document_title: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

question_text: when did automatic weapons become legal in america

text: Federal Assault Weapons Ban

text: Background[edit]

text: Efforts to create restrictions on assault weapons at the federal government level intensified in 1989 after 34 children and a teacher were shot and five children killed in Stockton, Calif. with a semi-automatic AK-47 rifle.[3][4][5] The Luby's shooting in October 1991, which left 23 people dead and 27 wounded, was another factor.[6] The July 1993 101 California Street shooting also contributed to passage of the ban. The shooter killed eight people and wounded six. Two of the three firearms he used were TEC-9 semi-automatic handguns with Hell-Fire triggers.[7] The ban tried to address public concerns about mass shootings by restricting firearms that met the criteria for what it defined as a "semiautomatic assault weapon", as well as magazines that met the criteria for what it defined as a "large capacity ammunition feeding device".[8]:1–2

text: In November 1993, the proposed legislation passed the U.S. Senate. The bill's author, Dianne Feinstein (D-CA) and other advocates said that it was a weakened version of the original proposal.[9] In May 1994, former presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan, wrote to the U.S. House of Representatives in support of banning "semi-automatic assault guns". They cited a 1993 CNN/USA Today/Gallup Poll that found 77 percent of Americans supported a ban on the manufacture, sale, and possession of such weapons.[10]

text: Rep. Jack Brooks (D-TX), then chair of the House Judiciary Committee, tried unsuccessfully to remove the assault weapons ban section from the crime bill.[11] The National Rifle Association (NRA) opposed the ban. In November 1993, NRA spokesman Bill McIntyre said that assault weapons "are used in only 1 percent of all crimes".[12] The low usage statistic was supported in a 1999 Department of Justice brief.[8] The legislation passed in September 1994 with the assault weapon ban section expiring in 2004 due to its sunset provision.

text: Provisions[edit]

text: The Public Safety and Recreational Firearms Act was enacted as part of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994.[13] The prohibitions expired on September 13, 2004.[13]

text: The Act prohibited the manufacture, transfer, or possession of "semiautomatic assault weapons," as defined by the Act. "Weapons banned were identified either by specific make or model (including copies or duplicates thereof, in any caliber), or by specific characteristics that slightly varied according to whether the weapon was a pistol, rifle, or shotgun" (see below).[13] The Act also prohibited the transfer and possession of "large capacity ammunition feeding devices" (LCAFDs). An LCAFD was defined as "any magazine, belt, drum, feed strip, or similar device manufactured after the date [of the act] that has the capacity of, or that can be readily restored or converted to accept, more than 10 rounds of ammunition".[13]

text: The Act included a number of exemptions and exclusions from its prohibitions:

text:
The Act included a "grandfather clause" to allow for possession and transfer of weapons and ammunition that "were otherwise lawfully possessed on the date of enactment."[13]
The Act exempted some 650 firearm types or models, including various types of Browning, Remington, and Beretta guns, as these were viewed as primarily "suitable for target practice, match competition, hunting, and similar sporting purposes. This list was not exhaustive and the act provided that the absence of a firearm from the exempted list did not mean it was banned unless it met the definition of 'semiautomatic assault weapon.'"[13]
The Act "also exempted any firearm that (1) is manually operated by bolt, pump, lever, or slide action; (2) has been rendered permanently inoperable; or (3) is an antique firearm."[13]
The Act "also did not apply to any semiautomatic rifle that cannot accept a detachable magazine that holds more than five rounds of ammunition nor any semiautomatic shotgun that cannot hold more than five rounds of ammunition in a fixed or detachable magazine."[13]
The Act provided an exemption for the use of "semiautomatic assault weapons and LCAFDs to be manufactured for, transferred to, and possessed by law enforcement and for authorized testing or experimentation purposes" as well as transfers for federal-security purposes under the Atomic Energy Act and "possession by retired law enforcement officers who are not otherwise a prohibited possessor under law."[13]

text: In 1989, the George H. W. Bush administration had banned the importation of foreign-made, semiautomatic rifles deemed not to have "a legitimate sporting use." It did not affect similar but domestically-manufactured rifles.[14] (The Gun Control Act of 1968 gives discretion to the Attorney General of the United States to choose whether to "authorize a firearm or ammunition to be imported or brought into the United States," under what is known as "the sporting purposes test."[13]) Following the enactment of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban, the ATF determined that "certain semiautomatic assault rifles could no longer be imported even though they were permitted to be imported under the 1989 'sporting purposes test' because they had been modified to remove all of their military features other than the ability to accept a detachable magazine" and so in April 1998, it "prohibited the importation of 56 such rifles, determining that they did not meet the 'sporting purposes test.'"[13]

text: Definition of assault weapon[edit]

text: Under the Assault Weapons Ban of 1994, the definition of "semiautomatic assault weapon" included specific semi-automatic firearm models by name, and other semi-automatic firearms that possessed two or more from a set certain features:[15]

text:
Folding or telescoping stock
Pistol grip
Bayonet mount
Flash suppressor, or threaded barrel designed to accommodate one
Grenade launcher

text:
Magazine that attaches outside the pistol grip
Threaded barrel to attach barrel extender, flash suppressor, handgrip, or suppressor
Barrel shroud safety feature that prevents burns to the operator
Unloaded weight of 50 oz (1.4 kg) or more
A semi-automatic version of a fully automatic firearm.

text:
Folding or telescoping stock
Pistol grip
Detachable magazine.

text: The ban defined the following semi-automatic firearms and any copies or duplicates of them, in any caliber, as assault weapons:

text:
Name of firearm
Preban federal legal status

Norinco, Mitchell, and Poly Technologies Avtomat Kalashnikovs (AKs) (all models)
Imports banned in 1989*

Action Arms Israeli Military Industries UZI and Galil
Imports banned in 1989*

Beretta AR-70 (SC-70)
Imports banned in 1989*

Colt AR-15
Legal

Fabrique National FN/FAL, FN-LAR, FNC
Imports banned in 1989*

SWD (MAC type) M-10, M-11, M11/9, M12
Legal

Steyr AUG
Imports banned in 1989*

INTRATEC TEC-9, TEC-DC9, TEC-22
Legal

Revolving cylinder shotguns such as (or similar to) the Street Sweeper and Striker 12
Legal

text: Cosmetic features[edit]

text: Gun control advocates and gun rights advocates have referred to at least some of the features outlined in the federal Assault Weapon Ban of 1994 as cosmetic. The NRA Institute for Legislative Action and the Violence Policy Center both used the term in publications that were released by them in September 2004, when the ban expired.[16][17] In May 2012, the Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence said that "the inclusion in the list of features that were purely cosmetic in nature created a loophole that allowed manufacturers to successfully circumvent the law by making minor modifications to the weapons they already produced."[18] The term was repeated in several stories after the 2012 Aurora shooting and Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[19][20] Senator Marco Rubio cited that issue during a town hall forum, responding to questions from survivors of the 2018 Stoneman-Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida.[21]

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: A February 2013 Congressional Research Service (CRS) report to Congress said that the "Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 was unsuccessfully challenged as violating several constitutional provisions" but that challenges to three constitutional provisions were easily dismissed.[22]:7 The ban did not make up an impermissible bill of attainder.[23]:31 It was not unconstitutionally vague.[24] Also, it was ruled to be compatible with the Ninth Amendment by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.[25]

text: Challenges to two other provisions took more time to decide.[22]:7

text: In evaluating challenges to the ban under the Commerce Clause, the court first evaluated Congress's authority to regulate under the clause and then analyzed the ban's prohibitions on manufacture, transfer, and possession. The court held that "it is not even arguable that the manufacture and transfer of 'semiautomatic assault weapons' for a national market cannot be regulated as activity substantially affecting interstate commerce."[22]:8–9[23]:12 It also held that the "purpose of the ban on possession has an 'evident commercial nexus'".[22]:9[23]:14

text: The law was also challenged under the Equal Protection Clause. It was argued that it banned some semi-automatic weapons that were functional equivalents of exempted semi-automatic weapons and that to do so, based upon a mix of other characteristics, served no legitimate governmental interest. The reviewing court held that it was "entirely rational for Congress... to choose to ban those weapons commonly used for criminal purposes and to exempt those weapons commonly used for recreational purposes."[22]:10[26] It also found that each characteristic served to make the weapon "potentially more dangerous" and were not "commonly used on weapons designed solely for hunting."[22]:10–11[27]

text: The Federal Assault Weapons Ban was never directly challenged under the Second Amendment. Since its 2004 expiration, there has been debate on how the ban would fare in light of cases decided in following years, especially District of Columbia v. Heller (2008).[28]

text: Studies on effectiveness[edit]

text: A 2002 study by Koper and Roth found that around the time when the ban became law, assault weapon prices increased significantly, but the increase was reversed in the several months afterward by a surge in assault weapons production that occurred just before the ban took effect.[2]

text: In 2003, the Task Force on Community Preventive Services, an independent, non-federal task force, examined an assortment of firearms laws, including the AWB, and found "insufficient evidence to determine the effectiveness of any of the firearms laws reviewed for preventing violence."[30] A 2004 critical review of firearms research by a National Research Council committee said that an academic study of the assault weapon ban "did not reveal any clear impacts on gun violence outcomes." The committee noted that the study's authors said the guns were relatively rarely used criminally before the ban and that its maximum potential effect on gun violence outcomes would be very small.[1]

text: In 2004, a research report commissioned by the National Institute of Justice found that if the ban was renewed, the effects on gun violence would likely be small and perhaps too small for reliable measurement, because rifles in general, including rifles referred to as "assault rifles" or "assault weapons", are rarely used in gun crimes. That study, by Christopher S. Koper, Daniel J. Woods, and Jeffrey A. Roth of the Jerry Lee Center of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania, found no statistically significant evidence that either the assault weapons ban or the ban on magazines holding more than 10 rounds had reduced gun murders. The authors also report that "there has been no discernible reduction in the lethality and injuriousness of gun violence, based on indicators like the percentage of gun crimes resulting in death or the share of gunfire incidents resulting in injury." [31]

text: In 2004, the Brady Center to Prevent Gun Violence examined the impact of the Assault Weapons Ban, On Target: The Impact of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapon Act. Examining 1.4 million guns involved in crime, "in the five-year period before enactment of the Federal Assault Weapons Act (1990–1994), assault weapons named in the Act constituted 4.82% of the crime gun traces ATF conducted nationwide. Since the law's enactment, however, these assault weapons have made up only 1.61% of the guns ATF has traced to crime. Page 10 of the Brady report, however, adds that "an evaluation of copycat weapons is necessary". Including "copycat weapons", the report concluded that "in the post-ban period, the same group of guns has constituted 3.1% of ATF traces, a decline of 45%."[32] A spokesman for the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) stated that he "can in no way vouch for the validity" of the report.[33]

text: A study conducted by Dube in 2013, showed that the passing of the FAWB in 1994 had an insignificant impact on violent crime in Mexico, while the expiration of the FAWB in 2004 combined with political instability was correlated with an increase in gun-related homicides among Mexican municipalities near the border.[34] Also in 2013, Koper reviewed the literature on the ban's effects and concluded that its effects on crimes committed with assault weapons were mixed due to its various loopholes. He also concluded that the ban did not seem to affect gun crime rates, but may have been able to reduce shootings if it had been renewed in 2004.[35]

text: Research by gun advocate John Lott found no impact of these bans on violent crime rates,[36] but provided evidence that the bans may have reduced the number of gun shows by over 20 percent.[37] Koper, Woods, and Roth studies focus on gun murders, while Lott's look at murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assaults.[citation needed] Unlike their work, Lott's research accounted for state assault weapon bans and 12 other different types of gun control laws.[citation needed]

text: In a 2013 report Samantha Bricknell from the Australian Institute of Criminology, Frederic Lemieux and Tim Prenzler compared mass shootings between America and Australia and found the "1996 NFA coincided within the cessation of mass shooting events" in Australia, and that there were reductions in America that were evident during the 1994–2004 US Federal Assault Weapon Ban.[38]

text: Efforts at renewal[edit]

text: The assault weapons ban expired on September 13, 2004. Legislation to renew or replace the ban was proposed numerous times unsuccessfully.

