document_title: Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)

question_text: which is older jeopardy or wheel of fortune

text: Wheel of Fortune (U.S. game show)

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Main game[edit]

text: The core game is based on Hangman. Each round has a category and a blank word puzzle, with each blank representing a letter in the answer, and punctuation revealed as needed.[7] Most puzzles are straightforward figures of speech that fit within a mostly static list of categories, and this list has evolved over the course of the series. Crossword puzzles were added to the rotation in 2016. In such rounds, a clue bonding the words in the puzzle is given instead of a traditional category, and contestants win by solving all the words in the crossword.[8] The titular Wheel of Fortune is a roulette-style wheel mechanism with 24 spaces, most of which are labeled with dollar amounts ranging from $500 to $900, plus a top dollar value: $2,500 in round 1, $3,500 in rounds 2 and 3, and $5,000 for round 4 and any subsequent rounds. The wheel also features two Bankrupt wedges and one Lose a Turn, both of which forfeit the contestant's turn, with the former also eliminating any cash or prizes the contestant has accumulated within the round.[9] Each game features three contestants, or occasionally, three two-contestant teams positioned behind a single scoreboard with its own flipper. The left scoreboard from the viewer's perspective is colored red, the center yellow, and the right blue, with the contestants' positions determined by a random selection prior to taping.[10]

text: A contestant spins the wheel to determine a dollar value and guess a consonant.[note 2] Calling a correct letter earns the value before the corresponding flipper, multiplied by the number of times that the letter appears in the puzzle.[12] Calling a correct letter keeps the wheel in the contestant's control, allowing the contestant to spin again, buy a vowel for a flat rate of $250, or attempt to solve the puzzle. Contestants may continue to buy vowels so long as they have enough money to keep doing so, until all of the vowels in the puzzle have been revealed.[9] Control passes to the next contestant clockwise if the wheel lands on Lose a Turn or Bankrupt, if the contestant calls a letter that is not in the puzzle, calls a letter that has already been called in that round, fails to call a letter within five seconds of the wheel stopping, or attempts unsuccessfully to solve the puzzle. The only exception is the Free Play wedge, on which the contestant may call a consonant for $500 per occurrence, call a free vowel, or solve the puzzle, with no penalty for an incorrect letter or answer.

text: In the first three rounds, the wheel contains a Wild Card and a Gift Tag, while two ½ Car tags are present in rounds two and three only (except on episodes with two-player teams). The Wild Card may be used to call an additional consonant after any turn (for the amount that the contestant has just spun) or taken to the bonus round to call an extra consonant there. The Gift Tag offers either a $1,000 credit toward purchases from, or $1,000 in cash courtesy of, the sponsoring company, and the ½ Car tags award a car if the contestant wins the round(s) in which he or she claims both. Unlike the other tags, the ½ Car tags are replaced in subsequent rounds unless the car is won. A special wedge in the first two rounds awards a prize which is described by the announcer if won. All of the tags and the prize wedge are located over the $500 wedges, so calling a letter that appears in the puzzle when landed upon awards both the tag/wedge and $500 per every occurrence of that letter in the puzzle. The first three rounds also contain a special wedge which, if won and taken to the bonus round, offers an opportunity to play that round for $1,000,000. A contestant must solve the puzzle in order to keep any cash, prizes, or extras accumulated during that round except for the Wild Card, which is kept until the contestant either loses it to Bankrupt or uses it. Bankrupt does not affect score from previous rounds, but it does take away the Wild Card, individual ½ Car tags, and/or million dollar wedge if any was claimed in a previous round. Contestants who solve a round for less than $1,000 in cash and prizes ($2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams) have their scores increased to that amount.

text: Each game also features three toss-up puzzles, which reveal the puzzle one random letter at a time, and award cash to whoever rings in with the right answer. The first determines who is interviewed first by the host, the second determines who starts round 1, and the third determines who starts round 4. Respectively, the toss-ups are valued at $1,000, $2,000, and $3,000. In addition to these, each game has a minimum of four rounds, with more played if time permits.[12] Rounds 2 and 3 are respectively started by the next two contestants clockwise from the contestant who began round 1.

text: Round 2 features two "mystery wedges". Calling a correct letter after landing upon one offers the contestant the chance to accept its face value of $1,000 per letter, or forfeit that amount to flip over the wedge and see whether its reverse side contains a $10,000 cash prize or Bankrupt. Once either mystery wedge is flipped over, the other becomes a standard $1,000 space and cannot be flipped. Round 3 is a prize puzzle, which offers a prize (usually a trip) to the contestant who solves it. Starting with season 31 in 2013, an "Express" wedge is also placed on the wheel in round 3. A contestant who lands on this space and calls a consonant that appears in the puzzle receives $1,000 per appearance. The contestant can then either "pass" and continue the round normally, or "play" and keep calling consonants for $1,000 each (without spinning) and buying vowels for $250. The Express play ends when the contestant either calls an incorrect letter (which has the same effect as landing on a Bankrupt wedge) or solves the puzzle.[13]

text: The final round is always played at least in part in a "speed-up" format, in which the host spins the wheel to determine the value of each consonant, with $1,000 being added to the value on which the wheel stops before the red contestant's arrow. Vowels do not add or deduct money from the contestants' scores in the speed-up round. The contestant in control calls one letter, and if it appears in the puzzle, the contestant is given three seconds to attempt to solve.[note 3] Play proceeds clockwise, starting with the contestant who was in control at the time of the final spin, until the puzzle is solved. The three-second timer does not begin until the hostess has revealed all instances of a called letter and moved aside from the puzzle board, and the contestant may offer multiple guesses on his/her turn. After the speed-up round, the total winnings of the three contestants are compared. The contestant with the highest total winnings wins the game and advances to the bonus round. Contestants who fail to earn any cash or prizes in the game are awarded a consolation prize of $1,000 (or $2,000 on weeks with two-contestant teams).

text: If a tie for first place occurs after the speed-up round, an additional toss-up puzzle is played between the tied contestants. The contestant who solves the toss-up puzzle wins $1,000[14] and advances to the bonus round.

text: Bonus round[edit]

text: Before the bonus round begins, the winning contestant chooses one of three categories for his or her puzzle (prior to season 35, the puzzle and category were predetermined). After doing so, the contestant spins a smaller wheel with 24 envelopes to determine the prize. He or she is then shown a puzzle in the chosen category, and every instance of R, S, T, L, N, and E is revealed. The contestant provides three more consonants (four if he/she is holding the Wild Card) and one more vowel, then has 10 seconds to solve the puzzle after his or her other letters (if any) are revealed. The contestant may make as many guesses as necessary, so long as the contestant begins the correct answer before time expires. Whether or not the contestant solves the puzzle, the host opens the envelope at the end of the round to reveal the prize at stake. Prizes in the bonus round include various cash amounts (with the lowest being the season number multiplied by $1,000), a vehicle (or two vehicles during weeks with two-contestant teams), and a top prize of $100,000.

text: If the contestant has the Million Dollar Wedge, the $100,000 envelope is replaced with a $1,000,000 envelope. The $1,000,000 prize has been awarded three times: to Michelle Loewenstein (on the episode that aired October 14, 2008),[15] to Autumn Erhard (May 30, 2013),[16] and to Sarah Manchester (September 17, 2014).[17] Contestants who win the $1,000,000 may receive it in installments over 20 years, or in a lump sum of that amount's present value.[18] At the end of the Bonus Round, Sajak will reveal where the $1,000,000 wedge was on the prize wheel if the contestant failed to land on it.

