document_title: All in the Family

question_text: who sang all in the family theme song

question_tokens: who sang all in the family theme song

root

text: All in the Family

text: Premise[edit]

text: All in the Family is about a typical white working-class family living in Queens, New York. Its patriarch is Archie Bunker (O'Connor), an outspoken, narrow-minded white man, seemingly prejudiced against everyone who is not like him or his idea of how people should be. Archie's wife Edith (Jean Stapleton) is sweet and understanding, though somewhat naïve and uneducated; her husband sometimes disparagingly calls her "dingbat". Their one child, Gloria (Sally Struthers), is generally kind and good-natured like her mother, but displays traces of her father's stubbornness; unlike them, however, she is a feminist. Gloria is married to college student Michael Stivic (Reiner) – referred to as "Meathead" by Archie – whose values are likewise influenced and shaped by the counterculture of the 1960s. The two couples represent the real-life clash of values between the so-called Greatest Generation and Baby Boomers. For much of the series, the Stivics live in the Bunkers' home to save money, providing abundant opportunity for them to irritate each other.

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text: The show is set in the Astoria section of Queens, with the vast majority of scenes taking place in the Bunkers' home at 704 Hauser Street. Occasional scenes take place in other locations, especially during later seasons, such as Kelsey's Bar, a neighborhood tavern where Archie spends a good deal of time and which he eventually buys, and the Stivics' home after Mike and Gloria move to the house next door. The house seen in the opening is at 89-70 Cooper Avenue near the junction of the Glendale, Middle Village, and Rego Park sections of Queens.[9] Supporting characters represent the demographics of the neighborhood, especially the African American Jeffersons, who live in the house next door in the early seasons.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Carroll O'Connor as Archie Bunker: Frequently called a "lovable bigot", Archie was an assertively prejudiced blue-collar worker. A World War II veteran, Archie longs for better times when people sharing his viewpoint were in charge, as evidenced by the nostalgic theme song "Those Were the Days" (also the show's original title). Despite his bigotry, he is portrayed as loving and decent, as well as a man who is simply struggling to adapt to the changes in the world, rather than someone motivated by hateful racism or prejudice. His ignorance and stubbornness seem to cause his malapropism-filled arguments to self-destruct. He often rejects uncomfortable truths by blowing a raspberry. Former child actor Mickey Rooney was Lear's first choice to play Archie, but Rooney declined the offer because of the strong potential for controversy, and in Rooney's opinion, a poor chance for success. Scott Brady, formerly of the Western series Shotgun Slade, also declined the role of Archie Bunker, but appeared four times on the series in 1976 in the role of Joe Foley. O'Connor appears in all but seven episodes of the series' run.
Jean Stapleton as Edith Bunker, née Baines: Edith is Archie's ditzy but kind-hearted wife. Archie often tells her to "stifle" herself and calls her a "dingbat", and although Edith generally defers to her husband's authority and endures his insults, on the rare occasions when Edith takes a stand, she proves to have a simple but profound wisdom.[10] Despite their different personalities, they love each other deeply. Stapleton developed Edith's distinctive voice.[11] Stapleton remained with the show through the original series run, but decided to leave at that time. During the first season of Archie Bunker's Place, Edith was seen in four episodes in guest appearances. After that point, Edith was written out as having suffered a stroke and died off-camera, leaving Archie to deal with the death of his beloved "dingbat". Stapleton appeared in all but four episodes of All in the Family. In the series' first episode, Edith is portrayed as being less of a dingbat and even sarcastically refers to her husband as "Mr. Religion, here..." after they come home from church, something her character would not be expected to say later.
Sally Struthers as Gloria Stivic, née Bunker: The Bunkers' college-aged daughter who is married to Michael Stivic. She has the generally kind nature of her mother, but the stubbornness of her father, which early in the series manifests as childishness, later as a more mature feminism. Gloria frequently attempts to mediate between her father and husband, generally siding with the latter. The roles of the Bunkers' daughter and son-in-law (then named "Dickie") initially went to Candice Azzara and Chip Oliver. However, after seeing the show's pilot, ABC requested a second pilot expressing dissatisfaction with both actors. Lear later recast the roles of Gloria and Dickie with Struthers and Reiner. Penny Marshall (Reiner's wife, whom he married in April 1971, shortly after the program began) was also considered for the role of Gloria. During the earlier seasons of the show, Struthers was known to be discontented with how static her part was and, in 1974, sued to get out of her contract. But the character became more developed, satisfying her.[12] Struthers appeared in 157 of the 202 episodes during the first eight seasons—from January 12, 1971 to March 19, 1978. She later reprised the role in the spin-off series Gloria, which lasted for a single season in 1982–1983.
Rob Reiner as Michael Stivic: Gloria's Polish-American hippie husband is part of the counterculture of the 1960s. While good-hearted and well-meaning, he constantly spars with Archie, and is equally stubborn, although his moral views are generally presented as being more ethical and his logic somewhat sounder. He is the most-educated person in the household, a fact which gives him a self-assured arrogance, and despite his intellectual belief in progressive social values, he tends to expect Gloria to defer to him as her husband. As discussed in All in the Family retrospectives, Richard Dreyfuss sought the part, but Norman Lear was convinced to cast Reiner. Harrison Ford turned down the role, citing Archie Bunker's bigotry. Reiner appeared in 174 of the 202 episodes of the series during the first eight seasons—from January 12, 1971 to March 19, 1978. Reiner is also credited with writing three of the series' episodes.[13]
Danielle Brisebois as the cute nine-year-old daughter of one of Edith's cousins, Stephanie Mills, who is a regular throughout the ninth season. Despite being cute and having a sweet side, she is smart, clever, and does give her own few remarks at Archie from time to time. The Bunkers take her in after the child's father, Floyd Mills, abandons her on their doorstep in 1978 (he later extorts money from them to let them keep her). She remained with the show through its transition to Archie Bunker's Place, and appeared in all four seasons of the latter show.

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text: Supporting characters[edit]

