document_title: Timeline of the SARS outbreak

question_text: where did the new form of pneumonia sars start

question_tokens: where did the new form of pneumonia sars start

root

text: Timeline of the SARS outbreak

text: November 2002[edit]

text: On November 16, 2002, an outbreak of what is believed to be severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) began in the Guangdong province of China, which borders on Hong Kong. The first case of infection was speculated to be a farmer in the Shunde district of Foshan County. The People's Republic of China (PRC) notified the World Health Organization (WHO) about this outbreak on February 10, reporting 305 cases (including 105 health-care workers) and 5 deaths;[1] it was later reported that the outbreak in Guangdong had peaked in mid-February, but that appears to be false, as later 806 infections and 34 deaths were reported.[2]

tag: p

text: Early in the epidemic, the PRC discouraged its press from reporting on SARS and lagged in reporting the situation to the World Health Organization, delaying the initial report. Initially, it did not provide information for Chinese provinces other than Guangdong, the province where the disease is believed to have originated.[3] For example, a WHO team that travelled to Beijing was not allowed to visit the Guangdong province for several weeks.[4] This resulted in international criticism, which seemed to have caused a change in government policy in early April.

text: January 2003[edit]

text: The first super-spreader, Zhou Zoufeng would bring the disease to the international stage. He checked in to the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital in Guangzhou on January 31. This was the same hospital where Dr. Liu Jianlun was treating the disease. The virus was soon spread to nearby hospitals while Liu would later spread the disease to Hong Kong.[5]

text: February 2003[edit]

text: SARS arrived in Hong Kong in February 2003, when a doctor who had treated some of the cases of SARS at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital in Guangdong came to attend a family gathering. Dr. Liu Jianlun, Hong Kong's first patient, checked into the Metropole Hotel on February 21, with a room on the ninth floor, specifically room 911. Even though he was already feeling somewhat ill he visited with his family and traveled around Hong Kong. By February 22, he was sick enough to seek care at Kwong Wah Hospital. He died there in the Intensive Care Unit on March 4th. He is believed to have been a superspreader, as he spread the virus to many other guests on his hotel floor. Dr. Liu’s brother-in-law sought medical treatment in late February, entered the hospital on March 1st, and died on March 19th. Twenty-three other guests from the Metropole developed SARS, seven of them from the ninth floor, and it is estimated that around 80% of the Hong Kong cases were due to Dr. Liu.[6]

text: The virus was carried to Hanoi, Vietnam by a fellow guest on the Metropole's ninth floor. A Chinese-American resident of Shanghai, Johnny Chen, had roomed across the hall from Dr. Liu at the Metropole. He traveled on to Hanoi, fell ill there, and on February 26, was admitted to the French Hospital of Hanoi where he infected at least 38 of the staff there. Even though he was evacuated to Hong Kong, he died on March 13. [6]

text: Dr. Carlo Urbani, a WHO infectious disease specialist, was among the staff who examined Chen. Urbani observed that other hospital staff were already becoming ill and realized that he was dealing with a new and dangerous disease. He himself became infected and died on March 29th.[6]

text: On February 23rd, an elderly woman, Kwan Sui-Chu returned to Toronto from Hong Kong after being infected by Liu Jianlun at the Metropole Hotel. She died at home on March 5, after infecting her son Tse Chi Kwai, who spread the disease at Scarborough Grace Hospital and died on March 13.[7]

text: On February 25th, a businessman who had traveled in Hong Kong and the Guangdong Province returned home to Taipei. This marked the beginning of the outbreak on the island of Taiwan. Another person who was at the Metropole also returned to Singapore.

text: Almost all of those infected had been either medical staff or family members of people who had fallen ill. It is believed that, at the time of exposure, affected medical staff were not using respiratory precautions, a safety protocol intended to fully protect medical workers. The various cases around the world were directly or indirectly traceable to people who had recently visited Asia.

text: March 2003[edit]

text: On March 1, 26-year-old Esther Mok was admitted to Tan Tock Seng Hospital after visiting Hong Kong, starting the Singapore outbreak. She recovered as various family members died.[8]

text: On March 4, a 27-year-old Hong Kong man who had visited a guest in Metropole (on the 9th floor) 11 days earlier was admitted to Prince of Wales Hospital. At least 99 hospital workers (including 17 medical students) were infected while treating him.[9]

text: On March 11, Carlo Urbani travelled to Bangkok to attend a medical conference. On the flight, he fell ill and upon arrival in Bangkok told an awaiting friend not to touch him and to call an ambulance to take him to a hospital. He was isolated in an intensive care unit.

text: A similar outbreak of a mysterious respiratory disease was reported among healthcare workers in Hong Kong.

text: On March 12, WHO issued a global alert about a new infectious disease of unknown origin in both Vietnam and Hong Kong.

text: On March 15, WHO issued a heightened global health alert about the mysterious pneumonia with a case definition of SARS as after cases in Singapore and Canada are also identified. The alert included a rare emergency travel advisory to international travelers, healthcare professionals and health authorities.

text: CDC issued a travel advisory stating that persons considering travel to the affected areas in Asia (Hong Kong, Singapore, Vietnam and China).

text: On March 17, an international network of 11 leading laboratories was established to determine the cause of SARS and develop potential treatments.

text: CDC held its first briefing on SARS and said the first 14 suspected SARS cases were being investigated in the U.S.

text: On March 20, WHO reported that several hospitals in Vietnam and Hong Kong were operating with half the usual staff, because many workers stayed home out of fear of getting infected. WHO raised the concern that substandard care of the infected patients may contribute to the spread of the disease.

text: On March 25, Hong Kong authorities said nine tourists came down with the disease when a mainland Chinese man boarded the same plane on a March 15 Air China flight to Beijing. SARS started to hit Amoy Gardens Block E heavily.

text: The Singapore Government enforced compulsory quarantine of any infected person.

text: On March 27, Arthur K. C. Li, the head of the Hong Kong Education and Manpower Bureau, announced class cancellation of all educational institutions. The Ministry of Education of Singapore announced that all primary schools, secondary schools and junior colleges were to be shut until April 6, 2003. Polytechnics and universities were not affected.

text: On March 29, Dr. Urbani died in Bangkok of a massive heart attack.

