document_title: Demographics of New Zealand

question_text: what is the total population of new zealand

text: Demographics of New Zealand

text: Terminology[edit]

text: While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally[7] and by locals.[8] The name derives from the kiwi, a native flightless bird, which is the national symbol of New Zealand. The Māori loanword "Pākehā" usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this appellation,[9][10] and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.[11] Most people born in New Zealand or one of the realm's external territories (Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue) before 2006 are New Zealand citizens. Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards.[12]

text: Population[edit]

text: In June 2016, New Zealand has an estimated population of 4,693,000,[13] up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census.[14] The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. In Māori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8.[15] In 2010 the age-standardised mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births.[15] The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2014-16 was 83.4 years for females, and 79.9 years for males.[3] Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.[16] In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent.[16] (The number of people aged 65 and over increased by 22 percent between the 2006 and 2013 censuses.[17]) During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971.[18] As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female, with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years and older range.[19]

text:
[show]Vital statistics since 1921[20]

Average population (x 1,000)
Live births
Deaths
Natural change
Crude birth rate (per 1,000)
Crude death rate (per 1,000)
Natural change (per 1,000)
Fertility rates

1921

29,623
11,474
18,149

3.08

1922

30,448
11,874
18,574

3.08

1923

29,148
12,239
16,909
23.7
9.9
13.8
2.96

1924

29,260
11,540
17,720
23.2
9.4
13.8
2.93

1925

29,869
11,844
18,025
22.9
9.2
13.7
2.90

1926

29,904
12,517
17,387
22.0
9.4
12.6
2.88

1927
1,429
29,278
12,600
16,678
20.3
8.8
11.5
2.79

1928
1,450
28,398
12,860
15,538
19.8
8.8
11.0
2.70

1929
1,467
28,859
13,220
15,639
19.5
9.0
10.5
2.64

1930
1,486
28,822
13,145
15,677
19.3
8.8
10.5
2.60

1931
1,506
28,867
13,062
15,805
19.1
8.6
10.5
2.56

1932
1,522
27,535
12,875
14,660
18.0
8.4
9.6
2.38

1933
1,534
27,204
12,862
14,342
17.7
8.3
9.4
2.31

1934
1,547
27,220
13,810
13,410
17.5
8.9
8.6
2.29

1935
1,558
27,150
13,664
13,486
17.4
8.7
8.7
2.25

1936
1,569
28,395
14,658
13,737
18.0
9.3
8.7
2.30

1937
1,584
29,896
15,215
17,681
18.8
9.6
9.2
2.39

1938
1,601
30,845
16,874
13,971
19.2
10.5
8.7
2.44

1939
1,618
32,872
15,933
16,939
20.2
9.8
10.4
2.56

1940
1,641
36,945
15,875
21,070
22.6
9.7
12.9
2.84

1941
1,633
39,170
17,047
22,123
24.0
10.4
13.6
2.93

1942
1,631
37,818
18,117
19,701
23.1
11.1
12.0
2.87

1943
1,636
34,684
17,122
17,562
21.2
10.4
10.8
2.61

1944
1,642
38,037
17,049
20,088
22.9
10.3
12.6
2.85

1945
1,676
51,534
17,686
33,848
24.4
10.4
14.0
3.10

1946
1,724
47,524
17,720
29,804
27.1
10.1
17.0
3.45

1947
1,781
49,698
17,442
32,256
27.6
9.7
17.9
3.63

1948
1,817
49,062
17,285
31,777
26.7
9.4
17.3
3.57

1949
1,853
48,841
17,578
31,263
26.1
9.4
16.7
3.53

1950
1,892
49,331
18,084
31,247
25.8
9.5
16.3
3.55

1951
1,927
49,806
18,836
30,970
25.6
9.7
15.9
3.60

1952
1,970
51,846
18,896
32,950
26.0
9.5
16.5
3.67

1953
2,024
51,888
18,354
33,534
25.3
9.0
16.3
3.65

1954
2,074
54,055
18,876
35,179
25.8
9.0
16.8
3.78

1955
2,118
55,596
19,225
36,371
26.0
9.0
17.0
3.88

1956
2,164
56,631
19,696
36,935
25.8
9.0
16.8
3.98

1957
2,209
58,425
20,862
37,563
26.1
9.3
16.8
4.03

1958
2,262
60,556
20,301
40,255
26.5
8.9
17.6
4.11

1959
2,316
61,798
21,128
40,670
26.4
9.0
17.4
4.18

1960
2,359
62,779
20,892
41,787
26.4
8.8
17.6
4.24

1961
2,403
65,390
21,782
43,608
26.9
9.0
17.9
4.31

1962
2,461
65,014
22,081
42,933
26.1
8.9
17.2
4.19

1963
2,515
64,527
22,416
42,111
25.4
8.8
16.6
4.05

1964
2,566
62,302
22,861
39,441
24.0
8.8
15.2
3.80

1965
2,617
60,047
22,976
37,071
22.7
8.7
14.0
3.54

1966
2,663
60,003
23,778
36,225
22.3
8.8
13.5
3.41

1967
2,711
61,022
23,007
38,015
22.4
8.4
14.0
3.35

1968
2,745
62,112
24,464
37,648
22.5
8.9
13.6
3.37

1969
2,773
62,360
24,161
38,199
22.4
8.7
13.7
3.28

1970
2,804
62,050
24,840
37,210
21.9
8.8
13.1
3.17

1971
2,852
64,460
24,309
40,151
22.4
8.5
13.9
3.18

1972
2,898
63,215
24,801
38,414
21.6
8.5
13.1
3.00

1973
2,959
60,727
25,312
35,415
20.3
8.5
11.8
2.76

1974
3,024
59,936
25,261
34,675
19.4
8.3
11.1
2.58

1975
3,091
56,639
25,114
31,525
18.2
8.1
10.1
2.37

1976
3,143
55,105
25,547
29,458
17.5
8.1
9.4
2.27

1977
3,163
54,179
25,961
29,218
17.1
8.2
8.9
2.21

1978
3,166
51,029
24,669
26,360
16.1
7.8
8.3
2.07

1979
3,165
52,279
25,340
26,939
16.5
8.0
8.5
2.12

1980
3,163
50,542
26,676
23,866
15.9
8.4
7.5
2.03

1981
3,176
50,794
25,150
25,644
15.9
7.9
8.0
2.01

1982
3,194
49,938
25,532
24,406
15.6
8.0
8.6
1.95

1983
3,226
50,474
25,991
24,483
15.6
8.0
8.6
1.92

1984
3,264
51,636
25,378
26,258
15.7
7.7
8.0
1.93

1985
3,293
51,798
27,480
24,318
15.7
8.3
7.4
1.93

1986
3,303
52,824
27,045
25,779
16.2
8.2
8.0
1.96

1987
3,313
55,254
27,419
27,835
16.6
8.2
8.4
2.03

1988
3,342
57,546
27,408
30,138
17.2
8.2
9.0
2.10

1989
3,345
58,091
27,042
31,049
17.3
8.1
9.2
2.12

1990
3,369
60,153
26,531
33,622
17.7
7.8
9.9
2.18

1991
3,410
59,911
26,389
33,522
17.3
7.6
9.7
2.09

1992
3,516
59,166
27,115
32,051
16.7
7.7
9.0
2.06

1993
3,552
58,782
27,100
31,682
16.4
7.6
8.8
2.04

1994
3,597
57,321
26,953
30,258
15.8
7.4
8.4
1.98

1995
3,648
57,671
27,813
29,858
15.7
7.6
8.1
1.98

1996
3,706
57,280
28,255
29,025
15.3
7.6
7.7
1.96

1997
3,762
57,604
27,471
30,133
15.2
7.3
7.9
1.95

1998
3,802
55,349
26,206
29,143
14.5
6.9
7.6
1.89

1999
3,829
57,053
28,122
28,931
14.9
7.3
7.6
1.97

2000
3,851
56,605
26,660
29,945
14.7
6.9
7.8
1.98

2001
3,873
55,799
27,825
27,974
14.3
7.1
7.2
1.97

2002
3,916
54,021
28,065
25,956
13.7
7.1
6.6
1.88

2003
3,989
56,134
28,010
28,124
13.9
7.0
6.9
1.93

2004
4,061
58,073
28,419
29,654
14.2
7.0
7.2
1.99

2005
4,114
57,745
27,034
30,711
14.0
6.5
7.5
1.97

2006
4,161
59,193
28,245
30,948
14.1
6.7
7.4
2.01

2007
4,211
64,044
28,522
35,522
15.1
6.7
8.4
2.17

2008
4,252
64,343
29,188
35,155
15.1
6.8
8.3
2.18

2009
4,291
62,543
28,964
33,579
14.5
6.7
7.8
2.12

2010
4,370
63,897
28,440
35,457
14.6
6.5
8.1
2.15

2011
4,408
61,400
30,080
31,320
13.9
6.8
7.1
2.06

2012
4,438
61,178
30,099
31,079
13.8
6.8
7.0
2.05

2013
4,479
58,727
29,568
29,159
13.1
6.6
6.5
1.95

2014
4,554
57,242
31,063
26,179
12.7
6.9
5.8
1.92

2015
4,595
61,038
31,608
29,430
13.3
6.9
6.4
1.99

2016
4,693
59,430
31,179
28,251
12.7
6.6
6.1
1.87

text: Population density[edit]

