document_title: Hollywood Squares

question_text: who was the center square on hollywood squares in the 70s

question_tokens: who was the center square on hollywood squares in the 70s

root

text: Hollywood Squares

text: Basic rules[edit]

text: Although there have been variations over the years in the rules of and the prizes in the game, certain aspects of the game have remained fairly consistent. Two contestants competed in every match, one playing X and the other O. With very rare exceptions, the matches were male vs. female with the male playing the X position and referred to informally as Mr. X, with the female playing the O position and referred to informally as Ms. Circle (the show referred to the O by its shape and not its alphabetical nature). One of the contestants was usually a returning champion.

tag: p

text: Taking turns, each contestant selected a square. The star was asked a question and gave an answer, which was usually preceded by a zinger. The contestants had the choice of agreeing with the star's answer or disagreeing if they thought the star was bluffing. On rare occasions, a star would not know the correct answer to a question, but would be unable to come up with a plausible bluff. In such instances, the contestant would be offered the chance to answer the question and would earn or lose the square based on how they answered. Usually the contestants declined, in which case they incurred no penalty and the same star was asked another question.

text: The objective was to complete a line across, vertically, or diagonally or to score as many squares as possible, as contestants could also win by capturing five squares. Correctly agreeing or disagreeing with a star's answer captured the square. If the contestant failed to agree or disagree correctly, the square went to his/her opponent. An exception was made if the square would result in the opponent winning by default, which was not allowed; in that case, the square remained unclaimed and the opponent got a chance to earn it him/herself.

text: Bert Parks hosted the 1965 pilot of Hollywood Squares.[6][7] NBC acquired the rights to the show, which debuted on October 17, 1966 with Peter Marshall as host, a job he held for 15 years. Marshall agreed to host because he did not want rival Dan Rowan to host.[8] Hollywood Squares was the final addition to a short-lived game show powerhouse block on NBC, which for the next two years also included Concentration, Jeopardy!, You Don't Say!, Let's Make a Deal, Match Game and others. During most of its daytime run, NBC broadcast The Hollywood Squares at 11:30 a.m. Eastern/10:30 a.m. Central; it dominated the ratings until 1976, when it made the first of several time slot moves. The daytime show aired its 3536th and last episode on June 20, 1980.

text: The show also ran at night, first on NBC from January 12 to September 13, 1968 as a mid-season replacement for the short-lived sitcom Accidental Family. A nighttime syndicated program ran from November 1, 1971 until May 22, 1981. Initially airing once weekly, the syndicated Squares added a second airing in 1972 and began airing daily or nightly in September 1980, the show's final season.

text: The daytime series was played as a best two-out-of-three match between a returning champion and an opponent, with each individual game worth $200/$400 per match (originally $100 for each game and an additional $300 for the match that totaled $500). Originally, a five-match champion retired with an additional $2,500, the Secret Square prize package (if not yet won) and a new car; the cash bonus was increased through the years. By 1976, the prize for a five-day champion included additional cash ($5,000 or $10,000), two new cars and a luxury vacation, with a total value of somewhere between $20,000 and $25,000. In September 1976, an endgame was added after each match with the champion simply selecting a star, each of whom held an envelope with a prize; the top prize was $5,000, with additional prizes ranging from small kitchen appliances to items worth up to about $2,000.

text: The nighttime versions featured the same two contestants playing for the entire half-hour with each completed game worth $300 (NBC prime time) or $250 (syndicated). On the syndicated version, if time ran out with a game still in progress (interrupted by a loud horn that the host called "the tacky buzzer"), each X or O on the board at that point was worth an additional $50 to the contestants, with each contestant guaranteed at least $100 in total winnings. The contestant with the most money at the end of the show won a bonus prize, which for the first seven years of the syndicated series was a car. From 1978–80, the endgame described above was utilized with each prize worth at least $5,000 including a new car; cash prizes of $5,000 and $10,000 were also available. If the match ended in a tie, one final question was played with the star of one contestant's choosing; if the contestant agreed or disagreed correctly, he/she won the match; otherwise, the match went to the opponent. The nighttime syndicated version's episodes were self-contained, unlike the daytime version where games could straddle.

text: For the final (1980–81) season, the syndicated series left NBC's Burbank, California studio and moved to the Riviera Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. During the final season, games were no longer scored. Instead, the winner of each game won a prize, and if time ran out before a game could be completed, the prize went to the player with the most squares on the board. Additionally, the season's eight highest-winning contestants were invited back to play in a Grand Championship tournament at the end of the season. The final $100,000 Grand Championship Tournament was played in 1980 and won by Eric Lloyd Scott of Denver, Colorado. Prizes that year included a Geodesic Dome Home from Domes America, a Botany 500 Wardrobe, a 50-day cruise on Delta Line Cruises, the first Apple II computer system, the original Sony Betamax, a camper trailer and a motorhome and $20,000 in cash.

text: Cast of stars[edit]

text: Many celebrities became recognized as regulars on the show. Some regulars were frequently asked questions pertaining to a certain topic or category. For instance, Cliff Arquette (in character as "Charley Weaver"), a history buff, excelled at American history questions; Rich Little almost always received questions about other celebrities, which gave him an opportunity to do an impression of that individual; Roddy McDowall usually gave correct answers about the plays of Shakespeare; Rose Marie often received questions on dating and relationships, playing off her lovelorn comic persona; and Demond Wilson often responded with mock anger to questions that were carefully worded to play upon African American stereotypes.

text: Other regulars and semi-regulars over the years included Nanette Fabray, Kaye Ballard, Wally Cox, Morey Amsterdam, Florence Henderson, Buddy Hackett, Marty Allen, Wayland Flowers and Madame, Barbara Eden, George Gobel, Vincent Price, Charo, Sandy Duncan, Carol Wayne, Jonathan Winters, Foster Brooks, The Lennon Sisters, Garrett Morris, Karen Valentine, John Davidson, and Joan Rivers.

text: Paul Lynde was featured in the tactically important center square throughout most of the show's original run. In 1968, after two years on the show, Lynde became the regular center square. Lynde's outrageous jokes helped him win two daytime Emmy Awards both in 1974 and 1978. He left the series after taping the August 20–24, 1979 week of shows, but returned when the series relocated to Las Vegas for the 1980–81 season.

text: Secret Square[edit]

text: The Secret Square game is played as the first game on a given broadcast (or the first complete game, if a show began with a game already in progress) during the daytime series. In this game, a randomly selected Secret Square is shown only to the home audience by the shot of the television camera. A contestant who picked that panelist during the game won a bonus prize package if they correctly agreed or disagreed with the star. Secret Square prize packages added cash on the daytime edition, which started at around $1,000 (for the 1966 episodes; the base amount increased in the later years from 1967 to 1980 (by which time a new Secret Square package was worth around $3,500 to $4,500) and grew daily until won. The question for the star was sealed in a special envelope and was almost always multiple choice.

text: For the 1968 NBC prime-time series, the first two games are the Secret Square games. One Secret Square offered a trip and the other Secret Square offered a car (or occasionally a boat). If not won, the prize offered in the first round carried over to the second round, with a second prize added. If not won in the second round, the Secret Square prize package went unclaimed.

text: During the first two seasons of the syndicated series (1971–1973), the first two games were Secret Square games, with the prize packages generally worth about $2,500; if no one claimed the prizes offered in the first round, they would be carried over to the second round, and if still not won went unclaimed. Beginning in 1973 and ending in 1978, the first three games had a Secret Square, with each game offering different prize packages, usually worth between $2,000 and $7,000.  From 1978–80, the Secret Square games were cut to game numbers two and three (the first two games early on). The Secret Square was not used during the 1980–81 daily syndicated version.

text: Storybook Squares (1969 & 1976–77)[edit]

text: Storybook Squares, a children's version of Hollywood Squares, aired briefly on Saturday mornings on NBC from January 4 to August 30, 1969 and featured stars dressed as various fictional characters from television and fairy tales as well as historical figures from the past. NBC would later bring the concept back to the daytime series in the 1976–77 season with a slight retooling, where instead of children playing entire families played.

text: In an interview with E!'s True Hollywood Story on March 30, 2003 (episode 7.21), Marshall lauded the concept, but lamented that by the time each of the characters was introduced, very little of the show's half-hour format was left for actual gameplay [9]

text: The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour (1983–84)[edit]

text: In 1983, several years after Orion Pictures acquired Hollywood Squares rights owner Filmways, NBC decided to attempt a revival of the series. What resulted was a joint produced effort with Orion's television unit and Mark Goodson Productions that combined the Hollywood Squares program with a revival of the Goodson-produced Match Game. The sixty-minute program was dubbed The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour and debuted on October 31, 1983 at 3 PM Eastern, coincidentally replacing the Peter Marshall-hosted series Fantasy. Jon Bauman (aka former Sha Na Na frontman "Bowzer") hosted the Hollywood Squares portion of the show. The only regular panelist on this version was Gene Rayburn, who reprised his role as host of Match Game; he always occupied the lower left square during Hollywood Squares, which Bauman also occupied during Match Game segments. Most of the semi-regulars were previously better known for Match Game (only on one week of episodes did a regular from the previous Hollywood Squares, George Gobel, appear on the panel).

text: Hollywood Squares was always played as the second (middle) segment of the show, and featured the winner of the Match Game match played in the first half of the program facing off with the show's returning champion. This version of Hollywood Squares saw several different variations on the gameplay. First, the panelists were not given bluff answers or briefed. Second, the questions followed either a multiple-choice or true/false format. Third, for each square a contestant claimed $25 was added to his/her score with each game win starting at $100 for the first and increasing by that amount for subsequent games until time ran out and a winner was declared. In contrast to the original version of the show, players could win games by default if the opposing player incorrectly agreed/disagreed with a celebrity whose square would give the other player a completed row. (On all other version of Squares, the player would have to earn the winning celebrity on their own.) The winner would return to the Match Game gameplay and play the Super Match for a cash prize.

text: The Match Game segment featured six panelists, as it had from 1973 to 1982; for the Hollywood Squares portion, a third tier was added to the panel seating area, with three more celebrities being introduced to the proceedings at the show's midpoint. All nine celebrities could play the Super Match.

text: The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour was not a success and NBC cancelled it on July 27, 1984. It was replaced the following Monday with the soap opera Santa Barbara, which would run for nine years.