text: Previous rules[edit]

text: Originally, after winning a round, contestants spent their winnings on prizes that were presented onstage. At any time during a shopping round, most often if the contestant did not have enough left to buy another prize,[19] a contestant could choose to put his or her winnings on a gift certificate, or he or she could put the winnings "on account" for use in a later shopping round. However, a contestant lost any money on account by landing on Bankrupt or failing to claim it by not winning subsequent rounds.[9] The shopping element was eliminated from the syndicated version on the episode that aired October 5, 1987,[20] both to speed up gameplay and to alleviate the taxes paid by contestants.[12] However, the network version continued to use the shopping element until the end of its first NBC run on June 30, 1989.[21]

text: Before the introduction of toss-up puzzles at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000,[22] the contestant at the red arrow always started round 1, with the next contestant clockwise starting each subsequent round.[23] In addition, if a tie for first place occurred, an additional speed-up round was played between the tied contestants for the right to go to the bonus round. The wheel formerly featured a Free Spin wedge, which automatically awarded a token that the contestant could turn in after a lost turn to keep control of the wheel.[24] It was replaced in 1989 with a single Free Spin token placed over a selected cash wedge. Free Spin was retired, and Free Play introduced, at the start of the 27th syndicated season in 2009.[25] Between September 16, 1996[26] and the end of season 30 in 2013, the show featured a progressive Jackpot wedge, which had been in several different rounds in its history.[note 4] The jackpot started at $5,000 and had the value of every spin within the round added to it. To claim the jackpot, a contestant had to land on the wedge, call a correct letter, and solve the puzzle all in the same turn. In later years, it also offered $500 per correct letter and $500 to the jackpot, regardless of whether or not it was won in that turn.

text: The network version allowed champions to appear for up to five days originally, which was later reduced to three. The syndicated version, which originally retired contestants after one episode, adopted the three-day champion rule at the start of the seventh season in 1989.[29] In later years, the top three winners from the week's first four shows returned to compete in the "Friday Finals". When the jackpot wedge was introduced, it began at $10,000 instead of $5,000 on Fridays. The rules allowing champions to return after their initial appearances were eliminated permanently beginning with the syndicated episode aired September 21, 1998, and contestants appear only on a single episode.[30]

text: Before December 1981, the show did not feature a bonus round.[9] Under the bonus round's original rules, no letters were provided automatically. The contestant asked for five consonants and a vowel, and then had fifteen seconds to attempt solving the puzzle. Also, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant at the start of the round.[31] The current time limit and rules for letter selection were introduced on October 3, 1988.[32] Starting on September 4, 1989, the first episode of the seventh syndicated season, bonus prizes were selected by the contestant choosing from one of five envelopes labeled W, H, E, E, and L. One prize was always $25,000 in cash, and the rest were changed weekly. Any prize that was won was taken out of rotation for the rest of the week.[29] During seasons 16 through 18 (1998–2001), the $25,000 remained in-place the entire week of shows regardless if it was won. At the start of season 19 in 2001, there were three car envelopes and two $25,000 envelopes, which were available the entire week of shows. These envelopes were replaced with the bonus wheel on October 22, 2001.[33]

text: Conception and development[edit]

text: Merv Griffin conceived Wheel of Fortune just as the original version of Jeopardy!, another show he had created, was ending its 11-year run on NBC with Art Fleming as its host. Griffin decided to create a Hangman-style game after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister played Hangman. After he discussed the idea with Merv Griffin Enterprises' staff, they thought that the idea would work as a game show if it had a "hook". He decided to add a roulette-style wheel because he was always "drawn to" such wheels when he saw them in casinos. He and MGE's then-president Murray Schwartz consulted an executive of Caesars Palace to find out how to build such a wheel.[34]

text: When Griffin pitched the idea for the show to Lin Bolen, then the head of NBC's daytime programming division, she approved, but wanted the show to have more glamour to attract the female audience. She suggested that Griffin incorporate a shopping element into the gameplay, and so, in 1973, he created a pilot episode titled Shopper's Bazaar, with Chuck Woolery as host and Mike Lawrence as announcer. The pilot started with the three contestants being introduced individually, with Lawrence describing the prizes that they chose to play for. The main game was played to four rounds, with the values on the wheel wedges increasing after the second round. Unlike the show it evolved into, Shopper's Bazaar had a vertically mounted wheel,[35] which was spun automatically rather than by the contestants. This wheel lacked the Bankrupt wedge and featured a wedge where a contestant could call a vowel for free, as well as a "Your Own Clue" wedge that allowed contestants to pick up a rotary telephone and hear a private clue about the puzzle. At the end of the game, the highest-scoring contestant played a bonus round called the "Shopper's Special" where all the vowels in the puzzle were already there, and the contestant had 30 seconds to call out consonants in the puzzle.

text: Edd Byrnes, an actor from 77 Sunset Strip, served as host for the second and third pilots, both titled Wheel of Fortune.[36] These pilots were directed by Marty Pasetta, who gave the show a "Vegas" feel that more closely resembled the look and feel that the actual show ended up having, a wheel that was now spun by the contestants themselves, and a lighted mechanical puzzle board with letters that were now manually turnable. Showcase prizes on these pilots were located behind the puzzle board, and during shopping segments a list of prizes and their price values scrolled on the right of the screen. By the time production began in December 1974, Woolery was selected to host, the choice being made by Griffin after he reportedly heard Byrnes reciting "A-E-I-O-U" to himself in an effort to remember the vowels.[36] Susan Stafford turned the letters on Byrnes' pilot episodes, a role that she also held when the show was picked up as a series.[34][37]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Hosts and hostesses[edit]

text: The original host of Wheel of Fortune was Chuck Woolery, who hosted the series from its 1975 premiere[9][38] until December 25, 1981, save for one week in August 1980 when Alex Trebek hosted in his place. Woolery's departure came over a salary dispute with show creator Merv Griffin, and his contract was not renewed.[12][39] On December 28, 1981, Pat Sajak made his debut as the host of Wheel.[40] Griffin said that he chose Sajak for his "odd" sense of humor. NBC president and CEO Fred Silverman objected as he felt Sajak, who at the time of his hiring was the weatherman for KNBC-TV, was "too local" for a national audience. Griffin countered by telling Silverman he would stop production if Sajak was not allowed to become host, and Silverman acquiesced.[41]

text: Sajak hosted the daytime series until January 9, 1989, when he left to host a late-night talk show for CBS. Rolf Benirschke, a former placekicker in the National Football League, was chosen as his replacement and hosted for a little more than five months. Benirschke's term as host came to an end due to NBC's cancellation of the daytime Wheel after fourteen years, with its final episode airing on June 30, 1989.[9] When the newly formatted daytime series returned on CBS on July 17, 1989, Bob Goen became its host. The daytime program continued for a year and a half on CBS, then returned to NBC on January 14, 1991 and continued until September 20, 1991 when it was cancelled for a second and final time.[9]

text: Susan Stafford was the original hostess, serving in that role from the premiere until October 1982. Stafford was absent for two extended periods, once in 1977 after fracturing two vertebrae in her back and once in 1979 after an automobile accident.[9][42] During these two extended absences, former Miss USA Summer Bartholomew was Stafford's most frequent substitute, with model Cynthia Washington and comedian Arte Johnson also filling in for Stafford.[43]

text: After Stafford left to become a humanitarian worker,[34] over two hundred applicants signed up for a nationwide search to be her replacement.[44] Griffin eventually narrowed the list to three finalists, which consisted of Summer Bartholomew, former Playboy centerfold Vicki McCarty, and Vanna White.[45] Griffin gave each of the three women an opportunity to win the job by putting them in a rotation for several weeks after Stafford's departure.[12] In December 1982, Griffin named White as Stafford's successor, saying that he felt she was capable of activating the puzzle board letters (which is the primary role of the Wheel hostess) better than anyone else who had auditioned.[46] White became highly popular among the young female demographic,[47] and also gained a fanbase of adults interested in her daily wardrobe, in a phenomenon that has been referred to as "Vannamania".[44] White remained on the daytime series for the rest of the time it was on the air.