text: New Zealand's population density is relatively low, at 17.5 per square kilometre (45.3 per square mile)  (June 2016 estimate).[13] The vast majority of the population live on the main North and South Islands, with New Zealand's major inhabited smaller islands being Waiheke Island (9,150), the Chatham and Pitt Islands (610), and Stewart Island (381).[13] Over three-quarters of the population live in the North Island (76.6 percent), with one-third of the total population living in the Auckland Region. This region is also the fastest growing, accounting for 46 percent of New Zealand's total population growth. Most Māori live in the North Island (86.0 percent), although less than a quarter (23.8 percent) live in Auckland.[21] New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 86.4 percent of the population living in an urban area. About 73.0 percent of the population live in the 17 main urban areas (population of 30,000 or more) and 53.7 percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.[13]

text: Approximately 14 percent of the population live in four different categories of rural areas as defined by Statistics New Zealand. About 18 percent of the rural population live in areas that have a high urban influence (roughly 12.9 people per square kilometre), many working in the main urban area. Rural areas with moderate urban influence and a population density of about 6.5 people per square kilometre account for 26 percent of the rural population. Areas with low urban influence where the majority of the residents work in the rural area house approximately 42 percent of the rural population. Remote rural areas with a density of less than 1 person per square kilometre account for about 14 percent of the rural population.[22]

text: Before local government reforms in the late 1980s, a borough council with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city.[23][24] The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so there was little difference between the urban area and the local government area. In 1989, all councils were consolidated into regional councils (top tier) and territorial authorities (second tier) which cover a much wider area and population than the old city councils.[25] Today a territorial authority must have a predominantly urban population of at least 50,000 before it can be officially recognised as a city.[26] The 20 largest urban areas are listed below:

text:
v
t
e

Largest urban areas in New Zealand
Statistics New Zealand June 2016 estimate[13]

Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.

Auckland

Wellington
1
Auckland
Auckland
1,495,000
11
New Plymouth
Taranaki
56,800

Christchurch

Hamilton

2
Wellington
Wellington
405,000
12
Whangarei
Northland
56,400

3
Christchurch
Canterbury
389,700
13
Invercargill
Southland
50,700

4
Hamilton
Waikato
230,000
14
Kapiti
Wellington
41,800

5
Tauranga
Bay of Plenty
134,400
15
Whanganui
Manawatu-Wanganui
39,600

6
Napier-Hastings
Hawke's Bay
131,000
16
Gisborne
Gisborne
36,100

7
Dunedin
Otago
118,500
17
Blenheim
Marlborough
30,700

8
Palmerston North
Manawatu-Wanganui
84,300
18
Pukekohe
Auckland
29,800

9
Nelson
Nelson
65,700
19
Timaru
Canterbury
28,800

10
Rotorua
Bay of Plenty
57,800
20
Taupo
Waikato
24,100

text: Migration[edit]

text:
Countries of birth of New Zealand residents, 2013 census[27]

Country
Number
 %

 New Zealand
2,980,827
74.85

 United Kingdom[a]
256,164
6.43

 China[b]
96,441
2.42

 India
67,176
1.69

 Australia
62,712
1.57

 South Africa
54,279
1.36

 Fiji
52,755
1.32

 Samoa
50,658
1.27

 Philippines
37,299
0.94

 South Korea
26,604
0.67

 Tonga
22,416
0.56

 United States
21,462
0.54

 Netherlands
19,815
0.50

 Malaysia
16,353
0.41

 Cook Islands
12,954
0.33

 Germany
12,942
0.32

 Japan
10,269
0.26

Other countries
188,814
4.74

Jump up ^ Includes Channel Islands and Isle of Man.
Jump up ^ Includes Hong Kong SAR and Macau SAR.

text: East Polynesians were the first people to reach New Zealand about 1280, followed by the early European explorers, notably James Cook in 1769 who explored New Zealand three times and mapped the coastline. Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when the country became a British colony, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia. Due to restrictive policies, limitations were placed on non-European immigrants.[28] During the gold rush period (1858-1880s) large number of young men came from California and Victoria to New Zealand goldfields. Apart from British, there were Irish, North Germans, Scandinavians, Italian and many Chinese. The Chinese were sent special invitations by the Otago Chamber of Commerce in 1866. By 1873 they made up 40 percent of the diggers in Otago and 25 percent of the diggers in Westland.[29] From 1900 there was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,[30] Italian, and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.[31] Following the Great Depression policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased. In 2008–09, a target of 45,000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service (plus a 5,000 tolerance).[32]

text: Just over 25 percent of New Zealand's population at the 2013 census was born overseas, up from 23 percent in 2006 and 20 percent in 2001. Over half (51.6 percent) of New Zealand's overseas-born population lives in the Auckland Region, including 72 percent of the country's Pacific Island-born population, 64 percent of its Asian-born population, and 56 percent of its Middle Eastern and African- born population.[33] In the late 2000s, Asia overtook the British Isles as the largest source of overseas migrants; today around 32 percent of overseas-born New Zealand residents were born in Asia (mainly China, India, the Philippines and South Korea) compared to 26 percent born in the UK and Ireland.[34] The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.[35]

text: To be eligible for entry under the skilled migrant plan applicants are assessed by an approved doctor for good health, provide a police certificate to prove good character and speak sufficient English. Migrants working in some occupations (mainly health) must be registered with the appropriate profession body before they can work within that area.[36] Skilled migrants are assessed by Immigration New Zealand and applicants that they believe will contribute are issued with a residential visa, while those with potential are issued with a work to resident visa.[37] Under the work to residency process applicants are given a temporary work permit for two years and are then eligible to apply for residency.[38] Applicants with a job offer from an accredited New Zealand employer, cultural or sporting talent, looking for work where there has been a long-term skill shortage or to establish a business can apply for work to residency.[38][39]

text: While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora abroad, estimated as of 2001 at over 460,000 or 14 percent of the international total of New Zealand-born. Of these, 360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English-speaking countries, specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere.[40] Nearly one quarter of New Zealand's highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, more than any other developed nation.[41] However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand.[42][43] A common pathway for New Zealanders to move to the UK is through a job offer via the Tier 2 (General) visa, which grants a 3-year initial stay in the country and can later be extended with three more years. After 5 years the person can apply for permanent residency. Another popular option is the UK Working Holiday visa, also known as "Youth Mobility Scheme" (YMS), which grants New Zealanders 2-year rights to live and work in the UK.[44]

text: Ethnicity[edit]

text: New Zealand is a multiethnic society, and home to people of many different national origins. Originally composed solely of the Māori who arrived in the thirteenth century, the ethnic makeup of the population later became dominated by New Zealanders of European descent.[45] In the nineteenth century, European settlers brought diseases for which the Māori had no immunity. By the 1890s, the Māori population was approximately 40 percent of its size pre-contact.[45] The Māori population increased during the twentieth century,[46] though it remains a minority.

text: At the latest census in 2013, 14.9 percent identified as Māori, 11.8 percent of the population were Asians (deriving from various nations in Asia), 7.4 percent were of Pacific Islander origin (including from the Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau, all of which are dependent states of New Zealand in the Pacific), and 1.2 percent were individuals of Middle-Eastern, Latin American, and African descent (MELAA).[n 2] Approximately three-quarters of the population were of European descent.[4] Most New Zealanders are of English,[47] Scottish[48] and Irish ancestry,[49] with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Dutch, Dalmatian, French, German and Scandinavian.[50] Auckland was the most diverse region with 59.3 percent identifying as Europeans, 23.1 percent as Asian, 10.7 percent as Māori, and 14.6 percent as Pacific Islanders.[51]

text: All major ethnic groups increased when compared with the 2006 census,[52] in which 67.6 percent identified as European, 14.6 percent as Māori, 9.2 percent as Asian, and 6.9 percent of Pacific Islander origin. An additional 11.1 percent identified themselves simply as a "New Zealander" (or similar), and 1.0 percent identified with other ethnicities.[53] There was significant public discussion about usage of the term "New Zealander" during the months leading up to the 2006 census.[54] The number of people identifying with this term increased from approximately 80,000 (2.4 percent) in 2001 to just under 430,000 people (11.1 percent) in 2006.[55] The European grouping significantly decreased from 80.0 percent of the population in 2001 to 67.6 percent in 2006, however, this is broadly proportional to the large increase in "New Zealanders".[55] The number of people identifying as a "New Zealander" dropped back to under 66,000 in 2013.[55]

text: As recorded in the 2013 census, the largest Māori iwi is Ngāpuhi with 125,601 people (or 18.8 percent of people of Māori descent).[21] Since 2006, the number of people of Māori descent stating Ngāpuhi as their iwi increased by 3,390 people (2.8 percent). The second-largest was Ngāti Porou, with 71,049 people (down 1.2 percent from 2006). Ngāi Tahu was the largest in the South Island and the third-largest overall, with a count of 54,819 people (an increase of 11.4 percent from 2006). A total of 110,928 people (or 18.5 percent) of Māori descent did not know their iwi (an increase of 8.4 percent compared with 2006).[21] A group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu, now known as the Chatham Islands, where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.[56][57] The Moriori population was decimated, first, by disease brought by European sealers and whalers and, second, by Taranaki Māori, with only 101 surviving in 1862 and the last known full-blooded Moriori dying in 1933.[57] The number of people identifying as having Moriori descents increased from 105 in 1991 to 945 in 2006,[58] but decreased to 738 in 2013.[59]

