document_title: BBC Television

question_text: in the mid 1930s the bbc started broadcasting from which london landmark

root

text: BBC Television

text: History of BBC Television[edit]

text: The BBC operates several television networks, television stations (although there is generally very little distinction between the two terms in the UK), and related programming services in the United Kingdom. As well as being a broadcaster, the corporation also produces a large number of its own programmes in-house and thereby ranks as one of the world's largest television production companies.

tag: p

text: Early years (before 1939)[edit]

text: John Logie Baird set up the Baird Television Development Company in 1926; on 30 September 1929 he made the first experimental television broadcast for the BBC from its studio in Long Acre in the Covent Garden area of London via the BBC's London transmitter. Baird used his electromechanical system with a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines, which is just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. The simultaneous transmission of sound and pictures was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, thirty minutes of morning programmes were broadcast from Monday to Friday, and thirty minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays after BBC radio went off the air. Baird's broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.

text: The BBC began its own regular television programming from the basement of Broadcasting House, London, on 22 August 1932. The studio moved to larger quarters in 16 Portland Place, London, in February 1934, and continued broadcasting the 30-line images, carried by telephone line to the medium wave transmitter at Brookmans Park, until 11 September 1935, by which time advances in all-electronic television systems made the electromechanical broadcasts obsolete.

text: After a series of test transmissions and special broadcasts that began in August 1936, the BBC Television Service officially launched on 2 November 1936 from a converted wing of Alexandra Palace in London.[5][6] "Ally Pally" housed two studios, various scenery stores, make-up areas, dressing rooms, offices, and the transmitter itself, which then broadcast on the VHF band. BBC television initially used two systems on alternate weeks: the 240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI system. The use of both formats made the BBC's service the world's first regular high-definition television service; it broadcast from Monday to Saturday between 15:00 and 16:00, and 21:00 and 22:00.[7] The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was "Opening of the BBC Television Service" at 15:00.[8] The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937.

text: The two systems were to run on a trial basis for six months; early television sets supported both resolutions. However, the Baird system, which used a mechanical camera for filmed programming and Farnsworth image dissector cameras for live programming, proved too cumbersome and visually inferior, and ended with closedown (at 22:00) on Saturday 13 February 1937.[9]

text: Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.[a]  The service was reaching an estimated 25,000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939.

text: Wartime closure (1939–1946)[edit]

text: On 1 September 1939, two days before Britain declared war on Germany, the station was taken off air with little warning;[10] the government was concerned that the VHF transmissions would act as a beacon to enemy aircraft homing in on London. Also, many of the television service's technical staff and engineers would be needed for the war effort, in particular on the radar programme. The last programme transmitted was a Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Gala Premier (1933), which was followed by test transmissions; this account refuted the popular memory according to which broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon.[10]

text: According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.

text: The remaining monopoly years (1946–1955)[edit]

text: BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.[11] Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios.

text: Postwar broadcast coverage was extended to Birmingham in 1949 with the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station, and by the mid-1950s most of the country was covered, transmitting a 405-line interlaced image on VHF.

text: When the ITV was launched in 1955, the BBC Television Service (renamed "BBC tv" in 1960) showed popular programming, including comedies, drama, documentaries, game shows, and soap operas, covering a wide range of genres and regularly competed with ITV to become the channel with the highest ratings for that week. The channel also introduced the science fiction show Doctor Who on 23 November 1963 - at 17:16 -  which went on to become one of Britain's most iconic and beloved television programmes.

text: 1964 to 1967[edit]

text: BBC TV was renamed BBC1 in 1964, after the launch of BBC2 (now BBC Two), the third television station (ITV was the second) for the UK; its remit, to provide more niche programming. The channel was due to launch on 20 April 1964, but was put off the air by a massive power failure that affected much of London, caused by a fire at Battersea Power Station. A videotape made on the opening night was rediscovered in 2003 by a BBC technician.[citation needed] In the end the launch went ahead the following night, hosted by Denis Tuohy holding a candle. BBC2 was the first British channel to use UHF and 625-line pictures, giving higher definition than the existing VHF 405-line system.

text: 1967 to 2003[edit]

text: On 1 July 1967, BBC Two became the first television channel in Europe to broadcast regularly in colour, using the West German PAL system that was in use for decades until being gradually superseded by digital systems.[12] (BBC One and ITV began 625-line colour broadcasts simultaneously on 15 November 1969). Unlike other terrestrial channels, BBC Two does not have soap opera or standard news programming, but a range of programmes intended to be eclectic and diverse (although if a programme has high audience ratings it is often eventually repositioned to BBC One). The different remit of BBC2 allowed its first controller, Sir David Attenborough to commission the first heavyweight documentaries and documentary series such as Civilisation, The Ascent of Man and Horizon.

text: David Attenborough was later granted sabbatical leave from his job as Controller to work with the BBC Natural History Unit which had existed since the 1950s. This unit is now famed throughout the world for producing high quality programmes with Attenborough such as Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet.

text: National and regional variations also occur within the BBC One and BBC Two schedules. England's BBC One output is split up into fifteen regions (such as South West and East), which exist mainly to produce local news programming, but also occasionally opt out of the network to show programmes of local importance (such as major local events). The other nations of the United Kingdom (Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland) have been granted more autonomy from the English network; for example, programmes are mostly introduced by local announcers, rather than by those in London. BBC One and BBC Two schedules in the other UK nations can vary immensely from BBC One and BBC Two in England.

text: Programmes, such as the politically fuelled Give My Head Peace (produced by BBC Northern Ireland) and the soap opera River City (produced by BBC Scotland), have been created specifically to cater for some viewers in their respective nations. BBC Scotland produces daily programmes for its Gaelic-speaking viewers, including current affairs, political and children's programming such as the popular Eòrpa and Dè a-nis?. BBC Wales also produces a large amount of Welsh language programming for S4C, particularly news, sport and other programmes, especially the soap opera Pobol y Cwm ('People of the Valley') briefly shown on BBC2 across the UK with subtitles in the 1990s.[13] The UK nations also produce a number of programmes that are shown across the UK, such as BBC Scotland's comedy series Chewin' the Fat, and BBC Northern Ireland's talk show Patrick Kielty Almost Live.

text: During the 1980s, the BBC came under pressure to commission more programmes from independent British production companies, and following the Broadcasting Act 1990 it was legally required to source 25% of its output from such companies by the terms of the Act. This eventually led to the creation of the "WoCC" (Window of Creative Competition) for independent production companies to pitch programmes to the BBC.[14]

text: Programmes have also been imported mainly from English-speaking countries: notable—though no longer shown—examples include The Simpsons from the United States and Neighbours from Australia. Programming from countries outside the English-speaking world consisted of feature films, shown in the original language with subtitles instead of being dubbed, with dubbing only used for cartoons and children's programmes.[15] These included programmes from Eastern Europe, including The Singing Ringing Tree from East Germany, although voice-over translation was used instead of dubbing for budgetary reasons.[16]

text: Ceefax, the first teletext service, launched on 23 September 1974. This service allowed BBC viewers to view textual information such as the latest news on their television. CEEFAX did not make a full transition to digital television, instead being gradually replaced by the new interactive BBCi service before being fully closed down on 22 October 2012.

text: In March 2003 the BBC announced that from the end of May 2003 (subsequently deferred to 14 July) it intended to transmit all eight of its domestic television channels (including the 15 regional variations of BBC 1) unencrypted from the Astra 2D satellite. This move was estimated to save the BBC £85 million over the next five years.