text: On March 30, Hong Kong authorities quarantined estate E of the Amoy Gardens Apartment due to a massive (200+ cases) outbreak in the building. The balcony was completely closed for all uses and guarded by the police. The residents of the building were later transferred to the quarantined Lei Yue Mun Holiday Camp and Lady MacLehose Holiday Village on April 1 because the building was deemed a health hazard. Most of the cases were tied to apartment units with a north-western orientation that shared the same sewage pipe. According to government officials, the virus was brought into the estate by an infected kidney patient (type of kidney illness was not specified) who after he was discharged from Prince of Wales Hospital, visited and thus infected his elder brother living in a flat on the seventh floor. Through excretion, the virus spread through drainage. One speculated theory that supported airborne transmission was that the virus was spread through dried up U-shaped P-traps in the drainage and was blown by a maritime breeze to the ventilation of the estate's balcony and stairwells. It was confirmed that the virus can spread via droplets, but this latest outbreak made the officials question the possibility of spreading through the air.

text: April 2003[edit]

text: On April 1, the U.S. government called back non-essential personnel in their consulate office in Hong Kong and Guangzhou. The US government also advised US citizens not to travel to the region.

text: On April 2, Chinese medical officials began reporting the status of the SARS outbreak. China's southern Guangdong province reported 361 new infections and 9 new deaths, increasing the total Mainland China figures previously reported at end-February. The virus was also detected in Beijing and Shanghai. The WHO also advised travelers to avoid Hong Kong and Guangdong during a press briefing.[1]

text: On April 3, a WHO team of international scientists landed in Guangzhou from Beijing to discuss with officials, but the team was yet to inspect any suspected origin or any medical facilities on progress of infection control. Fifteen of the quarantined Amoy Gardens residents at Lei Yue Mun Holiday Camp were relocated to the Sai Kung Outdoor Recreation Centre after an overnight protest on washroom sharing. The first medical worker infected with SARS died in Hong Kong. The doctor was survived by a daughter and his infected wife, who was also among the quarantined medical workers under intensive care. Hong Kong school closures were extended by two weeks to April 21.

text: On April 4, the WHO team inspected the first infection case in Foshan County. The male infected four people. But, he did not infect his family. A 40-year-old woman became the first local case in Shanghai. A Chinese health specialist admitted at a press conference of not informing the public early enough about the outbreak. The PRC Health Minister also claimed that the disease has been under control in most parts of mainland China. He also released the names of seven drugs which he claimed to be effective in curing SARS. WHO officials said that the information provided by the PRC about the disease has been "very detailed". US government enforced compulsory quarantine of any infected person.

text: On April 5, the Singapore government announced that school closures will be extended. Junior colleges will reopen on April 9, secondary schools will reopen on April 14 and primary schools and pre-schools will reopen on April 16.

text: On April 6, a SARS case was found in Manila, a person who had returned from Hong Kong.

text: On April 8, SARS starts to plague the Lower Ngau Tau Kok Estate near Amoy Gardens in Kowloon. Hong Kong health officials warned that SARS had spread so far domestically and abroad that it was here to stay. Nevertheless, WHO officials remained cautiously optimistic that the disease could still be contained.[2]

text: On April 9, James Earl Salisbury died of SARS at a hospital in Hong Kong. An American Mormon[10] and a teacher at Shenzhen Polytechnic,[11] he had been sick for approximately one month before his death,[12] but he was originally diagnosed with pneumonia.[13] His son Michael "Mickey" Salisbury was with him in China and also contracted the disease, but he survived it.[14] Salisbury's death led to more open admissions by the Chinese government about the spread of SARS.[15]

text: On April 10, Dr. Jim Hughes, the head of infectious disease at the CDC, confirming the warnings of Hong Kong health officials, claimed that he believed that SARS could no longer be eradicated in the Far East. However, he remained hopeful that it could be prevented from spreading widely in North America.[3]

text: On April 11, the World Health Organization issues a global health alert for SARS as it becomes clear the disease was being spread by global air travel.

text: On April 12, Dr. Marco Marra, director of the Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, which is part of the British Columbia Cancer Agency, announced that scientists at his center had broken the genetic code of the virus suspected of causing the disease.[4] In Toronto, three more people die of SARS, bringing the Canadian death toll to 13.

text: On April 16, the WHO issued a press release stating that the coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the official cause of SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS virus.[5]

text: Doctors were surprised to discover the occurrence of at least two cases of SARS in Dinnur, a village near Bangalore, India. Poor hygiene and a lack of adequate trash disposal seemed to have hastened the spread of the deadly disease.

text: On April 19, Premier of the People's Republic of China Wen Jiabao announced that there would be severe consequences for local officials who do not report SARS cases in a timely and accurate manner, signalling at a major change in policy. (SARS had also been gaining prominence in the mainland Chinese media; by late April, it had jumped from virtual invisibility onto the front-page, with daily reports from all provinces on new cases and measures.)

text: On April 20, Beijing mayor Meng Xuenong and health minister of the PRC Zhang Wenkang were replaced respectively by Wang Qishan from Hainan and the former deputy health minister Gao Qiang. They are the first two high rank officials in the PRC to be dismissed because of the fallout of the epidemic. In the news conference chaired by Gao Qiang several hours earlier, the PRC admitted that in Beijing there are more than 300 cases, as opposed to the previous figure of only 37. One day later the figure has increased to 407. Chinese officials also admitted to major underreporting of cases, which were attributed to bureaucratic ineptitude.

text: On April 22, schools, in Hong Kong, start to reopen in stages.

text: On April 23, Beijing announced that all primary and secondary schools will be closed for two weeks. A few days before, some colleges in Peking University had been closed because some students had been infected. The WHO issues travel advisories against Beijing, Toronto, and Shanxi Province.[6]

text: On April 25, Taipei city government closed Taipei Municipal Hospital Hoping branch, and quarantined its 930 staffs and 240 patients for 2 weeks.[16] Later, people were relocated and the building sanitized.

text: On April 24, the Hong Kong Government announced a HK$11.8 billion relief package designed to assist Hong Kong's battered tourism, entertainment, retail, and catering sectors, consisting of a waiver of tourism- and transport-related licence fees, and HK$1 billion allocated for tourism promotion overseas. The package also includes a salaries tax rebate, and reduced rates.

text: On April 26, Wu Yi was named Zhang Wenkang's replacement as PRC health minister.

text: On April 26–27, Chinese authorities closed down theaters, discos, and other entertainment venues in Beijing as the death toll in Beijing continued to rise, threatening to become the worst hit area of the country, eclipsing the Guangdong province. Authorities are bolstered by the fact that the infection rate seems to have declined, with the Guangdong region only exporting three new infections over the weekend. The economic impact is becoming dramatic as shops, restaurants, markets, bars, universities, schools, and many other businesses have closed, as well as some government ministries and large state banks are working with minimal staff levels.

text: On April 28, WHO declared the outbreak in Vietnam to be over as no new cases were reported for 20 days.