text: Recent increases in interracial marriages has resulted in the New Zealand population of Māori, Asian and Pacific Islander descent growing at a higher rate than those of European descent.[60] In 2013, 11.2 percent of people identified with more than one ethnic group,[55] compared with 10.4 percent in 2006.[61] The ethnic diversity of New Zealand is projected to increase. Europeans (including "New Zealanders") will remain the largest group, although it is predicted to fall to 70 percent in 2026. The Asian, Pacific and Māori groups are the fastest growing and will increase to 3.4 percent, 10 percent and 16 percent, respectively.[62] In 2013, the ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years was 71 percent European, 25 percent Māori, 13 percent Pacific, 12 percent Asian, and 1 percent MELAA.[4][63] The population aged 65 years or older consisted of 87.8 percent European, 5.6 percent Māori, 4.7 percent Asian and 2.4 percent Pacific.[17]

text: The maps below (taken from 2013 census data[4]) show the percentages of people in each census area unit identifying themselves as European, Māori, Asian, or Pacific Islander (as defined by Statistics New Zealand). As people could identify themselves with multiple groups, percentages are not cumulative.

text:
European (Pākehā)
  Less than 5%
  More than 5%
  More than 10%
  More than 20%
  More than 30%
  More than 40%
  More than 50%
  More than 60%
  More than 70%
  More than 80%
  More than 90%

Māori
  Less than 5%
  More than 5%
  More than 10%
  More than 20%
  More than 30%
  More than 40%
  More than 50%
  More than 60%
  More than 70%
  More than 80%

Asian
  Less than 5%
  More than 5%
  More than 10%
  More than 20%
  More than 30%
  More than 40%
  More than 50%
  More than 60%
  More than 70%

Pacific Islander
  Less than 5%
  More than 5%
  More than 10%
  More than 20%
  More than 30%
  More than 40%
  More than 50%
  More than 60%
  More than 70%

text: Language[edit]

text: English has long been entrenched as a de facto national language due to its widespread use.[64] In the 2013 census, 96.1 percent of respondents spoke English.[5] The New Zealand English dialect is mostly non-rhotic with an exception being the Southern Burr found principally in Southland and parts of Otago.[65] It is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.[66] In New Zealand English the short i (as in kit) has become centralised, leading to the phrase fish and chips sounding like "fush and chups" to the Australian ear.[67] The words rarely and really, reel and real, doll and dole, pull and pool, witch and which, and full and fill can sometimes be pronounced as homophones.[68][69][65] Some New Zealanders pronounce the past participles grown, thrown and mown using two syllables, whereas groan, throne and moan are pronounced as one syllable.[70] New Zealanders often reply to a question or emphasise a point by adding a rising intonation at the end of the sentence.[71]

text: Initially, the Māori language (te reo Māori) was permitted in native schools to facilitate English instruction, but as time went on official attitudes hardened against any use of the language. Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language in schools and work places and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.[72] The language underwent a revival beginning in the 1970s, and now more people speak Māori.[73][74] The future of the language was the subject of a claim before the Waitangi Tribunal in 1985. As a result, Māori was declared an official language in 1987.[75] In the 2013 census, 21.3 percent of Māori people—and 3.7 percent of all respondents, including some non-Māori people—reported conversational fluency in the language.[76][n 3] There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels, the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime-time content delivered in Māori.[78] Many places have officially been given dual Māori and English names in recent years.

text: In the 2013 census, 20,235 people reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language. This is down 16 percent on the 2006 census.[5] NZSL was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.[79]

text: Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2 percent),[n 4] followed by Hindi (1.7 percent), "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin, 1.3 percent) and French (1.2 percent).[5] A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are multilingual.

text: Education[edit]

text: Education follows the three-tier model, which includes primary schools, followed by secondary schools (high schools) and tertiary education at universities or polytechnics. The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked New Zealand's education as the seventh highest in 2009.[80] The Education Index, published with the UN's 2014 Human Development Index and based on data from 2013, listed New Zealand at 0.917, ranked second after Australia.[81]

text: Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16[82] with most children starting at 5. Early leaving exemptions may be granted to 15-year-old students that have been experiencing some ongoing difficulties at school or are unlikely to benefit from continued attendance.[83] Parents and caregivers can home school their children if they obtain approval from the Ministry of Education and prove that their child will be taught "as regularly and as well as in a registered school".[84] There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is nominally free from a person's fifth birthday until the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.[84][85]

text: The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions, but generally runs from late January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools and polytechnics, and from late February until mid-November for universities. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent,[86] and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.[82][n 5] In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification.[87]

text: Religion[edit]

text:
Religious affiliation in New Zealand (2013)[88]

Affiliation[n 6]
% of New Zealand population

Religion
55.00
55

Roman Catholic
12.61
12.61

Anglican
11.79
11.79

Presbyterian
8.47
8.47

Other Christian[n 7]
15.14
15.14

Hindu
2.11
2.11

Buddhist
1.50
1.5

Muslim
1.18
1.18

Other religions
1.53
1.53

No religion
41.91
41.91

Object to answering
4.44
4.44

text: New Zealand does not have a state religion,[89] but the principal religion is Christianity. As recorded in the 2013 census, about 49 percent of the population identified themselves as Christians,[n 7] although regular church attendance is estimated at 15 percent.[90] Another 41.9 percent indicated that they had no religion (up from 34.7 percent in 2006[91]) and around 6 percent affiliated with other religions.[88]

text: The indigenous religion of the Māori population was animistic, but with the arrival of missionaries from the early nineteenth century most of the Māori population converted to Christianity.[92] In the 2013 census, 2,595 Māori still identify themselves as adhering to traditional Māori beliefs.[88] The largest Christian denominations are Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, Presbyterianism. There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Methodist, Pentecostal, Baptist and Latter-day Saint churches, and the New Zealand-based Rātana church has adherents among Māori.[88] Immigration and associated demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,[93] especially Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam.[94][95]

text: Income[edit]

text: New Zealand's early economy was based on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum, and native timber.[96] During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand.[97] Farming is still a major employer, with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census,[98] although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector.[97] The largest occupation recorded during the census was sales assistant with 93,840 people.[98] Most people are on wages or salaries (59.9 percent), with the other sources of income being interest and investments (24.1 percent) and self-employment (16.6 percent).[99]

text: In 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank.[100] In 2010 the estimated gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita was roughly US$28,250, between the thirty-first and fifty-first highest for all countries.[n 8] The median personal income in 2006 was $24,400. This was up from $15,600 in 1996, with the largest increases in the $50,000 to $70,000 bracket.[104] The median income for men was $31,500, $12,400 more than women.[105] The highest median personal income were for people identifying with the European or "other" ethnic group, while the lowest was from the Asian ethnic group. The median income for people identifying as Māori was $20,900.[106] In 2013, the median personal income had risen slightly to $28,500.[6]

text: Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992,[107] before falling to a record low of 3.7 percent in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).[108] Unemployment rose back to 7 percent in late 2009.[109] In the June 2017 quarter, unemployment had fallen to 4.8 percent. This is the lowest unemployment rate since December 2008, after the start of the global financial crisis, when it was 4.4 percent.[110] Most New Zealanders do some form of voluntary work, more women volunteer (92 percent) than males (86 percent).[111] Home ownership has declined since 1991, from 73.8 percent to 66.9 percent in 2006.[112]


document_title: 1st Lok Sabha

question_text: who was the first speaker of the lok sabha

root

text: 1st Lok Sabha

text: Lok Sabha officers[edit]

text: As per Article 93 of Constitution of India, the Lok Sabha must have elected and non-elected officers. The elected members are Speaker and the Deputy Speaker whereas the non-elected members are the Secretariat staff.[2] Following were the 1st Lok Sabha officers and other important members.[1]

tag: p

text:
#
Position
Name
From
To
Days in office

01
Speaker
Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar
M. A. Ayyangar

8 May 1952
8 Mar 1956

27 Feb 1956
10 May 1957

1,390
428

02
Deputy Speaker
M. A. Ayyangar
Sardar Hukam Singh

30 May 1952
20 Mar 1956

7 Mar 1956
4 Apr 1957

1,377
380

03
Secretary-General
M. N. Kaul
17 Apr 1952
4 Apr 1957
1,813

04
Leader of the House
Jawaharlal Nehru
17 Apr 1952
4 Apr 1957
1,813

05
Leader of the Opposition
A K Gopalan

tag: table

text: Leader of the Opposition position got recognition in 1977 post Salary and Allowances of Leaders of Opposition in Parliament Act.[3]

text: List of members by state[edit]

text: This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (July 2017)

text: List of members as published by the Election Commission of India[4] and Parliament of India:[5]

text: Ajmer[edit]

text: Keys:   INC (2)