text: While the "footprint" of the Astra 2D satellite was smaller than that of Astra 2A, from which it was previously broadcast encrypted, it meant that viewers with appropriate equipment were able to receive BBC channels "free-to-air" over much of Western Europe. Consequently, some rights concerns have needed to be resolved with programme providers such as Hollywood studios and sporting organisations, which have expressed concern about the unencrypted signal leaking out. This led to some broadcasts being made unavailable on the Sky Digital platform, such as Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football, while on other platforms such broadcasts were not disrupted. Later, when rights contracts were renewed, this problem was resolved.

text: 2006 onwards[edit]

text: The BBC Television department headed by Jana Bennett was absorbed into a new, much larger group; BBC Vision, in late 2006.[17] The new group was part of larger restructuring within the BBC with the onset of new media outlets and technology.

text: In 2008, the BBC began experimenting with live streaming of certain channels in the UK, and in November 2008, all standard BBC television channels were made available to watch online via BBC iPlayer.[18]

text: When Tony Hall became Director General in April 2013, he reverted the division to its original name of BBC Television. As Television it was responsible for the commissioning, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels and online, as well as producing content for broadcast.[19]

text: Following the 2016 Licence Fee settlement, BBC Television was split into two divisions, with in-house television production being separated into a new division called BBC Studios controlled by Mark Linsey and the remaining parts of television (channels and genre commissioning, BBC Sport, BBC Three and BBC iPlayer) being renamed as BBC Content, controlled by Charlotte Moore.[4][20] As a result, the BBC Television division is now known internally as BBC Content and "BBC Television" as an entity has ceased to exist.[4][21][22]

text: Funding[edit]

text: The BBC domestic television channels do not broadcast advertisements; they are instead funded by a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually.  This includes viewers who watch real-time streams or catch up services of the BBC's channels online or via their mobile phone. The BBC's international television channels are funded by advertisements and subscription.

text: Channels[edit]

text: Free-to-air in the UK[edit]

text: These channels are also available outside the UK in neighbouring countries e.g. Belgium and the Netherlands.

text: Other public services[edit]

text: A high definition simulcast, BBC Three HD, launched on 10 December 2013.

text: International news[edit]

text: BBC Studios[edit]

text: The BBC's wholly owned commercial subsidiary, BBC Studios, also operates several international television channels under BBC branding:

text: The BBC also co-owns the following channels in joint ventures with other broadcasters:

text: News channel that targets Persian-speaking countries including Iran, Afghanistan and Tajikistan in the Persian/Dari/Tajiki language.

text: BBC Japan was a general entertainment channel, which operated between December 2004 and April 2006. It ceased operations after its Japanese distributor folded.


document_title: Wright Flyer

question_text: what type of plane is the wright flyer

question_tokens: what type of plane is the wright flyer

text: Wright Flyer

text: Design and construction[edit]

text: The Flyer was based on the Wrights' experience testing gliders at Kitty Hawk between 1900 and 1902. Their last glider, the 1902 Glider, led directly to the design of the Flyer.

text: The Wrights built the aircraft in 1903 using giant spruce wood as their construction material.[2] The wings were designed with a 1-in-20 camber. Since they could not find a suitable automobile engine for the task, they commissioned their employee Charlie Taylor to build a new design from scratch, effectively a crude gasoline engine.[3] A sprocket chain drive, borrowing from bicycle technology, powered the twin propellers, which were also made by hand.

text: The Flyer was a bicanard biplane configuration. As with the gliders, the pilot flew lying on his stomach on the lower wing with his head toward the front of the craft in an effort to reduce drag. He steered by moving a cradle attached to his hips. The cradle pulled wires which warped the wings and turned the rudder simultaneously.

text: The Flyer's "runway" was a track of 2x4s stood on their narrow edge, which the brothers nicknamed the "Junction Railroad."

text: Flight trials at Kitty Hawk[edit]

text: Upon returning to Kitty Hawk in 1903, the Wrights completed assembly of the Flyer while practicing on the 1902 Glider from the previous season. On December 14, 1903, they felt ready for their first attempt at powered flight. With the help of men from the nearby government life-saving station, the Wrights moved the Flyer and its launching rail to the incline of a nearby sand dune, Big Kill Devil Hill, intending to make a gravity-assisted takeoff. The brothers tossed a coin to decide who would get the first chance at piloting, and Wilbur won. The airplane left the rail, but Wilbur pulled up too sharply, stalled, and came down in about three seconds with minor damage.

text: Repairs after the abortive first flight took three days. When they were ready again on December 17, the wind was averaging more than 20 mph, so the brothers laid the launching rail on level ground, pointed into the wind, near their camp. This time the wind, instead of an inclined launch, provided the necessary airspeed for takeoff. Because Wilbur had already had the first chance, Orville took his turn at the controls. His first flight lasted 12 seconds for a total distance of 120 ft (36.5 m) – shorter than the wingspan of a Boeing 747, as noted by observers in the 2003 commemoration of the first flight.[1][4]

text: Taking turns, the Wrights made four brief, low-altitude flights that day. The flight paths were all essentially straight; turns were not attempted. Each flight ended in a bumpy and unintended "landing." The last flight, by Wilbur, was 852 feet (260 m) in 59 seconds, much longer than each of the three previous flights of 120, 175 and 200 feet. The landing broke the front elevator supports, which the Wrights hoped to repair for a possible four-mile (6 km) flight to Kitty Hawk village. Soon after, a heavy gust picked up the Flyer and tumbled it end over end, damaging it beyond any hope of quick repair. It was never flown again.

text: In 1904, the Wrights continued refining their designs and piloting techniques in order to obtain fully controlled flight. Major progress toward this goal was achieved with a new Flyer in 1904 and even more decisively in 1905 with a third Flyer, in which Wilbur made a 39-minute, 24-mile (39 km) nonstop circling flight on October 5.[7] While the 1903 Flyer was clearly a historically important test vehicle, its hallowed status in the American imagination has obscured the role of its two successors in the continuing development that led to the Wrights' mastery of controlled powered flight in 1905.

text: The influence of the Flyer[edit]

text: The Flyer series of aircraft were the first to achieve controlled heavier-than-air flight, but some of the mechanical techniques the Wrights used to accomplish this were not influential for the development of aviation as a whole, although their theoretical achievements were. The Flyer design depended on wing-warping and a foreplane or "canard" for pitch control, features which would not scale and produced a hard-to-control aircraft. However, the Wrights' pioneering use of "roll control" by twisting the wings to change wingtip angle in relation to the airstream led directly to the more practical use of ailerons by their imitators, such as Curtiss and Farman. The Wrights' original concept of simultaneous coordinated roll and yaw control (rear rudder deflection), which they discovered in 1902, perfected in 1903–1905, and patented in 1906, represents the solution to controlled flight and is used today on virtually every fixed-wing aircraft. The Wright patent included the use of hinged rather than warped surfaces for the forward elevator and rear rudder. Other features that made the Flyer a success were highly efficient wings and propellers, which resulted from the Wrights' exacting wind tunnel tests and made the most of the marginal power delivered by their early "homebuilt" engines; slow flying speeds (and hence survivable accidents); and an incremental test/development approach. The future of aircraft design, however, lay with rigid wings, ailerons and rear control surfaces. A British patent of 1868 for aileron technology[8] had apparently been completely forgotten by the time the 20th century dawned.

