document_title: Ice cream parlor

question_text: when was the first ice cream parlor opened

text: Ice cream parlor

text: History[edit]

text: While the origins of ice cream are often debated, most scholars trace the first ice cream parlor back to France in the 17th century. In 1686, Francesco Procopio del Coltelli opened Paris' first café. The Café Procope, named by its Sicilian founder, introduced gelato to the French public. The dessert was served to its elite guests in small porcelain bowls.[1]

text: Until 1800, ice cream remained a rare and exotic dessert enjoyed mostly by the elite. The introduction of insulated ice houses in 1800, the first ice cream factory in Pennsylvania in 1851, and industrial refrigeration in the 1870s made manufacturing and storing ice cream much simpler.[2] The first ice cream factory was built by Jacob Fussell, a milk dealer who bought dairy products from Philadelphia farmers and sold them in Baltimore. The mass production of ice cream cut the product's cost significantly, making it more popular and more affordable for people of lower classes. [3]

text: In the early 1800s, an early form of an ice cream parlor was existent in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States that sold "all kinds of refreshments, as Ice Cream, Syrups, French Cordials, Cakes, Clarets of the best kind, Jellies, etc."[4] According to one source, the first ice cream parlor opened in New York City, United States in 1790.[5]

text: Product overview[edit]

text: Gelato is Italian ice cream that contains more milk and less cream compared to ice cream, is denser in consistency, and has a smoother texture.[6] Milk fat in gelato varies from 1-2 percent up to 15%, the latter of which is similar to standard ice cream.[7] Gelato parlors often produce their own product and are less likely to serve American-style ice cream or soft serve. Sorbet is a frozen treat made from fruit, syrup and ice. No milk or cream is used. Frozen yogurt is a common low-fat ice cream alternative with a smooth texture that is similar to soft serve ice cream. All of these frozen products may be sold in ice cream cones, cups, sundaes, and milkshakes. Some parlors may also sell ice cream cakes, ice cream bars and other pre-packaged frozen sweets. In addition to frozen dessert products, some modern ice cream parlors also sell a variety of hot fast foods.

text:
An Italian ice cream parlour with varieties of gelato (ice cream)

An English ice cream parlour with varieties of traditional ice cream

text: Types[edit]

text: Parlors vary in terms of environment; some only have an order window and outside seating, while others have complete indoor facilities. Additionally, some parlors have drive-through windows.[8] Some parlors remain open all year round (typically in warmer weather locations) and others in colder climates stay open only during warmer months, particularly from March to November. For example, some ice cream parlors in Vienna, Austria close in the winter months.[9] Parlors in major metro areas, including those in colder climates, often remain throughout the year to satisfy high consumer demand for frozen ice creams, yogurts, and sorbets.[citation needed]

text: Some ice cream parlors in Moscow, Russia, offer alcoholic beverages along with ice cream.[10]

text: Ice cream parlor chains[edit]

text: Because ice cream parlors are located throughout the world, there are both small, local franchises as well as large, global enterprises. Some of the most notable large, global ice cream parlors include Baskin-Robbins, Ben & Jerry's, Bruster's Ice Cream, Carvel, Cold Stone Creamery, Dairy Queen, Dippin' Dots, Friendly's, Häagen-Dazs, and MaggieMoo's Ice Cream and Treatery. Yogurtland, Yogen Früz, and sweetFrog are notable frozen yogurt parlors.

text: Just as the size, style, and selection within each ice cream parlor may differ, so may its notoriety. Each July in the United States, in honor of National Ice Cream Month, several prominent publications rank the popularity of ice cream parlors throughout the United States. In 2014, Travel + Leisure, National Geographic, Business Insider, Food & Wine, and TripAdvisor published their top ranked ice cream parlors.

text:
Travel + Leisure: America's Best Ice Cream Shops[11]
National Geographic: Top 10 Places to Eat Ice Cream[12]
Business Insider: The 10 Best Ice Cream Shops In The US, According To Pinterest Users[13]
Food & Wine: Best Ice Cream Spots in the U.S.[14]
TripAdvisor: Best ice cream parlors in the US, ranked by TripAdvisor users[15]


document_title: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

question_text: who's the most followed british person on twitter

question_tokens: who 's the most followed british person on twitter

root

text: List of most-followed Twitter accounts

text: This list contains the top 50 accounts with the most followers on the social media platform Twitter.[1] As of October 30, 2017, the most followed account is Katy Perry, with over 105 million followers. Her account was also the first to exceed 100 million followers.[2]

tag: p

text: Top accounts[edit]

text: The following table lists the top 50 most followed accounts on Twitter, with each total rounded to the nearest million followers, as well as the profession of each user and country of origin.

text:
Rank
Account name
Owner
Followers
(millions)
Profession
Country

1.
@katyperry[3]
Katy Perry
106
Musician
 USA

2.
@justinbieber[4]
Justin Bieber
103
 Canada

3.
@BarackObama[5]
Barack Obama
96
Former U.S. President
 USA

4.
@taylorswift13[6]
Taylor Swift
86
Musician

5.
@rihanna[7]
Rihanna
81
 Barbados

6.
@TheEllenShow[8]
Ellen DeGeneres
75
Comedian
 USA

7.
@ladygaga[9]
Lady Gaga
73
Musician

8.
@YouTube[10]
YouTube
70
Social media platform

9.
@jtimberlake[11]
Justin Timberlake
63
Musician and actor

10.
@Cristiano[12]
Cristiano Ronaldo
63
Footballer
 Portugal

11.
@twitter[13]
Twitter
62
Social media platform
 USA

12.
@KimKardashian[14]
Kim Kardashian West
57
Reality TV personality

13.
@britneyspears[15]
Britney Spears
56
Musician

14.
@ArianaGrande[16]
Ariana Grande
55

15.
@selenagomez[17]
Selena Gomez
54
Musician and actress

16.
@cnnbrk[18]
CNN Breaking News
53
News

17.
@ddlovato[19]
Demi Lovato
51
Musician and actress

18.
@jimmyfallon[20]
Jimmy Fallon
49
Comedian

19.
@shakira[21]
Shakira
49
Musician
 Colombia

20.
@JLo[22]
Jennifer Lopez
44
Musician and actress
 USA

21.
@realDonaldTrump[23]
Donald Trump
41
U.S. President and Reality TV personality

22.
@BillGates[24]
Bill Gates
40
Businessman

23.
@nytimes[25]
The New York Times
40
Newspaper

24.
@Oprah[26]
Oprah Winfrey
39
Businesswoman

25.
@instagram[27]
Instagram
39
Social media platform

26.
@KingJames[28]
LeBron James
39
Basketball player

27.
@CNN[29]
CNN
38
Television channel

28.
@MileyCyrus[30]
Miley Cyrus
37
Musician and actress

29.
@BrunoMars[31]
Bruno Mars
36
Musician

30.
@Drake[32]
Drake
36
Rapper
 Canada

31.
@narendramodi[33]
Narendra Modi
36
Prime Minister of India
 India

32.
@NiallOfficial[34]
Niall Horan
36
Musician
 Ireland

33.
@BBCBreaking[35]
BBC Breaking News
35
News
 UK

34.
@KevinHart4real[36]
Kevin Hart
35
Comedian
 USA

35.
@SportsCenter[37]
SportsCenter
35
Television channel

36.
@neymarjr[38]
Neymar
34
Footballer
 Brazil

37.
@espn[39]
ESPN
34
Television channel
 USA

38.
@wizkhalifa[40]
Wiz Khalifa
32
Rapper

39.
@onedirection[41]
One Direction
32
Band
 UK /  Ireland

40.
@LilTunechi[42]
Lil Wayne
32
Rapper
 USA

41.
@Harry_Styles[43]
Harry Styles
31
Musician
 UK

42.
@Pink[44]
P!nk
31
 USA

43.
@SrBachchan[45]
Amitabh Bachchan
31
Actor
 India

44.
@iamsrk[46]
Shah Rukh Khan
30

45.
@Louis_Tomlinson[47]
Louis Tomlinson
30
Musician
 UK

46.
@LiamPayne[48]
Liam Payne
29

47.
@aliciakeys[49]
Alicia Keys
29
 USA

48.
@Adele[50]
Adele
29
 UK

49.
@KAKA[51]
Kaká
29
Footballer
 Brazil

50.
@ActuallyNPH[52]
Neil Patrick Harris
28
Actor
 USA

As of October 30, 2017

tag: table


document_title: Raphael (archangel)

question_text: where is archangel raphael mentioned in the bible

text: Raphael (archangel)

text: In Judaism[edit]

text: The angels mentioned in the Torah, the older books of the Hebrew Bible, are without names. Rabbi Shimon ben Lakish of Tiberias (A.D. 230–270), asserted that all the specific names for the angels were brought back by the Jews from Babylon, and modern commentators would tend to agree.[2]

text: Raphael is named in several Jewish apocryphal books.

