document_title: Contempt of Congress

question_text: who has the power to issue a subpoena

question_tokens: who has the power to issue a subpoena

text: Contempt of Congress

text: History[edit]

text: In the late 1790s, declaring contempt of Congress was considered an "implied power" of the legislature. Early Congresses issued contempt citations against numerous individuals for a variety of actions. Some early instances of contempt of Congress included citations against:

text:
Robert Randal, for an attempt to bribe Representative William Smith of South Carolina in 1795.
William Duane, a newspaper editor who refused to answer Senate questions in 1800.
Nathaniel Rounsavell, another newspaper editor for releasing sensitive information to the press in 1812.

text: In Anderson v. Dunn (1821),[1] the Supreme Court of the United States held that Congress' power to hold someone in contempt was essential to ensure that Congress was "... not exposed to every indignity and interruption that rudeness, caprice, or even conspiracy, may mediate against it."[1] The historical interpretation that bribery of a senator or representative was considered contempt of Congress has long since been abandoned in favor of criminal statutes. In 1857, Congress enacted a law which made "contempt of Congress" a criminal offense against the United States.[2]

text: The last time Congress arrested and detained a witness was in 1935.[3] Since then, it has instead referred cases to the United States Department of Justice.[4] The Office of Legal Counsel has asserted that the President of the United States is protected from contempt by executive privilege.[5][6]

text: Subpoenas[edit]

text: Congressional rules empower all its standing committees with the authority to compel witnesses to produce testimony and documents for subjects under its jurisdiction. Committee rules may provide for the full committee to issue a subpoena, or permit subcommittees or the chairman (acting alone or with the ranking member) to issue subpoenas.

text: As announced in Wilkinson v. United States,[7] a Congressional committee must meet three requirements for its subpoenas to be "legally sufficient." First, the committee's investigation of the broad subject area must be authorized by its chamber; second, the investigation must pursue "a valid legislative purpose" but does not need to involve legislation and does not need to specify the ultimate intent of Congress; and third, the specific inquiries must be pertinent to the subject matter area that has been authorized for investigation.

text: The Court held in Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund[8] that Congressional subpoenas are within the scope of the Speech and Debate clause which provides "an absolute bar to judicial interference" once it is determined that Members are acting within the "legitimate legislative sphere" with such compulsory process. Under that ruling, courts generally do not hear motions to quash Congressional subpoenas; even when executive branch officials refuse to comply, courts tend to rule that such matters are "political questions" unsuitable for judicial remedy. In fact, many legal rights usually associated with a judicial subpoena do not apply to a Congressional subpoena. For example, attorney-client privilege and information that is normally protected under the Trade Secrets Act do not need to be recognized.[9]

text: Procedures[edit]

text: Following the refusal of a witness to produce documents or to testify, the Committee is entitled to report a resolution of contempt to its parent chamber. A Committee may also cite a person for contempt but not immediately report the resolution to the floor. In the case of subcommittees, they report the resolution of contempt to the full Committee, which then has the option of rejecting it, accepting it but not reporting it to the floor, or accepting it and reporting it to the floor of the chamber for action. On the floor of the House or the Senate, the reported resolution is considered privileged and, if the resolution of contempt is passed, the chamber has several options to enforce its mandate.

text: Inherent contempt[edit]

text: Under this process, the procedure for holding a person in contempt involves only the chamber concerned. Following a contempt citation, the person cited is arrested by the Sergeant-at-Arms for the House or Senate, brought to the floor of the chamber, held to answer charges by the presiding officer, and then subjected to punishment as the chamber may dictate (usually imprisonment for punishment reasons, imprisonment for coercive effect, or release from the contempt citation).

text: Concerned with the time-consuming nature of a contempt proceeding and the inability to extend punishment further than the session of the Congress concerned (under Supreme Court rulings), Congress created a statutory process in 1857. While Congress retains its "inherent contempt" authority and may exercise it at any time, this inherent contempt process was last used by the Senate in 1934, in a Senate investigation of airlines and the U.S. Postmaster. After a one-week trial on the Senate floor (presided over by Vice President John Nance Garner, in his capacity as Senate President), William P. MacCracken, Jr., a lawyer and former Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aeronautics who was charged with allowing clients to remove or rip up subpoenaed documents, was found guilty and sentenced to 10 days imprisonment.[10]

text: MacCracken filed a petition of habeas corpus in federal courts to overturn his arrest, but after litigation, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that Congress had acted constitutionally, and denied the petition in the case Jurney v. MacCracken.[11][12]

text: Presidential pardons appear not to apply to a civil contempt procedure such as the above, since it is not an "offense against the United States" or against "the dignity of public authority."[13]

text: Statutory proceedings[edit]

text: This article contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Such statements should be clarified or removed. (July 2008)

text: Following a contempt citation, the presiding officer of the chamber is instructed to refer the matter to the U.S. Attorney for the District of Columbia;[14] according to the law it is the "duty" of the U.S. Attorney to refer the matter to a grand jury for action. However, while the law places the duty on the U.S. Attorney to impanel a grand jury for action, some proponents of the unitary executive theory argue that the Congress cannot properly compel the U.S. Attorney to take this action against the Executive Branch, asserting that the U.S. Attorney is a member of the Executive Branch who ultimately reports only to the President and that compelling the U.S. Attorney amounts to compelling the President himself[citation needed]. They argue that to allow Congress to force the President to take action against a subordinate following his directives would be a violation of the separation of powers and infringe on the power of the Executive branch. The legal basis for this position, they contend, can be found in Federalist 49, in which James Madison wrote “The several departments being perfectly co-ordinate by the terms of their common commission, none of them, it is evident, can pretend to an exclusive or superior right of settling the boundaries between their respective powers.” This approach to government is commonly known as "departmentalism” or “coordinate construction”[citation needed]

text: Others argue that Article II of the Constitution requires the President to execute the law, such law being what the lawmaker (e.g. Congress, in the case of statutory contempt) says it is (per Article I). The Executive Branch cannot either define the meaning of the law (such powers of legislation being reserved to Congress) or interpret the law (such powers being reserved to the several Federal Courts). They argue that any attempt by the Executive to define or interpret the law would be a violation of the separation of powers; the Executive may only—and is obligated to—execute the law consistent with its definition and interpretation; and if the law specifies a duty on one of the President's subordinates, then the President must "take care" to see that the duty specified in the law is executed. To avoid or neglect the performance of this duty would not be faithful execution of the law, and would thus be a violation of the separation of powers, which the Congress and the Courts have several options to remedy.

text: The criminal offense of "contempt of Congress" sets the penalty at not less than one month nor more than twelve months in jail and a fine of not less than $100 nor more than $1,000.[15]

text: Civil procedures[edit]

text: Senate Rules authorize the Senate to direct the Senate Legal Counsel to file a civil action against any private individual found in contempt. Upon motion by the Senate, the federal district court issues another order for a person to comply with Senate process. If the subject then refuses to comply with the Court's order, the person may be cited for contempt of court and may incur sanctions imposed by the Court. The process has been used at least six times; but the civil procedure can only be used against Executive branch officials "in certain limited circumstances."[citation needed]

text: Partial list of those held in contempt since 1975[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2010)

text:
Person
Subcommittee/Committee
Chamber
Ultimate Disposition

Rogers C.B. Morton (Republican),
Secretary of Commerce
November 11, 1975
Subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
Not considered
Morton released the material to the subcommittee.

Henry Kissinger (Republican),
Secretary of State
November 15, 1975
House Select Committee on Intelligence
Not considered
Citation dismissed after "substantial compliance" with subpoena.

Joseph A. Califano, Jr. (Democrat),
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
August 6, 1978
Subcommittee of the House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
Not considered
Califano complied with the subpoena about one month after the subcommittee citation.

Charles W. Duncan, Jr. (Democrat),
Secretary of Energy
April 29, 1980
Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations
Not considered
Duncan supplied the material by May 14, 1980.

James B. Edwards (Republican),
Secretary of Energy
July 23, 1981
Environment, Energy, and Natural Resources Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Operations
Not considered
Documents were delivered to Congress prior to full Committee consideration of the contempt citation.

James G. Watt (Republican),
Secretary of the Interior
February 9, 1982
Subcommittee of House Committee on Energy and Commerce
February 25, 1982
House Committee on Energy and Commerce
Not considered
The White House delivered documents to the Rayburn House Office Building for review by Committee members for four hours, providing for no staff or photocopies.

Anne Gorsuch (Republican),
Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
December 2, 1982
Oversight Subcommittee of the House Committee on Public Works and Transportation
House Committee on Public Works and Transportation

House of Representatives
After legal cases and a court dismissal of the executive Branch's suit, the parties reached an agreement to provide documents.

Rita Lavelle (Republican),
EPA official
April 26, 1983
House Committee on Energy and Commerce
House of Representatives
Indicted for lying to Congress; convicted; sentenced to 6 months in prison, 5 years probation thereafter, and a fine of $10,000

Jack Quinn (Democrat),
White House Counsel
May 9, 1996
House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
Not considered
Subpoenaed documents were provided hours before the House of Representatives was set to consider the contempt citation.

