document_title: List of Major League Baseball runs records

question_text: who has scored the most runs in mlb history

text: 1800+ career runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Runs[1]
Teams and seasons

Rickey Henderson
2295
Oakland Athletics (1979–84, 89–93, 94–95, 98), New York Yankees (1985–89), Toronto Blue Jays (1993), San Diego Padres (1996–97, 2001), Anaheim Angels (1997), New York Mets (1999–2000), Seattle Mariners (2000), Boston Red Sox (2002), Los Angeles Dodgers (2003)

Ty Cobb
2245
Detroit Tigers (1905–26), Philadelphia Athletics (1927–28)

Barry Bonds
2227
Pittsburgh Pirates (1986–92), San Francisco Giants (1993–2007)

Babe Ruth
2174
Boston Red Sox (1914–19), New York Yankees (1920–34), Boston Braves (1935)

Hank Aaron
2174
Mil-Atl Braves (1954–74), Milwaukee Brewers (1975–76)

Pete Rose
2165
Cincinnati Reds (1963–78, 84–86), Philadelphia Phillies (1979–83), Montréal Expos (1984)

Willie Mays
2062
NY-SF Giants (1951–52, 54–72), New York Mets (1972–73)

Alex Rodriguez
2002
Seattle Mariners (1994–2000), Texas Rangers (2001–03), New York Yankees (2004–2016)

Cap Anson
1996
Rockford Forest Citys (1871), Philadelphia Athletics (1872–75), Chicago Cubs (1876–97)

Stan Musial
1949
St. Louis Cardinals (1941–44, 46–63)

Derek Jeter
1923
New York Yankees (1995–2014)

Lou Gehrig
1888
New York Yankees (1923–39)

Tris Speaker
1882
Boston Red Sox (1907–15), Cleveland Indians (1916–26), Washington Senators (1927), Philadelphia Athletics (1928)

Mel Ott
1859
New York Giants (1926–47)

Craig Biggio
1844
Houston Astros (1988–2007)

Frank Robinson
1829
Cincinnati Reds (1956–65), Baltimore Orioles (1966–71), Los Angeles Dodgers (1972), California Angels (1973–74), Cleveland Indians (1974–76)

Eddie Collins
1821
Philadelphia Athletics (1906–14, 27–30), Chicago White Sox (1915–26)

Carl Yastrzemski
1816
Boston Red Sox (1961–83)

text: Active players with 1500+ runs scored[edit]

text: (as of May 20, 2017)

text:
Player
Runs
Teams and seasons

Albert Pujols
1599
St. Louis Cardinals (2001–2011), Los Angeles Angels (2012–present)

text: Top 10 career runs scored leaders by league[edit]

text:
American League Player
Runs
National League Player
Runs

Ty Cobb
2245
Barry Bonds
2227

Babe Ruth
2161
Pete Rose
2165

Alex Rodriguez
2002
Hank Aaron
2107

Rickey Henderson
1939
Willie Mays
2062

Derek Jeter
1923
Stan Musial
1949

Lou Gehrig
1888
Mel Ott
1859

Tris Speaker
1882
Craig Biggio
1844

Eddie Collins
1821
Honus Wagner
1736

Carl Yastrzemski
1816
Cap Anson
1719

Ted Williams
1798
Paul Waner
1626

text: 155 runs scored in one season[edit]

text:
Player
Runs
Team[2]
Season

Billy Hamilton
192
Philadelphia Phillies
1894

Babe Ruth
177
New York Yankees
1921

Lou Gehrig
167
New York Yankees
1936

Billy Hamilton
166
Philadelphia Phillies
1895

Arlie Latham
163
St. Louis Cardinals (AA)
1887

Babe Ruth
163
New York Yankees
1928

Lou Gehrig
163
New York Yankees
1931

Hugh Duffy
160
Boston Beaneaters
1894

Bobby Lowe
158
Boston Beaneaters
1894

Babe Ruth
158
New York Yankees
1920

Babe Ruth
158
New York Yankees
1927

Chuck Klein
158
Philadelphia Phillies
1930

Rogers Hornsby
156
Chicago Cubs
1929

King Kelly
155
Chicago White Stockings
1886

Kiki Cuyler
155
Chicago Cubs
1930

text: Seven or more seasons with 120 runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Lou Gehrig[3]
12
1926–37 (New York Yankees)

Babe Ruth[4]
11
1920–21, 23–24, 26–32 (New York Yankees)

Sliding Billy Hamilton[5]
8
1889 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–92, 94–95 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1896–97 (Boston Beaneaters)

Jimmie Foxx[6]
8
1929–30, 32–34 (Philadelphia Athletics), 1936, 38–39 (Boston Red Sox)

Ted Williams[7]
8
1939–42, 46–49 (Boston Red Sox)

Alex Rodriguez[8]
8
1996, 98, 2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2005, 07 (New York Yankees)

Hugh Duffy[9]
7
1889 (Chicago White Stockings), 1890 (Chicago Pirates (PL)), 1891 (Boston Reds (AA)), 1892–94, 97 (Boston Beaneaters)

Willie Keeler[10]
7
1894–98 (Baltimore Orioles (NL)), 1899, 1901 (Brooklyn Superbas)

Charlie Gehringer[11]
7
1929–30, 34–38 (Detroit Tigers)

Barry Bonds[12]
7
1993, 96–98, 2000–01, 04 (San Francisco Giants)

text: Five or more consecutive seasons with 120 runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Lou Gehrig
12
1926–37 (New York Yankees)

Ted Williams
8
1939–42, 46–49 (Boston Red Sox)1

Babe Ruth
7
1926–32 (New York Yankees)

Hugh Duffy
6
1889 (Chicago White Stockings), 1890 (Chicago Pirates (PL)), 1891 (Boston Reds (AA)), 1892–94 (Boston Beaneaters)

Willie Keeler
6
1894–98 (Baltimore Orioles (NL)), 1899 (Brooklyn Superbas)

Jesse Burkett[13]
5
1893–97 (Cleveland Spiders (NL))

Charlie Gehringer
5
1934–38 (Detroit Tigers)

Mickey Mantle[14]
5
1954–58 (New York Yankees)

text: Eleven or more seasons with 100 runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Hank Aaron[15]
15
1955–67, 69–70 (Mil-Atl Braves)

Lou Gehrig
13
1926–38 (New York Yankees)

Alex Rodriguez
13
1996–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–08 (New York Yankees)

Derek Jeter[16]
13
1996–2002, 04–07, 09–10 (New York Yankees)

Rickey Henderson[17]
13
1980, 82–84, 90–91, 98 (Oakland Athletics), 85–86, 88 (New York Yankees), 89 (NY Yankees–Oak Athletics), 93 (Oak Athletics–Tor Blue Jays), 96 (San Diego Padres)

Charlie Gehringer
12
1927–30, 1932–38, 40 (Detroit Tigers)

Willie Mays[18]
12
1954–65 (NY-SF Giants)

George Van Haltren[19]
11
1889 (Chicago White Stockings), 91–92 (Baltimore Orioles), 93 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 94–1900 (New York Giants)

Ty Cobb[20]
11
1909–12, 15–17, 21, 23–24 (Detroit Tigers), 27 (Philadelphia Athletics)

Babe Ruth
11
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–21, 23–24, 26–32 (New York Yankees)

Jimmie Foxx
11
1929–30, 32–35 (Philadelphia Athletics), 36–40 (Boston Red Sox)

Stan Musial[21]
11
1943–44, 46–54 (St. Louis Cardinals)

text: Nine or more consecutive seasons with 100 runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Seasons
Seasons and teams

Lou Gehrig
13
1926–38 (New York Yankees)

Hank Aaron
13
1955–1967 (Milwaukee Braves) (Atlanta Braves)

Alex Rodriguez
13
1996–2000 (Seattle Mariners), 2001–03 (Texas Rangers), 2004–08 (New York Yankees)

Willie Mays
12
1954–65 (NY-SF Giants)

Stan Musial
11
1943–44, 46–54 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Billy Hamilton
10
1889 (Kansas City Blues (AA)), 1890–95 (Philadelphia Phillies), 1896–98 (Boston Beaneaters)

George Van Haltren
10
1891–92 (Baltimore Orioles), 93 (Pittsburgh Pirates), 94–1900 (New York Giants)

Harry Stovey[22]
9
1883–89 (Philadelphia Athletics (AA)), 1890 (Boston Reds (PL)), 1891 (Boston Beaneaters)

Mickey Mantle
9
1953–61 (New York Yankees)

Johnny Damon[23]
9
1998–2000 (Kansas City Royals), 2001 (Oakland Athletics), 02–05 (Boston Red Sox), 2006 (New York Yankees)

text: League leader in runs scored, 5 or more seasons[edit]

text:
Player
Titles[24]
Years and teams

Babe Ruth
8
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 1920–21, 1923–24, 1926–28 (New York Yankees)

Ted Williams
6
1940–42, 46–47, 49 (Boston Red Sox)

Mickey Mantle
6
1954, 56–58, 60–61 (New York Yankees)

Ty Cobb
5
1909–11, 15–16 (Detroit Tigers)