text: Two years after the cancellation of The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour, a new Hollywood Squares series was put into production. Referred to throughout its run as The New Hollywood Squares, the program debuted on September 15, 1986 and was produced by Century Towers Productions with Rick Rosner serving as executive producer and Orion Television as distributor (Century Towers was a subdivision of Orion formed to produce game shows, specifically this series and the 1987–88 syndicated revival of High Rollers; the name was in reference to the street that Orion was headquartered at the time).[10]

text: John Davidson, who was a semi-regular panelist on the original Hollywood Squares, was chosen to host the new series. Shadoe Stevens was the announcer for the series and, beginning late in the first season, he also became a regular panelist occupying the bottom center square. After a season of rotating center squares, former Hollywood Squares panelist Joan Rivers joined the series as the permanent center square. Jim J. Bullock was the series' third regular panelist, usually in the upper-left square. The three regulars also served as guest hosts for when Davidson was unavailable; in one of those instances, for one week at the beginning of the show's final season, Stevens hosted while Bullock was the center square and Howard Stern announced. On most other occasions that Stevens was not available to announce, his brother Richard would take his place. That happened beginning on the show's 100th episode until the Friday before the final two weeks of the first season, when Shadoe returned and became a regular.  All music for the program was composed by Stormy Sacks.

text: The game used the original version's rule that games could not be won due to an opponent's error. For the first season, each game was worth $500 with a bonus of $100 per square if time ran out in the middle of a game. Beginning in season two, the third and subsequent games were worth $1,000 with $200 given for each square claimed when time ran out. If time had run out with the contestants tied, one more question was asked to one celebrity. If the contestant agreed or disagreed correctly, they won the money for one square and the match. If not, their opponent automatically won. This was also done on occasions where there was no tie, but there was only enough time for one question in a game. The contestant who finished with the most money won the match and went on to the bonus round.

text: Secret Square[edit]

text: The second game of each show was a Secret Square game. As with the original version, the Secret Square was revealed to the home audience at the start of this game; if a contestant chose this square and successfully claimed it, he/she won a prize (usually a trip). The prize did not increase in value from one show to the next if it was not collected.

text: Bonus round[edit]

text: The first two seasons of this version of the series employed a bonus round that was similar to the one used on the 1970s game show Split Second. Five cars, each of the same brand/make, were displayed on the stage for the entire week. The champion chose one of five keys and then chose the car they thought the key would start. The contestant also chose at least one celebrity to stand beside the car or sit in it with them for good luck; at times the entire panel would congregate near the car, especially on Friday shows or when a champion reached a fifth win and automatically retire with the car.

text: If the chosen key started the car, the contestant won it and retired; otherwise, the contestant returned the next day with that car eliminated should he or she return to the bonus game. The contestant automatically won whatever car was left on the fifth day should they have gone that far without starting the car. Each new week started with five new cars. If a champion's reign carried over from the previous week, one of the lower priced cars was eliminated based on how many times the champion had previously played the bonus round and they would choose between whatever cars were left.

text: For the final season, the car round was changed. The champion first chose a car, then one of the nine celebrities. Each held a key, with five of the celebrities holding keys that would start any one of the five available cars and four holding dud keys that did not start anything. If the champion failed to start the car, it was not eliminated from the round, but was available again if the champion returned the next day. However, the five-day limit was removed and a champion was able to stay until either winning a car or being defeated.

text: In 1991, King World Productions acquired the rights to the entire worldwide Hollywood Squares format from Orion Pictures Corporation as that company was going through its bankruptcy phase.[11] Six years later, King World decided to bring the series back to television and a revival was put in the works. Whoopi Goldberg was brought in to be the executive producer, and John Moffitt and Pat Tourk Lee were hired as producers. Goldberg's One Ho Productions and Moffitt-Lee Productions joined Columbia TriStar Television as co-production companies with King World, who handled distribution by themselves. This differed from the other two King World/Columbia TriStar collaborations on television at the time, Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune, as King World had no role in the production of those two series.

text: On September 14, 1998, the revival debuted with Tom Bergeron as its host. In addition to her production duties, Whoopi Goldberg served as the permanent center square, with series head writer Bruce Vilanch, Gilbert Gottfried, Martin Mull, and Caroline Rhea as regular panelists and Brad Garrett, Bobcat Goldthwait, Jeffrey Tambor, George Wallace, Kathy Griffin and various others as semi-regular panelists. Shadoe Stevens returned to announce, although he was not given a square on the panel as he had been when John Davidson was host.

text: Following the 2001–02 season, Goldberg left the series and Moffitt and Lee were fired. In addition to these departures, Bruce Vilanch left his writing position and Caroline Rhea moved to New York to host The Caroline Rhea Show, a daytime variety series launched to replace The Rosie O'Donnell Show; O'Donnell had decided to leave her namesake show before the end of the 2001–02 season and Rhea, who was chosen by O'Donnell to be her replacement, served as guest host for most of the last season. The series also lost its announcer when Shadoe Stevens left as well.

text: The 2002–03 season launched with Henry Winkler and his production partner Michael Levitt as the new executive producers and Jeffrey Tambor as the announcer. Winkler guest announced for several weeks during the season. Some changes were made to the overall production with the show adopting a new logo that referred to the show as "H2".[12] The set was given a makeover where the contestant desks were replaced with podiums with LED screens inside and a rewritten version of the Teena Marie song "Square Biz" became the theme song.

text: After Goldberg's departure, at first the show decided not to employ a traditional permanent center square. Instead, a new celebrity would be in the square each week. Ellen DeGeneres, Alec Baldwin, and Simon Cowell were among those who played center square as was Peter Marshall, who appeared during a special theme week in 2002. Towards the end of the run, Martin Mull became the permanent center square.

text: For most of the first five seasons of this Hollywood Squares series, the first and second games were worth $1,000 to the winner. The third game was worth $2,000, and every subsequent game until time ran out was worth $4,000. If a contestant did not win anything in the main game, $500 was given to them as a consolation prize. In the early episodes of the first season, if a contestant could not win with five squares on the board, their opponent automatically got the remaining square and the five-square win. In addition, contestants only played for half the money; $500 was won for each of the first two games, with $1,000 for the third and $2,000 for all subsequent games and $250 was given as a consolation prize for failing to win a game. In addition, the consolation prize amount also was used for each contestant's square in the event that time ran out during a game, and was counted towards their cash total to determine the day's champion.

text: The tiebreaker was the same as the previous versions except that the contestant who has won the most games, most squares overall or won the last game played (whichever came first) had the option to play the question or pass it to his/her opponent, with a miss by either contestant giving their opponent the win by default.

text: For the first season of this Hollywood Squares series, two new contestants competed on each episode. Beginning in the second season, the returning champion rule was reinstated; a contestant could stay on for a maximum of five days.

text: Secret Square[edit]

text: The first season also saw up to two Secret Square games. In the earliest episodes of the series, two Secret Square games were played on each show with a different prize offered for each game. The Secret Square was played in both the second and third games of the day, but after two weeks the Secret Square prize would only carry over to the third game if neither contestant had claimed in it the second game. From the second season forward, the Secret Square would only be played for in the second game.

text: Beginning in the second season and continuing until the end of the fifth season, the Secret Square game was played for an accumulating jackpot of prizes that Bergeron referred to as the Secret Square Stash. A new prize would be added to the jackpot each day until someone claimed it, with the highest ever Secret Square totaling $50,731 in prizes.

text: Bonus round[edit]

text: The Bergeron Hollywood Squares employed three different bonus games during its six seasons on air.

text: First version[edit]

text: Originally, the show used the same "pick a star, win a prize" format the Marshall version had used during its last few years on the air. Each of the nine squares hid a different prize, with $10,000 cash ($15,000 in season 3) and a car being the two most expensive. The day's winner simply picked the celebrity they wanted, and won whatever prize was in an envelope that star was holding. As noted by Bergeron at the start of the bonus round each episode, the prizes totaled over $100,000.

text: Beginning partway through the first season and continuing until partway through season four, the round was modified to where in order to claim the prize, the champion had to correctly agree or disagree with a Secret Square-style question posed by Bergeron to the chosen celebrity. For the first season, if a contestant did not do so he/she was awarded $2,500 cash as a consolation prize. Once returning champions were reinstated beginning in the second season, no consolation prize was given to a champion for missing the question. However, for the show's recurring theme weeks where contestants only played for one day, the $2,500 cash was given for a miss.

text: Big money round[edit]

text: Beginning approximately two months into season four and continuing until the end of that season in June 2002, Hollywood Squares instituted a new high-stakes round in response to the recent trend of quiz shows offering big cash prizes.[13]

text: The champion faced a general knowledge trivia round with their choice of any of the nine celebrities. Again, each of the celebrities held envelopes with varying dollar amounts hidden inside, ranging from $1,000 to $5,000 (increments of $500). If the champion picked a square that contained more than one person, they would have to pick only one person from that square. The champion was given 60 seconds to answer as many questions as possible and was allowed to consult their celebrity partner for help; however, only the champion's answers counted. Each correct answer was worth the amount in the envelope, which was revealed at the start of the round.

text: At the end of the sixty seconds, the champion was given a choice to either quit with the money earned in the round or attempt to go double-or-nothing on an open-ended final question, with the category given to the contestant before he/she made the decision to play on.

text: Keys[edit]

text: A variation on the 1980s syndicated series' endgame was added to Hollywood Squares in September 2002 and remained until the series ended in June 2004. Nine keys were used in the game, only one of which would win the day's prize. To eliminate the bad keys, contestants had 30 seconds to select one celebrity at a time and correctly agree or disagree with a statement about that person read by Bergeron. The clock started after the contestant's first choice, and each celebrity could be chosen only once.

text: For each correct response, one of the bad keys was eliminated from the pool of nine. If the champion had made multiple unsuccessful attempts to win the prize, one additional key was removed for each attempt. During themed weeks in which two new contestants played each day, one extra key was removed since the champion had only one chance to win the prize. After the bad keys were removed, the champion chose the one key they thought would win the prize. If unsuccessful, the champion received $1,000 (originally $500) for each correct answer they had given in the first half of the round.

