[75]

text: On August 22, 2008, Estonian mobile operator EMT started selling iPhones.[76]

text: On August 22, 2008, Vodafone Greece released iPhones in the Greek market.[77]

text: On September 26, 2008, Omnitel released iPhones in Lithuania.[78]

text: On November 7, 2008, T-Mobile released iPhones in Croatia.[79]

text: On September 29, 2010, Elisa released the iPhone 4 in Finland.[80]

text: Southeast Asian releases[edit]

text: SingTel (in Singapore) and Globe Telecom (in the Philippines) were the first two carriers to launch the iPhone in Southeast Asia. Both carriers launched the iPhone 3G in August 2008.

text: On March 20, 2009, Telkomsel became the first telecommunications company in Indonesia to offer the iPhone 3G with customizable plans for all Telkomsel customers.[clarify][81] In the same month, Maxis of Malaysia and DiGi both launched the iPhone 3G.[where?]

text: On October 2011, StarHub launched the iPhone in Singapore. Smart Communications followed suit in December 2011 by launching the iPhone 4S in the Philippines. Smart Communications was the last telecommunications company to carry Apple's iPhone in Southeast Asia.[clarify][82]

text: Australian release[edit]

text: The iPhone 3G was released in Australia on July 11, 2008.[83]

text: New Zealand release[edit]

text: The very first iPhone 3G model released on July 11, 2008[clarify] was sold in Auckland, New Zealand to 22-year-old student Jonny Gladwell at 12:01 am NZST.[84] The iPhone 3G was only available to customers on the Vodafone network.[clarify][85] There was criticism from some New Zealand customers when Vodafone announced pricing for the iPhone 3G, as Vodafone was the only network to offer this generation of iPhone.[where?]

text: The first-generation iPhone was only available for sale in New Zealand through parallel import stores soon after it went on sale in the US. The original models available for sale in New Zealand were unlocked for use on the Vodafone network and could be used with any plan, including pre-paid plans.[86]

text: Subsequent launches of iPhone models in New Zealand have typically been a few weeks after the worldwide release.

text: On November 8, 2011, Telecom announced that they would offer the iPhone 4S on their network, along with earlier models (the iPhone 3GS and the iPhone 4).[87]

text: Canadian release[edit]

text: After months of high anticipation, the first iPhone to be released in Canada was the iPhone 3G. Rogers Wireless began offering 8 GB and 16 GB models on July 11, 2008. Facing a public backlash,[88] Rogers dropped the price of its service plan from CA$100 to CA$30 per month.[89]

text: The iPhone 3GS, with the new iOS 3.0 operating system, was released in Canada by Rogers Wireless on June 19, 2009. Users who signed up for a 3-year agreement with a data option[clarify] could choose between a 16 GB device for CA$199 and a 32 GB device for CA$299.[90]

text: Bell and Telus Mobility announced that they would release iPhone on November 4 and 5, 2009, respectively.[clarify][91]

text: Non-exclusive deals[edit]

text: On May 6, 2008, Vodafone announced that they had signed a deal with Apple to sell iPhone in Australia, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Greece, Italy, India, Portugal, New Zealand, South Africa, and Turkey.[92]

text: Subsequent announcements confirmed that Apple is moving away from exclusive one-carrier deals.[needs update?] Soon after Vodafone's announcement, TIM announced that it would also be selling iPhone in Italy, on May 12, 2008, Optus[93] confirmed that it would sell iPhone in Australia and SingTel confirmed that it would be selling iPhone in India through its Indian Joint Venture, Airtel.[clarify]

text: On June 4, 2008, SoftBank Mobile released a press release stating that it would start selling iPhone in Japan during 2008.[94]

text: Russia's second largest mobile operator, Beeline, announced on August 28, 2008 that they signed a contract with Apple to sell iPhone on the Russian market by late 2008. The deal was rumoured to be non-exclusive, according to unofficial statements made by MTS and MegaFon. MTS and MegaFon belong to the "Russian Big Three",[relevant? – discuss] and were expected to release the iPhone 3G at the same time as Beeline. As predicted, MegaFon issued a press release regarding the iPhone 3G release on September 2, 2008.[95]

text: On November 14, 2008, Vodafone Egypt and Mobinil started selling the iPhone 3G in Egypt. iPhone 3G is priced at EG£3,800 and EG£4,600 for the 8 GB and 16 GB models respectively. Customers must also sign up for one of 3 service plans[clarify] to use the phone.

