document_title: Lok Sabha

question_text: who presides over the meetings of lok sabha

text: Lok Sabha

text: History[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1858 to 1947.[8] During this period, the office of the Secretary of State for India (along with the Council of India) was the authority through whom British Parliament exercised its rule in the Indian sub-continent, and the office of Viceroy of India was created, along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British government. The Indian Councils Act 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive Council and non-official members. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established legislatures in each of the provinces of British India and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited, and the electorate very small. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded the participation of Indians in the administration. The Indian Independence Act, passed by the British parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India (which did not include the Princely States) into two new independent countries, India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Crown until they had each enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate nations, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.

text: The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. This contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India in its new form, which now included all the princely states which had not acceded to Pakistan.

text: According to Article 79 (Part V-The Union.)[9] of the Constitution of India, the Parliament of India consists of the President of India and the two Houses of Parliament known as the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and the House of the People (Lok Sabha).

text: The Lok Sabha (House of the Leaders) was duly constituted for the first time on 17 April 1952 after the first General Elections held from 25 October 1951 to 21 February 1952.

text:
Session of Lok Sabha commenced on Date

Session No.
Date

First
13 May 1952

Second
April 1957

Third
April 1962

Fourth
March 1967

Fifth
March 1971

Sixth
March 1977

Seventh
January 1980

Eighth
December 1984

Ninth
December 1989

Tenth
June 1991

Eleventh
May 1996

Twelfth
March 1998

Thirteenth
October 1999

Fourteenth
May 2004

Fifteenth
May 2009

Sixteenth (Current)
May 2014

text: Qualifications[edit]

text: Article 84 (Part V.—The Union)[10] of Indian Constitution sets qualifications for being a member of Lok Sabha, which are as follows:

text:
He / She should be a citizen of India, and must subscribe before the Election Commission of India an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule of Indian Constitution.
He / She should not be less than 25 years of age.
He / She possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
He / She should not be proclaimed criminal i.e. they should not be a convict, a confirmed debtor or otherwise disqualified by law; and
He / She should have his/her name in the electoral rolls in any part of the country.

tag: ol

text: However, a member can be disqualified of being a member of Parliament:

text:
If he / she holds office of profit;
If he / she is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court
If he / she is an undischarged insolvent;
If he / she is not a citizen of India, or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State, or is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
If he / she is violating party discipline (as per Tenth schedule of the constitution); disqualified under Representation of People Act.

text: A seat in the Lok Sabha will become vacant in the following circumstances: (during normal functioning of the House)

text:
When the holder of the seat, by writing to the speaker, resigns.
When the holder of the seat is absent from 60 consecutive days of proceedings of the House, without prior permission of the Speaker.
When the holder of the seat is subject to any disqualifications mentioned in the Constitution or any law enacted by Parliament.
A seat may also be vacated when the holder stands disqualified under the 'Anti-Defection Law'.

text: Furthermore, as per article 101 (Part V.—The Union) [11] of Indian Constitution; A person cannot be : (1) a member of both Houses of Parliament and provision shall be made by Parliament by law for the vacation by a person who is chosen a member of both Houses of his seat in one House or the other.(2) a member both of Parliament and of a House of the Legislature of a State.

text: System of elections in Lok Sabha [12]

text: Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people of India, on the basis of Universal Suffrage. For the purpose of holding direct elections to Lok Sabha; each state is divided into territorial constituencies. In this respect, the constitution of India makes the following two provisions:

text:
Each state is allotted a number of seats in the Lok Sabha in such a manner that the ratio between that number and its population is same for all the states of India. This provision does not apply for states having a population of less than 6 million (60 lakhs).
Each state is divided into territorial constituencies in such a manner that the ratio between the population of each constituency and the number of seats allotted to it remain the same throughout the state.

text: Note: The expression population here refers to the population ascertained at the preceding census (2001 Census) of which relevant figure have been published.

text: Powers[edit]

text: The Lok Sabha has certain powers that make it more powerful than the Rajya Sabha.

text:
Motions of no confidence against the government can be introduced and passed in the Lok Sabha. If passed by a majority vote, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers resign collectively. The Rajya Sabha has no power over such a motion, and hence has no real power over the executive. This is because the Constitution of India has only made the Union Council of ministers responsible to the Lok Sabha, not to the Rajya Sabha.
Money bills can only be introduced in the Lok Sabha, and upon being passed, are sent to the Rajya Sabha, where it can be deliberated on for up to 14 days. If not rejected by the Rajya Sabha, or 14 days lapse from the introduction of the bill in the Rajya Sabha without any action by the House, or recommendations made by the Rajya Sabha are not accepted by the Lok Sabha, the bill is considered passed. The budget is presented in the Lok Sabha by the Finance Minister in the name of the President of India.
In matters pertaining to non-financial (ordinary) bills, after the bill has been passed by the House where it was originally tabled (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha), it is sent to the other house, where it may be kept for a maximum period of 6 months. If the other House rejects the bill or a period of 6 months elapses without any action by that House, or the House that originally tabled the bill does not accept the recommendations made by the members of the other house, it results in a deadlock. This is resolved by a joint session of both Houses, presided over by the speaker of the Lok Sabha and decided by a simple majority. Though the Constitution has placed both houses on the same footing in this regard, in reality it is the Lok Sabha's opinions that mostly prevails—due to its bigger numerical strength.
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing any Bill for Constitutional Amendment (by a majority of the total membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting).
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a motion for the impeachment of the President (by two-thirds of the membership of the House).
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in impeachment process (initiating and passing a motion for the removal) of the judges of the Supreme Court and the state High Courts (by a majority of the membership of the House and at least two-thirds majority of the members present and voting), who then can be removed by the President of India.
Equal Powers with the Rajya Sabha in initiating and passing a resolution declaring war or national emergency (by two-thirds majority) or constitutional emergency (by simple majority) in a state.
If the Lok Sabha is dissolved before or after the declaration of a National Emergency, the Rajya Sabha becomes the sole Parliament. It cannot be dissolved. This is a limitation on the Lok Sabha. But there is a possibility that president can exceed the term to not more than 1 year under the proclamation of emergency and the same would be lowered down to six-month if the said proclamation ceases to operate.

text: In conclusion, it is clear that the Lok Sabha is more powerful than the Rajya Sabha in almost all matters. Even in those matters in which the Constitution has placed both Houses on an equal footing, the Lok Sabha has more influence due to its greater numerical strength. This is typical of any Parliamentary democracy, with the lower House always being more powerful than the upper.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: Procedure in the House[edit]

text: The Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha and Directions issued by the Speaker from time to time there under regulate the procedure in Lok Sabha. The items of business, notice of which is received from the Ministers/ Private Members and admitted by the Speaker, are included in the daily List of Business which is printed and circulated to members in advance. For various items of business to be taken up in the House the time is allotted by the House on the recommendations of the Business Advisory Committee. The Speaker presides over the sessions of the House and regulates procedure.

text: Sessions and Time of Sittings[edit]

text: Three sessions of Lok Sabha take place in a year:

text:
Budget session: February to May.
Monsoon session: July to September.
Winter session: November to mid December.

text: When in session, Lok Sabha holds its sittings usually from 11 A.M. to 1 P.M. and from 2 P.M. to 6 P.M. On some days the sittings are continuously held without observing lunch break and are also extended beyond 6 P.M. depending upon the business before the House. Lok Sabha does not ordinarily sit on Saturdays and Sundays and other closed holidays.

text: Question Hour/Zero Hour[edit]

text: The first hour of every sitting is called Question Hour. Asking questions in Parliament is the free and unfettered right of members, and during Question Hour they may ask questions of ministers on different aspects of administration and government policy in the national and international spheres. Every minister whose turn it is to answer to questions has to stand up and answer for his department's acts of omission or commission.

text: Questions are of three types—Starred, Unstarred and Short Notice. A Starred Question is one to which a member desires an oral answer in the House and which is distinguished by an asterisk mark. An unstarred Question is one which is not called for oral answer in the house and on which no supplementary questions can consequently be asked. An answer to such a question is given in writing. Minimum period of notice for starred/ unstarred question is 10 clear days. If the questions given notice of are admitted by the Speaker, they are listed and printed for answer on the dates allotted to the Ministries to which the subject matter of the question pertains.

text: The normal period of notice does not apply to short notice questions which relate to matters of urgent public importance. However, a Short Notice Question may be answered only on short notice if so permitted by the Speaker and the Minister concerned is prepared to answer it at shorter notice. A short notice question is taken up for answer immediately after the Question Hour, popularly known as Zero Hour.

text: Zero Hour: The time immediately following the Question Hour has come to be known as "Zero Hour". It starts at around 12 noon (hence the name) and members can, with prior notice to the Speaker, raise issues of importance during this time. Typically, discussions on important Bills, the Budget, and other issues of national importance take place from 2 pm onwards.

text: Business after Question Hour[edit]

text: After the Question Hour, the House takes up miscellaneous items of work before proceeding to the main business of the day. These may consist of one or more of the following: Adjournment Motions, Questions involving breaches of Privileges, Papers to be laid on the Table, Communication of any messages from Rajya Sabha, Intimations regarding President's assent to Bills, Calling Attention Notices, Matters under Rule 377, Presentation of Reports of Parliamentary Committee, Presentation of Petitions, miscellaneous statements by Ministers, Motions regarding elections to Committees, Bills to be withdrawn or introduced.

text: Main Business[edit]

text: The main business of the day may be consideration of a Bill or financial business or consideration of a resolution or a motion.

text: Legislative Business[edit]

text: Legislative proposals in the form of a Bill can be brought forward either by a Minister or by a private member. In the former case it is known as Government Bill and in the latter case it is known as a Private Members' Bill. Every Bill passes through three stages—called three readings—before it is passed. To become law it must be passed by both the Houses of Parliament, Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha, and then assented to by the president.

text: Financial Business[edit]

text: The presentation, discussion of, and voting on the annual General and Railways budgets—followed by the passing of the Appropriations Bill and the Finance Bill—is a long, drawn-out process that takes up a major part of the time of the House during its Budget Session every year.

text: Motions and Resolutions[edit]

text: Among other kinds of business that come up before the House are resolutions and motions. Resolutions and motions may be brought forward by Government or by private members. Government may move a resolution or a motion for obtaining the sanction to a scheme or opinion of the House on an important matter of policy or on a grave situation. Similarly, a private member may move a resolution or motion in order to draw the attention of the House and of the Government to a particular problem. The last two and half hours of sitting on every Friday are generally allotted for transaction of private members' business. While private members' bills are taken up on one Friday, private members' resolutions are taken up on the succeeding Friday, and so on.