text:
Sherman Hemsley as George Jefferson, Isabel Sanford as his wife Louise, and Mike Evans as their son Lionel, Archie's black neighbors: George is Archie's combative black counterpart, while Louise is a smarter, more assertive version of Edith. Lionel first appeared in the series' premiere episode "Meet the Bunkers", with Louise appearing later in the first season. Although George had been mentioned many times, he was not seen until 1973. Hemsley, who was Norman Lear's first choice to play George, was performing in the Broadway musical Purlie and did not want to break his commitment to that show. However, Lear kept the role waiting for him until he had finished with the musical. Plots frequently find Archie and George at odds with one another, while Edith and Louise attempt to join forces to bring about a resolution. They later moved to an apartment in Manhattan in their own show, The Jeffersons.
Mel Stewart, as George's brother Henry Jefferson: The two appeared together only once, in the 1973 episode in which the Bunkers host Henry's going-away party, marking Stewart's final episode and Hemsley's first. After the Jeffersons were spun off into their own show in 1975, Stewart's character was rarely referred to again and was never seen. In the closing credits of "The First and Last Supper" episode, Mel Stewart is incorrectly credited as playing George Jefferson. Stewart was actually playing George's brother, Henry Jefferson, who was pretending to be George for most of the episode.
Bea Arthur as Edith's cousin Maude: Maude was white-collared and ultra-liberal, the perfect foil to Archie, and one of his main antagonists. She appeared in only two episodes, "Cousin Maude's Visit", where she took care of the Bunker household when all four were sick, and "Maude" from the show's second season, which was basically a back-door pilot. Her spin-off series, Maude, began in fall 1972.
Betty Garrett and Vincent Gardenia as the liberal and Roman Catholic next-door neighbors Irene and Frank Lorenzo: Both first appeared as a married couple as Irene was trying to use the Bunker's phone. During an argument earlier in the episode, Archie and Mike had broken the phone wire. Irene being a 'handyman' of sorts with her own tools, which she carried in her purse, fixed it. Irene fixed many things at the Bunker house during her time on the show. She also had a sister who was a nun and appeared in one episode. "Edith's Christmas Story" reveals that Irene has had a mastectomy. Archie got her a job as a forklift operator at the plant where he worked. Irene was a strong-willed woman of Irish heritage, and Frank was a jovial Italian househusband who loved cooking and singing. He also was a salesman, but what he sold was never said. Gardenia, who also appeared as Jim Bowman in episode eight of season one (as the man who sold his house to the Jeffersons) and as Curtis Rempley in episode seven of season three (as a swinger opposite Rue McClanahan), became a semiregular along with Garrett in 1973. Gardenia only stayed for one season as Frank Lorenzo, but Garrett remained until her character was phased out in late 1975.
Allan Melvin as Archie's neighbor and good friend Barney Hefner: Barney started appearing in 1972 as a recurring character. Over time, he appeared progressively more often until he became a regular. He appeared as a regular in all four seasons of Archie Bunker's Place. He also appeared in the first season as a desk seargent at a police precinct.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
James Cromwell as Jerome [14] "Stretch" Cunningham (1973–1976) "The Funniest Man in The World", Archie's friend and co-worker from the loading dock (Archie claims that he is known as the "Bob Hope" of the loading platform): What Archie did not know was that Stretch was Jewish, evident only after Stretch died and Archie went to the funeral. Archie's eulogy for his friend is often referred to as a rare occasion when he was capable of showing the humanity he tried so earnestly to hide. In the episode titled "Archie in the Cellar", Billy Sands is referred to as Stretch Cunningham, the voice on the tape recorder telling jokes. Sands also appeared as other characters on the show during its run, in Kelsey's Bar as a patron.
Liz Torres as Theresa Betancourt (1976–1977): A Puerto Rican nursing student who meets Archie when he is admitted to the hospital for surgery. She later rents Mike and Gloria's former room at the Bunker house. She called Archie "Papi". Torres had just completed the first season of the CBS sitcom Phyllis in the spring of 1976 before being dropped from the cast. (She had replaced the late actress Barbara Colby in the role of Julie Erskine.) Torres joined All in the Family in the fall of 1976, but her character was not popular with viewers, and the role was phased out before the end of the season.
Billy Halop as Mr. Munson (1971–74), the cab driver who lets Archie use his cab to make extra money
Bob Hastings as Kelcy or Tommy Kelsey, who owns the bar Archie frequents and later buys: Kelcy was also played by Frank Maxwell in the episode "Archie Gets The Business". The name of the establishment is Kelcy's Bar (as seen in the bar window in various episodes). However, due to a continuity error, the end credits[15] of episodes involving the bar owner spell the name "Kelcy" for the first two seasons and "Kelsey" thereafter, although the end credits show "Kelcy" in the "Archie Gets the Business" episode.
Jason Wingreen as Harry Snowden, a bartender at Kelcy's Bar who continues to work there after Archie purchases it as his business partner: Harry had tried to buy the bar from Kelcy, but Archie was able to come up with the money first, by taking a mortgage out on his house, which the Bunkers owned outright.
Gloria LeRoy as Mildred "Boom-Boom" Turner, a buxom, middle-aged secretary at the plant where Archie works: Her first appearance was when Archie is lost on his way to a convention and Mike and Gloria suspect he and she could be having an affair. Archie gave her that moniker as she was walking by the loading dock. He said when she walked, "Boom-Boom". She is not fond of Archie because he and Stretch leer at her and because of their sexist behavior, but later becomes friendly with him, occasionally working as a barmaid at Archie's Place. Gloria LeRoy also appeared in a third-season episode as "Bobbi Jo" Loomis, the wife of Archie's old war buddy "Duke".
Barnard Hughes as Father Majeskie, a local Catholic priest who was suspected by Archie one time of trying to convert Edith: He appeared in multiple episodes. The first time was when Edith accidentally hit Majeskie's car near the local supermarket with a can of cling peaches in heavy syrup.
Eugene Roche appeared as practical jokester friend and fellow lodge member "Pinky Peterson", one of Archie Bunker's buddies, in three episodes, first in the episode "Beverly Rides Again", then the memorable Christmas Day episode called "The Draft Dodger" (episode 146, 1976), and finally the episode "Archie's Other Wife".
Sorrell Booke as Lyle Sanders, personnel manager at Archie Bunker's workplace, Prendergast Tool and Die Company: He had appeared on the series as Lyle Bennett, the manager of a local television station, in the episode "Archie and the Editorial" in season three.
Lori Shannon played Beverly La Salle, a transvestite entertainer, who appeared in three episodes: "Archie the Hero", "Beverly Rides Again", and "Edith's Crisis of Faith". In that third episode, Mike and Beverly are attacked, and he dies in a hospital from injuries suffered during the fight.[16]
Estelle Parsons as Blanche Hefner (1977–1979), Barney's second wife: Blanche and Archie are not fond of one another, though Edith likes her very much. The character is mentioned throughout much of the series after Barney's first wife, Mabel, had died, though she only appeared in a handful of episodes during the last few seasons. Estelle Parsons also appeared in the season-seven episode "Archie's Secret Passion" as Dolores Fencel.
Bill Quinn as Mr. Edgar van Ranseleer (Mr. van R), a blind patron and regular at the bar: He was almost never referred to by his first name. In a running joke, Archie usually waves his hand in front of Mr. van R's face when he speaks to him. His role was later expanded on Archie Bunker's Place, where he appeared in all four seasons.
Burt Mustin as Justin Quigley, a feisty octogenarian/nonagenarian: Mr. Quigley first appeared in the episode: "Edith Finds an Old Man" (season four, episode three, Sept 23, 1973) where he runs away from an old age home. He temporarily moves in with the Bunkers but quickly leaves to share an apartment with his friend Josephine "Jo" Nelson, played by Ruth McDevitt. He appeared in several other episodes, including "Archie's Weighty Problem". Mr. Mustin previously appeared in a first-season episode as Harry Feeney, the night watchman at Archie's workplace.
Nedra Volz as Aunt Iola: Edith's aunt, she was mentioned several times in the eighth season and stayed with the Bunkers for two weeks. Edith wanted her to move in, but Archie would not allow it, though when he thought Iola did not have any place to go, he told her privately that she could always stay with them.
Francine Beers and Jane Connell as Sybil Gooley, who worked at Ferguson's Market: Frequently mentioned, usually by Edith, Sybil predicted that Gloria and Mike were having a baby boy by performing a ring on a string "swing test" over Gloria's abdomen. Sybil also appeared in the episode "Edith's 50th Birthday" and spilled the beans on her surprise party because she had not been invited. Archie and she did not get along, and he referred to her as a "Big Mouth".
Rae Allen and Elizabeth Wilson as Cousin Amelia: Archie detested Amelia and her husband, Russ, who were both wealthy. Once, she sent Edith a mink and Archie wanted to send it back, until he found out how much it was worth. In another episode, Amelia and her husband visit the Bunkers to bring them gifts from a recent trip to Hawaii, but in a private moment, Amelia shares with Edith that, despite appearances, she and Russ are considering a divorce. The character was played by two different actresses in three episodes of the show.
Richard Dysart and George S. Irving as Russ DeKuyper, Amelia's husband. He is a plumbing contractor who continued the business started by Amelia's father and uncles. He constantly flaunts his monetary wealth in front of Archie and looks askance at the way Archie lives, forgetting that he walked into a profitable plumbing business. He appeared in two of the episodes that featured Amelia
Clyde Kusatsu as Reverend Chong appeared in several episodes. He refused to baptize little Joey in season six, and then remarried Archie and Edith, and Mike and Gloria in season eight, and gave counsel to Stephanie in season nine as it was learned that she was Jewish.
Ruth McDevitt as Josephine "Jo" Nelson: She played Justin Quigley's girlfriend, the older man Edith found walking around the supermarket. She appeared in three episodes from seasons four through six. Gloria and Mike adopted them as their godgrandparents. Of most of the characters, Archie took a liking to Justin and Jo. She died following the end of the sixth season.
William Benedict as Jimmy McNabb: The Bunkers' neighbor, he appeared in two episodes during the first and second seasons, and was referred to many times during the first few seasons.
Jack Grimes as Mr. Whitehead: A member of Archie's lodge, he was the local funeral director. The death of Archie's cousin Oscar in a season-two episode of All in the Family brings the very short, white-haired, and silver-tongued Whitehead with his catalog of caskets.

text: History and production[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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text: The show came about when Norman Lear read an article in Variety magazine on Till Death Us Do Part and its success in the United Kingdom.[17] He immediately knew it portrayed a relationship just like the one between his father and him.[18]

text: Lear bought the rights to the show and incorporated his own family experiences with his father into the show. Lear's father would tell Lear's mother to "stifle herself" and she would tell Lear's father "you are the laziest white man I ever saw" (two "Archieisms" that found their way onto the show).

text: The original pilot was titled Justice for All[19] and was developed for ABC. Tom Bosley, Jack Warden, and Jackie Gleason were all considered for the role of Archie Bunker. In fact, CBS wanted to buy the rights to the original show and retool it specifically for Gleason, who was under contract to them, but producer Lear beat out CBS for the rights and offered the show to ABC.

text: In the pilot, Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton played Archie and Edith Justice. Kelly Jean Peters played Gloria and Tim McIntire played her husband, Richard. It was taped in October 1968 in New York City. After screening the first pilot, ABC gave the producers more money to shoot a second pilot, titled Those Were the Days,[20] which was taped in February 1969 in Hollywood. Candice Azzara played Gloria and Chip Oliver played Richard. D'Urville Martin played Lionel Jefferson in both pilots.

text: After stations' and viewers' complaints caused ABC to cancel Turn-On after only one episode in February 1969, the network became uneasy about airing a show with a "foul-mouthed, bigoted lead" character, and rejected the series[21][22] at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael. Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular "rural" programming (Mayberry R.F.D., The Beverly Hillbillies, Petticoat Junction, and Green Acres) with more "urban", contemporary series and was interested in Lear's project. CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show All in the Family. The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series' first episode.

text: Lear wanted to shoot in black and white as Till Death Us Do Part had been. While CBS insisted on color, Lear had the set furnished in neutral tones, keeping everything relatively devoid of color. As costume designer Rita Riggs described in her 2001 Archive of American Television interview, Lear's idea was to create the feeling of sepia tones, in an attempt to make viewers feel as if they were looking at an old family album.

text: All in the Family was the first major American series to be videotaped in front of a live studio audience. In the 1960s, most sitcoms had been filmed in the single-camera format without audiences, with a laugh track simulating an audience response. Lear employed the multiple-camera format of shooting in front of an audience, but used tape, whereas previous multiple-camera shows like Mary Tyler Moore had used film. Due to the success of All in the Family, videotaping sitcoms in front of an audience became a common format for the genre during the 1970s, '80s, and '90s. The use of videotape also gave All in the Family the look and feel of early live television, including the original live broadcasts of The Honeymooners, to which All in the Family is sometimes compared.

text: For the show's final season, the practice of being taped before a live audience changed to playing the already taped and edited show to an audience and recording their laughter to add to the original sound track. Thus, the voice-over during the end credits was changed from Rob Reiner's "All in the Family was recorded on tape before a live audience" to Carroll O'Connor's "All in the Family was played to a studio audience for live responses". (Typically, the audience was gathered for a taping of One Day at a Time, and got to see All In the Family as a bonus.) Throughout its run, Norman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used (mentioning this on many occasions); the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine.

text: Theme song[edit]

text: The series' opening theme song "Those Were The Days",[23] written by Lee Adams (lyrics) and Charles Strouse (music), was presented in a unique way for a 1970s series: Carroll O'Connor and Jean Stapleton seated at a console or spinet piano (played by Stapleton) and singing the tune together on-camera at the start of every episode, concluding with live-audience applause. (The song dates back to the first Justice For All pilot, although on that occasion O'Connor and Stapleton performed the song off-camera and at a faster tempo than the series version.) Six different performances were recorded over the run of the series, including one version that includes additional lyrics. The song is a simple, pentatonic melody (that can be played exclusively with black keys on a piano) in which Archie and Edith wax nostalgic for the simpler days of yesteryear. A longer version of the song was released as a single on Atlantic Records, reaching number 43 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 30 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart in early 1972; the additional lyrics in this longer version lend the song a greater sense of sadness, and make poignant reference to social changes taking place in the 1960s and early 1970s.

text:
Those Were The Days
Boy, the way Glenn Miller played
Songs that made the hit parade
Guys like us, we had it made
Those were the days!

text:
And you knew who you were then
Girls were girls, and men were men
Mister, we could use a man like Herbert Hoover again

text:
Didn't need no welfare state
Everybody pulled his weight
Gee, our old LaSalle ran great
Those were the days!

text: In the original 1968 pilot episode an additional verse was sung:

text:
Had my twelve tube radio
Loved the Eddie Cantor Show
Oh where did all that beauty go?
Those were the days!