text: After a single statement to the press in January 1904 and a failed public demonstration in May, the Wright Brothers did not publicize their efforts, and other aviators who were working on the problem of flight (notably Alberto Santos-Dumont) were thought by the press to have preceded them by many years. Indeed, several short heavier-than-air powered flights had been made by other aviators before 1903, leading to controversy about precedence (see Early flying machines). The Wrights, however, claimed to be the first of these which was "properly controlled."

text: The issue of control was correctly seen as critical by the Wrights, and they acquired a wide American patent intended to give them ownership of basic aerodynamic control. This was fought in both American and European courts. European designers, however, were little affected by the litigation and continued their own development. The legal fight in the U.S., however, had a crushing effect on the nascent American aircraft industry, and by the time of World War I, the U.S. had no suitable military aircraft and had to purchase French and British models.

text: Flyer stability[edit]

text: The Flyer was conceived as a control-canard, as the Wrights were more concerned with control than stability.[9] However, it was found to be so highly unstable that it was barely controllable.[10] During flight tests near Dayton the Wrights added ballast to the nose of the aircraft to move the center of gravity forward and reduce pitch instability. However the basics of pitch stability of the canard configuration were not understood by the Wright Brothers. F.E.C. Culick stated, "The backward state of the general theory and understanding of flight mechanics hindered them... Indeed, the most serious gap in their knowledge was probably the basic reason for their unwitting mistake in selecting their canard configuration."[11]

text: The Flyer after Kitty Hawk[edit]

text: The Wright Brothers returned home to Dayton for Christmas after the flights of the Kitty Hawk Flyer. While they had abandoned their other gliders, they realized the historical significance of the Flyer. They shipped the heavily damaged craft back to Dayton, where it remained stored in crates behind a Wright Company shed for 9 years. The Great Dayton Flood of March 1913 covered the flyer in mud and water for 11 days.[12]

text: Charlie Taylor relates in a 1948 article that the Flyer nearly got disposed of by the Wrights themselves. In early 1912 Roy Knabenshue, The Wrights Exhibition team manager, had a conversation with Wilbur and asked Wilbur what they planned to do with the Flyer. Wilbur said they most likely will burn it, as they had the 1904 machine. According to Taylor, Knabenshue talked Wilbur out of disposing of the machine for historical purposes.[13]

text: In 1910 the Wrights first made attempts to exhibit the Flyer in the Smithsonian Institution but talks fell through with the ensuing lawsuits against Glenn Curtiss and the Flyer may have been needed as repeated evidence in court cases. Wilbur died in 1912, and in 1916, as the patent fights were ending, Orville brought the Flyer out of storage and prepared it for display at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He replaced parts of the wing covering, the props, and the engine's crankcase, crankshaft, and flywheel. The crankcase, crankshaft and flywheel of the original engine had been sent to the Aero Club of America in New York for an exhibit in 1906 and were never returned to the Wrights. The replacement crankcase, crankshaft and flywheel came from the experimental engine Charlie Taylor had built in 1904 and used for testing in the bicycle shop. A replica crankcase of the flyer is on display at the visitor center at the Wright Brothers National Memorial.

text: Debate with the Smithsonian[edit]

text: The Smithsonian Institution, and primarily its then-secretary Charles Walcott, refused to give credit to the Wright Brothers for the first powered, controlled flight of an aircraft. Instead, they honored the former Smithsonian Secretary Samuel Pierpont Langley, whose 1903 tests of his own Aerodrome on the Potomac were not successful. Walcott was a friend of Langley and wanted to see Langley's place in aviation history restored. In 1914, Glenn Curtiss had recently exhausted the appeal process in a patent infringement legal battle with the Wrights. Curtiss sought to prove Langley's machine, which failed piloted tests nine days before the Wrights successful flight in 1903, capable of controlled, piloted flight in an attempt to invalidate the Wright's wide sweeping patents.

text: The Aerodrome was removed from exhibit at the Smithsonian and prepared for flight at Keuka Lake, New York. Curtis called the preparations "restoration" claiming that the only addition to the design was pontoons to support testing on the lake but critics including patent attorney Griffith Brewer called them alterations of the original design. Curtiss flew the modified Aerodrome, hopping a few feet off the surface of the lake for no more than 5 seconds at a time.[14]

text: Between 1916 and 1928 the Flyer was prepared and assembled for exhibition under the supervision of Orville by Wright Company mechanic Jim Jacobs several times. It was briefly exhibited at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1916, the New York Aero Shows in 1917 and 1919, a Society of Automotive Engineers meeting in Dayton, Ohio in 1918, and the National Air Races in Dayton in 1924.[15]

text: In 1925, Orville attempted to persuade the Smithsonian to recognize his and Wilbur's accomplishment by offering to send the Flyer to the Science Museum in London. This action did not have its intended effect, and the Flyer went on display in the London museum in 1928. It remained there in "the place of honour,"[16] except during World War II when it was moved to an underground storage facility 100 miles (160 km) from London, near the village of Corsham.[15]

text: In 1942 the Smithsonian Institution, under a new secretary, Charles Abbot, published a list of 35 Curtiss modifications to the Aerodrome and a retraction of its long-held claims for the craft. Abbot went on to list 4 regrets including the role the Institution played in supporting unsuccessful defendants in patent litigation by the Wrights, misinformation about modifications made to the Aerodrome after Wright Flyer's first flight and public statements attributing the "first aeroplane capable of sustained free flight with a man" to Secretary Langley. The entry in the 1942 Annual Report of Smithsonian Institution begins with the statement "It is everywhere acknowledged that the Wright brothers were the first to make sustained flights in a heavier-than-air machine at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, on December 17, 1903" and closes with a promise that "Should Dr. Wright decide to deposit the plane ... it would be given the highest place of honor which it is due"[17]

text: The following year, Orville, after exchanging several letters with Abbott, agreed to return the Flyer to the United States. The Flyer stayed at the Science Museum until a replica could be built, based on the original. This change of heart by the Smithsonian is also mired in controversy – the Flyer was sold to the Smithsonian under several contractual conditions, one of which reads:

text: Neither the Smithsonian Institution or its successors, nor any museum or other agency, bureau or facilities administered for the United States of America by the Smithsonian Institution or its successors shall publish or permit to be displayed a statement or label in connection with or in respect of any aircraft model or design of earlier date than the Wright Aeroplane of 1903, claiming in effect that such aircraft was capable of carrying a man under its own power in controlled flight.[18][19]

text: Researchers who promote the accomplishments of pioneer aviator Gustave Whitehead have commented that this agreement renders the Smithsonian unable to make properly unbiased academic decisions concerning any prior claims of 'first flight'.[20]

text: In 1948 the official handover of the Flyer was made to the American Civil Air Attaché at a ceremony attended by representatives of the various flying organizations in the UK and by some British aviation pioneers such as Sir Alliott Verdon-Roe.[21] Later in 1948, the Flyer was returned to the United States on board the Mauretania. When the liner docked at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Paul E. Garber of the Smithsonian's National Air Museum met the aircraft and took command of the proceedings. The rest of the journey to Washington continued on flatbed truck. While in Halifax Garber met John A. D. McCurdy, at the time the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. McCurdy as a young man had been a member of Alexander Graham Bell's team Aerial Experiment Association, which included Glenn Curtiss, and later a famous pioneer pilot. During the stay at Halifax, Garber and McCurdy reminisced about the pioneer aviation days and the Wright Brothers. McCurdy also offered Garber any assistance he needed to get the Flyer home.[22]

text: In the Smithsonian[edit]

text: The Flyer was put on display in the Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian on December 17, 1948, 45 years to the day after the aircraft's only flights. (Orville did not live to see this, as he died in January of that year.) In 1976, it was moved to the Milestones of Flight Gallery of the new National Air and Space Museum. Since 2003 it has resided in a special exhibit in the museum titled "The Wright Brothers and the Invention of the Aerial Age," honoring the Wright Brothers in recognition of the 100th anniversary of their first flight.