text: Between May 2003 and June 2008, U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein, D-CA, and Representatives Michael Castle, R-DE, Alcee Hastings, D-FL, and Mark Kirk, R-IL, introduced bills to reauthorize the ban.[39] At the same time, Senator Frank Lautenberg, D-NJ, and Representative Carolyn McCarthy, D-NY, introduced similar bills to create a new ban with a revised definition for assault weapons. None of the bills left committee.[40]

text: After the November 2008 election, the website of President-elect Barack Obama listed a detailed agenda for the forthcoming administration. The stated positions included "making the expired federal Assault Weapons Ban permanent."[41] Three months later, newly sworn-in Attorney General Eric Holder reiterated the Obama administration's desire to reinstate the ban.[42] The mention came in response to a question during a joint press conference with DEA Acting Administrator Michele Leonhart, discussing efforts to crack down on Mexican drug cartels. Attorney General Holder said that "there are just a few gun-related changes that we would like to make, and among them would be to reinstitute the ban on the sale of assault weapons."[43]

text: Efforts to pass a new federal assault weapons ban were made in December 2012 after the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, in Newtown, Connecticut.[44][45][46] On January 24, 2013, Senator Feinstein introduced S. 150, the Assault Weapons Ban of 2013 (AWB 2013).[47] The bill was similar to the 1994 ban, but differed in that it would not expire after 10 years,[46] and it used a one-feature test for a firearm to qualify as an assault weapon rather than the two-feature test of the defunct ban.[48] The GOP Congressional delegation from Texas, and the NRA, condemned Feinstein's bill.[49] On March 14, 2013, the Senate Judiciary Committee approved a version of the bill along party lines.[50] On April 17, 2013, AWB 2013 failed on a Senate vote of 40 to 60.[51]


document_title: FA Cup Final

question_text: where was the fa cup final played before wembley

root

text: FA Cup Final

text: History[edit]

text: The first FA Cup Final was held at Kennington Oval on 16 March 1872 and was contested between Wanderers and Royal Engineers, with Wanderers winning 1–0.

tag: p

text: After the 1873 final was held at Lillie Bridge, the event was held at the Oval until 1892. The 1893 and 1894 finals were respectively held at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester and Goodison Park in Liverpool, before the event returned to London in 1895, being held at Crystal Palace until the outbreak of World War I. After the war, the event was held at Stamford Bridge, before Wembley Stadium opened in 1923. The first final at Wembley, in which Bolton Wanderers beat West Ham United 2–0, had an official attendance of 126,047, although the actual figure is believed to be as much as 300,000.

text: Wembley continued to host the final until 2000, when it closed for redevelopment. The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final between 2001 and 2006, before the new Wembley Stadium opened in 2007.

text: Up to and including 1998, if the final ended in a draw, a replay would be required. This occurred on 14 occasions, the last being in 1993 between Arsenal and Sheffield Wednesday. In September 1998, the Football Association decided that all future finals would be decided 'on the day', meaning that a penalty shootout would decide the winner if the score was level after normal and extra time.[1] Two finals since have been decided by a penalty shootout, those of 2005 (Arsenal defeating Manchester United) and 2006 (Liverpool defeating West Ham United).

text: Stan Mortensen's hat-trick for Blackpool in 1953 remains the only hat trick ever scored at Wembley in the competition's final.[2] Everton's Louis Saha scored a goal after 27.9 seconds in the 2009 FA Cup Final. It is currently the fastest goal in FA Cup Final history. Bury's 6–0 victory over Derby County in the 1903 FA Cup Final is the largest winning margin. With his goal in the 2012 Final, Chelsea's Didier Drogba became the first man to score a goal in four different Finals.

text: The FA Cup Final is one of ten events reserved for live broadcast on UK terrestrial television under the Ofcom Code on Sports and Other Listed and Designated Events.

text: Winners[edit]

text: For a full list of FA Cup winners and runners-up, see List of FA Cup Finals.


document_title: Bleach (season 15)

question_text: what episode does ichigo get his powers back the first time

text: Bleach (season 15)

text:
Gotei 13 Invading Army arc

The cover of the first DVD compilation released by Aniplex of Gotei 13 Invading Army arc

Country of origin
Japan

No. of episodes
26

Release

Original network
TV Tokyo

Original release
April 12 (2011-04-12) – October 4, 2011 (2011-10-04)

Season chronology

← Previous
Season 14
Next →
Season 16

List of Bleach episodes

tag: table

text: The fifteenth season of the Bleach anime series is known as Gotei 13 Invading Army arc (護廷十三隊侵軍篇, Gotei Jūsan Tai Shingun Hen).[1] It is directed by Noriyuki Abe, and produced by TV Tokyo, Dentsu and Studio Pierrot.[2] The season's twenty-six episodes are based on the Bleach manga series by Tite Kubo, but follow original storylines exclusive to the anime. In this arc, Soul Reaper Ichigo Kurosaki and his friends investigate a series of strange events in the Soul Society where numerous Soul Reapers have disappeared without a trace, with a seemingly large conspiracy at work. As this takes place, Ichigo is forced to struggle with the fading of his powers due to the previous battle between him and Sōsuke Aizen.

text: The season aired from April to October 2011.[3] Aniplex collected it in six DVD volumes between February 22 and July 25, 2012.[4][5] The episodes of this season uses three pieces of theme music. The single opening theme is "BLUE" by ViViD.[6] The first ending theme, "Aoi Tori" (アオイトリ, "Blue Bird") by fumika is used from episode 317 to 329.[7] The second ending theme, "Haruka Kanata" by UNLIMITS is used from episodes 330 to 342.

text: Episode list[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original airdate
English airdate

317
"Unusual Incident in Seireitei?! Gotei 13 Invading Army Arc!"
"Seireitei ni Ihen?! Gotei Jūsantai Shingun Hen!" (瀞霊廷に異変?!護廷十三隊侵軍篇！)
April 12, 2011
October 5, 2013

After cleansing and restoring the barriers where Karakura Town was temporarily swapped with the Soul Society, Rangiku Matsumoto and Nanao Ise enter the Dangai to return home, but are confronted by something along the way. Their captains, who have lost contact with them, are worried sick with their disappearances until they suddenly return a day later. Rangiku and Nanao were gone only a few hours and came back directly, which concludes that the time in the Dangai is out of sync with the Soul Society. Mayuri Kurotsuchi conducts a survey of the area with Kenpachi Zaraki assisting as a security escort. Meanwhile, while Ichigo Kurosaki and Rukia Kuchiki go off to handle hollows, Kon leaves to investigate a spiritual disturbance and finds a green-haired girl lying asleep and covered in rags. Ichigo returns home and becomes furious with Kon, who has brought back the green-haired girl. While the survey is going on, Mayuri and Kenpachi are confronted by an intense light emerging from the walls of the Dangai. As Ichigo and Rukia return through the Dangai to the Soul Society, they are chased by the supposedly revived Kōtotsu. To save themselves, Ichigo uses his bankai and carries Rukia all the way to the Soul Society, but falls to the ground due to the gradual loss of his powers. Ichigo then encounters Tōshirō Hitsugaya and Byakuya Kuchiki, who place him under confinement. A mysterious scientist in a laboratory addresses what seems to be body doubles of Izuru Kira and Nanao.

318
"Renji vs. Rukia?! Battle With Comrades!"
"Renji tai Rukia?! Nakama to no Tatakai!" (恋次ＶＳルキア?!仲間との戦い！)
April 19, 2011
October 12, 2013

While Kon tries to keep the green-haired girl, whose name is Nozomi Kujō, a secret from Ichigo's family. Rukia sneaks in Ichigo's jail cell and frees him. Jūshirō Ukitake and Shunsui Kyōraku discuss about Ichigo's possible involvement with the disappearances, since his substitute badge was found by Byakuya inside the Dangai. While Rukia explains to Ichigo there is a time gap between the human world and the Soul Society, they are then confronted by Renji Abarai and Ikkaku Madarame, who exhibit ruthless behaviors unlike themselves. Yoruichi Shihōin arrives and seals Renji and Ikkaku before escaping with Ichigo and Rukia into her hideout. She explains to them that Renji and Ikkaku were secretly replaced by reigai, artificial bodies which allows modified souls to maintain a physical form in Soul Society. The reigai, which closely imitate the features of a Soul Reaper, are being used to test out soul candies, which means someone in the twelfth division is involved. Ichigo and Rukia later sneak into the laboratory and discover that Nozomi is a fugitive from the Soul Society. The mysterious scientist along with Kira and Nanao's reigai arrive in the human world to apprehend Nozomi, who evades capture. Kon follows her and both are eventually cornered by the scientist. However, Uryū Ishida arrives to help the two.

319
"Ichigo's Capture Net! Escape From Soul Society!"
"Ichigo Hobakumō! Sōru Sosaeti o Dasshutsu se yo!" (一護捕縛網！尸魂界を脱出せよ！)
April 26, 2011
October 19, 2013

Uryū confronts the mysterious scientist while Ichigo, Rukia, and Yoruichi plan their escape from the Soul Society, assuming that several reigai have blocked the Senkaimon, the gateway to the Dangai. Uryū is defeated by the scientist's shikai of his zanpakutō, Raikū. Yoruichi fights the reigai to let Ichigo and Rukia escape. Kon is unable to respond, and an unconscious Nozomi is captured by Kira and Nanao's reigai. While showing up and attempting to save Uryū, Yasutora "Chad" Sado is defeated when trying to buy time for Orihime Inoue to heal Uryū. Ichigo and Rukia arrive to stop the scientist, revealed to be Kagerōza Inaba, who easily deals with Ichigo in his weakening state. Just as he is about to kill Ichigo and Rukia, the other captains and lieutenants involved in the incident arrive, retrieving Nozomi and forcing Inaba and the reigai to retreat. Admitting that he is behind the reigai incident, Inaba then claims that once he has Nozomi, he will be able to conquer the Soul Society and the world of the living. Inaba escapes to the Soul Society and meets with the reigai. He tasks them with getting Nozomi back and eliminating the originals, as he deems them the Invading Army.