George Burns
5
1914, 16–17, 19–20 (New York Giants)

Rogers Hornsby
5
1921–22, 24, 27 (St. Louis Cardinals), 29 (Chicago Cubs)

Stan Musial
5
1946, 48, 51–52, 54 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Rickey Henderson
5
1981, 90 (Oakland Athletics), 85–86 (New York Yankees), 89 (NY Yankees–Oak Athletics)

Alex Rodriguez
5
1996 (Seattle Mariners), 2001, 03 (Texas Rangers), 05, 07 (New York Yankees)

Albert Pujols
5
2003-05,09-10 (St. Louis Cardinals)

text: League leader in runs scored, 3 or more consecutive seasons[edit]

text:
Player
Titles
Seasons & Teams

Harry Stovey
3
1883-85 Philadelphia Athletics (AA)

King Kelly
3
1884-85 Chicago White Stockings

Ty Cobb
3
1909-11 Detroit Tigers

Eddie Collins
3
1912-14 Philadelphia Athletics

Babe Ruth
3
1919 (Boston Red Sox), 20-21 (New York Yankees)

Babe Ruth
3
1926-28 (New York Yankees)

Chuck Klein
3
1930-32 (Philadelphia Phillies)

Ted Williams
3
1940-42 (Boston Red Sox)

Mickey Mantle
3
1956-58 (New York Yankees)

Pete Rose
3
1974-76 (Cincinnati Reds)

Albert Pujols
3
2003-05 (St. Louis Cardinals)

Mike Trout
3
2012-14 (Los Angeles Angels)

text: League leader in runs scored, both leagues[edit]

text:
Player
League, team and year

Frank Robinson
NL: Cincinnati Reds (1956), AL: Baltimore Orioles (1966)

text: League leader in runs scored, three different teams[edit]

text:
Player
Teams and years

Rogers Hornsby
St. Louis Cardinals (1921–22, 24), New York Giants (1927), Chicago Cubs (1929)

Alex Rodriguez
Seattle Mariners (1996), Texas Rangers (2001, 03), New York Yankees (2005)

text: 6 runs scored by an individual in one game[edit]

text: 1000 runs scored by a team in one season[edit]

text:
Runs
Team[25]
Season

1220
Boston Beaneaters
1894

1143
Philadelphia Phillies
1894

1131
St. Louis Cardinals
1887

1068
Philadelphia Phillies
1895

1067
New York Yankees
1931

1065
New York Yankees
1936

1062
New York Yankees
1930

1041
Chicago Colts
1894

1027
Boston Red Sox
1950

1025
Boston Beaneaters
1897

1021
Brooklyn Grooms
1894

1011
Philadelphia Phillies
1893

1009
Cleveland Indians
1999

1008
Boston Beaneaters
1893

1004
St. Louis Cardinals
1930

1002
New York Yankees
1932

text: One or more runs scored in each inning of a game[edit]

text:
Team
Date[26]
Opponent
Venue2
Score

Cleveland Spiders
August 15, 1889
Boston Beaneaters
League Park
19–8[27]

Washington Senators (NL)
June 22, 1894
Boston Beaneaters
Boundary Field
26–12[28]

Cleveland Spiders
July 12, 1894
Philadelphia Phillies
League Park
20–10[29]

Chicago Colts
June 29, 1897
Louisville Colonels
West Side Park
36–7[30]

Boston Americans
September 16, 1903
Cleveland Indians
Huntington Avenue Grounds
14–7[31]

New York Giants
June 1, 1923
Philadelphia Phillies
Baker Bowl
22–8[32]

Cleveland Indians
July 7, 19233
Boston Red Sox
League Park
27–3[33]

St. Louis Cardinals
June 9, 1935
Chicago Cubs
Sportsman Park III
13-2[34]

New York Yankees
July 26, 1939
St. Louis Browns
Yankee Stadium
14–1[35]

Chicago White Sox
May 11, 1949
Boston Red Sox
Comiskey Park
12–8[36]

St. Louis Cardinals
September 13, 1964
Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field
15–2[37]

Chicago Cubs
September 1, 1978
Houston Astros
Wrigley Field
14-11[38]

Kansas City Royals
September 14, 1998
Oakland Athletics
Kauffman Stadium
16–6[39]

Colorado Rockies
May 5, 1999
Chicago Cubs
Wrigley Field
13–6[40]

Colorado Rockies
September 24, 2001
San Diego Padres
Coors Field
15-11[41]

New York Yankees
April 29, 2006
Toronto Blue Jays
Yankee Stadium
17–6[42]

Detroit Tigers
August 2, 2014
Colorado Rockies
Comerica Park
11–5[43]

Milwaukee Brewers
August 11, 2016
Atlanta Braves
Miller Park
11–3[44]

Chicago White Sox
September 12, 2016
Cleveland Indians
U.S. Cellular Field
11–4[45]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Ted Williams did not play 1943–45 due to military service in World War II.
The Chicago Colts, New York Giants, 1964 St. Louis Cardinals and 1999 Colorado Rockies accomplished their feats on the road, meaning they scored in all 9 innings they batted and are the sole instances of a team scoring a run in 9 innings. All remaining teams accomplished this feat at home, meaning they only scored in all 8 innings they batted.
Game 1 of a doubleheader.

tag: ol


document_title: Amateur sports

question_text: when did the olympics first allow professional athletes

root

text: Amateur sports

text: Background[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Modern organized sports developed in the 19th century, with the United Kingdom and the United States taking the lead. Sporting culture was especially strong in private schools and universities, and the upper and middle class men who attended these institutions played as amateurs. Opportunities for working classes to participate in sport were restricted by their long six-day work weeks and Sunday Sabbatarianism. In the UK, the Factory Act of 1844 gave working men half a day off, making the opportunity to take part in sport more widely available. Working class sportsmen found it hard to play top level sport due to the need to turn up to work.  On occasion, cash prizes, particularly in individual competitions, could make up the difference;[1] some competitors also wagered on the outcomes of their matches. As professional teams developed, some clubs were willing to make "broken time" payments to players, i.e., to pay top sportsmen to take time off work, and as attendances increased, paying men to concentrate on their sport full-time became feasible. Proponents of the amateur ideal deplored the influence of money and the effect it has on sports. It was claimed that it is in the interest of the professional to receive the highest amount of pay possible per unit of performance, not to perform to the highest standard possible where this does not bring additional benefit.

tag: p

text: The middle and upper class men who dominated the sporting establishment not only had a theoretical preference for amateurism, they also had a self-interest in blocking the professionalization of sport, which threatened to make it feasible for the working classes to compete against themselves with success. Working class sportsmen didn't see why they shouldn't be paid to play. Hence there were competing interests between those who wished sport to be open to all and those who feared that professionalism would destroy the 'Corinthian spirit'. This conflict played out over the course of more than one hundred years. Some sports dealt with it relatively easily, such as golf, which decided in the late 19th century to tolerate competition between amateurs and professionals, while others were traumatized by the dilemma, and took generations to fully come to terms with professionalism even to a result of causing a breakdown in the sport (as in the case of rugby union and rugby league in 1895).

text: Corinthian[edit]

text: Corinthian has come to describe one of the most virtuous of amateur athletes—those for whom fairness and honor in competition is valued above victory or gain.  The Corinthian Yacht Club (now the Royal Corinthian Yacht Club, RCYC) was established in Essex in 1872 with "encouragement of Amateur Yacht sailing" as its "primary object."[2] To that end, club rules ensured that crews consisted of amateurs, while "no professional or paid hand is allowed to touch the tiller or in any way assist in steering."[3] Although the RCYC website derives the name Corinthian from the Isthmian Games of ancient Corinth,[4] the Oxford English Dictionary derives the noun Corinthian from "the proverbial wealth, luxury, and licentiousness of ancient Corinth", with senses developing from "a wealthy man" (attested in 1577) through "a licentious man" (1697) and "a man of fashion about town" (1819)[5] to "a wealthy amateur of sport who rides his own horses, steers his own yacht, etc" (1823). Dixon Kemp wrote in A Manual of Yacht and Boat Sailing published in 1900, "The term Corinthian half a century ago was commonly applied to the aristocratic patrons of sports, some of which, such as pugilism, are not now the fashion."[6]

text: The "Corinthian ideal" of the gentleman amateur developed alongside muscular Christianity in late Victorian Britain, and has been analysed as a historical social phenomenon since the later 20th century.[7] The Corinthian Football Club founded in 1882 was the paragon of this. In the United States, "Corinthian" came to be applied in particular to amateur yachtsman, and remains current as such and in the name of many yacht clubs; including Seawanhaka Corinthian Yacht Club (founded 1874, added "Corinthian" to name in 1881)[8] and Yale Corinthian Yacht Club (likewise 1881 and 1893).

text: Present day[edit]

text: By the early 21st century the Olympic Games and all the major team sports accepted professional competitors. However, there are still some sports which maintain a distinction between amateur and professional status with separate competitive leagues. The most prominent of these are golf and boxing. In particular, only amateur boxers could compete at the Olympics up to 2016.