text: Sajak and White have starred on the syndicated version continuously as host and hostess, respectively, since it began, except for very limited occasions. During two weeks in January 1991, Tricia Gist, the girlfriend and future wife of Griffin's son Tony, filled in for White when she and her new husband, restaurateur George San Pietro, were honeymooning.[48] Gist returned for the week of episodes airing March 11 through 15, 1991, because White had a cold at the time of taping.[49] On an episode in November 1996, when Sajak proved unable to host the bonus round segment because of laryngitis, he and White traded places for that segment.[50][51] On the March 4, 1997 episode, Rosie O'Donnell co-hosted the third round with White after O'Donnell's name was used in a puzzle.[52]

text: On April 1, 1997, Sajak and Alex Trebek traded jobs for the day. Sajak hosted that day's edition of Jeopardy! in place of Trebek,[53] who presided over a special two-contestant Wheel celebrity match between Sajak and White, who were playing for the Boy Scouts of America and the American Cancer Society, respectively;[54] Lesly Sajak, Pat's wife, was the guest hostess for the day.[53] In January and February 2011, the show held a "Vanna for a Day" contest in which home viewers submitted video auditions to take White's place for one episode, with the winner determined by a poll on the show's website;[55] the winner of this contest, Katie Cantrell of Wooster, Ohio (a student at the Savannah College of Art and Design),[56] took White's place for the second and third rounds on the episode that aired March 24, 2011.

text: Announcers[edit]

text: Charlie O'Donnell was the program's first and longest tenured announcer. In 1980, NBC was discussing cancelling Wheel and O'Donnell agreed to take the position as announcer on The Toni Tennille Show. The network decided against the cancellation but O'Donnell decided to honor his commitment and left the series.[57] His replacement was Jack Clark, who added the syndicated series to his responsibilities when it premiered in 1983 and announced for both series until his death in July 1988.[58] Los Angeles radio personality M. G. Kelly was Clark's replacement, starting on the daytime series in August 1988 and on the syndicated series when its new season launched a month later.[59] Kelly held these positions until O'Donnell was able to return to the announcer position, doing so after his duties with Barris Industries came to an end at the end of the 1988–89 television season.[9] O'Donnell remained with the series until shortly before his death in November 2010.[60] Don Pardo, Don Morrow, and Johnny Gilbert have occasionally served as substitute announcers.[9]

text: After O'Donnell's death, the producers sought a permanent replacement, and a series of substitutes filled out the rest of the season, including Gilbert, John Cramer, Joe Cipriano, Rich Fields, Lora Cain and Jim Thornton. For the show's twenty-ninth season, which began in 2011, Thornton was chosen to be the new announcer for Wheel, and has been with the show ever since.[61]

text: Production staff[edit]

text: Wheel of Fortune typically employs a total of 100 in-house production personnel, with 60 to 100 local staff joining them for those episodes that are taped on location.[10] Griffin was the executive producer of the network version throughout its entire run, and served as the syndicated version's executive producer until his retirement in 2000. Since 1999, the title of executive producer has been held by Harry Friedman, who had shared his title with Griffin for his first year,[62] and had earlier served as a producer starting in 1995.[3]

text: John Rhinehart was the program's first producer, but departed in August 1976 to become NBC's West Coast Daytime Program Development Director. Afterwards, his co-producer, Nancy Jones, was promoted to sole producer, and served as such until 1995, when Friedman succeeded her.[3] In the 15th syndicated season in 1997, Karen Griffith and Steve Schwartz joined Friedman as producers. Tthey were later promoted to supervising producers, with Amanda Stern occupying Griffith's and Schwartz's former position.[62]

text: The show's original director was Jeff Goldstein, who was succeeded by Dick Carson (a brother of Johnny Carson) in 1978.[9] Mark Corwin, who had served as associate director under Carson, took over for him upon his retirement at the end of the 1998–99 season, and served as such until he himself died in July 2013 (although episodes already taped before his death continued airing until late 2013).[63] Jeopardy! director Kevin McCarthy,[64] Corwin's associate director Bob Cisneros,[65] and Wheel and Jeopardy! technical director Robert Ennis[66] filled in at various points until Cisneros became full-time director in November 2013.[67] Ennis returned as guest director for the weeks airing October 13 through 17 and November 17 through 21, 2014, as Cisneros was recovering from neck surgery at the time of taping.[68][69] With the start of the 33rd season on September 14, 2015, Ennis was promoted to full-time director.[70]

text: Production[edit]

text: Wheel of Fortune is owned by Sony Pictures Television (previously known as Columbia TriStar Television, the successor company to original producer Merv Griffin Enterprises).[71] The production company and copyright holder of all episodes to date is Califon Productions, Inc., which like SPT has Sony Pictures for its active registered agent, and whose name comes from a New Jersey town where Griffin once owned a farm.[72] The rights to distribute the show worldwide are owned by CBS Television Distribution, into which original distributor King World Productions was folded in 2007.[73]

text: The show was originally taped in Studio 4 at NBC Studios in Burbank.[74] Upon NBC's 1989 cancellation of the network series, production moved to Studio 33 at CBS Television City in Los Angeles, where it remained until 1995.[75] Since then, the show has occupied Stage 11 at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City.[76] Some episodes are also recorded on location, a tradition which began with two weeks of episodes taped at Radio City Music Hall in late 1988.[77] Recording sessions usually last for five or six episodes in one day.[10]

text: Set[edit]

text: Various changes have been made to the basic set since the syndicated version's premiere in 1983. In 1996, a large video display was added center stage, which was then upgraded in 2003 as the show began the transition into high-definition broadcasting. In the mid-1990s, the show began a long-standing tradition of nearly every week coming with its own unique theme. As a result, in addition to its generic design, the set also uses many alternate designs, which are unique to specific weekly sets of themed programs. The most recent set design was conceived by production designer Renee Hoss-Johnson, with later modifications by Jody Vaclav.[1] Previous set designers included Ed Flesh[78] and Dick Stiles.[1]

text: The first pilot used a vertically mounted wheel which was often difficult to see on-screen. Flesh, who also designed the sets for The $25,000 Pyramid and Jeopardy!, designed the wheel mechanism. Originally made mostly of paint and cardboard,[78] the modern wheel mechanism is framed on a steel tube surrounded with Plexiglas and more than 200 lighting instruments, and is held by a stainless steel shaft with roller bearings. Altogether, the wheel weighs approximately 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg).[10]

text: The show's original puzzle board had three rows of 13 manually operated trilons, for a total of 39 spaces. On December 21, 1981, a larger board with 48 trilons in four rows (11, 13, 13 and 11 trilons) was adopted. This board was surrounded by a double-arched border of lights which flashed at the beginning and end of the round. Each trilon had three sides: a green side to represent spaces not used by the puzzle, a blank side to indicate a letter that had not been revealed, and a side with a letter on it.[23] While the viewer saw a seamless transition to the next puzzle, with these older boards in segments where more than one puzzle was present, a stop-down of taping took place during which the board was wheeled offstage and the new puzzle loaded in by hand out of sight of the contestants. On February 24, 1997, the show introduced a computerized puzzle board composed of 52 touch-activated monitors in four rows (12 on the top and bottom rows, 14 in the middle two).[10] To illuminate a letter during regular gameplay, the hostess touches the right edge of the monitor to reveal it.[79] The computerized board obviated the stop-downs, allowing tapings to finish quicker at a lower cost to the production company.