320
"Gotei 13, Gathering in the Real World!"
"Gotei Jūsantai, Gense ni Shūketsu!" (護廷十三隊、現世に集結！)
May 3, 2011
October 26, 2013

Ichigo, Kon, Orihime, Uryū and Chad are all in Kisuke Urahara's shop looking after Nozomi. Rukia appears and tells Ichigo to join the Soul Reapers in his room to formulate a strategy on Nozomi's protection. Orihime organizes a barbecue to cheer up Nozomi and get her to open up to the others, however she runs away. Kon, Orihime, Uryū and Chad try to find her. A very concerned Kon eventually finds her, later leaving her in the care of Rangiku, but fails to realize that Rangiku is the impostor trying to capture Nozomi. After he realizes that Nozomi was captured by Rangiku, he attempts to save her, however he cannot defeat Rangiku's reigai, and after he himself is defeated, Ichigo, Rukia, Renji and Rangiku all arrive to save Nozomi, and Rangiku's reigai escapes. During the barbecue, Nozomi starts to eat after Kon offers her some of the barbecued food.

321
"Showdown of Mutual Self, Ikkaku vs. Ikkaku!"
"Jibun Dōshi no Taiketsu, Ikkaku tai Ikkaku!" (自分同士の対決、一角VS一角！)
May 10, 2011
November 2, 2013

Ukitake and Kyōraku, suspecting some sort of foul play in the Soul Society, recall on their previous mandatory captains' meeting, where Mayuri claims and Kenpachi agrees that Ichigo tampered with his work in the Dangai, and it has been decided by Genryūsai Shigekuni Yamamoto that Ichigo will be placed under suspicion. Unbeknownst to Ukitake and Kyōraku, both Mayuri and Kenpachi were actually the imposters. Meanwhile in Karakura Town, Ichigo finds Kon tied up in his closet, which means Nozomi has escaped again. Ichigo and his friends proceed to search for her. Kon manages to find her in a forest, though she is reluctant to return and runs away again. Elsewhere in the forest, Ikkaku, Yumichika Ayasegawa, Shūhei Hisagi and Marechiyo Ōmaeda are confronted by their respective reigai. Ōmaeda is surprised when his reigai appears to be more attractive than him. While Hisagi and Ōmaeda trick their imposters and defeat them, things do not go well for Ikkaku and Yumichika. Luckily, their reigai are fended off after Uryū arrives to join the fray. Ikkaku and Yumichika's reigai retreat, with their respective originals badly injured and unconscious. Kira's reigai approaches Rangiku, Rukia encounters her own reigai, and Suì-Fēng arrests Kyōraku, who has been framed by Inaba.

322
"Clash! Rukia vs. Rukia!"
"Gekitotsu! Rukia tai Rukia!" (激突！ルキアVSルキア！)
May 17, 2011
November 9, 2013

Kon continues to follow Nozomi, who claims to have some sort of uncertain destination to find. Ichigo, Orihime and Chad are seen searching for Nozomi, while Uryū is seen tending to the wounds of Ikkaku, Yumikchika, Hisagi and Ōmaeda. Rangiku, blocking the attacks of Kira's reigai, is surprised when her zanpakutō drops to the ground, since his new and improved zanpakutō can increase the weight of whatever he strikes up to tenfold the amount. However, Rangiku, now subdued, cleverly blocks his zanpakutō with a heavy steel pole, trapping it onto the ground, allowing her to defeat him and cause him to disintegrate. Ukitake, pleading to Central 46 to release Kyōraku, is denied his request, and he later meets with Retsu Unohana, who warns him to be careful. Rukia's reigai is soon joined with Nemu Kurotsuchi's reigai to brawl against Rukia, but Nemu arrives and kills her reigai, which disintegrates and leaves behind a red stone, assuming this is true form of the reigai. Elsewhere, Nozomi tells Kon she must find a place with a row of shrine gates, and Kon agrees to take her to the first place he remembers. Rukia, who apparently defeats her reigai, joins Nemu and Rangiku to search for Nozomi, but Rukia is revealed to actually be the fake Rukia, who then tosses Nemu and Rangiku into the river with the real Rukia. Ukitake is slashed by Kyōraku when freeing him from imprisonment, revealing this Kyōraku to also be a reigai. The false Ukitake meets up with the false Kyōraku, as they prepare to flee.

323
"Protect Ichigo! Nozomi's Determination"
"Mamore Ichigo! Nozomi no Ketsui" (護れ一護！望実の決意)
May 24, 2011
November 16, 2013

Orihime and Chad find Rukia, Nemu and Rangiku washed up on the shore of the river. As Orihime goes to heal them, Chad is attacked by Renji's reigai. In the Soul Society, Ukitake and Kyōraku's reigai confront Yamamoto, who claims he has known all along about their intent to kill him. Unohana meets with Isane Kotetsu and explains to her that she has gone through secret archives of the Soul Society and has determined Inaba as the perpetrator. Inaba then reveals himself and demonstrates the power of his zanpakutō as Isane attacks him. Unohana infers that he has used his research to form a zanpakutō that can move through both space and time. Inaba confirms this and then retreats. As Chad is confronting the false Renji, the real Renji appears and attacks his imposter, both eventually defeating the reigai. Meanwhile, Nozomi explains to Kon that the human world has several natural Senkaimon, some leading to empty voids. Her plan is to enter one and vanish, rendering Inaba unable to capture her. The reigai of Rukia, Rangiku, Ikkaku, Yumichika, Hisagi and Ōmaeda appear to apprehend her, but they are confronted by Ichigo, who unleashes a powerful Getsuga Tenshō, destroying them all.

324
"Recapture Seireitei! The Captains Move!"
"Seireitei Dakkan e! Taichō-tachi, Ugoku!" (瀞霊廷奪還へ！隊長たち、動く！)
May 31, 2011
November 23, 2013

Hitsugaya, Byakuya, Kenpachi, Yachiru Kusajishi and Sajin Komamura, the five Soul Reapers trapped in the living world, use Urahara's Senkaimon to return to the Soul Society. They fall into Inaba's trap in the Dangai, where Komamura stays behind to counter the kōryū, the restrictive current passing through the Dangai. As the other three arrive, they go their separate ways. Kenpachi encounters his false counterpart and engages in fierce combat. At first being defeated, he then regains the upper hand and destroys his reigai after encouragement from Yachiru. Meanwhile, Ukitake and Kyōraku's reigai continue their battle with Yamamoto, claiming that they have not lost their pride despite being reigai. Also, Unohana and Isane confront Inaba at his headquarters, where he explains how he created these reigai. Isane suddenly turns on Unohana, revealing herself to be an impostor. Unohana's reigai then arrives and meets with her original.

325
"For the Sake of the Believers! Byakuya vs. Hitsugaya!"
"Shinzuru Mono no Tame ni! Byakuya tai Hitsugaya!" (信ずるものの為に！白哉vs日番谷！)
June 7, 2011
November 30, 2013

Unohana and her imposter engage in conflict using kido attacks, with Unohana escaping. Ukitake and Kyōraku's reigai are unable to defeat Yamamoto, who criticizes their claim that they retain their pride. Unohana's reigai arrives and heals their wounds, revealing their strategy was to exhaust Yamamoto. Elsewhere in the Seireitei, Byakuya is stopped by the Hitsugaya's reigai, and the two unleash their bankai in a brief battle. Byakuya asks why someone would fight for Inaba, and Histugaya's reigai claims that he wants to protect someone, whom the original does not have the power to do so. Byakuya criticizes his motives and eventually manages to defeat him, though narrowly escaping Hitsugaya's Hyōten Hyakkasō. Back in the living world, Ichigo asks Urahara to send him to the Soul Society. He is advised not to go due to his declining spiritual energy. However, Nozomi steps up and reveals a type of healing kido that restores some of Ichigo's lost spiritual energy. He then proceeds with heading to the Soul Society, where Inaba meets with the unresponsive figure resembling Nozomi, claiming Nozomi will return.

326
"The Two Hinamori, Hitsugaya's Resolution"
"Futari no Hinamori, Hitsugaya no Kakugo" (ふたりの雛森、日番谷の覚悟)
June 14, 2011
January 4, 2014

Ichigo, entering through the Dangai, reaches the Soul Society, where he later encounters Inaba. After Byakuya kills the fake Hitsugaya, he moves forward, where he encounters his own reigai. While in a bamboo forest, Kenpachi is attacked by Suì-Fēng's reigai, but he easily defeats her squad members. Hitsugaya is confronted by fake Momo Hinamori, but he cannot being himself to kill her, despite knowing she is an imposter. The real Momo seems to appear and attacks her reigai, but both are revealed to be reigai, after tricking him into saving one of them, and they cut him down. Yoruichi then appears and defeats both of the reigai, saving Hitsugaya. Meanwhile, Suì-Fēng's reigai attacks Kenpachi, but Komamura interrupts and challenges her. Inaba, while attacking Ichigo, explains that his lack of purity makes him an erasable anomaly. Inaba then uses his zanpakutō to trap Ichigo in the Dangai.

327
"Pride of the Kuchiki Family! Byakuya vs. Byakuya!"
"Kuchiki-ke no Hokori! Byakuya tai Byakuya!" (朽木家の誇り！白哉VS白哉！)
June 21, 2011
January 11, 2014

Byakuya confronts his false counterpart, originally struggling until he releases his bankai. Meanwhile, Komamura is having difficulty dealing with Suì-Fēng's reigai, whose speed and abilities seem to outmatch his. In a desperate final attempt, both of them clash with their bankai, and the battle ends in a draw. Elsewhere, a frustrated Yamamato releases a powerful wall of fire, seemingly engulfing the imposters that were challenging him. In the world of the living, Ichigo's friends express concern when Urahara tells them he cannot detect Ichigo's spiritual pressure.

328
"Defeat Kageroza! Shinigami, All-Out War!"
"Kagerōza o Taose! Shinigami, Sōryokusen!" (影狼佐を倒せ！死神、総力戦！)
June 28, 2011
January 18, 2014

Hitsugaya and Kenpachi arrive at Inaba's base of operations. They engage him in combat, and Inaba reveals his zanpakutō can record attacks in the Dangai and fire them back at the opponent. As Inaba gains the upper hand, Yoruichi and the captains arrive, aside from Komamura, Unahana, Yamamoto and Mayuri. Elsewhere, Ichigo is rescued in the Dangai by a mysterious figure. Inaba summons the remaining reigai, and a brawl between the originals and the fakes ensues. At first, Yoruichi and the captains are able to overpower Inaba and his forces. However, when they lose the upper hand, a seemingly false Mayuri slashes Inaba, revealing he switched places with the imposter.