text: In the Book of Enoch[edit]

text: Raphael bound Azazel under a desert called Dudael according to Enoch 10:4–6:

text: And again the Lord said to Raphael: "Bind Azazel hand and foot, and cast him into the darkness: and make an opening in the desert, which is in Dudael, and cast him therein. And place upon him rough and jagged rocks, and cover him with darkness, and let him abide there for ever, and cover his face that he may not see light. And on the day of the great judgment he shall be cast into the fire."[3]

text: Of archangels in the angelology of post-Exilic Judaism, only Michael, mentioned as archangel (Daniel 12:1), and Gabriel are mentioned by name in canonical books.

text: In Catholicism and the Orthodox Church[edit]

text: The name of the angel Raphael appears in the Biblical Book of Tobit. The Book of Tobit is considered deuterocanonical by Catholics, Orthodox, and some Anglicans. Raphael first appears disguised in human form as the travelling companion of Tobit's son, Tobiah (Greek: Τωβίας/Tobias), calling himself "Azarias the son of the great Ananias". During the course of the journey the archangel's protective influence is shown in many ways including the binding of a demon in the desert of upper Egypt. After returning and healing the blind Tobit, Azarias makes himself known as "the angel Raphael, one of the seven, who stand before the Lord" Tobit 12:15.[4] He is venerated as Saint Raphael the Archangel.

text: Regarding the healing powers attributed to Raphael, there is his declaration to Tobit (Tobit, 12) that he was sent by the Lord to heal him of his blindness and to deliver Sarah, his future daughter-in-law, from the demon Asmodeus, who kills every man she marries on their wedding night before the marriage can be consummated.[5]

text: In the New Testament, only the archangels Gabriel and Michael are mentioned by name (Luke 1:9–26; Jude 1:9). Later manuscripts of John 5:1–4 refer to the pool of Bethesda, where the multitude of the infirm lay awaiting the moving of the water, for "an angel of the Lord descended at certain times into the pond; and the water was moved. And he that went down first into the pond after the motion of the water was made whole of whatsoever infirmity he lay under". Because of the healing role assigned to Raphael, this particular angel is generally associated with the archangel.[6]

text: Veneration[edit]

text: Patronage[edit]

text: Due to his actions in the Book of Tobit and the Gospel of John, Saint Raphael is accounted patron of travelers, the blind, happy meetings, nurses, physicians, medical workers, matchmakers,[7] Christian marriage, and Catholic studies. As a particular enemy of the devil, he was revered in Catholic Europe as a special protector of Catholic sailors: on a corner of Venice's famous Doge's Palace, there is a relief depicting Raphael holding a scroll on which is written: "Efficia fretum quietum" (Keep the Gulf quiet). On July 8, 1497, when Vasco Da Gama set forth from Lisbon with his four ship fleet to sail to India, the flagship was named—at the King of Portugal's insistence—the St. Raphael. When the flotilla reached the Cape of Good Hope on October 22, the sailors disembarked and erected a column in the archangel's honor. The little statue of St. Raphael that accompanied Da Gama on the voyage is now in the Naval Museum in Lisbon.

text: Iconography[edit]

text: Raphael is said to guard pilgrims on their journeys, and is often depicted holding a staff. He is also often depicted holding or standing on a fish, which alludes to his healing of Tobit with the fish's gall.[8]

text: Feast day[edit]

text: The feast day of Raphael was included for the first time in the General Roman Calendar in 1921, for celebration on October 24. With the 1969 revision of the General Roman Calendar, the feast was transferred to September 29 for celebration together with archangels Saints Michael and Gabriel.[9] Due to Pope Benedict XVI's Summorum Pontificum, the Catholic Church permits, within certain limits for public use, the General Roman Calendar of 1960, which has October 24 as Raphael's feast day.

text: Apparitions[edit]

text: The Archangel Raphael is said to have appeared in Cordova, Spain, during the 16th century; in response to the city's appeal, Pope Innocent X allowed the local celebration of a feast in the Archangel's honor on May 7, the date of the principal apparition. Saint John of God, founder of the Hospital order that bears his name, is also said to have received visitations from Saint Raphael, who encouraged and instructed him. In tribute to this, many of the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God's facilities are called “Raphael Centers” to this day. The 18th century Neapolitan nun, Saint Maria Francesca of the Five Wounds is also said to have seen apparitions of Raphael.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The following places have been named in honor of Raphael:

text: Saint Raphaël, France; Saint Raphaël, Quebec, Canada; and San Rafaels in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Chile, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, Peru, and the Philippines; also San Rafael de El Moján and San Rafael de Orituco in Venezuela.

text:
In the United States, San Rafaels inherited from Spain survive in California (where besides the city there are the San Rafael Mountains)
New Mexico, and Utah, where the San Rafael River flows seasonally in the San Rafael Desert.
St. Raphael's Cathedral, the seat of the Diocese of Madison, Wisconsin
St. Raphael's Cathedral, the seat of the Archdiocese of Dubuque
Mission San Rafael Arcángel in San Rafael, California.
St. Raphael's Church, Huccaby, Hexworthy, Dartmoor National Park, Devon, England

tag: ul

text: The Arcangelo Raffaello youth confraternity functioned in Florence, Italy from its founding in 1411 to its suppression in 1785.[10]

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The angel Raphael, along with many other prominent angels, appears in John Milton's Paradise Lost, in which he is assigned by God to re-warn Adam concerning the sin of eating of the Tree of the knowledge of good and evil. He also expounds to Adam the War in Heaven in which Lucifer and the demons fell, and the creation of the Earth.

text: In Joseph Haydn's Creation, Raphael (bass) is one of the three angelic narrators, along with Gabriel (soprano) and Uriel (tenor).

text: Raphael appears in In Nomine as the Angel of Knowledge, a role-playing game centered around the war between Heaven and Hell in the modern day, apparently sacrificing himself to slay the Demon Prince Legion.

text: He also appears as "Rafael" in the role-playing game Anima Beyond Fantasy as one of the seven Beryls (god-like spirits of light, all but one having taken female gender). She is identified by the humans with the archangel of the same name and incarnates life and nature.

text: He also appears along with Michael, Gabriel and Uriel as a swan in El Shaddai: Ascension of the Metatron.

text: Archangel Raphael's famous Indian shrine at Ollur (Kerala) which is the largest Kerala parish with more than four thousand families, and the angel himself with Thobias are the chief characters in George Menachery's short story "A Walk-out at Midnight" in which the huge collection of the church's wooden sculptures become animated.[11]

text: Raphael features as one of the four archangels in the TV series Supernatural.

text: The character Raphael Santiago from Cassandra Clare's The Mortal Instruments, and the TV series Shadowhunters is named in reference to Raphael.


document_title: Transfer window

question_text: when does the transfer window open in scotland

text: Transfer window

text: Current schedules and exceptions[edit]

text: FIFA regulates in general that there shall be two windows, a longer one (max. twelve weeks) in the break between seasons and a shorter one (max. one month) in the middle of a season. The specific periods depend on the league's season cycle and are determined by the national football authorities.[5]

text: Most major European leagues commence in the second half of the year (e.g. August or September) and stretch over two calendar years to the first half of the next year (e.g. May), resulting in a close season window in the Summer ending in August, and a mid-season window in January.

text: The periods are different when a league runs throughout a single calendar year, as in most Nordic countries due to weather constraints, Major League Soccer due to both weather and competition from other locally popular sports (notably basketball and American football), or as the traditional season in the Southern Hemisphere. The first window generally opens from 1 March until midnight of 30 April, followed by the in-season window from 1 to 31 August.