David Watkins,
White House Director of Administration
Matthew Moore, White House aide

Janet Reno (Democrat),
Attorney General
August 6, 1998
House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform
Not considered
Documents in question were revealed during the impeachment of President Clinton.

Harriet Miers (Republican),
Former White House Counsel
July 25, 2007
House Committee on the Judiciary[16]
February 14, 2008 House of Representatives[17]
On March 4, 2009, Miers and former Deputy Chief of Staff to President Bush Karl Rove, agreed to testify under oath before Congress about the firings of U.S. attorneys

Joshua Bolten (Republican), White House Chief of Staff

Eric Holder (Democrat), Attorney General
June 20, 2012
House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform[18]
June 28, 2012 House of Representatives
Found in contempt by a vote of 255-67[19][20]

Lois Lerner (Democrat)
Director of the IRS Exempt Organizations Division
March 11, 2014
House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform[21]
May 7, 2014[22] House of Representatives
Found in contempt for her role in the 2013 IRS controversy and refusal to testify. The Department of Justice has been directed by the House to appoint special counsel. (See: Finding Lois Lerner in contempt of Congress (H.Res. 574; 113th Congress))

Bryan Pagliano (Democrat)
IT director, Hillary Clinton aide
September 13, 2016
House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform[23]
September 22, 2016[24] House of Representatives
Found in contempt by a vote of 19-15 for failing to appear during the September 13th and September 22nd hearing after being subpoenaed and subsequent refusal to testify.

Backpage.com
?
Senate Homeland Security Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations
March 17, 2016[25] Senate
Found in contempt for failing to provide documents in an investigation into human trafficking.

text: Other legislatures in the U.S.[edit]

text: Various U.S. states have made similar actions against their own legislatures violations of state criminal laws. Sometimes, those laws can even be applied to non-sovereign legislative bodies like county legislatures and city councils.


document_title: Smoking age

question_text: how old do you have to be to smoke cigarettes in georgia

root

text: Smoking age

text: Smoking age laws by region[edit]

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Algeria
None
19
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 19 years.
(Chapitre IV sur les problèmes de santé l'article 93: "la vente de tabac ou produits du tabac aux mineurs est interdite".)[1]

 Angola
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18.[2]

 Benin
None
18
[3]

 Botswana
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors under the age of 18 Any person who sells, by retail, any tobacco product, shall display clearly, for the public, a notice to the effect that the sale of any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[4]

 Burkina Faso
None
18
[5]

 Burundi
None
18
It is illegal to sell cigarettes to anyone under the age of 18. Other tobacco products are not regulated.[6]

 Cameroon
15

 Cape Verde
15

 Central African Republic
14

 Chad
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. Minors and pregnant women may not smoke in public.[7]

 Comoros
None
18
The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited. Vendors of tobacco products must visibly and prominently display at their point of sale a notice of prohibition of the sale of tobacco to minors and by minors.[8]

 Republic of the Congo
18
[9]

 Democratic Republic of the Congo
18
It is illegal for minors to smoke in public, and for anyone to give or sell tobacco to a minor.
(ARRETE MINISTERIEL N°1250 Article 1: L'usage, la vente, l'achat et la consommation du tabac, de ses produits et de ses dérivés sont strictement interdits aux mineurs.)[10]

 Djibouti
None
16
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor under the age of 16 years. A notice with the sale restrictions has to be placed at point of sale.[11]

 Egypt
18
A person must be eighteen years or over to legally purchase and consume tobacco products in Egypt. The smoking age however isn't strictly enforced, and IDs are barely requested.

 Equatorial Guinea
18
[12]

 Eritrea
None
18
[13]

 Ethiopia
None
18
("No person may directly or indirectly give, provide or sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18.")[14]

 Gabon
None
18
[15]

 Gambia
None

 Ghana
18
[16]

 Guinea-Bissau
15

 Kenya
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. There is no minimum age to possess tobacco or smoke in public.[17]

 Lesotho
14

 Liberia
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. Minors may not consume tobacco at any public place.[18]

 Libya
None
18
It is strictly prohibited to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years.[19]

 Madagascar
None
18
[20]

 Malawi
14

 Mali
None
18
[21]

 Mauritius
18
A person must be 18 years old to purchase or to smoke cigarettes including any tobacco products as is indicated in Public Health (Restrictions on Tobacco Products) Regulations 1999, Sec. 2(e)(i)).

 Morocco
16

 Mozambique
None
18
[22]

 Namibia
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor.[23]
No minimum age prior to April 14th 2010.

 Niger
None
18 (to enter smoking room or facility)
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor. Minors may not enter any smoking room or facility where smoking is permitted by law.[24]
No minimum age prior to July 17th 2008.

 Nigeria
None
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco products to a minor.[25]

 Republic of the Congo
14

 Rwanda
None
18
It is prohibited to involve a person under 18 in, buying, selling and exchanging of tobacco and tobacco products. It is also prohibited for the seller to sell tobacco and tobacco products to a person under 18.[26]

 São Tomé and Príncipe
None
16
[27]

 Senegal
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. (Chapitre III.- Accès aux produits du tabac: Article 17 Il est interdit de vendre ou d'offrir aux mineurs ou de faire vendre ou de faire offrir par les mineurs du tabac ou tout produit du tabac.)[28]

 Seychelles
18
[29]

 Somalia
15

 South Africa
18
It is illegal to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18.[30]

 South Sudan
15

 Swaziland
None
18
It is illegal to sell and give tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[31]

 Sudan
None
18 (to enter smoking room or facility)
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor. Anyone under the age of 18 may also not handle, store, work or produce with tobacco or within such a facility.[32]

 Tanzania
18
It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco products to a minor, and to smoke such tobacco products if the individual is younger than 18 years.[33]

 Togo
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor.[34]

 Tunisia
None
18
[35]

 Uganda
None
21
It is now illegal for a person below the age of 21 to access cigarettes[36]

 Zambia
None
16
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 16 years. No minimum age for consumption and possession in public.
No minimum age prior to January 1st 1993.[37]

 Zimbabwe
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18. Minors may not sell tobacco.[38]

tag: table

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Antigua and Barbuda
None
Antigua and Barbuda don't have any restrictions towards selling tobacco to minors or smoking in general.[39]

 Argentina
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors.[40]

 Bahamas
None
18
[41]

 Belize
None

 Bermuda
None
18
No person shall sell or supply any cigarettes, tobacco or tobacco products to a minor. A person selling or supplying any cigarettes, tobacco or tobacco products to a person who appears to be under 25 years of age shall, before selling or supplying them, ensure, by requiring photo identification, that the latter person is not a minor.[42]

 Bolivia
None
18
The sale of tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years is prohibited.[43]

 Brazil
18[44]
18
It is illegal to "sell Products whose ingredients can cause physical or psychic dependence, even if only through improper use" (…). This also includes tobacco products of any kind.[45]

 British Virgin Islands
None
18
It is illegal to sell or offer to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to purchase, possess or consume tobacco.[46]

 Canada

Regulations by province and territory:

Province/territory
Smoking age
Purchase age
Notes

Federal Government
None
18[47]
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18.
The minimum age was 16 years of prior to 1994.[48]

 Alberta
18[49]
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor under the age of 18. Further, minors are not permitted to smoke at any public place.

 British Columbia
None
19[50]

 Manitoba
None
18[51]
It is illegal to sell, give, buy for, lend or otherwise provide tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Parents can provide tobacco products to their children on private property. Further it is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies.

 New Brunswick
None
19[52]
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. It is also illegal to attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale to, a person under the age of 19 years.

 Newfoundland and Labrador
None
19[53]
It is illegal to sell, give or furnish, directly or indirectly, tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years.

 Northwest Territories
None
18[54]
No person shall sell or supply, or offer to sell or supply, tobacco or a tobacco accessory to a person under the age of 18. No one under the age of 18 years shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco or a tobacco accessory.

 Nova Scotia
19[55]
19[56]
No vendor or employee of a vendor shall sell or give tobacco or a tobacco product to a person under the age of nineteen years. No person shall purchase tobacco or a tobacco product on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale or give tobacco or a tobacco product, to a person under the age of nineteen years. No person under the age of nineteen years may possess tobacco.

 Nunavut
None
19[57]
No person shall sell or supply, or offer to sell or supply, tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old.

 Ontario
None
19[58]
No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who is less than 19 years old. No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person who appears to be less than 25 years old unless he or she has required the person to provide identification and is satisfied that the person is at least 19 years old.

 Prince Edward Island
None
19[59]
No person shall sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 19 years. No person shall purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco on behalf of, or for the purpose of resale to, a person under the age of 19 years. It is legal to supply tobacco to a minor if it is solely for use in traditional Aboriginal spiritual or cultural practices or ceremonies.

 Quebec
None
18[60]
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not give tobacco to a minor. The operator of a tobacco retail outlet may not sell tobacco to an adult, if the operator knows the person is purchasing the tobacco for a minor.

 Saskatchewan
None
18[61]
It is illegal to sell, lend, assign, give or send tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Yukon
18 (federal law)
The territory Yukon has no legislations which restrict the sale of tobacco products to minors. Federal laws apply.