text: A few perceptible drifts can be observed when listening to each version chronologically. In the original version, the lyric "Those Were The Days" was sung over the tonic (root chord of the song's key), and the piano strikes a dominant 7th passing chord in transition to the next part, which is absent from subsequent versions. Jean Stapleton's screeching high note on the line "And you knew who you WEEERRE then" became louder, longer, and more comical, although only in the original version did the line draw a laugh from the audience. Carroll O'Connor's pronunciation of "welfare state" gained more of Archie's trademark whining enunciation, and the closing lyrics (especially "Gee, our old LaSalle ran great") were sung with increasingly deliberate articulation, as viewers had complained that they could not understand the words. In the first season, it sounded like "Geena Rolla Serit Grate".Also in the original version, the camera angle was shot slightly from the right side of the talent as opposed to the straight on angle of the next version. Jean Stapleton performed the theme song without glasses beginning in season 6.

text: In addition to O'Connor and Stapleton singing, footage is also shown beginning with aerial shots of Manhattan, and continuing to Queens, progressively zooming in, culminating with a still shot of a lower middle-class semidetached home, presumably representing the Bunkers' house in Astoria. The house shown in the opening credits, however, is actually located at 89–70 Cooper Avenue in the Glendale section of Queens,[24][25] New York. A notable difference exists, however, between the Cooper Avenue house and the All in the Family set: the Cooper Avenue house has no porch, while the Bunkers' home featured a front porch. The footage for the opening had been shot back in 1968 for the series' first pilot, thus the establishing shot of the Manhattan skyline was completely devoid of the World Trade Center towers, which had not yet been built. When the series aired two years later, the Trade Center towers, although under construction, had still not yet risen high enough to become a prominent feature on the Manhattan skyline (this did not happen until the end of 1971). Despite this change in the Manhattan skyline, the original 1968 footage continued to be used for the series opening until the series transitioned into Archie Bunker's Place in 1979. At that time, a new opening with current shots of the Manhattan skyline was used with the Trade Center towers being seen in the closing credits. This opening format – showing actual footage of the cities and neighborhoods in which the show was set – became the standard for most of Norman Lear's sitcoms, including Maude, Good Times, and The Jeffersons.

text: At the end of the opening, the camera then returns to a few final seconds of O'Connor and Stapleton, as they finish the song. At the end of the original version, Edith smiles at Archie and Archie smiles off at a slight distance. In the longest running version (from season 2 to season 5), Edith smiles blissfully at Archie, and Archie puts a cigar in his mouth and returns a rather cynical, sheepish look to Edith. From season 6 through the season 8, Edith smiles and rests her chin on Archie's shoulder. In the final season, Edith hugs Archie at the conclusion. Additionally, in the first three versions of the opening, Archie is seen wearing his classic trademark white shirt. In the last version of the opening for the series' ninth season, Archie is seen wearing a grey sweater-jacket over his white shirt. In all versions of the opening, the song's conclusion is accompanied by applause from the studio audience.

text: The opening for the animated series Family Guy begins with Peter and Lois Griffin singing at the piano, a tribute to the All in the Family opening. As with "Those Were the Days", the lyrics to the Family Guy theme song also seem to imply that things have changed for the worse since the old days ("But where are those good old fashioned values/On which we used to rely?"). The All in the Family opening is also parodied in The Simpsons ninth-season episode "Lisa's Sax", as Homer and Marge Simpson sit at a piano and perform "Those Were the Days" with altered lyrics pertaining to the episode's plot.

text: In interviews, Norman Lear stated that the idea for the piano song introduction was a cost-cutting measure. After completion of the pilot episode, the budget would not allow an elaborate scene to serve as the sequence played during the show's opening credits. Lear decided to have a simple scene of Archie and Edith singing at the piano.

text: The closing theme (an instrumental) was "Remembering You" played by Roger Kellaway with lyrics co-written by Carroll O'Connor. It was played over footage of the same row of houses in Queens as in the opening (but moving in the opposite direction down the street), and eventually moving back to aerial shots of Manhattan, suggesting the visit to the Bunkers' home has concluded. O'Connor recorded a vocal version of "Remembering You" for a record album, but though he performed it several times on TV appearances, the lyrics (about the end of a romance) were never heard in the actual series.

text: Except for some brief instances in the first season, no background or transitional music was used.

text: Setting and location[edit]

text: Lear and his writers set the series in the Queens neighborhood of Astoria. The location of the Bunkers' house at 704 Hauser Street is fictitious (no Hauser Street exists in Queens). The address is not presented the way addresses are given in Queens: most address numbers are hyphenated, containing the number of the nearest cross street. Nevertheless, many episodes reveal that the Bunkers live near the major thoroughfare Northern Boulevard, which was the location of Kelsey's Bar and later Archie Bunker's Place.

text: The façade of the house shown at the show opening is a home located at 89-70 Cooper Avenue, Glendale, Queens, New York, across from St. John Cemetery (40°42′45″N 73°51′39″W / 40.712492°N 73.860784°W / 40.712492; -73.860784).[24]

text: Many real Queens institutions are mentioned throughout the series. Carroll O’Connor, a Queens native from Forest Hills, said in an interview with the Archive of American Television that he suggested to the writers many of the locations to give the series authenticity. For example, Archie is revealed to have attended Flushing High School, a real high school located in Flushing, Queens (although in the "Man Of The Year" episode of Archie Bunker's Place, Archie attended Bryant High School in Long Island City, graduating in 1940). As another example, the 1976 episode "The Baby Contest" deals with Archie entering baby Joey in a cutest baby contest sponsored by the Long Island Daily Press, a then-operating local newspaper in Queens and Long Island.

text: The writers of All in the Family continued throughout the series to have the Bunkers and other characters use telephone exchange names when giving a telephone number (most other series at the time, such as The Mary Tyler Moore Show, were using the standard fake 555 telephone number) at a time when AT&T was trying to discontinue them. At different times throughout the series, the telephone exchanges Ravenswood and Bayside were used for the Bunkers' telephone number. Both exchanges were and still are applicable names for phone numbers in the neighborhoods of Astoria and Bayside. This may have had to do with the fact that at the time many major cities in the United States, such as New York, were resisting the dropping of telephone exchange names in favor of all-number calling, and were still printing their telephone books with exchange names. Actual residents of the Bunkers' age continued using exchange names into the early 1980s. This fact is referred to in the 1979 episode "The Appendectomy", when Edith, while dialing a telephone number, uses the Parkview exchange name only to correct herself by saying that she keeps forgetting that it is all-number dialing now. However, she comes to the conclusion that the number is exactly the same either way.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings[26]

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Rating
Tied with

Pilots
2
1968
1969
N/A
N/A
N/A

1
13
January 12, 1971 (1971-01-12)
April 6, 1971 (1971-04-06)
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
24
September 18, 1971 (1971-09-18)
March 11, 1972 (1972-03-11)
1
34.0
N/A

3
24
September 16, 1972 (1972-09-16)
March 24, 1973 (1973-03-24)
1
33.3
N/A

4
24
September 15, 1973 (1973-09-15)
March 16, 1974 (1974-03-16)
1
31.2
N/A

5
23
September 14, 1974 (1974-09-14)
March 8, 1975 (1975-03-08)
1
30.2
N/A

6
24
September 8, 1975 (1975-09-08)
March 8, 1976 (1976-03-08)
1
30.1
N/A

7
25
September 22, 1976 (1976-09-22)
March 12, 1977 (1977-03-12)
12
22.9
N/A

8
24
October 2, 1977 (1977-10-02)
March 19, 1978 (1978-03-19)
4
24.4
60 Minutes
Charlie's Angels

9
24
September 24, 1978 (1978-09-24)
April 8, 1979 (1979-04-08)
9
24.9
Taxi

text: "Sammy's Visit," first broadcast in February 1972, is a particularly notable episode, whose famous episode-ending scene produced the longest sustained audience laughter in the history of the show. Guest star Sammy Davis, Jr. plays himself in the episode. Davis leaves a briefcase behind in Archie's taxi (Archie is moonlighting as a cab driver) and goes to the Bunker home to pick it up. After hearing Archie's racist remarks, Davis asks for a photograph with him. At the moment the picture is taken, Davis suddenly kisses a stunned Archie on the cheek. The ensuing laughter went on for so long that it had to be severely edited[27] for network broadcast, as Carroll O'Connor still had one line ("Well, what the hell — he's Jewish!") to deliver after the kiss. (The line is usually cut in syndication.)

text: Syndication[edit]

text: During the show's sixth season, starting on December 1, 1975, CBS began showing reruns on weekdays at 3 pm (EST), replacing long-running soap opera The Edge of Night, which had been purchased by ABC. It would later move to 3:30 pm and in September 1978, 10 am. This lasted until September 1979, when the reruns entered off-network syndication by Viacom. The show was picked up in most television markets as such. In 1991, the show began to be syndicated by Columbia Pictures Television and has been by their heirs since then.

text: Since the late 1980s, All in the Family has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS (although they had the rights locally in Atlanta, as well), TV Land, and Nick at Nite. From January 3, 2011 to December 31, 2017, the show aired on Antenna TV. As of January 1, 2018, the show now airs on GetTV.

text: The cast settled their residual rights for a cash payout early in the production run.[28]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: All in the Family is one of three television shows (The Cosby Show and American Idol being the others) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons. The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons.

text:
Season
Time
Nielsen Ratings

Rank
Rating

1 (1970–71)
Tuesday at 9:30-10:00 pm on CBS
#34
18.9[29]

2 (1971–72)
Saturday at 8:00-8:30 pm on CBS
#1
34.0[30]

3 (1972–73)
33.3[31]

4 (1973–74)
31.2[32]

5 (1974–75)
30.2[33]

6 (1975–76)
Monday at 9:00-9:30 pm on CBS
30.1[34]

7 (1976–77)
Wednesday at 9:00-9:30 pm on CBS (September 22—October 27, 1976)
Saturday at 9:00-9:30 pm on CBS (November 6, 1976—March 12, 1977)
#12
22.9[35]

8 (1977–78)
Sunday at 9:00-9:30 pm on CBS
#4
24.4 (Tied with 60 Minutes and Charlie's Angels)[36]

9 (1978–79)
Sunday at 9:00-9:30 pm on CBS (September 24—October 1, 1978)
Sunday at 8:00-8:30 pm on CBS (October 8, 1978—April 8, 1979)
#9
24.9 (Tied with Taxi)[37]

text: The series finale was seen by 40.2 million viewers.[38]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: According to The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present, All in the Family has the most spin-offs for a prime-time television series, spawning five other shows, three of which were very successful and two of which are spin-offs from spin-offs.[39]

text:
The first spin-off was Maude, which debuted in September 1972. It features Edith's acerbic cousin Maude Findlay (Bea Arthur), who first appeared on All in the Family in the December 1971 episode "Cousin Maude's Visit", visiting to take care of the influenza-suffering Bunkers. In March 1972, at the end of the series' second season, the character was again featured in the episode "Maude". In this episode, a "back door pilot" for a new series, Archie and Edith visit her home in Westchester County to attend the wedding of her daughter Carol. Bill Macy played Maude's husband Walter and Marcia Rodd played Carol; Rodd was replaced by Adrienne Barbeau for the series. The show lasted for six seasons and 141 episodes, airing its final episode in April 1978.