text:
No.
Constituency
Name of elected M.P.
Party affiliation

1
Ajmer North
Jawala Prasad Sharma
Indian National Congress

2
Ajmer South
Pandit Mukut Bihari Lal Bhargava
Indian National Congress[6]

text: Andaman and Nicobar Islands[edit]

text: Keys:   Nominated (1)

text:
No.
Constituency
Name of elected M.P.
Party affiliation

1
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Rt. Rev. John Richardson
Nominated

text: Assam[edit]

text: Keys:   INC (15)

text:
No.
Constituency
Name of elected M.P.
Party affiliation

1
Cachar Lushal Hills
Suresh Chandra Deb
Indian National Congress

2
Autonomous District-ST
Bonily Khongmen
Indian National Congress

3
Goalpara-Garo Hills
Jonab Amjad Ali
Socialist Party

3
Goalpara-Garo Hills
Sitanath Brahma Chowdhury
Indian National Congress

4
Barpeta
Beli Ram Das
Indian National Congress

5
Gauhati
Rohini Kumar Chaudhury
Indian National Congress

6
Darrang
Kamakhya Prasad Tripathi
Indian National Congress

7
Nowgong
Dev Kant Baruah
Indian National Congress

8
Golaghat - Jorhat
Debeswar Sarma
Indian National Congress

9
Sibasagar - North Lakhimpur
Surendra Nath Buragohain
Indian National Congress

10
Dibrugarh
Jogendra Nath Hazarika
Indian National Congress


document_title: Minister of Railways (India)

question_text: who is recently appointed as union railway minister

text: Minister of Railways (India)

text:
Minister of Railways

Emblem of India

Incumbent
Piyush Goyal
since 3 September 2017

Ministry of Railways

Member of
Cabinet of India

Appointer
President
on the advice of the Prime Minister

Inaugural holder
John Mathai

Formation
15 August 1947

text: The Minister of Railways is the head of the Ministry of Railways of the Government of India. The railway minister is usually accorded a cabinet rank, and is responsible for Indian Railways, the largest employer in the world. An important responsibility of the railway minister is to present in Parliament the Railway Budget, the Annual Financial Statement of Indian Railways. Piyush Goyal of the Bharatiya Janata Party is the current Minister of Railways, serving since 3 September 2017.Railways Minister (India)

text: List of railway ministers[edit]

text:
№
Name
Portrait
Term of office
Political party
(Alliance)
Prime Minister

-
Asaf Ali

2 September 1946
14 August 1947
Indian National Congress

None
(Interim govt)

1
John Mathai

15 August 1947
22 September 1948
Jawaharlal Nehru

2
N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar

22 September 1948
13 May 1952

3
Lal Bahadur Shastri

13 May 1952
7 December 1956

4
Jagjivan Ram

7 December 1956
10 April 1962

5
Swaran Singh

10 April 1962
21 September 1963

6
H. C. Dasappa

21 September 1963
8 June 1964

7
S. K. Patil

9 June 1964
12 March 1967
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Indira Gandhi

8
C. M. Poonacha

13 March 1967 and
14 February 1969
Indira Gandhi

9
Ram Subhag Singh

14 February 1969
4 November 1969

10
Panampilli Govinda Menon

4 November 1969
18 February 1970

11
Gulzarilal Nanda

18 February 1970
17 March 1971

12
K. Hanumanthaiya

18 March 1971
22 July 1972

13
T. A. Pai

23 July 1972
4 February 1973

14
Lalit Narayan Mishra

5 February 1973
2 January 1975

15
Kamalapati Tripathi

11 February 1975
23 March 1977

16
Madhu Dandavate

26 March 1977
28 July 1979
Janata Party

Morarji Desai

(13)
T. A. Pai

30 July 1979
13 January 1980
Janata Party (Secular)

Charan Singh

17
Kamalapati Tripathi

14 January 1980
12 November 1980
Indian National Congress

Indira Gandhi

18
Kedar Pandey

12 November 1980
14 January 1982

19
Prakash Chandra Sethi

15 January 1982
2 September 1982

20
A. B. A. Ghani Khan Choudhury

2 September 1982
31 December 1984
Indira Gandhi
Rajiv Gandhi

21
Bansi Lal

31 December 1984
4 June 1986
Rajiv Gandhi

22
Mohsina Kidwai

24 June 1986
21 October 1986

23
Madhavrao Scindia

22 October 1986
1 December 1989

24
George Fernandes

5 December 1989
10 November 1990
Janata Dal

V. P. Singh

25
Janeshwar Mishra

21 November 1990
21 June 1991
Samajwadi Janata Party

Chandra Shekhar

26
C. K. Jaffer Sharief

21 June 1991
16 October 1995
Indian National Congress

P. V. Narasimha Rao

27
Ram Vilas Paswan

1 June 1996
19 March 1998
Janata Dal
(United Front)

H. D. Deve Gowda
I. K. Gujral

28
Nitish Kumar

19 March 1998
5 August 1999
Samata Party
(NDA)

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

29
Ram Naik

6 August 1999
12 October 1999
Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)

30
Mamata Banerjee

13 October 1999
15 March 2001
All India Trinamool Congress
(NDA)

(28)
Nitish Kumar

20 March 2001
22 May 2004
Janata Dal (United)
(NDA)

31
Lalu Prasad Yadav

23 May 2004
25 May 2009
Rashtriya Janata Dal
(UPA)

Manmohan Singh

(30)
Mamata Banerjee

26 May 2009
19 May 2011
All India Trinamool Congress
(UPA)

32
Dinesh Trivedi

12 July 2011
14 March 2012

33
Mukul Roy

20 March 2012
21 September 2012

34
C. P. Joshi

22 September 2012
28 October 2012
Indian National Congress
(UPA)

35
Pawan Kumar Bansal

28 October 2012
10 May 2013

(34)
C. P. Joshi

11 May 2013
16 June 2013

36
Mallikarjun Kharge

17 June 2013
25 May 2014

37
D. V. Sadananda Gowda
-
26 May 2014
9 November 2014
Bharatiya Janata Party
(NDA)

Narendra Modi

38
Suresh Prabhu

10 November 2014
3 September 2017

39
Piyush Goyal

3 September 2017
Incumbent

If the office of Minister of Railways is vacant for any length of time, it automatically comes under the charge of the Prime Minister.


document_title: Stapes

question_text: the medical term for removal of the stapes is

text: Stapes

text: Structure[edit]

text: The stapes is the third bone of the three ossicles in the middle ear. The stapes is a stirrup-shaped bone, and the smallest in the human body. It rests on the oval window, to which it is connected by an annular ligament. The stapes is described as having a base, resting on the oval window, as well as a head that articulates with the incus. These are connected by anterior and posterior limbs (Latin: crura).[1]:862 The stapes articulates with the incus through the incudostapedial joint.[2] The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body, and measures roughly 3 x 2.5mm, greater along the head-base span.[3]

text: Development[edit]

text: The stapes develops from the second pharyngeal arch during the sixth to eighth week of embryological life. The central cavity of the stapes, the obturator foramen, is due to the presence embryologically of the stapedial artery, which usually regresses.[2][4]

text: Animals[edit]

text: The stapes is one of three ossicles in mammals. In non-mammalian four-legged animals, the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella; however, in reptiles, either term may be used. In fish, the homologous bone is called the hyomandibular, and is part of the gill arch supporting either the spiracle or the jaw, depending on the species. The equivalent term in amphibians is the pars media plectra.[2][5]:481–482

text: Variation[edit]

text: The stapes appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups.[6] In 0.01-0.02% of people, the stapedial artery does not regress, and persists in the central foramen.[7] In this case, a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear, or there may be no symptoms at all.[8] Rarely, the stapes may be completely absent.[9][10]:262

text: Function[edit]

text: Situated between the incus and the inner ear, the stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window, a membrane-covered opening to the inner ear. The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle, which is innervated by the facial nerve.[1]:861–863

text: Clinical relevance[edit]

text: Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous-onset disease characterized by abnormal bone remodeling in the inner ear. Often this causes the stapes to adhere to the oval window, which impedes its ability to conduct sound, and is a cause of conductive hearing loss. Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1% of people, although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss. Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups, and females.[11] Two common treatments are stapedectomy, the surgical removal of the stapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis, and stapedotomy, the creation of a small hole in the base of the stapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole.[12] :661 Surgery may be complicated by a persistent stapedial artery, fibrosis-related damage to the base of the bone, or obliterative otosclerosis, resulting in obliteration of the base.[7][10] :254–262

text: History[edit]

text: The stapes is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia in 1546 at the University of Naples,[13] although this remains the nature of some controversy, as Ingrassia's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria. Spanish anatomist Pedro Jimeno is first to have been credited with a published description, in Dialogus de re medica (1549).[14] The bone is so-named because of its resemblance to a stirrup (Latin: stapes), an example of a late Latin word, probably created in mediaeval times from "to stand" (Latin: stapia), as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin-speaking world.[15]


document_title: Helena (song)

question_text: meaning of the song helena by my chemical romance

text: Helena (song)

text: Reception[edit]

text: "Helena" was released to radio on March 8, 2005.[4] The single has become a moderately-selling hit, both in the US and internationally. Way stated in an interview with Channel V that the main influence behind "Helena" was from the song "Aces High" by Iron Maiden and tracks by The Ventures. This song is also My Chemical Romance's sixth overall single. Way described it as representing the band's image and sound, and as such it was often used to end the band's shows. The single was certified as a Gold Record in United States. Despite charting lower than their prior hit, "I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart peaking at number 4 where "Helena" peaked at number 11, "Helena" was the band's first crossover hit crossing over to Top 40 radio at number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and it also still had more airplay on alternative rock stations.