text:
Pre-season window
Mid-season window
Associations

1 January – 31 March
14 July – 13 August
Brazil[6]

6 January – 31 March
21 July – 18 August
Japan[7]

8 January – 31 March
15 July – 11 August
Sweden[8]

12 January – 4 April
19 July – 15 August
Norway[9]

14 February – 8 May
10 July – 9 August
United States and Canada[10]

1 March – 30 April
1–31 August
Finland[11]

1 June – 31 August
1 January – 31 January
Albania[12]

1 June – 31 August
1 January – 2 February
France,[13] Germany,[14] Italy,[15] Spain[16]

17 May – 9 August
1 January – 31 January
England[17] [18][19]

9 June – 1 September
1 January – 1 February
Scotland[20]

11 June – 1 September
5–31 January
Turkey,[21] Denmark[22]

11 June – 2 September
3–31 January
Netherlands[23]

16 June – 8 September
25 January – 22 February
Bulgaria and Romania[24]

17 June – 6 September
28 January – 28 February
Russia[25][not in citation given]

27 July – 18 October
4 January – 2 February
Australia[26]

1 December – 31 January
1–30 June
Kenya[27]

1 December – 31 January
1–30 June
Ethiopia[citation needed]

text: Premier League clubs in England voted to end the summer window on the Thursday before the start of the season - on August 9 in 2018, instead of August 31. Because FIFA demands the window must be open for 12 weeks, the window will open around May 17, shortly after the final games of the season on May 13. Clubs will be able to sell players until August 31 but not buy replacements after the deadline of August 9.

text: Although, in England, transfers between clubs in the same league can take place as soon as the last competitive fixtures for the season have been played, many transfers will not be completed until 1 July because many players' contracts expire on 30 June. International transfers into the English leagues (including the Premier League) cannot be made until the window has opened on 17 May. Outside the transfer window, a club may still sign players on an emergency basis, usually if they have no goalkeeper available. Special dispensation from their competition's governing body, for example the Premier League, is required. The transfer window restriction does not apply to clubs below the National League division.[17][28]

text: If the last day of a transfer window is on a weekend, the deadline can be extended to the following Monday at the request of those involved for business reasons.[29] The first shift of the deadline since its inception took place in summer 2008, when the deadline was extended by 24 hours to fall on Monday 1 September at midnight.[30][31] The transfer deadline in England was similarly extended to 5 pm 1 September 2009, due to the August Bank Holiday. The German football league announced an extension of the January 2009 deadline to 2 February.[32]

text: Free agents can be signed by a club at any time during the season, if they had been released by their previous club before the end of the transfer window.[29] A club can request to sign a player on emergency basis, e.g. if several goalkeepers are injured at the same time.[29] Outside the transfer window in England, once seven days have passed following the end of a transfer window, clubs from the English Football League (Regulation 53.3.4)[33] and (provided the player is not registered with a club from any league below the National League division) National League division[34] (Rule 6.6.4) can loan in players i) in the first half of the season, until 5.00pm on the fourth Thursday in November and ii) in the second half of the season, until 5.00pm on the fourth Thursday in March. An existing loan deal can be made permanent at any time outside the transfer window.[35]

text: The day upon which a window closes is known as transfer deadline day, and is usually one of the busiest days of the window, generating a flurry of transfers, often because a number of interdependent transfers are completed resembling a housing chain, generating much media interest.

text: Calls to end the transfer window[edit]

text: Steve Coppell, former manager of Reading in England's Premier League, and others have called for the transfer window to be scrapped in favour of the previous system, where deals could be struck throughout the season until the closing weeks.[36] Coppell said that the transfer window breeds panic and encourages "scurrilous" transfer activity adding that "I cannot see the logic in a transfer window. It brings on a fire-sale mentality, causes unrest via the media and means clubs buy too many players" adding that "The old system, where if you had a problem you could look at loans or make a short-term purchase, was far better than this system we have at the moment".[37] Former England Manager Sven-Göran Eriksson has also questioned the value of the transfer window, commenting: "You do wonder at times if it is right to have a window, it was easier when it was open all the time and perhaps fairer for the players. I am sure much of the business being done on the last day is a little bit desperate and that is not right. I think it was better before, but then I am old".[38]

text: In January 2013 Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger asked for the January transfer window to be limited to two transfers per window and claimed it is "unfair" in its current form. He cited Newcastle United transfer activity as an example.[39] The following year, Wenger hit out at Manchester United's £37m purchase of Juan Mata from rivals Chelsea. Wenger argued that the transfer was unfair because United and Chelsea had already played each other twice during the season, but United would still have to play Arsenal, and said that "the rules should be adapted more for fairness".[40] Manchester City manager Manuel Pellegrini backed the sentiment of Wenger, disagreeing that a player "can go from one team to another team in the same league at this part of the year" and also said that the winter transfer window was unbalanced in favour of big clubs, saying "a club with money can take the best players from the other teams".[41][42]

text: Former Crystal Palace manager Alan Pardew questioned why the Premier League transfer window remains open after the start of the season after Arsenal made a bid for midfielder Yohan Cabaye during his time as Newcastle United manager in August 2013.[43]

text: In January 2015, FIFPro said that the current transfer window system is "failing football and its players", one of the main issues being that players are released from clubs without explanation or compensation.[44]


document_title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

question_text: who is the only leader to be elected pm of pakistan three times

text: Prime Minister of Pakistan

text: Constitutional law[edit]

text: The Constitution envisages a scheme of affairs in which the President of Pakistan is the head of state who represents the "unity of the Republic." The system of government in Pakistan is based on codified constitution which sees the Prime Minister as "chief executive of the Republic."

text: Subject to the Constitution, the executive authority of the Federation shall be exercised in the name of the President by the Federal Government, consisting of the Prime Minister and the Federal Ministers, which shall act through the Prime Minister, who shall be the chief executive of the Federation."

text: In addition, the Prime Minister is also the chairman of the Council of Common Interests as set by:

text: (1) There shall be a Council of Common Interests, in this Chapter referred to as the Council, to be appointed by the President

text:
(2) The Council shall consist of-
(a) the Prime Minister who shall be the Chairman of the Council;
(b) the Chief Ministers of the Provinces;

text: As in most of the parliamentary democracies, a head of state's duties are mostly ceremonial. The Prime Minister of Pakistan is the head of government and has the responsibility for executive power. With Pakistan following a parliamentary system of government, the Prime minister is generally the leader of a party (or coalition of parties) that has a majority in the National Assembly —the lower house of the Parliament of Pakistan. The Prime minister, in common with all other ministers, either has to be a current member of National Assembly, or be elected within six months of being appointed.[12]

text: Role and powers of the Prime minister[edit]

text: The official residence and principal workplace of the Prime Minister is the Prime Minister's Secretariat located in northeast Islamabad. The Prime Minister is the Chief Executive who heads and exercises the authority of the Government of Pakistan. After obtaining a vote of confidence, the Prime Minister is invited by the President to take the oath of office and form the government.[12] In practice, the Prime Minister nominates the members of the Cabinet who supervise the important functions and ministries of the Government of Pakistan.[12] In addition, the Prime Minister communicates to the President all decisions of the Cabinet relating to the administration of affairs of state and proposals for legislation.[14]

text: The Prime Minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Parliament and is required to answer questions from Members of Parliament to the ministers.

text: Some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister himself. The prime minister is usually always in-charge/Chairman of:

text:
Planning Commission
National Command Authority
National Security Council
Economic Coordination Committee
Cabinet Committee on National Security

text: The Prime minister is vested with command authority over the Pakistani nuclear arsenals and represents the country in various delegations, high-level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office and also addresses the nation on various issues of national importance.[5]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: The Constitution of Pakistan requires that the Prime Minister be a member of the National Assembly.[15] As well as this, one must:

text:
be a citizen of Pakistan.
be a Muslim
be above 25 years of age
be able to prove good conduct of character and be not commonly known to violate Islamic injunctions
have adequate knowledge of Islamic teachings and practice obligatory duties prescribed by Islam, as well as abstaining from major sins
have not, after the establishment of Pakistan, worked against the integrity of the country or opposed the ideology of Pakistan.

text: Selection and removal[edit]

text: The candidates for the prime minister are members of the National Assembly or Senate who were chosen through direct elections by popular vote following campaigning on the party platforms.[16] Usually, the leader of the majority party in the parliament retains the office of prime minister, and forms the government either by coalition or by simple majority.[17] The candidate must retain the vote of confidence of the members of the parliament before being invited by the President to form the government.[12]

text: The Prime Minister can be removed before the expiry of the term through a vote of no confidence in the parliament.[12] If the vote of no confidence is passed by the National Assembly by not less than 20%, the Prime Minister ceases to retain the office.[12] In the past, prime ministers (and their governments) have been dismissed by the President exercising the VIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (1985), but this was repealed by the XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan (2010).[18][19] In addition, the Prime Minister himself has absolute constitutional immunity from criminal and civil proceedings, and no proceedings can be initiated or continued against him during the term of his office.[20]

text: In 2012, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has ceased at least one Prime Minister from retaining the office due to contempt of court after retroactively disqualifying the membership of the parliament permanently.[21][22]

text: On 28 July 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from retaining the office due to his failure in fulfilling the eligibility requirements as enshrined in Articles 62 of the Constitution. This was in the aftermath of the Supreme Court hearing regarding the Panama Papers Case. This also resulted in him being permanently disqualified from membership of the parliament.[23]

text: The prime minister is elected by the National Assembly.[24] The National Assembly meets on the twenty-first day after a general election (at least every five years) unless the President calls for a vote of no confidence. Whichever member of the National assembly is chosen serves as the Prime Minister until the next election or until he fails to maintain the confidence of the National Assembly.