Good Times is considered by some to be a spin off of Maude, as the show's focus was Florida Evans, a character first appearing on Maude during its initial seasons as the Findlays maid. But the character's history and situation were changed for the new show. According to producer Allan Manings, "It wasn't really a spin-off."[40] The show features no reference to Maude, changes the name of Florida's husband from Henry to James, and sets the show in a Chicago housing project. It ran for six seasons from February 1974 to August 1979.

The second and longest-lasting spin-off of All in the Family was The Jeffersons. Debuting on CBS in January 1975, The Jeffersons lasted 11 seasons and 253 episodes (more than All in the Family's nine seasons and 208 episodes). The main characters were the Bunkers' former next-door neighbors George and Louise Jefferson (Sherman Hemsley and Isabel Sanford). George was the owner of seven successful dry-cleaning stores, and the series featured their life after moving from the Bunkers' working-class neighborhood to a luxury high-rise apartment building in Manhattan's Upper East Side.

Checking In was spun off from The Jeffersons, focusing on the Jeffersons' maid Florence Johnston, working as an executive housekeeper at the St. Frederick Hotel in Manhattan. It only lasted four weeks in April 1981, and the character returned to her old job as the Jeffersons' maid.

Gloria was the third spin-off of All in the Family, focusing on now-divorced Gloria, starting a new life as an assistant trainee to a couple of veterinarians in Foxridge, New York. It premiered in September 1982, and ran for one season.
Archie Bunker's Place was technically a spin-off, but was essentially a renamed continuation of the series, beginning in September 1979 following the final season of the original. It was primarily set in the titular neighborhood tavern which Archie Bunker purchased in the eighth-season of All in the Family. It aired for four seasons, until April 1983.
704 Hauser features the Bunkers' house with a new family. It was an inversion of the formula of the original, featuring a liberal African-American couple with a conservative son, who is dating a white Jewish woman. Gloria and Mike's son Joey Stivic, now in his twenties, makes a brief appearance in the first episode. Five episodes aired in April and May 1994.

text: Specials[edit]

text: At the height of the show's popularity, Henry Fonda hosted a special one-hour retrospective of All in the Family and its impact on American television. Included were clips from the show's most memorable episodes up to that time. It was titled The Best of "All in the Family", and aired on December 21, 1974.

text: A 90-minute retrospective, All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special, was produced to commemorate the show's 20th anniversary and aired on CBS on February 16, 1991. It was hosted by Norman Lear, and featured a compilation of clips from the show's best moments, and interviews with the four main cast members. The special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of All in the Family during their summer schedule in 1991,[41] garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it, Norman Lear's sitcom Sunday Dinner. The latter was Lear's return to TV series producing after a seven-year absence, and was cancelled after the six-week tryout run.[citation needed]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment) released the first six seasons of All in the Family on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007. No further seasons were released, because the sales figures did not match Sony's expectations.

text: On June 23, 2010, Shout! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series, and has since released the remaining three seasons.[42][43][44][45]

text: On October 30, 2012, Shout! Factory released All in the Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1. The 28-disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series, as well as bonus features.[46]

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date

The Complete First Season
13
March 26, 2002

The Complete Second Season
24
February 4, 2003

The Complete Third Season
24
July 20, 2004

The Complete Fourth Season
24
April 12, 2005

The Complete Fifth Season
25
January 3, 2006

The Complete Sixth Season
24
February 13, 2007

The Complete Seventh Season
25
October 5, 2010

The Complete Eighth Season
24
January 11, 2011

The Complete Ninth Season
24
May 17, 2011

The Complete Series
208
October 30, 2012

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: As one of US television's most acclaimed and groundbreaking programs, All in the Family has been referenced or parodied in countless other forms of media. References on other sitcoms include That '70s Show and The Simpsons. The animated series Family Guy pays homage to All in the Family in the opening sequence which features Peter and Lois Griffin playing the piano and singing a lament on the loss of traditional values and also paid tribute to the ending credits of the show at the end of the episode "Stewie Loves Lois".

text: Popular T-shirts, buttons, and bumper stickers showing O'Connor's image and farcically promoting "Archie Bunker for President" appeared around the time of the 1972 presidential election. In 1998, All in the Family was honored on a 33-cent stamp by the USPS.[48]

text: Archie and Edith Bunker's chairs are on display in the Smithsonian National Museum of American History.[49] The originals had been purchased by the show's set designer for a few dollars at a local Goodwill thrift store, and were given to the Smithsonian (for an exhibit on American television history) in 1978. It cost producers thousands of dollars to create replicas to replace the originals.

text: Then-US President Richard Nixon can be heard[50] discussing the show (specifically the 1971 episodes "Writing the President" and "Judging Books by Covers") on one of the infamous Watergate tapes.[51]

text: Rapper Redman has made references to Archie Bunker in a few of his songs, specifically his smoking of large cigars.[52]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: All in the Family is the first of four sitcoms in which all the lead actors (O'Connor, Stapleton, Struthers, and Reiner) won Primetime Emmy Awards. The other three are The Golden Girls, The Simpsons, and Will and Grace.

text: Primetime Emmy awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Outstanding New Series (Won)
Outstanding Series - Comedy (Won)
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series: Carroll O'Connor (Nominated)
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series: Jean Stapleton (Won)
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy: John Rich for "Gloria's Pregnant" (Nominated)
Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy:

Norman Lear for "Meet the Bunkers" (Nominated)
Stanley Ralph Ross for "Oh, My Aching Back" (Nominated)

text:
Outstanding Series - Comedy (Won)
Outstanding Single Program - Drama or Comedy for "Sammy's Visit" (Nominated)
Outstanding Achievement in Live or Tape Sound Mixing: Norman Dewes for "The Elevator Story" (Won)
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series: Carroll O'Connor (Won)
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series: Jean Stapleton (Won)
Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series: Rob Reiner (Nominated)
Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series: Sally Struthers (Won)
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy: John Rich for "Sammy's Visit" (Won)
Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy:

Burt Styler for "Edith's Problem" (Won)
Alan J. Levitt and Philip Mishkin for "Mike's Problem" (Nominated)
Norman Lear and Burt Styler for "The Saga of Cousin Oscar" (Nominated)

text:
Outstanding Comedy Series (Won)
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series: Carroll O'Connor (Nominated)
Outstanding Continued Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Comedy Series: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)
Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series: Rob Reiner (Nominated)
Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy Series: Sally Struthers (Nominated)
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy: Bob LaHendro and John Rich for "The Bunkers and the Swingers" (Nominated)[53]
Outstanding Writing Achievement in Comedy: Lee Kalcheim & Michael Ross & Bernie West for "The Bunkers and the Swingers" (Won)[53]

text:
Outstanding Comedy Series (Nominated)
Best Lead Actor in a Comedy Series: Carroll O'Connor (Nominated)
Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)
Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series: Rob Reiner (Won)
Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series: Sally Struthers (Nominated)

text:
Outstanding Comedy Series (Nominated)
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series: Carroll O'Connor (Nominated)
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)
Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series: Rob Reiner (Nominated)

text: Outstanding Comedy Series (Nominated)

text:
Outstanding Comedy Series (Nominated)
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series: Carroll O'Connor (Won)
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)
Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series: Paul Bogart for "The Draft Dodger" (Nominated)
Outstanding Art Direction or Scenic Design for a Comedy Series: Don Roberts for "The Unemployment Story" (Nominated)

text:
Outstanding Comedy Series (Won)
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series: Carroll O'Connor (Won)
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series: Jean Stapleton (Won)
Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series: Rob Reiner (Won)
Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series: Sally Struthers (Nominated)
Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series: Paul Bogart for "Edith's 50th Birthday" (Won)
Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series:

Bob Schiller and Bob Weiskopf for "Edith's 50th Birthday" (Nominated)
Larry Rhine & Erik Tarloff & Mel Tolkin for "Edith's Crisis of Faith" (Nominated)
Harve Brosten & Barry Harman & Bob Schiller & Bob Weiskopf for "Cousin Liz" (Won)

text:
Outstanding Comedy Series (Nominated)
Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series: Carroll O'Connor (Won)
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)
Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy, Comedy-Variety, or Music Series: Sally Struthers (Won)
Outstanding Directing for a Comedy, Comedy-Variety, or Music Series: Paul Bogart for "California, Here We Are" (Nominated)
Outstanding Writing for a Comedy, Comedy-Variety, or Music Series: Milt Josefsberg & Bob Schiller & Phil Sharp & Bob Weiskopf for "California, Here We Are" (Nominated)
Outstanding Video Tape Editing for a Series: Harvey W. Berger and Hal Collins for "The 200th Episode Celebration of 'All in the Family'" (Nominated)

text: Golden Globe Awards and Nominations[edit]

text:
Best TV Show - Musical/Comedy (Won)
Best TV Actor - Musical/Comedy: Carroll O'Connor (Won)
Best TV Actress - Musical/Comedy: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)
Best Supporting Actor - Television: Rob Reiner (Nominated)
Best Supporting Actress - Television: Sally Struthers (Nominated)

text:
Best TV Show - Musical/Comedy (Won)
Best TV Actor - Musical/Comedy: Carroll O'Connor (Nominated)
Best TV Actress - Musical/Comedy: Jean Stapleton (Won)
Best Supporting Actor - Television: Rob Reiner (Nominated)
Best Supporting Actress - Television: Sally Struthers (Nominated)

text:
Best TV Show - Musical/Comedy (Nominated)
Best TV Actor - Musical/Comedy: Carroll O'Connor (Nominated)
Best TV Actress - Musical/Comedy: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)
Best Supporting Actress - Television: Betty Garrett (Won)

text:
Best TV Actor - Musical/Comedy: Carroll O'Connor (Nominated)
Best Supporting Actor - Television: Rob Reiner (Nominated)

text:
Best TV Series - Musical/Comedy (Won)
Best TV Actor - Musical/Comedy: Carroll O'Connor (Nominated)
Best TV Actress - Musical/Comedy: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)

text:
Best TV Series - Musical/Comedy (Nominated)
Best TV Actress - Musical/Comedy: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)

text: Best TV Actress - Musical/Comedy: Jean Stapleton (Nominated)

text: TCA Heritage Award[edit]

text: In 2013, the Television Critics Association honored All in the Family with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social impact on society.[54]


document_title: Tyson Ritter

question_text: who is the lead singer of all american rejects married to

text: Tyson Ritter

text: Early life[edit]

text: Tyson Jay Ritter was born and raised in Stillwater, Oklahoma on April 24, 1984. His mother, Tracey Rains, is an employee at Stillwater Public Schools. He has an older brother, Zack, who is an endodontist, and a younger sister, Bailey. He and his siblings graduated from Stillwater High School.[1]

text: Career[edit]

text: Ritter met his bandmates while he was bouncing a party in middle school. After Jesse Tabish quit the band, and with the additions of Mike Kennerty and Chris Gaylor, The All-American Rejects were picked up by Doghouse Records, and later DreamWorks Records, and finally with the current major label of Interscope Records. The All-American Rejects have released four albums to date, and have sold over 10 million albums worldwide and 4 million singles.