text: NME declared that the song was one of the "20 Greatest Goth Tracks" and that it was "a pivotal moment in cross-fertilising goth with emo" and that "MCR spawned a hybrid that ensured black clothes and eyeliner became, once again, teenage rebellion's default setting".[5]

text: Music video[edit]

text: The music video was shot on-location in the Immanuel Presbyterian Church on Wilshire Boulevard in Los Angeles, California, directed by Marc Webb, and choreographed by Michael Rooney. The video has a simple plot, with Gerard Way as a very emotional mourner at a funeral where the band is performing. There are also mourners who dance and mourn the death of Helena. Near the end, the dead body of Helena (played by actress and dancer Tracy Phillips) rises and dances down the nave representing crossing over into the afterlife. After she falls back into the casket, the pallbearers (also played by My Chemical Romance and a fan named Cameron) carry the casket to the hearse (in the pouring rain), surrounded by a phalanx of dancing men and women with umbrellas.

text: Though the song in general is about the band members Gerard Way and Mikey Way's late grandmother, it was stated in an interview[which?] that the video told a different story. The music video shows the funeral of a girl, who, according to Gerard Way, died tragically (possibly in a car crash, with the line in the bridge of the song, "When both our cars collide.") The sixth pallbearer and the majority of the mourners are fans who'd received emails from the band asking if they'd like to be in the video.

text: During the "Making Of..." video, found as a bonus on the Life on the Murder Scene CD/DVD, it was noted that Frank Iero, while joking about being "4'9"", didn't actually carry any weight of the casket, and that it rested on the other band members and their 6th pallbearer to carry the weight. Also noted was that the rain used in the sequence between the church and the hearse wasn't planned for, but the director used it to his advantage, as it set the mood of a funeral.

text: The video was nominated for five Moonmen at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards: Best Rock Video, Best Choreography, Best New Artist, and the MTV2 and Viewer's Choice Awards (both of which are chosen by viewers). They lost to bands such as Green Day, Fall Out Boy, and The Killers. Though the band did not win any awards, they did do a surprise performance of the song towards the end of the show. They also won an MTV Video Music Awards Latin America "tongue" for the Best New Artist - International. They also won a Best Video award in the 2005 Kerrang! Awards. In November 2005, the video was nominated for two MTVU Woodie Awards (voted on by college students) and won the Woodie of the Year. In the Philippines, Helena has reached a cult-like status because of the popularity of Alternative music.

text: The video was also voted #1 by viewers of MTV Latinamerica in the 2005 "100 Most Wanted Videos".

text: The video was uploaded to YouTube on October 22, 2006 and currently has 35.5 million views as of July 17, 2017.[6]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
UK promotional CD

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Helena"
3:22

text:
UK CD and 7" vinyl

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Helena"
3:22

2.
"I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" (live)
3:37

text:
UK DVD

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Helena" (Live Video)

2.
"I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" (Video)

text:
Australian CD

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Helena"
3:22

2.
"I'm Not Okay (I Promise)" (live from Sessions@AOL)
3:37

3.
"You Know What They Do to Guys Like Us In Prison" (live from Sessions@AOL)
3:40

text:
iTunes single

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Helena" (live from the Starland Ballroom in Sayreville, New Jersey)
4:14

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2005)
Peak
position

Australia (ARIA)[7]
78

Brazil (ABPD)[8]
18

Europe (European Hot 100 Singles)[9]
61

Germany (Official German Charts)[10]
67

Ireland (IRMA)
46

New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ)[11]
27

UK Singles (The Official Charts Company)
20

UK Rock (The Official Charts Company)
1

U.S. Billboard Hot 100
33

U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks
11

U.S. Billboard Mainstream Top 40
32

U.S. Billboard Hot Digital Songs
13

U.S. Billboard Pop 100
32

text: Chart successions[edit]

text:
Preceded by
"Somewhere Else" by Razorlight
UK Rock Chart number-one single
May 29, 2005 - June 19, 2005
Succeeded by
"Wake Me Up When September Ends" by Green Day

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Region
Date
Label
Format
Catalogue

United Kingdom
2005
Reprise, Eyeball
CD
PRO15371

May 23, 2005
7" vinyl
W671, 5439160437

CD
W671CD, 5439160432

DVD
W671DVD, 7599386352

Australia
August 22, 2005
CD
9362428022


document_title: I Don't Wanna Lose Your Love

question_text: who sings i don't want to lose your love tonight

question_tokens: who sings i do n 't want to lose your love tonight

text: I Don't Wanna Lose Your Love

text:
"I Don't Wanna Lose Your Love"

Single by Crystal Gayle

from the album Cage the Songbird

B-side
"Victim or a Fool

Released
February 25, 1984

Genre
Country

Length
3:15

Label
Warner Bros.

Songwriter(s)
Joey Carbone

Producer(s)
Jimmy Bowen

Crystal Gayle singles chronology

"The Sound of Goodbye"
(1984)
"I Don't Wanna Lose Your Love"
(1984)
"Turning Away"
(1984)

"The Sound of Goodbye"
(1984)
"I Don't Wanna Lose Your Love"
(1984)
"Turning Away"
(1984)

text: "I Don't Wanna Lose Your Love" is a song written by Joey Carbone, and recorded by American country music artist Crystal Gayle. It was released in February 1984 as the second single from the album Cage the Songbird. The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1] This is originally sung by John O'Banion in 1982.

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1984)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[2]
2

US Adult Contemporary (Billboard)[3]
15

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
1


document_title: List of Presidents of Iowa State University

question_text: who is the president of iowa state university

question_tokens: who is the president of iowa state university

text: List of Presidents of Iowa State University

text: Presidents of Iowa State University[edit]

text: Adonijah Welch[edit]

text: Adonijah Strong Welch (April 12, 1821 – March 13, 1889) was the 1st president of ISU. Born in East Hampton, Connecticut and died in Pasadena, California.

text: Education:

text:
B.A. University of Michigan
M.A. University of Michigan
PhD <?>

tag: ul

text: Achievements:

text:
First principal of Michigan State Normal School (Eastern Michigan University) from 1852 to 1865
Senator (RepublicanR-FL) June 17, 1868 to March 3, 1869 (declined renomination to accept presidency @ ISU)
1st ISU president from 1868 to 1883

Design of early campus
Helped develop agriculture and mechanical arts courses

History of civilization and practical psychology chair from 1884 until death

text: Welch's first wife was Eunice P. Buckingham (married in 1859) and had three children. After Eunice's death in 1867 he married Mary Beaumont Dudley in 1868 and had two more children.

text: Mary established the first courses in what would become the College of Family and Consumer Sciences.[1][2]

text: Welch Avenue, one of the main streets in the Campustown area of Ames, is named for Welch.

text: Seaman A. Knapp[edit]

text: Seaman Asahal Knapp (December 16, 1833 – April 1, 1911) was the 2nd president of ISU. Born in northern New York.

text: Education:

text:
Troy Conference Academy (Green Mountain College)
Union College with Phi Beta Kappa honors

text: Achievements:

text:
Vice-president of Fort Edward Collegiate Institute (1856–1863)
Assistant manager of Ripley Female College (Green Mountain College) (1864–1865)
Methodist minister
Head of the Iowa College for the Blind
First chair of agriculture at ISU in 1879
2nd ISU president from December 1884 to December 1885
Started first demonstration farm in Terrell, Texas

text: Knapp and his wife Maria Elizabeth Hotchkiss were married in 1856 and had six children.[3]

text: Knapp Street, near the ISU campus, is named for Knapp. A former residence hall named after Knapp was demolished in 2005.[4]

text: Leigh S. J. Hunt[edit]

text: Leigh Smith John Hunt (1855 – October 5, 1933) was the 3rd president of ISU. Born in Indiana and died in Las Vegas, Nevada.

text: Education:

text:
Undergraduate degree from Middlebury College via correspondence course
Independent study of law; passed Indiana bar exam

text: Achievements:

text:
Taught in a public school in Indiana
Superintendent of Mount Pleasant, Iowa schools in 1880
Superintendent of East Des Moines Independent School District, Des Moines, Iowa in 1882
3rd ISU president from February 1885 to July 1886
Business man:

Newspaper publisher 1886
Real estate developer
Bank president
Operated a gold mine in Korea in 1893
Grew cotton in Sudan from 1904 to 1910
Mining, agriculture, and land development in Las Vegas, Nevada

text: Hunt and his wife Jessie Noble were married in 1885 and had two children, Helen & Henry.[5]

text: Hunt Street, near the ISU campus, is named for Hunt.[6]

text: William I. Chamberlain[edit]

text: William Isaac Chamberlain (1837 – June 30, 1920) was the 4th president of ISU. Born in Sharon, Connecticut and died in Cleveland, Ohio.