text: A piece of fabric and wood from the Wright Flyer was taken to the surface of the Moon by the crew of Apollo 11, the first lunar landing mission, in July 1969.[23]

text: 1985 restoration[edit]

text: In 1981, discussion began on the need to restore the Flyer from the aging it sustained after many decades on display. During the ceremonies celebrating the 78th anniversary of the first flights, Mrs. Harold S. Miller (Ivonette Wright, Lorin's daughter), one of the Wright brothers' nieces, presented the Museum with the original covering of one wing of the Flyer, which she had received in her inheritance from Orville. She expressed her wish to see the aircraft restored.

text: The fabric covering on the aircraft at the time, which came from the 1927 restoration, was discolored and marked with water spots. Metal fasteners holding the wing uprights together had begun to corrode, marking the nearby fabric.

text: Work began in 1985. The restoration was supervised by Senior Curator Robert Mikesh and assisted by Wright Brothers expert Tom Crouch. Museum director Walter J. Boyne decided to perform the restoration in full view of the public.

text: The wooden framework was cleaned, and corrosion on metal parts removed. The covering was the only part of the aircraft replaced. The new covering was more accurate to the original than that of the 1927 restoration. To preserve the original paint on the engine, the restorers coated it in inert wax before putting on a new coat of paint.

text: The effects of the 1985 restoration were intended to last 75 years (to 2060) before another restoration would be required.[24]

text: Flyer reproductions[edit]

text: A number of individuals and groups have attempted to build reproductions of the Wright Flyer for demonstration or scientific purposes.

text: In 1978, 23-year-old Ken Kellett built a replica Flyer in Colorado and flew it at Kitty Hawk on the 75th and 80th anniversaries of the first flight there. Construction took a year and cost $3,000.[citation needed]

text: As the 100th anniversary on December 17, 2003 approached, the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission along with other organizations opened bids for companies to recreate the original flight. The Wright Experience, led by Ken Hyde, won the bid and painstakingly recreated reproductions of the original Flyer, plus many of the prototype gliders and kites as well as several subsequent Wright aircraft. The completed Flyer reproduction was brought to Kitty Hawk and pilot Kevin Kochersberger attempted to recreate the original flight at 10:35 AM December 17, 2003 on level ground near the bottom of Kill Devil Hill.[25] Although the aircraft had previously made several successful test flights, sour weather, rain, and weak winds prevented a successful flight on the actual anniversary date. Hyde's reproduction is displayed at the Henry Ford Museum in Dearborn, Michigan.

text: Numerous static display-only, nonflying reproductions are on display around the United States and across the world, making this perhaps the most reproduced single aircraft of the "pioneer" era in history, rivaling the number of copies — some of which are airworthy — of Louis Blériot's cross-Channel Bleriot XI from 1909.

text:
The AIAA's Flyer reproduction undergoing testing in a NASA wind tunnel.

Wright Flyer Replica at the Henry Ford Museum

Flyer replica at the Frontiers of Flight Museum

Wright 1903 Flyer replica at the Lysdale Historic Hangar [1]

tag: ul

text: Artifacts[edit]

text: Portions of the original fabric and wood from the Flyer traveled to the surface of the moon aboard the Apollo 11 lunar module. This artifact is on display at the visitors center at the Wright Brothers National Memorial in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.[26] Separate portions of original wood and fabric were taken by North Carolina native astronaut Michael Smith aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on mission STS-51-L which was destroyed on liftoff. The portions of wood and fabric were recovered from the wreck of the shuttle and are on display at the North Carolina Museum of History[27]

text:
Flyer wood and fabric taken aboard Apollo 11

Flyer wood and fabric taken aboard STS-51-L

text: Media[edit]

text:
Play media

A 1945 newsreel covering various firsts in human flight, including Wright Flyer footage

text: Specifications (Wright Flyer)[edit]

text: General characteristics

text:
Crew: One
Length: 21 ft (6 m) 1 in (6.43 m)
Wingspan: 40 ft (12 m) 4 in (12.31 m)
Height: 9 ft (3 m) 0 in (2.74 m)
Wing area: 510 ft² (47 m²)
Empty weight: 605 lb (274 kg)
Max. takeoff weight: 745 lb (338 kg)
Powerplant: 1 × straight-4 water-cooled piston engine, 12 hp (9 kW), 170 lbs (77.3 kg), (2 Wright "Elliptical" props, 8 ft (2 m). 6in., port prop carved to counter-rotate left, starboard prop carved to rotate to the right)

text: Performance

text:
Maximum speed: 30 mph (48 km/h)
Service ceiling: 30 ft (9 m)
Wing loading: 1.4 lb/ft² (7 kg/m²)
Power/mass: 0.02 hp/lb (30 W/kg)


document_title: Uncle Sam

question_text: who is on the we want you poster

question_tokens: who is on the we want you poster

text: Uncle Sam

text: Earlier personifications[edit]

text: The earliest known personification of the United States was as a woman named Columbia, who first appeared in 1738 (pre-USA) and sometimes was associated with another female personification, Lady Liberty. With the American Revolutionary War came Brother Jonathan, a male personification, and Uncle Sam finally appeared after the War of 1812.[8] Columbia appeared with either Brother Jonathan or Uncle Sam, but her use declined as a national personification in favor of Liberty, and she was effectively abandoned once she became the mascot of Columbia Pictures in the 1920s.

text: According to an article in the 1893 The Lutheran Witness, Uncle Sam was simply another name for Brother Jonathan:

text: When we meet him in politics we call him Uncle Sam; when we meet him in society we call him Brother Jonathan. Here of late Uncle Sam alias Brother Jonathan has been doing a powerful lot of complaining, hardly doing anything else. [sic][9]

text: A March 24, 1810 journal entry by Isaac Mayo states:

text: weighed anchor stood down the harbour, passed Sandy Hook, where there are two light-houses, and put to sea, first and second day out most deadly seasick, oh could I have got on shore in the hight [sic] of it, I swear that uncle Sam, as they call him, would certainly forever have lost the services of at least one sailor.[10]

text: Evolution[edit]

text: The precise origin of the Uncle Sam character is unclear, but a popular legend is that the name "Uncle Sam" was derived from Samuel Wilson, a meatpacker from Troy, New York who supplied rations for American soldiers during the War of 1812. There was a requirement at the time for contractors to stamp their name and where the rations came from onto the food they were sending. Wilson's packages were labeled "E.A – US." When someone asked what that stood for, a co-worker jokingly said, "Elbert Anderson [the contractor] and Uncle Sam," referring to Wilson, though the "US" actually stood for United States.[11] Doubts have been raised as to the authenticity of this story, as the claim did not appear in print until 1842.[12] Additionally, the earliest known mention definitely referring to the metaphorical Uncle Sam is from 1810, predating Wilson's contract with the government.[10] As early as 1835, Brother Jonathan made a reference to Uncle Sam, implying that they symbolized different things: Brother Jonathan was the country itself, while Uncle Sam was the government and its power.[13]

text: By the 1850s, the names Brother Jonathan and Uncle Sam were being used nearly interchangeably, to the point that images of what had previously been called "Brother Jonathan" were being called "Uncle Sam". Similarly, the appearance of both personifications varied wildly. For example, one depiction of Uncle Sam in 1860 showed him looking like Benjamin Franklin,[14] while a contemporaneous depiction of Brother Jonathan[15] looks more like the modern version of Uncle Sam, though without a goatee.