text: Ritter has appeared in television series and films such as House (2007), The House Bunny (2008), Betas (2013–14), and Parenthood (2013–15).[2][3] On November 5, 2013, Ritter released the song "Air" as a solo song to help "ride between the Rejects' next record", which was featured on Parenthood.[4]

text: Shortly after the release of "Air" Tyson wrote the song "Collide" which was also featured on Parenthood. The song was never released on the market but is still available on sites like YouTube.[5]

text: Ritter's next projects included a role in the John Cusack film Love and Mercy (2014). He had also been cast in the lead role of singer Gregg Allman in the biopic Midnight Rider, directed by Randall Miller, but the film was halted in production, and ultimately cancelled, due to the death of camera assistant Sarah Jones.[6] In 2015, he had a supporting role in the comedy-drama film Miss You Already, which starred Toni Collette and Drew Barrymore.

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Ritter and actress Elena Satine were engaged in April 2013 and married on New Year's Eve that year. He has been best friends with bandmate Nick Wheeler ever since they met in high school.[7][8]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Ritter likes to use Fender bass guitars. He had previously used Epiphone Flying V or Epiphone Explorer basses during the era of The All-American Rejects (album), until he started to favor a Fender Precision Bass and started using them more often in his songs. Ritter was also seen using a Gibson Thunderbird bass on their early tours for Move Along and also with a rare Jackson Guitars V Bass. He then later used Fender Jaguar Bass guitars for later tours before switching back to Fender Precision Basses.

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2008
The House Bunny
Colby

2014
Love and Mercy
Hipster #1

2015
The Pinhole Affect
Tyson Ritter
Short film

2015
Miss You Already
Ace

2016
The Sweet Life
Marlon
In post-production

text: Television[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Notes

2007
House
Himself
Episode: "Fetal Position"

2012
90210
Himself
Episode: "Trust, Truth and Traffic"

2013–14
Betas
Dane
5 episodes

2013–15
Parenthood
Oliver Rome
10 episodes

2015
Wicked City
Bucket
2 episodes

2017
Preacher
Jesus Christ/Humperdoo
1 Episode


document_title: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

question_text: where was the last scene of willy wonka filmed

text: Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a small town, Charlie Bucket, a poor paperboy, watches a group of children visit a candy shop. Walking home, he passes Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham's poem "The Fairies", and tells Charlie, "Nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out." Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents. After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker, Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers, including rival Arthur Slugworth, sent in spies to steal his recipes. Wonka disappeared, but after three years resumed selling candy; the origin of Wonka's labor force is unknown.

text: The next day, Wonka announces that he hid five "Golden Tickets" in chocolate Wonka Bars. Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled Veruca Salt, the gum-chewing Violet Beauregarde, and the television-obsessed Mike Teevee. As each winner is announced on TV, a man whispers to them. Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket. The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope. The next day, Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar. With the change, he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe. Walking home, as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire's ticket is a fake, he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket. While rushing home, he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners, who introduces himself as Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka's latest creation, the Everlasting Gobstopper.

text: Returning home with the Golden Ticket, Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone. The next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a river of chocolate, edible mushrooms, lickable wallpaper, and other sweets and inventions. As the visitors sample these, they see Wonka's workers, small men known as Oompa-Loompas. Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room. In the Inventing Room, everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper. Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three-course meal, over Wonka's warnings. The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room, where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka's warning and sample the drinks. They float and have a near-fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground. In the Chocolate Eggs Room, Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace, with her father falling in trying to rescue her. The group tests out Wonka's Wonkavision, only for Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall.

text: With Charlie and Joe remaining, Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks. Infuriated by this, Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge, but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka. With this selfless act, Wonka declares Charlie as the winner. He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson, an employee of Wonka, and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test that only Charlie passed. The trio enter the "Wonkavator", a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory. Soaring over the city, Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough, and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in. Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted. Charlie asks, "What happened?" to which Wonka replies, "He lived happily ever after."

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka
Jack Albertson as Grandpa Joe
Peter Ostrum as Charlie Bucket
Roy Kinnear as Henry Salt
Julie Dawn Cole as Veruca Salt
Leonard Stone as Sam Beauregarde
Denise Nickerson as Violet Beauregarde
Dodo Denney as Mrs. Teevee
Paris Themmen as Mike Teevee
Ursula Reit as Mrs. Gloop
Michael Bollner as Augustus Gloop
Diana Sowle as Mrs. Bucket
Aubrey Woods as Bill, the Candy Shop owner
David Battley as Mr. Turkentine
Günter Meisner as Arthur Slugworth/Mr. Wilkinson
Peter Capell as The Tinker
Werner Heyking as Mr. Jopeck
Peter Stuart as Winkelmann

text: Oompa Loompas[edit]

text:
Rusty Goffe
Rudy Borgstaller
George Claydon
Malcolm Dixon
Ismed Hassan
Norman McGlen
Angelo Muscat
Pepe Poupee
Marcus Powell
Albert Wilkinson

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart's ten-year-old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it, with "Uncle Dave" (producer David L. Wolper) producing it. Stuart showed the book to Wolper, who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago-based Breaker Confections subsidiary (since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé). Wolper persuaded the company, which had no previous experience in the film industry, to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar.[7]

text: It was agreed that the film would be a children's musical, and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay.[7] However, the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.

text: Screenwriter David Seltzer conceived a gimmick exclusively for the film that had Wonka quoting numerous literary sources, such as Arthur O'Shaughnessy's Ode, Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest, Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and William Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. Seltzer also worked Slugworth (only mentioned as a rival candy maker in the book) into the plot as an actual character (only to be revealed to be Wilkinson, one of Wonka's agents, at the end of the film).[7]

text: Casting[edit]

text: All six members of Monty Python: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, expressed interest in playing Wonka, but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience. Three of the members, Cleese, Idle and Palin, were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton's version.[8][9]

text: Before Wilder was officially cast for the role, producers considered Fred Astaire, Joel Grey, Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee.[9][10] Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl's original choice to play Willy Wonka.[9] Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role.[11]

text: When Wilder was cast for the role, he accepted it on one condition:

text: When I make my first entrance, I'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp. After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple, they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet. As I walk toward them, my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I'm walking on and stands straight up, by itself; but I keep on walking, until I realize that I no longer have my cane. I start to fall forward, and just before I hit the ground, I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up, to great applause.

text: The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that "from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth."[12]

text: Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee.[13][14] Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde.[15] Sammy Davis, Jr. wanted to play Bill, the candy store owner, but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality.[8] Nevertheless, Davis' recording of the film's opening musical number, "The Candy Man," would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972, despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song. Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill, but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason.[15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on August 31, 1970, and ended on November 19, 1970. The primary shooting location was Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka's factory; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location. External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München (Emmy-Noether-Straße 10); the entrance and side buildings still exist. The exterior of Charlie Bucket's house, which was only a set constructed for the film, was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich, Bavaria. Charlie's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester, Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich. Bill's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße, Munich. The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria.

text:
Munich Gasworks as it appears today (building on the left)

Munich Gasworks as it appears today

Nördlingen, the town seen from above at the end of the film

text: Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room. According to Paris Themmen, who played Mike Teevee, "The river was made of water with food coloring. At one point, they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it didn't really work. When asked this question, Michael Böllner, who played Augustus Gloop, answers, 'It vas dirty, stinking vater.'"[16]

text: When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition, Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors, but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen, claiming that he was "a handful".[17]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: Before its release, the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a "Willy Wonka candy factory kit" for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman, Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Willy Wonka was released on June 30, 1971. The film was not a big success, being the 53rd highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S., earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend.[19] It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars, while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz. Ebert said, "All of this is preface to a simple statement: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz. It is everything that family movies usually claim to be, but aren't: Delightful, funny, scary, exciting, and, most of all, a genuine work of imagination. “Willy Wonka” is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds, and it is fascinating because, like all classic fantasy, it is fascinated with itself."[20]

text: By the mid-1980s, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales. Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996, it was released on DVD the next year, allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers. The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the "Top 50 Cult Movies" of all time.

text: Willy Wonka was ranked No. 74 on Bravo's 100 Scariest Movie Moments[21] for the "scary tunnel" scene.

text: As of 2017, the film holds a 91% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting, full of narrative detours that don't always work but express the film's uniqueness".[22]

text: Dahl's reaction[edit]

text: Dahl disowned the film, the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines. Dahl said he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie", as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan.[23] Dahl was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay, including the conversion of Slugworth, a minor character in the book, into a spy (so that the film could have a villain) and the "fizzy lifting drinks" scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including "Pure Imagination" and "The Candy Man"), and the ending dialogue for the movie.[24] In 1996, Dahl's second wife Felicity commented on her husband's objections towards the film saying "they always want to change a book's storyline. What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film, when they accept it in a book?"[23]

text: Animated adaptation[edit]

text: In 2017, an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released. Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder, who died less than a year before the release.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was first released on DVD in 1997/1999 in a "25th anniversary edition"[25] as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and "standard" version. The "standard" version is an open matte print, where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed, revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers.[26] VHS and Betamax copies were also available, but only containing the "standard" version.

text: A special edition DVD was released, celebrating the film's 30th anniversary, on August 28, 2001, but in fullscreen only. Due to the lack of a letterboxed release, fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13, 2001. It was also released on VHS, with only one of the special features (a making-of feature). Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release. The two editions featured restored sound, and better picture quality. In addition to the documentary, the DVD included a trailer, a gallery, and audio commentary by the cast.