text: On April 29, leaders of member countries of ASEAN and the PRC premier held an emergency summit in Bangkok, Thailand in order to address the SARS problem. Among the decisions made were the setting-up of a ministerial-level task force and uniform pre-departure health screening in airports.

text: On April 30, the World Health Organization lifted the SARS travel warning for Toronto. The decision was made because "it is satisfied with local measures to stop the spread of SARS". Canadian officials say they will step up screenings at airports.[7]

text: May 2003[edit]

text: On May 3, the 2003 FIFA Women's World Cup was abruptly moved to the United States due to the outbreak. China would automatically maintain its automatic qualification and then hosted the Women's World Cup 4 years later. On May 4 the newly infected number of people in Hong Kong drops to a single digit.

text: On May 19 the WHO Annual Meeting is held in Geneva. Hong Kong pushes for the Tourism Warning to be lifted.

text: On May 20 the WHO refuses to lift the Tourism Warning for Hong Kong and Guangdong.

text: On May 23, after a re-count of the number of SARS patients in hospital, WHO lifts the Tourism Warning from Hong Kong and Guangdong.

text: On May 24, the number of newly infected patients is zero for the first time in Hong Kong, since the outbreak in the country in March.

text: On May 24, a new cluster of about 20 suspected patients is reported in Toronto.

text: By May 29, more than 5000 people were quarantined in Canada by authorities seeking to control the potential spread of this new SARS outbreak.[17]

text: On May 31, Singapore is removed from WHO's list of 'Infected Areas'.

text: June 2003[edit]

text: On June 23, Hong Kong is removed from WHO's list of 'Affected Areas'. The three places left on the list are Toronto, Beijing, and Taiwan.

text: On June 27, the World Health Organization said the world population should be SARS-free within the next two to three weeks, but warned the disease could emerge in China next winter.

text: July 2003[edit]

text: On July 5, WHO declared the SARS outbreak contained and removed Taiwan from the list of affected areas. There have been no new cases for 20 days although around 200 people are still hospitalized with the disease.

text: September 2003[edit]

text: On Sep 8, Singapore announced that a post-doctoral worker in a SARS research lab in the National University of Singapore contracts the disease while working on the West Nile virus but recovered shortly thereafter. It was suspected that the two viruses mixed while he was doing his research.

text: October/November 2003[edit]

text: The Hong Kong Harbour Fest was organised and held from 17 October to 11 November 2003 as part of a HK$1 billion program to revive the economy of Hong Kong after the SARS. It was a government underwritten event organised by InvestHK, under the auspices of the Economic Relaunch Working Group, in collaboration with the American Chamber of Commerce.

text: December 2003[edit]

text: On Dec 10, a researcher in a SARS lab in Taiwan came down with SARS after returning from Singapore attending a medical conference, 74 people in Singapore were quarantined but none of them were infected.

text: On Dec 27, China announced the first suspected case of SARS in six months in Guangdong, from the area the virus originated and in an individual who was not a SARS researcher.

text: January 2004[edit]

text: January 2: Shenzhen's bid for the 2009 Summer Universiade was cancelled, and announced bid for the 2011 Summer Universiade by FISU.

text: January 5: China confirms that the case reported in December is a case of wild source SARS. The Philippines announced a possible case in a person just returned from Hong Kong.

text: January 7: The Philippines announces that their possible SARS case is just pneumonia. China culls civets in markets, thought to be a reservoir for the disease.

text: January 10: A restaurant worker in Guangzhou province is confirmed as the second wild source SARS since the outbreak was contained. Guangzhou was also the site of the first case in December and is thought to be the origin of the virus in the original outbreak. Three Hong Kong television reporters who visited SARS related sites in Guangzhou were declared free of the disease.

text: January 17: China announced a third case of SARS in Guangzhou. WHO official urged more testing to bring the three recently announced cases into line with their standards; however they also announced SARS virus had been detected by a WHO team in civet cages at the restaurant where the second case works and in civet cages in the market.

text: January 31: China announced a fourth case of SARS as a 40-year-old doctor from the southern city of Guangzhou, and gave his family name as Liu. He was discharged when the announcement was made.

text: April 2004[edit]

text: On April 23, China announced first SARS death since June. A 53-year-old woman died on April 19. Two other cases, both health care workers, one of which was the deceased woman's daughter. A fourth case was suspected in another health care worker.

text: The outbreak originated from a researcher working on the SARS virus in a lab at the Institute of Virology in Beijing, who inadvertently caught the disease and ended up spreading it to the nurse taking care of him.

text: May 2004[edit]

text: May 1: Two additional confirmed cases of SARS and three additional suspected cases are reported in Beijing, all related to a single research lab. The total number of cases is six, with four in Beijing and two in Anhui Province.

text: May 2: China announced the three suspected cases as genuine cases of SARS, bringing the total cases in recent outbreak to nine. 189 people were released from quarantine.

text: May 19: As no new infections are reported in a three-week period, WHO announced China as free of further cases of SARS.


document_title: United States presidential line of succession

question_text: who is fourth in line if the president dies

text: Current order[edit]

text: The current presidential order of succession is as follows:[4]

text:
Key
Eligible Democrat (D)

Eligible Republican (R)

Eligible Independent (I)

Eligible Unknown

Not eligible

tag: table

text:
No.
Office
Current officer

1
Vice President
Mike Pence (R)

2
Speaker of the House of Representatives
Paul Ryan (R)

3
President pro tempore of the Senate
Orrin Hatch (R)

4
Secretary of State
Rex Tillerson (R)

5
Secretary of the Treasury
Steven Mnuchin (R)

6
Secretary of Defense
James Mattis (I)

7
Attorney General
Jeff Sessions (R)

8
Secretary of the Interior
Ryan Zinke (R)

9
Secretary of Agriculture
Sonny Perdue (R)

10
Secretary of Commerce
Wilbur Ross (R)

11
Secretary of Labor
Alex Acosta (R)

12
Secretary of Health and Human Services
Tom Price (R)

13
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Ben Carson (R)

–
Secretary of Transportation
Elaine Chao (R)[a]

14
Secretary of Energy
Rick Perry (R)

15
Secretary of Education
Betsy DeVos (R)

16
Secretary of Veterans Affairs
David Shulkin (I)

17
Secretary of Homeland Security
Elaine Duke (I)[b]

Jump up ^ Not a natural-born citizen (acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization)
and thus ineligible for the Presidency.
Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required
Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession. See Acting officers below.

text: Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department's creation or the department of which their department is the successor (the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War, and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health, Education and Welfare).[a]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: Eligibility requirements[edit]

text: To be eligible to serve as President, a person must be a natural-born U.S. citizen, at least 35 years of age, and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years. These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section 1, Clause 5, and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19(e)).