text: The prize structure was as follows:

text:
1st win: Car
2nd: $25,000
3rd: Trip around the world or a trip of a lifetime (worth between $20,000–$30,000)
4th: $50,000
5th: $100,000

text: To win the car, the chosen key had to start its engine. The cash prizes required the contestant to unlock a safe with the correct key, while a steamer trunk had to be unlocked in order to win the trip. If all of the bad keys were eliminated due to a combination of return trips and correct answers, he/she automatically won the prize.

text: If the contestant won a prize and successfully defended as champion on the next episode, he/she began trying to win the next-higher prize, starting with a full set of nine keys in play.

text: On occasion, the second prize was substituted for a gift certificate in that amount to an upscale store; these were often used as bonus prizes during special weeks or tournaments.

text: Final season changes[edit]

text: For the sixth and last season of Hollywood Squares, more changes were made to the series. First, after a season of rotating center squares, the show went back to having a permanent center square and Martin Mull was chosen to fill the role while John Moschitta Jr. replaced Jeffrey Tambor as the announcer and Bruce Vilanch returned to the series as an occasional panelist. Second, the game format was scrapped in favor of a return to the two-out-of-three match format last seen on the NBC series in 1980. The first player to win the necessary two games won $2,000 and no consolation money was awarded if a player failed to win a game. The Secret Square was still played during the second game but the accumulating jackpot of prizes was discarded in favor of playing for one prize per match, regardless of whether or not the previous match's prize was won. Third, the change in format resulted in the show no longer being self-contained, as matches could and often did straddle episodes.

text: The bonus round format from the previous season remained, with the following prize structure.

text:
1st win: Trip
2nd: $10,000
3rd: Luxury car
4th: $25,000
5th: Trip around the world

text: The rules, however, were different. All nine keys were in play every time a contestant played the bonus round regardless of whether he/she had won the prize in the previous round or not. Each correct answer in the first half of the round was only worth $500 if the prize was not won.

text: Theme weeks used the game format from the first five seasons, with each match played to time and the bonus round serving as the final segment. The winners of these matches played the bonus round for $10,000 cash, and had one key eliminated at the outset before eliminating any additional keys.

text: Tournaments[edit]

text: Tournament of Champions[edit]

text: Starting in season two, the show began having an annual Tournament of Champions each May, with the season's biggest winners returning to compete for additional cash and prizes. The format changed each season:

text: Season 2: Six five-game winners came back to play again. Play was as normal, except the Secret Square was worth $2,500, which was added to the score. The bonus game was also played for cash, from $5,000 to $15,000. The two contestants who earned the most money came back for a two-game final, playing by the same rules as the semi-finals. In addition to the other cash won, the champion won an extra $50,000. The final bonus round was worth up to $15,000.

text: Seasons 3 & 4: Eight four-game winners compete in a semi-final game. The two top winners return on Friday. The Secret Square prize was an actual prize, again added to the final score, but was the same each day so no one has an advantage. The champion won $25,000 and the trophy, and a $44,000 Jaguar S-Type was among the prizes in the bonus game. Season four's tournament was similar to that of the previous year, except that the bonus game winnings were taken into account. The final grand champion won a Mercedes-Benz in addition to the money.

text: Season 5: Season five had a "Close but No Cigar" week to decide who would join the seven undefeated winners in the normal tournament. The bonus round was played for a $25,000 Bloomingdale's shopping spree until Friday, when it was replaced by a cruise on the Queen Elizabeth 2. The winner of the tournament chose one of the celebrities who then revealed a cash amount of up to $50,000 inside a sealed envelope.

text: Season 6: The winner of the tournament played the standard bonus round and chose one of the captured celebrities, one of whom was holding an envelope with up to $100,000 in it.

text: College Championship[edit]

text: Each year from season two to five had 14 college students competing. Seven quarter-final games were played. The four contestants with the highest overall totals move on to the semi-finals. The two winners played in the final game, where the winner won a $25,000 savings bond (later a car), as well as a trophy for their university. Secret Square and bonus round prizes were added to the totals to determine who moved on.

text: In 2001, Goldberg was not present during some tournament shows, having Caroline Rhea & other celebrity guests taking over center square. In the Finals, Martin Short (in character as Jiminy Glick) took over center square.

text: In season five, the bonus round was played for $25,000 (savings bonds in the quarter-finals, cash in the semi-finals), and the grand champion automatically won a new Jeep Wrangler.

text: Theme weeks[edit]

text: Three weeks of shows were recorded in the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York during season three (November 6–24, 2000), but was more notable for its reliance on theme weeks. One was a December 9–13, 2002 Game Show Week where several game show hosts and other personalities appeared. Original Hollywood Squares host Peter Marshall was the center square for the week, marking the first time he had appeared on the program since 1981.  Game show hosts Bob Eubanks, Jim Lange, Wink Martindale, and Chuck Woolery served on the panel, as did frequent 1970s game show panelist Jimmie Walker, and Match Game regulars Brett Somers and Charles Nelson Reilly shared a square for the week. The Price Is Right announcer (at the time) Rod Roddy served as the announcer for the week, and former Let's Make a Deal model Carol Merrill presented the Secret Square and bonus round prizes.

text: In the third season, there were two theme weeks dedicated to Survivor.  The first, which aired in September 2000, featured four of the cast members from the first season (Borneo) as well as a cameo from host Jeff Probst, and the second, which aired in May 2001, featured all 16 cast members from the second season (Australian Outback).  A third theme week featuring cast members from Survivor: Africa aired during the fourth season.

text: In the third season, the show went on the road to New York City, which was a throwback to the Davidson version when they did shows in Hollywood, Florida, Club Med in the Bahamas, as well as Radio City Music Hall.  The show taped 2 weeks' worth of episodes at the Hammerstein Ballroom in Manhattan.

text: There were two Halloween-themed weeks: one from season four was titled Hollywood Scares and aired during the week of October 29 – November 2, 2001, and another from season five titled Halloween Squares which aired during the week of October 28 – November 1, 2002. In both of these weeks, the stars were dressed in costumes.

text: On the December 12, 2002 episode in Game Show Week, Marshall and Bergeron traded places. This was the first time Marshall had hosted an episode of Hollywood Squares since the first nightly syndicated series went off the air in 1981. Marshall hosted the first portion of the show, with Bergeron taking over for the bonus round. Bergeron also swapped roles with Rosie O'Donnell during a separate episode. O'Donnell hosted the show during the Secret Square round while Bergeron sat in her square. In another episode, Goldberg hosted a round while Bergeron sat in her square.

text: A second Game Show Week aired during the final season. Bob Eubanks returned as a panelist and was joined by hosts Monty Hall and Tom Kennedy, frequent Gong Show contributors Jaye P. Morgan and Jamie Farr (who shared a square), original Hollywood Squares regular Rose Marie, and frequent game show panel members Betty White, Jo Anne Worley, and Nipsey Russell, who performed a poem in his guise of "The Poet Laureate of Television". Martin Mull remained as center square for the week. Shadoe Stevens returned to announce for the week, making his first appearance since the end of season four. High Rollers assistant Ruta Lee and former Wheel of Fortune co-host Susan Stafford alternated presenting the Secret Square and bonus round prizes. The week was dedicated to Roddy who died in October 2003.

text: Two Bergeron-hosted episodes version have been noted in blooper specials. On October 1, 1999, the first game of the show took the entire episode to complete. Both the champion and challenger were having trouble correctly agreeing or disagreeing with the panel's answers, which came to a head late in the program. Gilbert Gottfried's square was the only one available and would have given whoever claimed it a five-square win. It took six questions for the champion to correctly agree with Gottfried's answer, and for each unsuccessful attempt at doing so Gottfried shouted, "You fool!" toward the contestants. Eventually Bergeron and fellow panelist Penn Jillette, who had initially done the same thing earlier in the game, joined in on the shouting. When the champion finally came up with the win, Bergeron raised his hands in mock triumph and yelled the correct answer.

text: Another episode included an April Fools' prank played on Tom Bergeron in the show's fifth season, featuring E. E. Bell as an obnoxious contestant who kept pushing his overly emotional opponent (played by Carrie Armstrong) until she broke down in tears, in addition to testing Bergeron's patience. When producer Henry Winkler gave Bergeron the notice that the episode was to air on April Fools' Day (April 1), the game ended, and the two contestants got to keep the money they earned, and the normal game straddled into the next day's episode (with that day's bonus round played as usual).

text: Theme songs[edit]

text: The first theme song used from 1966 to 1969 was an orchestration of "The Silly Song" by Jimmie Haskell; however, the version used on the show is not the same one released on the LP (Jimmie Haskell's French Horns, Vol. 2). The track found on the LP is a version with vocals and has a different instrumentation than the version used on the program.

text: The second and most famous theme was composed by William Loose. Called "Bob & Merrill's Theme", it was named for Bob Quigley and Merrill Heatter, the show's creators and original co-executive producers. This version of the theme song, in an edited format, is available on The Best of TV Quiz and Game Show Themes.

text: A third theme song was used from 1979 to 1981. Stan Worth re-recorded a new version of "Bob & Merrill's Theme" with quasi-disco styling and renamed it as "The Hollywood Bowl". Three versions of "The Hollywood Bowl" were created for the show: one for the opening music, one for the secret square prize descriptions and one for the main theme.

text: The theme to The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour was "Lottery", composed by Edd Kalehoff for Score Productions. The theme is still heard as a car prize cue on The Price Is Right and was used for similar purposes on the late-1980s revival of Card Sharks.

text: The theme to the 1986–89 edition and its cues were composed by Stormy Sacks (who also performed live music during the show itself, as required for certain questions or celebrity intros). This music package was re-arranged/recorded for the show's final season.

text: The 1998–2004 edition had two themes. The first theme, "I Love Hollywood", and its accompanying music cues were composed by Jennifer May Mauldaur & Paul David Weinberg, with the main theme vocals by series regular/co-producer Whoopi Goldberg and was used from 1998 to 2002, with a remixed version used for the 2001–02 season. The second theme, which was used for the remainder of the run, "Hollywood Square Biz", was a re-write of Teena Marie's 1981 R&B hit "Square Biz", performed by Marie herself.