text: In 2007, Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD.[27] The film was released on Blu-ray on October 20, 2009.[28] It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD-DVD as well as a 38-page book.

text: In 2011, a new deluxe-40th-anniversary edition Blu-ray/DVD set was released on November 1, consisting of the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc. The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar-designed tin, four scented pencils, a scented eraser, a book detailing the making of the film, original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles. The set is now out of print.[29]

text: Music[edit]

text: The Academy Award-nominated original score and songs were composed by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley, and musical direction was by Walter Scharf. The soundtrack was first released by Paramount Records in 1971. On October 8, 1996, Hip-O Records (in conjunction with MCA Records, which by then owned the Paramount catalog), released the soundtrack on CD as a "25th Anniversary Edition". In 2016, UMe and Geffen Records released a 45th Anniversary Edition LP.

text: The music and songs, in order of appearance, are:

text:
"Main Title" – Instrumental medley of "(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" and "Pure Imagination"
"The Candy Man" – Aubrey Woods
"Cheer Up, Charlie" – Diana Lee (dubbing over Diana Sowle)
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket" – Jack Albertson and Peter Ostrum
"Pure Imagination" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Augustus)" – The Oompa Loompas
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"/"The Rowing Song" – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Violet)" – The Oompa Loompas
"I Want It Now!" – Julie Dawn Cole
"Oompa Loompa (Veruca)" – The Oompa Loompas
"Ach, so fromm" (alternately titled "M'appari", from Martha) – Gene Wilder
"Oompa Loompa (Mike)" – The Oompa Loompas
"End Credits" – "Pure Imagination"

tag: ol

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The track listing for the soundtrack is as follows:

text:
"Main Title" ("Golden Ticket"/"Pure Imagination")
"The Candy Man"
"Charlie's Paper Run"
"Cheer Up Charlie"
"Lucky Charlie"
"(I've Got A) Golden Ticket"
"Pure Imagination"
"Oompa Loompa"
"The Wondrous Boat Ride"
"Everlasting Gobstoppers/Oompa Loompa"
"The Bubble Machine"
"I Want It Now/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkamobile, Wonkavision/Oompa Loompa"
"Wonkavator/End Title" ("Pure Imagination")


document_title: List of Eurovision Song Contest winners

question_text: who has won eurovision twice in a row

question_tokens: who has won eurovision twice in a row

text: List of Eurovision Song Contest winners

text: List[edit]

text:
Year
Date
Host city
Winner
Song
Performer
Points
Margin
Runner-up

1956
24 May
 Lugano
  Switzerland
"Refrain"
Lys Assia

Not announced

1957
3 March
 Frankfurt
 Netherlands
"Net als toen"
Corry Brokken
7001310000000000000♠31
7001140000000000000♠14
 France

1958
12 March
 Hilversum
 France
"Dors, mon amour"
André Claveau
7001270000000000000♠27
7000300000000000000♠3
  Switzerland

1959
11 March
 Cannes
 Netherlands
"Een beetje"
Teddy Scholten
7001210000000000000♠21
7000500000000000000♠5
 United Kingdom

1960
29 March
 London
 France
"Tom Pillibi"
Jacqueline Boyer
7001320000000000000♠32
7000700000000000000♠7
 United Kingdom

1961
18 March
 Cannes
 Luxembourg
"Nous les amoureux"
Jean-Claude Pascal
7001310000000000000♠31
7000700000000000000♠7
 United Kingdom

1962
18 March
 Luxembourg
 France
"Un premier amour"
Isabelle Aubret
7001260000000000000♠26
7001130000000000000♠13
 Monaco

1963
23 March
 London
 Denmark
"Dansevise"
Grethe and Jørgen Ingmann
7001420000000000000♠42
7000200000000000000♠2
  Switzerland

1964
21 March
 Copenhagen
 Italy
"Non ho l'età"
Gigliola Cinquetti
7001490000000000000♠49
7001320000000000000♠32
 United Kingdom

1965
20 March
 Naples
 Luxembourg
"Poupée de cire, poupée de son"
France Gall
7001320000000000000♠32
7000600000000000000♠6
 United Kingdom

1966
5 March
 Luxembourg
 Austria
"Merci, Chérie"
Udo Jürgens
7001310000000000000♠31
7001150000000000000♠15
 Sweden

1967
8 April
 Vienna
 United Kingdom
"Puppet on a String"
Sandie Shaw
7001470000000000000♠47
7001250000000000000♠25
 Ireland

1968
6 April
 London
 Spain
"La, la, la"
Massiel
7001290000000000000♠29
7000100000000000000♠1
 United Kingdom

1969
29 March
 Madrid
 Spain
"Vivo cantando"
Salomé
7001180000000000000♠18

No runner-up

 United Kingdom
"Boom Bang-a-Bang"
Lulu

 Netherlands
"De troubadour"
Lenny Kuhr

 France
"Un jour, un enfant"
Frida Boccara

1970
21 March
 Amsterdam
 Ireland
"All Kinds of Everything"
Dana
7001320000000000000♠32
7000600000000000000♠6
 United Kingdom

1971
3 April
 Dublin
 Monaco
"Un banc, un arbre, une rue"
Séverine
7002128000000000000♠128
7001120000000000000♠12
 Spain

1972
25 March
 Edinburgh
 Luxembourg
"Après toi"
Vicky Leandros
7002128000000000000♠128
7001140000000000000♠14
 United Kingdom

1973
7 April
 Luxembourg
 Luxembourg
"Tu te reconnaîtras"
Anne-Marie David
7002129000000000000♠129
7000400000000000000♠4
 Spain

1974
6 April
 Brighton
 Sweden
"Waterloo"
ABBA
7001240000000000000♠24
7000600000000000000♠6
 Italy

1975
22 March
 Stockholm
 Netherlands
"Ding-a-dong"
Teach-In
7002152000000000000♠152
7001140000000000000♠14
 United Kingdom

1976
3 April
 The Hague
 United Kingdom
"Save Your Kisses for Me"
Brotherhood of Man
7002164000000000000♠164
7001170000000000000♠17
 France

1977
7 May
 London
 France
"L'oiseau et l'enfant"
Marie Myriam
7002136000000000000♠136
7001150000000000000♠15
 United Kingdom

1978
22 April
 Paris
 Israel
"A-Ba-Ni-Bi" (א-ב-ני-בי)
Izhar Cohen and the Alphabeta
7002157000000000000♠157
7001320000000000000♠32
 Belgium

1979
31 March
 Jerusalem
 Israel
"Hallelujah" (הללויה)
Gali Atari and Milk and Honey
7002125000000000000♠125
7000900000000000000♠9
 Spain

1980
19 April
 The Hague
 Ireland
"What's Another Year"
Johnny Logan
7002143000000000000♠143
7001150000000000000♠15
 Germany

1981
4 April
 Dublin
 United Kingdom
"Making Your Mind Up"
Bucks Fizz
7002136000000000000♠136
7000400000000000000♠4
 Germany

1982
24 April
 Harrogate
 Germany
"Ein bißchen Frieden"
Nicole
7002161000000000000♠161
7001610000000000000♠61
 Israel

1983
23 April
 Munich
 Luxembourg
"Si la vie est cadeau"
Corinne Hermès
7002142000000000000♠142
7000600000000000000♠6
 Israel

1984
5 May
 Luxembourg
 Sweden
"Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley"
Herreys
7002145000000000000♠145
7000800000000000000♠8
 Ireland

1985
4 May
 Gothenburg
 Norway
"La det swinge"
Bobbysocks!
7002123000000000000♠123
7001180000000000000♠18
 Germany

1986
3 May
 Bergen
 Belgium
"J'aime la vie"
Sandra Kim
7002176000000000000♠176
7001360000000000000♠36
  Switzerland

1987
9 May
 Brussels
 Ireland
"Hold Me Now"
Johnny Logan
7002172000000000000♠172
7001310000000000000♠31
 Germany

1988
30 April
 Dublin
  Switzerland
"Ne partez pas sans moi"
Céline Dion
7002137000000000000♠137
7000100000000000000♠1
 United Kingdom

1989
6 May
 Lausanne
 Yugoslavia
"Rock Me"
Riva
7002137000000000000♠137
7000700000000000000♠7
 United Kingdom

1990
5 May
 Zagreb
 Italy
"Insieme: 1992"
Toto Cutugno
7002149000000000000♠149
7001170000000000000♠17
 Ireland
 France

1991
4 May
 Rome
 Sweden
"Fångad av en stormvind"
Carola
7002146000000000000♠146
5000000000000000000♠0
 France

1992
9 May
 Malmö
 Ireland
"Why Me?"
Linda Martin
7002155000000000000♠155
7001160000000000000♠16
 United Kingdom

1993
15 May
 Millstreet
 Ireland
"In Your Eyes"
Niamh Kavanagh
7002187000000000000♠187
7001230000000000000♠23
 United Kingdom

1994
30 April
 Dublin
 Ireland
"Rock 'n' Roll Kids"
Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan
7002226000000000000♠226
7001600000000000000♠60
 Poland

1995
13 May
 Dublin
 Norway
"Nocturne"
Secret Garden[a]
7002148000000000000♠148
7001290000000000000♠29
 Spain

1996
18 May
 Oslo
 Ireland
"The Voice"
Eimear Quinn
7002162000000000000♠162
7001480000000000000♠48
 Norway

1997
3 May
 Dublin
 United Kingdom
"Love Shine a Light"
Katrina and the Waves
7002227000000000000♠227
7001700000000000000♠70
 Ireland

1998
9 May
 Birmingham
 Israel
"Diva" (דיווה)
Dana International
7002172000000000000♠172
7000600000000000000♠6
 United Kingdom

1999
29 May
 Jerusalem
 Sweden
"Take Me to Your Heaven"
Charlotte Nilsson
7002163000000000000♠163
7001170000000000000♠17
 Iceland

2000
13 May
 Stockholm
 Denmark
"Fly on the Wings of Love"
Olsen Brothers
7002195000000000000♠195
7001400000000000000♠40
 Russia

2001
12 May
 Copenhagen
 Estonia
"Everybody"
Tanel Padar, Dave Benton and 2XL
7002198000000000000♠198
7001210000000000000♠21
 Denmark

2002
25 May
 Tallinn
 Latvia
"I Wanna"
Marie N
7002176000000000000♠176
7001120000000000000♠12
 Malta