 Chile
None
18
It is illegal to sell any form of tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[62]

 Colombia
None
18
It is forbidden for any individual or legal entity to directly or indirectly sell tobacco products and its derivatives in any of its presentations to minors under the age of 18 years. In case of question, one must ask each tobacco purchaser to show that he has reached majority age.[63]

 Costa Rica
None
18
Tobacco products may not be sold to minors. Wholesale or retail vendors of products shall have the obligation, at their own expense, to display posters that are visible, clear and prominently placed on the inside of places of sale, stating that the sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited.[64]

 Cuba
None
18
[65]

 Cayman Islands
None
18
(Tobacco Law, 2007 PART V – Section 10: No person shall sell tobacco to a minor.) [66]

 Dominican Republic
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[67]

 Ecuador
None
18
It is illegal to sell or let sell tobacco to or by a minor.[68]

 El Salvador
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a minor.[69]

 Falkland Islands
None

 Guatemala
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Public consumption of tobacco by minors is prohibited. (El decreto 90-97, Código de Salud, indica en su artículo 50)[70]

 Guyana
None
18
No tobacco may be sold or furnished to a minor.[71]

 Haiti
None
18

 Honduras
None
21
The sale and/or gifting of tobaccoderived products to persons under 21 years of age is prohibited.[72]

 Jamaica
None
18
[73]

 Mexico
None
18
[74]

 Nicaragua
None
18
[75]

 Panama
None
18
The sale of tobacco products to minors is prohibited.[76]

 Paraguay
None
18
It is unlawful to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[77]

 Peru
18
The sale of tobacco products to/by minors under the age of 18 is prohibited.[78]

 Trinidad and Tobago
None
18
Tobacco shall not be sold to or by a child under the age of 18 years.[79]

 United States
(50 states and integral territories)
The federal law requires states to have a minimum age of 18 years for sale/purchase of tobacco products (21 U.S.C. § 387f. (3)(a)(ii)). State laws may extend this ban and also prohibit supply, possession and consumption to/by person underage. But most of the states do not directly ban the consumption of tobacco by a minor. The federal law requiring states to have a minimum purchasing age at 18 is enforced by withholding FEMA disaster and non-disaster grants from states that have purchasing ages under 18, and currently no state falls under that category.

Regulations by state:

State/territory
Smoking age
Purchase age
Notes

 Alabama
19[80]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. Minors are prohibited from using and possessing tobacco products.
The minimum age was introduced in 1896.[81]

 Alaska
None
19[82]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 19 years. Possession by minors is prohibited. The minimum age requirement does not apply to a person who is a prisoner at an adult correctional facility.[83]
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1978.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 19 in 1988.[81]

 American Samoa
18

 Arizona
None
18[84]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products or smoking equipment to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for a minor to be in possession of tobacco or smoking equipment, or to receive them.

None
21[85][86]
Cottonwood and Douglas have raised their tobacco age to 21

 Arkansas
18[87]
It is illegal to give or sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco products and to smoke in public.

 California
18[88]
21[89]
As of June 9, 2016, it is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age, with an exception for people in active military service who are 18 years old.
Before June 9, the age to purchase tobacco was 18 years of age. Amended after the 2016 election it is legal for persons age 18 and older to buy tobacco products with no filter. (Cigars, e-cigarettes, chewing tobacco, etc.)

 Colorado
18[90]
It is illegal to sell, give or distribute tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors under the age of 18 years are prohibited from being in possession of any tobacco product.

 Connecticut
None
18[91]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under 18. It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public.
A minimum age of 16 was introduced in 1902.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987.[81]

 Delaware
None
18[92]
Selling, giving or otherwhise distributing tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years is illegal. Minors under the age of 18 years are not allowed to attempt to purchase tobacco or to be in the possession of tobacco products.
The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1953.
The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1992.[81][93]

 Florida
None
18[94]
The Florida Statutes make it a criminal offence so sell or supply tobacco to an individual under the age of 18 years. Minors may also not be in possession of tobacco products.

 Georgia
None
18[95]
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to possess tobacco in public. Minors are allowed to possess tobacco products and to consume those, in private home if permission is given by parents or legal guardian.
The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1987.
The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1993.[81][93]

 Guam
18
The minimum age will be raised from 18 to 21, as of January 1, 2018.[96]

 Hawaii
21[97][98]
It is illegal to sell or furnish tobacco to a person under 21 years of age. It is also illegal for a person under 21 years of age to attempt to purchase tobacco.
The minimum age of 15 years was introduced on November 11, 1890.[99]
The minimum age was raised from 15 to 18 on January 1, 1988.[100]
The minimum age was raised from 18 to 21 on January 1, 2016.[101]

 Idaho
18[102][103]

 Illinois
None
18[104][105]

None
21[106][107]
The cities of Chicago and Evanston have a tobacco sales age of 21

 Indiana
None
18[108]
Giving, selling, providing and distributing tobacco to minors is illegal. Minors may not possess, accept or purchase tobacco. Minors are not allowed to enter a tobacco business, defined in state law as a business whose primary activity is the sale of tobacco products and accessories.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1980.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1987.[81]

 Iowa
18[109]
It is illegal for minors to be in possession of tobacco, to smoke in public or to purchase tobacco products. It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.

 Kansas
None
18[110]
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor. Minors may not possess or purchase or attempt to possess or purchase tobacco.

None
21[111]
Eight cities in Kansas have raised their tobacco age to 21

 Kentucky
None
18[112]
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase or possess tobacco products. Prior to 1990 Kentucky had no minimum age to purchase tobacco. From 1990 until 1992 the minimum age was 16 years.
In 1992 the age was raised from 16 to 18 years of age. [93]

 Louisiana
None
18[113]
It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor. A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco, except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian 21 years of age or older.
Prior to 1991 there was no minim age limit in Louisiana.

 Maine
18[114]
It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor. A minor is not permitted to possess tobacco, except in private residences or if accompanied by a parent, spouse, or legal guardian 21 years of age or older.

 Maryland
None
18[115][116]
Minimum age raised from 16 to 18 in 1989. [93]

 Massachusetts
None
18[117]
It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors. Anyone else than the parents or guardian are prohibited from giving any form of tobacco to a minor.

None
21[118]
Over 100 cities in Massachusetts, including Boston, have age to 21 years.

 Michigan
18[119]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Minors are permitted to smoke on private premises.

 Minnesota
18[120]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Indian may furnish tobacco to an Indian under the age of 18 years if the tobacco is furnished as part of a traditional Indian spiritual or cultural ceremony.

 Mississippi
18[121]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

None
21[122]
Adams County has raised their tobacco age to 21

 Missouri
None
18[123]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. It is not illegal to give tobacco to minors on private premises nor is it illegal for minors to smoke in public.
Prior to 1992 Missouri did not have a minimum age limit.[93]

None
21[124]
Twelve cities in Missouri, including Kansas City, St, Louis and Jefferson City, have raised their tobacco age to 21

 Montana
None
18[125]
Sale or distribution of tobacco products to persons under 18 years of age is prohibited, whether over the counter, by vending machine, or otherwise.
Prior to 1993 there was no minimum age limit.[93]

 Nebraska
18[126][127]
It is illegal to sell, give or furnish, in any way tobacco to a minor. Minors may not smoke in public.

 Nevada
None
18[128]

 New Hampshire
18[129]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 New Jersey
None
21[130]
No person shall sell, give or furnish to a person under 19 years of age, any cigarettes made of tobacco.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1904.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988.
The minimum age was raised from 18 to 19 in 2005.
The minimum age was raised from 19 to 21 on July 21, 2017, but doesn't take effect until November 1, 2017.[81]

None
21[131]
15 cities in New Jersey tobacco age to 21 years.

 New Mexico
None
18[132]
Prior to 1991 New Mexico had no minimum age.

 New York
None
18[133]
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.

None
21[134]
18 (Smoking supplies under federal/state law)
New York City bans all tobacco and e-cigarette sales to anyone under the age of 21.
Prior to May 18, 2014 the minimum age was 18 (by state law).

None
21[135]
Suffolk County bans all herbal cigarettes, rolling papers and pipes sales to anyone under the age of 21.

None
19
18 (Military)[136]
Onondaga County bans all tobacco product sales to anyone under the age of 19.

None
19[137]
Nassau County bans all tobacco product sales to anyone under the age of 19.

 North Carolina
None
18[138]
It is illegal for anyone under age 18 to buy, attempt to buy, to receive, or to use a false or misleading proof of age for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product or cigarette wrapping papers.
The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1891.
The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991.[81][93]

  North Dakota
18[139]

 Northern Mariana Islands
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.

 Ohio
18[140]

None
21[141]
Five cities in Ohio, including Cleveland, have raised their tobacco age to 21

 Oklahoma
None
18[142]
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.
The minimum age of 18 years was introduced in 1915.

 Oregon
None
21[143]
Starting January 1, 2018 it will be illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years.