text: 91. The Cabinet:

text: (1) There shall be a Cabinet of Ministers, with the Prime Minister at its head, to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions.

text: (2) The National Assembly shall meet on the twenty-first day following the day on which a general election to the Assembly is held unless sooner summoned by the President.

text: (3) After the election of the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker, the National Assembly shall, to the exclusion of any other business, proceed to elect without debate one of its Muslim members to be the Prime Minister.

text: (4) The Prime Minister shall be elected by the votes of the majority of the total membership of the National Assembly:

text: Provided that, if no member secures such majority in the first poll, a second poll shall be held between the members who secure the two highest numbers of votes in the first poll and the member who secures a majority of votes of the members present and voting shall be declared to have been elected as Prime Minister:

text: Provided further that, if the number of votes secured by two or more members securing the highest number of votes is equal, further poll shall be held between them until one of them secures a majority of votes of the members present and voting.

text: (5) The member elected under clause (4) shall be called upon by the President to assume the office of Prime Minister and he shall, before entering upon the office, make before the President oath in the form set out in the Third Schedule:

text: Provided that there shall be no restriction on the number of terms for the office of the Prime Minister.

text: Oath of office[edit]

text: The Prime Minister is required to make and subscribe to, in the presence of the President, an oath or affirmation that they shall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows:

text: I, ____________, do swear solemnly that l am a Muslim and believe in the Unity and Oneness of Almighty Allah, the Books of Allah, the Holy Qura'an being the last of them, the Prophethood of Muhammad (peace be upon him) as the last of the Prophets and that there can be no Prophet after him, the Day of Judgment, and all the requirements and teachings of the Holy Quran and Sunnah:

text: That I will bear true faith and allegiance to Pakistan:

text: That, as Prime Minister of Pakistan, I will discharge my duties, and perform my functions, hon-estly, to the best of my ability, faithfully in accordance with the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the law, and always in the interest of the sovereignty, integrity, solidarity, well- being and prosperity of Pakistan:

text: That I will strive to preserve the Islamic Ideology which is the basis for the creation of Pakistan:

text: That I will not allow my personal interest to influence my official conduct or my official decisions:

text: That I will preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan:

text: That, in all circumstances, I will do right to all manner of people, according to law, without fear or favor, affection or ill- will:

text: And that I will not directly or indirectly communicate or reveal to any person any matter which shall be brought under my consideration or shall become known to me as Prime Minister except as may be required for the due discharge of my duties as Prime Minister.

text: Past Prime Ministers[edit]

text: Chronological list of Prime Ministers with tenure[edit]

text:
Living former prime ministers

Z.K. Jamali
(PML-Q)
17th, served 2002–2004
(1944-01-01) January 1, 1944 (age 73)

Shujaat Hussain
(PML-Q)
18th (interim), served 2004
(1946-01-27) January 27, 1946 (age 71)

Shaukat Aziz
(PML-Q)
19th, served 2004–2007
(1949-03-06) March 6, 1949 (age 68)

M.M. Soomro
(PML-Q)
20th (Interim), served 2007–2008
(1950-08-19) August 19, 1950 (age 67)

Yousaf Raza Gillani
(PPP)
21st, served 2008-2012
(1952-07-09) July 9, 1952 (age 65)

Nawaz Sharif
(PML-N)
13th, served 1990-93, 1993, 1997-99, 2013-17
(1949-12-25) December 25, 1949 (age 67)

text: History[edit]

text: The office was created on immediate effect after the partition and the establishment of Pakistan in 1947; the Prime Minister existed alongside the Governor-General who was the representative of English Monarchy. The first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan, exercised central executive powers until his assassination in 1951.[25] However, the powers slowly began to be reduced as a result of constant intervention by the Governor-General. Despite the first set of the Constitution giving central power in 1956, the next six prime ministers were dismissed by the Governor-General from 1951 till 1957. In addition, the first set of the Constitution had evolved the Governor-General into the President of Pakistan whilst declaring the country as "Islamic republic".[26][27] In 1958, President Iskandar Mirza dismissed the seventh prime minister to impose martial law in a mere two weeks, President Mirza was ousted by army chief General Ayub Khan who had for a brief period held the post of Prime Minister.

text: In 1962, the second set of the Constitution completely dissolved the office of prime minister as all powers were transferred to the President of Pakistan.[27][28] Criticism over the presidency after the presidential election held in 1965 over the centralizing of powers. After the general elections held in 1970, the office was established with Nurul Amin becoming the Prime Minister who was also the Vice-President. Negotiations that fall apart between Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Mujibur Rehman, and Yahya Khan that prompted to liberation movement in the East Pakistan. With India intervening in East Pakistan and Pakistan conceding defeat to end the war led to the collapse of the presidential system in 1971.

text: As the comprehensive Constitution reinstated in 1973, the post was reestablished with more central powers as the constitution provided a parliamentary system with President of Pakistan as figurehead.[29] Amid agitation instigated by the right-wing alliance invited the military intervention in 1977 which suspended the post.

text: The general elections held in 1985 restored the post, with Muhammad Junejo becoming the Prime Minister. Later that year, the National Assembly passed the controversial eighth amendment to the Constitution, giving the President the power to dismiss the Prime Minister and the National Assembly without prior consultation.[30] The general elections in 1988 resulted in the Pakistan Peoples Party's Benazir Bhutto becoming the first woman Prime Minister elected in a Muslim country.[31]

text: From 1988 to 1993, the power struggle between the Prime Minister and Presidency continued with President dismissing the National Assembly on three different occasions. At the 1997 elections, the PML(N) secured a two-thirds majority in the Parliament and drafted the XIII and XIV Amendments to reverse the eighth amendment to the Constitution; this allowed Nawaz Sharif to centralize more executive powers.[32] After the draw down of civil-military relations in 1999, Chairman joint chiefs General Pervez Musharraf staged a coup d'état against the PML(N)'s government and held nationwide elections in 2002.[33]

text: With no party gaining a majority, a coalition was formed with the PML(Q) – a breakaway of the PML(N) and a pro-Musharraf party – leading with MQM. After some political wrangling, Zafarullah Jamali became the Prime Minister, and passed the XVII amendment which partially restored the power of the President to dissolve the National Assembly, but made the dissolution subject to the Supreme Court of Pakistan's approval.[34]

text: Over the authority issues,[clarification needed] Prime Minister Jamali resigned in 2004 and Shaukat Aziz was eventually appointed as Prime Minister, securing 151 out of 191 votes in the National Assembly.[35] The XVII amendment featured a semi-presidential system allowing the presidency to keep the interference[clarification needed] executive and the judiciary.[34] The general elections in 2008 resulted in the PPP coming to power and supporting the movement to oust Pervez Musharraf.[36] A populist intellectual movement leading to the departure of Pervez Musharraf] allowed Asif Zardari to become President. In 2010, the XVIII Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan was passed to reverse the XVII amendment; it returned the country to being a parliamentary democratic republic. In addition, the XVIII Amendment removed all powers of the presidency to dissolve the Parliament unilaterally and sweep away the powers amassed by the former presidents Pervez Musharraf and Zia-ul-Haq to maintain a delicate check and balance.[37]

text: Following a contempt of court case, the Supreme Court permanently disqualified Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gillani.[38] Originally, the PPP nomination was Makhdoom Shahbuddin,[39] but he was forced to withdraw after the ANF issued non-bailable arrest warrants against him.[40] Raja Pervaiz Ashraf became the Prime Minister and remained in office until 2013.[40][41][42][10] The general election held in 2013 saw the PML(N) almost achieve a supermajority. Following this, Nawaz Sharif was elected as Prime Minister, returning to the post for the third time after a fourteen-year absence, in a democratic transition. In 2017, Sharif was forced to step down as the prime minister following corruption charges against him.


document_title: Uvea

question_text: where is the uvea of the eye located

question_tokens: where is the uvea of the eye located

text: Uvea

text: Structure[edit]

text: Regions[edit]

text: The uvea is the vascular middle layer of the eye. It is traditionally divided into three areas, from front to back, the:

text:
Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

text: Function[edit]

text: The prime functions of the uveal tract as a unit are:

text:
Nutrition and gas exchange: uveal vessels directly perfuse the ciliary body and iris, to support their metabolic needs, and indirectly supply diffusible nutrients to the outer retina, sclera, and lens, which lack any intrinsic blood supply. (The cornea has no adjacent blood vessels and is oxygenated by direct gas exchange with the environment.)
Light absorption: the uvea improves the contrast of the retinal image by reducing reflected light within the eye (analogous to the black paint inside a camera), and also absorbs outside light transmitted through the sclera, which is not fully opaque.