text: Half-an-Hour Discussion[edit]

text: A Half-an-Hour Discussion can be raised on a matter of sufficient public importance which has been the subject of a recent question in Lok Sabha irrespective of the fact whether the question was answered orally or the answer was laid on the Table of the House and the answer which needs elucidation on a matter of fact. Normally not more than half an hour is allowed for such a discussion. Usually, half-an-hour discussion is listed on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays only. In one session, a member is allowed to raise not more than two half-an-hour discussions. During the discussion, the member, who has given notice, makes a short statement and not more than four members, who have intimated earlier and have secured one of the four places in the ballot, are permitted to ask a question each for further elucidating any matter of fact. Thereafter, the Minister concerned replies. There is no formal motion before the House nor voting.

text: Discussion on Matters of Urgent Public Importance[edit]

text: Members may raise discussions on matters of urgent public importance with the permission of the Speaker. Such discussions may take place on two days in a week. No formal motion is moved in the House nor is there any voting on such a discussion.

text: Debate in the House[edit]

text: After the member who initiates discussion on an item of business has spoken, other members can speak on that item of business in such order as the Speaker may call upon them. Only one member can speak at a time and all speeches are directed to the Chair. A matter requiring the decision of the House is decided by means of a question put by the Speaker on a motion made by a member.

text: Division[edit]

text: A division is one of the forms in which the decision of the House is ascertained. Normally, when a motion is put to the House members for and against it indicate their opinion by saying "Aye" or "No" from their seats. The Chair goes by the voices and declares that the motion is either accepted or rejected by the House. If a member challenges the decision, the Chair orders that the lobbies be cleared. Then the division bell is rung and an entire network of bells installed in the various parts and rooms in Parliament House and Parliament House Annexe rings continuously for three and a half minutes. Members and Ministers rush to the Chamber from all sides. After the bell stops, all the doors to the Chamber are closed and nobody can enter or leave the Chamber till the division is over. Then the Chair puts the question for second time and declares whether in its opinion the "Ayes" or the "Noes", have it. If the opinion so declared is again challenged, the Chair asks the votes to be recorded by operating the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment.

text: Automatic Vote Recording System[edit]

text: With the announcement of the Speaker for recording the votes, the Secretary- General presses the button of a key board. Then a gong sounds serving as a signal to members for casting their votes. For casting a vote each member present in the Chamber has to press a switch and then operate one of the three push buttons fixed in his seat. The push switch must be kept pressed simultaneously until the gong sounds for the second time after 10 seconds. There are two Indicator Boards installed in the wall on either side of the Speaker's Chair in the Chamber. Each vote cast by a member is flashed here. Immediately after the votes are cast, they are totalled mechanically and the details of the results are flashed on the Result Indicator Boards installed in the railings of the Speaker's and Diplomatic Galleries.

text: Divisions are normally held with the aid of the Automatic Vote Recording Equipment. Where so directed by the Speaker in terms of relevant provision in the Rules of Procedure etc. in Lok Sabha, Divisions may be held either by distribution of 'Aye'/'No' and 'Abstention' slips to members in the House or by the members recording their votes by going into the lobbies. There is an Indicator Board in the machine room showing the name of each member. The result of Division and vote cast by each member with the aid of Automatic Vote Recording Equipment appear on this Board also. Immediately a photograph of the Indicator Board is taken. Later the Photograph is enlarged and the names of members who voted 'Ayes' and for 'Noes' are determined with the help of the photograph and incorporated in Lok Sabha Debates.

text: Publication of Debates[edit]

text: Three versions of Lok Sabha Debates are prepared viz., the Hindi version, the English version and the Original version. Only the Hindi and English versions are printed. The Original version, in cyclostyled form, is kept in the Parliament Library for record and reference. The Hindi version all Questions asked and Answers given thereto in Hindi and the speeches made in Hindi as also verbatim Hindi translation of Questions and Answers and of speeches made in English or in regional languages. The English version contains Lok Sabha proceedings in English and the English translation of the proceedings which take place in Hindi or in any regional language. The Original version, however, contains proceedings in Hindi or in English as they actually take place in the House and also the English/Hindi translation of speeches made in regional languages.

text: If conflicting legislation is enacted by the two Houses, a joint sitting is held to resolve the differences. In such a session, the members of the Lok Sabha would generally prevail, since the Lok Sabha includes more than twice as many members as the Rajya Sabha.

text: Officers of Lok Sabha[edit]

text: Speaker and Deputy Speaker

text: As per Article 93 of Indian Constitution, the Lok Sabha has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker. In the Lok Sabha, the lower House of the Indian Parliament, both presiding officers—the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker- are elected from among its members by a simple majority of members present and voting in the House. As such, no specific qualifications are prescribed for being elected the Speaker. The Constitution only requires that Speaker should be a member of the House. But an understanding of the Constitution and the laws of the country and the rules of procedure and conventions of Parliament is considered a major asset for the holder of the office of the Speaker. Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker is mentioned under Article 94 of the Constitution of India. As per Article 94 of Indian Constitution. A Speaker or a Deputy Speaker, should vacate his/her office, a) if he/she ceases to be a member of the House of the People, b) he/she resigns, c) removed from his office by a resolution of the House of the People passed by a majority.

text: The Speaker of Lok Sabha is at once a member of the House and also its Presiding Officer. The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in the house. He/she decides whether a bill is a money bill or not. He/she maintains discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behaviour by suspending them. He/she permits the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions like the motion of no confidence, motion of adjournment, motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules. The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting. It is the Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure. Following the 52nd Constitution amendment, the Speaker is vested with the power relating to the disqualification of a member of the Lok Sabha on grounds of defection. The Speaker makes obituary references in the House, formal references to important national and international events and the valedictory address at the conclusion of every Session of the Lok Sabha and also when the term of the House expires. Though a member of the House, the Speaker does not vote in the House except on those rare occasions when there is a tie at the end of a decision. Till date, the Speaker of the Lok Sabha has not been called upon to exercise this unique casting vote. While the office of Speaker is vacant due to absence/resignation/removal, the duties of the office shall be performed by the Deputy Speaker or, if the office of Deputy Speaker is also vacant, by such member of the House of the People as the President may appoint for the purpose.

text: Shri G. V. Mavalankar was the first Speaker of Lok Sabha (15 May 1952- 27 February 1956) and Shri M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar was the first Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha (30 May 1952 – 7 March 1956). In the 16th Lok Sabha, Sumitra Mahajan was elected as the speaker on 3 June 2014, and is its second woman speaker and Shri M. Thambidurai as the deputy speaker.

text: The Lok Sabha has also a separate non-elected Secretariat staff.[13]

text: Composition by states and territories[edit]

text:
Subdivision
Type
No. of constituencies[14]

Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Union Territory
1

Andhra Pradesh
State
25

Arunachal Pradesh
State
2

Assam
State
14

Bihar
State
40

Chandigarh
Union Territory
1

Chhattisgarh
State
11

Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Union Territory
1

Daman and Diu
Union Territory
1

National Capital Territory of Delhi
Union Territory
7

Goa
State
2

Gujarat
State
26

Haryana
State
10

Himachal Pradesh
State
4

Jammu and Kashmir
State
6

Jharkhand
State
14

Karnataka
State
28

Kerala
State
20

Lakshadweep
Union Territory
1

Madhya Pradesh
State
29

Maharashtra
State
48

Manipur
State
2

Meghalaya
State
2

Mizoram
State
1

Nagaland
State
1

Odisha
State
21

Puducherry
Union Territory
1

Punjab
State
13

Rajasthan
State
25

Sikkim
State
1

Tamil Nadu
State
39

Telangana
State
17

Tripura
State
2

Uttarakhand
State
5

Uttar Pradesh
State
80

West Bengal
State
42

text: Lok Sabha general elections[edit]

text: Lok Sabha is constituted after the general election as follows:

text:
Lok Sabha
General Election

1st Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1951–52

2nd Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1957

3rd Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1962

4th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1967

5th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1971

6th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1977

7th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1980

8th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1984

9th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1989

10th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1991

11th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1996

12th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1998

13th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 1999

14th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 2004

15th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 2009

16th Lok Sabha
Indian general election, 2014

text: Number of members by party in Lok Sabha[edit]

text: Currently elected members of 16th Lok Sabha by their political party (As of 14 November 2017):[15]

text:
Alliance
Party
Seats

National Democratic Alliance
Seats: 335
Bharatiya Janata Party
275

Shiv Sena
18

Telugu Desam Party
16

Lok Janshakti Party
6

Shiromani Akali Dal
4

Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
3

Apna Dal
2

Janata Dal (United)
2

Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party
1

All India N.R. Congress
1

Naga People's Front
1

National Peoples Party
1

Pattali Makkal Katchi
1

Sikkim Democratic Front
1

Speaker of the House, BJP
1

Nominated Anglo-Indians, BJP
2

United Progressive Alliance
Seats: 50
Indian National Congress
46

Indian Union Muslim League
2

Kerala Congress (M)
1

Revolutionary Socialist Party
1

Janata Parivar
Seats: 6
Rashtriya Janata Dal
2

Indian National Lok Dal
2

Janata Dal (Secular)
2

Other Parties
Seats: 144
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
37

All India Trinamool Congress
33

Biju Janata Dal
20

Telangana Rashtra Samithi
11

Communist Party of India (Marxist)
9

YSR Congress Party
9

Nationalist Congress Party
6

Samajwadi Party
5

Aam Aadmi Party
4

All India United Democratic Front
3

Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
2

All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
1

Communist Party of India
1

Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
1

Swabhimani Paksha
1

Jan Adhikar Party (Expelled RJD Member)
1

Independents

3

Vacant Seats
Anantnag, Ajmer, Uluberia, Alwar, Araria, Phulpur and Gorakhpur constituencies.
7

Total

545


document_title: Home Town (TV series)

question_text: where is the hgtv show home town filmed

question_tokens: where is the hgtv show home town filmed

root

text: Home Town (TV series)

text:
Home Town

Starring
Ben Napier
Erin Napier

No. of seasons
1

No. of episodes
11

Release

Original network
HGTV

Original release
March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21) – present