text: Education:

text: Western Reserve College (Case Western Reserve University); graduated 1859

text: Achievements:

text:
Greek instructor at Western Reserve College after graduation from 1859 to 1865
Experimented agriculturally with fertilizers, drainage, & crop rotation
State Secretary of Agriculture of Ohio 1880 to 1886
4th ISU president from July 1886 to November 1890
Board of Trustees of Ohio State University and Ohio Experiment Station
Associate editor of the Ohio Farmer and National Stockman and Farmer

text: Chamberlain and his wife Lucy Jones Marshall were married on July 16, 1863 and had six children.[7]

text: Chamberlain Street, in the campustown area of Ames, is named for Chamberlain.[6]

text: William M. Beardshear[edit]

text: William Miller Beardshear (1850–1902) was the 5th president of ISU. Born in Ohio and died in 1902 from complications of a heart attack.

text: Education:

text: Studied ministry at Otterbein College and Yale Divinity School

text: Achievements:

text:
During the Civil War, he joined the Union army at the age of 14
President of Western College in Toledo, Iowa
Superintendent of schools in West Des Moines, Iowa
5th ISU president from February 1891 to August 1902

Developed new agricultural programs
Hired notable faculty:

Anson Marston
Louis B. Spinney
J.B. Weems
Perry G. Holden
Maria Roberts

Following buildings added:

Morrill Hall
Campanile
Catt Hall
Margaret Hall

School colors of cardinal & gold named
1st Bomb (yearbook) was published in 1893
Became known as the Cyclones in 1895[9]

text: Beardshear Hall, on the ISU campus, is named for Beardshear. It houses university administrative offices including those of the president and the provost.[10]

text: Albert B. Storms[edit]

text: Albert Boynton Storms (April 1, 1860 – July 1, 1933) was the 6th president of ISU. Born in Lima Center, Michigan and died in Berea, Ohio.

text: Education:

text:
A.B. University of Michigan 1884
M.A. University of Michigan 1893
PhD in divinity Lawrence University 1903
PhD in law Drake University 1905

text: Achievements:

text:
Methodist minister from 1884 to 1903 in Detroit, Michigan; Madison, Wisconsin; and Des Moines, Iowa
6th ISU president from September 1903 to August 1910

Agricultural Extension Service started
Developed landscape plans and built 18 buildings:

Engineering Hall
Central Building
Alumni Hall

Put departments under direction of deans
Diversified degrees & courses offered
Removed ban of fraternities and sororities
Resignation over the creation of the State Board of Education

Minister in Indianapolis, Indiana after ISU presidency
Superintendent of the Indianapolis, Indiana district of the Methodist Church
President of Baldwin Wallace College, Berea, Ohio[11]

text: A former residence hall named after Storms was demolished in 2005.[4]

text: Raymond A. Pearson[edit]

text: Raymond A. Pearson (1873–1939) was the 7th president of ISU.

text: Education:

text: M.S. Cornell University 1894

text: Achievements:

text:
Assistant chief of the Dairy Division of the United States Department of Agriculture 1895
Professor of Dairy Science at Cornell University
New York Commissioner of Agriculture from 1908 to 1912
7th ISU president from 1912 to 1926

Completed divisional organization of undergraduate education
Graduate program given divisional status in 1915
Broadened extension service
Assistant Secretary of Agriculture during World War I from 1917 to 1918
Left for presidency at University of Maryland, College Park

20th president of University of Maryland, College Park[12]

text: Pearson Hall, on the ISU campus, is named for Pearson. It houses the Theater, Foreign Language, and Computer Engineering departments.[13] Pearson Avenue, near the ISU campus, is also named for Pearson.[6]

text: Raymond M. Hughes[edit]

text: Raymond Mollyneaux Hughes (1873–1958) was the 8th president of ISU. Born in Atlantic, Iowa and grew up in southwestern Ohio.

text: Education:

text:
Miami University
M.S. Ohio State University 1897
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Honorary doctorate from Miami University 1927
Honorary doctorate from Coe College 1928
Honorary doctorate from Iowa State University 1936

text: Achievement:

text:
Professor of physics and chemistry at Miami University from 1898 to 1904
Dean of the College of Liberal Arts at Miami University from 1908 to 1911
President of Miami University from 1911 to 1927
8th ISU president from 1927 to 1936
Retired in 1936; continued research and teaching in Ames

text: Hughes married his 1st wife Ella Rogers in 1908 and after her death in 1933 he then married Helen Richardson Idsardi in 1938.[14]

text: Hughes Avenue, near the ISU campus, and the former Hughes Hall were both named for Hughes.[6]

text: Charles E. Friley[edit]

text: Charles Edwin Friley (1887–1958) was the 9th president of ISU. Born in Louisiana to Ellen Douglas Friley and William Christopher Friley, who was the first president of Hardin-Simmons University in Abilene, Texas, and the second president of Louisiana College in Pineville, Louisiana

text: Education:

text:
Sam Houston Teachers College (1905)
Baylor University (1905–1907)
B.S. Texas A&M University (1912)
M.S. Columbia University (1923)

text: Achievements:

text:
Registrar of Texas A&M University (1912–1924)
Dean of School of Arts & Sciences at Texas A&M University (1924–1932)
Dean of the Division of Science at ISU (1932–1935)
Vice-president of ISU (1935–1936)
9th president of ISU from 1936 to 1953

Term lasted from the end of the Great Depression through World War II
Established the first educationally-owned/operated television station

Honorary doctorate from ISU (1958)
Mason
Fellow of the Iowa Academy of Science
National Council of Presbyterian Men
Iowa State Fair Board
Iowa Geological Society
Sigma Alpha Epsilon
Phi Kappa Phi
Phi Mu Alpha

text: He was married three times:

text:
1913 to Nina Lynn Wood who died in 1918 but had two sons: Charles Edwin, Jr. & William Alva
1921 to Vera Foreman who died in 1947 but had one daughter: Frances Foreman (Kuyper)
1951 to Magdalen Ranney[15]

text: Friley Road, near the ISU campus, and Friley Hall are both named for Friley.[6] Friley Hall is one of the largest university residence halls in the United States.[16]

text: James H. Hilton[edit]

text: James H. Hilton (1899–1982) was the 10th president of ISU.

text: Education:

text:
B.S. in animal husbandry ISU (1923)
M.S. University of Wisconsin–Madison (1937)
D.Sc. Purdue University (1945)

text: Achievements:

text:
County agent for Greene County (1923–1926)
In charge of dairy production teaching & research at Purdue University (1939)
Assistant chief of the dairy husbandry (1940–1945)
Head of animal husbandry at North Carolina State (1945–1948)
Dean of Agriculture at North Carolina State (1948–1953)
10th president of ISU from 1953 to 1965

Enrollment soared from 7,800 to 12,400
Value of the university increased from $38 to $471 million
Research rose to $20 million
Name change from Iowa State College to Iowa State University of Science & Technology in 1959

Director of development (1965 – ?)
Adelante Fraternity

text: He had two wives:

text:
Lois Baker who died in 1969 but had three children: Eleanor, Helen, & James G.
Helen LeBaron (retired Dean of the College of Home Economics))[17]

text: James H. Hilton Coliseum, on the ISU campus, is named for Hilton. It is the home of university athletic events including men's and women's basketball, volleyball, wrestling, and gymnastics.[18] It has also hosted concerts, conferences, and other cultural and social events.

text: W. Robert Parks[edit]

text: William Robert Parks (1915–2003) was the 11th and longest-serving president of ISU.

text: Education:

text:
B.A. political science Berea College, Kentucky (1937)
M.A. political science University of Kentucky (1938)
PhD political science University of Wisconsin–Madison (1945)

text: Achievements:

text:
Research & administration with the Bureau of Agricultural Economics (1940–1948)
Lieutenant of the United States Navy during World War II
Professor of government at ISU (1948–1956)
Professor of agricultural economics at University of Wisconsin–Madison (1956–1958)
Dean of Instruction at ISU (1958–1961)
Vice President of Academic Affairs (1961–1965)
11th president of ISU from 1965 to 1986

Head of National Association of State Universities and Land Grant Colleges
Head of Association of American Universities
Head of Council of Presidents
Head of Mid-American State Universities Association
Head of Association of Iowa College Presidents
Member of the board of trustees of the Teachers Insurance and Annuities-College Retirement Equities Fund
On board of directors of Norwestern Bell
On board of directors of Central Life Assurance

Honorary doctorate from Bear College (1966)
Honorary doctorate from Westmar College (1968)
Honorary doctorate from Drake University (1968)
Named honorary alumnus of ISU (1969)
Honorary doctorate from University of Kentucky (1973)
Library named W. Robert and Ellen Sorge Parks Library (1984)
Received the first Christian Petersen Design Award for his leadership in establishing the College of Design
Member of FarmHouse Fraternity

text: He married Ellen Sorge (1914–1999) and had two daughters: Andrea (Van Howeling) and Cynthia (Hamilton). Ellen was the first woman to receive a PhD in political science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.[19]

text: W. Robert and Ellen Sorge Parks Library, the main library on the ISU campus, is named for Parks and his wife.[20]

text: Gordon P. Eaton[edit]

text: Gordon Pryor Eaton (1929 – ) was the 12th president of ISU.