text: In addition some uveal regions have special functions of great importance, including secretion of the aqueous humour by the ciliary processes, control of accommodation (focus) by the ciliary body, and optimisation of retinal illumination by the iris's control over the pupil. Many of these functions are under the control of the autonomic nervous system.

text: Pharmacology[edit]

text: The pupil provides a visible example of the neural feedback control in the body. This is subserved by a balance between the antagonistic sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Informal pharmacological experiments have been performed on the pupil for centuries, since the pupil is readily visible, and its size can be readily altered by applying drugs—even crude plant extracts—to the cornea. Pharmacological control over pupil size remains an important part of the treatment of some ocular diseases.

text: Drugs can also reduce the metabolically active process of secreting aqueous humour, which is important in treating both acute and chronic glaucoma.

text: Immunology[edit]

text: The normal uvea consists of immune competent cells, particularly lymphocytes, and is prone to respond to inflammation by developing lymphocytic infiltrates. A rare disease called sympathetic ophthalmia may represent 'cross-reaction' between the uveal and retinal antigens (i.e., the body's inability to distinguish between them, with resulting misdirected inflammatory reactions).

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: See uveitis, choroiditis, iritis, iridocyclitis, anterior uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmia, and uveal melanoma.


document_title: Friday the 13th (1980 film)

question_text: where was the original friday the 13 filmed

text: Friday the 13th (1980 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1958 at Camp Crystal Lake, two counselors named Barry and Claudette sneak away from a campfire and into a storage barn. They prepare to have sex before an unseen assailant enters and murders them.

text: Twenty-one years later, on June 13, 1979, newly hired camp counselor Annie Phillips asks for directions to the reopened Camp Crystal Lake. An elderly man named Crazy Ralph warns her against going, claiming that the camp has a "death curse." A friendly truck driver named Enos agrees to give Annie a lift halfway to the camp. During the drive, Enos warns Annie about the camp, informing her that a young boy drowned at Crystal Lake in 1957 and about the two murders the following year. After Enos drops her off, Annie hitches another ride from an unseen assailant, who chases her into the woods and slashes her throat.

text: At the camp, counselors Ned, Jack, Bill, Marcie, Brenda, and Alice, along with the owner Steve Christy, refurbish the cabins and facilities. As a thunderstorm approaches, Steve leaves the campground to stock supplies. Meanwhile, the killer arrives at the camp and stalks the counselors. Ned sees someone walk into one of the cabins and follows. As Jack and Marcie have sex in one of the cabin's bunk beds, they are unaware of Ned's body directly above them, with his throat slit. Soon after, Jack is killed when his throat is pierced with an arrow from beneath the bed, and the killer murders Marcie with an axe slammed into her face. Brenda hears a child's voice calling for help and ventures outside her cabin to the archery range, only for the range lights to turn on as she is attacked off-screen. Steve later returns to the camp and is confronted by the unseen killer, who stabs him.

text: Alice and Bill are worried by their friends' disappearances, and they leave the main cabin to investigate. They discover a bloody axe in Brenda's bed, the phones disconnected, and the cars inoperable. When the power goes out, Bill goes to check on the generator and is murdered by the killer. Alice then heads out to look for him. Upon finding Bill's body impaled with arrows to the generator room's door, she flees back to the main cabin to hide only to be traumatized further when Brenda's body is thrown through the window.

text: Alice sees a vehicle pull up and rushes outside, thinking it is Steve. Instead, she is greeted by a middle-aged woman named Mrs. Voorhees, who claims to be an old friend of Steve's. As Alice brings her inside, Mrs. Voorhees begins to reminisce that her son Jason was the young boy who drowned in 1957. She blames his death on the counselors who were supposed to be watching him, but they instead were having sex and not paying attention to Jason's drowning. Revealing herself as the killer, Mrs. Voorhees turns violent and rushes toward Alice with a bowie knife, attempting to kill her. In the ensuing chase, Alice finds Annie's body inside Mrs. Voorhees' car and Steve's body hanging from a tree. Following a confrontation in which Mrs. Voorhees is knocked out, Alice escapes to the shore. Just as she begins to relax, Mrs. Voorhees finds her and attempts to kill her again with a machete. During the final struggle, Alice ultimately decapitates Mrs. Voorhees with her machete. Afterwards, a traumatized Alice boards and falls asleep inside a canoe, which floats out on Crystal Lake.

text: Just as Alice awakens and sees the police arriving, Jason's decomposing body suddenly emerges from the lake and drags her underwater. She then awakens in a hospital, where a police officer and medical staff tend to her. When Alice asks about Jason, the officer says that there was no sign of any boy. Alice says, "Then he's still there," as the lake is shown with a single ripple on the open water.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Betsy Palmer as Mrs. Voorhees
Adrienne King as Alice Hardy
Harry Crosby III as Bill Brown
Jeannine Taylor as Marcie Cunningham/Stanler
Laurie Bartram as Brenda Jones
Kevin Bacon as Jack Burrell/Marand
Mark Nelson as Ned Rubenstein
Robbi Morgan as Annie Phillips
Peter Brouwer as Steve Christy
Rex Everhart as Enos
Walt Gorney as Crazy Ralph
Willie Adams as Barry Jackson
Debra S. Hayes as Claudette Hayes
Ari Lehman as Jason Voorhees

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Friday the 13th was produced and directed by Sean S. Cunningham, who had previously worked with filmmaker Wes Craven on the film The Last House on the Left. Cunningham, inspired by John Carpenter's Halloween, wanted Friday the 13th to be shocking, visually stunning and "[make] you jump out of your seat". Wanting to distance himself from The Last House on the Left, Cunningham wanted Friday the 13th to be more of a "roller-coaster ride".[1]

text: Friday the 13th began its life as nothing more than a title. Initially, A Long Night at Camp Blood was the working title during the writing process, but Cunningham believed in his "Friday the 13th" moniker, and quickly rushed out to place an advertisement in Variety. Worried that someone else owned the rights to the title and wanting to avoid potential lawsuits, Cunningham thought it would be best to find out immediately. He commissioned a New York advertising agency to develop his concept of the Friday the 13th logo, which consisted of big block letters bursting through a pane of glass.[5] In the end, Cunningham believed there were "no problems" with the title, but distributor George Mansour stated, "There was a movie before ours called Friday the 13th: The Orphan. It was moderately successful. But someone still threatened to sue. Either Phil Scuderi paid them off, but it was finally resolved."[6]

text: The film was shot in and around the townships of Hardwick, Blairstown and Hope, New Jersey in September 1979. The camp scenes were shot on a working Boy Scout camp, Camp No-Be-Bo-Sco which is located in Hardwick, New Jersey. The camp is still standing and still works as a summer camp.[7][8]

text: Writing[edit]

text: The script was written by Victor Miller, who later went on to write for several television soap operas, including Guiding Light, One Life to Live and All My Children. Miller delighted in inventing a serial killer who turned out to be somebody's mother, a murderer whose only motivation was her love for her child. "I took motherhood and turned it on its head and I think that was great fun. Mrs. Voorhees was the mother I'd always wanted—a mother who would have killed for her kids." Miller was unhappy about the filmmakers' decision to make Jason Voorhees the killer in the sequels. "Jason was dead from the very beginning. He was a victim, not a villain."[9] The idea of Jason appearing at the end of the film was initially not used in the original script, and was actually suggested by makeup designer Tom Savini. Savini stated that "The whole reason for the cliffhanger at the end was I had just seen Carrie, so we thought that we need a 'chair jumper' like that, and I said, 'let's bring in Jason'".[10]

text: Casting[edit]

text: A New York-based firm, headed by Julie Hughes and Barry Moss, was hired to find eight young actors to play the camp's staff members. Cunningham admits that he was not looking for "great actors", but anyone that was likable, and appeared to be a responsible camp counselor. The way Cunningham saw it, the actors would need to look good, read the dialogue somewhat well, and work cheap. Moss and Hughes were happy to find four actors, Kevin Bacon, Laurie Bartram, Peter Brouwer, and Adrienne King, who had previously appeared on soap operas.[11] The role of "Alice" was set up as an open casting call, a publicity stunt used to attract more attention to the film. King earned an audition primarily because she was the friend of someone working in Moss and Hughes’s office. After she auditioned, Moss recalls Cunningham commenting that they saved the best actress for last. As Cunningham explains, he was looking for people that could behave naturally, and King was able to show that to him in the audition.[12]