 Pennsylvania
None
18[144]
It is illegal to sell, furnish, give or otherwise provide tobacco to a minor. Minors may not purchase or attempt to purchase tobacco products.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1972.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990.[81][93]

 Puerto Rico
None
18

 Rhode Island
18[145][146]
No person under eighteen years of age shall purchase, nor shall any person sell, give, or deliver to any person under eighteen years of age, any tobacco products. No person under eighteen years of age shall use or possess, tobacco in any public street, place, or resort, any tobacco and/or electronic nicotine delivery system in any form.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1896.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1988.[81]

 South Carolina
None
18[147]
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, or attempt to possess a tobacco product, or present or offer proof of age that is false or fraudulent for the purpose of purchasing or possessing a tobacco product.

 South Dakota
None
18
Prior to 1989 South Dakota didn't regulate the sale of cigarettes to minors. Only smokeless tobacco products could not be sold to minors.

 Tennessee
None
18[148]
It is unlawful for a person who has not attained 18 years of age to possess a tobacco product, to purchase or accept receipt of a tobacco product, or to present or offer to any person any purported proof of age which is false, fraudulent, or not actually that person's own for the purpose of purchasing or receiving any tobacco product.

 Texas
18[149]
It is illegal to sell, give, supply or otherwise provide tobacco to minors. Minors may not purchase, attempt to purchase, possess, attempt to possess or consume tobacco products in public. Exception: The individual younger than 18 years of age possessed the cigarette or tobacco product in the presence of an adult parent, a guardian, or a spouse of the individual or an employer of the individual, if possession or receipt of the tobacco product is required in the performance of the employee's duties as an employee.
The minimum age to purchase, possess and consume tobacco was 16 years of age from 1899 to 1989.[93]

 United States Virgin Islands
None
18
[150]

 Utah
19[151]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products or smoking devices to anyone under the age of 19 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 19 years to possess, consume, purchase any tobacco product.

 Vermont
None
18[152]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products.
The minimum age of 17 years was introduced in 1888.
The minimum age was raised from 17 to 18 in 1991.[81][93]

 Virginia
18[153]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess or purchase tobacco products.
Prior to 1991 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age.[93]

 Washington
None
18[154]
It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 Washington, D.C.
None
18[155]
It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public.
The minimum age of 16 years was introduced in 1891.
The minimum age was raised from 16 to 18 in 1990.[81][93]

 West Virginia
18[156]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess, consume or purchase tobacco products.

 Wisconsin
None
18[157]
It is illegal to sell, give or permit to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for minors to possess or consume tobacco products in public.

 Wyoming
18[158]
It is illegal to sell, supply, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 years to possess, consume or purchase tobacco products.
Prior to 1991 Wyoming had no minimum purchase/sale age for tobacco products.[93]

 Uruguay
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. A clearly legible notice with the sale ban to under anyone under the age of 18 years has to be placed inside and outside the premises.[159]

 Venezuela
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to a minor.[160]

text: Asia[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Afghanistan
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to smoke or the use of tobacco in public buildings such as hospitals, schools and restaurants.[161]

 Bhutan
Illegal
In 2004, Bhutan became the first country to ban the sale, cultivation, and production of tobacco. People 18 and over may bring a limited amount of tobacco into Bhutan if they pay import duties.

 Brunei
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors to possess, buy or consume tobacco products.[162]

 Bangladesh
16
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 16 years. Any police-officer in uniform or any other person or class of persons duty authorized by the Government has the power to seize and destroy tobacco products of anyone under the age of 16 years whom he finds smoking in public.[163]

 Cambodia
None
18
Any act of selling or distributing all types of tobacco products to persons aged under 18 years or to pregnant women whose pregnancy is obvious or is realized must be punished with six days to one month in prison and a fine of 100,000 riel to 1 million riel.[164]

 China
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. No one shall smoke on school or education premises. Weakly enforced to not enforced.
No age limit prior to December 29th 2006.[165]

 Hong Kong
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[166]

 India
None
18
It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. It is illegal to sell tobacco within a radius of one hundred yards of any educational institution.[167]

 Indonesia
None
18
It is illegal to sell an supply tobacco products to pregnant women anyone under the age of 18 years.[168]

 Iran
None
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation will result in confiscation of tobacco from the minor and a fine for the salesperson.[169]

 Iraq
14

 Israel
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.
No minimum age prior to November 12th 2004.[170]

 Jordan
None
18 (Consumption of water pipes on premises)
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a minor. It is also illegal to provide water pipes in cafes, restaurants and similar places.[171]

 Japan
20
Supplying tobacco to persons under 20 is punishable by a ¥10,000 fine.[172]

 Kazakhstan
None
18
[173]

 Kuwait
None
21
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21 years.[174]

 Kyrgyzstan
None
18
No minor shall sell or be sold tobacco products.[175]

 Lebanon
18
18
It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco to a minor.[176]

 Macau
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. It is not illegal for a minor to smoke or to obtain tobacco from a person of the legal age.[177]

 Malaysia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.[178]

 Maldives
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. The retailer must ensure that the buyer is at least 18 years of age. Furthermore, a clearly legible notice has to be displayed at point of sale stating that tobacco sales to minors are illegal.[179]

 Mongolia
15

   Nepal
None
18
It is illegal to sell or distribute tobacco products to minors and pregnant women.[180]

 North Korea
None
17
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a minor.[181] (The tobacco law does not define the word "minor", but age of majority is reached at the age of 17 years).

 Oman
15

 Pakistan
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years. A clearly legible notice with the sale restriction has to be placed at point of sale.[182]

 Palestine
14

 Philippines
18
Only people over 18 may buy cigarettes and tobacco due to the "STOP for Health Act". (Stop Tobacco and Other Products for Health)[183]

 Qatar
None
18
It is illegal to sell cigarettes or any other tobacco to a person unter the age of 18 years.[184]

 Saudi Arabia
18

 Singapore
18 (Present); will be raised to 21
It is illegal to sell or give, directly or indirectly any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years. No minor is allowed to consume or to possess any tobacco product in public.[185]

 South Korea
None
19
[186]

 Sri Lanka
None
21
It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a person under the age of 21 years.[187]

 Syria
None
18
It is unlawful to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[188]

 Taiwan
18
It is illegal to sell or provide tobacco to a pregnant women and anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for a pregnant women or a child to smoke.[189]

 Tajikistan
14

 Thailand
None
18
[190]

 Turkmenistan
Illegal
In January 2016, President Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedow reportedly banned tobacco sales in Turkmenistan.[191]

 United Arab Emirates
18

 Vietnam
18
It is illegal for people less than 18 years of age use, buy, and sell tobacco products. It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco product to people less than 18 years of age.[192]

 Yemen
14

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Albania
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to minors under the age of 18 years.[193]

 Armenia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors may not sell tobacco products.[194]
No minimum age prior to December 24th 2004.

 Austria
16
The minimum age is regulated by each federal state, but is nationwide 16 years. It is illegal in every state to sell or give tobacco products to a person under the age of 16 years as well as the consumption by a person under the age of 16 years in any public place.[195]

 Azerbaijan
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. The packaging of tobacco products must contain a warning that sale to minors is prohibited.[196]
No minimum age prior to January 1st 2002.

 Belarus
None
18
(Decree No. 28 of 2002 Section 32. "It is banned to sell tobacco products to citizens (by citizens) of the Republic of Belarus, foreign citizens and individuals with no citizenship under 18 years old.")[197]

 Belgium
None
16
("Il est interdit de vendre des produits de tabac aux jeunes de moins de 16 ans et la publicité pour les produits de tabac est interdite.")[198]

 Bosnia and Herzegovina
18
It is illegal to sell and gift tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. It is illegal for minors under the age of 18 years to gift, sell and consume tobacco products.[199]
The minimum age was 15 years prior to September 28th 2004.
No minimum age prior to March 9th 1998.[200]

 Bulgaria
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[201]

 Croatia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors. It is the responsibility of any salesperson to ensure that no tobacco is sold to minors and therefore to request an ID to make sure that the purchaser is at least 18 years of age. Minors may not sell tobacco products.[202]

 Cyprus
None
18
It is illegal to sell or otherwise provide tobacco products to a minor.
"(…)any person who provides a tobacco product to a minor is guilty of offense and in any case of his/her conviction, he/she shall be subject to a penalty not exceeding one thousand pounds or to incarceration not exceeding six months and/or to both penalties."[203]

 Czech Republic
None
18
Selling tobacco products to anyone under 18 is prohibited. Sale of tobacco products and tobacco through vending machines is permitted if the tobacco purchase age is not violated. The seller shall place a clearly visible notice displaying the sale restrictions of tobacco to person under the age of 18. A person selling tobacco must be 18 years or older, unless the minor is preparing for a future career in the hotel or tourism industry, as a cook-waiter or salesman. However, it is very easy to get tobacco products for minors as many sellers don't check the age.[204]
The minimum age was 16 years prior to September 2nd 1999.[205]

 Denmark
None
18
The minimum age was 16 years prior to September 1st 2008.[206]

 Estonia
18
The minimum age to purchase tobacco products or to smoke in public is set at 18. Minors may not be in possession of, or handle tobacco products.[207]

 Finland
18
Prior to October 2010 it was not illegal for minors to smoke in public.
The minimum age was 16 years prior to March 1st 1995.[208]

 France
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors under the age of 18 years may not smoke in any school or on school property.[209] Vending machines outside a tobacco shop is prohibited.
Prior to 21 July 2009 the minimum age to purchase tobacco products was 16 years of age.