text: Uncle Sam did not get a standard appearance, even with the effective abandonment of Brother Jonathan near the end of the American Civil War, until the well-known "recruitment" image of Uncle Sam was first created by James Montgomery Flagg during World War I. The image was inspired by a British recruitment poster showing Lord Kitchener in a similar pose. It is this image more than any other that has influenced the modern appearance of Uncle Sam: an elderly white man with white hair and a goatee, wearing a white top hat with white stars on a blue band, a blue tail coat, and red-and-white-striped trousers.

text: Flagg's depiction of Uncle Sam was shown publicly for the first time, according to some, on the cover of the magazine Leslie's Weekly on July 6, 1916, with the caption "What Are You Doing for Preparedness?"[1][16] More than four million copies of this image were printed between 1917 and 1918. Flagg's image was also used extensively during World War II, during which the U.S. was codenamed "Samland" by the German intelligence agency Abwehr.[17] The term was central in the song "The Yankee Doodle Boy", which was featured in 1942 in the musical Yankee Doodle Dandy.

text: There are two memorials to Uncle Sam, both of which commemorate the life of Samuel Wilson: the Uncle Sam Memorial Statue in Arlington, Massachusetts, his birthplace; and a memorial near his long-term residence in Riverfront Park, Troy, New York. Wilson's boyhood home can still be visited in Mason, New Hampshire. Samuel Wilson died on July 31, 1854, aged 87, and is buried in Oakwood Cemetery, Troy, New York.

text: In 1989, "Uncle Sam Day" became official. A Congressional joint resolution[18] designated September 13, 1989 as "Uncle Sam Day", the birthday of Samuel Wilson. In 2015, the family history company MyHeritage researched Uncle Sam's family tree and claims to have tracked down his living relatives.[19][20]


document_title: America's Next Top Model (cycle 24)

question_text: who went home on america's next top model episode 8

question_tokens: who went home on america 's next top model episode 8

text: America's Next Top Model (cycle 24)

text: Contestants[edit]

text: (Ages stated are at start of contest.)[1][3]

text:
Contestant
Age
Height
Hometown
Finish
Place

Maggie Keating
20
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Surry, Maine
Episode 2
15

Ivana Thomas
23
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Durham, North Carolina
Episode 3
14

Liz Woodbury
24
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Greenville, Massachusetts
Episode 4
13 (quit)

Rhiyan Carreker
20
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
Orange County, California
12

Coura Fall
24
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Eastvale, California
Episode 5
11

Liberty Netuschil
20
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Lava Hot Springs, Idaho
Episode 6
10

Christina McDonald
34
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
Jenkintown, Pennsylvania
Episode 7
9

Sandra Shehab
22
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Cliffside Park, New Jersey
Episode 8
8

Brendi K Seiner
22
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Nashville, Tennessee
Episode 9
7 (quit)

Erin Green
42
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Riverside, California
Episode 10
6

Rio Summers
23
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Detroit, Michigan
Episode 13
5

Shanice Carroll
25
1.75 m (5 ft 9 in)
Murfreesboro, Tennessee
Episode 15
4

Khrystyana Kazakova
32
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
New York, New York
3

Jeana Turner
24
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
Minneapolis, Minnesota
2

Kyla Coleman
20
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)
Lacey, Washington
1

tag: table

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The Boss Is Back[edit]

text: Original air date: January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)

text: The semi-finalists were introduced to the judges for the first time, and were made aware of the new casting process in which any of them could be eliminated at any point during casting week (as opposed to the mass-eliminations in previous cycles), to gradually reduce the pool of contestants. The models then had one-on-one auditions with the judges, which saw several semi-finalists leave the competition.

text: The surviving models later met with judge Drew Elliot and fashion director Nicola Formichetti for an Avant-garde photo shoot and runway challenge. The remaining 18 contestants moved into the model house, and at the end of the week, host Tyra Banks selected the finalized cast of 14 contestants. Immediately afterwards, Banks announced that one of the semifinalists who'd missed the final cut, Erin Green, would also be allowed to move on to the main competition, bringing the final number of contestants to 15.[4][5]

text:
Featured photographer: Renata Raksha
Special guests: Nicola Formichetti

text: Beauty Is Los Angeles[edit]

text: Original air date: January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)

text: The finalists moved into the model home. They later met runway coach Stacey McKenzie for a catwalk lesson in preparation for an upcoming runway challenge at Venice Beach skate park, where the contestants had to model designs from Baja East and avoid skateboarders as they navigated across a skating ramp. As the winner of the challenge, Khrystyana was chosen to walk in a show for the label during New York fashion week. On set, the models had a bohemian pregnancy photo shoot with photographer Charlotte Rutherford, inspired by Hollywood's latest baby boom fashion trends. At elimination, Coura received best picture. Brendi K and Maggie landed in the bottom two, and Maggie was eliminated from the competition.[6]

text:
Featured photographer: Charlotte Rutherford
Special guests: Stacey McKenzie

text: Beauty Is a Trademark[edit]

text: Original air date: January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)

text: The models arrived back at the house and immediately received a Tyra Mail alluding to the fact that makeovers would be taking place soon. After the makeovers were administered, the models met Director X for a video shoot meant to showcase their new trademark looks in a room full of mirrors. At elimination, Liberty was deemed to be the best performer for the shoot. Shanice and Ivana landed in the bottom two, and Ivana was eliminated from the competition.[7]

text:
Featured director: Director X
Special guests: Leanne Citrone

text: Beauty Is Drama[edit]

text: Original air date: January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)

text: The remaining models received scripts for a screen test challenge with actor Kevin Phillips, which was judged by director Anthony Hemingway and Stacey McKenzie. Khrystyana was ultimately chosen as the challenge winner. Later on, the models were taken to a mansion for a photo shoot inspired by American Horror Story. After a heart to heart conversation with Tyra, Liz decided to quit the competition. At elimination, Khrystyana received best photo. Coura and Rhiyan landed in the bottom two, and Rhiyan was eliminated from the competition.[8]

text:
Featured photographer: Ekaterina Belinskaya
Special guests: B. Akerlund, Anthony Hemingway, Stacey McKenzie, Kevin Phillips

text: Beauty Is Unconventional[edit]

text: Original air date: February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)

text: The remaining 11 models had to work with renowned YouTuber Patrick Starr to shoot a beauty vlog which required them to use unconventional items as beauty tools. Sandra was chosen as the challenge winner, and was rewarded with a guest appearance on Starr's channel. On set, the models were stacked on top of one another to have their beauty shots taken. At elimination, Rio received best picture. Christina and Coura landed in the bottom two, and Coura was eliminated from the competition.[9]

text:
Featured photographer: Tatiana Gerusova
Special guests: Patrick Starr

text: Beauty Is Pride[edit]

text: Original air date: February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)

text: The remaining 10 contestants celebrated pride week at Micky's Bar, and took part in a self styled popup runway challenge for designer Christian Cowan which was won by Khrystyana. The models later had a photo shoot posing alongside former Drag Race contestants Manila Luzon, Valentina and Katya Zamolodchikova. Khrystyana won best picture at elimination. Kyla and Liberty landed in the bottom two, and Liberty was eliminated from the competition.[10]