text:
I didn't even really think of this movie as a horror film. "To me, this was a small independent film about carefree teenagers who are having a rip-roaring time at a summer camp where they happen to be working as counselors. Then they just happen to get killed."
—Jeannine Taylor on how she viewed Friday the 13th.[12]

tag: div

text: With King cast in the role of lead heroine Alice, Laurie Bartram was hired to play Brenda. Kevin Bacon, Mark Nelson and Jeannine Taylor, who had known each other prior to the film, were cast as Jack, Ned, and Marcie respectively. It is Bacon and Nelson's contention that, because the three already knew each other, they already had the specific chemistry the casting director was looking for in the roles of Jack, Ned, and Marcie.[11] Taylor has stated that Hughes and Moss were highly regarded while she was an actress, so when they offered her an audition she felt that, whatever the part, it would "be a good opportunity".[12]

text: Friday the 13th was Nelson's first feature film, and when he went in for his first audition the only thing he was given to read were some comedic scenes. Nelson received a call back for a second audition, which required him to wear a bathing suit, which Nelson acknowledges made him start to wonder if something was off about this film. He did not fully realize what was going on until he got the part and was given the full script to read. Nelson explains, "It certainly was not a straight dramatic role, and it was only after they offered me the part that they gave me the full script to read and I realized how much blood was in it."[12] Nelson believes that Ned used humor to hide his insecurities, especially around Brenda, whom the actor believes Ned was attracted to. Nelson recalls an early draft of the script stating that Ned suffered from polio, and his legs were deformed while his upper body was muscular.[13] Ned is believed to have given birth to the "practical joker victim" of horror films. According to author David Grove, there was no equivalent character in John Carpenter's Halloween, or Bob Clark's Black Christmas before that. He served as a model for the slasher films that would follow Friday the 13th.[14]

text:
I went in to audition for [Moss and Hughes] for something else. They said, "you know, Robbi, you're not really right for this, but there's a movie called Friday the 13th and they need an adorable camp counselor."
—Robbi Morgan on how she landed the role of Annie.[12]

text: The part of Bill was handed over to Harry Crosby, son of Bing Crosby. Robbi Morgan, who plays Annie, was not auditioning for the film when she was offered the role. While in her office, Hughes just looked at Morgan and proclaimed "you're a camp counselor". The next day Morgan was on the set.[11]  Morgan only appeared on-set for a day to shoot all her scenes. Rex Everhart, who portrays Enos, did not film the truck scenes with Morgan, so she had to either act with an imaginary Enos, or exchange dialogue with Taso Stavrakis—Savini's assistant—who would sit in the truck with her.[15] It was Peter Brouwer's girlfriend that helped him land a role on Friday the 13th. After recently being written off the show Love of Life, Brouwer moved back to Connecticut to look for work. Learning that his girlfriend was working as an assistant director for Friday the 13th, Brouwer asked about any openings. Initially told casting was looking for big stars to fill the role of Steve Christy, it was not until Sean Cunningham dropped by to deliver a message to Brouwer's girlfriend, and saw him working in a garden, that Brouwer was hired.[11]

text: Estelle Parsons was initially asked to portray the film's killer, Mrs. Voorhees, but eventually declined. Her agent cited that the film was too violent, and did not know what kind of actress would play such a part. Hughes and Moss sent a copy of the script to Betsy Palmer, in hopes that she would accept the part. Palmer could not understand why someone would want her for a part in a horror film, as she had previously starred in films such as Mister Roberts, The Angry Man, and The Tin Star. Palmer only agreed to play the role because she needed to buy a new car, even when she believed the film to "be a piece of shit."[11] Stavrakis subbed for Betsy Palmer as well, which involved Morgan's character being chased through the woods by Mrs. Voorhees, although the audience only sees a pair of legs running after Morgan. Palmer had just arrived in town when those scenes were about to be filmed, and was not in the physical shape necessary to chase Morgan around the woods. Morgan's training as an acrobat assisted her in these scenes, as her character was required to leap out of a moving jeep when she discovers that Mrs. Voorhees does not intend to take her to the camp.[15] Betsy Palmer explains how she developed the character of Mrs. Voorhees:

text: "Being an actress who uses the Stanislavsky method, I always try to find details about my character. With Pamela... I began with a class ring that I remember reading in the script that she'd worn. Starting with that, I traced Pamela back to my own high school days in the early 1940s. So it's 1944, a very conservative time, and Pamela has a steady boyfriend. They have sex—which is very bad of course—and Pamela soon gets pregnant with Jason. The father takes off and when Pamela tells her parents, they disown her because having... babies out of wedlock isn't something that good girls do. I think she took Jason and raised him the best she could, but he turned out to be a very strange boy. [She took] lots of odd jobs and one of those jobs was as a cook at a summer camp. Then Jason drowns and her whole world collapses. What were the counselors doing instead of watching Jason? They were having sex, which is the way that she got into trouble. From that point on, Pamela became very psychotic and puritanical in her attitudes as she was determined to kill all of the immoral camp counselors."[16]

text: Cunningham wanted to make the Mrs. Voorhees character "terrifying", and to that end he believed it was important that Palmer not act "over the top". There was also the fear that Palmer's past credits, as more of a wholesome character, would make it difficult to believe she could be scary.[17] Ari Lehman, who had previously auditioned for Cunningham's Manny's Orphans, failing to get the part, was determined to land the role of Jason Voorhees. According to Lehman, he went in very intense and afterward Cunningham told him he was perfect for the part.[11] In addition to the main cast, Walt Gorney came on as "Crazy Ralph", the town's soothsayer. The character of Crazy Ralph was meant to establish two functions: foreshadow the events to come, and insinuate that he could actually be the murderer. Cunningham has stated that he was apprehensive about including the character, and is not sure if he accomplished his goal of creating a new suspect.[12]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Friday the 13thSoundtrack album by Harry ManfrediniReleased
January 13, 2012Genre
Film scoreLength
43:54Label
Gramavision RecordsLa-La Land Records

text: When Harry Manfredini began working on the musical score, the decision was made to only play music when the killer was actually present so as to not "manipulate the audience".[18] Manfredini pointed out the lack of music for certain scenes: "There's a scene where one of the girls... is setting up the archery area... One of the guys shoots an arrow into the target and just misses her. It's a huge scare, but if you notice, there's no music. That was a choice."[18] Manfredini also noted that when something was going to happen, the music would cut off so that the audience would relax a bit, and the scare would be that much more effective.[citation needed]

text: Because the killer, Mrs. Voorhees, appears onscreen only during the final scenes of the film, Manfredini had the job of creating a score that would represent the killer in her absence.[18] Manfredini borrows from the 1975 film Jaws, where the shark is likewise not seen for the majority of the film but the motif created by John Williams cued the audience to the shark's invisible menace.[19] Sean S. Cunningham sought a chorus, but the budget would not allow it. While listening to a Krzysztof Penderecki piece of music, which contained a chorus with "striking pronunciations", Manfredini was inspired to recreate a similar sound. He came up with the sound "ki ki ki, ma ma ma" from the final reel when Mrs. Voorhees arrives and is reciting "Kill her, mommy!" The "ki" comes from "kill", and the "ma" from "mommy". To achieve the unique sound he wanted for the film, Manfredini spoke the two words "harshly, distinctly and rhythmically into a microphone" and ran them into an echo reverberation machine.[18] Manfredini finished the original score after a couple of weeks, and then recorded the score in a friend's basement.[19] Victor Miller and assistant editor Jay Keuper have commented on how memorable the music is, with Keuper describing it as "iconographic". Manfredini says, "Everybody thinks it's cha, cha, cha. I'm like, 'Cha, cha, cha? What are you talking about?'"[20]

text: In 1982, Gramavision Records released a LP record of selected pieces of Harry Manfredini's scores from the first three Friday the 13th films.[21] On 13 January 2012, La-La Land Records released a limited edition 6-CD boxset containing Manfredini's scores from the first six films. It sold out in less than 24 hours.[22]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Paramount bought Friday the 13th's distribution rights for $1.5 million, after seeing a screening of the film. They spent approximately $500,000 in advertisements for the film, and then an additional $500,000 when the film began performing well at the box office.[23] Friday the 13th opened theatrically on 9 May 1980 across the United States, ultimately expanding its release to 1,100 theaters. It took in $5,816,321 in its opening weekend, before finishing domestically with $39,754,601.  It was the 18th highest-grossing film that year, facing stiff horror film competition from such high-profile releases as The Shining, Dressed To Kill, The Fog and Prom Night.  The worldwide gross was $59,754,601.[24][25] Friday the 13th was released internationally, which was unusual for an independent film with, at the time, no well-recognized or bankable actors; aside from well-known television and movie actress Betsy Palmer.[26] The film would take in approximately $20 million in international box office receipts.[27] Not factoring in international sales, or the cross-over film with A Nightmare on Elm Street 's Freddy Krueger, the original Friday the 13th is the highest-grossing film of the film series.[28]