text: Although not typically seen by viewers, the set also includes a used letter board that shows contestants which letters are remaining in play, a scoreboard that is visible from the contestants' perspective, and a countdown clock.[80][81] The used letter board is also used during the bonus round, and in at least one case, helped the contestant to see unused letters to solve a difficult puzzle.[82]

text: Music[edit]

text: Alan Thicke composed the show's original theme, which was titled "Big Wheels". In 1983, it was replaced by Griffin's own composition, "Changing Keys",[83] to allow him to derive royalties from that composition's use on both the network and syndicated versions. Steve Kaplan became music director starting with the premiere of the 15th syndicated season in 1997, and continued to serve as such until he was killed when the Cessna 421C Golden Eagle he was piloting crashed into a home in Claremont, California, in December 2003.[84][85][86] His initial theme was a remix of "Changing Keys", but by the 18th syndicated season (2000–01), he had replaced it with a composition of his own, which was titled "Happy Wheels".[87] Since 2006, music direction has been handled by Frankie Blue and John Hoke.[1] Themes they have written for the show include a remix of "Happy Wheels" and an original rock-based composition.[87]

text: In addition to "Changing Keys", Griffin also composed various incidental music cues for the syndicated version which were used for announcements of prizes in the show's early years. Among them were "Frisco Disco" (earlier the closing theme for a revival of Jeopardy! which aired in 1978 and 1979),[88] "A Time for Tony" (whose basic melody evolved into "Think!", the longtime theme song for Jeopardy![89]), "Buzzword" (later used as the theme for Merv Griffin's Crosswords), "Nightwalk", "Struttin' on Sunset", and an untitled vacation cue.[87]

text: Audition process[edit]

text: Anyone at least 18 years old has the potential to become a contestant through Wheel of Fortune's audition process. Exceptions include employees and immediate family members of CBS Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries; any firm involved in supplying prizes for the show; and television stations that broadcast Wheel and/or Jeopardy!, their sister radio stations, and those advertising agencies that are affiliated with them. Also ineligible to apply as contestants are individuals who have appeared on a different game show within the previous year, three other game shows within the past ten years, or on any version of Wheel of Fortune itself.[90]

text: Throughout the year, the show uses a custom-designed Winnebago recreational vehicle called the "Wheelmobile" to travel across the United States, holding open auditions at various public venues. Participants are provided with entry forms which are then drawn randomly. Individuals whose names are drawn appear on stage, five at a time, and are interviewed by traveling host Marty Lublin. The group of five then plays a mock version of the speed-up round, and five more names are selected after a puzzle is solved. Everyone who is called onstage receives a themed prize, usually determined by the spin of a miniature wheel. Auditions typically last two days, with three one-hour segments per day.[91] After each Wheelmobile event, the "most promising candidates" are invited back to the city in which the first audition was held, to participate in a second audition. Alternatively, a participant may submit an audition form with a self-shot video through the show's website to enter an audition. Contestants not appearing on stage at Wheelmobile events have their applications retained and get drawn at random to fill second-level audition vacancies. At the second audition, potential contestants play more mock games featuring a miniature wheel and puzzle board, followed by a 16-puzzle test with some letters revealed. The contestants have five minutes to solve as many puzzles as they can by writing in the correct letters. The people who pass continue the audition, playing more mock games which are followed by interviews.[92][93]

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: Wheel of Fortune premiered on January 6, 1975, at 10:30 am (9:30 Central) on NBC. Lin Bolen, then the head of daytime programming, purchased the show from Griffin to compensate him for canceling the original Jeopardy! series, which had one year remaining on its contract. Jeopardy! aired its final episode on the Friday before Wheel's premiere. The original Wheel aired on NBC, in varying time slots between 10:30 am and noon, until June 30, 1989. Throughout that version's run, episodes were generally 30 minutes in length, except for six weeks of shows aired between December 1975 and January 1976 which were 60 minutes in length. NBC announced the cancellation of the show in August 1980, but it stayed on the air following a decision to cut the duration of The David Letterman Show from 90 to 60 minutes.[57] The network Wheel moved to CBS on July 17, 1989, and remained there until January 14, 1991.[9] After that, it briefly returned to NBC, replacing Let's Make a Deal,[94] but was canceled permanently on September 20 of that year.[9]

text: The daily syndicated version of Wheel premiered on September 19, 1983, preceded by a series of episodes taped on location at the Ohio State Fair and aired on WBNS-TV in Columbus, Ohio.[95] From its debut, the syndicated version offered a larger prize budget than its network counterpart.[40] The show came from humble beginnings: King World chairmen Roger, Michael, and Robert King could initially find only 50 stations that were willing to carry the show, and since they could not find affiliates for the syndicated Wheel in New York, Los Angeles, or Chicago, Philadelphia was the largest market in which the show could succeed in its early days. Only nine stations carried the show from its beginning,[96] but by midseason it was airing on all 50 of the stations that were initially willing to carry it, and by the beginning of 1984 the show was available to 99 percent of television households. Soon, Wheel succeeded Family Feud as the highest-rated syndicated show,[9] and at the beginning of the 1984–85 season, Griffin followed up on the show's success by launching a syndicated revival of Jeopardy!, hosted by Alex Trebek.[97] The syndicated success of Wheel and Jeopardy! siphoned ratings from the period's three longest-running and most popular game shows, Tic-Tac-Dough, The Joker's Wild, and Family Feud, to the point that all three series came to an end by the fall of 1986. At this point, Wheel had the highest ratings of any syndicated television series in history,[40] and at the peak of the show's popularity, over 40 million people were watching five nights per week. The series, along with companion series Jeopardy!, remained the most-watched syndicated program in the United States until dethroned by Judge Judy in 2011.[98] The program has become America's longest-running syndicated game show and its second-longest in either network or syndication, second to the version of The Price Is Right which began airing in 1972. The syndicated Wheel has become part of the consciousness of over 90 million Americans, and awarded a total of over $200 million in cash and prizes to contestants.[10]

text: The popularity of Wheel of Fortune has led it to become a worldwide franchise, with over forty known adaptations in international markets outside the United States.[10] Versions of the show have existed in such countries as Australia,[99] Denmark,[100] France,[101] Germany,[102] Italy,[103] Malaysia,[104] New Zealand,[105] the Philippines,[106] Poland,[107] Russia,[108] Spain,[109] and the United Kingdom.[110] The American version of Wheel has honored its international variants with an occasional theme of special weeks known as "Wheel Around the World", the inaugural episode of which aired when the 23rd syndicated season premiered on September 12, 2005.[111]

text: Between September 1997 and January 1998, CBS and Game Show Network concurrently aired a special children's version of the show titled Wheel 2000. It was hosted by David Sidoni, with Tanika Ray providing voice and motion capture for a virtual reality hostess named "Cyber Lucy".[112] Created by Scott Sternberg,[112] the spin-off featured special gameplay in which numerous rules were changed. For example, the show's child contestants competed for points and prizes instead of cash, with the eventual winner playing for a grand prize in the bonus round.[113]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Wheel of Fortune has long been one of the highest-rated programs on U.S. syndicated television. It was the highest-rated show in all of syndication before it was dethroned by Two and a Half Men in the 28th season (2010–11).[114][115] The syndicated Wheel shared the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game/Audience Participation Show with Jeopardy! in 2011, and Sajak won three Daytime Emmys for Outstanding Game Show Host—in 1993, 1997, and 1998. In a 2001 issue, TV Guide ranked Wheel number 25 among the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time,[116] and in 2013, the magazine ranked it number 2 in its list of the 60 greatest game shows ever, second only to Jeopardy![5] In August 2006, the show was ranked number 6 on GSN's list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows.[117]

text: Wheel was the subject of many nominations in GSN's Game Show Awards special, which aired on June 6, 2009.[118] The show was nominated for Best Game Show, but lost to Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?; Sajak and White were nominated for Best Game Show Host, but lost to Deal or No Deal's Howie Mandel; and O'Donnell was considered for Best Announcer but lost to Rich Fields from The Price Is Right. One of the catchphrases uttered by contestants, "I'd like to buy a vowel", was considered for Favorite Game Show Catch Phrase, but lost to "Come on down!", the announcer's catchphrase welcoming new contestants to Price. The sound effect heard at the start of a new regular gameplay round won the award for Favorite Game Show Sound Effect. The sound heard when the wheel lands on Bankrupt was also nominated. Despite having been retired from the show for nearly a decade by that point, "Changing Keys" was nominated for Best Game Show Theme Song. However, it lost to its fellow Griffin composition, "Think!" from Jeopardy![119]