text: On September 28, 2009, Orange announced that they were going to become the second operator of the iPhone in the UK, indicating that an exclusive deal that O2 had established with Apple in 2007 had ended. Orange later announced that the iPhone would be released on November 10, with pricing plans starting from £29.36 on contract and £440 for the 3GS 16GB on pay as you go.[clarify][96][97] On the following day, Vodafone UK announced that they would be selling the iPhone by early 2010, becoming the third UK network and Vodafone's 11th country to offer the iPhone.[98]

text: Verizon Wireless[edit]

text: There had been ongoing speculation in the United States that Apple might offer a CDMA-compatible iPhone for Verizon Wireless.[99] This speculation increased on October 6, 2010, when The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple would begin producing a CDMA-compatible iPhone, with such a model going on sale in early 2011.[100]

text: On January 8, 2011, the Wall Street Journal confirmed that Verizon Wireless would, on January 11, 2011, officially announce the launch of a CDMA-based iPhone for use on their network.[101] The date in which the Verizon iPhone would go on sale was unknown, though the two most recent[needs update?] iPhone releases were made available within weeks of their launch announcement. Verizon confirmed the announcement on January 11, with an on-sale date of February 10.[102]

text: On January 11, 2011, Verizon announced that they would start carrying a CDMA version of Apple's iPhone 4 during February 2011. Existing Verizon Wireless customers could pre-order iPhone on February 3. Pricing for the iPhone 4 was $199 for 16GB and $299 for 32GB.[103] The Verizon iPhone 5 released on Friday, September 19, in the United States; it was the first GSM unlocked iPhone,[104] which worked on AT&T and other GSM networks.[clarify]

text: World timeline[edit]

text: The international release of iPhone has been staggered over several months. Today, the iPhone is available in most countries.[105]

text:
Date
Country
Carrier(s) (released date)

June 2007
 United States (1)
AT&T (2007), Verizon (February 2011), Sprint (October 2011), C Spire Wireless (Late 2011), Cricket (June 2012), Virgin Mobile (June 2012), T-Mobile (April 2013), Boost Mobile (November 2013), U.S. Cellular (November 2013)

November
2007
 United Kingdom†  Germany  France‡ (4)
O2, 3, T-Mobile, Orange, Vodafone, EE, Tesco Mobile§, Virgin Mobile (November 2013)

March
2008
 Austria†  Ireland (6)
T-Mobile, O2, Orange

July
2008
 Australia†  Austria†  Belgium‡  Canada†  Denmark  Finland  Hong Kong†‡  Italy†‡  Japan  Mexico  Netherlands  New Zealand  Norway†‡  Portugal†  Spain  Sweden   Switzerland† (23)
3, movistar, SingTel Optus, Orange (Mobistar, One, Optimus), Rogers Communications (Fido Solutions,[106] Rogers Wireless), SoftBank, Swisscom, América Móvil (Telcel), TIM, TeliaSonera (NetCom), Telstra, T-Mobile, Vodafone

August
2008
 Argentina†  Chile†  Colombia†  Czech Republic†‡  Ecuador†  El Salvador†  Estonia  Greece†‡  Guatemala†  Honduras  Hungary  India†  Liechtenstein†  Macau  Paraguay  Peru†  Philippines  Poland†  Romania  Singapore  Slovakia†  Uruguay† (45)
3, América Móvil (Claro, Comcel, Porta), Era, movistar, O2, Orange, SingTel Bharti Airtel, Aircel, Globe, Smart - December 2011, SingTel, Swisscom, TeliaSonera (EMT), T-Mobile, Vodafone, Telenor

September
2008
 Brazil†‡  Latvia  Lithuania  South Africa  Turkey† (50)
TIM, América Móvil (Claro), TeliaSonera (LMT, Omnitel), Turkcell, Vivo, Vodafone (Vodacom), Oi

October
2008
 Luxembourg†  Russia‡ (52)
Beeline, MegaFon, MTS

November
2008
 Croatia  Egypt† (54)
T-Mobile, Vodafone, Mobinil

Later
2008
 Botswana  Cameroon  Central African Republic  Dominican Republic†  Guinea  Ivory Coast  Jamaica  Jordan  Kenya  Madagascar  Mali  Malta  Mauritius  Republic of Moldova  Nicaragua†  Niger  Panama  Réunion  Taiwan†  Qatar  Senegal  United States Virgin Islands  Venezuela (79)
América Móvil (Claro, MiPhone), Chunghwa Telecom, movistar, Orange, Vodafone

January
2009
 Thailand (80)
True Move

February
2009
 Saudi Arabia  United Arab Emirates (82)
Mobily, Etisalat, du

March
2009
 Bulgaria  Republic of Macedonia  Indonesia†  Malaysia (86)
GLOBUL, T-Mobile, Telkomsel, Maxis

October
2009
 People's Republic of China†[107] (87)
China Unicom

November
2009
 South Korea[108] (88)
KT

December
2009
 Guam[109]  Qatar  Uganda  Israel(92)
GTA Teleguam, Vodafone, Orange, Pelephone, Cellcom

March
2010
 Viet Nam[110]  Armenia (94)[111]
Viettel Mobile, MobiFone, VinaPhone, Orange

September
2010
 Tunisia[112] (95)
Orange

June
2011
 Slovenia[113]  Trinidad & Tobago[114] (97)
Simobil (now A1), Telekom Slovenije, bmobile