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Color Key:
     Currently airing or returning
     No longer airing

text:
Country
Local title
Host
Channel
Year(s) aired

 Arab World

سين جيمSin Jim

Shareef El Alami

Dubai TV

1990s

معجب عجيبMojab Ajeeb

Michel Kazi

Future TV

2009

 Argentina

Ta Te Show

Leonardo SimonsSilvio SoldánFernando Bravo

Telefe

1992–97

 Australia

Celebrity Squares

John Bailey

Network Ten

1967

Jimmy Hannan

Nine Network

1975–76

Personality Squares

John BaileyJoe MartinBob Moore

Network Ten

1967–69

Jimmy Hannan

1981

All-Star Squares

Ian 'Danno' Rogerson

Seven Network

1999

 Belgium

Sterrenconnectie

Hans Otten

VTM

1996–98

De waarzeggers

Rani De Coninck

2015–

L'académie des 9

Maureen Louys

La Une

2015

 Brazil

Jogo da Velha

Haroldo de Andrade

Rede Globo

1972

Jogo da Velha

Fausto Silva

Rede Globo

1989–93

 Canada (Québec)

Tic Tac Toc

Claude Mailhot

TVA

1978–79

Tic Tac Show

Jean-François Mercier

V

2013–14

 China

Tic Tac Toe

Dennis Chew

MediaCorp 8

2003

 Czech Republic

Čtveráci

Martin SeveraBarbora Štěpánová

Nova

1999–2000

 Denmark

Stjerner på stribe

Jarl Friis-Mikkelsen

TV2

2013–

 France

L'Academie des 9

Jean-Pierre FoucaultYves LecoqBenjamin Castaldi

Antenne 2NRJ 12

1982–871987–912015

Le Kadox

Alexandre Debanne

France 3

1998–2000

La Porte ouverte a toutes les fenêtres

Cyril Hanouna

France 4

2009–10

 Germany

XXO – Fritz & Co

Fritz Egner

Sat.1

1995–97

Star Weekend

Marco Strohlein

RTL

2000

 Greece

Τα Τετράγωνα Των ΑστέρωνTa Tetragona ton asteron

Maria Aliferi

ERT

1980–81

Giorgos Marinos (el)

Mega Channel

2003

 Hungary

Esti Broadway

István Vágó

TV2

1999–2000

 India (Telugu)

Tollywood Squares

Navdeep Pallapolu

Star Maa

2018

 Indonesia

Selebritis Indonesia

Joe RichardFerry Salim

Indosiar

1999–2002

Celebrity Squares

John Martin

NET.

2015–2016

 Israel

תשע בריבועTesha BaRibu'a

Uri ZoharTuvia TzafirEyal Geffen

Channel 1

1977–821993

כוכבים בריבועKochavim BaRibu'a

Shai Avivi

Channel 2 (Keshet)

1999

חכמים בריבועHakhamin BaRibu'a

Avri Gilad

2010

 Italy

Il gioco dei 9

Raimondo Vianello and Sandra MondainiGerry Scotti

Canale 5

1988–901990–92

Enrico Papi

Italia 1

2004

 Japan

3・3が9イズ  3 times 3 is quiz

Genzō Wakayama

TBS

1970–71

うそつきクイズ  Liar Quiz

Jun Nagasawa

Nippon TV

1979–80

クイズ スクエア  Quiz Square

Haruo Mizuno

1980

 Malaysia

Celebrity Squares

Sharifah Shahirah

ntv7

2002–03

 Netherlands

Sterrenflat

Ron Brandsteder

RTL 4

1999

 Peru

Michi Show

Luis Angel Pinasco

América Televisión

1993–94

 Poland

9 Wspaniałych

Wojciech MalajkatRobet Rozmus

Polsat

1997–98

 Russia

Проще простогоProshche prostogo

Igor WernickNikolay Fomenko

MTK (1993–96)Rossiya 1 (1996–97)NTV (1997)

1993–941994–961996–971997

 Singapore

Celebrity Squares

Lawrence Chau

MediaCorp TV Channel 5

2001

 Spain

VIP

Emiilio AragonBelen RuedaJose Luis MorenoMar FloresThaliaJuan Carlos MartinRaquel CarrilloAna CharriTito AgustoMiguel LaraPepe ViyuelaArancha Del SolJuan Luis CanoJaime BarrellaGuillermo FesserHeather ParisiCannelle

Telecinco

1990–92

Tres en Raya

Carolina Ferre

LaSexta

2007

 Sweden

Prat I Kvadrat

Fredrik BelfrageHarald TreutigerMartin Örnorth

Sveriges Television

March 2, 19831985–8619992000

OAS

Lenhart Swahn

TV1

1972

 Thailand

ซุป'ตาร์ท้า OXSuperstars OX Challenge

Kitti Chiaw-wongkul

ONE

2017–2018

 Turkey

XOX: Kare Akademisi

Yalçın Menteş

Show TVaTV

1993–96

Kandıramazsın Beni

Vatan Şaşmaz

Fox Türkiye

2009

 United Kingdom

Celebrity Squares

Bob Monkhouse

ITV

1975–791993–97

Warwick Davis

2014–15

 United States

The Hollywood Squares

Peter Marshall

NBC

Daytime: 1966–80Nighttime: 1968

Storybook Squares

1969–77

The Hollywood Squares

Syndicated

Weekly: 1971–72Twice weekly:1972–80Daily/Nightly: 1980–81

The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour

Gene Rayburn (MG)Jon Bauman (HS)

NBC

1983–84

The New Hollywood Squares

John Davidson

Syndicated

1986–89

Hollywood Squares

Tom Bergeron

1998–2004

Hip Hop Squares

Peter Rosenberg

MTV2

2012

DeRay Davis

VH1

2017

tag: table

text: Home versions and merchandise[edit]

text: Watkins-Strathmore produced the first two home versions of the show in 1967. Ideal issued a version of the game in 1974 with a picture of Peter Marshall on the box. Marshall was the original host of the television version throughout its entire first run.[14] This was the first of the adaptations to feature humorous names for the celebrities.  A similar board game based on the UK version under the title Celebrity Squares was released by Buckingham Toys five years later in 1979 with a picture of host Bob Monkhouse on the cover.

text: Also in 1974, Event Records released a compilation album entitled Zingers from The Hollywood Squares (along with two companion books) on vinyl LP and cassette, containing the audio of what were considered to be some of the show's funniest moments. A CD of the album was included in Peter Marshall's 2002 book Backstage with the Original Hollywood Square.

text: Milton Bradley produced two home versions, first in 1980 with a game based on the Marshall version, then in 1986 for the Davidson version, with a 3-D board and twelve "celebrities" to insert into the board. Parker Brothers released a similar game in 1999, based on the Bergeron version.

text: GameTek released a version of Hollywood Squares in 1988 for DOS, Commodore 64 and Apple II computers and later for the NES based on the Davidson version. In 1999, Tiger Electronics released an electronic LCD handheld game based on the Bergeron version. In 2002, the official Hollywood Squares website had an online version of the show using the celebrities that were on that week. In 2010, Ludia released their version of Hollywood Squares for the PC, Wii, iPhone, iPad, iPod Touch and on PlayStation 3's PSN downloadable service from November 15, 2011; the games were based upon the 2002–04 format and featured the voice of host Tom Bergeron and video clips of celebrities Brad Garrett, Kathy Griffin, Jeffrey Tambor, and Martin Mull as the center square.[15]

text: Broadcast history and episode status[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Broadcast times for this version are for the Eastern Time Zone. The show aired one hour earlier in the Central, Mountain and Pacific Time Zones.

text:
October 17, 1966 – October 1, 1976, 11:30 AM-12 NOON
October 4, 1976 – September 29, 1978, 10:30–11:00 AM
October 2, 1978 – March 2, 1979, 1:00–1:30 or 4:00–4:30 (NBC offered its affiliates a choice of one of the two time slots)
March 5 – August 10, 1979, 12:30–1:00 PM
August 13, 1979 – June 20, 1980, 10:30–11:00 AM

text: January 12 – September 13, 1968 (Friday Nights), 9:30–10:00 PM Pacific/Eastern, 8:30–9:00 PM Mountain/Central

text: Episode status[edit]

text:
Most of the Peter Marshall hosted run was believed to have been destroyed by wiping, a common practice in the 1960s and 1970s by networks to save money and space for the large videotapes of the era. During a search for original master tapes of the soap opera Dark Shadows, master copies of at least 100 episodes from the Marshall-hosted prime time and syndicated runs were discovered. Many of these episodes aired on GSN from 2002 to 2003.
The NBC daytime Marshall episodes from March 5 to July 27 or August 3, 1979 were rebroadcast on stations which carried the 1980–81 daily syndicated version to fill out the rest of the season, from April 13 to September 4 or 11, 1981; these stations included WPIX in New York City and KTLA in Los Angeles.
The Davidson version was rebroadcast on the USA Network from September 11, 1989 to June 25, 1993. MGM Television owns both this version and the original Marshall version.
The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour has never been rerun, due primarily to cross-ownership issues between current rights holders MGM and FremantleMedia, and Goodson’s distribution agents that handled the original NBC run.
Both the Bergeron version (which GSN has aired in the past) and, as aforementioned, the general format rights, are currently owned by CBS Television Distribution, so any future version of the show will be under the aegis of CBS. GameTV started airing the first season of this version since July 2018.


document_title: Octagon

question_text: how many angles of rotation does a octagon have

text: Octagon

text: Properties of the general octagon[edit]

text: The sum of all the internal angles of any octagon is 1080°. As with all polygons, the external angles total 360°.

text: If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of an octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares form a quadrilateral that is both equidiagonal and orthodiagonal (that is, whose diagonals are equal in length and at right angles to each other).[2]:Prop. 9

text: The midpoint octagon of a reference octagon has its eight vertices at the midpoints of the sides of the reference octagon. If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of the midpoint octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares themselves form the vertices of a square.[2]:Prop. 10

text: Regular octagon[edit]

text:
A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon is represented by the Schläfli symbol {8}. The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135° (

3
π

4

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {3\pi }{4}}}

 radians). The central angle is 45° (

π
4

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {\pi }{4}}}

 radians).

text: Area[edit]

text: The area of a regular octagon of side length a is given by

text: In terms of the circumradius R, the area is

text: In terms of the apothem r (see also inscribed figure), the area is

text: These last two coefficients bracket the value of pi, the area of the unit circle.