329
"The Forbidden Research...Nozomi's Hidden Secret!"
"Kindan no Kenkyū... Nozomi ni Kakusareta Himitsu!" (禁断の研究…望実に隠された秘密！)
July 5, 2011
January 25, 2014

Ichigo awakens at the Urahara Shop, mystified as to how he was rescued. Urahara tells him that there are several ways to escape the kōryū but none to escape the Kōtotsu, so it is unknown how Ichigo escaped. Elsewhere, Mayuri uses his zanpakutō to drug Inaba, which slows down his ability to think. However, Isane then summons Isane's reigai and attacks her. At the Urahara Shop, Rukia then explains Project Spearhead to the rest of the group in which modified souls were used. Inaba then takes the soul candy from the reigai and swallows it, resulting with Inaba being rejected from his body and the reigai taking the effects of the drug. Inaba, revealing his backstory as the one who created modified souls, then ressurects most of the defeated reigai, unleashing their true strength. Nozomi admits she was the first modified soul.

330
"I Want to Live...! Nozomi's Zanpakutō"
"Ikitai...! Nozomi no Zanpakutō" (生きたい…！望実の斬魄刀)
July 12, 2011
February 1, 2014

Renji reports to Yamamoto and informs him that the captains involved in the brawl with Inaba have not been heard from. Yamamoto then states that only Ichigo, Rukia, Renji, Ikkaku and Yumichika are prepared for battle. Yamamoto then speculates several hollows may have gathered due to the spiritual disturbance. Nozomi stays at Ichigo's house for the time being, and Kon has been feeling really depressed lately because of what Nozomi admitted. Ichigo and Rukia have been handling many hollows during this, while their friends share their concern for Kon and keep Nozomi company. That night, while Ichigo is sleeping, Nozomi leaves the house and goes for a walk. However, she is then attacked by a hollow, and a confident Kon arrives to defend her. After the hollow easily deals with them both, Nozomi's frustration releases a bout of spiritual pressure, and she regains her Soul Reaper abilities, defeating the hollow.

331
"For the Sake of Fighting! The Awakened Nozomi!"
"Tatakau Tame ni! Mezame yo Nozomi!" (戦うために！　目覚めよ望実！)
July 19, 2011
February 8, 2014

After regaining Soul Reaper abilities, Nozomi decides that she wants to help defeat Inaba, but she has yet to remember the name and power of her zanpakutō. Ichigo, Rukia, Uryū and Chad decide to help Nozomi awaken her dormant powers through the same rigorous training that Ichigo underwent to awaken his. Meanwhile, Inaba orders the fakes of Byakuya, Hitsugaya, Kenpachi and Komamura to infiltrate the human world, but the four fall into a trap set by Urahara, who separates them during their travel through the Dangai. When the four fakes arrive in various areas, Ikkaku battles Kenpachi's reigai, while some of the lieutenants deal with the rest, all to buy more time for Nozomi. Taking advice from Yumichika to not hold back on her training, Ichigo throws a Getsuga Tenshō at Nozomi, allowing her to finally remember the name of her zanpakutō, Arazome Shigure, which seemingly swallows up all of Ichigo's spiritual pressure. Ikkaku looks like he is about to be delivered the finishing blow by Kenpachi's reigai, but Nozomi arrives and seemingly obliterates Kenpachi's reigai with her zanpakutō.

332
"The Most Evil Reigai, Appearing in the Real World!"
"Saikyo no Reigai, Gense ni Arawaru!" (最凶の霊骸、　現世に現る！)
July 26, 2011
February 15, 2014

Hisagi and Kira take on Hitsugaya's reigai, while Rangiku and Tetsuzaemon Iba fight Komamura's reigai. Renji and Rukia face Byakuya's reigai, covering for Ōmaeda after seemingly being defeated. When Kenpachi's reigai reappears to fight Nozomi, Yumichika faces him to avenge his fallen comrade, while Ichigo and Nozomi tend to Ikkaku's wounds. An unsatisfied Nozomi wants to help out in the ongoing battles, but all of the lieutenants tell her to get out of the way and go to safety. The lieutenants are soon cut down or are at their limits against the four false captains. Kenpachi challenges Ichigo to a match, but when Hitsugaya eagerly joins in and attacks Nozomi, she then deals a considerable amount of damage to him in one shot. Byakuya's reigai, realizing the power of her zanpakutō, tries to bind her to keep her from using it, but Uryū manages to save her. After witnessing Nozomi absorb an attack from his bow, Ginrei Kojaku, Uryū deduces that her zanpakutō can absorb anything with spiritual pressure. Having no other choice but to rely on her, Ichigo, Uryū, Chad and the remaining lieutenants all direct their spiritual pressure at Nozomi, which she redirects at the four false captains. Byakuya's reigai survives the attack, but Yamamoto suddenly appears and defeats him.

333
"Destroy Nozomi!? Genryusai's Decision!"
"Nozomi o Kesu!? Genryūsai no Ketsudan!" (望実を消す!?　元柳斎の決断！)
August 2, 2011
February 22, 2014

Yamamoto believes Nozomi is unimportant to him, due to the fact that she is a modified soul. Ichigo tells Uryū and Chad to bring the injured lieutenants to Orihime to be healed. Ukitake and Kyōraku's reigai suddenly appear in the living world and are back for a rematch with Yamamoto, but Ichigo and Nozomi take over for now and spar with the two. Ichigo later has to cover for Nozomi when she is defeated, but even then he barely evades the attacks of Ukitake and Kyōraku's reigai. Yamamoto, distracted at this, is soon immobilized by the Unohara's reigai, but as the original Unohara stops her, he is able to break the seal with his spiritual pressure. When Yamamoto is about to be attacked by the three reigai, Inaba arrives and commands them to stop, as he wants to be the one to battle Yamamoto. Nozomi offers to be a decoy to prevent Inaba from copying Yamamoto's techniques. Inaba avoids crossing swords with Nozomi, knowing full well of her abilities, but Nozomi pulls out a surprise attack, having already absorbed Yamamoto's spiritual pressure. Yamamoto attacks Inaba with his flames, as this was a diversion for Ichigo to use his Getsuga Tenshō on Inaba. However, Ichigo collapses and Nozomi goes to catch him. Inaba, revealed to still be alive, was able to copy the abilities of Nozomi, absorbing both Yamamoto and Ichigo's attacks. As Inaba then uses this to finish Yamamoto off, Nozomi appears before the blast in an attempt to absorb the attack.

334
"The Depleting Reiatsu! Ichigo, Death Struggle of the Soul!"
"Ushinawareru Reiatsu! Ichigo, Tamashii no Shitō!" (失われる霊圧！　一護、魂の死闘！)
August 9, 2011
March 1, 2014

Nozomi's zanpakutō breaks in the midst of trying to protect Yamamoto from Inaba's attack. Ichigo and Kon try to save Nozomi from being taken away, but Inaba reveals that he and Nozomi were created by the same spirit particles of another Soul Reaper. He defeats Ichigo, Rukia and Renji, while Nozomi manages to run away with Kon in tow. Nozomi sadly binds Kon to a rock, running away without him. Ichigo is seen still conscious and struggling to catch up with Nozomi. When Inaba finds Nozomi, he falls due to a loose rock on a slope. Ichigo finally catches up and defeats Inaba with a Getsuga Tenshō, only to discover that it was a clone that Inaba created. Inaba knocks Ichigo out in one swipe, passes Nozomi out and proceeds to leave the world of the living with her. Kon, still bound to a rock tries to follow them, but he is too late. He is seen crying out for Nozomi, while Ichigo's uniform turns white as a result of his depleting spiritual energy.

335
"Hiding in the Dangai? Another Ichigo?!"
"Dangai ni Senpuku? Mō Hitori no Ichigo!?" (断界に潜伏？もう一人の一護！？)
August 16, 2011
March 8, 2014

Following his defeat by Inaba, Ichigo has lost his Soul Reaper powers. Still determined to save Nozomi, Ichigo and his friends gather at the Urahara Shop to come up with a rescue plan. Urahara comes up with a risky plan that involves Ichigo going in the Dangai and being swallowed by the Kōtotsu to retrieve a sample of his Soul Reaper powers, since he was swallowed before. The plan works and Ichigo gets out of the Kōtotsu. When he meets up with everyone, he states that he saw another one of himself when he was inside the Kōtotsu, leading Urahara to conclude that Ichigo saved himself when he was first swallowed, since there is no time in the Kōtotsu.

336
"Pursue Kageroza! Technological Development Department, Infiltration!"
"Kagerōza o Oe! Gijutsu Kaihatsukyoku, Sennyū!" (影狼佐を追え！技術開発局、潜入！)
August 23, 2011
March 15, 2014

Inside the Dangai, Rukia and the others act as decoys to draw away the attention of the reigai while Ichigo, Urahara and Kon break into the Seireitei. As they search for Inaba's laboratory, Urahara makes an attempt to restore Ichigo's lost powers by creating a soul candy, but is discovered by Nanao and Nemu's reigai. At the last minute before an explosion, Ichigo breaks the glass containing the soul candy and consumes it. However, as stated by Urahara, the candy was incomplete, making both his Soul Reaper and hollow powers unbalanced. While escaping, the three are ambushed by the false captains, but are saved when Yoruichi and the originals appear, ready to fight.

337
"The Developer of the Modified Souls"
"Kaizō Konpaku no Kaihatsusha" (改造魂魄の開発者)
August 30, 2011
March 22, 2014

The captains, thought to have fallen in battle, return to fight the reigai. Meanwhile, Ichigo powers continue to grow unstable, forcing him to rest for the time being, while Urahara and Kon continue their investigation on Inaba. Urahara and Kon later find out about Ōko Yushima, the Soul Reaper who extracted all of his spirit particles and separating them into two modified souls, them being Nozomi and Inaba. When visiting Yushima's cell in the Nest of Maggots, they get attacked by Suì-Fēng and Ōmaeda's reigai, but are later defeated by Urahara. The two visit Yushima's cell, only to find him unresponsive, leading Urahara to conclude that Yushima will never gain consciousness. Meanwhile, Ichigo's hollowfied form finally takes over and escapes the building he was in.

338
"Kon's Thoughts, Nozomi's Thoughts"
"Kon no Omoi, Nozomi no Omoi" (コンの想い、望実の想い)
September 6, 2011
March 29, 2014

Urahara and Kon head to the location where Inaba's other laboratory might be, only to be halted by Urahara's reigai. As Urahara battles his counterpart, Kon dashes down into the laboratory, where he promptly tries to awaken Nozomi inside her capsule. She does awaken and insists that Kon escape at first, but after seeing his persistence and his devotion of trying to save her, being bound by friendship, she tries to help Kon restore Ichigo's spiritual energy. Before Ichigo's soul candy can be created, Nemu's reigai appears and stops the transfer. Immediately afterwards, the fusion process between Nozomi and Inaba is completed. Ichigo's hollowfied form defeats the eighth division members, but when he is about to destroy Nanao's reigai, the fused Yushima appears before him.