External links

Website

tag: table

text: Home Town is an American television series starring husband and wife team Ben and Erin Napier that premiered on March 21, 2017 on HGTV. The married couple restores Southern homes in Laurel, Mississippi.[1]

tag: p


document_title: Tension headache

question_text: what cause headache at the back of the head

text: Tension headache

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Tension-type headache pain is often described as a constant pressure, as if the head were being squeezed in a vise. The pain is frequently present on both sides of the head at the same time. Tension-type headache pain is typically mild to moderate, but may be severe.

text: According to the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders,[8] the attacks must meet the following criteria:

text:
A duration of between 30 minutes and 7 days.
At least two of the following four characteristics:

bilateral location
pressing or tightening (non-pulsating) quality
mild or moderate intensity
not aggravated by routine physical activity such as walking or climbing stairs

Both of the following:

no nausea or vomiting
no more than one of photophobia (sensitivity to bright light) or phonophobia (sensitivity to loud sounds)

tag: ul

text: Tension-type headaches may be accompanied by tenderness of the scalp on manual pressure during an attack.

text: Based on frequency, tension-type headaches can be sub-classified as

text:
Infrequent episodic: occurring less than once per month on average, or less than 12 episodes a year;
Frequent episodic: occurring between 1-14 times per month on average for at least 3 months;
Chronic: occurring 15 times a month for at least 3 months (CTTH - chronic tension-type headache).

text: Cause[edit]

text: Various precipitating factors may cause tension-type headaches in susceptible individuals:[9]

text:
Stress: usually occurs in the afternoon after long stressful work hours or after an exam
Sleep deprivation
Uncomfortable stressful position and/or bad posture
Irregular meal time (hunger)
Eyestrain[not in citation given]

text: Tension-type headaches may be caused by muscle tension around the head and neck.

text: Another theory is that the pain may be caused by a malfunctioning pain filter which is located in the brain stem. The view is that the brain misinterprets information—for example from the temporal muscle or other muscles—and interprets this signal as pain. One of the main neurotransmitters that is probably involved is serotonin. Evidence for this theory comes from the fact that chronic tension-type headaches may be successfully treated with certain antidepressants such as nortriptyline. However, the analgesic effect of nortriptyline in chronic tension-type headache is not solely due to serotonin reuptake inhibition, and likely other mechanisms are involved. Recent studies of nitric oxide (NO) mechanisms suggest that NO may play a key role in the pathophysiology of CTTH.[10] The sensitization of pain pathways may be caused by or associated with activation of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and the generation of NO. Patients with chronic tension-type headache have increased muscle and skin pain sensitivity, demonstrated by low mechanical, thermal and electrical pain thresholds. Hyperexcitability of central nociceptive neurons (in trigeminal spinal nucleus, thalamus, and cerebral cortex) is believed to be involved in the pathophysiology of chronic tension-type headache.[11] Recent evidence for generalized increased pain sensitivity or hyperalgesia in CTTH strongly suggests that pain processing in the central nervous system is abnormal in this primary headache disorder. Moreover, a dysfunction in pain inhibitory systems may also play a role in the pathophysiology of chronic tension-type headache.[12]

text: If other treatment is not working, a health care provider may use an MRI to confirm a more complicated diagnosis (i.e. New daily persistent headache).[13]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Lifestyle[edit]

text: Drinking water and avoiding dehydration helps in preventing tension headache.[13] Using stress management and relaxing often makes headaches less likely.[13] Drinking alcohol can make headaches more likely or severe.[13] Good posture might prevent headaches if there is neck pain.[13] People who have jaw clenching might develop headaches, and getting treatment from a dentist might prevent those headaches.[13] Biofeedback techniques may also help.[14][15]

text: Medications[edit]

text: People who have 15 or more headaches in a month may be treated with certain types of daily antidepressants which act to prevent continued tension headaches from occurring.[13] In those who are predisposed to tension type headaches the first-line preventative treatment is amitriptyline, whereas mirtazapine and venlafaxine are second-line treatment options.[16] Tricyclic antidepressants appear to be useful for prevention.[3] Tricyclic antidepressants have been found to be more effective than SSRIs but have greater side effects.[3] Evidence is poor for the use of SSRIs, propranolol, and muscle relaxants for prevention of tension headaches.[4][5]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Treatment for a current tension headache is to drink water and confirm that there is no dehydration.[13] If symptoms do not resolve within an hour for a person who has had water, then stress reduction might resolve the issue.[13]

text: Medications[edit]

text: Over-the-counter drugs, like acetaminophen, aspirin, or ibuprofen, can be effective but tend to only be helpful as a treatment for a few times in a week at most.[1][13][17] Analgesic/sedative combinations are widely used (e.g., analgesic/antihistamine combinations like Syndol, Mersyndol and Percogesic, analgesic/barbiturate combinations such as Fiorinal). Frequent use of analgesics may, however, lead to medication overuse headache.[2][16]

text: Botulinum toxin does not appear to be helpful.[18]

text: Manual therapy[edit]

text: Though evidence for acupuncture is slight, some suggest it may be useful in those with frequent or chronic tension headaches.[19]

text: People with tension-type headache often use spinal manipulation, soft tissue therapy, and myofascial trigger point treatment. Studies of effectiveness are mixed. A 2006 systematic review found no rigorous evidence supporting manual therapies for tension headache.[20] A 2005 structured review found only weak evidence for the effectiveness of chiropractic manipulation for tension headache, and that it was probably more effective for tension headache than for migraine.[21] A 2004 Cochrane review found that spinal manipulation may be effective for migraine and tension headache, and that spinal manipulation and neck exercises may be effective for cervicogenic headache.[22] Two other systematic reviews published between 2000 and May 2005 did not find conclusive evidence in favor of spinal manipulation.[23] A 2012 systematic review of manual therapy found that hands-on work may reduce both the frequency and the intensity of chronic tension-type headaches.[24]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: As of 2013 tension headaches affect about 1.6 billion people (20.8% of the population)[6] and are more common in women than men (23% to 18% respectively).[7] Despite its benign character, tension-type headache, especially in its chronic form, can impart significant disability on patients as well as burden on society at large.[25]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: Tension headaches that do not occur as a symptom of another condition may be painful, but are not harmful. It is usually possible to receive relief through treatment. Tension headaches that occur as a symptom of another condition are usually relieved when the underlying condition is treated. Frequent use of pain medications in patients with tension-type headache may lead to the development of medication overuse headache or rebound headache.


document_title: Phases of Venus

question_text: venus full phase occurs when venus is at

text: Phases of Venus

text: Observation[edit]

text: The phases of Venus result from the planet's orbit around the Sun inside the Earth's orbit giving the telescopic observer a sequence of progressive lighting similar in appearance to the moon's phases. It presents a full image when it is on the opposite side of the Sun. It shows a quarter phase when it is at its maximum elongation from the Sun. Venus presents a thin crescent in telescopic views as it comes around to the near side between the Earth and the Sun and presents its new phase when it is between the Earth and the Sun. Since the planet has an atmosphere it can be seen at new in a telescope by the halo of light refracted around the planet. The full cycle from new to full to new again takes 584 days (the time it takes Venus to overtake the Earth in its orbit). The planet also changes in apparent size from 9.9 arc seconds at full (superior conjunction) up to a maximum of 68 arc seconds at new (inferior conjunction).[1] Venus reaches its greatest magnitude of −4.5 when it is an intermediate crescent shape at the point in its orbit, when it is 68 million km away from the Earth (a combination of its closeness and the fact that it is 28% illuminated).[2]

text: History[edit]

text: The first known observations of the full planetary phases of Venus were by Galileo at the end of 1610 (though not published until 1613 in the Letters on Sunspots). Using a telescope, Galileo was able to observe Venus going through a full set of phases, something prohibited by the Ptolemaic system. (The Ptolemaic system would never allow Venus to be fully lit from the perspective of the Earth, as this would require it to be on the far side of the sun, which is impossible if Venus's orbit in its entirety is between the Earth and the sun, as the Ptolemaic system requires[3]). This observation essentially ruled out the Ptolemaic system, and was compatible only with the Copernican system and the Tychonic system and other geoheliocentric models such as the Capellan and Riccioli's extended Capellan model.

text: Naked eye observations[edit]

text: The extreme crescent phase of Venus can be seen without a telescope by those with exceptionally acute eyesight, at the limit of human perception. The angular resolution of the naked eye is about 1 minute of arc. The apparent disk of Venus' extreme crescent measures between 60.2 and 66 seconds of arc,[4] depending on the distance from Earth. Nevertheless it is possible for observers with extremely acute eyesight to see a crescent Venus under ideal atmospheric circumstances.

text: There have been numerous reports stating such observations. The phases of Venus are alleged to have been seen in Mesopotamian times by priest-astronomers. Ishtar (Venus) is described in cuneiform text as having horns.[1] However, other Mesopotamian deities were depicted with horns, so the phrase could have been simply a symbol of divinity.


document_title: List of New York Mets seasons

question_text: when was the last time the mets made the playoffs

text: List of New York Mets seasons

text: Table key[edit]

text:
Legend for "Year by year" table below

Term
Meaning

ASGMVP
All-Star Game Most Valuable Player

CPOY
Comeback Player of the Year

CYA
Cy Young Award

Finish
Final position in league or division

GB
"Games back" from first-place team[a]

Losses
Number of regular season losses

Mets season
Each year is linked to an article about that particular Mets season

MLB season
Each year is linked to an article about that particular MLB season

NLCS
National League Championship Series

NLDS
National League Division Series

NLWC
National League Wild Card Game

ROY
National League Rookie of the Year

Wins
Number of regular season wins

WSMVP
World Series Most Valuable Player Award

text: Year by year[edit]

text: Note: Statistics are correct as of October 1, 2017.

text:
World Series champions
(1962–present) †
National League champions
(1962–present) *
Division champions
(1969–present) ^
Wild card berth
(1994–present) ¤

text:
New York Mets yearly win–loss records, with league/division standings, playoff results, and award winners

MLB season
Mets season
League[11]
Division[11]
Finish[11]
Wins[11]
Losses[11]
Win%[11]
GB[11]
Playoffs[12]
Awards

1962
1962
NL
—
10 !10th
40
120
.250
60½ !60½
—
—

1963
1963
NL
—
10 !10th
51
111
.315
48 !48
—
—

1964
1964
NL
—
10 !10th
53
109
.327
40 !40
—
—

1965
1965
NL
—
10 !10th
50
112
.309
47 !47
—
—

1966
1966
NL
—
09 !9th
66
95
.410
28½ !28½
—
—

1967
1967
NL
—
10 !10th
61
101
.377
40½ !40½
—
Tom Seaver (ROY)[13]