text: Acting officers[edit]

text: Acting officers may be eligible. In 2009, the Continuity of Government Commission, a private non-partisan think tank, reported,

text: The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation. The 1886 Act refers to "such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named..." The current act merely refers to "officers appointed, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate." Read literally, this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post (even for example, the second or third in command within a department). It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office. Though there is some dispute over this provision, the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession. (We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession.)[5]

text: Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945[edit]

text: Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt, President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency.[6]

text: The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President, while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials. The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives, and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker, though this is not technically a requirement; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position. The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line, ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established.

text: In his speech supporting the changes, Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate. The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation. However, when the changes to the succession were signed into law, they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President.[7]

text: Some of Truman's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then-current holder of the latter rank, Senator Kenneth McKellar.[8] Further motivation may have been provided by Truman's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession, rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Jr.[7]

text: Constitutional provisions[edit]

text: The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution:

text:
Article II, Section 1, Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve. The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 (3 U.S.C. § 19).
Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President-elect dies before his term begins, the Vice President-elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President-elect was elected. The section also provides that if, on Inauguration Day, a president has not been chosen or the President-elect does not qualify for the presidency, the Vice President-elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President-elect qualifies. Finally, Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President-elect nor a Vice President-elect is eligible or available to serve.
The 25th Amendment, ratified in 1967, clarified Article II, Section 1: that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President. He or she becomes President if the President dies, resigns or is removed from office. The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled, such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unstable.
The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession, by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress. Previously, whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty (through death, resignation, or removal from office), the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began.

tag: ul

text: Acting President and President[edit]

text: Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that:

text: In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed, or a President elected.

text: This originally left open the question whether "the same" refers to "the said office" or only "the powers and duties of the said office." Some historians, including Edward Corwin[9] and John D. Feerick,[9] have argued that the framers' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency; however, there is also much evidence to the contrary, the most compelling of which is Article I, section 3, of the Constitution itself, the relevant text of which reads:

text:
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse  [sic] their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States.

text: This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession. Thus, the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent, apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability.[original research?] Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested, and it was left to Vice President John Tyler, the first presidential successor in U.S. history, to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment.

text: Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation, Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office. However, some contempories—including John Quincy Adams,[9][10] Henry Clay[11] and other members of Congress[10][11] Whig party leaders[11] and even Tyler's own cabinet[10][11]—believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself.

text: Nonetheless, Tyler adhered to his position, even returning, unopened, mail addressed to the "Acting President of the United States" sent by his detractors.[12] Tyler's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title "President,"[11] and this precedent was followed thereafter. The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment, which specifies that "In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President." The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances. The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President.

text: History of succession law set by Congress[edit]

text: Presidential Succession Act 1792[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1792

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress. The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State, Thomas Jefferson, who had become the leader of the Democratic-Republicans, to follow the Vice President in the succession. There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line. The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President, followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives.

text: In either case, these officers were to "act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected." The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred (unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October, in which case the election would occur the following year; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term, in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled). The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four-year term beginning on March 4 of the next year, but no such election ever took place.

text: Presidential Succession Act 1886[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1886

text: In 1881, after the death of President Garfield, and in 1885, after the death of Vice President Hendricks, there had been no President pro tempore in office, and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene, no Speaker either,[13] leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president. When Congress convened in December 1885, President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act, which was passed in 1886. Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line. In the first 100 years of the United States, six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President, while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office. As a result, changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable.[citation needed]

text: Presidential Succession Act 1947[edit]

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Presidential Succession Act 1947

text: The Presidential Succession Act of 1947, signed into law by President Harry S. Truman, added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line, but switched the two from the 1792 order. It remains the sequence used today[update]. Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department (which governed the Army) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense, the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War. The office of Secretary of the Navy, which had existed as a Cabinet-level position since 1798, had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization, and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act.

text: Postmaster General removed 1971[edit]

text: Until 1971, the Postmaster General, the head of the Post Office Department, was a member of the Cabinet, initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added. Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service, a special agency independent of the executive branch, the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession.[14]

text: Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006[edit]

text: The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002. On March 9, 2006, pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub.L. 109–177, the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession. The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established. Despite custom, many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list – below the Attorney General, above the Secretary of the Interior, and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense – because the Secretary, already in charge of disaster relief and security, would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries.[citation needed] Despite this, the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the "Secretary of Homeland Security" follows the "Secretary of Veterans Affairs" in the succession, effectively at the end of the list.[15]

text: Successions beyond Vice President[edit]

text: While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President, and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President, no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President. On March 4, 1849, President Zachary Taylor's term began, but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday, citing religious beliefs, and the Vice President was not sworn either. As the last President pro tempore of the Senate, David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President, and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day. However, Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either, and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired.[16][17]

text: In 1865, when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln, the office of Vice President became vacant. At that time, the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency. In 1868, Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to impeachment trial in the Senate, and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office, Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President. This posed a conflict of interest, as Wade's own vote on removal could have helped to determine whether he would have assumed the presidential powers and duties.

text: In his book The Shadow Presidents, which he published in 1979, Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election, when the First World War was raging in Europe. In view of the current international turmoil, President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away, instead of waiting through the lame duck period, which at that time had a duration of almost four months. President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear. The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State. Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign, and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession, Hughes would become President immediately. As it happened, President Wilson won re-election, so the plan was never put into action.[18]

text: Since the 25th Amendment's ratification, its Second Section, which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above, has been invoked twice.

text: During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy, House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line. As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon's removal or resignation possible, Albert would have become Acting President and—under Title 3, Section 19(c) of the U.S. Code—would have been able to "act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term" on January 20, 1977. Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him, a Democrat, to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican. Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties, he would do so only as a caretaker. However, with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency, which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was invoked, these series of events were never tested. Albert again became first-in-line during the first four months of Ford's Presidency, before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller,[citation needed] which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment was invoked.

text: In 1981, when President Ronald Reagan was shot, Vice President George H. W. Bush was traveling in Texas. Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter's question regarding who was running the government by stating:

text: "Constitutionally, gentlemen, you have the President, the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order, and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President, he will do so. He has not done that. As of now, I am in control here, in the White House, pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him. If something came up, I would check with him, of course."[19]

text: A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig's remarks. Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority, due to his implied reference to the Constitution. Haig and his supporters, noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon's resignation, said he only meant that he was the highest-ranking officer of the Executive branch on-site, managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington.[citation needed]

text: Constitutional concerns[edit]

text: Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency.[20] James Madison, one of the authors of the Constitution, raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton.[21] Two of these issues can be summarized:

text:
The term "Officer" in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an "Officer of the United States", who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch. The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense.
Under the principle of separation of powers, the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch. For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President, they must resign their position, at which point they are no longer in the line of succession. This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox. However, the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President "upon his resignation as Speaker" and as a member of Congress,[22] allowing for a seamless transition.