text:
Problems can arise for amateur sportsmen when sponsors offer to help with an amateur's playing expenses in the hope of striking lucrative endorsement deals with them in case they become professionals at a later date. This practice, dubbed "shamateurism", was present as early as in the 19th century.[9] As financial and political stakes in high-level were becoming higher, shamateurism became all the more widespread, reaching its peak in the 1970s and 1980s, when the International Olympic Committee started moving towards acceptance of professional athletes. The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[10][11]
[12]

text: Where professionals are permitted, it is hard for amateurs to compete against them. Whether this is a triumph of capitalism or an example of corruption depends on the viewer's perspective. To some an amateur means an incompetent or also-ran, and to others it means an idealist. To say that the athlete should not be paid can prevent performances only possible for an athlete who is free to pursue the sport full-time without other sources of income.

text: North American collegiate athletics[edit]

text: All North American university sports are conducted by amateurs.  Even the very most commercialized college sports, such as NCAA football and basketball, do not financially compensate competitors, although coaches and trainers generally are paid. College football coaches in Texas and other states are often the highest paid state employees, with some drawing salaries of over five million US dollars annually. Athletic scholarship programs, unlike academic scholarship programs, cannot cover more than the cost of food, housing, tuition, and other university-related expenses. In short, a school can pay an athlete to attend classes but cannot pay an athlete to play.

text: In order to ensure that the rules are not circumvented, stringent rules restrict gift-giving during the recruitment process as well as during and even after a collegiate athlete's career; college athletes also cannot endorse products, which some[who?] may consider a violation of free speech rights.

text: Some[who?] have criticised this system as exploitative; prominent university athletics programs are major commercial endeavors, and can easily rake in millions of dollars in profit during a successful season. College athletes spend a great deal of time "working" for the university, and earn nothing from it at the time aside from scholarships sometimes worth tens of thousands of dollars; basketball and football coaches, meanwhile, earn salaries that can compare with those of professional teams' coaches.

text: Supporters of the system say that college athletes can always make use of the education they earn as students if their athletic career doesn't pan out, and that allowing universities to pay college athletes would rapidly lead to deterioration of the already-marginal academic focus of college athletics programs. They also point out that athletic scholarships allow many young men and women who would otherwise be unable to afford to go to college, or would not be accepted, to get a quality education. Also, most sports other than football and men's basketball do not generate significant revenue for any school (and such teams are often essentially funded by football, basketball, and donations), so it may not be possible to pay athletes in all sports. Allowing pay in some sports but not others could result in the violation of U.S. laws such as Title IX.

text: Olympics[edit]

text: Through most of the 20th century the Olympics allowed only amateur athletes to participate and this amateur code was strictly enforced - Jim Thorpe was stripped of track and field medals for having taken expense money for playing baseball in 1912.

text: Later on, the nations of the Communist bloc entered teams of Olympians who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.

text: Near the end of the 1960s, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) and the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Avery Brundage, president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972, was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players[13] at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.[14] The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made.[13] In response, Canada withdrew from all international ice hockey competitions and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.[13][15] Günther Sabetzki became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.[16]

text: Before the 1984 Winter Olympics, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games.[17] This made five players on Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the World Hockey Association—were allowed to play.[17] Canadian hockey official Alan Eagleson stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs.[18] Murray Costello of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible.[19] In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games starting in 1988,[20] but let the individual sport federations decide if they wanted to allow professionals.[21]

text: After the 1972 retirement of IOC President Avery Brundage, the Olympic amateurism rules were steadily relaxed, amounting only to technicalities and lip service, until being completely abandoned in the 1990s (In the United States, the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 prohibits national governing bodies from having more stringent standards of amateur status than required by international governing bodies of respective sports.  The act caused the breakup of the Amateur Athletic Union as a wholesale sports governing body at the Olympic level).

text: Olympic regulations regarding amateur status of athletes were eventually abandoned in the 1990s with the exception of wrestling, where the amateur fight rules are used due to the fact that professional wrestling is largely staged with pre-determined outcomes. Starting from the 2016 Summer Olympics, professionals were allowed to compete in boxing, though amateur fight rules are still used for the tournament.[22]

text: Baseball[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2010)

text: Canada[edit]

text: United States[edit]

text: Cricket[edit]

text: England[edit]

text: English first-class cricket distinguished between amateur and professional cricketers until 1963. Teams below Test cricket level in England were normally, except in emergencies such as injuries, captained by amateurs. Notwithstanding this, sometimes there were ways found to give high performing "amateurs", for example W.G.Grace, financial and other compensation such as employment.

text: On English overseas tours, some of which in the 19th century were arranged and led by professional cricketer-promoters such as James Lillywhite, Alfred Shaw and Arthur Shrewsbury, a more pragmatic approach generally prevailed.

text: In England the division was reflected in, and for a long time reinforced by, the series of Gentlemen v Players matches between amateurs and professionals. Few cricketers changed their status, but there were some notable exceptions such as Wally Hammond who became (or was allowed to become) an amateur in 1938 so that he could captain England.

text: Professionals were often expected to address amateurs, at least to their faces, as "Mister" or "Sir" whereas the amateurs often referred to professionals by their surnames. Newspaper reports often prefaced amateurs' names with "Mr" while professionals were referred to by surname, or sometimes surname and initials. At some grounds amateurs and professionals had separate dressing rooms and entered the playing arena through separate gates.

text: After the Second World War the division was increasingly questioned. When Len Hutton was appointed as English national cricket captain in 1952 he remained a professional. In 1962 the division was removed, and all cricket players became known as "cricketers".

text: Other countries[edit]

text: In Australia the amateur-professional division was rarely noticed in the years before World Series Cricket, as many top level players expected to receive something for their efforts on the field: before World War 1 profit-sharing of tour proceeds was common. Australian cricketers touring England were considered amateurs and given the title "Mr" in newspaper reports.

text: Before the Partition of India some professionalism developed, but talented cricketers were often employed by wealthy princely or corporate patrons and thus retained a notional amateur status.

text: Women's cricket is, and always has been, almost entirely amateur.

text: Association football[edit]

text: Boot money has been a phenomenon in amateur sport for centuries. The term "boot money" became popularised in the 1880s when it was not unusual for players to find half a crown (corresponding to 12½ pence after decimalisation) in their boots after a game.

text: The Football Association prohibited paying players until 1885, and this is referred to as the "legalisation" of professionalism because it was an amendment of the "Laws of the Game". However, a maximum salary cap of twelve pounds a week for a player with outside employment and fifteen pounds a week for a player with no outside employment lingered until the 1960s even as transfer fees reached over a hundred thousand pounds; again, "boot money" was seen as a way of topping up pay. Today the most prominent English football clubs that are not professional are semi-professional (paying part-time players more than the old maximum for top professionals; this includes all the major existing women's clubs, in which full professionalism has not taken root yet) and the most prominent true amateur men's club is probably Queen's Park, the oldest football club in Scotland, founded in 1867 and with a home ground (Hampden Park) which is one of UEFA's five-star stadia. They have also won the Scottish Cup more times than any club outside the Old Firm. Amateur football in both genders is now found mainly in small village and Sunday clubs and the Amateur Football Alliance.

text: American football[edit]

text: Sailing[edit]

text: Sailing has taken the opposite course. Around the turn of the 20th century, much of sailing was professionals paid by interested idle rich. Today, sailing, especially dinghy sailing, is an example of a sport which is still largely populated by amateurs. For example, in the recent Team Racing Worlds, and certainly the American Team Racing Nationals, most of the sailors competing in the event were amateurs. While many competitive sailors are employed in businesses related to sailing (primarily sailmaking, naval architecture, boatbuilding and coaching), most are not compensated for their own competitions. In large keelboat racing, such as the Volvo Around the World Race and the America's Cup, this amateur spirit has given way in recent years to large corporate sponsorships and paid crews.

text: Figure skating[edit]

text: Like other Olympic sports, figure skating used to have very strict amateur status rules.  Over the years, these rules were relaxed to allow competitive skaters to receive token payments for performances in exhibitions (amid persistent rumors that they were receiving more money "under the table"), then to accept money for professional activities such as endorsements provided that the payments were made to trust funds rather than to the skaters themselves.

text: In 1992, trust funds were abolished, and the International Skating Union voted both to remove most restrictions on amateurism, and to allow skaters who had previously lost their amateur status to apply for reinstatement of their eligibility.  A number of skaters, including Brian Boitano, Katarina Witt, Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, and Ekaterina Gordeeva and Sergei Grinkov, took advantage of the reinstatement rule to compete at the 1994 Winter Olympics.  However, when all of these skaters promptly returned to the pro circuit again, the ISU decided the reinstatement policy was a failure and it was discontinued in 1995.

text: Prize money at ISU competitions was introduced in 1995, paid by the sale of the television rights to those events.  In addition to prize money, Olympic-eligible skaters may also earn money through appearance fees at shows and competitions, endorsements, movie and television contracts, coaching, and other "professional" activities, provided that their activities are approved by their national federations.  The only activity that is strictly forbidden by the ISU is participating in unsanctioned "pro" competitions, which the ISU uses to maintain their monopoly status as the governing body in the sport.[23]

text: Many people in the skating world still use "turning pro" as jargon to mean retiring from competitive skating, even though most top competitive skaters are already full-time professionals, and many skaters who retire from competition to concentrate on show skating or coaching do not actually lose their competition eligibility in the process.