1968
1968
NL
—
09 !9th
73
89
.451
24 !24
—
—

1969†
1969
NL*
East[b]^
01 !1st
100
62
.617
0 !—
Won NLCS (Atlanta Braves) 3–0
Won World Series (Baltimore Orioles) 4–1†
Tom Seaver (CYA)[14]
Tommie Agee (CPOY)[15]
Donn Clendenon (WSMVP)[16]

1970
1970
NL
East
03 !3rd
83
79
.512
06 !6
—
—

1971
1971
NL
East
03 !3rd
83
79
.512
14 !14
—
—

1972[c]
1972
NL
East
03 !3rd
83
73
.532
13½ !13½
—
Jon Matlack (ROY)[13]

1973
1973
NL*
East^
01 !1st
82
79
.509
0 !—
Won NLCS (Cincinnati Reds) 3–2
Lost World Series (Oakland Athletics) 4–3*
Tom Seaver (CYA)[14]

1974
1974
NL
East
05 !5th
71
91
.438
17 !17
—
—

1975
1975
NL
East
03 !3rd
82
80
.506
10½ !10½
—
Tom Seaver (CYA)[14]
Jon Matlack (ASGMVP)[17][d]

1976
1976
NL
East
03 !3rd
86
76
.531
15 !15
—
—

1977
1977
NL
East
06 !6th
64
98
.395
37 !37
—
—

1978
1978
NL
East
06 !6th
66
96
.407
24 !24
—
—

1979
1979
NL
East
06 !6th
63
99
.389
35 !35
—
—

1980
1980
NL
East
05 !5th
67
95
.414
24 !24
—
—

1981[e]
1981
NL
East
05 !5th
41
62
.398
18½ !18½
—
—

1982
1982
NL
East
06 !6th
65
97
.401
27 !27
—
—

1983
1983
NL
East
06 !6th
68
94
.420
22 !22
—
Darryl Strawberry (ROY)[13]

1984
1984
NL
East
02 !2nd
90
72
.556
06½ !6½
—
Dwight Gooden (ROY)[13]

1985
1985
NL
East
02 !2nd
98
64
.605
03 !3
—
Dwight Gooden (CYA)[14]

1986†
1986
NL*
East^
01 !1st
108
54
.667
0 !—
Won NLCS (Houston Astros) 4–2
Won World Series (Boston Red Sox) 4–3†
Ray Knight (CPOY), (WSMVP)[18][19]

1987
1987
NL
East
02 !2nd
92
70
.568
03 !3
—
—

1988
1988
NL
East^
01 !1st
100
60
.625
0 !—
Lost NLCS (Los Angeles Dodgers) 4–3
—

1989
1989
NL
East
02 !2nd
87
75
.537
06 !6
—
—

1990
1990
NL
East
02 !2nd
91
71
.562
04 !4
—
—

1991
1991
NL
East
05 !5th
77
84
.478
20½ !20½
—
—

1992
1992
NL
East
05 !5th
72
90
.444
24 !24
—
—

1993
1993
NL
East
07 !7th
59
103
.364
38 !38
—
—

1994[f]
1994
NL
East
03 !3rd
55
58
.487
18½ !18½
—
—

1995[g]
1995
NL
East
02 !2nd
69
75
.479
21 !21
—
—

1996
1996
NL
East
04 !4th
71
91
.438
25 !25
—
—

1997
1997
NL
East
03 !3rd
88
74
.543
13 !13
—
—

1998
1998
NL
East
02 !2nd
88
74
.543
18 !18
—
—

1999
1999
NL
East
02 !2nd[h]¤
97
66
.595
06½ !6½
Won NLDS (Arizona Diamondbacks) 3–1
Lost NLCS (Atlanta Braves) 4–2
Rickey Henderson (CPOY)[20]

2000
2000
NL*
East
02 !2nd¤
94
68
.580
01 !1
Won NLDS (San Francisco Giants) 3–1
Won NLCS (St. Louis Cardinals) 4–1
Lost World Series (New York Yankees) 4–1*
—

2001
2001
NL
East
03 !3rd
82
80
.506
06 !6
—
—

2002
2002
NL
East
05 !5th
75
86
.466
26½ !26½
—
—

2003
2003
NL
East
05 !5th
66
95
.410
34½ !34½
—
—

2004
2004
NL
East
04 !4th
71
91
.438
25 !25
—
—

2005
2005
NL
East
03 !3rd
83
79
.512
07 !7
—
—

2006
2006
NL
East^
01 !1st
97
65
.599
0 !—
Won NLDS (Los Angeles Dodgers) 3–0
Lost NLCS (St. Louis Cardinals) 4–3
—

2007
2007
NL
East
02 !2nd
88
74
.543
01 !1
—
—

2008
2008
NL
East
02 !2nd
89
73
.549
03 !3
—
Fernando Tatís (CPOY)[21]

2009
2009
NL
East
04 !4th
70
92
.432
23 !23
—
—

2010
2010
NL
East
04 !4th
79
83
.488
18 !18
—
—

2011
2011
NL
East
04 !4th
77
85
.475
25 !25
—
—

2012
2012
NL
East
04 !4th
74
88
.457
24 !24
—
R.A. Dickey (CYA)[14]

2013
2013
NL
East
03 !3rd
74
88
.457
22 !22
—
—

2014
2014
NL
East
02 !T-2nd
79
83
.488
17 !17
—
Jacob deGrom (ROY)[13]

2015
2015
NL*
East^
01 !1st
90
72
.556
0 !—
Won NLDS (Los Angeles Dodgers) 3–2
Won NLCS (Chicago Cubs) 4–0
Lost World Series (Kansas City Royals) 4–1*
Matt Harvey (CPOY)[22]

2016
2016
NL
East
02 !2nd¤
87
75
.537
08 !8
Lost NLWC (San Francisco Giants)
—

2017
2017
NL
East
04 !4th
70
92
.432
27 !27
—
—

text: Record by decade[edit]

text: The following table describes the Mets' MLB win–loss record by decade.

text:
Decade
Wins
Losses
Pct

1960s
494
799
.382

1970s
763
850
.473

1980s
816
743
.523

1990s
767
786
.494

2000s
815
803
.504

2010s
630
666
.486

All-time
4285
4647
.480

text: These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com's New York Mets History & Encyclopedia,[11] and are current as of October 1, 2017.

text: All-time records[edit]

text:
New York Mets all-time win–loss records

Statistic
Wins
Losses
Win%

New York Mets regular season record (1962–2016)
4,285
4,647
.480

New York Mets postseason record (1962–2016)
51
38
.573

All-time regular and postseason record
4,336
4,685
.481

text: Notes[edit]

text:
a This is determined by calculating the difference in wins plus the difference in losses divided by two.
b In 1969, the National League split into East and West divisions.[23]
c The 1972 Major League Baseball strike forced the cancellation of the Mets' first six games of the season.[24]
d Matlack and Bill Madlock were co-winners of the award.[17]
e The 1981 Major League Baseball strike caused the season to be split into two halves.[25] The Mets finished with a 17–34 record in the first half of the season, and a fifth-place finish in the National League East. After the strike was resolved, the team had a 24–28 record in the second half, placing them fourth in the division.[26]
f The 1994–95 Major League Baseball strike, which started on August 12, led to the cancellation of the rest of the season.[24]
g The 1994–95 MLB strike lasted until April 2, causing the 1995 season to be shortened to 144 games.[24]
h The Mets finished the 1999 season tied with the Cincinnati Reds for the National League wild card playoff berth. In a one-game tie-breaker, the Mets defeated the Reds 5–0 to win the wild card.[27]


document_title: List of Grand Slam women's doubles champions

question_text: most women's tennis grand slam doubles titles

question_tokens: most women 's tennis grand slam doubles titles

text: Champions by year[edit]

text:
Year
 Australian Open
 French Open
 Wimbledon
 US Open

1889
 started in 1922
 started in 1925
 started in 1913
 Bertha Townsend Margarette Ballard

1890
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Ellen Roosevelt Grace Roosevelt

1891
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Mabel Cahill (1/2) Emma Leavitt-Morgan

1892
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Mabel Cahill (2/2) Adeline McKinlay

1893
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Aline Terry Hattie Butler

1894
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Helen Hellwig (1/2) Juliette Atkinson (1/7)

1895
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Helen Hellwig (2/2) Juliette Atkinson (2/7)

1896
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Elisabeth Moore (1/2) Juliette Atkinson (3/7)

1897
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Juliette Atkinson (4/7) Kathleen Atkinson (1/2)

1898
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Juliette Atkinson (5/7) Kathleen Atkinson (2/2)

1899
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Jane Craven Myrtle McAteer (1/2)

1900
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Edith Parker Hallie Champlin

1901
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Juliette Atkinson (6/7) Myrtle McAteer (2/2)

1902
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Juliette Atkinson (7/7) Marion Jones

1903
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Elisabeth Moore (2/2) Carrie Neely (1/3)

1904
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 May Sutton Bundy Miriam Hall

1905
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Helen Homans Carrie Neely (2/3)

1906
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Ann Burdette Coe Ethel Bliss Platt

1907
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Marie Wimer Carrie Neely (3/3)

1908
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Evelyn Sears Margaret Curtis

1909
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (1/7) Edith Rotch (1/2)

1910
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (2/7) Edith Rotch (2/2)

1911
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (3/7) Eleonora R. Sears (1/4)

1912
tournament not created
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Mary Browne (1/6) Dorothy Green

1913
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Winifred McNair Dora Boothby
 Mary Browne (2/6) Louise Riddell Williams (1/3)

1914
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Agatha Morton Elizabeth Ryan (1/17)
 Mary Browne (3/6) Louise Riddell Williams (2/3)

1915
tournament not created
tournament not created
no competition
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (4/7) Eleonora R. Sears (2/4)

1916
tournament not created
tournament not created
no competition
 Molla Bjurstedt (1/2) Eleonora R. Sears (3/4)

1917
tournament not created
tournament not created
no competition
 Molla Bjurstedt (2/2) Eleonora R. Sears (4/4)

1918
tournament not created
tournament not created
no competition
 Marion Zinderstein Jessup (1/4) Eleanor Goss (1/4)