text: A hall of fame honoring Wheel of Fortune is part of the Sony Pictures Studios tour, and was introduced on the episode aired May 10, 2010.[120] Located in the same stage as the show's taping facility, this hall of fame features memorabilia related to Wheel's syndicated history, including retired props, classic merchandise, photographs, videos, and a special case dedicated to White's wardrobe.[121] Two years later, in 2012, the show was honored with a Ride of Fame on a double decker tour bus in New York City.[122]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Numerous board games based on Wheel of Fortune have been released by different toy companies. The games are all similar, incorporating a wheel, puzzle display board, play money and various accessories like Free Spin tokens. Milton Bradley released the first board game in 1975. In addition to all the supplies mentioned above, the game included 20 prize cards to simulate the "shopping" prizes of the show, with prizes ranging in value from $100 to $3,000. Two editions were released, with the only differences being the box art and the included books of puzzles. Other home versions were released by Pressman Toy Corporation, Tyco/Mattel, Parker Brothers, Endless Games, and Irwin Toys.[123]

text: Additionally, several video games based on the show have been released for personal computers, the Internet, and various gaming consoles spanning multiple hardware generations. Most games released in the 20th century were published by GameTek, which produced a dozen Wheel games on various platforms, starting with a Nintendo Entertainment System game released in 1987 and continuing until the company closed in 1998 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.[124] Subsequent games were published by Hasbro Interactive and its acquirer Infogrames/Atari; Sony Online Entertainment, THQ and Ubisoft.[125]

text: Wheel has also been licensed to International Game Technology for use in its slot machines. The games are all loosely based on the show, with contestants given the chance to spin the wheel to win a jackpot prize. Since 1996, over 200 slot games based on the show have been created, both for real-world casinos and those on the Internet. With over 1,000 wins awarded in excess of $1,000,000 and over $3 billion in jackpots delivered, Wheel has been regarded as the most successful slots brand of all time.[126]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by host Pat Sajak on-air and has been used instead of the full title in numerous promotional materials for the show.
Jump up ^ If a contestant cannot spin the wheel due to a physical limitation or disability, he/she is accompanied by a "designated spinner," a friend or family member who spins for him/her but is otherwise not involved in the game.[11]
Jump up ^ Sajak: "I'll give the wheel a final spin, and ask you to give me a letter. If it's in the puzzle, you have three seconds to solve it. Vowels are worth nothing, consonants are worth...[wedge amount], we'll add $1,000 to that, [dollar amount] apiece."
Jump up ^ The jackpot wedge was originally in round 3,[27] was moved to round 2 at the start of the 18th syndicated season in 2000,[22] and after that moved to round 1 from 2009 to 2013.[28]


document_title: Tigris–Euphrates river system

question_text: the area between the tigris and euphrates rivers

root

text: Tigris–Euphrates river system

text: Geography[edit]

text: The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, and marshes, all surrounded by desert.  The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf. Historically, the area is known as Mesopotamia. As part of the larger Fertile Crescent, it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period, for which reason it is often described as a "Cradle of Civilization".

tag: p

text: In the 1980s, this ecoregion was put in grave danger as the Iran–Iraq War raged within its boundaries.  The wetlands of Iraq, which were inhabited by the Marsh Arabs, were almost completely dried out, and have only recently[when?] shown signs of recovery.

text: The Tigris–Euphrates Basin is shared by Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Kuwait.[4] Many Tigris tributaries originate in Iran and a Tigris–Euphrates confluence forms part of the Kuwait–Iraq border.[7] Since the 1960s and in the 1970s, when Turkey began the GAP project in earnest, water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam's effects on the environment.  In addition, Syrian and Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin, particularly during drought.

text: General description[edit]

text: The general climate of the region is subtropical, hot and arid.  At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, featuring huge permanent lakes, marshes, and forest. The aquatic vegetation includes reeds, rushes, and papyrus, which support numerous species. Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile. Marshy land is home to water birds, some stopping here while migrating, and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards, snakes, frogs, and fish. Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo, two endemic rodent species, antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals.

text: Ecological threats[edit]

text: Iraq suffers from desertification and soil salination due in large part to thousands of years of agricultural activity. Water and plant life are sparse. Saddam Hussein's government water-control projects drained the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting streams and rivers. Shi'a Muslims were displaced under the Ba'athist regime. The destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations. There are also inadequate supplies of potable water.

text: The marshlands were an extensive natural wetlands ecosystem which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris–Euphrates basin and once covered 15–20,000 square kilometers. According to the United Nations Environmental Program and the AMAR Charitable Foundation, between 84% and 90% of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s. In 1994, 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein's regime – drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs. Canals, dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes, instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland. After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea, a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland. Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying.

text: The drying of the marshes led to the disappearance of the salt-tolerant vegetation; the plankton rich waters that fertilized surrounding soils; 52 native fish species; the wild boar, red fox, buffalo and water birds of the marsh habitat.

text: Water dispute[edit]

text: The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq, Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public-works project (the GAP project) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of  22 dams, for irrigation and hydroelectric energy purposes. Although the water dispute between Turkey and Syria was more problematic, the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq. The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey's participation in the UN embargo against Iraq following the Gulf War. However, the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria.[8]

text: The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over trans-boundary river flows.  Although the drought affected Turkey, Syria and Iran as well, Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows.  Iraq particularly complained about the Euphrates River because of the large amount of dams on the river.  Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times, beyond its means in order to supply Iraq with extra water.  Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought.  To make matters worse, Iraq's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect.[9]

text: In 2008, Turkey, Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the Joint Trilateral Committee on water for the three nations for better water resources management. Turkey, Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3, 2009, in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris–Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water-flow-monitoring stations.  On September 19, 2009, Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500 m³/s, but only until October 20, 2009.  In exchange, Iraq agreed to trade petroleum with Turkey and help curb Kurdish militant activity in their border region.  One of Turkey's last large GAP dams on the Tigris – the Ilisu Dam – is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife.[10]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia. Their drainage began in the 1950s, to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration. Saddam Hussein extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs, a rebellious group of people in Baathist Iraq. However, with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four-year drought that same year, the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery. The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50% of pre-1970s levels, with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes.[11]

text: This table is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this table to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (July 2016)

tag: table

text:
Conservation status: critical/endangered
Protected area
Endemic species: Basra reed warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis), Iraq babbler (Turdoides altirostris)
Threatened species: Basra reed warbler (Acrocephalus griseldis) - endangered
Possibly extinct species: Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat (Nesokia bunnii)

tag: ul

text: In media[edit]

text:
Dawn of the World, film, 2008.
Zaman, The Man From The Reeds, film, 2003


document_title: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

question_text: where does an apple a day keeps the doctor away come from

text: An apple a day keeps the doctor away

text: "An apple a day keeps the doctor away" is a common English-language proverb of Welsh origin. It espouses the folk-wisdom that apple consumption (or consumption of fruits and vegetables in general) has identifiable health benefits.

text: Origin[edit]

text: First recorded in the 1860s, the proverb originated in Wales, and was particularly prevalent in Pembrokshire. The first English version of the saying was "Eat an apple on going to bed, and you’ll keep the doctor from earning his bread." The current phrasing ("An apple a day keeps the doctor away") was first used in print in 1922.[1][2]

text: Scientific evaluation[edit]

text: A 2011 study found that consumption of apples and pears might prevent strokes.[1] A 2012 study found that apple consumption significantly lowered bad cholesterol levels in middle-aged adults.[1] In 2013, the BMJ published a study as part of its humorous Christmas issue comparing the effects of prescribing everyone in the UK over age 50 either an apple or a statin a day. The study concluded that both interventions would be similarly effective.[3]

text: A 2015 study looked directly at the relationship between apple consumption and physician visits and found no evidence that the proverb was true. The study did, however, find that people who ate an apple a day did use fewer prescription medications.[4]

text: However, a 2011 study found that adding one ‘Golden Delicious’ apple to the daily diet of a small group of overweight men led to higher levels of LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. The higher sugar and low-phenolic content of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was blamed for the results.[5]


document_title: ICC Awards

question_text: who won icc award 2008 for twenty20 international performance of the year

text: ICC Awards

text: Award categories[edit]

text: The following awards have been or currently are presented:

text:
Sir Garfield Sobers Trophy (Cricketer of the Year)
Test Player of the Year
ODI Player of the Year
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year
Emerging Player of the Year

text: Players eligible for this award must be under 26 years of age at the start of the voting period and have played no more than five Tests and/or ten ODIs before that date.