text: In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has "at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention", specifically:[23]

text:
The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington, D.C. In the event of a nuclear, chemical, or biological attack, it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated.
Doubt (such as those expressed above by James Madison) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President.
A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the "largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest-serving Senator of the majority party". For example, from January 20, 2001, to June 6, 2001, the President pro tempore was then-98-year-old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina.
A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term, as the President, Speaker, and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other.
A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments, without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary.
The fact that, should a Cabinet member begin to act as President, the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker (or the Senate, a new President pro tempore), who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time.
The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant (for example, if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President).

tag: ol


document_title: List of leaders of the Soviet Union

question_text: who was the president of soviet union in 1971

text: List of leaders of the Soviet Union

text: Summary[edit]

text:
This article is part of a series on the

Politics of the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Leadership[show]

Leaders

President

(list
Vice President)

Collective leadership
State Council
Presidential Council

Communist Party[show]

Congress
Central Committee
History

General Secretary

Politburo
Secretariat
Orgburo

Legislature[show]

Congress of Soviets
(Central Executive Committee)

Supreme Soviet

Soviet of the Union
Soviet of Nationalities
Presidium

Congress of People's Deputies

Speaker
1989 Legislative election

Governance[show]

Constitution

Official names
1924
1936
1977

Government

Ministries
State Committees
Executive Officer

Premiership

Cabinets
Council of People's Commissars
Council of Ministers
Cabinet of Ministers

Judiciary[show]

Law
Supreme Court
People's Court
Procurator General

Ideology[show]

Soviet democracy
Marxism–Leninism

Leninism
Stalinism
Khrushchevism

De-Stalinization

Society[show]

Economy

Agriculture
Consumer goods
Five-Year Plan
Kosygin reform
New Economic Policy
Science and technology
Era of Stagnation
Material balance planning
Transport

Culture

Demographics
Education
Family
Phraseology
Religion

Repression

Censorship
Censorship of images
Great Purge
Gulag system
Collectivization
Human rights
Ideological repression
Suppressed research
Political abuse of psychiatry
Political repression
Population transfer
Propaganda
Red Terror

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: Vladimir Lenin was voted the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Sovnarkom) on 30 December 1922 by the Congress of Soviets.[11] His health, at the age of 53, declined from effects of two bullet wounds, later aggravated by three strokes which culminated with his death in 1924.[12] Irrespective of his health status in his final days, Lenin was already losing much of his power to Stalin.[13] Alexei Rykov succeeded Lenin as Chairman of the Sovnarkom, and although he was de jure the most powerful person in the country, the Politburo of the Communist Party began to overshadow the Sovnarkom in the mid-1920s. By the end of the decade, Rykov merely rubber stamped the decisions predetermined by Stalin and the Politburo.[14]

text: Stalin's early policies pushed for rapid industrialisation, nationalisation of private industry[15] and the collectivisation of private plots created under Lenin's New Economic Policy.[16] As leader of the Politburo, Stalin consolidated near-absolute power by 1938 after the Great Purge, a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution.[17] Nazi German troops invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941,[18] but were repulsed by the Soviets in December. On Stalin's orders, the USSR launched a counter-attack on Nazi Germany.[19] Stalin died in March 1953,[20] his death triggered a power struggle in which Nikita Khrushchev after several years emerged victorious against Georgy Malenkov.[21]

text: Khrushchev denounced Stalin on two occasions: in 1956 and 1962. His policy of de-Stalinisation earned him many enemies within the party, especially from old Stalinist appointees. Many saw this approach as destructive and destabilising. A group known as Anti-Party Group tried, but failed, to oust Khrushchev from office in 1957.[22] As Khrushchev grew older, his erratic behavior became worse, usually making decisions without discussing or confirming them with the Politburo.[23] Leonid Brezhnev, a close companion of Khrushchev, was elected First Secretary the same day of Khrushchev's removal from power; Alexei Kosygin became the new Premier and Anastas Mikoyan kept his office as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. In 1965, on the orders of the Politburo, Mikoyan was forced to retire; Nikolai Podgorny took over the office of Chairman of the Presidium.[24] The USSR in the post-Khrushchev 1960s was governed by a collective leadership.[25] Henry A. Kissinger, the American National Security Advisor, mistakenly believed that Kosygin was the 'Leader of the Soviet Union and that he was at the helm of 'Soviet foreign policy' because he represented the Soviet Union at the 1967 Glassboro Summit Conference.[26] The "Era of Stagnation", a derogatory term coined by Mikhail Gorbachev, was a period marked by low socio-economic efficiency in the country and a gerontocracy ruling the country.[27] Yuri Andropov succeeded Brezhnev in his post as General Secretary in 1982. He was 68 years old at the time. In 1983 Andropov was hospitalised, and rarely met up at work to chair the politburo meetings due to his declining health; Nikolai Tikhonov usually chaired the meetings in his place.[28] Following Andropov's death 15 months after his appointment, an even older leader, 72 year old Konstantin Chernenko was elected to the General Secretariat. His rule lasted for little more than a year until his death 13 months later on 10 March 1985.[29]

text: Mikhail Gorbachev was elected to the General Secretariat by the Politburo on 11 March 1985.[30] He was 54 years old at the time. In May 1985, Gorbachev publicly admitted the slowing down of the economic development and inadequate living standards, being the first Soviet leader to do so, and began a series of fundamental reforms. From 1986 to around 1988 he dismantled central planning, allowed state enterprises to set their own outputs, enabled private investment in businesses not previously permitted to be privately owned, and allowed foreign investment, among other measures. He also opened up the management of and decision-making within the Soviet Union, and allowed greater public discussion and criticism, along with a warming of relationships with the West. These twin policies were known as perestroika (literally meaning "reconstruction", but varies) and glasnost ("openness" and "transparency") respectively.[31] The dismantling of the principal defining features of communism in 1988 and 1989 in the Soviet Union led to the unintended consequence of the Soviet Union breaking up after the failed August Coup of 1991 led by Gennady Yanayev.[32]

text: List of leaders[edit]

text: The following list includes only those persons who were able to gather enough support from the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) and the government, or one of these to lead the Soviet Union. † denotes leaders who died in office.

text:
Name
(Birth–Death)
Portrait
Period
Congress
Notes

Vladimir Lenin
(1870–1924)[33]