text:
Featured photographer: Katie Levine
Special guests: Valentina, Christian Cowan, Manila Luzon, Stacey McKenzie, Katya Zamolodchikova

text: Beauty Is Raw[edit]

text: Original air date: February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)

text: The remaining nine contestants were challenged with the task of creating an anti-bullying PSA for the National Crime Prevention Council under the direction of Director X. As the winners of the challenge, Khrystyana, Kyla, and Sandra were chosen to have their video used as part of a national digital campaign for NCPC. On set, the models were stripped to their barest essentials and had their photographs taken by Tyra. At elimination Brendi K, Jeana, Khrystyana, Kyla, Rio, Sandra, and Shanice received a joint first call-out as a group. Christina and Erin landed in the bottom two, and Christina was eliminated from the competition.[11]

text:
Featured photographer: Tyra Banks
Special guests: Yoko Sakakura, Shigeko Taylor, Director X, Stacey McKenzie

text: Beauty Is Social[edit]

text: Original air date: February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)

text: The remaining models received a visit from Tyra, and learned about effective techniques for taking a selfie. They were later introduced to model Jourdan Dunn in time for a selfie challenge in which they had to advertise Jourdan's clothing brand, LonDunn. Jeana was chosen as the winner of the challenge. On set the contestants were photographed by Tyra in a photo shoot where they had to pose with plus-sized male models covered in gold body paint. At elimination, Kyla received best photo. Khrystyana and Sandra landed in bottom two, and Sandra was eliminated from the competition.[12]

text:
Featured photographer: Tyra Banks
Special guests: Jourdan Dunn, Zach Miko, Miles Dausuel, Kevin Rivers, Michael
Guest judge: Jourdan Dunn

text: Beauty Is Movement[edit]

text: Original air date: March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)

text: The seven remaining models met with Ashley Graham and movement coach Jermaine Browne for a motion shoot challenge, which was won by Jeana. They later had a couture photo shoot in the desert while posing with a parachute. Brendi K decided to quit the competition at panel. Shanice received best photo during elimination, while Jeana and Kyla landed in the bottom two. As a result of Brendi K’s departure earlier in the episode, both of them were allowed to stay.[13]

text:
Featured photographer: Pieter Henket
Special guests: Jermaine Browne

text: Beauty Is Real[edit]

text: Original air date: March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)

text: The six remaining contestants attended castings in Los Angeles for Chris Mena and Maggie Barry. Kyla and Rio were chosen as the winners of the challenge, and were given the opportunity to walk in a runway show for the designers as part of their reward. On set, the models had a cover try photo shoot for Paper magazine. At elimination, Rio received best photo. Erin and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Erin was eliminated from the competition.[14]

text:
Featured photographer: Pieter Henket
Special guests: Chris Mena, Barbara Strasmore, Maggie Barry

text: Behind The Beauty[edit]

text: This episode featured behind the scenes and never before seen footage of the cycle, and highlighted each contestants journey to the top five.

text: Beauty Is Personality[edit]

text: Original air date: March 20, 2018

text: The remaining finalists had a challenge in which they had to create personalized avatars for the new America's Next Top Model mobile game. Khrystyana was chosen as the winner, and received an assortment of clothes styled by Law Roach. The models were later taken to a mansion in order to shoot a music video with Maejor and Tyra Banks under the direction of Director X. At elimination, Khrystyana received best performance. Jeana and Rio landed in the bottom two, and Jeana was eliminated from the competition.[15]

text:
Featured director: Director X
Special guests: Maejor, David Ortis
Guest judge: Director X

text: Beauty Is a Comeback[edit]

text: Original air date: March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)

text: The final four took part in a throwback America's Next Top Model challenge inspired by the bubble runway from cycle 16. It was revealed that the models would be walking alongside the formerly eliminated contestants, one of whom would be replacing that week's eliminee at panel. Erin was chosen as the challenge winner, and along with Liberty, Christina, and Jeana, moved back into the model house for the opportunity to possibly return. On set, the contestants had a photo shoot in pairs with cycle 3 winner Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas, shot by former judge Nigel Barker. At elimination, Kyla received best picture. Rio and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Rio was eliminated from the competition. Out of the four comeback contestants, Jeana was chosen to return.[16]

text:
Featured photographer: Nigel Barker
Special guests: Stacey McKenzie, Eva Marcille

text: Beauty Is Commercial[edit]

text: Original air date: April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)

text: The remaining four models took part in a challenge for Pantene in which they had to style their own hair and makeup. Khrystyana was chosen as the winner. On set, the contestants had to shoot an advertising campaign for Pantene, which required them to embody several different products from the brand. At elimination, Kyla won best photo. Jeana and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Jeana was eliminated from the competition. In a shocking turn of events, she was saved from elimination by guest judge Philipp Plein, joining the other three models in the finale.[17]

text:
Featured photographer: Torkil Gudnason
Special guests: Kelly Vanasse, Danilo, Philipp Plein
Guest judge: Philipp Plein

text: Next Level Fierce[edit]

text: Original air date: April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)

text: The finalists attended a fitting for Philipp Plein after which Shanice was eliminated from the competition. The remaining three contestants took part in a photo shoot for the winner's spread to be published in Paper magazine. They later reunited with the formerly eliminated contestants for the final runway show. Immediately following the runway show, Khrystyana was eliminated based on the results from the photo shoot that had taken place earlier that week. The judges deliberated over the body of work of the remaining two finalists, and at the end of the night, Kyla was crowned as the winner.[18]

text:
Featured photographer: Vijat Mohindra
Special guests: Philipp Plein, Mickey Boardman, Stacey McKenzie

text: Summaries[edit]

text: Results[edit]

text:
Order
Episodes

2
3
4[a]
5
6
7[b]
8
9[c]
10
12
13
14[d]
15[e]

1
Coura
Liberty
Khrystyana
Rio
Khrystyana
Brendi K.
Jeana
Khrystyana
Kyla
Rio
Sandra
Shanice
Kyla
Shanice
Rio
Khrystyana
Kyla
Kyla
Kyla

2
Rio
Jeana
Jeana
Khrystyana
Shanice
Jeana
Khrystyana
Khrystyana
Kyla
Khrystyana
Khrystyana
Jeana

3
Erin
Brendi K.
Christina
Shanice
Jeana
Shanice
Erin
Jeana
Shanice
Shanice
Shanice
Khrystyana

4
Jeana
Rio
Liberty
Sandra
Christina
Erin
Rio
Kyla
Rio
Rio
Jeana
Shanice

5
Khrystyana
Kyla
Brendi K.
Kyla
Erin
Brendi K.
Jeana
Kyla
Shanice
Jeana

6
Christina
Christina
Erin
Brendi K.
Sandra
Rio
Erin

7
Liz
Liz
Shanice
Jeana
Rio
Khrystyana
Brendi K.

8
Kyla
Coura
Kyla
Erin
Brendi K.
Erin
Sandra

9
Ivana
Erin
Rio
Liberty
Kyla
Christina

10
Rhiyan
Khrystyana
Sandra
Christina
Liberty

11
Liberty
Sandra
Coura
Coura

12
Shanice
Rhiyan
Rhiyan

13
Sandra
Shanice
Liz

14
Brendi K.
Ivana

15
Maggie

text:
Jump up ^ In Episode 4, Liz quit the competition before that week's panel and elimination.
Jump up ^ In Episode 7, Brendi K., Jeana, Khrystyana, Kyla, Rio, Sandra, and Shanice shared a 7-way tie for first call-out.
Jump up ^ In Episode 9, Brendi K. quit the competition during panel. As a result, no one was eliminated.
Jump up ^ Jeana returned to the competition after Rio’s elimination in episode 13. She was originally eliminated once again in episode 14 when she landed in the bottom two with Shanice, but was saved.
Jump up ^ In episode 15, Shanice was eliminated outside of judging panel after a fitting that took place before the final runway. Khrystyana was eliminated after the first deliberation at the final judging. Following the final deliberation, Kyla was crowned as the winner.