text: To provide context with the box office gross of films in 2014, the cost of making and promoting Friday the 13th—which includes the $550,000 budget and the $1 million in advertisement—is approximately $4.5 million. With regard to the US box office gross, the film would have made $177.72 million in adjusted 2017 dollars.[29] On 13 July 2007, Friday the 13th was screened for the first time on Blairstown's Main Street in the very theater which appears shortly after the opening credits.[8] Overflowing crowds forced the Blairstown Theater Festival, the sponsoring organization, to add an extra screening. The event was covered by local media and New York City's Channel 11, WPIX.[30] A 30th Anniversary Edition was released on March 10, 2010.[31] A 35th-anniversary screening was held in the Griffith Park Zoo as part of the Great Horror Campout on March 13, 2015.[32]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film's most vocal detractor was Gene Siskel, who in his review called Cunningham "one of the most despicable creatures ever to infest the movie business".[33] He also published the address for Charles Bluhdorn, the chairman of the board of Gulf+Western, which owned Paramount, as well as Betsy Palmer's home city and encouraged fellow detractors to write to them and express their contempt for the film. To convince people not to see it, he even gave away the ending.[34] Siskel and Roger Ebert spent an entire episode of their TV show berating the film (and other slasher films of the time) because they felt it would make audiences root for the killer.[35] Leonard Maltin initially awarded the film one star, or 'BOMB', but later changed his mind and awarded the film a star and-a-half "simply because it's slightly better than Part 2" and called it a "gory, cardboard thriller".[36] Variety claimed the film was "low budget in the worst sense—with no apparent talent or intelligence to offset its technical inadequacies—Friday the 13th has nothing to exploit but its title."[37] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a weighted average score of 19 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "Overwhelming dislike".[38]

text: Later on, retrospective reviews were much more positive regarding the film, with praise mainly towards its score, make-up effects, cinematography, charming cast, and Betsy Palmer's role, while it drew criticism for its script and lack of character development.[citation needed] Dave Kehr said that "For all its shoddiness, the film manages, just barely, to achieve its ignoble goals — it delivers what it promises".[citation needed] James Kendrick gave the film a 3 out of 4, calling it "a campfire boogeyman story designed to do little more than build tension and deliver a few well-timed shocks, which it does with precision and even a bit of artistry".[citation needed] Kevin Carr said that "what makes the movie work is that the slasher genre hadn't been set in stone yet, and some choices that director Sean S. Cunningham makes in the film that work against type".[citation needed]

text:
Rotten Tomatoes gave the film 61% on 51 critic reviews, the consensus reading: “Rather quaint by today’s standards, Friday the 13th still has it’s share of bloody surprises and a ‘70s-holdover aesthetic to slightly compel.”[39]
The film was nominated for AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills.[40] The film was nominated twice at the 1st Golden Raspberry Awards for Worst Picture and Worst Supporting Actress for Betsy Palmer, winning neither.[41]

text: Home media[edit]

text: On 3 February 2009, Paramount Home Entertainment released Friday the 13th on an unrated uncut home video version for the first time in the United States (all previous VHS, LaserDisc and DVD releases were the rated theatrical version). It is available on both DVD and Blu-ray Disc. The uncut version of the film contains approximately 10 seconds of previously unreleased footage. In 2011, the uncut version of Friday the 13th was released in a 4-disc DVD collection with the first three sequels.[42]  The Australia DVD/Blu-ray release was July 1, 2009, and features commentary by Sean S. Cunningham, among several other bonuses.

text: Cultural significance[edit]

text: Contemporary scholars in film criticism, such as Tony Williams, have credited Friday the 13th for initiating the subgenre of the "stalker" or slasher film.[43] Williams views Friday the 13th as "symptomatic of its era," particularly Reagan-era America, and part of a trajectory of films such as The Texas Chain Saw Massacre (1974) and Race with the Devil (1975), which "exemplify a particular apocalyptic vision moving from disclosing family contradictions to self-indulgent nihilism."[43]

text: Cultural critic Graham Thompson also considers the film as a template, along with John Carpenter's Halloween (1978), that "instigated a rush" of films of its type, in which young people away from supervision are systematically stalked and murdered by a masked villain.[44] Film critic Timothy Shary notes in his book Teen Movies: American Youth on Screen (2012) that where Halloween introduced a "more subtle sexual curiosity within its morbid moral lesson," films such as Friday the 13th "capitali[zed] on the reactionary aspect of teen sexuality, slaughtering wholesale those youth who deigned to cross the threshold of sexual awareness."[45]

text: Related works[edit]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: As of 2018, Friday the 13th has spawned ten sequels, including a crossover film with A Nightmare on Elm Street villain Freddy Krueger. Friday the 13th Part 2 (1981) introduced Jason Voorhees, the son of Mrs. Voorhees, as the primary antagonist, which would continue for the remaining sequels (with exception of the fifth movie) and related works. Most of the sequels were filmed on larger budgets than the original. For comparison, Friday the 13th had a budget of $550,000, while the first sequel was given a budget of $1.25 million.[46] At the time of its release, Freddy vs. Jason had the largest budget, at $25 million.[47] All of the sequels repeated the premise of the original, so the filmmakers made tweaks to provide freshness. Changes involved an addition to the title—as opposed to a number attached to the end—like "The Final Chapter" and "Jason Takes Manhattan", or filming the movie in 3-D, as Miner did for Friday the 13th Part III (1982).[48] One major addition that would affect the entire film series was the addition of Jason's hockey mask in the third film; this mask would become one of the most recognizable images in popular culture.[49]

text: A reboot to Friday the 13th came to theaters in February 2009, with Freddy vs. Jason writers Damian Shannon and Mark Swift hired to script the new film.[50] The film focused on Jason Voorhees, along with his trademark hockey mask.[51] The film was produced by Michael Bay, Andrew Form and Brad Fuller through Bay's production company Platinum Dunes, for New Line Cinema.[50] In November 2007, Marcus Nispel, director of the 2003 remake of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, was hired to direct.[52] The film had its United States release on 13 February 2009.[53]

text: Adaptions and literature[edit]

text: In 1987, seven years after the release of the motion picture, Simon Hawke produced a novelization of Friday the 13th. One of the few additions to the book was Mrs. Voorhees begging the Christy family to take her back after the loss of her son; they agreed.[54] Another addition in the novel is more understanding in Mrs. Voorhees' actions. Hawke felt the character had attempted to move on when Jason died, but her psychosis got the best of her. When Steve Christy reopened the camp, Mrs. Voorhees saw it as a chance that what happened to her son could happen again. Her murders were against the counselors, because she saw them all as responsible for Jason's death.[55]

text: A number of scenes from the film were recreated in Friday the 13th: Pamela's Tale, a two-issue comic book prequel released by WildStorm in 2007. In 2016, the book On Location in Blairstown: The Making of Friday the 13th was released detailing the planning and filming of the movie.[56]


document_title: List of shortest players in National Basketball Association history

question_text: who is the shortest player in the nba 2016

text: This is a complete listing of the shortest players in National Basketball Association history at a listed height of 5 feet 9 inches (175 cm) or shorter. Only 25 players in NBA history have been at a listed height of 5' 9" or shorter.[1] Two are currently active. The shortest NBA player to be inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, and the only one listed here, is Calvin Murphy at 5' 9". With one exception, Dino Martin (a forward), all of the players listed here have played or play the position of point guard.

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

GP
Games played
Pts
Points
PPG
Points per game

FG%
Field goal percentage
FT%
Free throw percentage
Ast
Assists

APG
Assists per game
Stl
Steals
SPG
Steals per game

text:
Height
Weight
Player
Nationality
Teams
GP
Pts
PPG
FG%
FT%
Ast
APG
Stl
SPG
Notes

5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)
136 lb (62 kg)
Bogues, MuggsyMuggsy Bogues[2]
 USA
Washington Bullets (1987–1988)
Charlotte Hornets (1988–1997)
Golden State Warriors (1997–1999)
Toronto Raptors (1999–2001)
889
6,858
7.7
.458
.827
6,726
7.6
1.36
1.54
Played alongside the original one of the two tallest players in NBA history, Manute Bol, during the 1987–88 season for the Washington Bullets; their difference in height was 28 inches (71 cm).