30 December 1922[33]
↓
21 January 1924†[13]
11th–12th Congress
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) and informal leader of the Bolsheviks since their inception.[33] Was leader of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) from 1917 and leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until his death.[34]

Joseph Stalin
(1878–1953)[13]

21 January 1924[13]
↓
5 March 1953†[35]
13th–19th Congress
General Secretary from 3 April 1922 until the post of General Secretary was abolished in October 1952.[36][incomplete short citation] Stalin initially ruled as part of a Triumvirate with Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, until this broke down in April 1925. Stalin served as Premier from 6 May 1941 until his death on 5 March 1953.[35] Stalin also held the post of the Minister of Defence from 19 July 1941 until 3 March 1947 and Chairman of the State Defense Committee during the Great Patriotic War[37] and became the only officer to hold the office of People's Commissar of Nationalities from 1921–1923.[38]

Georgy Malenkov
(1902–1988)[39]

5 March 1953[39][40]
↓
8 February 1955[41]
19th Congress
Succeeded to all of Stalin's titles, but was forced to resign most of them within a month.[42] Malenkov, through the office of Premier, was locked in a power struggle against Khrushchev.[43]

Nikita Khrushchev
(1894–1971)[44]

8 February 1955[44]
↓
14 October 1964[45]
20th–22nd Congress
Served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Soviet Union (from September 1953) and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 27 March 1958 to 14 October 1964. While vacationing in Abkhazia, Khrushchev was called by Leonid Brezhnev to return to Moscow for a special meeting of the Presidium, to be held on 13 October 1964. There, at the most fiery session since the so-called "anti-party group" crisis of 1957, he was fired from all his posts. He was largely left in peace in retirement, but was made a "non-person" to the extent that his name was removed even from the thirty-volume Soviet Encyclopedia.[46] He died in 1971. He was seen overseas as a reformer of a "petrified structure"[47][incomplete short citation] and described his main contribution as removing the fear that Stalin had brought,[48] but many of his reforms were later reversed.

Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)[45]

14 October 1964[45]
↓
10 November 1982†[49]
23rd–26th Congress
Served as First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, was later renamed General Secretary,[23] and was co-equal with premier Alexei Kosygin until the 1970s. To consolidate his power he later assumed the title of Chairman of the Presidium.[24]

Yuri Andropov
(1914–1984)[50]

12 November 1982[50]
↓
9 February 1984†[51]
—
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[26] and Chairman of the Presidium from 16 June 1983 until 9 February 1984.[52]

Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)[53]
(de jure)

13 February 1984[53]
↓
10 March 1985†
—
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party[54] and Chairman of the Presidium from 11 April 1984 to 10 March 1985.[55]

Mikhail Gorbachev
(1931–)[56]

As Gen. Secretary:
11 March 1985[23]
↓
19 August 1991[57]
As President:
21 August 1991[23]
↓
25 December 1991[57]
27th–28th Congress
Served as General Secretary from 11 March 1985,[55] and resigned on 24 August 1991,[58] Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1 October[54] 1988 until the office was renamed to the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet on 25 May 1989 to 15 March 1990[55] and President of the Soviet Union from 15 March 1990[59] to 25 December 1991.[60] The day following Gorbachev's resignation as President, the Soviet Union was formally dissolved.[57]

Gennady Yanayev
(1937–2010)
(usurper)

19 August 1991
↓
21 August 1991
—
Tried to seize power during the 2 days of the failed 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, with the State Committee on the State of Emergency.

text: List of troikas[edit]

text: On four occasions—the 2–3 year period following Lenin's incapacitation that preceded Stalin's dictatorship; the 3 months immediately following Stalin's death; the interval between Khrushchev's fall and Leonid Brezhnev's consolidation of power; and the ailing Chernenko's tenure as General Secretary—a form of collective leadership known as the troika ("triumvirate")[61] governed the Soviet Union, with no single individual holding leadership alone.[24][40][62]

text:
Members
(Birth–Death)
Tenure
Notes

May 1922[63]
↓
April 1925[64]

When Vladimir Lenin suffered his first stroke in May 1922, a Troika was established to govern the country in his place, although Lenin briefly returned to the leadership from 2 October 1922 until a severe stroke on 9 March 1923 ended Lenin's political career. The Troika consisted of Lev Kamenev, Joseph Stalin, and Grigory Zinoviev. The Troika broke up in April 1925, when Kamenev and Zinoviev found themselves in a minority over their belief that socialism could only be achieved internationally. Zinoviev and Kamenev joined forces with Leon Trotsky's Left Opposition in early 1926.[64] Later, Kamenev, Zinoviev and Trotsky would all be murdered on Stalin's orders.

Lev Kamenev
(1883–1936)[65]
Joseph Stalin
(1878–1953)[13]
Grigory Zinoviev
(1883–1936)[66]

13 March 1953[40]
↓
26 June 1953[67]

This Troika consisted of Georgy Malenkov, Lavrentiy Beria, and Vyacheslav Molotov[68] and ended when Malenkov and Molotov joined Nikita Khrushchev in the arrest and execution of Beria.[44]

Lavrentiy Beria
(1899–1953)[40]
Georgy Malenkov
(1902–1988)[40]
Vyacheslav Molotov
(1890–1986)[40]

14 October 1964[45]
↓
16 June 1977[24]

Following Khruschev's ouster, a Troika took power consisting of Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary, Alexei Kosygin as Premier and Nikolai Podgorny who ultimately ascended to the post of Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet. During Brezhnev's gradual consolidation of power, the Troika was "dissolved" when he succeeded Podgorny in 1977 as Presidium chairman.[24] However, the collective leadership continued to exist in a different shape after Podgorny's ouster in the Party leadership throughout the rest of Brezhnev's rule.[69]

Leonid Brezhnev
(1906–1982)[45]
Alexei Kosygin
(1904–1980)[45]
Nikolai Podgorny
(1903–1983)[45]

13 February 1984[70]
↓
20 December 1984[71]

Despite succeeding Yuri Andropov as General Secretary , Konstantin Chernenko was unable to secure full control over its apparatus due to his poor health[72] and lack of a mandate from the nomenklatura.[73] These circumstances resulted in a collective leadership giving Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko and Defense Minister Dmitry Ustinov a monopoly over the USSR's foreign policy and military[74] while leaving Chernenko in control of the nation's domestic policy [75]. From this point forward, these three figures dominated Politburo decision-making until Ustinov's death in December 1984.