text:
Associate Player of the Year
David Shepherd Trophy (Umpire of the Year)
Captain of the Year
Women's Cricketer of the Year
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year
Women's Emerging Player of the Year
Spirit of Cricket

text:
Their opponents
Their own captain and team
The role of the umpires
The game's traditional values

text:
LG People's Choice Award
Fan's Moment of the Year
World Test XI
World one-day XI
Women's one-day XI
Women's T20I XI

text: ICC Development Programme Awards[edit]

text: In December 2016, ICC Development Programme Awards was announced for ICC's Associate and Affiliate Members aimed at creating improving structures within the 95 member federations.[1]

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The judging/voting period was originally from 1 August of the current year to 31 July of the next year. It has since undergone two changes and now takes place presently between September of the current year and September of the next year.

text: The ICC Selection committee comprises eminent former players and select the finalists for the ICC Cricketer of the Year, ICC Test Player of the Year, ICC ODI Player of the Year, ICC Emerging Player of the Year. The committee selects the final ICC World Test XI and ICC World one-day XI.

text:
Selection Committee

Year
Chairman
Committee Members

2004
 Sunil Gavaskar
 Richie Benaud
 Michael Holding
 Ian Botham
 Barry Richards

2005
 Sunil Gavaskar
 David Gower
 Richard Hadlee
 Rod Marsh
 Courtney Walsh

2006
 Sunil Gavaskar
 Allan Donald
 Ian Healy
 Arjuna Ranatunga
 Waqar Younis

2007
 Sunil Gavaskar
 Chris Cairns
 Gary Kirsten
 Iqbal Qasim
 Alec Stewart

2008
 Clive Lloyd
 Greg Chappell
 Shaun Pollock
 Sidath Wettimuny
 Athar Ali Khan

2009
 Clive Lloyd
 Anil Kumble
 Mudassar Nazar
 Stephen Fleming
 Bob Taylor

2010
 Clive Lloyd
 Angus Fraser
 Matthew Hayden
 Ravi Shastri
 Duncan Fletcher

2011
 Clive Lloyd
 Zaheer Abbas
 Mike Gatting
 Paul Adams
 Danny Morrison

2012
 Clive Lloyd
 Marvan Atapattu
 Tom Moody
 Carl Hooper
 Clare Connor

2013
 Anil Kumble
 Alec Stewart
 Waqar Younis
 Catherine Campbell
 Graeme Pollock

2014
 Anil Kumble
 Jonathan Agnew
 Russel Arnold
 Stephen Fleming
 Betty Timmer

2015
 Anil Kumble
 Ian Bishop
 Mark Butcher
 Belinda Clark
 Gundappa Viswanath

text: The final selection for the award is voted for by an academy of 56 (expanded from 50 in 2004), which includes current national team captains of Test playing nations (10), members of the Elite panel of ICC umpires and referees (18), prominent former players and cricket correspondents (28). In the event of a tie in the voting, the award is shared.

text: 2004 awards[edit]

text: The inaugural ICC awards ceremony was held on 7 September 2004, in London. The judging period covered was from 1 August 2003 to 31 July 2004 and included all Test matches and One Day Internationals played during that period.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Rahul Dravid (India)
Test Player of the Year: Rahul Dravid (India)
ODI Player of the Year: Andrew Flintoff (England)
Emerging Player of the Year: Irfan Pathan (India)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: New Zealand
World Test XI: Matthew Hayden (Aus), Herschelle Gibbs (SA), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Rahul Dravid (Ind), Brian Lara (WI), Jacques Kallis (SA), Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), Chaminda Vaas (SL), Shane Warne (Aus), Jason Gillespie (Aus), Steve Harmison (Eng) 12th man: Sachin Tendulkar
World one-day XI: Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Chris Gayle (WI), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Brian Lara (WI), Jacques Kallis (SA), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Shaun Pollock (SA), Chaminda Vaas (SL), Jason Gillespie (Aus)

text: 2005 awards[edit]

text: The second ICC awards ceremony was held at the Four Seasons Hotel in Sydney, Australia, on 11 October 2005. The judging period covered was from 1 August 2004 to 31 July 2005. This did not include the whole of the 2005 Ashes Series, since the final four matches of this series were played in August and September.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Awarded jointly to Andrew Flintoff (England) and Jacques Kallis (South Africa)
Test Player of the Year: Jacques Kallis (South Africa)
ODI Player of the Year: Kevin Pietersen (England)
Emerging Player of the Year: Kevin Pietersen (England)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: England
World Test XI: Virender Sehwag (Ind), Graeme Smith (SA), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Jacques Kallis (SA), Brian Lara (WI), Inzamam-ul-Haq (Pak), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), Shane Warne (Aus), Chaminda Vaas (SL), Glenn McGrath (Aus), 12th man: Anil Kumble (Ind)
World one-day XI: Marvan Atapattu (SL, captain), Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), Rahul Dravid (Ind), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Andrew Symonds (Aus), Inzamam-ul-Haq (Pak), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Daniel Vettori (NZ), Brett Lee (Aus), Naved-ul-Hasan (Pak), Glenn McGrath (Aus), 12th man: Jacques Kallis (SA)
List of nominees for 2005 awards

text: 2006 awards[edit]

text: The third ICC awards ceremony was held in Mumbai, India on 3 November 2006, during the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy. The judging period was from 1 August 2005 to 8 August 2006, thus including three of the four Tests between Pakistan and England, and the Test series between South Africa and Sri Lanka. For the first time, honors for both Women's Cricketer of the Year and Captain of the Year were awarded.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Ricky Ponting (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Ricky Ponting (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: Michael Hussey (Australia)
Emerging Player of the Year: Ian Bell (England)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Captain of the Year: Mahela Jayawardene (Sri Lanka)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Karen Rolton (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: England
World Test XI: Matthew Hayden (Aus), Michael Hussey (Aus), Ricky Ponting (Aus), Rahul Dravid (Ind, captain), Mohammad Yousuf (Pak), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Shane Warne (Aus), Makhaya Ntini (SA), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), Glenn McGrath (Aus), 12th man: Brett Lee (Aus)
World one-day XI: Adam Gilchrist (Aus, wicket-keeper), MS Dhoni (Ind), Ricky Ponting (Aus), Mahela Jayawardene (SL, captain), Yuvraj Singh (Ind), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Michael Hussey (Aus), Irfan Pathan (Ind), Brett Lee (Aus), Shane Bond (NZ), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), 12th man: Andrew Symonds (Aus)
List of nominees for 2006 awards

text: 2007 awards[edit]

text: The fourth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg, South Africa. For the first time, honor for Associate Player of the Year was awarded.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Ricky Ponting (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Mohammad Yousuf (Pakistan)
ODI Player of the Year: Matthew Hayden (Australia)
Emerging Player of the Year: Shaun Tait (Australia)
Associate Player of the Year: Thomas Odoyo (Kenya)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Captain of the Year: Ricky Ponting (Australia)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Jhulan Goswami (India)
Spirit of Cricket: Sri Lanka
World Test XI: Michael Vaughan (Eng), Matthew Hayden (Aus), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Mohammad Yousuf (Pak), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Michael Hussey (Aus), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), Stuart Clark (Aus), Makhaya Ntini (SA), Mohammad Asif (Pak), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), 12th man: Zaheer Khan (Ind)
World one-day XI: Matthew Hayden (Aus), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Jacques Kallis (SA), Shivnarine Chanderpaul (WI), Mark Boucher (SA, wicket-keeper), Chaminda Vaas (SL), Shane Bond (NZ), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), Glenn McGrath (Aus), 12th man: Michael Hussey (Aus)