December
2013
 Sri Lanka[115]
Dialog Axiata

May
2014
 Kosovo[116] (98)
IPKO

October
2014
 Serbia
MTS, Telenor Serbia, Vip Mobile

text: † iPhone offered by multiple carriers under contract from Apple (country not carrier-exclusive)

text: ‡ iPhone offered without contract and without carrier lock

text: § MVNO with O2

text: Activation and SIM lock bypassing[edit]

text: This section may require copy editing. (June 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Each iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has been activated as a phone through AT&T or O2. On July 3, 2007, Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked iPhone's other features with jailbreaking. He published the software and offsets for others to use.[117]

text: On August 14, 2007, Gizmodo reported verification of a method to bypass iPhone's SIM lock, allowing the phone to work freely with carriers other than AT&T. This method requires usage of a Turbo SIM card, costing approximately US$80; the method essentially tricks iPhone into believing that it is operating on the AT&T network, even when it is connected natively (not in roaming mode) to another carrier.[118] Australian Personal Computer later published a ten-step guide to unlocking iPhone, using the Turbo SIM method.[119]

text: In mid-August, UniquePhones announced an unlocking service for iPhone, only to retract the service the following week after receiving a phone call from a lawyer representing AT&T.

text: On August 24, 2007, George Hotz, a 17-year-old hacker from Glen Rock, New Jersey, broke the lock that ties Apple's iPhone to AT&T's wireless network. He confirmed that he unlocked the phone and was using it on T-Mobile's network. The hack opened up a realm of possibilities for overseas customers because iPhone was only sold in the US at the time. By unlocking it, Hotz opened up the phone to all kinds of phone networks across the world. Hotz posted the hack on his blog. The process is complicated and requires both disassembling iPhone and executing software commands on a personal computer. Hotz, along with four others across the world, reportedly spent about 500 hours unlocking the phone.[120][121]

text: Also on August 24, 2007, Engadget reported, by way of photos and a video clip, that they were called by the "iPhoneSimFree" team, who offered to show Engadget a demonstration of unlocking iPhone using a software-only method.[122] Unlike Hotz's hardware hack, the code in this hack was not made available to the general public. Sales of the unlock started on September 10. These sales occurred through several resellers who were able to order "keys" from iPhoneSimFree, then pass the "keys" to customers, allowing the customers to use the software.

text: On September 11, after one day of sales, the iPhone Dev Team announced that they had created a working "software unlock", and released it to the public for free.[123] Utilizing the existing unlock[clarify] requires some technical knowledge, although a simpler, GUI-based version was under construction. Two free, GUI-based unlocking programs that have been made available are AnySim and iUnlock Reloaded.

text: On September 24, 2007 Apple issued a warning that future updates could render unlocked iPhones unusable.[124] On September 27, 2007, owners of unlocked iPhones who took advantage of the version 1.1.1 update through iTunes reported that the update rendered the device virtually inoperable.[125] There were also reports that the update even affected some iPhones that were not unlocked,[126] and Engadget found that the firmware update had "bricked" unhacked iPhones as well. The firmware update relocks iPhones, but on October 11 iPhoneSIMFree announced that they had hacked the 1.1.1 iPhone update, not only unlocking them but also unbricking those iPhones which were bricked by the update.[127]

text: On October 16, 2007, the iPhone Dev Team released AnySIM 1.1, the free utility that unlocks iPhones. The updated version works on firmware version 1.1.1, but doesn't fix baseband problems caused by updating an unlocked 1.0.2 phone up to 1.1.1.[128]

text: On October 23, 2007, the iPhone Elite Dev-Team released Revirginizing Tool to rebuild the lock table in the seczone area to repair the damage done by the original anySIM 1.0x unlockers so unlocked 1.0.2 iPhones can upgrade to 1.1.1 without bricking iPhone. The tool is unbricking the previously bricked iPhones.[129]

text: On November 21, 2007, T-Mobile announced that due to litigation commenced against them by their competitor Vodafone, which resulted in a preliminary injunction preventing T-Mobile from locking the SIM card to T-Mobile in Germany, it will sell the phone "unlocked" and will offer iPhone without a T-Mobile contract for €999 (US$1,478) at its shops to customers in Germany until the court renders a decision.[130]

text: By the end of November, Apple released another version of iPhone firmware, 1.1.2. This version does not have many new features but breaks unlocks.[citation needed]

text: During Macworld '08, on January 15, Apple released the fifth version of iPhone firmware, 1.1.3; this version repairs loopholes used by "iPhone Hackers." The firmware, however, had been compromised prior to release and new security measures were quickly bypassed.[citation needed]

text: On February 8, 2008, Geohot released the first full software unlock for the 1.1.2 & 1.1.3 OTB iPhones.

text: For recent information see IPhone SIM unlocking.