Konstantin Chernenko
(1911–1985)[53]
Andrei Gromyko
(1909–1989) [76]
Dmitry Ustinov
(1908–1984) [77]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
#
Leaders
Date of birth
Age at ascension
(first term)
Time in office
(total)
Age at retirement
(last term)
Date of death
Longevity

1
Lenin, VladimirVladimir Lenin
18700422April 22, 1870(April 22, 1870)
52 25252 years, 252 days
01 0221 years, 22 days
53 27453 years, 274 days
19240121January 21, 1924
7004196310000000000♠19,63153 years, 274 days

2
Stalin, JosephJoseph Stalin
18781218December 18, 1878(December 18, 1878)
45 03445 years, 34 days
29 04329 years, 43 days
74 07774 years, 77 days
19530305March 5, 1953
7004271050000000000♠27,10574 years, 77 days

3
Malenkov, GeorgyGeorgy Malenkov
19020108January 8, 1902(January 8, 1902)
51 05651 years, 56 days
01 3401 years, 340 days
53 03153 years, 31 days
19880114January 14, 1988
7004314170000000000♠31,41786 years, 6 days

4
Khrushchev, NikitaNikita Khrushchev
18940415April 15, 1894(April 15, 1894)
60 29960 years, 299 days
09 2499 years, 249 days
70 18270 years, 182 days
19710911September 11, 1971
7004282720000000000♠28,27277 years, 149 days

5
Brezhnev, LeonidLeonid Brezhnev
19061219December 19, 1906(December 19, 1906)
57 30057 years, 300 days
18 02718 years, 27 days
75 32675 years, 326 days
19821110November 10, 1982
7004277200000000000♠27,72075 years, 326 days

6
Andropov, YuriYuri Andropov
19140615June 15, 1914(June 15, 1914)
68 15068 years, 150 days
01 0891 years, 89 days
69 23969 years, 239 days
19840209February 9, 1984
7004254410000000000♠25,44169 years, 239 days

7
Chernenko, KonstantinKonstantin Chernenko
19110924September 24, 1911(September 24, 1911)
72 14272 years, 142 days
01 0261 years, 26 days
73 16773 years, 167 days
19850310March 10, 1985
7004268310000000000♠26,83173 years, 167 days

8
Gorbachev, MikhailMikhail Gorbachev
19310302March 2, 1931(March 2, 1931)
54 00954 years, 9 days
06 2876 years, 287 days
60 29860 years, 298 days
Living
7004318110000000000♠31,8117004318110000000000♠87 years, 34 days (Living)

9
Yanayev, GennadyGennady Yanayev
19370826August 26, 1937(August 26, 1937)
53 35853 years, 358 days
00 0020 years, 2 days
53 36053 years, 360 days
20100924September 24, 2010
7004266920000000000♠26,69273 years, 29 days


document_title: The Blacklist (season 5)

question_text: when does the blacklist season 5 episode 9 air

text: The Blacklist (season 5)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
James Spader as Raymond "Red" Reddington
Megan Boone as Elizabeth Keen
Diego Klattenhoff as Donald Ressler
Ryan Eggold as Tom Keen
Harry Lennix as Harold Cooper
Amir Arison as Aram Mojtabai
Mozhan Marnò as Samar Navabi
Hisham Tawfiq as Dembe Zuma

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Blacklist
guide
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

90
1
"Smokey Putnum"
No. 30
Bill Roe
Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
6.39[3]

Following Mr. Kaplan's death, Reddington's criminal empire is in ruins and enlists newly discovered daughter Liz Keen to help him build it back up by finding the next blacklister named Smokey Putnum. Meanwhile, Ressler puts himself in an awkward position following Hitchin's death. Aram and Samar's romance escalates. Also, Tom Keen returns with a mysterious briefcase with a skeleton in it.

91
2
"Greyson Blaise"
No. 37
Don Thorin
Lukas Reiter & Jon Bokenkamp
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
5.87[4]

Reddington enlists Liz and the task force to track down a blacklister named Greyson Blaise, a self-made billionaire who moonlights as a high-end thief to help Reddingtion with his crumbled empire. Meanwhile, Tom hits roadblocks when trying to identify the remains in the suitcase without Liz or Reddington finding out.

92
3
"Miss Rebecca Thrall"
No. 76
Adam Weisinger
Jonathan Shapiro & Taylor Martin
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
5.79[5]

Reddington enlists help from Tom to establish a plan to help rebuild his criminal empire. Meanwhile, the task force investigates a series of suspicious police shootings and tracks down a blacklister named Rebecca Thrall who encourages police officers to do such crimes.

93
4
"The Endling"
No. 44
Michael Watkins
Noah Schechter
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
5.46[6]

Liz and the task force investigates a blacklister who is trying to destroy the world to get to her ailing son to seek treatment. Meanwhile, Reddington seeks an opportunity to regain revenue for his criminal empire. Also, Tom hits a major roadblock when identifying the remains. Nick, after helping Red and Liz with a medical procedure for The Endling and determining that he never wants to be contacted again by either Red or Liz, is killed and the suitcase with the remains, is taken.

94
5
"Ilyas Surkov"
No. 54
Kurt Kuenne
Brandon Margolis & Brandon Sonnier
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
5.23[7]

Liz and the task force collide with the CIA when tracking down a blacklister who is an international terrorist, but Cooper finds out that the ones that have identified themselves as CIA are imposters. Meanwhile, Reddington sets out on a new business venture while working on Nick's murder. Also, Tom sets out on a new quest to discover information on the remains in the suitcase. Aram requests Cooper for his operational training. Reddington traces a connection with the suitcase to Tom.

95
6
"The Travel Agency"
No. 90
Terrence O'Hara
Carla Kettner
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
5.25[8]

Cooper enlists help from Reddington on a personal mission. Meanwhile, Ressler is acting Director and leads the task force into a blacklister who are former murder for hire gang. Also, Tom continues his quest in into the remains in the suitcase, but runs into Red who knows he has it. After closing an emotional case, Liz decides that she wants to marry Tom and they rush to the courthouse.

96
7
"The Kilgannon Corporation"
No. 48
Jean de Segonzac
Lukas Reiter
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
5.04[9]

After dozens of immigrants die off the Carolina coast, Reddington and the task force put Dembe undercover to stop a human smuggling operation. When Red confronts the elder Kilgannon about the deaths and the conditions, he then confronts his son about and the clash is fatal. This later complicates Dembe, putting him in a life or death situation as the task forces loses track of him. Tom is tracking whom he believes killed Nick as they were involved in trying to figure out the contents of the suitcase and discovers that there are others at play. Tom's life is put at risk when others discover the suitcase and that it's important to Reddington.