text: Rugby football[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Rugby has provided one of the most visible and lasting examples of the tension between amateurism and professionalism during the development of nationally organised sports in Britain in the late-19th century.[24] The split in rugby in 1895 between what became rugby league and rugby union arose as a direct result of a dispute over the pretence of a strict enforcement of its amateur status - clubs in Leeds and Bradford were fined after compensating players for missing work, whilst at the same time the Rugby Football Union (RFU) was allowing other players to be paid.[citation needed]

text: Rugby football, despite its origins in the privileged English public schools, was a popular game throughout England by around 1880, including in the large working-class areas of the industrial north. However, as the then-amateur sport became increasingly popular and competitive, attracting large paying crowds, teams in such areas found it difficult to attract and retain good players. This was because physically fit local men needed to both work to earn a wage - limiting the time that they could devote to unpaid sport - and to avoid injuries that might prevent them working in the future. Certain teams faced with these circumstances wanted to pay so-called 'broken time' money to their players to compensate them for missing paid work due to their playing commitments, but this contravened the amateur policy of the Rugby Football Union (RFU).

text: Organization[edit]

text: Following a lengthy dispute on this point during the early 1890s, representatives of more than 20 prominent northern rugby clubs met in Huddersfield in August 1895 to form the Northern Rugby Football Union (NRFU), a breakaway administrative body which would permit payments to be made to players. The NRFU initially adopted established RFU rules for the game itself, but soon introduced a number of changes, most obviously a switch from 15 to 13 players per side. It became the Rugby Football League in 1922, by which time the key differences in the two codes were well established, with the 13-a-side variant becoming known as rugby league.

text: The RFU took strong action against the clubs involved in the formation of the NRFU, all of whom were deemed to have forfeited their amateur status and therefore to have left the RFU. A similar interpretation was applied to all players who played either for or against such clubs, whether or not they themselves received any compensation. Such players were effectively barred sine die from any involvement in organised rugby union. These comprehensive and enduring sanctions, combined with the very localised nature of most rugby competition, meant that most northern clubs had little practical alternative but to affiliate with the NRFU in the first few years of its existence.

text: Rugby football in Britain therefore became subject to a de facto schism along regional - and to some extent class - lines, reflecting the historical origins of the split. Rugby league - in which professionalism was permitted - was predominant in northern England, particularly in industrial areas, and was viewed as a working class game. Rugby union - which remained amateur - was predominant in the rest of England, as well as in Wales and Scotland. Rugby union also had a more affluent reputation, although there are areas - notably in South Wales and in certain English cities such as Gloucester - with a strong working-class rugby union tradition.

text: Discrimination[edit]

text: Discrimination against rugby league players could verge on the petty - former Welsh international Fred Perrett was once excluded in lists of players who died in the First World War due to his 'defection' to the league code.[25] One Member of Parliament, David Hinchliffe, described it as "one of the longest (and daftest) grievances in history" with anyone over the age of 18 associated with rugby league being banned forever from rugby union.[26]

text: Scotland and Wales[edit]

text: The Scottish Rugby Union was a particular bastion of amateurism and extreme care was taken to avoid the 'taint' of professionalism: a player rejoining the national team after the end of the Second World War applied to be issued with a new shirt and was reminded that he had been supplied with a shirt prior to the outbreak of hostilities.[citation needed]

text: In Wales the position was more equivocal with clubs attempting to stem the tide of players going north with boot money, a reference to the practice of putting cash payments into player's footwear whilst they were cleaning up after a game. Sometimes payments were substantial. Barry John was once asked why he hadn't turned professional and responded, "I couldn't afford to."[citation needed]

text: Open union[edit]

text: Rugby union was declared "open" in August 1995 - almost exactly 100 years after the original split occurred - meaning that professionalism has been permitted in both rugby codes since that date. However, while the professional-amateur divide remained in force, there was originally very limited crossover between the two codes, the most obvious occasions being when top-class rugby union players 'switched codes' to rugby league in order to play professionally. Welsh international Jonathan Davies was a high-profile example of this switch. Since professionalism has been allowed in rugby union the switches have started to come the opposite way. Union has swiftly grown to embrace the professional game with many league players joining union to take a slice of the larger amounts of money available in the sport.

text: Nowadays, while rugby union no longer makes the professional-amateur distinction, the professional-amateur split still exists within rugby league with the British Amateur Rugby League Association (BARLA) strictly amateur, though it allows some ex-professionals to play provided they are no longer under contract. The most recent club to get a ban for fielding a contracted professional was Brighouse Rangers who were expelled from the National Conference League during 2007-2008 season, and the player handed a sine die ban (though in part for gouging [27]), although the club itself has since been admitted to the Pennine League.

text: Also, some rugby unions have amateur rules, most notably the Argentine Rugby Union, where all member clubs are amateur. The Campeonato Argentino, the national championship for provincial teams, does not include players contracted to the country's Super Rugby side, the Jaguares.

text: Ultimate and disc sports (Frisbee)[edit]

text: Alternative sports, using the flying disc, began in the mid-sixties. As numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a Frisbee.[28] What started with a few players, in the sixties, like Victor Malafronte, Z Weyand and Ken Westerfield experimenting with new ways of throwing and catching a Frisbee, later would become known as playing freestyle.[29] Organized disc sports, in the 1970s,  began with promotional efforts from Wham-O and Irwin Toy (Canada), a few tournaments and professionals using Frisbee show tours to perform at universities, fairs and sporting events. Disc sports such as freestyle, double disc court, guts, disc ultimate and disc golf became this sports first events.[30][31] Two sports, the team sport of  disc ultimate and disc golf are very popular worldwide and are now being played semi professionally.[32][33] The World Flying Disc Federation, Professional Disc Golf Association, and the Freestyle Players Association, are the official rules and sanctioning organizations for flying disc sports worldwide.

text: Disc ultimate is a team sport played with a flying disc. The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to members of your own team, on a rectangular field, 120 yards (110m) by 40 yards (37m), until you have successfully completed a pass to a team member in the opposing teams end zone. There are currently over five million people that play some form of organized ultimate in the US.[34]  Ultimate has started to be played semi-professionally with two newly formed leagues, the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL) and Major League Ultimate (MLU).

text: The game of guts was invented by the Healy Brothers in the 1950s and developed at the International Frisbee Tournament (IFT) in Marquette, Michigan. The game of ultimate, the most widely played disc game, began in the late 1960s with Joel Silver and Jared Kass. In the 1970s it developed as an organized sport with the creation of the Ultimate Players Association with Dan Roddick, Tom Kennedy and Irv Kalb. Double disc court was invented and introduced in the early 1970s by Jim Palmeri. In 1974, freestyle competition was created and introduced by Ken Westerfield and Discrafts Jim Kenner.[35] In 1976, the game of disc golf was standardized with targets called "pole holes" invented and developed by Wham-O's Ed Headrick.

text: High school sports[edit]

text: Sports teams commonly exist at the high school level; students who participate, commonly referred to as student athletes, do so during their course of study. Occasionally, sports success in high school sports may lead to a professional career in the field.

text:
The benefit of sports in high school is debated; some believe that they promote discipline and teamwork,[36] while others find that they can cause injury.[37]
One study on the relationship between high school athletic and academic successes finds that, for the most part, higher participation and success rates in sports is positively related school-wide student successes on academic outcomes such as standardized test scores and educational attainment.[38] The National Center for Educational Statistics reports that student athletes have a 20% higher chance of completing a college degree, and are more likely to be employed and in better health than non-athletes.[39] However, a survey of high school athletes in 2006 showed that high school athletes are more likely to cheat inside of the classroom than non-athletes, especially boys participating in football, baseball, and basketball and girls participating in softball and basketball.[40] The survey does not indicate to what extent cheating contributes to the greater academic outcomes of high school athletes.

text: In the world of middle school and high school sports, several fees have risen over the last few years making sports more expensive. The term “Pay-to-Play” means that students and their parents must pay a flat fee to participate, and that fee often leaves out the costs of uniforms, transportation, and other team fees. This affects low-income families (those who earn less than $60,000 per year) and their ability to participate in the sports. The average cost is $381 per child per sport (Pay-to-Play Sports). Physical and mental health can improve with the right amount of physical fitness incorporated into everyday life. It allows for the child to have a healthy developing body, and a BMI within the normal range. Physical activity has been proven to improve mood and decrease both stress and anxiety. Studies have shown that the more physical activity one participates in as a child, the happier and more stable that person will be as an adult. Thus, the more students who participate in school sports, the more students who will find themselves balanced and successful adults later in life.[41]

text: Golf[edit]

text: Golf still has amateur championships, most notably the U.S. Amateur Championship, British Amateur Championship, U.S. Women's Amateur, British Ladies Amateur, Walker Cup, Eisenhower Trophy, Curtis Cup and Espirito Santo Trophy. However, amateur golfers are far less known than players of professional golf tours such as the PGA Tour and European Tour. Still, a few amateurs are invited to compete in open events, such as the U.S. Open and British Open or non-open event, such as the Masters Tournament.