1919
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Suzanne Lenglen (1/8) Elizabeth Ryan (2/17)
 Marion Zinderstein Jessup (2/4) Eleanor Goss (2/4)

1920
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Suzanne Lenglen (2/8) Elizabeth Ryan (3/17)
 Marion Zinderstein Jessup (3/4) Eleanor Goss (3/4)

1921
tournament not created
tournament not created
 Suzanne Lenglen (3/8) Elizabeth Ryan (4/17)
 Mary Browne (4/6) Louise Riddell Williams (3/3)

1922
 Esna Boyd Robertson (1/4) Marjorie Mountain
tournament not created
 Suzanne Lenglen (4/8) Elizabeth Ryan (5/17)
 Marion Zinderstein Jessup (4/4) Helen Wills Moody (1/9)

1923
 Esna Boyd Robertson (2/4) Sylvia Lance (1/3)
tournament not created
 Suzanne Lenglen (5/8) Elizabeth Ryan (6/17)
 Kathleen McKane Godfree (1/2) Phyllis Covell

1924
 Daphne Akhurst (1/5) Sylvia Lance (2/3)
tournament not created
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (5/7) Helen Wills Moody (2/9)
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (6/7) Helen Wills Moody (3/9)

1925
 Sylvia Harper (3/3) Daphne Akhurst (2/5)
 Suzanne Lenglen (6/8) Julie Vlasto (1/2) †
 Suzanne Lenglen (7/8) Elizabeth Ryan (7/17)
 Mary Browne (5/6) Helen Wills Moody (4/9)

1926
 Meryl O'Hara Wood (1/2) Esna Boyd Robertson (3/4)
 Suzanne Lenglen (8/8) Julie Vlasto (2/2)
 Mary Browne (6/6) Elizabeth Ryan (8/17)
 Elizabeth Ryan (9/17) Eleanor Goss (4/4)

1927
 Meryl O'Hara Wood (2/2) Louise Bickerton (1/2)
 Irene Bowder Peacock Bobbie Heine
 Helen Wills Moody (5/9) Elizabeth Ryan (10/17)
 Kathleen McKane Godfree (2/2) Ermyntrude Harvey

1928
 Daphne Akhurst (3/5) Esna Boyd Robertson (4/4)
 Phoebe Holcroft Watson (1/4) Eileen Bennett Whittingstall (1/3)
 Peggy Saunders (1/2) Phoebe Holcroft Watson (2/4)
 Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (7/7) Helen Wills Moody (6/9)

1929
 Daphne Akhurst (4/5) Louise Bickerton Cozens (5/5)
 Lili de Alvarez Kornelia Bouman
 Peggy Saunders (2/2) Phoebe Holcroft Watson (3/4)
 Phoebe Holcroft Watson (4/4) Peggy Mitchell

1930
 Margaret Molesworth (1/3) Emily Hood Westacott (1/3)
 Helen Wills Moody (7/9) Elizabeth Ryan (11/17)
 Helen Wills Moody (8/9) Elizabeth Ryan (12/17)
 Betty Nuthall Shoemaker (1/4) Sarah Palfrey Cooke (1/11)

1931
 Daphne Cozens (5/5) Louise Bickerton (2/2)
 Eileen Bennett Whittingstall (2/3) Betty Nuthall Shoemaker (2/4)
 Phyllis Mudford Dorothy S. Barron
 Betty Nuthall Shoemaker (3/4) Eileen Bennett Whittingstall (3/3)

1932
 Coral Buttsworth Marjorie Cox Crawford
 Helen Wills Moody (9/9) Elizabeth Ryan (13/17)
 Doris Metaxa Josane Sigart
 Helen Jacobs (1/3) Sarah Palfrey Cooke (2/11)

1933
 Margaret Molesworth (2/3) Emily Hood Westacott (2/3)
 Simonne Mathieu (1/9) Elizabeth Ryan (14/17)
 Simonne Mathieu (2/9) Elizabeth Ryan (15/17)
 Betty Nuthall Shoemaker (4/4) Freda James (1/3)

1934
 Margaret Molesworth (3/3) Emily Hood Westacott (3/3)
 Simonne Mathieu (3/9) Elizabeth Ryan (16/17)
 Simonne Mathieu (4/9) Elizabeth Ryan (17/17)
 Helen Jacobs (2/3) Sarah Palfrey Cooke (3/11)

1935
 Evelyn Dearman Nancy Lyle
 Margaret Scriven Vivian Kay Stammers Bullitt (1/3)
 Freda James (2/3)  Kay Stammers Bullitt (2/3)
 Helen Jacobs (3/3) Sarah Palfrey Cooke (4/11)

1936
 Thelma Coyne Long (1/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (1/10)
 Simonne Mathieu (5/9) Billie Yorke (1/4)
 Freda James (3/3) Kay Stammers Bullitt (3/3)
 Marjorie Gladman Van Ryn Carolin Babcock

1937
 Thelma Coyne Long (2/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (2/10)
 Simonne Mathieu (6/9) Billy Yorke (2/4)
 Simonne Mathieu (7/9) Billy Yorke (3/4)
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke (5/11) Alice Marble (1/6)

1938
 Thelma Coyne Long (3/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (3/10)
 Simonne Mathieu (8/9) Billy Yorke (4/4)
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke (6/11) Alice Marble (2/6)
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke (7/11) Alice Marble (3/6)

1939
 Thelma Coyne Long (4/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (4/10)
 Simonne Mathieu (9/9) Jadwiga Jędrzejowska
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke (8/11) Alice Marble (4/6)
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke (9/11) Alice Marble (5/6)

1940
 Thelma Coyne Long (5/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (5/10)
no competition
no competition
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke (10/11) Alice Marble (6/6)

1941
no competition
no competition
no competition
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke (11/11) Margaret Osborne duPont (1/21)

1942
no competition
no competition
no competition
 Louise Brough Clapp (1/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (2/21)

1943
no competition
no competition
no competition
 Louise Brough Clapp (2/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (3/21)

1944
no competition
no competition
no competition
 Louise Brough Clapp (3/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (4/21)

1945
no competition
no competition
no competition
 Louise Brough Clapp (4/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (5/21)

1946
 Joyce Fitch Mary Bevis Hawton
 Louise Brough Clapp (5/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (6/21)
 Louise Brough Clapp (6/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (7/21)
 Louise Brough Clapp (7/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (8/21)

1947
 Thelma Coyne Long (6/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (6/10)
 Louise Brough Clapp (8/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (9/21)
 Patricia Canning Todd (1/2) Doris Hart (1/14)
 Louise Brough Clapp (9/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (10/21)

1948
 Thelma Coyne Long (7/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (7/10)
 Doris Hart (2/14) Patricia Canning Todd (2/2)
 Louise Brough Clapp (10/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (11/21)
 Louise Brough Clapp (11/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (12/21)

1949
 Thelma Coyne Long (8/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (8/10)
 Louise Brough Clapp (12/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (13/21)
 Louise Brough Clapp (13/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (14/21)
 Louise Brough Clapp (14/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (15/21)

1950
 Louise Brough Clapp (15/21) Doris Hart (3/14)
 Doris Hart (4/14) Shirley Fry Irvin (1/12)
 Louise Brough Clapp (16/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (16/21)
 Louise Brough Clapp (17/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (17/21)

1951
 Thelma Coyne Long (9/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (9/10)
 Doris Hart (5/14) Shirley Fry Irvin (2/12)
 Doris Hart (6/14) Shirley Fry Irvin (3/12)
 Shirley Fry Irvin (4/12) Doris Hart (7/14)

1952
 Thelma Coyne Long (10/12) Nancye Wynne Bolton (10/10)
 Doris Hart (8/14) Shirley Fry Irvin (5/12)
 Doris Hart (9/14) Shirley Fry Irvin (6/12)
 Shirley Fry Irvin  (7/12) Doris Hart (10/14)

1953
 Maureen Connolly Brinker (1/2) Julie Sampson Haywood
 Doris Hart (11/14) Shirley Fry Irvin (8/12)
 Doris Hart (12/14) Shirley Fry Irvin (9/12)
 Shirley Fry Irvin (10/12) Doris Hart (13/14)

1954
 Mary Bevis Hawton (1/4) Beryl Penrose (1/2)
 Maureen Connolly Brinker (2/2) Nell Hall Hopman
 Louise Brough Clapp (18/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (18/21)
 Shirley Fry Irvin (11/12) Doris Hart (14/14)

1955
 Mary Bevis Hawton (2/4) Beryl Penrose (2/2)
 Beverly Baker Fleitz Darlene Hard (1/13)
 Angela Mortimer Barrett Anne Shilcock
 Louise Brough Clapp (19/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (19/21)

1956
 Mary Bevis Hawton (3/4) Thelma Coyne Long (11/12)
 Angela Buxton (1/2) Althea Gibson (1/5)
 Angela Buxton (2/2) Althea Gibson (2/5)
 Louise Brough  Clapp (20/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (20/21)

1957
 Althea Gibson (3/5) Shirley Fry (12/12)
 Shirley Bloomer Brasher Darlene Hard (2/13)
 Althea Gibson (4/5) Darlene Hard (3/13)
 Louise Brough Clapp (21/21) Margaret Osborne duPont (21/21)

1958
 Mary Bevis Hawton (4/4) Thelma Coyne Long (12/12)
 Rosie Reyes Darmon Yola Ramírez Ochoa
 Maria Bueno (1/11) Althea Gibson (5/5)
 Darlene Hard (4/13) Jeanne Arth (1/3)

1959
 Renee Schuurman Haygarth (1/5) Sandra Reynolds Price (1/4)
 Renee Schuurman Haygarth (2/5) Sandra Reynolds Price (2/4)
 Jeanne Arth (2/3) Darlene Hard (5/13)
 Darlene Hard (6/13) Jeanne Arth (3/3)

1960
 Maria Bueno (2/11) Christine Truman Janes
 Maria Bueno (3/11) Darlene Hard (7/13)
 Maria Bueno (4/11) Darlene Hard (8/13)
 Maria Bueno (5/11) Darlene Hard (9/13)

1961
 Mary Carter Reitano Margaret Court (1/19)
 Sandra Reynolds Price (3/4) Renee Schuurman Haygarth (3/5)
 Karen Hantze Susman (1/3) Billie Jean King (1/16)
 Darlene Hard (10/13) Lesley Turner Bowrey (1/7)