text: The area can also be expressed as

text: where S is the span of the octagon, or the second-shortest diagonal; and a is the length of one of the sides, or bases. This is easily proven if one takes an octagon, draws a square around the outside (making sure that four of the eight sides overlap with the four sides of the square) and then takes the corner triangles (these are 45–45–90 triangles) and places them with right angles pointed inward, forming a square. The edges of this square are each the length of the base.

text: Given the length of a side a, the span S is

text: The area is then as above:

text: Expressed in terms of the span, the area is

text: Another simple formula for the area is

text: More often the span S is known, and the length of the sides, a, is to be determined, as when cutting a square piece of material into a regular octagon. From the above,

text:
The two end lengths e on each side (the leg lengths of the triangles (green in the image) truncated from the square), as well as being

e
=
a

/

2

,

{\displaystyle e=a/{\sqrt {2}},}

 may be calculated as

text: Circumradius and inradius[edit]

text: The circumradius of the regular octagon in terms of the side length a is[3]

text: and the inradius is

text: Construction and elementary properties[edit]

text: A regular octagon at a given circumcircle may be constructed as follows:

text:
Draw a circle and a diameter AOE, where O is the center and A, E are points on the circumcircle.
Draw another diameter GOC, perpendicular to AOE.
(Note in passing that A,C,E,G are vertices of a square).
Draw the bisectors of the right angles GOA and EOG, making two more diameters HOD and FOB.
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H are the vertices of the octagon.

tag: ol

text: A regular octagon can be constructed using a straightedge and a compass, as 8 = 23, a power of two:

text: Each side of a regular octagon subtends half a right angle at the centre of the circle which connects its vertices. Its area can thus be computed as the sum of 8 isosceles triangles, leading to the result:

text: for an octagon of side a.

text: Standard coordinates[edit]

text: The coordinates for the vertices of a regular octagon centered at the origin and with side length 2 are:

text:
(±1, ±(1+√2))
(±(1+√2), ±1).

tag: ul

text: Dissection of regular octagon[edit]

text: Coxeter states that every parallel-sided 2m-gon can be divided into m(m-1)/2 rhombs. For the octagon, m=4, and it can be divided into 6 rhombs, with one example shown below. This decomposition can be seen as 6 of 24 faces in a Petrie polygon projection plane of the tesseract.[4]

text:
Regular octagon dissected

With 6 rhombs

Tesseract

text: Skew octagon[edit]

text: A skew octagon is a skew polygon with 8 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an octagon is not generally defined. A skew zig-zag octagon has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.

text: A regular skew octagon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew octagon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a square antiprism with the same D4d, [2+,8] symmetry, order 16.

text: Petrie polygons[edit]

text: The regular skew octagon is the Petrie polygon for these higher-dimensional regular and uniform polytopes, shown in these skew orthogonal projections of in A7, B4, and D5 Coxeter planes.

text:
A7
D5
B4

7-simplex

5-demicube

16-cell

Tesseract

text: Symmetry[edit]

text:
Symmetry

The 11 symmetries of a regular octagon. Lines of reflections are blue through vertices, purple through edges, and gyration orders are given in the center. Vertices are colored by their symmetry position.

text: The regular octagon has Dih8 symmetry, order 16. There are 3 dihedral subgroups: Dih4, Dih2, and Dih1, and 4 cyclic subgroups: Z8, Z4, Z2, and Z1, the last implying no symmetry.

text:
Example octagons by symmetry

r16

d8

g8

p8

d4

g4

p4

d2

g2

p2

a1

text: On the regular octagon, there are 11 distinct symmetries. John Conway labels full symmetry as r16.[5] The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars) Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders. Full symmetry of the regular form is r16 and no symmetry is labeled a1.

text: The most common high symmetry octagons are p8, a isogonal octagon constructed by four mirrors can alternate long and short edges, and d8, an isotoxal octagon constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular octagon.

text: Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g8 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges.

text: Uses of octagons[edit]

text: The octagonal shape is used as a design element in architecture. The Dome of the Rock has a characteristic octagonal plan. The Tower of the Winds in Athens is another example of an octagonal structure. The octagonal plan has also been in church architecture such as St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Basilica of San Vitale (in Ravenna, Italia), Castel del Monte (Apulia, Italia), Florence Baptistery, Zum Friedefürsten church (Germany) and a number of octagonal churches in Norway. The central space in the Aachen Cathedral, the Carolingian Palatine Chapel, has a regular octagonal floorplan. Uses of octagons in churches also include lesser design elements, such as the octagonal apse of Nidaros Cathedral.

text: Architects such as John Andrews have used octagonal floor layouts in buildings for functionally separating office areas from building services, notably the Intelsat Headquarters in Washington D.C., Callam Offices in Canberra, and Octagon Offices in Parramatta, Australia.

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
Umbrellas often have an octagonal outline.

The famous Bukhara rug design incorporates an octagonal "elephant's foot" motif.

The street & block layout of Barcelona's Eixample district is based on non-regular octagons

Janggi uses octagonal pieces.

Japanese lottery machines often have octagonal shape.

Stop sign used in English-speaking countries, as well as in most European countries

The trigrams of the Taoist bagua are often arranged octagonally

Famous octagonal gold cup from the Belitung shipwreck

Classes at Shimer College are traditionally held around octagonal tables

The Labyrinth of the Reims Cathedral with a quasi-octagonal shape.

text: Derived figures[edit]

text:
The truncated square tiling has 2 octagons around every vertex.

An octagonal prism contains two octagonal faces.

An octagonal antiprism contains two octagonal faces.

The truncated cuboctahedron contains 6 octagonal faces.

The omnitruncated cubic honeycomb

text: Related polytopes[edit]

text: The octagon, as a truncated square, is first in a sequence of truncated hypercubes:

text:
Truncated hypercubes

...

Octagon
Truncated cube
Truncated tesseract
Truncated 5-cube
Truncated 6-cube
Truncated 7-cube
Truncated 8-cube

text: As an expanded square, it is also first in a sequence of expanded hypercubes:

text:
Expanded hypercubes

...

Octagon
Rhombicuboctahedron
Runcinated tesseract
Stericated 5-cube
Pentellated 6-cube
Hexicated 7-cube
Heptellated 8-cube


document_title: Cabaret (1972 film)

question_text: who sings tomorrow belongs to me in cabaret

text: Cabaret (1972 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1931 Berlin, young American Sally Bowles (Liza Minnelli) performs at the Kit Kat Klub. A new British arrival in the city, Brian Roberts (Michael York), moves into the boarding house where Sally lives. A reserved academic and writer, Brian gives English lessons to earn a living while completing his doctorate. Sally tries seducing Brian and suspects he may be gay. Brian tells Sally that on three previous occasions he has tried to have physical relationships with women, all of which failed. They become friends, and Brian witnesses Sally's anarchic, bohemian life in the last days of the German Weimar Republic. Sally and Brian become lovers despite their earlier reservations; they conclude that his previous failures with women were because they were "the wrong three girls".

text: Sally befriends Maximilian von Heune, a rich playboy baron who takes her and Brian to his country estate; it becomes ambiguous which of the duo Max is seducing. After a sexual experience with Brian, Max loses interest in the two and departs for Argentina. During an argument, when Sally tells Brian that she has been having sex with Max, Brian reveals that he has as well. Brian and Sally later reconcile, and Sally reveals that Max left them money and mockingly compares the sum with what a professional prostitute gets.

text: Sally learns that she is pregnant, but is unsure of the father. Brian offers to marry her and take her back to his university life in Cambridge. At first they celebrate their resolution to start this new life together, but after a picnic between Sally and Brian, in which Brian acts distant and uninterested, Sally starts to doubt continuing with the pregnancy and is disheartened by the vision of herself as a bored faculty wife washing dirty diapers. Ultimately she has an abortion, without informing Brian in advance. When he confronts her, she shares her fears, and the two reach an understanding. Brian departs for England, and Sally continues her life in Berlin, embedding herself in the Kit Kat Klub, but the final shot shows men in Nazi uniforms in the front row of the club.

text: A subplot concerns Fritz Wendel (Fritz Wepper), a German Jew passing as a Christian, who is in love with Natalia Landauer (Marisa Berenson), a wealthy German Jewish heiress, who holds him in contempt and suspects his motives. The worldly Sally gives advice, which eventually enables Fritz to win her love. However, in order to get her parents' consent for their marriage, Fritz must reveal his true religious and ethnic background – a highly dangerous act, considering what is in store for Jews under the coming Nazi regime. Although the Nazis are not yet in power, some of them kill Natalia's beloved dog one night.

text: The Nazis's violent rise is a powerful, ever-present undercurrent in the film. Their progress can be tracked through the characters' changing actions and attitudes. While in the beginning of the film National Socialist members are sometimes harassed and even kicked out of the Kit Kat Klub, the final shot of the film shows the cabaret's audience is dominated by Nazi party members. The rise of the Nazis is also dramatically demonstrated in the rural beer garden scene. In a sunlit outdoor setting a boy — only his face seen — sings to a relaxed audience of all ages what at first seem mild lyrics ("Tomorrow Belongs To Me") about the beauties of nature and youth. The camera shifts to show that the singer is wearing a brown Hitler Youth uniform. He lifts his hand in the Nazi salute. One by one, nearly all the adults and young people watching are induced to rise and join in the singing and saluting, the gentle a capella ballad gradually transforming to a harsh and militant anthem. Max and Brian return to their car after witnessing this show of growing support for the National Socialist movement, Brian asking Max, "Do you still think you can control them?" Later, Brian's one-man confrontation with a Nazi in the street is a futile gesture, leading to nothing but him being beaten up.

text: While he does not play a role in the main plot, the “Master of Ceremonies” (Joel Grey) serves in the role of storyteller throughout the film. His surface demeanor is one of benevolence and hospitality ("Willkommen"), but his intermittent songs in the Kit Kat Klub are increasingly risqué and pointedly mock the Nazis initially, while later songs reveal the growing acceptance of anti-semitism.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Liza Minnelli as Sally Bowles
Michael York as Brian Roberts
Helmut Griem as Maximilian von Heune
Joel Grey as Master of Ceremonies
Fritz Wepper as Fritz Wendel
Marisa Berenson as Natalia Landauer
Elisabeth Neumann-Viertel as Fräulein Schneider
Helen Vita as Fräulein Kost
Sigrid von Richthofen as Fräulein Mayr
Gerd Vespermann as Bobby
Ralf Wolter as Herr Ludwig
Georg Hartmann as Willi
Ricky Renee as Elke
Oliver Collignon as Nazi youth (Mark Lambert, singing voice)[5] (uncredited)