text: 2008 awards[edit]

text: The fifth ICC awards ceremony was held in Dubai, U.A.E. on 10 September 2008 and saw the Twenty20 International Performance of the Year award inaugurated.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Shivnarine Chanderpaul (West Indies)
Test Player of the Year: Dale Steyn (South Africa)
ODI Player of the Year: MS Dhoni (India)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Yuvraj Singh (India)
Emerging Player of the Year: Ajantha Mendis (Sri Lanka)
Associate Player of the Year: Ryan ten Doeschate (Netherlands)
Umpire of the Year: Simon Taufel (Australia)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Charlotte Edwards (England)
Spirit of Cricket: Sri Lanka
World Test XI: Graeme Smith (SA, captain), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Mahela Jayawardene (SL), Shivnarine Chanderpaul (WI), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Jacques Kallis (SA), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), Brett Lee (Aus), Ryan Sidebottom (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), Muttiah Muralitharan (SL), 12th man: Stuart Clark (Aus)
World one-day XI: Herschelle Gibbs (SA), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Ajantha Mendis (SL), Farveez Maharoof (SL), MS Dhoni (Ind, wicket-keeper), Andrew Symonds (Aus), Daniel Vettori (NZ), Brett Lee (Aus), Mitchell Johnson (Aus), Nathan Bracken (Aus), 12th man: Salman Butt (Pak)

text: 2009 awards[edit]

text: The sixth ICC awards ceremony was held in Johannesburg, South Africa on 1 October 2009.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Mitchell Johnson (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Gautam Gambhir (India)
ODI Player of the Year: MS Dhoni (India)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Tillakaratne Dilshan (Sri Lanka)
Emerging Player of the Year: Peter Siddle (Australia)
Associate Player of the Year: William Porterfield (Ireland)
Umpire of the Year: Aleem Dar (Pakistan)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Claire Taylor (England)
Spirit of Cricket: New Zealand
World Test XI: Gautam Gambhir (Ind), Andrew Strauss (Eng), AB de Villiers (SA), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Thilan Samaraweera (SL), Michael Clarke (Aus), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Shakib Al Hasan (Ban), Mitchell Johnson (Aus), Stuart Broad (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), 12th man: Harbhajan Singh (Ind)
World one-day XI: Martin Guptill (NZ), Chris Gayle (WI), Kevin Pietersen (Eng), Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL), Yuvraj Singh (Ind), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Andrew Flintoff (Eng), Nuwan Kulasekara (SL), Ajantha Mendis (SL), Umar Gul (Pak), 12th man: Thilan Thushara (SL)
List of nominees for 2009 awards

text: 2010 awards[edit]

text: The seventh ICC awards ceremony was held in Bengaluru, India on 6 October 2010.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Sachin Tendulkar (India)
Test Player of the Year: Virender Sehwag (India)
Test Team of the Year: India
ODI Player of the Year: AB de Villiers (South Africa)
ODI Team of the Year: Australia
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Brendon McCullum (New Zealand)
Emerging Player of the Year: Steven Finn (England)
Associate Player of the Year: Ryan ten Doeschate (Netherlands)
Umpire of the Year: Aleem Dar (Pakistan)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Shelley Nitschke (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: New Zealand
LG People's Choice Award: Sachin Tendulkar (India)
World Test XI: Virender Sehwag (Ind), Simon Katich (Aus), Hashim Amla (SA), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), Jacques Kallis (SA), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Graeme Swann (Eng), James Anderson (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), Doug Bollinger (Aus), 12th man: Steve Harmison (Eng)
World one-day XI: Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Shane Watson (Aus), Michael Hussey (Aus), AB de Villiers (SA), Paul Collingwood (Eng), MS Dhoni (Ind, wicket-keeper), Ricky Ponting (Aus, captain), Daniel Vettori (NZ), Stuart Broad (Eng), Doug Bollinger (Aus), Ryan Harris (Aus)

text: 2011 awards[edit]

text: The eighth ICC awards ceremony was held in London, England on 12 September 2011.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Jonathan Trott (England)
Test Player of the Year: Alastair Cook (England)
ODI Player of the Year: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Tim Southee (New Zealand)
Emerging Player of the Year: Devendra Bishoo (West Indies)
Associate Player of the Year: Ryan ten Doeschate (Netherlands)
Umpire of the Year: Aleem Dar (Pakistan)
Women's Cricketer of the Year: Stafanie Taylor (West Indies)
Spirit of Cricket: MS Dhoni (India)
LG People's Choice Award: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
World Test XI: Alastair Cook (Eng), Hashim Amla (SA), Jonathan Trott (Eng), Sachin Tendulkar (Ind), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, captain, wicket-keeper), AB de Villiers (SA), Jacques Kallis (SA), Stuart Broad (Eng), Graeme Swann (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), James Anderson (Eng), 12th man: Zaheer Khan (Ind)
World one-day XI: Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL), Virender Sehwag (Ind), Shane Watson (Aus), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), AB de Villiers (SA), Yuvraj Singh (Ind), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Graeme Swann (Eng), Umar Gul (Pak), Dale Steyn (SA), Zaheer Khan (Ind), 12th man: Lasith Malinga (SL)

text: 2012 awards[edit]

text: The ninth ICC awards ceremony was held in Colombo, Sri Lanka on 15 September 2012.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
Test Player of the Year: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
ODI Player of the Year: Virat Kohli[2] (India)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Richard Levi (South Africa)
Emerging Player of the Year: Sunil Narine (West Indies)
Associate Player of the Year: George Dockrell (Ireland)
Umpire of the Year: Kumar Dharmasena (Sri Lanka)
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year: Stafanie Taylor (West Indies)
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year: Sarah Taylor (England)
Spirit of Cricket: Daniel Vettori (New Zealand)
LG People's Choice Award: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
World Test XI: Alastair Cook (Eng), Hashim Amla (SA), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), Jacques Kallis (SA), Michael Clarke (Aus, captain), Shivnarine Chanderpaul (WI), Matt Prior (Eng, wicket-keeper), Stuart Broad (Eng), Saeed Ajmal (Pak), Vernon Philander (SA), Dale Steyn (SA), 12th man: AB de Villiers (SA)
World one-day XI: Gautam Gambhir (Ind), Alastair Cook (Eng), Virat Kohli (Ind), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), Shahid Afridi (Pak), Michael Clarke (Aus), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Morne Morkel (SA), Steven Finn (Eng), Lasith Malinga (SL), Saeed Ajmal (Pak), 12th man: Shane Watson (Aus)

text: 2013 awards[edit]

text: The 2013 edition of the awards were replaced by a TV show. Rather than a formal event, the winners were broadcast in a special TV show which was aired on 14 December 2013.[3]

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Michael Clarke (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Michael Clarke (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: Kumar Sangakkara (Sri Lanka)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Umar Gul (Pakistan)
Emerging Player of the Year: Cheteshwar Pujara (India)
Associate Player of the Year: Kevin O'Brien (Ireland)
Umpire of the Year: Richard Kettleborough (England)
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year: Suzie Bates (New Zealand)
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year: Sarah Taylor (England)
Spirit of Cricket: Mahela Jayawardene (Sri Lanka)
LG People's Choice Award: MS Dhoni (India)
World Test XI: Alastair Cook (Eng, captain), Hashim Amla (SA), Cheteshwar Pujara (Ind), Michael Clarke (Aus), Michael Hussey (Aus), AB de Villiers (SA), MS Dhoni (Ind, wicket-keeper), Graeme Swann (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), James Anderson (Eng), Vernon Philander (SA), 12th man: Ravichandran Ashwin (Ind)
World one-day XI: Hashim Amla (SA), Shikhar Dhawan (Ind), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL), AB de Villiers (SA), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Ravindra Jadeja (Ind), Saeed Ajmal (Pak), Mitchell Starc (Aus), James Anderson (Eng), Lasith Malinga (SL), 12th man: Mitchell McClenaghan (NZ)

text: 2014 awards[edit]

text: The 2014 edition of the LG ICC Awards followed the same formal event which was implemented in 2013 as a TV show. The voting panel took into account players' performance between 26 August 2013 and 17 September 2014.[4][5] The show was broadcast globally on 15/16 November.[6]