text: Education:

text: B.A. in geology Wesleyan University (1951)

text: Achievements:

text:
Faculty at Wesleyan University (1955–1959)
Faculty at University of California, Riverside (1959–1967)

Project chief of the U.S. Geological Survey in Denver (1963–1965)

Chair of the Department of Geosciences at University of California, Riverside (1965–1967)
U.S. Geological Survey (several positions)
Dean of the College of Geosciences at Texas A&M University (1981–1983)
Provost & vice president for academic affairs at Texas A&M University (1983–1986)
12th president of ISU from 1986 to 1990
Director of the Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory at Columbia University
Director of the U.S. Geological Survey under President Bill Clinton (1994–1997)[21]

text: Eaton Hall, one of ISU's residence halls, is named for Eaton.[22]

text: Martin C. Jischke[edit]

text: Martin C. Jischke was the 13th president of Iowa State, serving from June 1, 1991 to August 14, 2000.

text: The Martin C. Jischke Honors Building, on the ISU campus, is named for Jischke. It is the home of the University Honors Program.[23]

text: Gregory L. Geoffroy[edit]

text: Gregory L. Geoffroy was the 14th president of Iowa State. He took office on July 1, 2001 and served as president until January 2012. He remains on the Iowa State faculty.

text: Education:

text:
B.A. University of Louisville (1968)
PhD in chemistry California Institute of Technology (1974)

text: Achievements:

text:
Officer in the United States Navy (1969–1970)
Assistant professor of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University (1974–1978)
Associate professor of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University (1978–1982)
Professor of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University (1982–1988)
Head of the department of chemistry at Pennsylvania State University (1988–1989)
Dean of the Eberly College of Science at Pennsylvania State University (1989–1997)
Senior vice president for academic affairs and provost at University of Maryland, College Park (1997–2001)
President of Iowa State University (2001 – 2011)

text: Geoffroy is married to Kathleen Carothers Geoffroy and has four children.

text: Steven Leath[edit]

text: Steven Leath was named the president-elect of Iowa State University on September 27, 2011. He took office as the 15th president of the university on January 16, 2012. He was formerly vice president for research and sponsored programs for the University of North Carolina system.

text: Education:

text:
B.S. Pennsylvania State University (1979)
M.S. University of Delaware (1981)
Ph.D. in plant pathology University of Illinois (1984)

text: Wendy Wintersteen[edit]

text: Wendy Wintersteen was named president of Iowa State University on October 23, 2017, and assumed the position on November 20, 2017.

text: Wintersteen earned a bachelor of science in crop protection (1978) from Kansas State University and her doctorate in entomology (1988) from Iowa State.


document_title: Dionysia

question_text: what would the winner of the greek theater contest win

text: Dionysia

text: Rural Dionysia[edit]

text:
The Dionysia was originally a rural festival in Eleutherae, Attica (Dionysia ta kat' agrous – Διονύσια τὰ κατ' ἀγρούς), probably celebrating the cultivation of vines. It was probably a very ancient festival, perhaps not originally associated with Dionysus. This "rural Dionysia" was held during the winter, in the month of Poseideon (the month straddling the winter solstice, i.e., Dec.-Jan.). The central event was the pompe (πομπή), the procession, in which phalloi (φαλλοί) were carried by phallophoroi (φαλλοφόροι). Also participating in the pompe were kanephoroi (κανηφόροι – young girls carrying baskets), obeliaphoroi (ὀβελιαφόροι
– who carried long loaves of bread), skaphephoroi (σκαφηφόροι – who carried other offerings), hydriaphoroi (ὑδριαφόροι – who carried jars of water), and askophoroi (ἀσκοφόροι – who carried jars of wine).

text: After the pompe procession was completed, there were contests of dancing and singing, and choruses (led by a choregos) would perform dithyrambs. Some festivals may have included dramatic performances, possibly of the tragedies and comedies that had been produced at the City Dionysia the previous year. This was more common in the larger towns, such as Piraeus and Eleusis.

text: Because the various towns in Attica held their festivals on different days, it was possible for spectators to visit more than one festival per season. It was also an opportunity for Athenian citizens to travel outside the city if they did not have the opportunity to do so during the rest of the year. This also allowed travelling companies of actors to perform in more than one town during the period of the festival.[1]

text: The comic playwright Aristophanes parodied the Rural Dionysia in his play The Acharnians.

text: City Dionysia[edit]

text: Origins[edit]

text: The City Dionysia (Dionysia ta en Astei – Διονύσια τὰ ἐν Ἄστει, also known as the Great Dionysia, Dionysia ta Megala – Διονύσια τὰ Μεγάλα) was the urban part of the festival, possibly established during the tyranny of Pisistratus in the 6th century BC. This festival was held probably from the 10th to the 16th of the month Elaphebolion[2] (the lunar month straddling the vernal equinox, i.e., Mar.-Apr in the solar calendar), three months after the rural Dionysia, probably to celebrate the end of winter and the harvesting of the year's crops. According to tradition, the festival was established after Eleutherae, a town on the border between Attica and Boeotia, had chosen to become part of Attica. The Eleuthereans brought a statue of Dionysus to Athens, which was initially rejected by the Athenians. Dionysus then punished the Athenians with a plague affecting the male genitalia, which was cured when the Athenians accepted the cult of Dionysus. This was recalled each year by a procession of citizens carrying phalloi.

text: The urban festival was a relatively recent invention. This ceremony fell under the auspices of the Archons of Athens, rather than the basileus, to whom religious festivals were given when the office of archon was created in the 7th century BC.

text: Pompe and Proagon[edit]

text: The archon prepared for the City Dionysia as soon as he was elected, by choosing his two páredroi (πάρεδροι, "reeves", literally: "by the chair") and ten epimelētai (ἐπιμεληταί, "curators") to help organize the festival. On the first day of the festival, the pompē ("pomp", "procession") was held, in which citizens, metics, and representatives from Athenian colonies marched to the Theatre of Dionysus on the southern slope of the Acropolis, carrying the wooden statue of Dionysus Eleuthereus, the "leading" or eisagōgē (εἰσαγωγή, "introduction"). As with the Rural Dionysia, they also carried phalloi, made of wood or bronze, aloft on poles, and a cart pulled a much larger phallus. Basket-carriers and water and wine-carriers participated in the pompe here, as in the Rural Dionysia.

text: During the height of the Athenian Empire in the mid-5th century BC, various gifts and weapons showcasing Athens' strength were carried as well. Also included in the procession were bulls to be sacrificed in the theatre. The most conspicuous members of the procession were the chorēgoí (χορηγοί, "sponsors", literally: "chorus leaders"), who were dressed in the most expensive and ornate clothing. After the pompē, the chorēgoí led their choruses in the dithyrambic competitions. These were extremely competitive, and the best flute players and celebrity poets (such as Simonides and Pindar) offered their musical and lyrical services. After these competitions, the bulls were sacrificed, and a feast was held for all the citizens of Athens. A second procession, the kōmos (κῶμος), occurred afterwards, which was most likely a drunken revelry through the streets.

text: The next day, the playwrights announced the titles of the plays to be performed, and judges were selected by lot: the "proagōn" (προαγών, "pre-contest"). It is unknown where the proagōn originally took place, but after the mid-5th century BC, it was held in the Odeon of Pericles on the foot of Acropolis. The proagōn was also used to give praise to notable citizens, or often foreigners, who had served Athens in some beneficial way during the year. During the Peloponnesian War, orphaned children of those who had been killed in battle were also paraded in the Odeon, possibly to honour their fathers. The proagōn could be used for other announcements as well; in 406 BC the death of the playwright Euripides was announced there.

text: Dramatic performances[edit]

text: Following the pompe, the Theatre of Dionysus was purified by the sacrifice of a bull. According to tradition, the first performance of tragedy at the Dionysia was by the playwright and actor Thespis (from whom we take the word "thespian") in 534 BC. His award was reportedly a goat, a common symbol for Dionysus, and this "prize" possibly suggests the origin of the word "tragedy" (which means "goat-song").

text: During the fifth century BC, five days of the festival were set aside for performance, though scholars disagree exactly what was presented each day.  At least three full days were devoted to tragic plays, and each of three playwrights presented his set of three tragedies and one satyr play on the successive days.[3]  Most of the extant Greek tragedies, including those of Aeschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, were performed at the Theatre of Dionysus. The archons, epimeletai, and judges (agonothetai – ἀγωνοθἐται) watched from the front row.