text: Motorsport[edit]

text: In motorsports, there are various forms of amateur drivers. When they compete at professional events, they are often referred to as "pay drivers". They have been a presence in Formula One for many years - drivers such as Felipe Nasr, Esteban Gutiérrez and Rio Haryanto bring sponsorship to the tune of $30 million for a seat, even in backmarker teams. In sports car racing, drivers are often seeded into certain categories, including Amateur and Pro-Am classes. The vast majority of these "gentlemen drivers" however tend to participate at club level, often racing historic or classic cars, which are aimed primarily at amateurs.

text: Other sports[edit]

text: In Ireland, the Gaelic Athletic Association, or GAA, protects the amateur status of the country's national sports, including Gaelic football, Hurling and Camogie. Major tennis championships prohibited professionals until 1968 but the subsequent admission of professionals virtually eliminated amateurs from public visibility. Paying players was considered disreputable in baseball until 1869.


document_title: Jane the Virgin

question_text: who plays jane's dad in jane the virgin

question_tokens: who plays jane 's dad in jane the virgin

text: Jane the Virgin

text: Premise[edit]

text: Set in Miami, the series details the surprising and unforeseen events that take place in the life of Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a hard-working, religious young Venezuelan American woman whose family tradition and a vow to save her virginity until her marriage to her detective boyfriend are complicated when a doctor mistakenly artificially inseminates her during a checkup. To make matters worse, the biological donor is a married man, a former playboy and cancer survivor who is not only the new owner of the hotel where Jane works, but was also her former teenage crush. In addition to adjusting to pregnancy and then motherhood, in the initial episodes Jane is faced with questions about her professional future and the daunting prospect of choosing between the father of her baby or her boyfriend. As the series evolves, in predictably unpredictable telenovela fashion, the issues shift as her child grows into a toddler, her writing career moves forward, and her family members likewise develop independent plotlines.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Gina Rodriguez as Jane Gloriana Villanueva, a 23-year-old, religious young Latina woman who becomes pregnant after being artificially inseminated by mistake. After meeting Rafael and hearing his situation, she agrees to carry the baby full term and turn over custody to him and his wife Petra, but only if she is sure her baby will be safe and loved with them. But, as the pregnancy grows, they both start to have feelings for each other. Jane ends up having a baby boy named Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva. She marries Michael Cordero in the Season 2. In Season 3 Episode 10, she becomes widowed when he dies from his gunshot wound. She later finds her feelings resurfacing for Rafael again. Executive producer Jennie Snyder Urman stated that Gina Rodriguez "was literally the third person that came in" during the casting.[8]

Jenna Ortega as Young Jane, at age 10, is the most frequent (21 chapters as of season 3) of the four younger "Janes" seen in flashbacks.

Andrea Navedo as Xiomara "Xo" Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's outgoing mother. She was only sixteen years old when she had Jane, which is why Jane would rather keep her virginity until marriage than make the same mistake her mother did. She is a dance teacher, but dreams of having a singing career. She marries Jane's father in the Season 3 finale.
Yael Grobglas as Petra Solano (birthname: Natalia), Rafael's scheming wife and a member of a shady Czech crime family who got married to Rafael in order to steal his wealth, though over time she did fall in love with him. She later divorces Rafael and in Season 2, she gives birth to their twin daughters, Anna and Elsa.
Justin Baldoni as Rafael Solano, the 31-year-old owner of the Marbella Hotel and the biological father of Jane's child who has fallen out of love with his wife. As the series progresses, he develops growing feelings for Jane, and divorces Petra after discovering her affair. In Season 2 he has two daughters with Petra and in Season 3 briefly goes to jail.
Ivonne Coll as Alba Gloriana Villanueva, Jane's pious maternal grandmother. She is highly religious, and encourages Jane to save her virginity until marriage. Although she rarely speaks English, she understands it, since her granddaughter usually only speaks to her in English. She was in the country illegally until she got her green card in season 2.
Brett Dier as Michael Cordero, Jr., Jane's 29-year-old husband who was a detective. He is aware of Petra's affair, and blackmails her to ensure that her marriage remains intact, so that Jane will give the baby to them, however later he decides to support Jane's decision to keep the baby. He also dislikes Rafael due to Jane's, and eventually Rafael's, attraction to one another. He is the head detective in the hunt for Sin Rostro, a high-profile drug dealer who seems to be based in the Marbella Hotel, however he later quits to become a lawyer. Jane and Michael get married in the season two finale.
Jaime Camil as Rogelio de la Vega, a self-involved, famous telenovela star and Jane's biological father. He is currently trying to gain a relationship with his newly discovered daughter. He also has feelings for Xiomara, who was his girlfriend in high school. He marries Xiomara in the season 3 finale.
Anthony Mendez (voice over) as the Latin Lover Narrator; Third-person omniscient.[9] The narration features both metanarration and metafiction.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Joseph Sanders as Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva, Jane and Rafael's baby. Named after Jane's grandfather and Alba's husband, who died before Jane was born.

Aria Rose Garcia as toddler Mateo Gloriano Rogelio Solano Villanueva.

Yara Martinez as Dr. Luisa Alver, Rafael's lesbian, neurotic, recovering alcoholic sister, and the doctor who accidentally artificially inseminated Jane.
Bridget Regan as Rose, a former lawyer, former girlfriend of Luisa, and eventually stepmother of Luisa and Rafael who defends Luisa against the malpractice suit. She is later revealed to be the crime lord Sin Rostro, and is arrested in season 3.

Megan Ketch as Susanna Barnett, Michael's partner who was in fact Rose in disguise. After being discovered, she shot Michael in the chest.
Elisabeth Röhm as Eileen, the second woman whose identity Rose steals for the next three years. In the meantime, the real Eileen murdered Scott.

Mia and Ella Allan as Anna and Elsa Solano, Petra and Rafael's twin daughters as a result of Petra's artificial insemination.
Carlo Rota as Emilio Solano, Luisa's biological father and Rafael's adopted father. He is murdered by his wife, Rose.
Michael Rady as Lachlan Moore, Rafael's rival and Petra's former fiancé.
Diane Guerrero as Lina Santillan, Jane's best friend and co-worker.
Azie Tesfai as Detective Nadine Hansan, a police detective and rival, partner, and brief lover to Michael. She was killed taking a bullet that was meant for Michael, after she was revealed to be working with Sin Rostro.
Camille Collard as Frankie, Jane's co-worker and friend.
Brian Dare as Luca, Jane's co-worker and friend.
Vanessa Merrell and Veronica Merrell as Valeria and Victoria, twins and Rogelio's former step-daughters.
Priscilla Barnes as Magda, Petra's mother. She is confined to a wheelchair (but only pretends to be paraplegic) and she is Petra's co-conspirator in her plot to steal Rafael's hotel and wealth. She is currently imprisoned, but still working against Petra from inside.
Yael Grobglas also portrays Anezka, Petra's long-lost twin sister who grew up with a rough life in the Czech Republic. At the end of the second season she drugs Petra and begins a scheme with Magda to impersonate Petra, this is so they can gain controlling shares in the Marbella.
Adam Rodriguez as Jonathan Chavez, one of Jane's teachers at grad school and briefly her love interest.
Alano Miller as Roman Zazo, Rafael's best friend and Petra's lover. He is believed to be murdered in the hotel, causing tension for everyone, including Petra and Rafael.

Alano Miller as Aaron Zazo, Roman's twin brother, who appears from "Chapter Fourteen" onwards investigating his brother's murder, is later revealed to be Roman; it was Aaron who was murdered. Roman is later killed, in self-defense, by Petra.

Rita Moreno as Liliana De La Vega, Jane's paternal grandmother. She is the mother of Rogelio and is always sour on Xiomara and Rogelio's relationship.
Cástulo Guerra as Manuel De La Vega, Jane's paternal grandfather. He is the father of Rogelio and has recently came out as gay.
Dennis Mencia as Mateo Villanueva, Alba's late husband and the maternal grandfather of Jane. His great-grandson is named in honor of him.
Sofia Pernas as Catalina Maria Mora, Jane's newfound maternal cousin and a brief love interest of Rafael.
Ricardo Chavira as Bruce, Xiomara's boyfriend of three years who she becomes briefly engaged to, only to break things off due to her lingering feelings for Rogelio.
Justina Machado as Darci Factor, Rogelio's ex-girlfriend and the mother of her and Rogelio's unborn daughter. She runs a matchmaking business.
Alfonso DiLuca as Jorge, Alba's love interest and later boyfriend.
Johnny Messner as Chuck Chesser, the new owner of the rival hotel to the Marbella who serves as a new love interest for Petra.
Francisco San Martin as Fabian, Rogelio's costar on telenovela Los Viajes de Guillermo who has a brief fling with Jane.