339
"Protect Ichigo! The Bonds of Friends!"
"Ichigo o Mamore! Nakama-tachi no Kizuna!" (一護を護れ！仲間たちの絆！)
September 13, 2011
April 5, 2014

Yushima, showing no interest in fighting Ichigo's hollowfied form, tries to walk away, but the mindless hollowfied creature continues to pursue him, leading them both to clash on Sōkyoku Hill. The captains and their reigai counterparts are finally joined by their lieutenants, who help them in the battle. Rukia, Renji, Orihime, Uryū and Chad arrive on Sōkyoku Hill and all try to stop Yushima, but the combined powers of Nozomi and Inaba prove to be too much for them. Yushima reveals the true nature of his zanpakutō, Sumitsukigasa, and defeats everyone, but before he can finish them off, Ichigo jumps in front of Rukia to take an attack that was meant for her.

340
"Reigai vs. Original, The Fierce Fighting for Gambled Pride!"
"Reigai tai Genshu, Hokori o Kaketa Gekitō!" (霊骸VS原種、誇りをかけた激闘！)
September 20, 2011
April 12, 2014

When Yushima stabs Ichigo with his zanpakutō, Ichigo goes into Yushima's consciousness and sees an image of Nozomi, who calls out for him, causing his hollwfied form to break apart and losing all his powers again. Ichigo is left to watch as his friends attempt to overpower Yushima, but Yushima finds to a way to break through whatever they try to attack him with. Yushima has Nemu's reigai bring him more fusion stabilizer, but when she arrives, she unexpectedly kicks him backward. It is revealed that Kon was helped by Urahara and Mayuri by placing his soul candy into that of Nemu's reigai. Kon gives Ichigo a complete soul candy, which restores his powers. He prepares to unleash his bankai against Yushima. Meanwhile, Byakuya has deduced that the reigai do not sacrifice themselves to attack the originals when they are all together, as it goes against what they believe in. The originals join forces against the reigai to protect the Soul Society.

341
"Invading Army Arc, Final Conclusion!"
"Shingun Hen, Saishū Ketchaku!" (侵軍篇、最終決着！)
September 27, 2011
April 19, 2014

Ichigo successfully unleashes his bankai and fights against Yushima, while the captains and lieutenants fight the reigai. With the assistance of his friends, Ichigo is able to fire a hollowfied Getsuga Tenshō, which Yushima is unable to absorb because of his inability to absorb hollow spiritual pressure. Ichigo will have to attack Yushima's saketsu, his binding soul chain, to destroy his hakusui, the source of his powers. As Yushima strikes at Ichigo, he catches his zanpakutō and fires a huge hollowfied Getsuga Tenshō, which causes great damage to Yushima and the area. Nozomi's consciousness appears for a moment and asks to be killed, but Yushima takes complete control and unleashes a giant structure that absorbs the spirit particles from the Soul Society. Being surrounded by his structure and Ichigo out of the way, Nozomi regains control and creates a sword to slice Yushima's saketsu. The reigai react shockingly to Yushima's attack and reveal that their motive was to protect the Soul Society in their own way. The reigai proceed to attack the structure at the cost of their own lives, causing a huge explosion. Ichigo deactivates his bankai and has one last clash with an enraged Yushima before breaking the fusion. Nozomi and Inaba reappear once again, and Inaba begins to question his thoughts to Nozomi before fading away. Nozomi reuinites with Kon and the rest of her friends, but she starts fades away herself. Nozomi says a heartwarming goodbye to Kon and fades away.

342
"Thank You"
"Arigatō" (ありがとう)
October 4, 2011
April 26, 2014

Ichigo has been struggling against hollows, due to gradually losing his temporarily restored powers, but is saved by Rukia and Uryū, who tell him to rest from dealing with hollows. It is shown that Ukitake contacted Rukia to prevent Ichigo from fighting hollows. The next day, Ichigo takes Rukia to an ice skating rink with their friends. At night, fireworks from a nearby amusement park begin to shoot up in the sky, ending the day on a happy note. A massive hollow is sensed nearby when Ichigo and Rukia are heading home, but Rukia tries to save Ichigo from facing it, telling her that she would fight in his place if she has to, seeing him as a good friend. Rukia freezes the hollow's legs, and Ichigo fires his last Getsuga Tenshō and destroys it. An exhausted Ichigo was well aware that Rukia was instructed to prevent Ichigo from fighting hollows and to give him rest, but he knows that he will remain the same way as he has been before. Ichigo wakes up in his room, surrounded by his friends. He goes outside and takes note of his disappearing powers, unable to sense spirits anymore. He says goodbye as Rukia's presence begins to fade away, and he thanks her after she fully disappears.


document_title: Elevator algorithm

question_text: 4. what does c stand for in case of disk scheduling algorithms

question_tokens: 4 . what does c stand for in case of disk scheduling algorithms

text: Elevator algorithm

text: Description[edit]

text: When a new request arrives while the drive is idle, the initial arm/head movement will be in the direction of the cylinder where the data is stored, either in or out. As additional requests arrive, requests are serviced only in the current direction of arm movement until the arm reaches the edge of the disk. When this happens, the direction of the arm reverses, and the requests that were remaining in the opposite direction are serviced, and so on.[1]

text: Variations[edit]

text: One variation of this method ensures all requests are serviced in only one direction, that is, once the head has arrived at the outer edge of the disk, it returns to the beginning and services the new requests in this one direction only (or vice versa). This is known as the "Circular Elevator Algorithm" or C-SCAN. Although the time of the return seek is wasted, this results in more equal performance for all head positions, as the expected distance from the head is always half the maximum distance, unlike in the standard elevator algorithm where cylinders in the middle will be serviced as much as twice as often as the innermost or outermost cylinders.

text: Other variations include:

text:
FSCAN
LOOK (and C-LOOK)
N-Step-SCAN

tag: ul

text: Example[edit]

text: The following is an example of how to calculate average disk seek times for both the SCAN and C-SCAN algorithms.

text:
Example list of pending disk requests (listed by track number): 100, 50, 10, 20, 75.
The starting track number for the examples will be 35.
The list will need to be sorted in ascending order: 10, 20, 50, 75, 100.

text: Both SCAN and C-SCAN behave in the same manner until they reach the last track queued. For the sake of this example let us assume that the SCAN algorithm is currently going from a lower track number to a higher track number (like the C-SCAN is doing). For both methods, one takes the difference in magnitude (i.e. absolute value) between the next track request and the current track.

text:
Seek 1: 50 − 35 = 15
Seek 2: 75 − 50 = 25
Seek 3: 100 − 75 = 25

text: At this point both have reached the highest (end) track request. SCAN will just reverse direction and service the next closest disk request (in this example, 20) and C-SCAN will always go back to track 0 and start going to higher track requests.

text:
Seek 4 (SCAN): 20 − 100 = 80
Seek 5 (SCAN): 10 − 20 = 10
Total (SCAN): 155
Average (SCAN): 155 ÷ 5 = 31
**Seek 4 (C-SCAN): 0 − 100 = 0 head movement as cylinders are treated as a circular list (C-SCAN always goes back to the first track)
Seek 5 (C-SCAN): 10 − 0 = 10
Seek 6 (C-SCAN): 20 − 10 = 10
Total (C-SCAN): 85
Average (C-SCAN): 85 ÷ 5 = 17

text: Note: Even though six seeks were performed using the C-SCAN algorithm, only five I/Os were actually done.

text: Definition of C-SCAN: C-SCAN moves the head from one end of the Disk to the other end, servicing requests along the way. The head on reaching the other end, however immediately returns to the beginning of the Disk without servicing any requests on the return.

text: The huge jump from one end to the other is not considered as a head movement as cylinders are treated as a circular list.

text: Analysis[edit]

text: The arm movement is thus always less than twice the number of total cylinders then, for both versions of the elevator algorithm. The variation has the advantage to have a smaller variance in response time. The algorithm is also relatively simple.

text: However, the elevator algorithm is not always better than shortest seek first, which is slightly closer to optimal, but can result in high variance in response time and even in starvation when new requests continually get serviced prior to existing requests.

text: Anti-starvation techniques can be applied to the shortest seek time first algorithm to guarantee an optimum response time.


document_title: Timeline of Microsoft Windows

question_text: which is older windows xp or windows 7

question_tokens: which is older windows xp or windows 7

text: Timeline of Microsoft Windows

text: Desktop and server[edit]

text:
Release date

Title

Architectures

Based Upon

20 November 1985

Windows 1.0
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

9 December 1987

Windows 2.0
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

27 May 1988

Windows 2.10
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

13 March 1989

Windows 2.11
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

22 May 1990

Windows 3.0
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

20 October 1991

Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

6 April 1992

Windows 3.1
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

27 October 1992

Windows for Workgroups 3.1
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

27 July 1993

Windows NT 3.1
IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS
Windows NT

8 November 1993

Windows for Workgroups 3.11
x86 – 16-bit
MS-DOS

21 September 1994

Windows NT 3.5
IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS
Windows NT

30 May 1995

Windows NT 3.51
IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
Windows NT

24 August 1995

Windows 95
IA-32
MS-DOS

24 August 1996

Windows NT 4.0
IA-32, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC
Windows NT

25 June 1998

Windows 98
IA-32
MS-DOS

5 May 1999

Windows 98 SE
IA-32
MS-DOS

17 February 2000

Windows 2000
IA-32
Windows NT

14 September 2000

Windows ME
IA-32
MS-DOS

25 October 2001

Windows XP
IA-32
Windows NT

25 October 2001[1]

Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (v2002)
Itanium
Windows NT

31 October 2002

Windows XP Media Center Edition
IA-32
Windows NT

28 March 2003[2]

Windows XP 64-Bit Edition (v2003)
Itanium
Windows NT

24 April 2003

Windows Server 2003
IA-32, x64, Itanium
Windows NT

30 September 2003

Windows XP Media Center Edition 2004
IA-32
Windows NT

12 October 2004

Windows XP Media Center Edition 2005
IA-32
Windows NT

25 April 2005

Windows XP Professional x64 Edition
x64
Windows NT

6 December 2005

Windows Server 2003 R2
IA-32, x64, Itanium
Windows NT

8 July 2006

Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs
IA-32
Windows NT

30 November 2006

Windows Vista for Business use
IA-32, x64
Windows NT

30 January 2007

Windows Vista for Home use; released in fifty countries
IA-32, x64
Windows NT

7 November 2007

Windows Home Server
IA-32, x64
Windows NT

27 February 2008

Windows Server 2008
IA-32, x64
Windows NT

22 October 2009

Windows 7
IA-32, x64
Windows NT

22 October 2009

Windows Server 2008 R2
x64
Windows NT

6 April 2011

Windows Home Server 2011
x64
Windows NT

1 July 2011

Windows Thin PC
IA-32[3]
Windows NT

4 September 2012

Windows Server 2012
x64
Windows NT

26 October 2012

Windows 8
IA-32, x64
Windows NT

26 October 2012

Windows RT
ARM
Windows NT

18 October 2013

Windows 8.1
IA-32, x64
Windows NT

18 October 2013

Windows RT 8.1
ARM
Windows NT

18 October 2013

Windows Server 2012 R2
x64
Windows NT

29 July 2015

Windows 10
IA-32, x64, ARM
Windows NT

27 September 2016

Windows Server 2016
x64
Windows NT

text: Mobile[edit]

text:
Date

Release

Notes

16 November 1996

Windows CE 1.0

25 June 1997

Windows CE 1.01

29 September 1997

Windows CE 2.0

1 November 1997

Windows CE 2.0

Handheld PC (H/PC)