2003
24 May
 Riga
 Turkey
"Everyway That I Can"
Sertab Erener
7002167000000000000♠167
7000200000000000000♠2
 Belgium

2004[N 1]
15 May
 Istanbul
 Ukraine
"Wild Dances"
Ruslana
7002280000000000000♠280
7001170000000000000♠17
 Serbia and Montenegro

2005
21 May
 Kiev
 Greece
"My Number One"
Helena Paparizou
7002230000000000000♠230
7001380000000000000♠38
 Malta

2006
20 May
 Athens
 Finland
"Hard Rock Hallelujah"
Lordi
7002292000000000000♠292
7001440000000000000♠44
 Russia

2007
12 May
 Helsinki
 Serbia
"Molitva" (Молитва)
Marija Šerifović
7002268000000000000♠268
7001330000000000000♠33
 Ukraine

2008[N 2]
24 May
 Belgrade
 Russia
"Believe"
Dima Bilan
7002272000000000000♠272
7001420000000000000♠42
 Ukraine

2009
16 May
 Moscow
 Norway
"Fairytale"
Alexander Rybak
7002387000000000000♠387
7002169000000000000♠169
 Iceland

2010
29 May
 Oslo
 Germany
"Satellite"
Lena
7002246000000000000♠246
7001760000000000000♠76
 Turkey

2011
14 May
 Düsseldorf
 Azerbaijan
"Running Scared"
Ell & Nikki
7002221000000000000♠221
7001320000000000000♠32
 Italy

2012
26 May
 Baku
 Sweden
"Euphoria"
Loreen
7002372000000000000♠372
7002113000000000000♠113
 Russia

2013
18 May
 Malmö
 Denmark
"Only Teardrops"
Emmelie de Forest
7002281000000000000♠281
7001470000000000000♠47
 Azerbaijan

2014
10 May
 Copenhagen
 Austria
"Rise Like a Phoenix"
Conchita Wurst
7002290000000000000♠290
7001520000000000000♠52
 Netherlands

2015
23 May
 Vienna
 Sweden
"Heroes"
Måns Zelmerlöw
7002365000000000000♠365
7001620000000000000♠62
 Russia

2016
14 May
 Stockholm
 Ukraine
"1944"
Jamala
7002534000000000000♠534
7001230000000000000♠23
 Australia

2017
13 May
 Kiev
 Portugal
"Amar pelos dois"
Salvador Sobral
7002758000000000000♠758
7002143000000000000♠143
 Bulgaria

2018
12 May
 Lisbon
 Israel
"Toy"
Netta Barzilai
7002529000000000000♠529
7001930000000000000♠93
 Cyprus

2019
TBA
 TBA

text: For information about the winning songwriters of each year, see List of Eurovision Song Contest winning songwriters.

text: Eleven Eurovision winners (alongside three non-winners) featured at the Congratulations concert in 2005, in which ABBA's "Waterloo" was voted the most popular song of the contest's first fifty years.[5]

text: Ireland has finished first seven times, more than any other country, Ireland also won the contest for three consecutive years (1992, 1993, 1994), more consecutive years than any other country. Three countries have won twice in a row, Spain (1968 and 1969), Luxembourg (1972 and 1973) and Israel (1978 and 1979). Along with Switzerland's win in the first contest, Serbia is the only other country to win with its debut entry (in 2007), though Serbia had competed prior as part of Yugoslavia and Serbia and Montenegro. Under the voting system used between 1975 and 2015, the winner of the contest was decided by the final voting nation on eleven occasions.[N 3]

text: Changes to the voting system, including a steady growth in the number of countries participating and voting, means that the points earned are not comparable across the decades. Portugal's Salvador Sobral holds the record of the highest number of points in the contest's history, earning 758 with the song "Amar pelos dois". Norway's Alexander Rybak holds the largest margin of victory in absolute points, a 169-point cushion over second place in 2009. Italy's Gigliola Cinquetti holds the record for largest victory by percentage, scoring almost three times as many as second place (49 points compared with 17 by the runner-up) in the 1964 contest. Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015, the lowest winning score was Norway's Bobbysocks! 123 points earned (of the 216 available from the 18 other countries) when winning Eurovision 1985, while the lowest winning total ever is the 18 points (of the 160 total votes cast by 16 countries) scored by each of the four winning countries in 1969.

text: Under the voting system used from 1975 until 2015, in which each country gives maximum points to its first place choice, Sweden's Loreen won Eurovision 2012 with the most ever first place votes earned, receiving first place votes from 18 of 41 countries (excluding themselves). The 1976 United Kingdom entrant, Brotherhood of Man with the song "Save Your Kisses For Me" holds the record of the highest average score per participating country, with an average of 9.65 points received per country. 2011 winner Azerbaijan Eldar & Nigar, hold the lowest average score for a winning song under that system, receiving 5.14 points per country.

text: The United Kingdom has finished second fifteen times at Eurovision (most recently in 1998), more than any other country. The most successful country never to have won the Contest is Malta, having finished second in 2002 and 2005 and third in 1992 and 1998. Another island nation Iceland has also finished second twice, in 1999 and 2009.

text: There is no official runner-up for two of the contests – 1956 and 1969. In 1956 only the winner, Switzerland, was announced, whilst there were speculative reports that Germany ended up in second place with "Im Wartesaal zum großen Glück" by Walter Andreas Schwarz, given that Germany was chosen to host the 1957 contest. In 1969 four songs shared first place by achieving the same number of points; fifth place was achieved by Switzerland, which is not considered an official runner-up, because of the draw for first place.

text: Winners By Year[edit]

text:
Wins
Country
Years

7
 Ireland
1970, 1980, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996

6
 Sweden
1974, 1984, 1991, 1999, 2012, 2015

5
 France
1958, 1960, 1962, 1969, 1977

 Luxembourg
1961, 1965, 1972, 1973, 1983

 United Kingdom
1967, 1969, 1976, 1981, 1997

4
 Netherlands
1957, 1959, 1969, 1975

 Israel
1978, 1979, 1998, 2018

3
 Norway
1985, 1995, 2009

 Denmark
1963, 2000, 2013

2
 Spain
1968, 1969

  Switzerland
1956, 1988

 Italy
1964, 1990

 Germany[N 5]
1982, 2010

 Austria
1966, 2014

 Ukraine
2004, 2016

1
 Monaco
1971

 Belgium
1986

 Yugoslavia
1989

 Estonia
2001

 Latvia
2002

 Turkey
2003

 Greece
2005

 Finland
2006

 Serbia
2007

 Russia
2008

 Azerbaijan
2011

 Portugal
2017

text: Year 1969 is in italics to indicate joint (4-way) win.

text: Ranking (top 3 appearances)[edit]

text:
Place
Country
Winner
Runner up
Third place
Best place

1
 Ireland
7
4
1

2
 Sweden
6
1
6

3
 United Kingdom
5
15
3

4
 France
5
4
7

5
 Luxembourg
5
0
2

6
 Israel
4
2
1

7
 Netherlands
4
1
1

8
 Denmark
3
1
3

9
 Norway
3
1
1

10
 Germany
2
4
5

11
 Italy
2
4
5

12
 Spain
2
4
1

13
  Switzerland
2
3
3

14
 Ukraine
2
2
1

15
 Austria
2
0
1

16
 Russia
1
4
3

17
 Belgium
1
2
0

18
 Monaco
1
1
3

19
 Turkey
1
1
1

20
 Azerbaijan
1
1
1

21
 Greece
1
0
3

22
 Estonia
1
0
1

23
 Latvia
1
0
1

24
 Serbia
1
0
1

25
 Yugoslavia
1
0
0

26
 Finland
1
0
0

27
 Portugal
1
0
0

28
 Malta
0
2
2

29
 Iceland
0
2
0

30
 Bulgaria
0
1
0

31
 Australia
0
1
0

32
 Cyprus
0
1
0

33
 Poland
0
1
0

34
 Serbia and Montenegro
0
1
0

35
 Romania
0
0
2

36
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
0
0
1

37
 Moldova
0
0
1

38
 Croatia
0
0
0
4

39
 Hungary
0
0
0
4

40
 Armenia
0
0
0
4

41
 Albania
0
0
0
5

42
 Lithuania
0
0
0
6

43
 Belarus
0
0
0
6

44
 Czech Republic
0
0
0
6

45
 Slovenia
0
0
0
7

46
 Georgia
0
0
0
9

47
 Macedonia
0
0
0
12

48
 Montenegro
0
0
0
13

49
 Slovakia
0
0
0
18

50
 Morocco
0
0
0
18

51
 San Marino
0
0
0
24

52
 Andorra
0
0
0
12 (semifinal)

text: By language[edit]

text: Between 1966 and 1973, and again between 1977 and 1998, countries were only permitted to perform in their own language; see the main Eurovision Song Contest article.

text:
Wins
Language
Years
Countries

32
English
1967, 1969, 1970, 1974, 1975, 1976, 1980, 1981, 1987, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004[N 6], 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016[N 7], 2018[N 8]
United Kingdom, Ireland, Sweden, Netherlands, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Turkey, Ukraine[N 6][N 7], Greece, Finland, Russia, Norway, Germany, Azerbaijan, Austria, Israel

14
French
1956, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1977, 1983, 1986, 1988
Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Monaco, Belgium

4
Hebrew
1978, 1979, 1998, 2018[N 8]
Israel

3
Dutch
1957, 1959, 1969
Netherlands

2
Italian
1964, 1990
Italy

German
1966, 1982
Austria, Germany

Spanish
1968, 1969
Spain

Swedish
1984, 1991
Sweden

Norwegian
1985, 1995
Norway

1
Danish
1963
Denmark

Croatian[N 9]
1989
Yugoslavia

Ukrainian
2004[N 6]
Ukraine[N 6]

Serbian[N 9]
2007
Serbia

Crimean Tatar
2016[N 7]
Ukraine[N 7]

Portuguese
2017
Portugal

text: Photogallery[edit]

text:
Lys Assia, winner of the 1956 contest for Switzerland.

Corry Brokken, winner of the 1957 contest for The Netherlands.

André Claveau, winner of the 1958 contest for France.

Teddy Scholten, winner of the 1959 contest for The Netherlands.

Jacqueline Boyer, winner of the 1960 contest for France.

Jean-Claude Pascal, winner of the 1961 contest for Luxembourg.

Isabelle Aubret, winner of the 1962 contest for France.

Jørgen & Grethe Ingmann, winners of the 1963 contest for Denmark.

Gigliola Cinquetti, winner of the 1964 contest for Italy.