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
22
October 13, 2014 (2014-10-13)
May 11, 2015 (2015-05-11)

2
22
October 12, 2015 (2015-10-12)
May 16, 2016 (2016-05-16)

3
20
October 17, 2016 (2016-10-17)
May 22, 2017 (2017-05-22)

4
17[10]
October 13, 2017 (2017-10-13)[11]
TBA

text: Development and production[edit]

text: On June 27, 2013, American television network The CW announced that it was planning to release a new show based on the Venezuelan soap opera Juana La Virgen.[12] On February 23, 2014, Entertainment Weekly announced that Rodriguez would play the title role of Jane Villanueva.[13][14] On May 8, 2014, during The CW's 2014–2015 upfronts, the series was officially picked up.[15] On July 18, 2014, an extended trailer was released by The CW. On August 8, 2014, it was announced that White Collar's Bridget Regan and Azie Tesfai would join the series as respectively Rose, a former lawyer, and Detective Nadine Hansan, a police detective and rival to Dier's character.[16] On August 10, 2014, TVLine announced that Melrose Place and Emily Owens, M.D. actor Michael Rady would join the series as Lachlan.[17] Filming for season one commenced on July 28, 2014.[18] The show is filmed on soundstages in Los Angeles[18][19] and the pilot was filmed in Huntington Beach, California.[20] On October 21, 2014, the show was given a full season order.[21] On January 11, 2015, the show was renewed for a second season, set to air during the 2015–16 television season.[22] Its second season premiered on October 12, 2015.[23] On March 11, 2016, the show was renewed for a third season,[24] which premiered on October 17, 2016.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin premiered on The CW on October 13, 2014, during the 2014–15 television season.[25] Unique to the CW, it is the network's only program to feature a Spanish language audio track on the second audio program channel; however, as many CW stations usually do not carry the SAP channel due to a lack of need, this is more limited than the major networks, which are required by the FCC to have a SAP channel for the Descriptive Video Service track, which as a minor network the CW is not required to carry.

text: The show premiered in Canada on Global TV and in Australia on Fox8 on December 1, 2014.[26] It has aired in the United Kingdom on E4 since 2015.[27] Sony Channel will broadcast the series throughout Southeast Asia as replacements of Sony Entertainment Television in the region (including BeTV in the Philippines). In Canada, new episodes are added each week to the streaming service Shomi, in addition to cable carriage by some providers of American CW affiliates (Chicago's WGN-TV, available as a superstation in Canada, carried the series' first two seasons until it ended its CW affiliation before the 2016-17 television season). The show premiered in New Zealand on July 24 on Prime.

text: In the Philippines, Jane the Virgin premiered on ABS-CBN on March 28, 2016, dubbed in Filipino.[28] The show replaced the local drama series You're My Home on a late-night timeslot, as part of the Primetime BIDA evening block.[29] Days before the premiere, a teaser showing Gina Rodriguez promoting the show was also released.[30] ABS-CBN only aired the first two seasons, locally editing and splitting the episodes into half-hour segments similar to the network's teleserye and anime programs. For a total of 74 modified episodes, the season-two finale aired on July 8, 2016.

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
100% (49 reviews)
80% (23 reviews)

2
100% (11 reviews)
87% (4 reviews)

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Jane the Virgin has received critical acclaim, with critics praising its writing and Gina Rodriguez's performance. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season of the show a "certified fresh" rating of 100% based on 49 reviews, with a rating average of 7.7 out of 10. The site's consensus states, "Jane the Virgin's dubious premise has become part of its unlikely charm – along with delightfully diverse writing and a knockout performance by Gina Rodriguez."[31] Metacritic, another review aggregator, gives the show a score of 80 out of 100, based on 23 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[32]

text: The second season also received critical acclaim. On Metacritic, the season holds a 87 out of 100, based on four reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[33] Rotten Tomatoes gave it a rating of 100% based on 11 reviews and a rating average of 9.7 out of 10. The site's consensus reads, "Jane the Virgin stays true to its over-the-top telenovela roots in season two while layering in more humor and increasingly complex storytelling."[34] Maureen Ryan of Variety praised the show, saying that the series "is envisioned, edited and curated with great deftness and economy, and the fact that it is so entertaining and accessible should not preclude it from being at the center of conversations about the best the medium has to offer."[35]

text: Critics' top ten lists[edit]

text:
[show]2014[36]

No. 3 TV Guide
No. 3 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 6 TV.com
No. 7 Las Vegas Weekly
No. 8 Sioux City Journal
No. 10 Boston Globe
 – American Film Institute
 – Associated Press
 – Chicago Reader
 – Huffington Post
 – Los Angeles Times
 – Philadelphia Daily News
 – ScreenCrush

text:
[show]2015[37]

No. 3 Village Voice
No. 4 Vulture
No. 4 Slate
No. 5 The Salt Lake Tribune
No. 6 Las Vegas Weekly
No. 7 TV.com
 – Boob Tube Dude
 – Criticwire
 – Variety
 – The Week

text:
[show]2016[38]

No. 1 Variety
No. 2 Boob Tube Dude
No. 8 MTV
 – CNN

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Timeslot (ET)
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
TV season
Rank
Avg. viewers
(millions)
18–49 rating
(average)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
Monday 9:00 pm
22
October 13, 2014
1.61[39]
May 11, 2015
1.24[40]
2014–15
177
1.55
0.6[41]

2
22
October 12, 2015
1.06[42]
May 16, 2016
0.97[43]
2015–16
180
1.48
0.6[44]

3
20
October 17, 2016
1.09[45]
May 22, 2017
0.96[46]
2016–17
155
1.60
0.7[47]

4
Friday 9:00 pm
17[48]
October 13, 2017
TBD
TBA
TBD
2017–18
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The show has been acknowledged by the People's Choice Awards, Golden Globe Awards, Critics' Choice Awards, the Primetime Emmy Awards, the Image Awards and the Television Critics Association as well as honored by the American Film Institute and the George Foster Peabody Awards.

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Outcome

2014
America Film Institute Award[49]
AFI Television Program Of The Year
Jane the Virgin
Won

TV Guide Award
Favorite New Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

2015
People's Choice Award[50]
Favorite New TV Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Golden Globe Award[51]
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Peabody Award[52]
Honoree
Jane the Virgin
Won

Critics' Choice Award[53]
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[54]
Honoree
Jaime Camil ("Chapter Twelve")
Won

TV Line Performer of the Week[55]
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez ("Chapter Twenty")
Won

Teen Choice Award
Choice TV Actor: Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Choice TV Actress: Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice TV: Breakout Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice TV: Breakout Star
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice TV: Liplock
Gina Rodriguez & Justin Baldoni
Nominated

Television Critics Association Award[56]
Outstanding New Program
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Outstanding Achievement in Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Individual Achievement in Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Imagen Award
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Television
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor – Television
Justin Baldoni
Nominated

Jaime Camil
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress – Television
Ivonne Coll
Nominated

Andrea Navedo
Won

Gold Derby Award
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Comedy Lead Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Breakthrough Performer
Gina Rodriguez
Won

EWwy Award
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor – Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Emmy Award[57]
Outstanding Narrator
Anthony Mendez
Nominated

Voice Arts Award
Outstanding Narration – TV or Film, Best Voice over
Anthony Mendez
Won

Gotham Award
Breakthrough Series – Long Form
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Dorian Award
Campy TV Show of the Year
Jane the Virgin
Won

Online Film and Television Association Award
Best Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Guest Actress
Rita Moreno
Won

Maxwell Weinberg Award

Arpi Ketendjian
CBS Studios
Won

NHMC Impact Gala Award
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez
Won

HOLA Award
Breakthrough Performance
Andrea Navedo
Won

GiRL POWER Media Role Model Award
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Honoree
Andrea Navedo
Won

Honoree
Ivonne Coll
Won

Paleyfest LA
Honoree
Jane the Virgin
Won

2016
Satellite Award[58]
Best Television Series – Musical or Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

NAACP Image Award[59]
Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series
Jennie Snyder Urman
Nominated

Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series
Brad Silberling
Nominated

Golden Globe Award[60]
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Critics' Choice Award[61]
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[62]
Honoree
Yael Grobglas ("Chapter Thirty-Six")
Nominated

Golden Reel Award
Best Sound Editing
Susan Ham, Sharyn Gersh
Nominated

GMS Award
Best Music Supervision
Kevin J. Edelman
Nominated

The Women's Image Award
Best Actress in a Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Outstanding Writing in a Series
Jennie Snyder Urman ("Chapter One: Pilot")
Nominated

Artios Award
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Comedy
Alyson Silverberg, Jonathan Clay Harris
Nominated

Frijolywood Award /Frijoldeoro Award
Screenwriter in Comedy
Carolina Rivera
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Won

NHMC Impact Award
Outstanding Performance in a Comedy Series
Andrea Navedo
Won

Cine Award in Portugal
Best Comedy Series
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Ivonne Coll
Won

Young Artist Award
Best Performance in a TV Series
Madison Rojas
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice TV: Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice TV: Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Choice TV: Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Emmy Award[63]
Outstanding Narrator
Anthony Mendez
Nominated

EWwy Award
Best Actress – Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor – Comedy
Jaime Camil
Nominated