97
8
"Ian Garvey"
No. 13
Bill Roe
John Eisendrath & Jon Bokenkamp
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
5.89[10]

Tom finds trouble while searching for answers in both Nick's death and the infamous suitcase mystery, as the task force searches for him. Tom's desperate escape reunites him with Red and they escape momentarily. Liz gets pulled into the middle of the tug of war over the contents of the suitcase which leaves her and Tom hospitalized, having fought for their lives. After being in a coma for 10 months, Liz wakes up while Reddington is reading to her, and, when asked, he informs her that Tom died from his injuries.

98
9
"Ruin"
N/A
Michael Caracciolo
Sean Hennen
January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
6.02[11]

Liz escapes to a cabin in Alaska living under an alias to mourn Tom's death. She leaves Agnes in the care of an exonerated Scottie Hargrave. During an ice storm she finds a critically injured man in the woods and soon after four other men arrive claiming they were all in a plane crash. Instantly sensing trouble, Liz is forced into a cat and mouse game to survive and save the injured man who turns out to be a federally protected witness. After killing the four men, Liz returns to her home leaving no trace of herself in Alaska. Returning to Red she tells him she only wants revenge for Tom's death.

99
10
"The Informant"
No. 118
Paul Holahan
Noah Schechter
January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
6.16[12]

Liz comes out of hiding to continue her quest to find Tom’s killers. Meanwhile, Reddington directs the task force to find a blacklister with classified and sensitive information. Prescot is killed. Liz learns more about Nik and Tom.

100
11
"Abraham Stern"
No. 100
Andrew McCarthy
Story by: Dave Metzger & Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath
Teleplay by: Jon Bokenkamp & John Eisendrath
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
6.49[13]

As Reddington begins his quest for a legendary treasure, he is robbed of an antique penny. Reddington steers the task force into tracking down a blacklister known for manipulating and stealing priceless treasures. Meanwhile, Liz looks into old cases when tracking down Tom’s killers.

101
12
"The Cook"
No. 56
Solvan "Slick" Naim
Peter Noah
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
6.11[14]

Liz continues to search for clues into finding Tom’s killers with Reddington’s help. Meanwhile, the task force is forced to work with a former arsonist to catch another arsonist.

102
13
"The Invisible Hand"
No. 63
Andrew McCarthy
Jonathan Shapiro & Lukas Reiter
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
6.35[15]

Reddington pushes the task force into finding a group of blacklisters named: “The Invisible Hand,” a group of people who kill victims and leave them abandoned in the Woods. Meanwhile, Reddington lends a hand to an old associate and Liz discovers a secret into Tom’s investigation.

103
14
"Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III"
No. 51
Christine Gee
Kelli Johnson
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
5.68[16]

Reddington steers the task force into finding a blacklister who creates identical criminals for murderous clients. Meanwhile, Liz begins to see a therapist following Tom’s death in order to get reinstated as an FBI-agent.

104
15
"Pattie Sue Edwards"
No. 68
Donald Thorin, Jr.
Carla Kettner
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
5.69[17]

The task force investigates a blacklister who creates and uses a biochemical weapon in order to gain revenge on people responsible for the death of her husband. Meanwhile, Reddington deals with a tax deal to help with his money laundering empire.

105
16
"The Capricorn Killer"
No. 19
Bill Roe
Taylor Martin
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
5.55[18]

The task force grows closer into the investigation into finding Tom’s killers. Meanwhile, Liz continues her therapy with looking into cold cases while as a Profiler. Also, Reddington draws closer into finding Ian Garvey.

106
17
"Anna-Gracia Duerte"
No. 25
Michael Caracciolo
Lukas Reiter & Jonathan Shapiro
April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)
5.38[19]

107
18
"Zarak Mosadek"[20]
TBA
TBA
TBA
April 11, 2018 (2018-04-11)
TBD

108
19
"Ian Garvey: Conclusion"[21]
No. 13
TBA
TBA
April 25, 2018 (2018-04-25)
TBD

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Ratings/Share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
18–49
DVR Viewers
(millions)
Total
18–49
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Smokey Putnum (No. 30)"
September 27, 2017 (2017-09-27)
1.1/4
6.39[3]
0.8
3.322
1.9
9.710[22]

2
"Greyson Blaise (No. 37)"
October 4, 2017 (2017-10-04)
1.0/4
5.87[4]
0.7
3.221
1.7
9.093[23]

3
"Miss Rebecca Thrall (No. 76)"
October 11, 2017 (2017-10-11)
1.0/4
5.79[5]
0.7
3.047
1.7
8.839[24]

4
"The Endling (No. 44)"
October 18, 2017 (2017-10-18)
0.9/3
5.46[6]
0.8
3.102
1.7
8.565[25]

5
"Ilyas Surkov (No. 54)"
October 25, 2017 (2017-10-25)
0.8/3
5.23[7]
0.7
3.061
1.5
8.292[26]

6
"The Travel Agency (No. 90)"
November 1, 2017 (2017-11-01)
0.9/3
5.25[8]
0.7
2.855
1.5
8.015[27]

7
"The Kilgannon Corporation (No. 48)"
November 8, 2017 (2017-11-08)
0.9/3
5.04[9]
N/A
3.130
N/A
8.171[28]

8
"Ian Garvey (No. 13)"
November 15, 2017 (2017-11-15)
0.9/4
5.89[10]
0.7
2.903
1.6
8.796[29]

9
"Ruin"
January 3, 2018 (2018-01-03)
1.0/4
6.02[11]
N/A
2.951
N/A
8.975[30]

10
"The Informant (No. 118)"
January 10, 2018 (2018-01-10)
1.0/4
6.16[12]
0.8
3.216
1.8
9.372[31]

11
"Abraham Stern (No. 100)"
January 17, 2018 (2018-01-17)
1.1/4
6.49[13]
0.7
3.029
1.8
9.517[32]

12
"The Cook (No. 56)"
January 31, 2018 (2018-01-31)
1.0/4
6.11[14]
0.9
3.248
1.9
9.350[33]

13
"The Invisible Hand (No. 63)"
February 7, 2018 (2018-02-07)
1.0/4
6.35[15]
0.7
3.032
1.7
9.384[34]

14
"Mr. Raleigh Sinclair III (No. 51)"
February 28, 2018 (2018-02-28)
0.9/4
5.68[16]
0.8
3.322
1.7
9.008[35]

15
"Pattie Sue Edwards (No. 68)"
March 7, 2018 (2018-03-07)
1.0/4
5.69[17]
0.7
3.098
1.7
8.797[36]

16
"The Capricorn Killer (No. 19)"
March 14, 2018 (2018-03-14)
0.9/4
5.55[18]
0.6
2.948
1.5
8.495[37]

17
"Anna-Gracia Duerte (No. 25)"
April 4, 2018 (2018-04-04)
0.9/4
5.38[19]