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Mitchell Johnson (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Mitchell Johnson (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: AB de Villiers (South Africa)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Aaron Finch (Australia)
Emerging Player of the Year: Gary Ballance (England)
Associate Player of the Year: Preston Mommsen (Scotland)
Umpire of the Year: Richard Kettleborough (England)
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year: Sarah Taylor (England)
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year: Meg Lanning (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: Katherine Brunt (England)
LG People's Choice Award: Bhuvneshwar Kumar (India)
World Test XI: David Warner (Aus), Kane Williamson (NZ), Kumar Sangakkara (SL), AB de Villiers (SA, wicket-keeper), Joe Root (Eng), Angelo Mathews (SL, captain), Mitchell Johnson (Aus), Stuart Broad (Eng), Dale Steyn (SA), Rangana Herath (SL), Tim Southee (NZ), 12th man: Ross Taylor (NZ)
World one-day XI: Mohammad Hafeez (Pak), Quinton de Kock (SA), George Bailey (Aus), Virat Kohli (Ind), AB de Villiers (SA), MS Dhoni (Ind, captain, wicket-keeper), Dwayne Bravo (WI), James Faulkner (Aus), Dale Steyn (SA), Mohammed Shami (Ind), Ajantha Mendis (SL), 12th man: Rohit Sharma (Ind)

text: 2015 awards[edit]

text: The voting panel took into account players' performance between 18 September 2014 and 13 September 2015.[7]

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Steve Smith (Australia)
Test Player of the Year: Steve Smith (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: AB de Villiers (South Africa)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Faf du Plessis (South Africa)
Emerging Player of the Year: Josh Hazlewood (Australia)
Associate Player of the Year: Khurram Khan (United Arab Emirates)
Umpire of the Year: Richard Kettleborough (England)
Women's ODI Cricketer of the Year: Meg Lanning (Australia)
Women's T20I Cricketer of the Year: Stafanie Taylor (West Indies)
Spirit of Cricket: Brendon McCullum (New Zealand)
World Test XI: David Warner (Aus), Alastair Cook (Eng, captain), Kane Williamson (NZ), Younus Khan (Pak), Steve Smith (Aus), Joe Root (Eng), Sarfraz Ahmed (Pak, wicket-keeper), Stuart Broad (Eng), Trent Boult (NZ), Yasir Shah (Pak), Josh Hazlewood (Aus), 12th man: Ravichandran Ashwin (Ind)
World one-day XI: Tillakaratne Dilshan (SL), Hashim Amla (SA), Kumar Sangakkara (SL, wicket-keeper), AB de Villiers (SA, captain), Steve Smith (Aus), Ross Taylor (NZ), Trent Boult (NZ), Mohammed Shami (Ind), Mitchell Starc (Aus), Mustafizur Rahman (Ban), Imran Tahir (SA), 12th man: Joe Root (Eng)

text: 2016 awards[edit]

text: The voting panel took into account players' performance between 14 September 2015 and 20 September 2016.[8][9][10] The announcement of the World Test XI and World one-day XI, along with the winners of the men's individual ICC awards, was made on 21 December 2016.[11][12][13][14][15]

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Ravichandran Ashwin (India)
Test Player of the Year: Ravichandran Ashwin (India)
ODI Player of the Year: Quinton de Kock (South Africa)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Carlos Brathwaite (West Indies)
Emerging Player of the Year: Mustafizur Rahman (Bangladesh)
Associate Player of the Year: Mohammad Shahzad (Afghanistan)
Umpire of the Year: Marais Erasmus (South Africa)
Women’s ODI Cricketer of the Year: Suzie Bates (New Zealand)
Women’s T20I Cricketer of the Year: Suzie Bates (New Zealand)
Spirit of Cricket: Misbah-ul-Haq (Pakistan)
World Test XI: David Warner (Aus), Alastair Cook (Eng, captain), Kane Williamson (NZ), Joe Root (Eng), Ben Stokes (Eng), Adam Voges (Aus), Jonny Bairstow (Eng, wicket-keeper), Ravichandran Ashwin (Ind), Rangana Herath (SL), Mitchell Starc (Aus), Dale Steyn (SA), 12th man: Steve Smith (Aus)
World one-day XI: David Warner (Aus), Quinton de Kock (SA, wicket-keeper), Rohit Sharma (Ind), Virat Kohli (Ind, captain), AB de Villiers (SA), Jos Buttler (Eng), Mitchell Marsh (Aus), Ravindra Jadeja (Ind), Mitchell Starc (Aus), Kagiso Rabada (SA), Sunil Narine (WI), 12th man: Imran Tahir (SA)
Women’s World XI: Suzie Bates (NZ), Rachel Priest (NZ, wicket-keeper), Smriti Mandhana (Ind), Stafanie Taylor (WI, captain), Meg Lanning (Aus), Ellyse Perry (Aus), Heather Knight (Eng), Deandra Dottin (WI), Sune Luus (SA), Anya Shrubsole (Eng), Leigh Kasperek (NZ), 12th woman: Kim Garth (Ire)

text: 2017 awards[edit]

text: The voting panel took into account players' performance between 21 September 2016 and 31 December 2017. The announcement of the World Test XI and World one-day XI, along with the winners of the men's individual ICC awards, was made on 18 January 2018.

text: Award winners were:

text:
Cricketer of the Year: Virat Kohli (India)
Test Player of the Year: Steve Smith (Australia)
ODI Player of the Year: Virat Kohli (India)
Twenty20 International Performance of the Year: Yuzvendra Chahal (India)
Emerging Player of the Year: Hasan Ali (Pakistan)
Associate Player of the Year: Rashid Khan (Afghanistan)
Umpire of the Year: Marais Erasmus (South Africa)
Women’s Cricketer of the Year: Ellyse Perry (Australia)
Women’s ODI Cricketer of the Year: Amy Satterthwaite (New Zealand)
Women’s T20I Cricketer of the Year: Beth Mooney (Australia)
Women’s Emerging Player of the Year: Beth Mooney (Australia)
Spirit of Cricket: Anya Shrubsole (England)
Fan's Moment of the Year: Pakistan stun India to win the ICC Champions Trophy 2017
World Test XI: Dean Elgar (SA), David Warner (Aus), Virat Kohli (Ind, captain), Steve Smith (Aus), Cheteshwar Pujara (Ind), Ben Stokes (Eng), Quinton de Kock (SA, wicket-keeper), Ravichandran Ashwin (Ind), Mitchell Starc (Aus), Kagiso Rabada (SA), James Anderson (Eng)
World one-day XI: David Warner (Aus), Rohit Sharma (Ind), Virat Kohli (Ind, captain), Babar Azam (Pak), AB de Villiers (SA), Quinton de Kock (SA, wicket-keeper), Ben Stokes (Eng), Trent Boult (NZ), Hasan Ali (Pak), Rashid Khan (Afghan), Jasprit Bumrah (Ind)
Women’s one-day XI: Tammy Beaumont (Eng), Meg Lanning (Aus), Mithali Raj (Ind), Amy Satterthwaite (NZ), Ellyse Perry (Aus), Heather Knight (Eng, captain), Sarah Taylor (Eng, wicket-keeper), Dane van Niekerk (SA), Marizanne Kapp (SA), Ekta Bisht (Ind), Alex Hartley (Eng)
Women’s T20I XI: Beth Mooney (Aus, wicket-keeper), Danni Wyatt (Eng), Harmanpreet Kaur (Ind), Stafanie Taylor (WI, captain), Sophie Devine (NZ), Deandra Dottin (WI), Hayley Matthews (WI), Megan Schutt (Aus), Amanda-Jade Wellington (Aus), Lea Tahuhu (NZ), Ekta Bisht (Ind)