8 January 1998

Windows CE 2.01

Palm-sized PC, Pocket PC (P/PC) and smartphone

8 January 1998

Windows CE 2.01

Auto PC

1 March 1998

Windows CE 2.10

1 July 1999

Windows CE 2.11

28 September 1999

Windows CE 2.12

19 April 2000

Windows CE 3.0

19 April 2000

Pocket PC 2000

Palm-sized PC, Pocket PC (P/PC) and smartphone

25 September 2000

Windows CE 3.0 Core Add-on Pack

4 October 2001

Pocket PC 2002

Palm-sized PC, Pocket PC (P/PC) and smartphone

7 January 2002

Windows CE 4.0

1 June 2002

Windows CE 4.1 .NET Core

23 April 2003

Windows CE 4.2 .NET Core

23 June 2003

Windows Mobile 2003

24 March 2004

Windows Mobile 2003 SE

9 July 2004

Windows CE 5.0

9 May 2005

Windows Mobile 5.0

15 September 2006

Windows CE 6.0

12 February 2007

Windows Mobile 6.0

1 April 2008

Windows Mobile 6.1

11 May 2009

Windows Mobile 6.5

8 November 2010

Windows Phone 7

1 March 2011

Windows Embedded Compact 7

29 October 2012

Windows Phone 8

13 June 2013

Windows Embedded Compact 2013

14 April 2014

Windows Phone 8.1

20 November 2015

Windows 10 Mobile


document_title: Thursday Night Football

question_text: who sings the nfl thursday night football song

text: Thursday Night Football

text: Background[edit]

text: Early history[edit]

text: The NFL Network's coverage was not the first time that NFL games were covered on Thursday or Saturday. Prior to the new contract, ESPN carried a handful of sporadic Thursday night games (usually those displaced from Sunday night) and the broadcast networks used to air several national games on Saturday afternoons in mid-to-late December after the college football regular season ended. Incidentally, the only reason the league is even allowed to televise football games on Saturday night stems from a legal loophole: the league's antitrust exemption, the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961, was written when the NFL regular season ended in mid-December, and as such, it contains specific language that prohibits televising NFL games in most markets on Friday nights and all day on Saturdays between the second week of September and the second week of December, to protect high school and college football. Since most high school and college seasons have ended by mid-December, other than bowl games, there has been little desire to close this loophole, even though the regular season has expanded well beyond mid-December since the law's passage.

text: In 2005, when the NFL negotiated a new set of television contracts, Comcast-owned OLN offered to pay $450 million for an eight-year contract to carry NFL prime time games. In exchange, Comcast planned to add NFL Network to its digital cable lineup. The channel was added, but NFL Network decided to air the games itself, foregoing a rights fee.[1] The other television deals generated $3.735 billion per year over an eight-year period for CBS, Fox, NBC, ESPN and DirecTV (owner of the out-of-market sports package NFL Sunday Ticket).[citation needed]

text: Thursday Night Football debuted on November 23, 2006, with the Kansas City Chiefs handing the visiting Denver Broncos a 19–10 Thanksgiving defeat. Each of the game broadcasts were titled either Thursday Night Football or Saturday Night Football, depending on the night on which it aired. This format carried over to the 2007 season.

text: Starting in 2008, NFL Network eliminated all but one of the Saturday night games and started their Thursday night package three weeks earlier. This was done to accommodate the earlier schedule and the league's antitrust exemption that prohibits Saturday games from being held for most of the season. In the following season, all references to Saturday Night Football were dropped, and any games that are not played on Thursday (such as in 2016, two Christmas weekend games and an NFL International Series game) have since been branded as "special editions" of Thursday Night Football, and later Thursday Night Special or NFL Network Special. The Thanksgiving matchup was moved from NFL Network to NBC's Sunday Night Football package as part of the new broadcast contract after the 2011 season. During Super Bowl week in 2012, it was announced that the Thursday Night Football package would expand from eight to 13 games and air on NFL Network, again soliciting and rejecting offers from Turner Sports and Comcast.[citation needed]

text: 2014–2015: partnership with CBS Sports[edit]

text: In January 2014, it was reported that the NFL was planning to sub-license a package of up to eight Thursday Night Football games to another broadcaster for the 2014 NFL season. The league had negotiated with its existing broadcast partners, along with Turner Sports. These eight games were to be simulcast by NFL Network, and reports indicated that ESPN planned to place the games on ABC in the event it won the rights, bringing the NFL back to the network for the first time since Super Bowl XL and the move of Monday Night Football to ESPN in 2006.[2][3][4][5] The remaining games would remain exclusive to NFL Network, due to carriage contracts with TV providers requiring at least eight NFL games to air exclusively on the channel per season.[6] The decision came as the league wished to heighten the profile of its Thursday night games, which had suffered from relatively lower viewership and advertising revenue in comparison to other games.[7]

text: On February 5, 2014, the NFL announced that CBS had acquired the partial rights to Thursday Night Football for the 2014 season. Under the agreement, all of the Thursday Night Football telecasts would be produced by CBS Sports and called by the network's primary announcing team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms. The first eight games of the season were simulcast nationally on NFL Network and CBS; the remaining games in the package only aired nationally on NFL Network, but per league broadcast polices, were simulcast on local stations in the participating teams' markets. CBS affiliates were given right of first refusal to air the local simulcast before it is offered to another station (as had occurred in Cincinnati, Ohio where the market's NBC affiliate WLWT aired a game between the Bengals and the Cleveland Browns instead of CBS affiliate WKRC-TV). A Saturday doubleheader was also added on Week 16: NFL Network aired the early game, while CBS aired the second, prime time game.[8][9][10][11][12]

text: The NFL considered CBS's bid to be the most attractive, owing to the network's overall ratings stature (CBS had been the highest-rated broadcast network in the U.S. since the 2005-06 television season), a commitment to aggressively promote the Thursday games across its properties, and its plans to utilize CBS Sports' top NFL talent and production staff across all of the games in the package to ensure a major improvement in quality over the previous, in-house productions.[7] CBS staff also cited experience with its joint coverage of the NCAA Men's basketball tournament with Turner Sports as an advantage in its collaboration with NFL Network staff, as talent from both networks collaborate on pre-game, halftime and post-game coverage. During the games, a distinct graphics package co-branded with both CBS and NFL Network logos is used, certain players on each team wear microphones, and 4K cameras are used to allow zoom-in shots during instant replays.[11][13]

text: With the move of selected games to CBS, media executives expected more major match-ups to appear on Thursday Night Football than in previous years in order to attract better viewership; in the past, Thursday Night Football had been criticized for often featuring games between lesser and poorer-performing teams.[14][14][15][15] CBS and the NFL unveiled the games scheduled for Thursday Night Football in April 2014; CBS's slate of games featured a number of major divisional rivalries, including New York Giants–Washington, Green Bay–Minnesota, and its opening game on September 11, 2014, featuring the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Baltimore Ravens.[10][16]

text: In the wake of the controversy surrounding Ravens player Ray Rice (who had been removed from the team and suspended from the NFL earlier in the week following the discovery of footage showing the player physically assaulting his wife, Janay, who was engaged to Rice at the time the security camera footage was recorded), changes were made to pre-game coverage on the first game in order to accommodate additional interviews and discussion related to the incident. Among these changes were the removal of an introductory segment featuring Rihanna (who was similarly assaulted by fellow performer Chris Brown in 2009) performing her song "Run This Town".[17][18] Following complaints by Rihanna on Twitter regarding the removal, the song was pulled entirely from future broadcasts.[19]

text: The rights were negotiated under a one-year contract valued at $275 million; on January 18, 2015, the NFL announced that it would renew the arrangement with CBS for the 2015 season, with its value increasing to around $300 million.[20][7][21]

text: 2016–2017: CBS and NBC[edit]

text: In November 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that in response to the success of the package under CBS, the NFL was planning to negotiate a long-term contract for Thursday Night Football, with CBS, Fox, NBC, and Turner Sports showing interest.[21] The New York Post reported that this deal would also include the sale of a stake in NFL Network itself.[6]

text: On December 16, 2015, it was reported that the NFL was shopping the Thursday Night Football package as a one-year deal with an option for a second year, similarly to the current arrangement with CBS; the league also requested that bidders outline goals for "growing" NFL Network. The league was also reportedly interested in selling non-exclusive digital rights to simulcast the games to another partner, such as Amazon.com, Apple Inc., Google, or Yahoo! (which exclusively streamed an International Series as part of a trial during the 2015 season, but would shut down its original video content service in January 2016).[22] In January 2016, it was reported that the NFL was considering splitting the Thursday Night Football package across multiple broadcasters in tandem with the possibility of expanding the overall package to 17 games. It was also reported that ESPN and Turner Sports were not interested in the package due to its short-term nature, and that Fox was attempting to outbid CBS.[23][24]

text: On February 1, 2016, the NFL announced that Thursday Night Football would be shared between CBS, NBC, and NFL Network for the 2016 and 2017 seasons. CBS and NBC would each air five games (resulting in a schedule of 10 games on broadcast TV in comparison to 8 under the previous deal), followed by an additional eight games exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy NFL Network's retransmission consent contracts with cable providers; the eight NFL Network-exclusive games included six Thursday contests, a Sunday morning International Series contest, and a Christmas day game. As with the previous contract, all games will be simulcast by NFL Network. Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league was "thrilled to add NBC to the Thursday Night Football mix, a trusted partner with a proven track record of success broadcasting NFL football in primetime, and look forward to expanding with a digital partner for what will be a unique tri-cast on broadcast, cable and digital platforms."[25][26] On April 5, 2016, it was revealed that Twitter had acquired non-exclusive worldwide digital streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television TNF games. The collaboration will also include streaming content on Twitter's Periscope service, such as behind the scenes access.[27]

text: Rogers Media, who owns television rights to the Thursday Night Football package in Canada through the end of the 2016 season but has not yet acquired digital rights (the majority of the NFL's media rights in Canada are owned by Rogers's rival, Bell Media), successfully forced Twitter to block the game streams in that country, overriding the league's insistence that the free stream be global.[28][29] Due to the streaming deal, over-the-top television providers PlayStation Vue and Sling TV are also required to black out the simulcast of the games on NFL Network.[30]

text: The first game produced by NBC Sports was broadcast exclusively on NFL Network on November 3, 2016, while the first game simulcast nationally on NBC aired on November 17. A cappella group Pentatonix recorded a reworked version of their song "Sing" ("Weekend Go") to serve as the opening theme song for NBC's Thursday Night Football telecasts;[31][32] NBC also commissioned new instrumental theme music by Jimmy Greco, "Can't Hold Us Down", which was performed by members of the orchestra from the Broadway musical Hamilton.[33] Both were retained for NBC's games in 2017.