tag: ol

text: Photo shoot guide[edit]

text:
Episode 1 photo shoot: Avant-garde couture in a garden (casting)
Episode 2 photo shoot: Bohemian maternity editorial
Episode 3 video shoot: Trademark style in a mirrored room
Episode 4 photo shoot: American Horror Story in a haunted mansion
Episode 5 photo shoot: Stacked beauty shots in groups
Episode 6 photo shoot: Princesses with former RuPaul's Drag Race contestants
Episode 7 photo shoot: Unretouched natural beauty in lingerie
Episode 8 photo shoot: Dripping in gold with plus-size male models
Episode 9 photo shoot: Parachute couture in the desert
Episode 10 photo shoot: Paper magazine cover tries
Episode 12 music video: Mansion madness with Maejor
Episode 13 photo shoot: Posing in pairs with Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas
Episode 14 photo shoot: Pantene ad campaigns
Episode 15 photo shoot: Paper magazine spreads

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
cycle
Episode
Air date
Viewers (m)
18–49
Rating/share
Ref.

305
1
"The Boss Is Back"
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
0.86
0.45
[19]

306
2
"Beauty Is Los Angeles"
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
0.96
0.40
[20]

307
3
"Beauty Is a Trademark"
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
0.88
0.42
[21]

308
4
"Beauty Is Drama"
January 30, 2018 (2018-01-30)
0.79
0.37
[22]

309
5
"Beauty Is Unconventional"
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
0.78
0.38
[23]

310
6
"Beauty Is Pride"
February 13, 2018 (2018-02-13)
0.79
0.32
[24]

311
7
"Beauty Is Raw"
February 20, 2018 (2018-02-20)
0.86
0.40
[25]

312
8
"Beauty Is Social"
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
0.83
0.39
[26]

313
9
"Beauty Is Movement"
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
0.67
0.30
[27]

314
10
"Beauty Is Real"
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
0.73
0.35
[28]

315
11
"Behind The Beauty"
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
0.41
0.18
[28]

316
12
"Beauty Is Personality"
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
0.78
0.35
[29]

317
13
"Beauty Is a Comeback"
March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)
0.74
0.35
[30]

318
14
"Beauty Is Commercial"
April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)
0.83
0.36
[31]

319
15
"Next Level Fierce"
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
0.86
0.35
[32]


document_title: List of countries by motor vehicle production

question_text: who produces the most cars in the world

question_tokens: who produces the most cars in the world

text:
This is a list of countries by motor vehicle production based on Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA) and other data from 2016 and earlier.
Figures include passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, minibuses, trucks, buses and coaches.[1]

text:
#
Country
2016
[2]
2015
[3]
2014
[4]
2013
[5]
2012
[6]
2011
[7][8]
2010
[8][9]
2005
[10]
2000
[11][12]
1995
[12][13]
1990
[14][15]
[16]
1980
[14][15][16][17]
1970
[14][15][16][17]
1960
[14][15][16][17]
1950
[14][15]
Peak
production
[14][15][12][18][13][16]
Peak
year
[14][15][12][18][13][16]

—
 World
94,976,569
90,780,583
89,747,430
87,507,027
84,141,209
80,092,840
77,629,127
66,482,439
58,374,162
50,046,000
48,553,969
38,564,516
29,419,484
16,488,340
10,577,426
94,976,569
2016

1
 China
28,118,794
24,503,326
23,722,890
22,116,825
19,271,808
18,418,876
18,264,761
5,717,619
2,069,069
1,434,772
509,242
222,288
87,166
22,574
 ?
28,118,794
2016

2
 United States
12,198,137
12,100,095
11,660,699
11,066,432
10,335,765
8,661,535
7,743,093
11,946,653
12,799,857
11,985,457
9,782,997
8,009,841
8,283,949
7,905,119
8,005,859
13,024,978[19]
1999[20]

3
 Japan
9,204,590
9,278,238
9,774,558
9,630,181
9,943,077
8,398,630
9,628,920
10,799,659
10,140,796
10,195,536
13,486,796
11,042,884
5,289,157
481,551
31,597
13,486,796
1990

4
 Germany[21]
6,062,562
6,033,164
5,907,548
5,718,222
5,649,260
6,146,948
5,905,985
5,757,710
5,526,615
4,667,364
4,976,552
3,878,553
3,842,247
2,056,149
306,064
6,213,460
2007

5
 India
4,488,965[22]
4,160,585[22]
3,840,160
3,898,425
4,174,713
3,927,411
3,557,073
1,638,674
801,360
636,000[23]
362,655
113,917
76,409
51,136
14,688
4,488,965
2016

6
 South Korea
4,228,509
4,555,957
4,524,932
4,521,429
4,561,766
4,657,094
4,271,741
3,699,350
3,114,998
2,526,400
1,321,630
123,135
28,819
0
0
4,657,094
2011

7
 Mexico
3,597,462
3,565,469
3,365,306
3,054,849
3,001,814
2,681,050
2,342,282
1,684,238
1,935,527
935,017
820,558
490,006
192,841
49,807
0
3,597,462
2016

8
 Spain
2,885,922
2,733,201
2,402,978
2,163,338
1,979,179
2,373,329
2,387,900
2,752,500
3,032,874
2,333,787
2,053,350
1,181,659
539,132
58,209
0,253
3,032,874
2000

9
 Canada
2,370,271
2,283,474
2,393,890
2,379,806
2,463,364
2,135,121
2,068,189
2,687,892
2,961,636
2,407,999
1,947,106
1,369,607
1,159,504
397,739
387,726
3,058,813
1999

10
 Brazil
2,156,356
2,429,463
3,364,890
3,712,380
3,402,508
3,407,861
3,381,728[24]
2,530,840
1,681,517
1,629,008
914,466
1,165,174
416,089
133,041
0
3,712,380
2013

11
 France
2,082,000[25]
1,972,000[25]
1,817,000[25]
1,740,000[25]
1,967,765
2,242,928
2,229,421
3,549,008
3,348,361
3,474,705
3,768,993
3,378,433
2,750,086
1,369,210
357,512
3,919,776[26]
1989[27]

12
 Thailand
1,944,417
1,915,420
1,880,007
2,457,057
2,429,142
1,457,798
1,644,513
1,122,712
411,721
533,200
304,843
73,347
22,055
0
0
2,457,057
2013

13
 United Kingdom
1,816,622
1,682,156
1,598,879
1,597,433
1,576,945
1,463,999
1,393,463
1,803,109
1,813,894
1,765,000[28]
1,565,957
1,312,914
2,098,498
1,810,700
783,672
2,332,376
1963

14
 Turkey
1,485,927
1,358,796
1,170,445
1,125,534
1,072,978
1,189,131
1,094,557
879,452
430,947
282,000
209,150
50,881
25,000
0
0
1,485,927
2016

15
 Czech Republic
1,349,896
1,303,603
1,251,220
1,132,931
1,178,995
1,199,845
1,076,384
602,237
455,492
216,000
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
1,349,896
2016