 Georgia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to minors under the age of 18.[210]

 Germany
18
The Protection of Young Persons Act states that children and young people under 18 years of age shall not be sold tobacco pruducts nor should they be permitted to smoke in public. This does not apply to married adolescents.[211]
Minimum age was 18 from June 10th 1943 until January 1st 1952.[212]
Minimum age was 16 from January 1st 1952 to September 1st 2007.[213]

 Gibraltar
18
It is illegal to sell and furnish tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Any police officer may confiscate tobacco from a minor in public.[214]
The minimum age was 16 years prior to July 7th 2006.[215]

 Greece
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to minors.[216]

 Hungary
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18. It is illegal to smoke under the age of 18. The sale of tobacco is prohibited within 200 m of schools and health care units.

 Iceland
None
18
It is illegal to sell or deliver tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Minors may not handle or sell tobacco products.[217]
No minimum age prior to January 1st 1985.
The minimum age was 16 years from January 1st 1985 to October 1st 1996.[218]

 Ireland
18
The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal. It is illegal to buy or smoke cigarettes if you are under the age of 18.[219]
The minimum age was 16 years prior to March 27th 2002.[220]

 Italy
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. Violation is punished with a fine between €250.00 and €1000.00. If the law is violated more than once the fine is increased to €500.00 and €2,000.00 and a revocation of the tobacco license for at least 3 months.[221][222]

Minimum age for electronic cigarettes was 16 prior to May 1st 2013.[223]

 Kosovo*
None
[224]

 Latvia
None
18
The sale of tobacco products to persons under the age of 18 is prohibited.[225]

 Liechtenstein
16
It is illegal for anyone under the age of 16 to possess or consume tobacco products.[226]

 Lithuania
18
No minimum age to smoke prior to May 1st 2015.

 Luxembourg
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years.[227][228]
No minimum age prior to January 1st 2006.
Minimum purchase age increased from 16 to 18 on 1 August 2017.

 Macedonia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[229]

 Malta
None
18
"No person shall sell, supply or distribute by way of compensation or otherwise, any cigarettes, cigars, tobacco, tobacco products or smoking requisites to any person who is under the age of 18 years, or in any manner induce such person to smoke."[230]

 Moldova
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18 years.[231]

 Montenegro
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. A poster with the sale restrictions must be placed at point of sale.[232]

 Netherlands
None
18
The sale of tobacco to persons under 18 is illegal.[233] Smoking of tobacco is prohibited by law in all public buildings and in public transport. As of 1 January 2004 every employee has the right to work in a smoke-free environment. All forms of tobacco advertising, promotion or sponsorship are prohibited. Smoking remains prevalent in the Netherlands despite these efforts. Tobacco can be bought at every supermarket and at other stores.

 Norway
None
18
(No age limit for use of tobacco but no sales of cigarettes or Swedish snus to people under 18 by law.[234] Vending machines are only allowed when they are cited inside an approved store, with a demand of buying a receipt from the cashier first.[234] and imitation tobacco products are not allowed. Cigarette commercials are also strictly forbidden by law. As of June 2004, smoking is prohibited in all public places, including restaurants, pubs and work places.)

 Poland
None
18
Minors are not allowed to buy tobacco products.[235]

 Portugal
18
It is illegal to sell or give any tobacco product to a minor as well as the consumption of a tobacco product in any public place by a minor. There is a proposition to ban vending machines in places accessible to people younger than 18.[236]
Minimum age was 16 prior to January 1st 2008.

 Romania
None
18
There is a ban on sale of tobacco to those younger than 18. Vending machines selling tobacco are banned. There is no minimum legal age of smoking.

 Russia
None
18
Retail sales of tobacco products to any person under the age of 18 years are an offence.[237]

 Serbia
None
18
The sale to persons under 18 is prohibited. Contrary to that, a lot of salesmen sell cigarettes to minors in Serbia. Acquiring tobacco products is very easy for minors despite the law.

 Slovakia
None
18
Tobacco sales to under 18 year olds are prohibited.[238]

 Slovenia
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18. ID-Card or passport has to be shown if requested.[239]

 Spain
None
18
It is illegal to sell any tobacco product or other smoking substances (e.g. electronic cigarettes) to a person under the age of 18 years.[240]
Minimum age was 16 in most regions prior to January 1st 2006.

 Sweden
None
18
It is illegal to sell or commercially distribute tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[241]
No minimum age prior to January 1st 1997.

  Switzerland

Regulations by canton:

States/territories
Smoking age
Purchase age
Notes

 Aargau
None
16
It is an offence to sell or supply (except for Parents) any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age.[242]

 Appenzell Ausserrhoden
None
16
It is an offence to sell or supply any tobacco product to a person under 16 years of age.[243]

 Appenzell Innerrhoden
None
No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[244]

 Basel-Landschaft
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[245]

 Basel-Stadt
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[246]

 Bern
None
18 (to enter smoking facility or premises)
18
Selling or giving any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 18 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[247]

 Fribourg
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[248]

 Geneva
None
No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[244]

 Glarus
None
16
Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[249]

 Graubünden
None
16
[250]

 Jura
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a minor.[251]

 Luzern
None
16
Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[252]

 Neuchâtel
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[253]

 Nidwalden
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[254]

 Obwalden
None
No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[244]

 Schaffhausen
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[244]

 Schwyz
None
No cantonal regulation towards sale and supply of tobacco products to minors.[244]

 Solothurn
None
16
Selling any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[255]

 St. Gallen
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[256]

 Thurgau
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[257]

 Ticino
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[244]

 Uri
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful.[258]

 Valais
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. Currently the cantonal government is planning to raise the minimum age to 18 years.[259]

 Vaud
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[260]

 Zug
None
18
Selling any tobacco product to a minor is unlawful.[261]

 Zürich
None
16
Selling or supplying any tobacco product to a person under the age of 16 is unlawful. If a customer appears to be under the age of 16 years the salesperson must check a valid ID.[262]

 Turkey
None
18

 Ukraine
14
18

 United Kingdom
16
18
 England and  Wales:
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 18.[263] The minimum age to smoke in public is 16 and authorities have the duty to seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 16.[264]
Minimum age to purchase was 16 from 1908 to October 1st 2007.
No Minimum age prior 1908.

18
 Scotland:
A person who sells a tobacco product or cigarette papers to a person under the age of 18 commits an offence. Any person under the age of 18 who buys or attempts to buy a tobacco product or cigarette papers commits an offence as well as an adult who knowlingly buys a tobacco product or cigarette papers on behalf of a person under the age of 18.[265] Any constable who has reasonable grounds for suspecting that a person in a public place is under the age of 18, and in possession of a tobacco product or cigarette papers may require the person to surrender the tobacco product.[266]
Minimum age was 16 prior to September 30th 2007.

18
Northern Ireland:
A person who sells to a person under the age of 18 any tobacco or cigarette papers, whether for his own use or not, shall be guilty of an offence. A member of the Police Service of Northern Ireland may seize any tobacco or cigarette papers in the possession of any person apparently under the age of 18 whom he finds smoking in any street or public place.[267]
Minimum age was 16 prior to September 1st 2008.

text: Disputed

tag: ul

text: Oceania[edit]

text:
Country
De jure
Notes

Smoking age
Purchase age

 Australia

Regulations by state/territory:

Province/territory
Smoking age
Purchase age
Notes

 Australian Capital Territory
None
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco products to a person under the age of 18 years.[268] Further it is illegal to buy a tobacco product for a minor.[269]

 New South Wales
None
18
It is illegal to sell any tobacco or non-tobacco smoking product to a person who is under the age of 18 years.[270]

 Northern Territory
None
18
It is illegal to sell any tobacco product to a minor or on behalf of a minors. It is illegal to smoke in a vehicle with a person under the age of 18 years present.[271][272]

 Queensland
None
18
It is illegal for an adult to supply a tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years; however, a responsible adult for a child does not commit an offence by supplying a smoking product to the child.[273]

 South Australia
None
18
It is an offence to supply any tobacco product to a person under the age of 18 years.[274]

 Tasmania
None
18
It is illegal to sell or supply tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.
Minimum age was 16 prior to January 1st 1997.[275]

 Victoria
None
18
It is illegal to supply tobacco to a minor. Smoking in a vehicle with a person under 18 present is an offence.[276]

 Western Australia
None
18
It is illegal to sell, deliver or supply tobacco or smoking implement to a minor. Purchase on behalf of people under 18 prohibited.[277][278]

 Fiji
None
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.[279]

 Micronesia, Federated States of
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.