text: The other two days of the festival were likely devoted to dithyrambic contests until 487/6 BC, when comic poets were officially admitted to the agons and eligible for their own prizes.[4] Each of five comic writers presented a single play (except during the Peloponnesian War, when only three plays were performed), though it is unknown whether they were performed continuously on one day, or over the course of the five-day festival. Until 449 BC, only dramatic works were awarded prizes in the agon, but after that time, actors also became eligible for recognition.  It was considered a great honour to win the comedic prize at the City Dionysia, despite the belief that comedies were of secondary importance. The Lenaia festival, held earlier in the year, featured comedy more prominently and officially recognized comic performances with prizes in 442 BC.[3]

text: Impressive tragic output continued without pause through the first three quarters of the fourth century BC, and some scholars consider this time a continuation of the classical period. Though much of the work of this period is either lost or forgotten, it is considered to owe a great debt to the playwright Euripides. His plays, along with other fifth-century BC writers, were often re-staged during this period. At least one revival was presented each year at City Dionysia. It has been suggested that audiences may have preferred to see well-known plays re-staged, rather than financially support new plays of questionable quality; or alternately, that revivals represented a nostalgia for the glory of Athens from before the devastation of the Peloponnesian War. Nevertheless, plays continued to be written and performed until the 2nd century BC, when new works of both comedy and tragedy seem to have been eliminated.  After that point drama continued to be produced, but prizes were awarded to wealthy producers and famous actors rather than the long-dead playwrights whose work was being performed.[3]

text: Another procession and celebration was held on the final day, when the judges chose the winners of the tragedy and comedy performances. The winning playwrights were awarded a wreath of ivy.

text: Known winners of the City Dionysia[edit]

text: Tragedy[edit]

text: (? = exact year not preserved)

text:
Pre 484 - Choerilus, Phrynichus, Pratinus
484 BC – Aeschylus
4?? BC - Euetes
472 BC – Aeschylus (The Persians)
471 BC – Polyphrasmon
4?? BC - Nothippus
468 BC – Sophocles (Triptolemus)
467 BC – Aeschylus (Seven Against Thebes); Aristias took 2nd place
4?? BC - Mesatus
463 BC – Aeschylus (The Suppliants)
460 BC - Aristias
458 BC – Aeschylus (The Oresteia); Sophocles took 2nd place
449 BC – Herakleides
447 BC – Sophocles (Antigone) (year approximate)
441 BC – Euripides
438 BC - Sophocles; Euripides took 2nd place with [Alcestis]
431 BC – Euphorion, son of Aeschylus; Sophocles took 2nd place; Euripides took 3rd with Medea
428 BC – Euripides (Hippolytus)
427 BC – Philocles, nephew of Aeschylus; Sophocles took 2nd place with Oedipus Rex[5]
416 BC – Agathon
415 BC – Xenocles
409 BC – Sophocles (Philoctetes)
405 BC – Euripides (The Bacchae, Iphigenia in Aulis, Alcmaeon in Corinth)
401 BC - Sophocles (Oedipus at Colonus (posthumous award)
372 BC – Astydamas
3?? BC - Aphareus

text: Comedy[edit]

text: (? = exact year not preserved)

text:
486 BC – Chionides
472 BC – Magnes
458 BC – Euphonius
450 BC – Crates
446 BC – Callias
43? BC - Cratinus
437 BC – Pherecrates
435 BC – Hermippus
427 BC - Unknown; Aristophanes took 2nd place with The Banqueters
426 BC - Aristophanes (The Babylonians)
423 BC – Cratinus (The Wicker Flask)
422 BC – Cantharus
421 BC – Eupolis of Athens took 1st place with his play Kolakes (Flatteres); Aristophanes took 2nd place with Peace
414 BC – Ameipsias (The Revellers), Aristophanes "The Birds" (Όρνιθες), Phrynichos "Solitary" (Μονότροπος)
410 BC – Plato the Comic (Πλάτων Κωμικός)
402 BC – Cephisodoros
290 BC – Poseidippus
278 BC – Philemon
185 BC – Laines
183 BC – Philemon
154 BC – Chairion

text: Modern adaptations[edit]

text: The festival has inspired people through the present day, as a celebration of humanity (see Nietzsche's or Aristotle's take) and an exposition of culture.[6][7] The University of Houston's Center for Creative works produces and performs an adaptation each spring.[8] The purpose of the enterprise is to educate and entertain, and adaptations occasionally go beyond Greek theater for inspiration (for example, the 2013 Spring adaptation of the Iliad, titled Ilium). Collaborators flock from all over America and the productions themselves are quite popular, selling out on all ticketed venues.[8]

text: The New York Classical Club, through Fordham University's Classics Department, stages a competition every April wherein groups of high school students produce unique adaptations of the same play.[9] The competition aims to engage the themes and style of the ancient plays with renewed vigor and an accessible, thought provoking frame. Several notable schools from the area participate, including Stuyvesant and Regis. Adaptations are cut to twenty minutes, and source plays have included The Bacchae by Euripides and the entire collection of Ovid's Metamorphoses.[9]

text: Dionycia is a group based in New York City.[10] It strives for eclectic and synthetic adaptations of all Greek and Roman stories, retaining the scope and spirit of the original Athenian festival. Dionycia recognizes the balance which the Greek plays struck between true entertainment and platforms to explore themes, concerns, and ideas. The group has written and performed plays in somewhat of a modern or postmodern style. One example, "Daydreaming: Non-Platonic Solids in the Sky," portrays technology as contemporary philosophy (or Sophistry), adapting The Clouds by Aristophanes[11][12] touching off from The Matrix, Exercise trends, and the spirit of those old Chinese curses, May you live in interesting times.

text: Modern followers of Hellenism (religion) celebrate Dionysia as a holiday and use a version of the Attic calendar to calculate it.


document_title: Middle Island (Lake Erie)

question_text: what is the southern most point in canada

text: Middle Island (Lake Erie)

text: Middle Island is a small island, just 18.5 hectares (46 acres) in size.[1] It is the southernmost point of land in Canada, located at 41°41'N, 82°41"W (41.685,-82.684), or about 41.7 degrees north latitude. It lies in Lake Erie, just south of Pelee Island, and is part of Point Pelee National Park. It forms part of the province of Ontario. The southernmost part of the island lies some 150 metres (164 yards) from the U. S. maritime boundary. The distance to the northernmost point of land in Canada—Cape Columbia, Ellesmere Island—is 4,640 kilometres (2,883 miles).

text: The southernmost point of Middle Island is at a latitude of North 41°40'53", which is at a slightly lower latitude than the southernmost point in Michigan and slightly farther south than downtown Chicago. Twenty-seven U.S. states lie all or partly north of this point, as do European cities such as Rome and Barcelona. Thirteen states are entirely north of this latitude (Alaska, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine).[2] California, albeit only its northernmost edge, is one of the states that lies partially north of Middle Island, as the California/Oregon border is at the 42nd parallel north.

text: Background[edit]

text: There are no permanent settlements on Middle Island, as the entire island is a conservation area. The most common species are double-crested cormorants, though several others also nest there. The birds are so plentiful that in May 2008, Parks Canada attempted to cull the number of cormorants from more than 4000 nests to between 400 and 800.[3] It once was the site of a lighthouse, built in 1872 but which fell into disuse by 1918.

text: The 15-metre (49 ft) pyramidal square tower burned sometime afterward, but its stone foundation is visible. Located in Canadian waters, and hence indisputably under Canadian sovereignty, the island was privately owned for years by various U.S. owners. Subsequently, Middle Island was purchased in 1999 by the Nature Conservancy of Canada, and then donated to the Canadian national park system on September 6, 2000.

text: Archaeological evidence from a study done in 1982 suggests human occupation dating from 1000-1500 A.D., with one site containing remains that may date to 500 B.C. Others claim that the island has seen inhabitation for more than 10,000 years.[4] Despite early rumours of burial mounds, none were found.

text: The island is part of an archipelago across western Lake Erie, providing a natural migratory corridor for birds and other animals. It has also seen human migrations, mainly from the U.S. northward in the 19th century, including escaped slaves, prisoners of war and army deserters from the U.S. Civil War seeking asylum in mainland Ontario.

text: Throughout the later decades of the 19th century, parts of Middle Island were used for growing grapes to be used in the production of wine, as was being done on Pelee Island.[4]

text: During Prohibition, the island was a way station for alcohol en route to the United States on the south shore of Lake Erie. Gangster Joe Roscoe acquired part of the island and built a seven-bedroom "clubhouse" that became the centre of rum-running activity. The hotel offered electricity, fireplaces, and a large screened-in porch with views of the lake. The basement held a casino, carved out of solid bedrock.[5]

text: In the years after 1933, after the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution resulted in the repeal of the Volstead Act, the hotel drew as many as 200 visitors a day in peak season. Its kitchen became known for pheasant dinners.[5]

text: Likely prior to the 1950s,[5] there was an airstrip of about 275 metres (900 feet) in length. The runway began and ended in water, and is now choked with vegetation.[5]

text: There was at one time a stately mansion on the island, rumoured to be a brothel some time after Prohibition.[5] Only a remnant of the foundation remains.

text: When purchased in 1999 by the Nature Conservancy of Canada, the island had no physical improvements and had essentially become a nature preserve over the last ten years, hosting the occasional scientific visit, and curious boaters. Although part of Point Pelee National Park, Middle Island is not officially open to visitors.

text: Interest in preserving the island prompted a 1982 study by Parks Canada, which recommended naming it a national natural landmark. Its ecological, historical, and aesthetic value led Essex County to include it on its list of Environmentally Sensitive Areas and an Area of Natural and Scientific Interest. A conservation group, Carolinian Canada Coalition, named Middle Island one of 38 critical unprotected sites in its effort to preserve remnants of Ontario's southern forests.