16
 Russia[29]
1,303,989
1,384,399
1,886,646
2,184,266
2,233,103
1,990,155
1,403,244
1,354,504
1,205,581
994,000[30]
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
2,233,103
2012

17
 Indonesia
1,177,389
1,098,780
1,298,523
1,206,368
1,052,895
838,388
702,508
500,710
379,300
292,710

103,000

1,298,523
2014

18
 Iran
1,164,710[31]
982,337
1,090,846
743,647
1,000,089
1,649,311
1,599,454
1,077,190
277,985

44,665
161,000
35,000

1,649,311
2011

19
 Italy
1,103,516
1,014,223
697,864
658,206
671,768
790,348
838,186
1,038,352
1,738,315
1,667,270
2,120,850
1,610,287
1,854,252
644,633
127,847
2,220,774
1989

20
 Slovakia
1,040,000
1,035,503
993,000
975,000
926,555
639,763
561,933
218,349
181,783
22,600
-
-
-
-
-
1,040,000
2016

21
 Poland
681,837
660,603
593,904
590,159
654,756
838,133
869,474
613,200
504,972
381,000
347,975
417,834
113,087
37,000
1,000
950,908[32]
2008

22
 South Africa
599,004
615,658
566,083
545,913
539,424
532,545
472,049
525,227
345,297

334,779
404,766
297,573

615,658
2015

23
 Malaysia
513,445[31]
614,671
596,600
601,407
572,150
533,695
567,715
563,408
282,830
164,000
191,580
104,227

601,407
2013

24
 Argentina
472,776[25]
533,683[25]
617,329
791,007
764,495
828,771
716,540
319,755
339,632
286,000
99,639
281,793
219,599
89,000

828,771
2011

25
 Hungary
472,000
495,370[31]
437,599
222,400
217,840
202,800
211,461
152,015
137,398
53,000

3,000

495,370
2015

26
 Belgium
399,427
409,340
516,832
503,504
538,848
595,084
555,302
926,515
1,033,294
468,000
1,248,290
923,426
296,000
1,000[12][33]

1,248,290
1990

27
 Romania
359,306
387,177
391,422
410,997
337,765
335,232
350,912
194,802
78,165
93,000
94,000[12][34]
124,000
59,000
12,000

410,997
2013

28
 Morocco
345,106
288,329
231,986
167,452[31]
108,743[31]
59,477
42,066
33,992
31,314

345,106
2016

29
 Taiwan
309,531
351,085
379,223
338,720
339,038
343,296
303,456
446,345
361,800
406,000
382,000[12][34]

446,345
2005

30
 Pakistan
220,950[31]
229,686
148,746
134,145
165,700
162,194
152,970
153,393
31,500

229,686
2015

31
 Sweden
205,374
188,987[35]
154,173[35]
161,080[35]
162,814[35]
188,969[35]
217,084
339,229
301,343
490,000
344,000[12][34]
317,000
311,000
129,000
28,000
494,000
1999

32
 Australia
161,294
173,009
180,311
215,926
209,730
224,193
243,495
394,713
347,122
331,000
284,000[12][34]
361,000
475,000
204,000
58,000
498,000
1974

33
 Portugal
143,096
156,626
161,509
154,016
163,561
192,242
158,723
226,834
245,784
57,000
26,000[12][34]
91,000

271,030
1998

34
 Philippines
135,840[31]
112,493[31]
106,938
52,260[31]
55,360[31]
53,921
65,625
64,492
38,877
107,000

213,402
2007

35
 Slovenia[36]
133,702
133,092
118,591
93,734
130,949
174,119
205,711
187,247
98,953

212,749
2009

36
 Austria
108,000[31]
125,500[31]
154,340[31]
166,428[31]
143,060[31]
152,505
104,814
253,279
141,026
68,000
20,000[12][34]
14,000
7,000
13,000

274,932
2006

37
 Uzbekistan[37]
88,152
185,400
245,660
246,641
164,180[31]
179,560
156,880
94,437
32,273

246,641
2013

38
 Serbia[38]
80,320
83,630[31]
103,150
113,878
11,032
11,023
18,033
14,179
12,740

 ??
 ??

39
 Colombia
79,036[31]
78,070[31]
71,137
70,686[31]
32,466
41,714
109,333
23,979[39]
 ?
34,850[31]
43,000

109,333
2010

40
 Vietnam
66,030[31]
50,000[31]
48,871
37,576[31]
40,470[31]
31,181
42,286
31,600[31]
6,862[39]

50,000
2015

41
 Finland
55,280[31]
69,053[31]
45,035[31]
7,703
2,900[31]
2,540
6,665
21,644
38,926

69,053
2015

42
 Netherlands
44,430[31]
44,122[31]
29,807[31]
29,183
57,462
73,151[40]
94,132
102,204
98,823
132,000
111,000[12][34]
97,000
79,000
19,000

307,220
1999

43
 Algeria
42,008
19,346
1,244
0
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ??
 ??

44
 Egypt
36,230[31]
36,000[31]
42,515
39,050[31]
56,480[31]
81,731
116,683
123,425
59,765

123,425
2005

45
 Belarus[41]
16,864
15,033
22,990
22,926
25,425
24,343
15,249
26,995
19,324

40,100
29,800
18,700
2,400
40,100
1980

46
 Kazakhstan[42]
10,651
14,477
40,162
40,684
19,186
8,195
3,176
 ?
 ?

40,684
2013

47
 Ukraine[43]
5,264
8,244
28,751
50,449
76,281
104,654
83,133
215,759
31,255

206,700
115,700
7,500
18,300
423,127
2008

48
 Venezuela
2,850
18,300
19,759
71,753
104,083
102,409
104,357
135,425
21,190
96,400

153,000

175,458
2006

49
 Bangladesh
580[31]
540[31]
536
 ?
 ?
 ?
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
 ??
 ??

50
 Azerbaijan[44]
247
415
2,145
669[31]
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?

2,145
2014

 ??
 Bulgaria
 ?
 ?
 ?
2,508[31]
2,200
0
0
0
0
2,200
 ?
21,000
12,000

21,000
1990

 ??
 North Korea
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?
 ?

3,000
 ??
 ??

 ??
 New Zealand
 ?
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
 ?
 ?
90,000
55,178
32,409
9,731
123,000
1982

 ??
 Ireland
 ?
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
 ?
 ?
47,000

47,000
1981

 Tunisia
0
540[31]
540[31]
1,860[31]
1,860[31]
1,860
0
 ?
 ?

 ??
 ??

 Ecuador
0
4,800[31]
5,986
24,322[31]
24,322[31]
24,322
22,335
32,254
41,047

41,047
2000

 Zimbabwe
0
0
0
829[31]
829[31]
829[31]
257
960
792

 ??
 ??

 Kenya
0
0
0
3,080[31]
3,080[31]
2,945
0
405
288

 ??
 ??

 Uruguay
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
14,404

 ??
 ??

 Chile
0
0
0
0
0
0
4,700
6,660[31]
5,245[39]

10,804
2007

 Nigeria
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2,937
7,834

 ??
 ??

 Peru
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,566
 ?

 ??
 ??

Note 2.
Former countries

—
 Soviet Union
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
2,039,600
2,199,200
916,118
523,591
362,985
2,247,500
1985

—
 Yugoslavia
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
239,000[12][34]
278,000
124,000
16,000
1,000
318,300
1988

—
 Czechoslovakia
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
242,000
233,112
169,920
75,000
31,000
242,000
1990

—
 East Germany
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
216,585
153,378
77,350
8,243
264,444
1986