 New Zealand
None
18
It is illegal to sell and supply tobacco to a minor.
No minimum age prior to 1903.
Minimum age of 15 years from 1903 to 1988.
Minimum age of 16 years from 1988 to 1998.[280][281]

 Palau
None
18
21 (Only rolling papers and elaus)
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 years. If the purchaser appears to be under the age of 30 years, ID must be checked before sale. It is illegal to employ anyone under the age of 21 handling tobacco products. It is illegal to sell rolling papers and elaus to anyone under the age of 21 years.[282]

 Papua New Guinea
None
18
It is illegal to sell or give tobacco to a person under the age of 18 years.[283]

 Samoa
21
It is illegal to sell tobacco to anyone under the age of 21 years. It is not illegal for a person under the age of 21 years to possess or smoke tobacco in public.[284]

 Solomon Islands
None
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor.[285]

 Tonga
None
18
It is illegal to sell, give or otherwise supply tobacco to a minor.[286]

 Tokelau
16
It is illegal for a person under 16 to smoke tobacco.[287]

 Vanuatu
18
It is illegal to sell tobacco to a persons under 18. It is illegal for persons under 18 to smoke tobacco.[288]

text: Historical regulations[edit]

text:
Minimum age to purchase tobacco in Europe as of 1995:
  Minimum age is 18
  Minimum age is 16
  No minimum age

Minimum age to purchase tobacco in the United States as of 1989:[289]
  Minimum age is 19
  Minimum age is 18
  Minimum age is 17
  Minimum age is 16
  No minimum age


document_title: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

question_text: when will the movie the death cure come out

text: Maze Runner: The Death Cure

text: Premise[edit]

text: In the conclusion to the Maze Runner trilogy, Thomas and the surviving Gladers prepare to face off against WCKD one last time as they fight to find a cure for the deadly disease known as The Flare that has wiped out most of the world. Friendships and loyalties will be tested and the fight against WCKD will also determine who will survive in the end.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Dylan O'Brien as Thomas
Kaya Scodelario as Teresa Agnes
Thomas Brodie-Sangster as Newt
Dexter Darden as Frypan
Nathalie Emmanuel as Harriet
Giancarlo Esposito as Jorge
Aidan Gillen as Janson
Walton Goggins as Lawrence
Ki Hong Lee as Minho
Jacob Lofland as Aris Jones
Barry Pepper as Vince
Will Poulter as Gally
Rosa Salazar as Brenda
Patricia Clarkson as Ava Paige
Katherine McNamara as Sonya

text: Production[edit]

text: In March 2015, it was confirmed that T.S. Nowlin, who co-wrote the first and wrote the second film, would adapt Maze Runner: The Death Cure.[1]

text: Wes Ball confirmed that, if he returns to direct, the film will not be split into two parts of film.[2]

text: On September 16, 2015, it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the final film.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography began on March 14, 2016, in Vancouver.[3][4] Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic-Con International that filming would begin in February 2016.[5]

text: On March 18, 2016, it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized. James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident.[6] It was said that the producers were "looking to" resume filming around mid-May.[7] According to the Directors Guild of Canada's production list, the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9, and complete principal photography on July 26. However, on April 29, 2016, production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought.[8]

text: Filming resumed on March 6, 2017 in Cape Town, South Africa.[9][10][11] In May 2017, it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence, described as "an unusual and dangerous character who is part-revolutionary, part-anarchist, and a voice for the voiceless people."[12] Principal photography wrapped on June 3, 2017.[13]

text: Release[edit]

text: It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17, 2017.[14] However, due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries, the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met.[8] On May 27, 2016, 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12, 2018,[15] allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover.[16]

text: On April 22, 2017, the studio delayed the release date once again, to February 9, 2018, in order to allow more time for post-production; months later, on August 25, the studio moved the release forward two weeks.[17] The film will premiere on January 26, 2018 in 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D.[18][19]


document_title: Fidget spinner

question_text: when did the first fidget spinners come out

text: Fidget spinner

text: Design

text: Fidget spinners are toys not unlike yo-yo or other skill toys, designed to spin with little effort.[4][5] A basic fidget spinner consists of a two- or three-pronged design with a bearing in its center circular pad.[5][6] A person holds the center pad while the toy spins.[6] They are made from various materials including brass, stainless steel, titanium, copper, aluminium, and plastic.[4][5] The bearings are generally ceramic, metal (stainless steel or chrome), and some are hybrids—such as ceramic balls with stainless races and cages. Each fidget spinner also has two or more weights on the outside that make it spin faster and stay balanced. Bearings can vary to adjust for the design's spin time, vibration, and noise, causing unique sensory feedback.

text: Being a kind of a flywheel of a gyroscope in principle, fidget spinners come with similar effects enabling a player to pull various tricks and stunts while forces of a gyroscope take hold. A fidget spinner can be balanced on top of fingers, thrown and caught, and so on.[7]

text: Origin

text: As of 2017, the patent status of the various fidget spinners on the market was unclear.[8]

text: Catherine Hettinger, a chemical engineer by training, was initially credited by some news stories to have been the inventor of the fidget spinner, including by media outlets such as The Guardian,[9] The New York Times,[10] and the New York Post.[11] Hettinger filed a patent application for a "spinning toy"[12] in 1993 and a patent was issued, but Hettinger allowed the patent to lapse in 2005 after she could not find a commercial partner.[9][8] A May 2017 Bloomberg News article showed that Hettinger was not the inventor of the fidget spinner, and Hettinger agreed.[8]

text: In an interview appearing on May 4, 2017 on NPR, Scott McCoskery described how he invented a metal spinning device in 2014 to cope with his own fidgeting in IT meetings and conference calls.[13] In response to requests from an online community, he began selling the device he called the Torqbar online.[13]

text: Marketing and sales

text: With the rapid increase in the spinner's popularity in 2017, many children and teenagers began using it in school, and some schools also reported that kids were trading and selling the spinner toys.[14][15][16]

text: As a result of their frequent use by schoolchildren, many school districts banned the toy.[9][10] Some teachers argued that the spinners distracted students from their schoolwork.[14] According to a survey conducted by Alexi Roy and published in May 2017, 32% of the largest 200 American public and private high schools had banned spinners on campus.[17]

text: When fidget spinners rose in popularity in 2017, many publications in the popular press discussed the marketing claims made about them for people with ADHD, autism, or anxiety.[3][9][10] However, there is no scientific evidence that fidget spinners are effective as a treatment for children with autism or ADHD.[2][3][18]


document_title: List of FIFA World Cup finals

question_text: when is the last time england won the workd cup

text: List of FIFA World Cup finals

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key to the list of finals

Match was won during extra time

Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

text: The "Year" column refers to the year the World Cup was held, and wikilinks to the article about that tournament. The wikilinks in the "Final score" column point to the article about that tournament's final game. Links in the "Winners" and "Runners-up" columns point to the articles for the national football teams of the countries, not the articles for the countries.

text:
List of finals matches, their venues and locations, the finalists, and final scores

Year

Winners

Final score[2]

Runners-up

Venue

Location

Attendance

References

1930

Uruguay

4–2

 Argentina

Estadio Centenario

Montevideo, Uruguay

80,000

[7][8]

1934

Italy

  2–1[n 3]

 Czechoslovakia

Stadio Nazionale PNF

Rome, Italy

50,000

[9][10]

1938

Italy

4–2

 Hungary

Stade Olympique de Colombes

Paris, France

45,000

[11][12]

1950[n 4]

Uruguay

2–1[n 5]

 Brazil

Estádio do Maracanã

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

199,854[13]

[14][15]

1954

West Germany

3–2

 Hungary

Wankdorf Stadium

Bern, Switzerland

60,000

[16][17]

1958

Brazil

5–2

 Sweden

Råsunda Stadium

Solna, Sweden

51,800

[18][19]

1962

Brazil

3–1

 Czechoslovakia

Estadio Nacional

Santiago, Chile

69,000

[20][21]

1966

England

  4–2[n 6]

 West Germany

Wembley Stadium

London, England

93,000

[22][23]

1970

Brazil

4–1

 Italy

Estadio Azteca

Mexico City, Mexico

107,412

[24][25]

1974

West Germany

2–1

 Netherlands

Olympiastadion

Munich, West Germany

75,200

[26][27]

1978

Argentina

  3–1[n 7]

 Netherlands

Estadio Monumental

Buenos Aires, Argentina

71,483

[28][29]

1982

Italy

3–1

 West Germany

Santiago Bernabéu

Madrid, Spain

90,000

[30][31]

1986

Argentina

3–2

 West Germany

Estadio Azteca

Mexico City, Mexico

114,600

[32][33]

1990

West Germany

1–0

 Argentina

Stadio Olimpico

Rome, Italy

73,603

[34][35]

1994

Brazil

  0–0[n 8]

 Italy

Rose Bowl

Pasadena, United States

94,194

[36][37]

1998

France

3–0

 Brazil

Stade de France

Saint-Denis, France

80,000

[38][39]

2002

Brazil

2–0

 Germany

International Stadium

Yokohama, Japan

69,029

[40][41]

2006

Italy

  1–1[n 9]

 France

Olympiastadion

Berlin, Germany

69,000

[42][43]

2010

Spain

  1–0[n 10]

 Netherlands

Soccer City

Johannesburg, South Africa

84,490

[44][45]

2014

Germany

  1–0[n 11]

 Argentina

Estádio do Maracanã

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

74,738

[46][47]