Imagen Award
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Won

Best Actress – Television
Gina Rodriguez
Won

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Jaime Camil
Won

Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Andrea Navedo
Nominated

TV Line Performer of the Week[64]
Honoree
Gina Rodriguez ("Chapter Forty-Seven")
Won

2017
Golden Globe Award[65]
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

People's Choice Award[66]
Favorite TV Comedy
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Favorite TV Comedy Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

MTV Award
Best American Story
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Best Actor in a Show
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Teen Choice Award
Choice Comedy TV Show
Jane the Virgin
Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actress
Gina Rodriguez
Nominated

Choice Comedy TV Actor
Jaime Camil
Nominated

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Name
Release date
Ep #
Additional information

The Complete First Season
September 29, 2015
22

Features

Immaculate Creation - 'Behind the Scenes'
Getting to Know the Cast
Gag Reel
Deleted Scenes

The Complete Second Season[67]

22

Features


document_title: Mount Augustus, Western Australia

question_text: where is the biggest rock in the world

question_tokens: where is the biggest rock in the world

text: Mount Augustus, Western Australia

text: Monolith - monocline distinction[edit]

text: Mount Augustus is widely claimed in tourist promotional and information literature as the "world's largest monolith",[3][4] but the claim does not originate from the geological literature, nor is substantiated by any other scholarly research.[5]

text: Mt. Augustus is more than twice the size of Uluru.[6] Unlike Uluru, which is a monolith and, in general, devoid of plant growth, Mt. Augustus is a monocline (an asymmetrical anticline).

text: According to the Geological Survey of Western Australia, Mount Augustus is an asymmetrical anticline (rock layers that have been folded into an arch-like structure) which is steeper on its north-eastern side than the south-west.

text: The rocks consist of sand and gravel that were deposited by an ancient, south-easterly flowing river system that drained the region about 1,600 million years ago. This river system flowed over a faulted and eroded surface of 1,800–1,620 million- -year-old granitic and metamorphic rocks. The river deposits consolidated to form sandstone and conglomerate, and were then buried beneath younger marine sediments, which were laid down when shallow seas covered the region between 1,600–1,070 million years ago. The rocks were buckled into their present-day structure about 900 million years ago when movement along faults in the underlying granitic and metamorphic rocks caused localised, strong, north-east directed compression. The marine sedimentary rocks that overlay the sandstone and conglomerate have since been eroded from Mount Augustus, but now form the hills around Cobra and Mount Augustus homesteads. Erosion has also removed sandstone and conglomerate from the north-western end of Mount Augustus to expose the underlying granitic rocks at The Pound.[7]

text: 1894 gold rush[edit]

text: There was a gold rush in the 1890s due to local geology.[8][9][10]

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: Wattles, cassias and eremophilas dominate the plant life and the animal life include emus, red kangaroos, goannas, euros and birds of prey.[11] There is over 100 species of birds on and around Mount Augustus.[12]

text: Walking tracks[edit]

text: The climb to the summit can take up to 5 hours (return) and there are two trails (one class 4 and the other a class 5) to get there. There are a number of walking tracks to explore.[13]


document_title: Prescription Drug Marketing Act

question_text: the act that restricted the sale of drugs by requiring a prescription was the

text: Prescription Drug Marketing Act

text:
Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987

Long title
An Act to amend the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act to ban the reimportation of drugs produced in the United States, to place restrictions on the distribution of drug samples, to ban certain resales of drugs by hospitals and other health care facilities, and for other purposes.

Enacted by
the 100th United States Congress

Effective
April 22, 1988

Citations

Public law
100-293

Statutes at Large
102 Stat. 95

Codification

Acts amended
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

Titles amended
21 U.S.C.: Food and Drugs

U.S.C. sections amended
21 U.S.C. ch. 9 §§ 331, 353, 381

Legislative history

Introduced in the House as H.R. 1207 by John Dingell (D–MI) on February 24, 1987
Committee consideration by House Committee on Energy and Commerce
Passed the House on May 4, 1987 (passed voice vote)
Passed the Senate on March 31, 1988 (passed voice vote)
Signed into law by President Ronald Reagan on April 22, 1988

Major amendments

Prescription Drug Amendments of 1992 P.L. 102-353, 106 Stat. 941

text:
Regulation of therapeutic goods in the United States

Prescription drugs
Over-the-counter drugs

Law[show]
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970
Controlled Substances Act
Prescription Drug Marketing Act
Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act
Hatch-Waxman exemption
Marihuana Tax Act

Government agencies[show]
Department of Health and Human Services
Food and Drug Administration
Department of Justice
Drug Enforcement Administration

Process[show]
Drug discovery
Drug design
Drug development
New drug application
Investigational new drug
Clinical trial (Phase I, II, III, IV)
Randomized controlled trial
Pharmacovigilance
Abbreviated New Drug Application
Fast track approval
Off-label use

International coordination[show]
International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical
Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
Uppsala Monitoring Centre
World Health Organization
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs

Non-governmental organizations[show]
Institute of Medicine
Research on Adverse Drug events And Reports
NORML

v
t
e

text: The Prescription Drug Marketing Act (PDMA) of 1987 (P.L. 100-293, 102 Stat. 95) is a law of the United States federal government. It establishes legal safeguards for prescription drug distribution to ensure safe and effective pharmaceuticals. It's designed to discourage the sale of counterfeit, adulterated, misbranded, subpotent, and expired prescription drugs. It was passed in response to the development of a wholesale sub-market (known as the "diversion market") for prescription drugs.

text: The PDMA was modified by the Prescription Drug Amendments of 1992 (P.L. 102-353, 106 Stat. 941) on August 26, 1992.

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued regulations implementing the PDMA in 1990 (21 C.F.R. Part 205) and 1999 (21 C.F.R. Part 203).


document_title: List of Saturday Night Live guests

question_text: how many times has christopher walken been on snl

text: List of Saturday Night Live guests

text: List of Saturday Night Live hosts[edit]

text: Saturday Night Live has featured a wide array of hosts and musical guests. George Carlin served as the show's first host in October 1975;[1] three episodes later, Candice Bergen became the first female host[2] and the first to host more than once.[3] Actor Alec Baldwin holds the record for most times hosting, having performed the duty on seventeen different occasions since 1990; Baldwin took the record from actor Steve Martin who has hosted fifteen times since 1976.[4]

text: Several former cast members have returned to take on hosting duties. Original cast member Chevy Chase has hosted the most times, eight in total. Bill Murray and Tina Fey follow behind, having hosted five times. On December 11, 1982, Eddie Murphy became the only person to host while still a member of the cast, filling the role at the last minute when the scheduled host (his 48 Hours co-star Nick Nolte) became ill.[5][6]

text: Musical guests can be solo acts or bands, who perform two to three musical numbers. Occasionally, the musical guest has also simultaneously served as the host. Paul Simon was the first example, hosting and performing on the second episode on October 18, 1975. As of May 19, 2012, Dave Grohl is the most frequent musical guest, performing on eleven shows since 1992.[7]

text: In 1982, at age 7, Drew Barrymore became the youngest person to host the show. Actress Betty White is the oldest person to host, having done so at 88 years of age on May 8, 2010.[8] Concerned about White's age and possible fatigue, her episode had Tina Fey, Molly Shannon, Maya Rudolph, Rachel Dratch and Amy Poehler on standby to replace her; White went on to appear in every sketch.[9] In 2000, singer Britney Spears became the youngest person to both host and simultaneously serve as the show's musical guest, at 18 years and 161 days old.[10]

text: In addition to making cameo appearances, political figures have also hosted the show. Al Gore hosted in 2002, the only former Vice President to do so. Presidential candidates, either former, current, or future, have served as hosts: Ralph Nader in 1977, George McGovern in 1984, Steve Forbes in 1996, Rudy Giuliani in 1997, John McCain in 2002, Al Sharpton in 2003, and Donald Trump in 2004 (promoting the reality TV hit The Apprentice) and again in 2015 as a presidential hopeful.

text: Five-Timers Club[edit]

text: The Five-Timers Club is the group of performers who have hosted SNL at least five times.[11][12][13][14] The club was first mentioned on the show on December 8, 1990 by Tom Hanks who, in his monologue, touched upon the fact that it was his fifth appearance as host:

text: Believe it or not, this is the fifth Saturday Night Live I have been lucky enough to host. Now, the first time you do the show, you can't believe you're here. You just can't believe it. Your head buzzes with excitement. The second time you do the show, it means you were funny enough to be asked back - and you're pushing a movie. The third time you do the show, the second time didn't go so well, and you have something to prove to yourself. The fourth time you do the show, you're just blatantly pushing a movie. But the fifth time you do the show is the most special time of all, because you get this [holds up a card] ...a membership card in the Five-Timers Club. Come with me... [walks off the stage] I'm gonna give you a chance to look in on one of the most exclusive clubs in the world.[15]

text: After Hanks gave his monologue, the show segued to a sketch featuring Hanks, Steve Martin, Elliott Gould, and Paul Simon in the richly appointed club. Martin and Gould were both five-time hosts; Simon had only hosted four episodes, but was accepted as a member due to his numerous appearances as a musical guest. The Five-Timers Club was mentioned to have a swimming pool with perfect 80 degree waters. The food that is served there is named after SNL performers. Then-Saturday Night Live writer Conan O'Brien portrayed Sean, the doorman of the club. Jon Lovitz appears as a club waiter. Ralph Nader appears as a former SNL host trying to get into the Five-Timers Club only for Lovitz to tell him and his group to leave.