France Gall, winner of the 1965 contest for Luxembourg.

Udo Jürgens, winner of the 1966 contest for Austria.

Sandie Shaw, winner of the 1967 contest for the United Kingdom.

Massiel, winner of the 1968 contest for Spain.

Lulu, one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for the United Kingdom.

Frida Boccara, one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for France.

Lenny Kuhr, one of the four winners of the 1969 contest for The Netherlands.

Dana, winner of the 1970 contest for Ireland.

Vicky Leandros, winner of the 1972 contest for Luxembourg.

Anne-Marie David, winner of the 1973 contest for Luxembourg.

ABBA, winners of the 1974 and the 50th anniversary contests for Sweden.

Teach-In, winners of the 1975 contest for The Netherlands.

Brotherhood of Man, winners of the 1976 contest for the United Kingdom

Marie Myriam, winner of the 1977 contest for France.

Gali Atari, winner (together with Milk and Honey) of the 1979 contest for Israel.

Johnny Logan, winner of the 1980 and 1987 contests for Ireland.

Bucks Fizz, winners of the 1981 contest for the United Kingdom.

Nicole Hohloch, winner of the 1982 contest for Germany.

Richard Herrey from Herreys, winners of the 1984 contest for Sweden.

Bobbysocks!, winners of the 1985 contest for Norway.

Sandra Kim, winner of the 1986 contest for Belgium.

Celine Dion, winner of the 1988 contest for Switzerland.

Toto Cutugno, winner of the 1990 contest for Italy.

Carola Häggkvist, winner of the 1991 contest for Sweden.

Linda Martin, winner of the 1992 contest for Ireland.

Niamh Kavanagh, winner of the 1993 contest for Ireland.

Secret Garden, winner of the 1995 contest for Norway.

Katrina and the Waves, winners of the 1997 contest for the United Kingdom.

Dana International, winner of the 1998 contest for Israel.

Charlotte Nilsson, winner of the 1999 contest for Sweden.

Olsen Brothers, winners of the 2000 contest for Denmark.

Dave Benton, winner (together with Tanel Padar and 2XL) of the 2001 contest for Estonia.

Marie N, winner of the 2002 contest for Latvia.

Sertab Erener, winner of the 2003 contest for Turkey.

Ruslana, winner of the 2004 contest for Ukraine.

Helena Paparizou, winner of the 2005 contest for Greece.

Lordi, winner of the 2006 contest for Finland.

Marija Šerifović, winner of the 2007 contest for Serbia.

Dima Bilan, winner of the 2008 contest for Russia.

Alexander Rybak, winner of the 2009 contest for Norway.

Lena, winner of the 2010 contest for Germany.

Ell & Nikki, winners of the 2011 contest for Azerbaijan.

Loreen, winner of the 2012 contest for Sweden.

Emmelie de Forest, winner of the 2013 contest for Denmark.

Conchita Wurst, winner of the 2014 contest for Austria.

Måns Zelmerlöw, winner of the 2015 contest for Sweden.

Jamala, winner of the 2016 contest for Ukraine.

Salvador Sobral, winner of the 2017 contest for Portugal.

Netta, winner of the 2018 contest for Israel.


document_title: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

question_text: who sings while my guitar gently weeps with santana

text: While My Guitar Gently Weeps

text: Composition and recording[edit]

text: Inspiration for the song came to Harrison when reading the I Ching, which, as Harrison put it, "seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else, as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental".[13] Taking this idea of relativism to his parents' home in northern England, Harrison committed to write a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a random book. He later explained the process:

text: I wrote "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at my mother's house in Warrington. I was thinking about the Chinese I Ching, 'The Book of Changes". The Eastern concept is that whatever happens is all meant to be, and that there's no such thing as coincidence – every little item that's going down has a purpose.

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was a simple study based on that theory. I decided to write a song based on the first thing I saw upon opening any book – as it would be relative to that moment, at that time. I picked up a book at random, opened it, saw "gently weeps", then laid the book down again and started the song.[14]

text: The initial incarnation was not final, as Harrison said: "Some of the words to the song were changed before I finally recorded it." A demo recorded at George's home in Esher includes an unused verse:

text: As well as an unused line in the very beginning:

text: This line was eventually omitted in favour of the one appearing on The Beatles.

text: An early acoustic guitar and organ demo of the song featured a slightly different third verse:

text: This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix, with a string arrangement by George Martin.[15][16]

text: The band recorded the song several times. Take 1 on 25 July 1968 involved Harrison on his Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar and an overdubbed harmonium.[17] Sessions on 16 August and 3 and 5 September included a version with a backward (or "backmasked") guitar solo[18] (as Harrison had done for "I'm Only Sleeping" on Revolver[19]), but Harrison was not satisfied.[18] On 6 September 1968, during a ride from Surrey into London, Harrison asked friend Eric Clapton to contribute lead guitar to the song. Clapton was reluctant, saying later, "Nobody ever plays on the Beatles' records"; but Harrison convinced him, and Clapton's guitar parts, using Harrison's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar "Lucy" (a recent gift from Clapton), were recorded that evening.[6] Harrison later said that in addition to his contribution, Clapton's presence had another effect on the band: "It made them all try a bit harder; they were all on their best behaviour."[6] Clapton wanted a more "Beatley" sound, so the sound was run through an ADT circuit with "varispeed," with engineer Chris Thomas manually 'waggling' the oscillator: "apparently Eric said that he didn't want it to sound like him. So I was just sitting there wobbling the thing, they wanted it really extreme, so that's what I did."

text: "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was one of three songs on The Beatles where Paul McCartney experimented with the Fender Jazz Bass (the others being "Glass Onion" and "Yer Blues") instead of his Hofner and Rickenbacker basses.[20] According to Walter Everett's book The Beatles as Musicians, John Lennon's electric guitar is audible only in the coda with the tremolo switched on.

text: Musical structure[edit]

text: The song is in Am, with a shift to a ♭7 (Am/G) on "all" (bass note G) and a 6 (D9 (major 3rd F♯)) after "love" (bass note F♯) to a ♭6 (Fmaj7) on "sleeping" (bass note F). This 8–♭7–6–♭6 progression has been described as an Aeolian/Dorian hybrid.[21]

text: Everett notes that the change from the minor mode verse (A–B) to the parallel major for the bridge might express hope that "unrealized potential" described in the lyrics is to be "fulfilled", but that the continued minor triads (III, VI and II) "seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded".[17] Clapton's guitar contribution has been described as making this a "monumental" track; particularly notable features include the increasing lengths of thrice-heard first scale degrees (0:17–0:19), the restraint showed by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances (as at 0:28–0:29), commanding turnaround phrases (0:31–0:33), expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C♯ (0:47–0:53), power retransition (1:21–1:24), emotive vibrato (2:01–2:07), and a solo (1:55–2:31) with a "measured rise in intensity, rhythmic activity, tonal drive and registral climb".[22]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
George Harrison – double-tracked vocals, backing vocal, acoustic guitar, twelve-string guitar, Hammond organ
Paul McCartney – harmony vocal, piano, bass
John Lennon – electric guitar with tremolo
Ringo Starr – drums, tambourine, castanets
Eric Clapton – lead guitar (uncredited)

text: Anthology 3 version

text:
George Harrison – vocals, acoustic guitar
Paul McCartney – organ

text: Love version

text:
George Harrison - vocals, acoustic guitar
Paul McCartney - organ
George Martin - string arrangement

text: Performances[edit]

text: On The Concert for Bangladesh, Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland hollow body guitar, and later acknowledged that a solid-body guitar would have been more appropriate.[24] The version in the Prince’s Trust Rock Concert 1987 (released on DVD by Panorama) reunited Harrison, Starr and Clapton, and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving. Mark King (of Level 42) played McCartney's bass line. On their 1991 tour of Japan, Harrison and Clapton performed a live version of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" with additional background vocals. An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo performances of the song is included on the album Live in Japan.[25]

text: On 3 June 2002, within the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II concert at Buckingham Palace Garden, Paul McCartney performed the song with Clapton, as a tribute to George Harrison who had died the year before. They were introduced by George Martin. The performance appears on the DVD release Party at the Palace. On 29 November the same year, McCartney, Starr, Dhani Harrison, Jeff Lynne, Marc Mann, and Clapton performed "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at the Concert for George in memory of Harrison. This version showcased Clapton singing the lead vocal and playing his original guitar solo while McCartney provided background vocals and piano; Mann played Clapton's original fills during the verses.

text: In 2004, Harrison was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist. "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" was played in tribute by Tom Petty vocals/guitar, Jeff Lynne vocals/guitar, Steve Winwood Hammond organ, Billy Preston keyboards, Scott Thurston Bass Guitar, Steve Ferrone Drums, Jim Capaldi percussion and tambourine, Marc Mann lead guitar, Dhani Harrison vocals/guitar, concluding with the guitar solo by fellow inductee Prince.[26][27]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" on his 1990 album Hell to Pay. Harrison participated in the recording, contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals.[28] Also issued as a single, Healey's version peaked at number 27 in Canada,[29] number 85 in the UK[30] and number 25 in New Zealand.[31]

text: American musician Todd Rundgren covered "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" for the 2003 album Songs from the Material World: A Tribute to George Harrison. Rundgren said of his contribution to the multi-artist tribute: "[Before the Beatles], I'd never heard the term 'lead guitarist.' George created the job description for my first paying gig, the vocation that I'm still lucky enough to practice today …"[32] Johnny Loftus of AllMusic views the recording as one of the collection's highlights, saying that Rundgren "effortlessly replicates the grandeur" of the Beatles' track.[33] As his personal tribute to Harrison,[34] Peter Frampton released a version of the song on his 2003 album Now.[35]

text: Among other cover versions, the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot, Phish and Charlie Byrd, and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro.[36][37] Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam.[36] Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven: The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time, in 2010, featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo-Yo Ma.[38] Released as a single, it charted on Billboard's Adult Contemporary.[39] In 2016, Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings, accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen.

text: 2016 music video[edit]

text: In 2016 a music video was created by Apple Corps Ltd. and Cirque du Soleil. The video is based on a 10th anniversary re-staging of the song for Love, Cirque du Soleil's theatrical production. The video was directed by Dandypunk, André Kasten and Leah Moyer. Ryan reed, describing the clip in rollingstone.com, wrote that "Dandypunk's hand-drawn illustrations depict Harrison's lyrics falling off the page into the air, transporting LOVE performer Eira Glover into a series of fantastical locations. Projection mapping – and no CGI – was used to create the clip."[40]