2018

France

4–2

 Croatia

Luzhniki Stadium

Moscow, Russia

78,011

Upcoming finals

Year

Team 1

v

Team 2

Venue

Location

Attendance

References

2022

Lusail Iconic Stadium

Lusail, Qatar

2026

TBD

United States

text: Results[edit]

text:
Results by nation

National team

Wins

Runners-up

Total finals

Years won

Years runners-up

 Brazil

5

2

7

1958, 1962, 1970, 1994, 2002

1950, 1998

 Germany

4

4

8

1954, 1974, 1990, 2014

1966, 1982, 1986, 2002

 Italy

4

2

6

1934, 1938, 1982, 2006

1970, 1994

 Argentina

2

3

5

1978, 1986

1930, 1990, 2014

 France

2

1

3

1998, 2018

2006

 Uruguay

2

0

2

1930, 1950

–

 England

1

0

1

1966

–

 Spain

1

0

1

2010

–

 Netherlands

0

3

3

–

1974, 1978, 2010

 Czechoslovakia

0

2

2

–

1934, 1962

 Hungary

0

2

2

–

1938, 1954

 Sweden

0

1

1

–

1958

 Croatia

0

1

1

–

2018

text:
Results by confederation

Confederation

Appearances

Winners

Runners-up

UEFA

28

12

16

CONMEBOL

14

9

5

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This follows FIFA's consideration that the national teams of West Germany/Germany, Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic, Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro/Serbia, and USSR/Russia are combined respectively for record-keeping.[3]

Jump up ^ Technically the 1958 final was also between two first timers, but Brazil's 1950 group game defeat is generally counted as a previous "final" appearance for the team.

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[9][10]

Jump up ^ The 1950 FIFA World Cup did not have a final, rather, the tournament was decided by a 4-team round robin phase.

Jump up ^ Not the final but the decisive match of the final group stage.

Jump up ^ Score was 2–2 after 90 minutes.[22][23]

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes.[28][29]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 120 minutes. Brazil won 3–2 on penalties.[36][37]

Jump up ^ Score was 1–1 after 120 minutes. Italy won 5–3 on penalties.[42][43]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[44][45]

Jump up ^ Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes.[46][47]

tag: ol


document_title: Raphael Ravenscroft

question_text: who played sax on baker street by gerry rafferty

text: Raphael Ravenscroft

text: Early life[edit]

text: While his place of birth is disputed,[1][2][3] the England and Wales Birth Index places it at Stoke-on-Trent.[4] He spent much of his young life in Dumfries, where his father lived.[5]

text: Career[edit]

text: Gerry Rafferty & "Baker Street"[edit]

text: In January 1978, Scottish singer-musician Gerry Rafferty released his first solo material since 1972 and first material of any kind since the demise of Stealers Wheel in 1975. A then unheralded session musician, Raphael Ravenscroft was asked to play the saxophone on the album City to City (1978). Ravenscroft's contribution included the sax riff on the best-known song from the album and of Rafferty's career, "Baker Street". The song was an international hit, charting at number 3 in the UK and number 2 in the US. "Baker Street" was reported in 2010 as having received 5 million air plays worldwide to date. City to City reached number 1 in the US album charts and went platinum. In the UK the album reached number 6 and went gold.

text: Ravenscroft told the BBC's The One Show in 2010 that he was only paid £27.50 for the "Baker Street" session, which was the Musicians' Union rate at the time.[6] It has been (falsely)[7] reported that the cheque bounced and that it was kept on the wall of Ravenscroft's solicitors; by contrast the song is said to have earned Rafferty £80,000 a year in royalties.[8] In a radio interview in 2011, Ravenscroft said the song annoyed him. "I'm irritated because it's out of tune," he said. "Yeah, it's flat. By enough of a degree that it irritates me at best."[9]

text: Ravenscroft mostly refused to play "Baker Street" during interviews. The last time Ravenscroft played "Baker Street" was in the summer of 2014 when he organised a charity gala concert in Exeter for Nicole Hartup, the 12-year-old city schoolgirl who died in a fall.[10]

text: The saxophone break on "Baker Street" has been described as "the most famous saxophone solo of all time",[11] "the most recognizable sax riff in pop music history",[12] and "one of the most recognisable saxophone solos of all time".[13]

text: Ravenscroft worked with Rafferty from 1977 to 1982. As well as the songs he worked on for City to City he contributed to Rafferty's next two albums, Night Owl (1979) and Snakes and Ladders (1980).[14]

text: In 2011, he recorded a tribute to commemorate the funeral of Gerry Rafferty called "Forgiveness", which combined his saxophone playing with the voices of Grammy-nominated choir Tenebrae.[15]

text: Other work[edit]

text: From his breakthrough with "Baker Street" he went on to perform with Pink Floyd (The Final Cut, 1983), ABBA[3] and Marvin Gaye.[3] Other Ravenscroft performing credits include work with America, Maxine Nightingale,[3] Daft Punk,[3] Kim Carnes, Mike Oldfield, Chris Rea, Robert Plant, Brand X, Hazel O'Connor[16] and Bonnie Tyler. In 1979, he released the solo album Her Father Didn't Like Me, Anyway (CBS Portrait JR 35683). In 1983, Ravenscroft released the track "Maxine" which gained airplay, but performed poorly on the charts. In 1987, he was credited, along with Max Early and Johnny Patrick for the new theme to the Central Television soap opera Crossroads. His track "A Whole Lot of Something Going On" was sampled by producer Heavy D on the track "Feel It in the Air", by Beanie Sigel.[citation needed]

text: In 2010, Ravenscroft played on albums and on sessions with Duffy,[3] Mary Hopkin and Jamie Hartman. In 2011-12, Ravenscroft contributed to the album Propeller by Grice.[17]

text: Ravenscroft wrote several books on saxophone technique including the instruction book, The Complete Saxophone Player (1990).[3]

text: In 2012, Ravenscroft created the music for a series of films featuring photographer Don McCullin and, during 2011-2012, composed for several major advertising campaigns around the world. In summer 2012 he took a break due to ill health and moved back to Devon.

text: In 2014, Ravenscroft went to Belgium to set up a saxophone project with the company Adolphe Sax & Cie. [18]

text: Personal life and death[edit]

text: He married and divorced twice and separated from his third wife in 2009. His daughter is the artist Scarlett Raven.[19] Ravenscroft died on 19 October 2014 at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, aged 60, of a suspected heart attack.[3]


document_title: List of earthquakes in India

question_text: when did the last earthquake occur in india

text: List of earthquakes in India

text: The Indian subcontinent has a history of earthquakes. The reason for the intensity and high frequency of earthquakes is the Indian plate driving into Asia at a rate of approximately 47 mm/year.[1] The following is a list of major earthquakes which have occurred in India.

text:
Date
Location
Mag.
I
Deaths
Injuries
Total damage / notes

2017-01-03
India, Bangladesh
5.7 Mw
V
3
8

2016-01-04
India, Myanmar, Bangladesh
6.7 Mw
VII
11
200

2015-10-26
Afghanistan, India, Pakistan
7.7 Mw
VII
399
2,536

2015-05-12
Nepal, India
7.3 Mw
VIII
218
3,500+

2015-04-25
Nepal, India
7.8 Mw
IX
8,964
21,952
$10 billion

2013-05-01
Kashmir
5.7 Mw

3
90
$19.5 million
NGDC

2011-09-18
Gangtok, Sikkim
6.9 Mw
VII
>111

2009-08-10
Andaman Islands
7.5 Mw
VIII

Tsunami warning issued

2008-02-06
West Bengal
4.3 Mb

1
50
Buildings damaged
NGDC

2007-11-06
Gujarat
5.1 Mw
V
1
5
Buildings damaged
[2]

2006-03-07
Gujarat
5.5 Mw
VI

7
Buildings damaged
[3]

2006-02-14
Sikkim
5.3 Mw
V
2
2
Landslide
[4]

2005-12-14
Uttarakhand
5.1 Mw
VI
1
3
Building destroyed
[5]

2005-10-08
Kashmir
7.6 Mw
VIII
86,000–87,351
69,000–75,266
2.8 million displaced

2005-03-15
Maharashtra
4.9 Mw
VII

45
Buildings damaged
[6]

2004-12-26
off northern Sumatra
9.1–9.3 Mw
IX
230,000–280,000

Destructive tsunami

2002-09-13
Andaman Islands
6.5 Mw

2

Destructive tsunami
NGDC

2001-01-26
Gujarat
7.7 Mw
X
13,805–20,023
~166,800
Republic Day (India)

1999-03-29
Chamoli district-Uttarakhand
6.8 Mw
VIII
~103

1997-11-21
Bangladesh, India
6.1 Mw

23
200

1997-05-22
Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh
5.8 Mw
VIII
38–56
1,000–1,500
$37–143 million

1993-09-30
Latur, Maharashtra
6.2 Mw
VIII
9,748
30,000

1991-10-20
Uttarkashi, Uttarakhand
6.8 Mw
IX
768–2,000
1,383–1,800

1988-08-21
Udayapur, Nepal
6.9 Mw
VIII
709–1,450

1988-08-06
Myannmar, India
7.3 Mw
VII
3
12

[7]