text: The second time the Five-Timers Club was mentioned was when Danny DeVito was inducted in 1993. The Club was mentioned again after the mark was reached by hosts Alec Baldwin (1994), John Goodman (1994), Christopher Walken (2001), Drew Barrymore (2007), Justin Timberlake (2013), Ben Affleck (2013), Scarlett Johansson (2017), Melissa McCarthy (2017), and Dwayne Johnson (2017); Steve Martin appeared at the end of McCarthy's fifth episode to present her with a jacket, while Alec Baldwin did the same for Dwayne Johnson in the monologue of the season finale. McCarthy had previously mentioned the club on her fourth appearance, when she claimed to be eligible because she had also been in the 40th anniversary special.

text: Justin Timberlake's monologue from March 9, 2013 featured the reappearance of the richly appointed club. The sketch features Paul Simon, Steve Martin, Chevy Chase, Alec Baldwin, Tom Hanks, and Candice Bergen. There were portraits of John Goodman and Drew Barrymore in the Five-Timers Club's Hall of Portraits. The staff at the Five-Timers Club are former cast members, with Dan Aykroyd (1975–79) and Martin Short (1984–85) appearing as the club's bartender and waiter, respectively. Future cast member Mike O'Brien makes an appearance as the doorman who greets Justin. The entertainment at the Five-Timers Club involves making the current SNL performers fight each other to the death, with Bobby Moynihan shown fighting Taran Killam. When Melissa McCarthy hosted for show for the fifth time, five-timers club member Steve Martin appeared in the goodnights to welcome her to the club. When Dwayne Johnson hosted the show for the fifth time, five-timers club members Tom Hanks and Alec Baldwin appeared in the monologue to welcome him to the club.

text: Steve Martin was the fastest to join the Five-Timers club, hosting five times in only 546 days. Buck Henry is the only other member to join in less than four years, hosting five times in 671 days, although, in keeping with his persona on the show of being an undesirable or boring host, is said not to have been told about the club itself. The following people are members of the Five-Timers Club.[citation needed]

text:
Name
Total appearances
as host
First appearance
Fifth appearance
Time to reach club
Most recent hosting appearance

Affleck, BenBen Affleck
05 !5
000000002000-02-19-0000February 19, 2000
000000002013-05-18-0000May 18, 2013
7003483700000000000♠13 years, 88 days
000000002013-05-18-0000May 18, 2013

Baldwin, AlecAlec Baldwin
17
000000001990-04-21-0000April 21, 1990
000000001994-12-10-0000December 10, 1994
7003169400000000000♠4 years, 233 days
000000002017-02-11-0000February 11, 2017

Barrymore, DrewDrew Barrymore
06 !6
000000001982-11-20-0000November 20, 1982
000000002007-02-03-0000February 3, 2007
7003884100000000000♠24 years, 75 days
000000002009-10-10-0000October 10, 2009

Bergen, CandiceCandice Bergen
05 !5
000000001975-11-08-0000November 8, 1975
000000001990-05-19-0000May 19, 1990
7003530600000000000♠14 years, 192 days
000000001990-05-19-0000May 19, 1990

Chase, ChevyChevy Chase
08 !8
000000001978-02-18-0000February 18, 1978
000000001986-12-06-0000December 6, 1986
7003321300000000000♠8 years, 291 days
000000001997-02-15-0000February 15, 1997

DeVito, DannyDanny DeVito
06 !6
000000001982-05-15-0000May 15, 1982
000000001993-01-09-0000January 9, 1993
7003389200000000000♠10 years, 239 days
000000001999-12-11-0000December 11, 1999

Fey, TinaTina Fey
05 !5
000000002008-02-23-0000February 23, 2008
000000002015-12-19-0000December 19, 2015
7003285600000000000♠7 years, 299 days
000000002015-12-19-0000December 19, 2015

Goodman, JohnJohn Goodman[16]
13
000000001989-12-02-0000December 2, 1989
000000001994-05-07-0000May 7, 1994
7003161700000000000♠4 years, 156 days
000000002013-12-14-0000December 14, 2013

Gould, ElliottElliott Gould
06 !6
000000001976-01-10-0000January 10, 1976
000000001980-02-16-0000February 16, 1980
7003149800000000000♠4 years, 37 days
000000001980-11-15-0000November 15, 1980

Hanks, TomTom Hanks[17]
09 !9
000000001985-12-14-0000December 14, 1985
000000001990-12-08-0000December 8, 1990
7003182000000000000♠4 years, 359 days
000000002016-10-22-0000October 22, 2016

Henry, BuckBuck Henry
10
000000001976-01-17-0000January 17, 1976
000000001977-11-19-0000November 19, 1977
7002672000000000000♠1 year, 306 days
000000001980-05-24-0000May 24, 1980

Johansson, ScarlettScarlett Johansson
05 !5
000000002006-01-14-0000January 14, 2006
000000002017-03-11-0000March 11, 2017
7003407400000000000♠11 years, 56 days
000000002017-03-11-0000March 11, 2017

Johnson, DwayneDwayne Johnson
05 !5
000000002000-03-18-0000March 18, 2000
000000002017-05-20-0000May 20, 2017
7003627200000000000♠17 years, 63 days
000000002017-05-20-0000May 20, 2017

Martin, SteveSteve Martin[18]
15
000000001976-10-23-0000October 23, 1976
000000001978-04-22-0000April 22, 1978
7002546000000000000♠1 year, 181 days
000000002009-01-31-0000January 31, 2009

McCarthy, MelissaMelissa McCarthy
05 !5
000000002011-10-01-0000October 1, 2011
000000002017-05-13-0000May 13, 2017
7003205100000000000♠5 years, 224 days
000000002017-05-13-0000May 13, 2017

Murray, BillBill Murray
05 !5
000000001981-03-07-0000March 7, 1981
000000001999-02-20-0000February 20, 1999
7003655900000000000♠17 years, 350 days
000000001999-02-20-0000February 20, 1999

Simon, PaulPaul Simon
04 !4[a][b]
000000001975-10-18-0000October 18, 1975
000000001986-05-10-0000May 10, 1986
7003385700000000000♠10 years, 204 days
000000002011-05-14-0000May 14, 2011

Timberlake, JustinJustin Timberlake
05 !5[c]
000000002003-10-11-0000October 11, 2003
000000002013-03-09-0000March 9, 2013
7003343700000000000♠9 years, 149 days
000000002013-12-21-0000December 21, 2013

Walken, ChristopherChristopher Walken[19]
07 !7
000000001990-01-20-0000January 20, 1990
000000002001-05-19-0000May 19, 2001
7003413700000000000♠11 years, 119 days
000000002008-04-05-0000April 5, 2008

text: a Simon has only guest-hosted four times but has been included in both Five-Timers Club sketches. The show credits him as co-host of the 100th episode even though a host is not officially credited in the opening sequence. His fifth appearance on the show was as a musical guest appearance.

text: b Out of his four appearances as host, Simon acted as both host and musical guest during one episode.

text: c Out of his five appearances as host, Timberlake acted as both host and musical guest during three episodes. During his most recent appearance on December 21, 2013, he was the musical guest while Jimmy Fallon hosted.

text:
Buck Henry was the first person to host five times, with his fifth appearance on November 19, 1977. The most recent to host five times are Scarlett Johansson (as of March 11, 2017), Melissa McCarthy (as of May 13, 2017), and Dwayne Johnson (as of May 20, 2017). This is the most people to join in a single year.
As of February 11, 2017, Alec Baldwin held the record for hosting SNL the most frequently, with 17 episodes, beating out Steve Martin, with 15 episodes. In 2006, both made a cameo appearance when the other hosted, with Martin, up by one at the time, attempting to kill Baldwin before he could tie his record. When Baldwin hosted for the 15th time in 2010, Martin appeared on a television congratulating him during the monologue, but Baldwin turns and pushes him off the stage. On September 24, 2011, Baldwin finally broke Martin's record for most host appearances with his appearance on the 37th-season premiere; Martin appeared during the monologue to administer a drug test (a satirical reference to long-running scandal regarding steroid use in Major League Baseball), wanting to make sure that the person who broke his record had done so fairly.
Chevy Chase was the first SNL cast member to come back and host the show, and the first to join the Five-Timers Club. Cast members Bill Murray and Tina Fey later joined the Club.

text: The Five-Timers Club has been referenced in other media since its creation in 1990. The entertainment channel E! placed it at No. 22 on its list of SNL top moments.[citation needed] The club was also referenced by Fox Sports as the basis behind the creation of the "Favre Backup Club" which seeks to be the "NFL's equivalent" to the Five-Timers Club.[20]