1962
 Margaret Court (2/19) Robyn Ebbern (1/3)
 Sandra Reynolds Price (24/4) Renee Schuurman Haygarth (4/5)
 Karen Hantze Susman (2/3) Billie Jean King (2/16)
 Darlene Hard (11/13) Maria Bueno (6/11)

1963
 Margaret Court (3/19) Robyn Ebbern (2/3)
 Ann Haydon-Jones (1/3) Renee Schuurman Haygarth (5/5)
 Maria Bueno (7/11) Darlene Hard (12/13)
 Robyn Ebbern (3/3) Margaret Court (4/19)

1964
 Judy Tegart Dalton (1/8) Lesley Turner Bowrey (2/7)
 Margaret Court (5/19) Lesley Turner Bowrey (3/7)
 Margaret Court (6/19) Lesley Turner Bowrey (4/7)
 Billie Jean King (3/16) Karen Hantze Susman (3/3)

1965
 Margaret Court (7/19) Lesley Turner Bowrey (5/7)
 Margaret Court (8/19) Lesley Turner Bowrey (6/7)
 Maria Bueno (8/11) Nancy Richey Gunter (1/4)
 Carole Caldwell Graebner (1/2) Nancy Richey Gunter (2/4)

1966
 Carole Caldwell Graebner (2/2) Nancy Richey Gunter (3/4)
 Margaret Court (9/19) Judy Tegart Dalton (2/8)
 Maria Bueno (9/11) Billie Jean King (4/16)
 Maria Bueno (10/11) Nancy Richey Gunter (4/4)

1967
 Lesley Turner Bowrey (7/7) Judy Tegart Dalton (3/8)
 Françoise Dürr (1/7) Gail Sheriff (1/4)
 Rosemary Casals (1/9) Billie Jean King (5/16)
 Rosemary Casals (2/9) Billie Jean King (6/16)

1968
 Karen Krantzcke Kerry Melville Reid (1/3)
Open era tennis begins Françoise Dürr (2/7) Ann Haydon-Jones (2/3)
 Rosemary Casals (3/9) Billie Jean King (7/16)
 Maria Bueno (11/11) Margaret Court (10/19)

1969
 Margaret Court (11/19) Judy Tegart Dalton (4/8)
 Françoise Dürr (3/7) Ann Haydon-Jones (3/3)
 Margaret Court (12/19) Judy Tegart Dalton (5/8)
 Françoise Dürr (4/7) Darlene Hard (13/13)

1970
 Margaret Court (13/19) Judy Tegart Dalton (6/8)
 Gail Chanfreau (2/4) Françoise Dürr (5/7)
 Rosemary Casals (4/9) Billie Jean King (8/16)
 Margaret Court (14/19) Judy Tegart Dalton (7/8)

1971
 Margaret Court (15/19) Evonne Goolagong (1/6)
 Gail Chanfreau (3/4) Françoise Dürr (6/7)
 Rosemary Casals (5/9) Billie Jean King (9/16)
 Rosemary Casals (6/9) Judy Tegart Dalton (8/8)

1972
 Kerry Harris Helen Gourlay (1/5)
 Billie Jean King (10/16) Betty Stöve (1/6)
 Billie Jean King (11/16) Betty Stöve (2/6)
 Françoise Dürr (7/7) Betty Stöve (3/6)

1973
 Margaret Court (16/19) Virginia Wade (1/4)
 Margaret Court (17/19) Virginia Wade (2/4)
 Rosemary Casals (7/9) Billie Jean King (12/16)
 Margaret Court (18/19) Virginia Wade (3/4)

1974
 Evonne Goolagong (2/6) Peggy Michel (1/3)
 Chris Evert (1/3) Olga Morozova
 Evonne Goolagong (3/6) Peggy Michel (2/3)
 Rosemary Casals (8/9) Billie Jean King (13/16)

1975
 Evonne Goolagong (4/6) Peggy Michel (3/3)
 Chris Evert (2/3) Martina Navrátilová (1/31)
 Ann Kiyomura Kazuko Sawamatsu
 Margaret Court (19/19) Virginia Wade (4/4)

1976
 Evonne Cawley (5/6) Helen Gourlay (2/5)
 Fiorella Bonicelli Gail Lovera (4/4)
 Chris Evert (3/3) Martina Navrátilová (2/31)
 Delina Boshoff Ilana Kloss

1977
January Dianne Fromholtz Balestrat Helen Cawley (3/5)
 Regina Maršíková Pam Teeguarden
 Helen Cawley (4/5) JoAnne Russell
 Martina Navratilova (3/31) Betty Stöve (4/6)

December Evonne Cawley (6/6) Helen Cawley (5/5)shared with Mona Guerrant Kerry Melville Reid (2/3)

1978
 Betsy Nagelsen (1/2) Renáta Tomanová ††
 Mima Jaušovec Virginia Ruzici
 Kerry Melville Reid (3/3) Wendy Turnbull (1/4)
 Billie Jean King (14/16)  Martina Navratilova (4/31)

1979
 Judy Chaloner Dianne Evers ††
 Betty Stöve (5/6) Wendy Turnbull (2/4)
 Billie Jean King (15/16) Martina Navratilova (5/31)
 Betty Stöve (6/6) Wendy Turnbull (3/4)

1980
 Martina Navratilova (7/31) Betsy Nagelsen (2/2) ††
 Kathy Jordan (1/5) Anne Smith (1/5)
 Kathy Jordan (2/5) Anne Smith (2/5)
 Billie Jean King (16/16)  Martina Navratilova (6/31)

1981
 Kathy Jordan (4/5) Anne Smith (4/5) ††
 Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer (1/2) Tanya Harford
 Martina Navratilova (8/31) Pam Shriver (1/21)
 Kathy Jordan (3/5)  Anne Smith (3/5)

1982
 Martina Navratilova (11/31) Pam Shriver (3/21) ††
 Martina Navratilova (9/31) Anne Smith (5/5)
 Martina Navratilova (10/31) Pam Shriver (2/21)
 Rosemary Casals (9/9) Wendy Turnbull (4/4)

1983
 Martina Navratilova (14/31) Pam Shriver (6/21) ††
 Rosalyn Fairbank Nideffer (2/2) Candy Reynolds
 Martina Navratilova (12/31) Pam Shriver (4/21)
 Martina Navratilova (13/31) Pam Shriver (5/21)

1984
 Martina Navratilova (18/31) Pam Shriver (10/21) ††
 Martina Navratilova (15/31) Pam Shriver (7/21)
 Martina Navratilova (16/31)  Pam Shriver (8/21)
 Martina Navratilova (17/31) Pam Shriver (9/21)

1985
 Martina Navratilova (20/31) Pam Shriver (12/21) ††
 Martina Navratilova (19/31) Pam Shriver (11/21)
 Kathy Jordan  (5/5) Elizabeth Sayers Smylie
 Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (1/2) Helena Suková (1/9)

1986
no competition
 Martina Navratilova (21/31) Andrea Temesvári
 Martina Navratilova (22/31) Pam Shriver (13/21)
 Martina Navratilova (23/31) Pam Shriver (14/21)

1987
 Martina Navratilova (24/31) Pam Shriver (15/21)
 Martina Navratilova (25/31) Pam Shriver (16/21)
 Claudia Kohde-Kilsch (2/2) Helena Suková (2/9)
 Martina Navratilova (26/31) Pam Shriver (17/21)

1988
 Martina Navratilova (27/31) Pam Shriver (18/21)
 Martina Navratilova (28/31) Pam Shriver (19/21)
 Steffi Graf Gabriela Sabatini
 Gigi Fernández (1/17) Robin White

1989
 Martina Navratilova (29/31) Pam Shriver (20/21)
 Larisa Savchenko Neiland (1/2) Natasha Zvereva (1/18)
 Jana Novotná (1/12) Helena Suková (3/9)
 Hana Mandlíková Martina Navratilova (30/31)

1990
 Jana Novotná (2/12) Helena Suková  (4/9)
 Jana Novotná (3/12) Helena Suková (5/9)
 Jana Novotná (4/12) Helena Suková (6/9)
 Gigi Fernández (2/17) Martina Navratilova (31/31)

1991
 Patty Fendick Mary Joe Fernandez (1/2)
 Gigi Fernández (3/17) Jana Novotná (5/12)
 Larisa Savchenko Neiland (2/2) Natasha Zvereva (2/18)
 Pam Shriver (21/21) Natasha Zvereva (3/18)

1992
 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (1/6) Helena Suková  (7/9)
 Gigi Fernández (4/17) Natasha Zvereva (4/18)
 Gigi Fernández (5/17) Natasha Zvereva (5/18)
 Gigi Fernández (6/17) Natasha Zvereva (6/18)

1993
 Gigi Fernández (7/17) Natasha Zvereva (7/18)
 Gigi Fernández (8/17) Natasha Zvereva (8/18)
 Gigi Fernández (9/17) Natasha Zvereva (9/18)
 Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (2/6) Helena Suková (8/9)

1994
 Gigi Fernández (10/17) Natasha Zvereva  (10/18)
 Gigi Fernández (11/17) Natasha Zvereva (11/18)
 Gigi Fernández (12/17) Natasha Zvereva (12/18)
 Jana Novotná (6/12) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (3/6)

1995
 Jana Novotná (7/12) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario  (4/6)
 Gigi Fernández (13/17) Natasha Zvereva (13/18)
 Jana Novotná (8/12) Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (5/6)
 Gigi Fernández (14/17) Natasha Zvereva (14/18)

1996
 Chanda Rubin Arantxa Sánchez Vicario (6/6)
 Lindsay Davenport (1/3) Mary Joe Fernandez (2/2)
 Martina Hingis (1/13) Helena Suková (9/9)
 Gigi Fernández (15/17) Natasha Zvereva (15/18)

1997
 Martina Hingis (2/13) Natasha Zvereva  (16/18)
 Gigi Fernández (16/17) Natasha Zvereva (17/18)
 Gigi Fernández (17/17) Natasha Zvereva (18/18)
 Lindsay Davenport (2/3) Jana Novotná (9/12)

1998
 Martina Hingis (3/13) Mirjana Lučić
 Martina Hingis (4/13) Jana Novotná (10/12)
 Martina Hingis (5/13)  Jana Novotná (11/12)
 Martina Hingis (6/13) Jana Novotná (12/12)

1999
 Martina Hingis (7/13) Anna Kournikova (1/2)
 Serena Williams (1/14) Venus Williams (1/14)
 Lindsay Davenport (3/3) Corina Morariu
 Serena Williams (2/14) Venus Williams (2/14)