1988-02-06
Bangladesh, India
5.9 Mw

2
100

[8]

1986-04-26
India, Pakistan
5.3 Ms

6
30
Severe damage
NGDC

1984-12-30
Cachar district
5.6 Mb

20
100
Severe damage
NGDC

1982-01-20
Little Nicobar
6.3 Ms

Some
Moderate damage
NGDC

1980-08-23
Kashmir
4.8 Ms

Few

Limited damage / doublet
NGDC

1980-08-23
Kashmir
4.9 Ms

15
40
Moderate damage / doublet
NGDC

1980-07-29
Nepal, Pithoragarh district
6.5 Ms

200
Many
$245 million
NGDC

1975-01-19
Himachal Pradesh
6.8 Ms
IX
47

1970-03-23
Bharuch district
5.4 Mb

26
200
Moderate damage
NGDC

1967-12-11
Maharashtra
6.6 Mw
VIII
177–180
2,272
$400,000

1966-08-15
North India
5.6

15

Limited damage
NGDC

1966-06-27
Nepal, India
5.3 Ms
VIII
80
100
$1 million
NGDC

1963-09-02
Kashmir
5.3

80

Moderate damage
NGDC

1960-08-27
North India

Moderate damage
NGDC

1956-07-21
Gujarat
6.1 Ms
IX
115
254

1954-03-21
India, Myannmar
7.4 Ms

Moderate damage
NGDC

1950-08-15
Assam, Tibet
8.6 Mw
XI
1,500–3,300

1947-07-29
India, China
7.3 Mw

1941-06-26
Andaman Islands
7.7–8.1 Mw

8,000

Destructive tsunami

1935-05-31
Quetta, Baluchistan
7.7 Mw
X
30,000–60,000

1934-01-15
Nepal
8.0 Mw
XI
6,000–10,700

1932-08-14
Assam, Myannmar
7.0 Ms

Moderate damage
NGDC

1905-04-04
Kangra
7.8 Ms
IX
>20,000

1897-06-12
Shillong, India
8.0 Mw
X
1,542

1885-06-06
Kashmir

Severe damage
NGDC

1885-05-30
Srinagar

3,000

Extreme damage
NGDC

1881-12-31
Andaman Islands
7.9 Mw
VII

Significant in seismology

1869-01-10
Assam, Cachar
7.4 Mw
VII
2

Severe damage

1845-06-19
Rann of Kutch
6.3 Ms
VIII
Few

Limited damage / tsunami
NGDC

1843-04-01
Deccan Plateau

Moderate damage
NGDC

1833-08-26
Bihar, Kathmandu
8.0 Ms

Severe damage
NGDC

1828-06-06
Kashmir

1,000

Severe damage
NGDC

1819-06-16
Gujarat
7.7–8.2 Mw
XI
>1,543

Formed the Allah Bund

1618-05-26
Bombay

IX
2,000

Severe damage
NGDC

1505-06-06
Saldang, Karnali zone
8.2–8.8

6,000

Note: The inclusion criteria for adding events are based on WikiProject Earthquakes' notability guideline that was developed for stand alone articles. The principles described also apply to lists. In summary, only damaging, injurious, or deadly events should be recorded.


document_title: A River Runs Through It (film)

question_text: where is a river runs through it filmed

question_tokens: where is a river runs through it filmed

text: A River Runs Through It (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film follows the true story of the Maclean brothers, Norman and Paul, growing up in Missoula, Montana with their father, Presbyterian minister John. A common theme in the film is the men's love of fly fishing for trout in the Blackfoot River and how it impacted their lives. The film is told from Norman's point of view, with director Robert Redford as narrator.

text: The film opens with a scene of Norman Maclean in his old age tying a fly onto his line. This establishes that Norman is telling this story in the past-tense as he is fishing.

text: The story begins with the brothers learning to fish from their father, a preacher who treats fishing as a sacred act. They learn to cast using a ticking metronome. The boys become accomplished fishermen as a result. Norman and Paul are home taught and must adhere to the strict moral and educational code of their father. However, whenever they get a chance they enjoy practicing the art of fly fishing. As they grow older, it becomes clear that Norman is the more disciplined and studious brother, while Paul is the fun loving, wild one and the more talented fly fisherman.

text: Norman attends a July 4th dance with his friends after returning home from six years away at Dartmouth, where he meets his future wife, Jessie Burns. Paul has become a reporter at a newspaper in Helena, the state capital. He has angered many of the locals by falling behind in a big poker game at Lolo, a hamlet near Missoula with a popular bar that is also a front for gambling and prostitution, and by dating a beautiful Blackfoot Indian woman, Mabel, who is deemed to be of an inferior race by the community. Paul gets arrested after fighting a man who has insulted her, and Norman is awakened in the middle of the night by a phone call from the police to come and bail Paul out of jail.

text: After Norman and Jessie go on several dates, she insists that Norman make an effort to get along with her brother Neal, who is back in Montana, visiting from California. Norman and Paul do not like the self-centered Neal, who tells tall tales of socializing with film stars in Hollywood, but at Jessie's insistence they invite him to go fishing. Neal shows up drunk with a woman (a part-time prostitute) he met at a bar the evening before. Norman and Paul decide to fish anyway and return to their car hours later to find Neal and his ladyfriend "Rawhide" have drunk all their beer and passed out naked in the sun.

text: Norman returns a painfully sunburned Neal home, where Jessie is waiting for them. She is angry that the brothers did not fish with Neal. When Norman asks Jessie to drive him home, he tells her that he is falling for her. She drives away angry but a week later asks Norman to come to the train station to see Neal off back to California. After the train departs, Norman shows Jessie a letter from the University of Chicago that is a job offer for an English Literature teaching position. Norman asks Jessie to marry him.

text: When Norman tells Paul about the job offer and marriage proposal, he also urges Paul to come with him and Jessie to Chicago. Paul tells Norman that he will never leave Montana. Just before leaving for Chicago, Norman, Paul and their father go fly fishing one last time as a family. Paul catches a huge fish that carries him down the river. John proudly tells his son Paul what a wonderful fisherman he has become, and how he is an artist in the craft, much to Paul's delight. They pose for pictures with the huge fish for their mother.

text: Soon after the fishing excursion, Norman is again contacted by the police. They tell him that Paul has been found beaten to death in an alley, and that all the bones in his right hand have also been broken. Norman goes home and tells his parents the sad news. The story then jumps ahead a few years to a sermon being given by John with Mrs. Maclean, Norman, Jessie and their two children in attendance. The narrator mentions that John dies soon after this sermon. The last scene is of Norman as an old man, back in the Montana river where he used to fish with his family many years ago. He mentions that nearly everyone from his youth is dead, and that he is haunted by waters.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Craig Sheffer as Norman Maclean
Brad Pitt as Paul Maclean
Tom Skerritt as Reverend John Maclean
Brenda Blethyn as Clara Maclean
Emily Lloyd as Jessie Burns
Stephen Shellen as Neal Burns
Edie McClurg as Mrs. Burns
Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Young Norman Maclean
Vann Gravage as Young Paul Maclean
Nicole Burdette as Mabel
Susan Traylor as "Rawhide"
Michael Cudlitz as Chub
Rob Cox as Conroy
Buck Simmonds as Humph

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Although both the book and movie are set in Missoula and on the Blackfoot River, it was filmed in late June, early July 1991 in south central Montana in Livingston and Bozeman,[2] and on the nearby upper Yellowstone, Gallatin, and Boulder Rivers. The waterfall shown is Granite Falls in Wyoming.[3][4] Filming was completed in early September 1991.

text: An article published in the Helena Independent Record in July 2000 and based on recollections of people who knew both brothers noted a number of specifics about the Macleans — notably various chronological and educational details about Paul Maclean's adult life — that differ somewhat from their portrayal in the film and novella.[5]

text: Music[edit]

text: Mark Isham, who would go on to compose the scores to most Robert Redford-directed films, composed the musical score for the film. Originally, Elmer Bernstein was hired to score the film. However, after Redford and Bernstein disagreed over the tone of the music, Bernstein was replaced by Isham.[6] Rushed for time, Isham completed the score within four weeks at Schnee Studio of Signet Sound Studios in Hollywood, CA. Upon release, the music was met with positive reviews earning the film both nominations for Grammy and Academy awards. The A River Runs Through It (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released on October 27, 1992.[7]

text: In some home video releases of the film, Elmer Bernstein is credited as the film's composer despite his score being rejected during post-production.

text: Release[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Released on October 9, 1992, the film grossed $43,440,294 in US domestic returns.[1] The film holds an 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on polled critical reviews. The site's consensus reads: "Tasteful to a fault, this period drama combines a talented cast (including a young Brad Pitt) with some stately, beautifully filmed work from director Robert Redford."[8] Much of the praise focused on Pitt's portrayal of Paul, which has been cited as his career making performance.[9]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: The film was nominated for three Academy Awards in 1993, including Best Cinematography (Philippe Rousselot); Best Music, Original Score (Mark Isham); and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium (Richard Friedenberg). Rousselot won for Best Cinematography. At the Golden Globes, Robert Redford was nominated for Best Director - Motion Picture, but did not win.