text: On April 4, 2017, it was announced that Amazon.com had acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television games for the 2017 season over their Amazon Prime Video service, under a deal valued at $50 million, a five-fold increase over the $10 million paid by Twitter. The streams will be exclusive to paid Prime subscribers.[34] The deal includes $30 million worth of promotion.[35] Amazon planned several special features for its inaugural game, including broadcasting alternate feeds with Spanish, Portuguese and British English commentary (the last of which being intended for those unfamiliar with the rules and terminology of American football), and a pre-show hosted by Tiki Barber and Curtis Stone that featured presentations of NFL merchandise available for purchase on Amazon.[36][37][38]

text: The November 16, 2017 telecast between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Tennessee Titans was the first NFL broadcast to intentionally use the Skycam as its primary camera angle, as opposed to the usual sideline camera that has been used since telecasts of NFL games began in 1939. NBC Sports had previously switched to a skycam-only presentation for portions of two Sunday night games earlier that season because of fog and smoke (and, sixteen years prior, during its coverage of the XFL); positive reaction to the impromptu change prompted NBC to experiment with using the strategy for the full game.[39]

text: 2018–2022: Fox[edit]

text: In early January 2018, Bloomberg reported that ABC/ESPN and Fox Sports had both made bids for the next Thursday Night Football package. Both Fox and Fox Sports 1 were named as potential outlets for the package in the Fox Sports bid, which was intended to showcase Fox's continued commitment to sports after the proposed sale of its entertainment businesses to ESPN's majority-owner The Walt Disney Company (which will exclude the Fox network itself and Fox Sports' national operations, such as FS1, among other assets). CBS and NBC were also considering renewing their existing contracts, but had requested a lower rights fee to compensate for the decreasing viewership of the NFL (TNF had been cited as one factor in the downturn, due to a perceived oversaturation of nationally-televised games). It was also reported that the NFL would also allow digital companies to make bids for exclusive rights to the Thursday Night Football package which forego a television partner entirely, unlike the previous non-exclusive deals with Twitter and Amazon.[40]

text: On January 30, 2018, it was reported by multiple sources that Fox had won the package.[41][42] The next day, the NFL officially announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the Thursday Night Football package under a five-year deal lasting from 2018 through 2022 (which is aligned with the conclusion of the NFL's other television deals). The Fox network will air 11 games per season in simulcast with NFL Network.[43] ESPN.com reported that Fox would be paying around $60 million per game—an increase over the estimated $45 million per game paid by CBS and NBC under the previous contract, totalling an estimated $660 million per season.[44][45]

text: Coverage[edit]

text: Game announcers[edit]

text: The initial NFL Network team consisted of HBO Sports' Bryant Gumbel as play-by-play announcer, NBC Sports' Cris Collinsworth as the color commentator for the Thursday telecasts, and Dick Vermeil replacing Collinsworth for Saturday telecasts. In 2007, Collinsworth replaced Vermeil alongside Gumbel for all games.

text: Gumbel left the network after the 2007 season and his then-HBO colleague Bob Papa, who is also the radio voice of the New York Giants, was brought in to replace him. Collinsworth stayed on until the end of the 2008 season, then left to take over for the retiring John Madden as lead analyst on NBC Sunday Night Football. NFL Network replaced him with Matt Millen, who returned to broadcasting in 2009, and then added former ESPN analyst Joe Theismann for 2010.

text: For 2011, then ESPN now CBS play-by-play man Brad Nessler took over the Thursday night broadcast. He was joined by NFL Network draft analyst and NBC Notre Dame color man Mike Mayock, and the pairing spent three seasons calling games.

text: As a result of CBS taking over production responsibilities for the Thursday Night Football broadcasts, its number one broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms took over the broadcast booth.[12] With NBC adding games in 2016, Al Michaels and Cris Collinsworth, the broadcast team of NBC Sunday Night Football, were required under league contract to do the same. NBC had initially hired former Monday Night Football play-by-play man Mike Tirico for Thursdays before the league nixed the idea of any separate broadcast teams for Sunday and Thursday nights. Tirico would eventually call three Sunday Night Football games, including the Thanksgiving night game which is in the SNF package, in order for NBC to allow Michaels over a week's rest before the end of the season.[26][46] Tirico would also call the December 22, 2016 TNF game alongside Collinsworth, as well as two NBC-produced Thursday Night Special game broadcasts on December 18 and Christmas Day, respectively, both alongside former USFL and NFL quarterback Doug Flutie, who serves as the analyst for NBC's college football coverage as well.[47] On May 31, 2017, it was announced that Mike Tirico would replace Al Michaels full-time for NBC's Thursday Night Football games.[48] For 2017, Kurt Warner will similarly fill in for Collinsworth on two non-Thursday games.[49]

text: For 2017, CBS hired Tony Romo as its lead color commentator. Numerous complications needed to be resolved, namely Romo's reluctance to cover both Sunday and Thursday nights as required under the Thursday Night Football contract,[50] and the fact that Simms remains under contract with CBS through the next several years.[51] However, the network confirmed via press release that Romo's duties would include Sunday and Thursday games.[52]

text: Pregame, halftime and postgame coverage[edit]

text: Each game telecast is preceded on NFL Network by TNF GameDay, which broadcasts live from the site of each game and currently features Rich Eisen as its host, with Steve Mariucci, Deion Sanders, Michael Irvin and either Kurt Warner or other NFL Network colleagues as analysts. The show generally begins two hours before game time (6:00 p.m. Eastern Time).

text: The game proper is preceded by a pre-game show; CBS games are preceded by Thursday Night Kickoff, hosted by James Brown, Bill Cowher, and Deion Sanders. NBC games are preceded by Football Night in America (renamed in reference of the host city of the game, such as Football Night in Tampa), hosted by Liam McHugh, Tony Dungy, and Rodney Harrison. CBS joined Thursday Night Kickoff at 7:30 p.m. Eastern Time during its games.[13] This resulted in some controversy among viewers and the producers of syndicated programming in the locally programmed timeslot before network primetime, where the pre-game affects programs such as Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy! and Entertainment Tonight (all distributed by CBS's sister syndication division CBS Television Distribution), along with several other programs, which then require pre-emption or slotting on lower-profile alternate timeslots or stations to air in markets where they are carried by CBS, Fox, or NBC affiliates in order to accommodate the Thursday games.[53]

text: Radio coverage[edit]

text: Westwood One provided national radio broadcasts of the Thursday Night Football games through a contract that lasted through the 2017 season. During that final season, Ian Eagle called play-by-play, with Tony Boselli handling color analysis and Hub Arkush as the sideline reporter.[54] Boomer Esiason, the Monday Night Football analyst for Westwood One, is a regular substitute should Boselli be unavailable due to other commitments (in some cases, Esiason would call the Thursday night game if he is unavailable for the previous/next Monday night game and/or if the Thursday game is in close proximity to his New York home). Westwood One's parent company Cumulus Media filed for bankruptcy and began terminating both its national talent contracts and its sports contracts in January 2018, just as its NFL contract was expiring. No word has yet emerged on the league's bidding process for the 2018 season and beyond.

text: Game announcers[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Television[edit]

text:
Rich Eisen – Host (2006–present)
Chris Rose – Fill-in Host (2016–present)
Amber Theoharis - Fill-in Host (2016–present)
Dan Hellie - Fill-in Host (2017–present)
Michael Irvin – Analyst (2011–present)
Steve Mariucci – Analyst (2006–present)
LaDanian Tomlinson – Fill-in Analyst (2016–present)
Willie McGinest – Fill-in Analyst (2016–present)
Steve Smith Sr. - Fill-in Analyst (2017–present)
Reggie Wayne - Fill-in Analyst (2017-present)

text: Former[edit]

text:
James Brown – CBS Host (2014–2017)
Fran Charles – NFLN pre-game host (2006-2008)
Cris Collinsworth - NFLN color commentator (2006-2008); NBC Color Commentator (2016–2017)
Bob Costas – NBC Host (2016)
Bill Cowher – CBS Analyst (2014–2017)
Heather Cox – NBC Sideline Reporter (2016–2017)
Jenny Dell – CBS Fill-in Sideline Reporter (2014)
Tony Dungy – NBC Analyst and Fill-in Color Analyst (2016–2017)
Ian Eagle – CBS Fill-in Play-by-Play (2014–2015) (Still calls TNF on the Radio)
Jamie Erdahl - CBS Fill-in Sideline Reporter (2017)
Marshall Faulk – Analyst (2006–2017 Week 14)
Alex Flanagan – NFLN sideline reporter (2010–2013)
Doug Flutie – NBC Fill-in Color Commentator (2016)
Jay Glazer – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010–2011)
Trent Green – CBS Fill-in Color Commentator (2015–2017)
Bryant Gumbel – NFLN play-by-play (2006–2007)
Greg Gumbel – CBS Fill-in Play-by-Play (2017)
Tom Hammond – NFLN substitute play-by-play (2007)
Scott Hanson – NFLN sideline reporter (2009)
Rodney Harrison – NBC Analyst (2016–2017)
Kara Henderson – NFLN pre-game host (2011)
Harry Kalas – NFLN sponsorship announcer (2006–2008; deceased)
Mike Mayock – NFLN color analyst (2011–2013)
Liam McHugh – Fill-in NBC Host (2016); NBC Host (2017)
Al Michaels - NBC play-by-play (2016)
Matt Millen – NFLN color analyst (2009–2010)
Jim Mora – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010)
Jim Nantz – CBS Play-by-Play (2014–2017)
Brad Nessler – NFLN play-by-play (2011–2013)
Bob Papa – NFLN play-by-play (2008–2010)
Dan Patrick - Fill-in NBC Host (2017)
Tony Romo – CBS Color analyst (2017)
Deion Sanders – CBS Analyst (2006–2017)
Warren Sapp – NFLN pre-game analyst (2008)
Adam Schefter – NFLN sideline reporter (2006–2008)
Sterling Sharpe – NFLN pre-game analyst (2010–2011)
Phil Simms – CBS Color analyst (2014–2016)
Pat Summerall – NFLN sponsorship announcer (2009; deceased)
Joe Theismann – NFLN color commentator (2010)
Mike Tirico – NBC Host & Fill-in Play-by-Play (2016); NBC Play-by-Play (2017)
Dick Vermeil – NFLN Saturday color commentator (2006)
Kurt Warner – NFLN Color Commentator (2010–2011); NBC Fill-in Color Commentator (2017)
Evan Washburn – Fill-in CBS Sideline Reporter (2015)
Tracy Wolfson – CBS Sideline Reporter (2014–2017)

text: Radio[edit]

text: Current[edit]

text:
Ian Eagle – play-by-play (2008–present)
Boomer Esiason – color analyst (2013–present) Select Games
Tony Boselli – color analyst (2015–present) Select Games

text: Former[edit]

text:
Bonnie Bernstein – sideline reporter (2006–2007)
Randy Cross – color analyst (2009)
Dick Enberg – play-by-play (2006–2007)--deceased
Dennis Green – color analyst (2007–2008)
Mike Mayock – color analyst (2014)
Tim Ryan – color analyst (2015) Select Games
Sam Wyche – color analyst (2006)

text: Results[edit]

text: This table shows the National Football League teams' all-time standings for games played on Thursday Night Football.