2000
 Lisa Raymond (1/6) Rennae Stubbs (1/4)
 Martina Hingis (8/13) Mary Pierce
 Serena Williams (3/14) Venus Williams (3/14)
 Julie Halard-Decugis Ai Sugiyama (1/3)

2001
 Serena Williams (4/14) Venus Williams  (4/14)
 Virginia Ruano Pascual (1/10) Paola Suárez (1/8)
 Lisa Raymond (2/6) Rennae Stubbs (2/4)
 Lisa Raymond (3/6) Rennae Stubbs (3/4)

2002
 Martina Hingis (9/13) Anna Kournikova (2/2)
 Virginia Ruano Pascual (2/10) Paola Suárez  (2/8)
 Serena Williams (5/14) Venus Williams (5/14)
 Virginia Ruano Pascual (3/10) Paola Suárez (3/8)

2003
 Serena Williams (6/14) Venus Williams  (6/14)
 Kim Clijsters (1/2) Ai Sugiyama (2/3)
 Kim Clijsters (2/2) Ai Sugiyama (3/3)
 Virginia Ruano Pascual (4/10) Paola Suárez (4/8)

2004
 Virginia Ruano Pascual (5/10) Paola Suárez  (5/8)
 Virginia Ruano Pascual (6/10) Paola Suárez (6/8)
 Cara Black (1/5) Rennae Stubbs (4/4)
 Virginia Ruano Pascual (7/10) Paola Suárez (7/8)

2005
 Svetlana Kuznetsova (1/2)   Alicia Molik (1/2)
 Virginia Ruano Pascual (8/10) Paola Suárez (8/8)
 Cara Black (2/5) Liezel Huber (1/5)
 Lisa Raymond (4/6) Samantha Stosur (1/2)

2006
 Yan Zi (1/2) Zheng Jie (1/2)
 Lisa Raymond (5/6) Samantha Stosur (2/2)
 Yan Zi (2/2) Zheng Jie (2/2)
 Nathalie Dechy(1/2) Vera Zvonareva (1/2)

2007
 Cara Black (3/5) Liezel Huber (2/5)
 Alicia Molik (2/2) Mara Santangelo
 Cara Black (4/5) Liezel Huber (3/5)
 Nathalie Dechy (2/2) Dinara Safina

2008
 Alona Bondarenko Kateryna Bondarenko
 Anabel Medina Garrigues (1/2) Virginia Ruano Pascual (9/10)
 Serena Williams (7/14) Venus Williams  (7/14)
 Cara Black (5/5) Liezel Huber (4/5)

2009
 Serena Williams (8/14) Venus Williams (8/14)
 Anabel Medina Garrigues (2/2) Virginia Ruano Pascual (10/10)
 Serena Williams (9/14) Venus Williams (9/14)
 Serena Williams (10/14) Venus Williams (10/14)

2010
 Serena Williams (11/14) Venus Williams (11/14)
 Serena Williams (12/14) Venus Williams (12/14)
 Vania King (1/2) Yaroslava Shvedova (1/2)
 Vania King (2/2)  Yaroslava Shvedova (2/2)

2011
 Gisela Dulko Flavia Pennetta
 Andrea Hlaváčková (1/2) Lucie Hradecká (1/2)
 Květa Peschke   Katarina Srebotnik
 Liezel Huber (5/5)   Lisa Raymond (6/6)

2012
 Svetlana Kuznetsova (2/2) Vera Zvonareva (2/2)
 Sara Errani (1/5)  Roberta Vinci (1/5)
 Serena Williams (13/14) Venus Williams (13/14)
 Sara Errani (2/5)  Roberta Vinci (2/5)

2013
 Sara Errani (3/5) Roberta Vinci (3/5)
 Ekaterina Makarova (1/3) Elena Vesnina (1/3)
 Hsieh Su-wei (1/2) Peng Shuai (1/2)
 Andrea Hlaváčková (2/2) Lucie Hradecká (2/2)

2014
 Sara Errani (4/5)  Roberta Vinci (4/5)
 Hsieh Su-wei (2/2) Peng Shuai (2/2)
 Sara Errani (5/5)  Roberta Vinci (5/5)
 Ekaterina Makarova (2/3) Elena Vesnina (2/3)

2015
 Bethanie Mattek-Sands (1/5)  Lucie Šafářová (1/5)
 Bethanie Mattek-Sands (2/5) Lucie Šafářová (2/5)
 Martina Hingis (10/13) Sania Mirza (1/3)
 Martina Hingis (11/13) Sania Mirza (2/3)

2016
 Martina Hingis (12/13) Sania Mirza (3/3)
 Caroline Garcia Kristina Mladenovic (1/2)
 Serena Williams (14/14) Venus Williams (14/14)
 Bethanie Mattek-Sands (3/5) Lucie Šafářová (3/5)

2017
 Bethanie Mattek-Sands (4/5) Lucie Šafářová (4/5)
 Bethanie Mattek-Sands (5/5) Lucie Šafářová (5/5)
 Ekaterina Makarova (3/3) Elena Vesnina (3/3)
 Chan Yung-jan Martina Hingis (13/13)

2018
 Tímea Babos  Kristina Mladenovic (2/2)
 Barbora Krejčiková (1/2) Kateřina Siniaková (1/2)
 Barbora Krejčiková (2/2) Kateřina Siniaková (2/2)

text: Through 1924, the French Championships were open only to select French club players. Beginning in 1925, the French Championships were open to all nationalities, with the results shown here beginning with that year. From 1977 to 1986 the Australian Open was held in December.

text:
Legend

Player won all 4 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year (same partnership)

Player won all 4 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year (with different partners)

Player won 3 Grand Slam tournaments in the same year

† The French Championships opened itself to international competitors and renamed as Championnats Internationaux de France (de tennis).

†† Australian Open held in December

text: Records[edit]

text: Most Grand Slam doubles titles (all-time)[edit]

text:
Titles
Players

31
/ Martina Navratilova

21
 Louise Brough Clapp,  Margaret Osborne duPont,  Pam Shriver

19
 Margaret Court

18
// Natasha Zvereva

17
 Elizabeth Ryan,  / Gigi Fernández

16
 Billie Jean King

14
 Doris Hart,   Serena Williams,  Venus Williams

13
 Darlene Hard,  Martina Hingis

12
 Shirley Fry Irvin,  Thelma Coyne Long,  Jana Novotná

11
 Sarah Palfrey Cooke,  Maria Bueno

10
 Nancye Wynne Bolton,  Virginia Ruano Pascual

9
 Helen Wills Moody,  Simonne Mathieu,  Rosemary Casals,  Helena Suková

8
 Suzanne Lenglen,  Judy Tegart Dalton,  Paola Suárez

7
 Juliette Atkinson,  Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman,  Lesley Turner Bowrey,  Françoise Dürr

6
 Mary Browne,  Alice Marble,  Evonne Goolagong Cawley,  Betty Stöve,  Arantxa Sánchez Vicario,  Lisa Raymond

5
 Daphne Akhurst Cozens,  Althea Gibson,  Renée Schuurman,  Helen Gourlay Cawley,  Anne Smith,  Kathy Jordan,  Cara Black, / Liezel Huber,  Sara Errani,  Roberta Vinci,  Bethanie Mattek-Sands,  Lucie Šafářová

text: Most Grand Slam doubles titles (open era)[edit]

text:
Titles
Players

31
/ Martina Navratilova

21
 Pam Shriver

18
// Natasha Zvereva

17
 / Gigi Fernández

14
 Serena Williams,  Venus Williams

13
 Martina Hingis

12
 Jana Novotná

10
 Margaret Court,  Billie Jean King,  Virginia Ruano Pascual

9
 Helena Suková

8
 Judy Tegart Dalton,  Paola Suárez

7
 Rosemary Casals

6
 Françoise Dürr,  Evonne Goolagong Cawley,  Betty Stöve,  Arantxa Sánchez Vicario,  Lisa Raymond

5
 Helen Gourlay Cawley,  Anne Smith,  Kathy Jordan,  Cara Black, / Liezel Huber,  Sara Errani,  Roberta Vinci,  Bethanie Mattek-Sands,  Lucie Šafářová

4
 Virginia Wade,  Wendy Turnbull,  Rennae Stubbs

text: Most Grand Slam doubles titles per team (open era)[edit]

text:
Titles
Players

20
 Martina Navratilova &  Pam Shriver

14
/ Gigi Fernández & // Natasha Zvereva Serena Williams &  Venus Williams

8
 Virginia Ruano Pascual &  Paola Suárez

5
 Sara Errani &  Roberta Vinci Bethanie Mattek-Sands &  Lucie Šafářová

4
 Margaret Court &  Judy Tegart Dalton Margaret Court &  Virginia Wade Kathy Jordan &  Anne Smith Jana Novotná &  Helena Suková  Cara Black & / Liezel Huber