The Kit-Kat Dancers:

Kathryn Doby
Inge Jaeger
Angelika Koch
Helen Velkovorska
Gitta Schmidt
Louise Quick

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Playwrights Jay Presson Allen and Hugh Wheeler went back to the original stories to restore the subplot about the gigolo and the Jewish heiress. They also drew on original author Christopher Isherwood's openness about his homosexuality to make the leading male character, a writer modeled on him, a bisexual who shares his bed and a male lover with Sally. Fosse decided to increase the focus on the Kit Kat Klub, where Sally performs, as a metaphor for the decadence of Germany in the 1930s by eliminating all but one of the musical numbers performed outside the club. The only remaining outside number is "Tomorrow Belongs to Me", a folk song rendered spontaneously by patrons at an open-air cafe in one of the film's most chilling scenes. In addition, the show's original songwriters, John Kander and Fred Ebb, wrote two new songs, "Mein Herr", "Money", and incorporated a song they had composed in 1964 for Kaye Ballard, "Maybe This Time".

text: The two new songs and "Maybe This Time" were performed by the film's leading lady, Liza Minnelli ("Money" also featured Grey). Ironically, she had auditioned to play Sally in the original Broadway production. Some involved with the show say she was too inexperienced at the time, though she had already won Broadway's Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical. Others have suggested that she was too big a presence for the role as written on Broadway. By the time Cabaret reached the screen, however, Minnelli was a major film star, having won an Oscar nomination as the emotionally damaged college student in 1969's The Sterile Cuckoo.

text: In 1971, Bob Fosse learned through Harold Prince, director of the original Broadway production, that Cy Feuer was producing a film adaptation of Cabaret through ABC Pictures and Allied Artists. This was the first film produced in the revival of Allied Artists. Determined to direct the film, Fosse urged Feuer to hire him. Chief executives Manny Wolf and Marty Baum preferred a bigger name director such as Joseph L. Mankiewicz or Gene Kelly. That Fosse had directed the unsuccessful film adaptation of Sweet Charity gave Wolf and Baum pause. Feuer appealed to the studio heads, citing Fosse’s talent for staging and shooting musical numbers, adding that if inordinate attention was given to filming the book scenes at the expense of the musical numbers, the whole film could fail. Fosse was ultimately hired. Over the next months, Fosse met with previously hired writer Jay Allen to discuss the screenplay. Dissatisfied with Allen's script, he hired Hugh Wheeler to rewrite and revise her work. Wheeler is referred to as a "research consultant", while Allen retains screenwriting credit. The final script was based less on Joe Masteroff's original book of the stage version, and more on The Berlin Stories and I Am a Camera.

text: Fosse and Feuer traveled to Germany, where producers chose to shoot the film, in order to finish assembling the film crew. During this time, Fosse highly recommended Robert L. Surtees for cinematographer, but Feuer and the top executives saw Surtees’s work on Sweet Charity as one of the film’s many artistic problems. Producers eventually chose British cinematographer Geoffrey Unsworth. Designers Rolf Zehetbauer, Hans Jürgen Kiebach and Herbert Strabel served as production designers. Charlotte Flemming designed costumes. Fosse dancer Kathy Doby, Louise Quick and John Sharpe were brought on as Fosse’s dance aides.

text: Casting[edit]

text: Feuer had cast Liza Minnelli as Sally Bowles and Joel Grey (reprising his stage role) long before Fosse was attached to the project. Fosse was given the option of using Grey as Master of Ceremonies or walking away from the production. Fosse hired Michael York as Sally Bowles’s openly bisexual love interest. Several smaller roles, as well as the remaining four dancers in the film, were eventually cast in Germany.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Rehearsals and filming took place entirely in Germany. For reasons of economy, indoor scenes were shot at Bavaria Film Studios in Grünwald, outside Munich. Location shooting took place in and around Munich and Berlin, and in Schleswig-Holstein and Saxony. Editing was done in Los Angeles before the eventual theatrical release in February 1972.

text: Narrative and news reading[edit]

text: Although the songs throughout the film allude to and advance the narrative, every song except "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" is executed in the context of a Kit Kat Klub performance. The voice heard on the radio reading the news throughout the film in German was that of associate producer Harold Nebenzal, whose father Seymour Nebenzahl made such notable Weimar films as M (1931), Testament of Dr. Mabuse (1933), and Threepenny Opera (1931).

text: Differences between film and stage version[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The film is significantly different from the Broadway musical. In the stage version, Sally Bowles is English (as she was in Christopher Isherwood's "Sally Bowles"). In the film version, she is American. The character of Cliff Bradshaw was renamed Brian Roberts and made British (as was Isherwood, upon whom the character was based) rather than American as in the stage version. The characters and plot lines involving Fritz, Natalia and Max were pulled from I Am a Camera and did not appear in the stage version of Cabaret (or in "Sally Bowles"), and a minor character named Max in the stage version, the owner of the Kit Kat Klub, bears no relation to the character in the film. In the film, Sally is a very good singer, whereas the stage version often portrays her as being untalented.

text: Fosse cut several of the songs, leaving only those that are sung within the confines of the Kit Kat Klub, and "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" – sung in a beer garden (in the stage musical, it is sung first by the cabaret boys and then at a private party). Kander and Ebb wrote several new songs for the movie and removed others; "Don't Tell Mama" was replaced by "Mein Herr", and "The Money Song" (retained in an instrumental version as "Sitting Pretty") was replaced by "Money, Money". "Mein Herr" and "Money, Money", which were composed for the film version were added to performances of the stage musical alongside the original numbers. The song "Maybe This Time", which Sally performs at the cabaret, was not written for the film. Kander and Ebb had written it years earlier for Kaye Ballard, thus it was ineligible for an Academy Award nomination. Although "Don't Tell Mama" and "Married" were removed as performed musical numbers, both were used in the film. The former's bridge section appears as instrumental music played on Sally's gramophone; the latter is initially played on the piano in Fraulein Schneider's parlor and later heard on Sally's gramophone in a German translation ("Heiraten") sung by cabaret singer Greta Keller.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: All tracks written by John Kander and Fred Ebb.

text:
Cabaret: Original Soundtrack Recording[6][7]

No.
Title
Performer
Length

1.
"Willkommen"
Joel Grey
4:29

2.
"Mein Herr"
Liza Minnelli
3:36

3.
"Maybe This Time"
Liza Minnelli
3:11

4.
"Money, Money"
Joel Grey, Liza Minnelli
3:04

5.
"Two Ladies"
Joel Grey
3:11

6.
"Sitting Pretty"
Instrumental
2:27

7.
"Tomorrow Belongs to Me"
Mark Lambert
3:06

8.
"Tiller Girls"
Joel Grey
1:41

9.
"Heiraten(married)"
Greta Keller
3:45

10.
"If You Could See Her"
Joel Grey
3:54

11.
"Cabaret"
Liza Minnelli
3:34

12.
"Finale"
Joel Grey
2:28

Total length:
38:14

text: The following songs from the original Broadway production were omitted from the film version: "So What?", "Don't Tell Mama", "Telephone Song", "Perfectly Marvelous", "Why Should I Wake Up?", "The Money Song" (replaced by "Money, Money"), "It Couldn't Please Me More", "Meeskite", "What Would You Do?", and "Married". Some of these selections are used as instrumentals as gramophone selections.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was immediately successful at the box office. By May 1973 it had earned rentals of $4.5 million in North America and $3.5 million in other countries and reported a profit of $2,452,000.[1]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Roger Ebert gave a positive review, saying: "This is no ordinary musical. Part of its success comes because it doesn't fall for the old cliché that musicals have to make you happy. Instead of cheapening the movie version by lightening its load of despair, director Bob Fosse has gone right to the bleak heart of the material and stayed there well enough to win an Academy Award for Best Director." Variety says: "The film version of the 1966 John Kander-Fred Ebb Broadway musical Cabaret is most unusual: it is literate, bawdy, sophisticated, sensual, cynical, heart-warming, and disturbingly thought-provoking. Liza Minnelli heads a strong cast. Bob Fosse’s generally excellent direction recreates the milieu of Germany some 40 years ago."[8] Jamie Russel from BBC.com reviewed: "The first musical ever to be given an X certificate, Bob Fosse's 'Cabaret' launched Liza Minnelli into Hollywood superstardom and reinvented the musical for the Age of Aquarius."[9]

text: Pauline Kael wrote a review applauding the film: "A great movie musical. Taking its form from political cabaret, it's a satire of temptations. In a prodigious balancing act, Bob Fosse, the choreographer-director, keeps the period—Berlin, 1931—at a cool distance. We see the decadence as garish and sleazy; yet we also see the animal energy in it—everything seems to become sexualized. The movie does not exploit decadence; rather, it gives it its due. With Joel Grey as our devil-doll host—the master of ceremonies—and Liza Minnelli (in her first singing role on the screen) as exuberant, corruptible Sally Bowles, chasing after the life of a headliner no matter what; Minnelli has such gaiety and electricity that she becomes a star before our eyes."[10]

text: In 2013, film critic Peter Bradshaw listed Cabaret at number one on his list of "Top 10 musicals", describing it as "satanically catchy, terrifyingly seductive ... directed and choreographed with electric style by Bob Fosse ... Cabaret is drenched in the sexiest kind of cynicism and decadent despair."[11]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Although less explicit compared to other films made in the 1970s, Cabaret dealt explicitly with topics like corruption, sexual ambiguity, false dreams and Nazism. Tim Dirks at Filmsite.org notes: "The sexually-charged, semi-controversial, kinky musical was the first one ever to be given an X rating (although later re-rated) with its numerous sexual flings and hedonistic club life. There was considerable sexual innuendo, profanity, casual sex talk (homosexual and heterosexual), some evidence of anti-Semitism, and even an abortion in the film."[12] It was also rated X in the UK and later re-rated as 15+.[13]