text: Standings are current as of December 25, 2017.

text:
Team
Games Played
Wins
Losses
Ties
Win Pct.
First Appearance
Most Recent Appearance

Indianapolis Colts
9
7
2

.778
000000002007-11-22-0000November 22, 2007
defeated Atlanta 31–13
000000002017-12-23-0000December 23, 2017
lost to Baltimore 23-16

Kansas City Chiefs
8
6
2

.750
000000002006-11-23-0000November 23, 2006
defeated Denver 19–10
000000002017-12-16-0000December 16, 2017
defeated L.A. Chargers 30-13

Pittsburgh Steelers
11
8
3

.727
000000002006-12-07-0000December 7, 2006
defeated Cleveland 27–7
000000002017-12-25-0000December 25, 2017
defeated Houston 34-6

New York Jets
7
4
3

.571
000000002008-11-13-0000November 13, 2008
defeated New England 34–31
000000002017-11-02-0000November 2, 2017
defeated Buffalo 34–21

Los Angeles Chargers‡
7
5
2

.714
000000002008-12-04-0000December 4, 2008
defeated Oakland 34–7
000000002017-12-16-0000December 16, 2017
lost to Kansas City 30-13

Dallas Cowboys
10
8
2

.800
000000002006-12-16-0000December 16, 2006
defeated Atlanta 38–28
000000002017-11-30-0000November 30, 2017
defeated Washington 38-14

Philadelphia Eagles
7
4
3

.571
000000002008-11-27-0000November 27, 2008
defeated Arizona 48–20
000000002017-10-12-0000October 12, 2017
defeated Carolina 28–23

New York Giants
7
4
3

.571
000000002006-12-30-0000December 30, 2006
defeated Washington 34–28
000000002016-12-22-0000December 22, 2016
lost to Philadelphia 24–19

San Francisco 49ers
11
5
6

.455
000000002006-12-14-0000December 14, 2006
defeated Seattle 24–14
000000002017-09-21-0000September 21, 2017
lost to L.A. Rams 41-39

Denver Broncos
11
6
5

.545
000000002006-11-23-0000November 23, 2006
lost to Kansas City 19–10
000000002017-12-14-0000December 14, 2017
defeated Indianapolis 25-13

Atlanta Falcons
10
7
3

.700
000000002006-12-16-0000December 16, 2006
lost to Dallas 38–28
000000002017-12-07-0000December 7, 2017
defeated New Orleans 20-17

Chicago Bears
10
4
6

.400
000000002007-12-06-0000December 6, 2007
lost to Washington 24–16
000000002017-12-16-0000December 16, 2017
lost to Detroit 20-10

Baltimore Ravens
11
7
4

.636
000000002006-11-30-0000November 30, 2006
lost to Cincinnati 13–7
000000002017-12-23-0000December 23, 2017
defeated Indianapolis 23-16

Seattle Seahawks
6
5
1

.833
000000002006-12-14-0000December 14, 2006
lost to San Francisco 24–14
000000002017-11-09-0000November 9, 2017
defeated Arizona 22-16

Green Bay Packers
6
5
1

.833
000000002006-12-21-0000December 21, 2006
defeated Minnesota 9–7
000000002017-09-28-0000September 28, 2017
defeated Chicago 35-14

Arizona Cardinals
8
4
4

.500
000000002008-11-27-0000November 27, 2008
lost to Philadelphia 48–20
000000002017-11-09-0000November 9, 2017
lost to Seattle 22-16

Washington Redskins
9
4
5

.444
000000002006-12-30-0000December 30, 2006
lost to N.Y. Giants 34–28
000000002017-11-30-0000November 30, 2017
lost to Dallas 38-14

New England Patriots
6
5
1

.833
000000002007-12-29-0000December 29, 2007
defeated N.Y. Giants 38–35
000000002017-10-05-0000October 5, 2017
defeated Tampa Bay 19–14

Miami Dolphins
8
4
4

.500
000000002009-11-19-0000November 19, 2009
defeated Carolina 24–17
000000002017-10-26-0000October 26, 2017
lost to Baltimore 40-0

Houston Texans
8
3
5

.375
000000002007-12-13-0000December 13, 2007
defeated Denver 31–13
000000002017-12-25-0000December 25, 2017
lost to Pittsburgh 34-6

Oakland Raiders
9
5
4

.556
000000002006-12-23-0000December 23, 2006
lost to Kansas City 20–9
000000002017-10-19-0000October 19, 2017
defeated Kansas City 31-30

Cleveland Browns
8
3
5

.375
000000002006-12-07-0000December 7, 2006
lost to Pittsburgh 27–7
000000002017-10-29-0000October 29, 2017
lost to Minnesota 33-16

Cincinnati Bengals
10
4
6

.400
000000002006-11-30-0000November 30, 2006
defeated Baltimore 13–7
000000002017-09-14-0000September 14, 2017
lost to Houston 13–9

Carolina Panthers
10
3
7

.300
000000002007-12-22-0000December 22, 2007
lost to Dallas 20–13
000000002017-10-12-0000October 12, 2017
lost to Philadelphia 28-23

Jacksonville Jaguars
8
3
5

.375
000000002008-12-18-0000December 18, 2008
lost to Indianapolis 31–24
000000002016-10-27-0000October 27, 2016
lost to Tennessee 36–22

Tennessee Titans
8
3
5

.375
000000002009-12-25-0000December 25, 2009
lost to San Diego 42–17
000000002017-11-16-0000November 16, 2017
lost to Pittsburgh 40-17

New Orleans Saints
8
3
5

.375
000000002008-12-11-0000December 11, 2008
lost to Chicago 27–24
000000002017-12-07-0000December 7, 2017
lost to Atlanta 20-17

Buffalo Bills
7
2
5

.288
000000002009-12-03-0000December 3, 2009
lost to N.Y. Jets 19–13
000000002017-11-02-0000November 2, 2017
lost to N.Y. Jets 34–21

Los Angeles Rams†
8
3
5

.375
000000002007-12-20-0000December 20, 2007
lost to Pittsburgh 41–24
000000002017-09-21-0000September 21, 2017
defeated San Francisco 41-39

Minnesota Vikings
6
2
4

.333
000000002006-12-21-0000December 21, 2006
lost to Green Bay 9–7
000000002017-10-29-0000October 29, 2017
defeated Cleveland 33-16

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
6
1
5

.167
000000002011-12-17-0000December 17, 2011
lost to Dallas 31–15
000000002017-10-05-0000October 5, 2017
lost to New England 19-14

Detroit Lions
2
1
1

.500
000000002015-12-03-0000December 3, 2015
lost to Green Bay 27-23
000000002017-12-16-0000December 16, 2017
defeated Chicago 20-10

text: • †St. Louis Rams, 1995–2015 • ‡San Diego Chargers, 1961–2016

text: Reception[edit]

text: Carriage[edit]

text: Upon the original launch of the Thursday and Saturday night games, few television service providers carried the NFL Network due to disputes during the network's terms in its carriage contracts during negotiations. These disputes were magnified throughout the 2007 season, as two high-profile matchups were to be broadcast by the network. The first was a matchup between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers which was scheduled for the week after Thanksgiving and saw both teams at 10-1, vying for the top seed in the NFC, and the second was Week 17 Saturday night game between the New England Patriots and the New York Giants, where the Patriots had a chance to become the first team since the 1972 Miami Dolphins to end a regular season undefeated.

text: In the first case, fans were displeased that a matchup between two teams at such a critical point in the season was not available on broadcast television except in the Dallas and Green Bay markets. To avoid such a problem with the potential sixteenth victory for the Patriots, CBS and NBC bought broadcast rights to the game so it could be seen by a nationwide audience on both cable and broadcast television. This ended up causing another controversy, however, as the move by the networks infringed on the exclusivity that would normally have been enjoyed by WWOR-TV in New York City and WCVB-TV in Boston, which were the Giants' and Patriots' respective local over-the-air broadcasters for cable-televised games (the game aired on these stations, as well as on WCBS-TV, WNBC, WBZ-TV and WHDH in the teams' market areas).[55]

text: Game quality and viewership[edit]

text: Thursday Night Football games on NFL Network are among the lowest-rated nationally televised NFL broadcasts. Critics have argued that the games televised on Thursday Night Football have been of lower quality than other prime time games, as they often featured match-ups between lesser or poor-performing teams, and that the shortened rest between games triggered by Thursday games also has an effect on their overall quality.[14][15] In an analysis by Sports on Earth writer Aaron Roberts, it was determined that most Thursday games were of average or above-average quality in comparison to normal, non-prime time games, but that this was "by design" due to the leverage of other NFL broadcasters on how games are scheduled throughout the season (which traditionally prioritizes "major" games for either late-afternoon or Sunday and Monday nights).[56][57]

text: The move of selected games to CBS brought improved ratings: the inaugural game was the highest-rated program of the night, with an audience share of 13.7 and an average of 20.7 million viewers, representing a 108% increase in ratings over the first NFL Network game in 2013. The game, whose ratings were boosted by coverage of the Ray Rice scandal, also brought CBS its highest prime time ratings on a Thursday night since May 2006. While lower, at 9.6 million viewers, the Week 3 game between the Atlanta Falcons and Tampa Bay Buccaneers was also the highest-rated program of the night.[58][59][60][61] The first four games of the package, however, featured blowout victories.[62][63] In total, average viewership of the games increased from around 7 million to around 11.8 million in the 2014 season.[64]

text: Controversy over ratings and the quality of play in Thursday night contests escalated when on November 28, 2016, a report circulated that the league was considering ending the franchise. The NFL, however, denied this rumor.[65] The subsequent game on December 1, 2016 between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings was the highest rated Thursday Night Football of the season.[66][67]

text: During the 2016 season, current and former players including Richard Sherman,[68] J. J. Watt,[69] and Charles Woodson [70] expressed their dislikes for Thursday Night Football, with Richard Sherman calling it a "poopfest".[71]

text: Player safety[edit]

text: As mentioned, a team needing to play a Thursday night game can result in a shortened rest period for players between games.[14][15] On October 6, 2014, Arian Foster, then of the Houston Texans, made a statement considering it hypocritical for the NFL to emphasize the safety of players (particularly in regards to concussions) while allowing its players to play a game on only three days' rest, which he considered to be equally "dangerous".[63] Richard Sherman of the Seattle Seahawks has also voiced displeasure about Thursday night games reducing prep time, and wrote a 2016 editorial for The Players' Tribune about the games[72]. Sherman's 2017 season would end on November 9, 2017 during a Thursday night game against the Arizona Cardinals, when he ruptured his Achilles tendon.[73]

text: On January 29, 2015, the NFL released its health and safety report, which states that an average of 4.8 injuries were sustained during Thursday games compared to 6.9 injuries per game on Sundays and Mondays.[74]