3
 Billie Jean King &  Martina Navratilova Martina Hingis &  Jana Novotná Lisa Raymond &  Rennae Stubbs Martina Hingis &  Sania Mirza Ekaterina Makarova &  Elena Vesnina


document_title: La Tomatina

question_text: when did the festival of la tomatina first take place

text: La Tomatina

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: It all started the last Wednesday of August in 1945 when some young people spent the time in the town square to attend the Giants and Big-Heads figures parade. The young boys decided to have a place among the retinue of a parade with musician, Giants and Big-Heads figures. The energy of these young people made that one participant fell off. The participant flew into a fit of rage, started to hit everything in his path. There was a market stall of vegetable that fell victim of the furious crowd: people started to pelt each other with tomatoes until the local forces ended that vegetable battle. The following year, the young people picked a quarrel by their own decision and brought the tomatoes from home. Although the police broke up the early tradition in the following years, the young boys had made history without being conscious about it. La Tomatina was banned in the early 50s, which was not a problem for the participants who were even arrested. But the people spoke and the festivity was again allowed with more participants and more frenetic feelings. The festivity was again cancelled till 1957 when, as a sign of protest, the tomato burial was held. It was a demonstration in which the residents carried a coffin with a huge tomato inside. The parade was accompanied by a music band which played funeral marches and it was totally successful. La Tomatina Festival was finally allowed and became an official festivity. As a result of the report of Javier Basilio, broadcast in the Spanish television program called Informe Semanal, the festivity started to be known in the rest of Spain. Since then, the number of participants increased year after year as well as the excitement about La Tomatina Festival. In 2002, La Tomatina of Buñol was declared Festivity of International Tourist Interest by the Secretary Department of Tourism due to its success.[1]

text: Description[edit]

text: Usually the fight lasts for an hour, after which the town square is liberally covered with tomato debris.[2] Fire trucks then hose down the streets and participants often use hoses that locals provide to remove the tomatoes from their bodies. Some participants go to the “los peñones” pool to wash. The acidity of the tomatoes leads to the washed surfaces in the town becoming very clean.[3][4]

text: Since 2013 participation in the event has been restricted to the holders of paid tickets. In 2015, it is estimated that almost 145000 kg of tomatoes were thrown. [3]

text: Rules of the festival[edit]

text: The city council follows a short list of instructions for the safety of the participants and the festival:[5]

text:
Do not throw bottles or hard objects
Do not tear or throw tee-shirts
Squash tomatoes before throwing them to avoid hurting others
Keep a safe distance from trucks
Stop throwing tomatoes after the second starter pistol shot
Follow the directions of security staff

text: In other countries[edit]

text: La Tomatina Buñol has inspired similar celebrations in other parts of the world:

text:
Since 1982, the town of Twin Lakes, Lake County, Colorado has held a tomato fight called the "Colorado Texas Tomato War," in which Texans and Coloradans square off. The Coloradans also attempt to overtake the Texans' straw Alamo effigy, generally succeeding.
Since 2004 the Colombian town of Sutamarchán holds a similar event on 15 June when a surplus of tomatoes is harvested.[6]
In Costa Rica the town of San José de Trojas (Valverde Vega Canton) celebrates a Tomatina during the local Tomato Fair.[7]
In the town of Dongguan in southern Guangdong province in China, a tomato fight is held on October 19, during which they use up to 15 tons of tomatoes.[7]
The City of Reno, Nevada in the United States also has an annual hour-long tomato fight that started in 2009. The event seems to take place on the last Sunday of August and is organized by the American Cancer Society. Organizers named the festival La Tomatina, and give full credit for the idea to the Spanish festival.[6]
In the Indian state of Karnataka, the Karnataka Government banned the hosting of such a Tomatina event in Bangalore and Mysore, after private organizers tried to organize one. Chief Minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda is quoted as saying: "In the name of 'La Tomatina' festival, permission should not be granted to waste tomatoes". A similar event planned in Delhi was cancelled after it received negative response from the public.[8]
Milwaukee's East Side Association holds an annual Tomato Romp during September in coordination with a Bloody Mary drink contest. Held since at least 2009 it is limited to 250 people in a caged-in area.[9]
Funtasia Island, Patna hosted a similar La tomatina Holi event on March 26, 2013 at Funtasia Water Park in Patna, India.[10]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
The festival was re-created for the song "Ik Junoon (Paint It Red)" from the 2011 Bollywood film Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara.[11][12]
The opening scene of the film We Need to Talk About Kevin depicts the character Eva attending La Tomatina.
The Movie Spanish Masala has a scene showing the La Tomatina festival.
The 2014 British musical film Walking on Sunshine features a tomato fight in an Apulian village. It was shot in Nardò, Italy.[13]


document_title: Burden of Truth (TV series)

question_text: who plays joanna hanley's father in burden of truth

question_tokens: who plays joanna hanley 's father in burden of truth

text: Burden of Truth (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Corporate attorney Joanna Hanley returns to her small hometown of Millwood in order to represent a large pharmaceutical company against a group of sick girls, but starts to see that these girls need her help.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kristin Kreuk as Joanna Hanley, an attorney from the big city that's come back to the town she grew up in to defend pharmaceutical company against a group of sick girls. But stays both to uncover the bigger conspiracy hiding the true cause of the girls's sickness and to find out the truth about why she and her father left Millwood in the first place.
Peter Mooney as Billy Crawford, the lawyer defending the girls and later Joanna's partner in uncovering the conspiracy.
Star Slade as Luna Spence, Joanna's assistant and Molly Ross's girlfriend.
Nicola Correia-Damude as Diane, the school's counselor and an old friend of Joanna's.
David Lawrence Brown as Ben Matheson, father to one of the sick girls and the owner of the town's Mill.
Meegwun Fairbrother as Owen Beckbie, a cop and Luna's ex stepfather.
Anwen O'Driscoll as Taylor Matheson, one of the sick girls and Ben Matheson's daughter
Sara Thompson as Molly Ross, one of the sick girls, Billy Crawford's niece and Luna's girlfriend.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Cassandra Potenza as Georgia Lewis.
Benjamin Ayres as Alan Christie, an attorney working for Joanna's father's law firm and Joanna's ex.
Jessica Matten as Gerrilyn Spence, Luna's mother.
Rebecca Gibson as Wendy Ross, Billy's sister and Molly's mother.
Jerni Stewart as Lisa Mitchell.
Montana Lehmann as Allie Nash.
Alex Carter as David Hanley, Joanna's father and a partner at the law firm she used to work for.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date

1
"Pilot"
Jeff Woolnough
Brad Simpson
January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)

When it’s suspected that her big-pharma client’s vaccine has caused a mysterious illness affecting a handful of teenaged girls, high-powered attorney, Joanna Hanley, returns to her hometown of Millwood to quickly and quietly settle the case. But when she’s forced to go up against an old friend from high school, she begins to second guess the choices she’s made along the path to partnership in her father’s prestigious big city law firm. A turn in the case reveals that her client is not at fault, but rather than return home with another easy win, Joanna decides to stay and dig into a case she believes could turn into a profitable class action law suit.

2
"The Ties That Bind"
Jeff Woolnough
Brad Simpson
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)

A fish out of water in a town that's as foreign as it is familiar, Joanna must reckon with questions over her family's hasty departure when she was a teenager.

3
"Still Waters"
Jordan Canning
Lynn Coady
January 24, 2018 (2018-01-24)

Relying on her esteemed reputation as a partner at CTS, Joanna convinces a hydrologist to come to Millwood to test the soil. With reluctant permission from the local Mayor, Joanna and Billy narrow down their list of suspects to a handful of industrial sites in the community. After testing the soil and groundwater around town, they make the startling discovery that the field is the source of the toxin when they uncover barrels of sludge buried there. But someone would rather they stop digging and the pair get run off the road.

4
"Family Ties"
Jordan Canning
Shannon Masters
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)

Convinced that the local steel mill and its owner, Ben Matheson, are responsible for the barrels Joanna and Billy go after him but don’t have enough to make the allegation stick. When her father shows up and persuades her that Ben’s offer to clean the field is the best deal she’s going to get, Joanna decides to pack up to return home. However, a shocking revelation in her personal life leads her to question everything her father has ever told her. Joanna resigns from her father’s firm and in a knee-jerk reaction, files a statement of claim against the mill.

5
"Witch Hunt"
James Genn
Brad Simpson & Eric Putzer
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)

Anger over the claim against the mill pits the sick girls and their families against employees of the mill who worry that their jobs are on the line. When the local Pastor’s daughter becomes afflicted with the illness, he blames the girls themselves. Parents begin keeping their healthy kids home from school, so to quell the mounting hysteria, the High School Principal cracks down on the affected girls and prevents them from attending their prom. Joanna fires back at the school, but victory eludes her. When the kids decide to throw a prom of their own, Billy and Joanna are made honorary prom king and queen. However, the moment is over-shadowed by the mill’s answer to her claim – they’ve hired her father’s law firm to represent them and they plan to annihilate her.

6
"The Devil in the Desert"
James Genn
Laura Good, Hayden Simpson
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)

As threats against Joanna and Billy escalate, Joanna digs her heels in on the case. Relying on the expert testimony of a respected neuropsychologist, Joanna expects he’ll prove once and for all that the girls have been poisoned. Instead, after assessing them, he pronounces that the ailment is “all in their head”, they have what’s called Conversion Disorder. With the opposition breathing down their neck, Joanna and Billy scramble to salvage their suit.

7
"Ducks on the Pond"
Douglas Mitchell
Graeme Stewart
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)

Stuck in Millwood without a case and no longer having a firm to return home to, Joanna is at loose ends on what to do next. While she toys with the idea of taking an offer at another firm, Billy works to get their case reinstated without much success. However, when the doctor who claimed that the girls were suffering with conversion disorder is exposed for using them as research for his new book, they get his testimony thrown out. Better still, a whistleblower comes forward and reveals an additional source of toxic waste and a new patient zero. Joanna is back on the case with more fervor than ever.

8
"Hang Together"
Douglas Mitchell
Hayden Simpson
March 28, 2018 (2018-03-28)

Following some new leads, Joanna and Billy make the horrific discovery of a massive dumpsite on farmland near the school. They finally have enough evidence to certify as a class but it won’t be an easy fight. Someone has obviously gotten to their whistleblower as he’s no longer willing to cooperate. To make matters worse, Joanna’s father takes over as lead counsel and has Joanna disqualified due to a conflict of interest. When one of the girls gets diagnosed with cancer, it becomes clear that they’re running out of time.

9
"Home to Roost"
Grant Harvey
Lynn Coady
April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)

With Joanna disqualified and the clock running out on Billy who’ll have to face Joanna’s father alone, Joanna must think outside the box if they want to win this. She must face the one person who may be able to help her defeat her father, her mom. Not only does she learn the truth about her father, she gains the critical piece of evidence that ties the mill and their parent company to the dumping. Regrettably, Joanna returns too late and finds the case in shambles, her named plaintiff removed and the class de-certified.

10
"Cause in Fact"
Grant Harvey
Brad Simpson
April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)

Using the law to her advantage, Joanna herself reinstated on a technicality and plays her trump card. When it isn’t enough to elicit a settlement offer, Joanna makes things personal. She blackmails her father with incriminating evidence and threatens to expose him if he refuses to negotiate. Once she strong-arms him into a settlement, she must choose whether to expose his dirty little secret or not, but doing so may cost her more than she’s prepared to pay.

text: Production[edit]

text: Noelle Carbone and Adriana Maggs were the original showrunners but left the series. Ten one-hour episodes were ordered. It was filmed in Winnipeg, Manitoba in summer 2017.[4] Location shots were filmed in Selkirk, Manitoba, several shots in the Riverside Grill. In outdoor shots, traffic on the Selkirk bridge is visible.

text: The series was renewed for an 8-episode second season on April 4, 2018.[5]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: In April 2018, The CW network acquired the series for a planned run in the United States in mid-2018.[6]