text: The "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" scene was highly controversial and potentially confused with a real Nazi anthem. John Kander and Fred Ebb were accused of anti-Semitism until the world found that both were Jews.[14] According to a November 1976 Variety article, the film was censored in West Berlin when it was first released there theatrically, with the sequence featuring the Hitler Youth singing "Tomorrow Belongs to Me" having been deleted. The article stated that the elimination had been made "because of the feeling that it might stir up resentments in the audience by showing the sympathizers for the Nazi movement during the '30s." The sequence was restored, however, when the film was shown on West German television on 7 November 1976.[15]

text: Another topic of discussion was the song "If You Could See Her", which closed with the line: "If you could see her through my eyes, she wouldn't look Jewish at all". The point of the song was showing anti-Semitism as it begins to run rampant in Berlin, but there were a number of Jewish groups who interpreted the lyrics differently.[16]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film earned a total of eight Academy Awards:

text:
Best Director (Bob Fosse)
Best Actress in a Leading Role (Liza Minnelli)
Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Joel Grey)
Best Cinematography (Geoffrey Unsworth)
Best Film Editing (David Bretherton)
Best Original Song Score or Adaptation Score (Ralph Burns)
Best Art Direction (Art Direction: Rolf Zehetbauer and Hans Jürgen Kiebach; Set Decoration: Herbert Strabel)
Best Sound (Robert Knudson and David Hildyard)

text: It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture and the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, losing both to The Godfather. Cabaret holds the record for most Academy Awards won by a film which did not win the Academy Award for Best Picture.[17]

text: Shortly before the Academy Awards, Fosse won two Tonys for directing and choreographing Pippin, his biggest stage hit to date. When, months later, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for choreographing and directing Minnelli's television special Liza with a Z, he became the first director to win all three awards in one year.

text: The film also won seven British Academy Film Awards, including Best Film, Best Direction and Best Actress, as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. It won the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association.[citation needed]

text: American Film Institute recognition[edit]

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs

Cabaret – #18

AFI's Greatest Movie Musicals – #5
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – #63[ISBN missing]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In 1995, Cabaret was the ninth live-action musical film selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

text: Cabaret is cited on TV Guide's greatest films on TV and Video,[18] and in Movieline magazine as one of the 100 Best Movies Ever.[19] It was included in FilmFour's 100 Greatest Films of All Time at number 78[20] and in San Francisco Chronicle's film critics' "Hot 100 Films of the Past", being hailed as "The last great musical. Liza Minnelli plays Sally Bowles, an American adrift in pre-Nazi Berlin, in Bob Fosse's stylish, near-perfect film."[21]

text: David Benedict from The Observer has written about Cabaret's influence in musical films: "Back then, musicals were already low on filmgoers' lists, so how come it was such a success? Simple: Cabaret is the musical for people who hate them. Given the vibrancy of its now iconic numbers – Liza Minnelli in bowler and black suspenders astride a bentwood chair belting out 'Mein Herr' or shimmying and shivering with pleasure over 'Money' with Joel Grey – it sounds strange to say it but one of the chief reasons why Cabaret is so popular is that it's not shot like a musical."[22]

text: The film has been listed as one of the most important for queer cinema for its depictions of homosexuality, revolutionary at the time of its release. It turned Liza Minnelli into a gay icon. Film blogs have elected it as "the gayest winner in the history of the Academy".[23][24][25]

text: Home video[edit]

text: The film was first released to DVD in 1998. There have been subsequent releases in 2003, 2008, and 2012. The film's international ancillary distribution rights are owned by ABC (currently[when?] part of The Walt Disney Company), while Warner Bros. (which inherited the film from Lorimar, Allied Artists' successor-in-interest[clarification needed]) has domestic distribution rights. Today,[when?] Warner shares the film's copyright with production partner ABC. Fremantle Media (owners of UK DVD rights under license from ABC/Disney) had planned a Blu-ray release of the film in 2008 or 2009, but later decided against it.

text: In April 2012, Warner unveiled a new restoration of the film at the TCM Classic Film Festival.[26][27] A Blu-ray edition was released in February 2013.[28] Before this, Cabaret had been sold on a standard-definition DVD from Warner Bros. but it was unavailable in high-definition or for digital presentation.[clarification needed] The original camera negative is lost, and a surviving interpositive had a vertical scratch that ran through 1,000 feet, or 10 minutes, of one of its reels, as confirmed by Ned Price, vice president of mastering and restoration for Warner Bros.[citation needed] The damage apparently was caused by a piece of dirt that had rolled through the length of the reel, starting with a scene in which York's character has a confrontation with a pro-Nazi boarding house resident, and cut into the emulsion. The damaged images were digitally "painted out" using bits from surrounding areas but "the difficult part was matching the grain structure so the fix was invisible". After automated digital repair attempts failed, the 1,000 feet of damaged film was hand painted using a computer stylus.[29]


document_title: Water supply and sanitation in London

question_text: where does tap water come from in london

text: Water supply and sanitation in London

text: Water supply and sanitation in London is provided by a number of private companies. The regional water strategy for London is produced by the Greater London Authority.[1] Much of the water supply and sewerage system was constructed during the Victorian era. Greater London is located within the Thames River Basin District.

text: Water supply[edit]

text: Water supply by population

text: London has well developed water supply infrastructure. Most drinking water consumed in London comes from the River Thames and the River Lee. Approximately 70% of all water supplied to London is taken from the Thames upstream of Teddington Weir.[2]

text: Greater London is currently supplied by four companies: Thames Water (76% of population), Affinity Water (14%), Essex and Suffolk Water (6.6%) and Sutton and East Surrey Water (3.4%).[3]

text: Sewerage[edit]

text: All of Greater London is within the Thames River Basin District.[4] The London sewerage system is operated by Thames Water and serves almost all of London, except for a small area where Anglian Water provides sewerage services.


document_title: List of the oldest schools in the Philippines

question_text: what is the oldest university in the philippines

text: Oldest educational institutions[edit]

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Name at the time of foundation
Founding order
Location
Current status
Current name
Current affiliations
Type
Reference

1
1589
Colegio de Santa Potenciana
Franciscans
Manila
Defunct
Defunct
Defunct
Private
[2][3][4][5]

2
1590
Colegio de Manila
Society of Jesus
Manila
Defunct
Defunct
Defunct
Seminary, Pontifical, Royal, Private
[5][6][7]

3
1595
Colegio de San Ildefonso
Society of Jesus
Cebu City
Defunct
Defunct
Defunct
Private
[5][8][9][10]

4
1601
Colegio de San Jose
Society of Jesus
Manila
Active
San Jose Seminary
Jesuit
Private
[5][11][12]

5
1611
Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Santisimo Rosario
Dominican Order
Manila
Active
University of Santo Tomas
Dominican
Private, Pontifical, Royal
[5][13][14]

6
1620
Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran
Don Juan Geronimo Guerrero
Manila
Active
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Dominican Order
Private
[5][15]

7
1620
Colegio de Huerfanos de San Pedro y San Pablo
Dominican Order
Manila
DeFunct
Active
Active
Private
[5][15]

8
1630
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Dominican Order
Manila
Active
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Dominican
Private
[5][15][16]

9
1632
Colegio de Santa Isabel

Manila
Active
Santa Isabel College Manila
Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul
Private
[5][17][18]

10
1640
Universidad de San Felipe de Austria
Audiencia Real de Manila
Manila
Defunct
Defunct
Defunct
Public
[5][19]

text: Oldest educational institutions in continuous operation[edit]

text: Disputed

text: Note: The University of San Carlos traces its roots to the Colegio de San Ildefonso founded by the Spanish Jesuits fathers Antonio Sedeno, Pedro Chirino and Antonio Pereira in 1595, thus claiming to be the oldest still existing school in Asia.[20] USC celebrated its quadricentennial in 1995.[20] However, this claim is opposed by the Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas,[21][22] which argues that USC only took over the facility of the former Colegio de San Ildefonso and that there is no 'visible' and 'clear' link between San Carlos and San Ildefonso.[21][22]

text: Notable scholars including Dr. Jose Victor Torres, professor of history at the De La Salle University,[21][23] Fr. Aloysius Cartagenas STD, professor at the Seminario Mayor de San Carlos of Cebu[24][25] and Fr. Fidel Villarroel, OP, eminent historian and former archivist of Santo Tomas[22][26][27] have also questioned San Carlos' claim of tracing its roots to the 16th Century Colegio de San Ildefonso.[21][22]''

text:
Rank
Current name
Traces origin to
Year of foundation
Founding order
Location
Type
Current affiliations
Reference

1
University of San Carlos
Colegio de San Ildefonso
1595
Society of Jesus
Cebu City
Private
Society of the Divine Word
[5][8][9][10]

2
San Jose Seminary
Colegio de San Jose
1601
Society of Jesus
Manila
Private
Jesuit
[5][11][12]

3
University of Santo Tomas
Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Santisimo Rosario
1611
Dominican Order
Manila
Private, Pontifical, Royal
Dominican
[5][13][14]

4
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
Colegio de San Juan de Letran
1620
Dominican Order
Manila
Private
Dominican
[5][15][28][16]

5
Santa Isabel College Manila
Colegio de Santa Isabel
1632

Manila
Private
Daughters of Charity
[5][17][18]

6
San Carlos Seminary
Real y Conciliar Colegio de San Carlos
1702
Archdiocese of Manila
Manila
Seminary
Archdiocese of Manila
[5][8][9][10][29]

7
Santa Catalina College
Beaterio Colegio de Santa Catalina de Siena
1706
Dominican
Manila
Private
Dominican
[5][30][31][32][33][34]

8
Colegio de Santa Rosa
Beaterio y Casa de Enseñanza
1750

Manila
Private
Daughters of Charity
[5][30][35][36][37]

9
Seminario Mayor de San Carlos
Real Seminario de San Carlos
1783
Archdiocese of Cebu
Cebu City
Seminary
Society of the Divine Word
[5][38]

10
Holy Rosary Minor Seminary
Casa de Clerigos
1793
Archdiocese of Caceres
Naga City
Seminary
Archdiocese of Caceres
[5][39]

text: Addendum[edit]

text: A claim in the first ten is disputed; accordingly, an addendum with the next undisputed claim is listed here.

text:
Rank
Current name
Traces origin to
Year of foundation
Founding order
Location
Type
Current affiliations
Reference

11
Immaculate Conception School of Theology, Vigan
Seminario de San Pablo
1822
Dominican Order
Vigan
Seminary
Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia
[40][41][42][43]

text: Oldest educational institutions for girls[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Established as a School for Girls

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Current name
Name at the time of foundation
Founding order
Location
Type
Current affiliations
Reference

1
1589
Colegio de Santa Potenciana
Colegio de Santa Potenciana
Franciscans
Manila
Private
Defunct
[2][3][4]

2
1632
Santa Isabel College Manila
Colegio de Santa Isabel

Manila
Private
Daughters of Charity
[5][17][18]

3
1706
Santa Catalina College
Beaterio Colegio de Santa Catalina de Siena
Dominican
Manila
Private
Dominican
[5][30][32][34]

4
1750
Colegio de Santa Rosa
Beaterio y Casa de Enseñanza

Manila
Private
Daughters of Charity
[5][30][35][36][37]

5
1867
Universidad de Sta. Isabel
Colegio de Santa Isabel
Daughters of Charity
Naga City
Private
Daughters of Charity
[44][45][46][47]

6
1868
Concordia College
Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion de la Concordia
Daughters of Charity
Manila
Private
Daughters of Charity
[48][49][50]

7
1880
Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion
Colegio de la Inmaculada Concepcion
Hermanitas de la Madre de Dios
Cebu City
Private
Daughters of Charity
[51][52][53][54]

8
1892
Escuela Normal Superior
Escuela Normal Superior
Religious of the Assumption
Manila
Private
Defunct
[55]

9
1904
Assumption College San Lorenzo
Assumption Convent
Religious of the Assumption
Manila
Private
Religious of the Assumption
[55]

10
1906
St. Scholastica's College Manila
St. Scholastica's College Manila
Order of Saint Benedict
Manila
Private
Order of Saint Benedict
[56]

text: Addendum[edit]

text: Two among the first ten oldest schools for girls are already defunct; accordingly, an addendum with the next oldest girls' school is listed in regards with the top 10 oldest schools for girls in continuous operation.

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Current Name
Name at the time of foundation
Location
Type
Reference

11
1907
Centro Escolar University
Centro Escolar de Señoritas
Manila
Private, Non-Sectarian
[57]

text: Note: Centro Escolar University was established as Centro Escolar de Señoritas by Doña Librada Avelino and Doña Carmen de Luna in 1907 to cater the young women of Manila. The university is still continuously operating, but now as a co-educational institution.

text: Oldest public educational institutions[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Current name
Name at the time of foundation
Location
Reference

1
1640
Universidad de San Felipe de Austria
Universidad de San Felipe de Austria
Manila
[19]

2
1861
Don Honorio Ventura Technological State University
Escuela De Artes y Oficios De Bacolor
Pampanga

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

text: Educational institutions with the oldest university charters[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Name
Year of university charter
Charter granted by
Location
Type
Reference

1
Universidad de San Ignacio
1621
Philip IV of Spain
Manila
Private
[6][7]

2
Universidad de San Felipe de Austria
1640
Real Audiencia de Manila
Manila
Public
[19]

3
University of Santo Tomas
1645
Pope Innocent X, Philip IV of Spain
Manila
Private
[13][14]

4
Universidad Literaria de Filipinas
1898
Philippine Revolutionary government
Manila
Public
[58][59][60]

5
University of the Philippines Manila
1908
American Civil government
Manila
Public
[61][62]

6
University of the Philippines Los Baños
1909
American Civil government
Los Baños, Laguna
Public
[61]

7
University of the Philippines Visayas
1918
American Civil government
Miagao, Iloilo
Public
[61][63]

8
Centro Escolar University
1932
Philippine Commonwealth government
Manila
Private
[57]

9
Silliman University
1938
Philippine Commonwealth government
Dumaguete
Private
[64]

10
Adamson University
1941
Philippine Commonwealth government
Manila
Private
[65]

text: Addendum[edit]

text: Three among the first ten educational institutions with the oldest University charter is already defunct; accordingly, an addendum with the next schools with the oldest University charter is listed in regards with the top 10 oldest that are still in continuous operation.

text:
Rank
Name
Year of university charter
Charter granted by
Location
Type
Reference

11
University of the Philippines Diliman
1949
Philippine government
Quezon City
Public
[61]

12

13

text: Oldest Seminaries[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Current name
Name at the time of foundation
Founding order
Location
Current affiliations
References

1
1590
Universidad de San Ignacio
Colegio de Manila
Society of Jesus
Manila
Defunct
[6][7][12]

2
1601
San José Seminary
Colegio de San José
Society of Jesus
Manila
Jesuit
[11][12]

3
1611
University of Santo Tomas Central Seminary
Colegio de Nuestra Señora de Santisimo Rosario
Dominican Order
Manila
Dominican
[13][14][66]

4
1702
San Carlos Seminary
Real y Conciliar Colegio de San Carlos
Archdiocese of Manila
Manila
Archdiocese of Manila
[29]

5
1783
Seminario Mayor de San Carlos
Real Seminario de San Carlos
Archdiocese of Cebu
Cebu City
Society of the Divine Word
[38]

6
1793
Holy Rosary Minor Seminary
Casa de Clerigos
Archdiocese of Caceres
Naga City
Archdiocese of Caceres
[39]

7
1822
Immaculate Conception School of Theology, Vigan
Seminario de San Pablo
Dominican Order
Vigan
Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia
[40]

8

9

10

text: Oldest Law Schools[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Name
Educational institution
Location
Reference

1
1734
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Civil Law
University of Santo Tomas
Manila
[67]

2
1734
Universidad de San Ignacio Facultad de Derecho Civil
Universidad de San Ignacio
Manila
[67]

3
1898
Universidad Literaria de Filipinas Civil Law
Universidad Literaria de Filipinas
Manila
[58][59][60]

4
1899
Manila Law College
Manila Law College
Manila
[68][69]

5
1911
University of the Philippines College of Law
University of the Philippines
Quezon City
[70]

6
1913
University of Manila College of Law
University of Manila
Manila
[71]

7
1915
Philippine Law School
Philippine Law School
Manila
[72][73]

8
1918
University of Manila College of Law
University of Manila
Manila
[74][75]

9
1934
Far Eastern University Institute of Law
Far Eastern University
Manila
[76]

10
1935
Silliman University College of Law
Silliman University
Dumaguete
[77]

text: Addendum[edit]

text: Two among the first ten oldest law schools is already defunct; accordingly, an addendum with the next oldest law school is listed in regards with the top 10 oldest law schools in continuous operation.

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Name
Educational institution
Location
Reference

11
1936
Ateneo Law School
Ateneo de Manila University
Quezon City
[78]

12
1937
University of San Carlos School of Law and Governance
University of San Carlos
Cebu City
[79]

text: Oldest Schools of Medicine[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Name
Educational institution
Location
Reference

1
1871
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery
University of Santo Tomas
Manila
[80]

2
1905
University of the Philippines College of Medicine
University of the Philippines Manila
Manila

3
1946
Southwestern University Matias H. Aznar Memorial College of Medicine, Inc.
Southwestern University
Cebu

4
1947
Manila Central University College of Medicine
Manila Central University
Manila

5
1952
FEU Institute of Medicine - Nicanor Reyes Medical Foundation
Far Eastern University
Manila

6
1956
UERMMMC College of Medicine
University of the East
Manila

7
1957
Cebu Institute of Medicine
Cebu Institute of Medicine
Cebu

8
1974
Lyceum Northwestern University Dr. Francisco Q. Duque Medical Foundation
Lyceum-Northwestern University
Pangasinan

9
1975
West Visayas State University College of Medicine
West Visayas State University
Iloilo

10
1975
Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation College of Medicine
Virgen Milagrosa University Foundation
Pangasinan

text: Oldest Normal Schools[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Current name
Name at the time of foundation
Location
Reference

1
1901
Philippine Normal University
Philippine Normal School
Manila

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

text: Oldest Schools of Midwifery[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Current name
Name at the time of foundation
Location
ReferencePhilippines

1≈≥≥≥≥

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

text: Oldest Schools of Engineering[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Name
Educational institution
Location
Reference

1
1904
Bulacan Trade School
Bulacan State University
Bulacan
[81]

2
1907
University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Engineering
University of Santo Tomas
Manila
[81]

3
1925
Mapua University
pua Univeristya
nilaa

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

text: Oldest Music Schools[edit]

text: Still in operation   Defunct   Disputed

text:
Rank
Year of foundation
Current name
Name at the time of foundation
Location
Reference

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10


question_text: when was smoking banned in pubs in scotland

text: The Smoking, Health and Social Care (Scotland) Act 2005 (asp 13) is an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed in 2005, after being introduced by Scottish Executive Health minister Andy Kerr.

text: The Act established that, from 26 March 2006, it would be an offence to smoke in any wholly or substantially enclosed public space in Scotland, with a small number of exceptions, such as: prisons, care homes and police interview rooms. Private member clubs were not exempted. Hotel rooms could be designated by the proprietors as smoking rooms, but they were under no obligation to do so, and if they did not, the Act applied to them as any other space.

text: It passed on 30 June 2005 with an 83 to 15 vote, with only the Scottish Conservatives opposing, and received Royal Assent on 5 August 2005.

text: Since the ban came into force on 26 March 2006, it has been largely accepted by the vast majority of the Scottish public. Compliance rates have been high, and as of 14 June 2006, only one premises has been fined for permitting smoking, and that happened on the day the Act came into being. Additionally, the Swallow Group of hotels, who had launched a legal challenge to the legislation, formally abandoned their attempt on 13 June 2006, after being advised that it would not succeed.

text: Cigarette litter continues to be a problem outside premises; especially bars and restaurants, and Environmental Health Officers have become more proactive in fining people dropping cigarette ends. Phone calls to Smokeline (a smoking support line run by NHS Health Scotland) increased before and after the ban and smoking cessation services have reported that their number of clients has increased since the ban came into force.[citation needed]

text: ASH Scotland was one of the main campaigners for smoke-free legislation, and recognition of their role was confirmed when Maureen Moore (Chief Executive of ASH Scotland) received an OBE in June 2006 for services to healthcare.

text: Smoking in enclosed public spaces was later banned in England and Wales by the Health Act 2006, and in Northern Ireland by the Smoking (Northern Ireland) Order 2006.