5 ft 5 in (1.65 m)
135 lb (61 kg)
Boykins, EarlEarl Boykins[3]
 USA
New Jersey Nets (1999)
Cleveland Cavaliers (1999, 2000)
Orlando Magic (1999)
Los Angeles Clippers (2001–2002)
Golden State Warriors (2002–03)
Denver Nuggets (2003–2007)
Milwaukee Bucks (2007, 2011)
Charlotte Bobcats (2008)
Washington Wizards (2009–10)
Houston Rockets (2012)
652
5,791
8.9
.417
.876
2,092
3.2
390
0.60

5 ft 6 in (1.68 m)
165 lb (75 kg)
Hirsch, MelMel Hirsch[4]
 USA
Boston Celtics (1946–1947)
13
19
1.5
.200
.500
10
0.8
—
—
During his time, was the NBA's shortest player.

5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
140 lb (64 kg)
Grant, GregGreg Grant[5]
 USA
Phoenix Suns (1989–1990)
New York Knicks (1990–1991)
Charlotte Hornets (1991–1992)
Philadelphia 76ers (1991–1992, 1992–1993, 1995–1996)
Washington Bullets (1995–1996)
Denver Nuggets (1994–1995, 1995–1996)
274
767
2.8
.383
.710
751
2.7
161
0.59

5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
160 lb (73 kg)
Jennings, KeithKeith Jennings[6]
 USA
Golden State Warriors (1992–1995)
164
1,090
6.6
.436
.852
614
3.7
164
1.00

5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
150 lb (68 kg)
Klotz, HermHerm Klotz[7]
 USA
Baltimore Bullets (1947–1948)
11
15
1.4
.226
.333
7
0.6
—
—
Shortest player to ever win an NBA championship.

5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
150 lb (68 kg)
Misaka, WataruWataru Misaka[8]
 USA
New York Knicks (1947–1948)
3
7
2.3
.333
0
0.0
—
—
—
First Non-Caucasian player and first Asian player in the NBA.

5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
150 lb (68 kg)
Towe, MonteMonte Towe[9]
 USA
Denver Nuggets (1976–1977)
51
130
2.5
.406
.720
87
1.7
16
0.31
The shortest player in the original ABA.

5 ft 7 in (1.70 m)
133 lb (60 kg)
Webb, SpudSpud Webb[10]
 USA
Atlanta Hawks (1985–1991, 1995–1996)
Sacramento Kings (1991–1995)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1996)
Orlando Magic (1998)
814
8,072
9.9
.452
.848
4,342
5.3
922
1.13
Won the NBA Slam Dunk Contest in 1986; shortest player to participate in the Slam Dunk Contest.

5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
165 lb (75 kg)
Criss, CharlieCharlie Criss[11]
 USA
Atlanta Hawks (1977–1981, 1983–1984, 1984–1985)
San Diego Clippers (1981–1982)
Milwaukee Bucks (1982–1984)
418
3,534
8.5
.432
.831
1,335
3.2
366
0.88

5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
160 lb (73 kg)
Martin, DinoDino Martin[12]
 USA
Providence Steamrollers (1946–1948)
92
834
9.1
.294
.638
73
0.8
—
—
The only player on this list who did not play the guard position.

5 ft 8 in (1.73 m)
170 lb (77 kg)
Somerset, WillieWillie Somerset[13]
 USA
Baltimore Bullets (1965–1966)
8
45
5.6
.419
.818
9
1.1
—
—

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
160 lb (73 kg)
Carl, HowieHowie Carl[14]
 USA
Chicago Packers (1961–1962)
31
170
5.5
.333
.706
57
1.8
—
—

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
158 lb (72 kg)
Charlie Hoefer[15]

Toronto Huskies (1946–1947)
Boston Celtics (1947–1948)
65
361
5.6
.250
.646
36
0.6
—
—

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
150 lb (68 kg)
Malamed, LionelLionel Malamed[16]
 USA
Indianapolis Jets (1948)
Rochester Royals (1948–1949)
44
258
5.9
.334
.831
61
1.4
—
—

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
170 lb (77 kg)
Ed Melvin[17]
 USA
Pittsburgh Ironmen (1946–1947)
57
281
4.9
.263
.654
37
0.6
—
—

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
165 lb (75 kg)
Murphy, CalvinCalvin Murphy*[18]
 USA
San Diego/Houston Rockets (1970–1983)
1,002
17,949
17.9
.482
.892
4,402
4.4
1,165[19]
1.53[19]
Shortest NBA player to be inducted to the Hall of Fame, as well as appear in at least one All-Star Game.++

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
145 lb (66 kg)
Musi, AngeloAngelo Musi[20]
 USA
Philadelphia Warriors (1946–1949)
161
1,359
8.4
.290
.771
117
0.7
—
—

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
160 lb (73 kg)
O'Brien, RalphRalph O'Brien
 USA
Indianapolis Olympians (1951–1952)
Baltimore Bullets
119
848
7.1
.360
.830
180
1.5
—
—

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
180 lb (82 kg)
Robinson, NateNate Robinson[21]
 USA
New York Knicks (2005–2010)
Boston Celtics (2009–2011)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2011)
Golden State Warriors (2011–12)
Chicago Bulls (2012–2013)
Denver Nuggets (2013–2015)
Los Angeles Clippers (2015)
New Orleans Pelicans (2015)
574
6,569
11.4
.427
.800
1,725
3.0
522
0.91
The only three-time winner of the NBA Slam Dunk Contest, winning in 2006, 2009 and 2010.

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
155 lb (70 kg)
Rock, GeneGene Rock[22]
 USA
Chicago Stags (1947–1948)
11
10
0.9
.222
.500
0
0.0
—
—

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
165 lb (75 kg)
Tabuse, YutaYuta Tabuse[23]
 JPN
Phoenix Suns (2004–2005)
4
7
1.8
.167
1.000
3
0.8
0
0.00
The first (and so far, only) Japanese born player to ever play in the NBA.

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
185 lb (84 kg)
Thomas, IsaiahIsaiah Thomas^[24]
 USA
Sacramento Kings (2011–2014)
Phoenix Suns (2014–2015)
Boston Celtics (2015–2017)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017–present)
389
6,877
22.2
.438
.871
1,973
6.2
383
0.99
Shortest player to be included in an All-NBA Team. Shortest player to play in an NBA All-Star game joined by Calvin Murphy. Shortest player to play in multiple All-Star games. Shortest player to record a triple-double in a game.

5 ft 9 in (1.75 m)
176 lb (80 kg)
Felder, KayKay Felder^[25]
 USA
Cleveland Cavaliers (2016–2017)
Chicago Bulls (2017–present)
42
2
4.0
.333
–
1
1.0
0
0.00

text: ++Note: The shortest player in the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of fame is pre-NBA player Barney Sedran, at 5 feet 4 inches.[26]


document_title: Suite: Judy Blue Eyes

question_text: who is the song sweet judy blue eyes about

text: Suite: Judy Blue Eyes

text: Background and composition[edit]

text: The title "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" (a play on words for "Sweet Judy Blue Eyes") refers to Stephen Stills' former girlfriend, singer/songwriter Judy Collins, and the lyrics to most of the suite's sections consist of his thoughts about her and their imminent breakup. Collins is known for her piercing blue eyes. During a July 15, 2007 interview for the National Public Radio program Just Roll Tape, Stills revealed that Collins was present in the studio when the demo tapes were recorded. Collins had advised Stills "not to stay [at the studio] all night." Stills later commented that "the breakup was imminent...we were both too large for one house." Stills said that he liked parts of this demo version of "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" better than the released version.

text: Collins and Stills had met in 1967 and dated for two years. In 1969, she was appearing in the New York Shakespeare Festival musical production of Peer Gynt and had fallen in love with her co-star Stacy Keach, eventually leaving Stills for him. Stills was devastated by the possible breakup and wrote the song as a response to his sadness. In a 2000 interview, Collins gave her impressions of when she first heard the song:

text: "[Stephen] came to where I was singing one night on the West Coast and brought his guitar to the hotel and he sang me "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes," the whole song. And of course it has lines in it that referred to my therapy. And so he wove that all together in this magnificent creation. So the legacy of our relationship is certainly in that song."

text: The recording features an acoustic guitar tuned to EEEEBE ("Bruce Palmer Modal Tuning"[2]) vs. the standard EADGBE tuning.[3][4] This style of tuning would later be used for the Déjà Vu songs "4+20" and "Carry On".

text: Live performances[edit]

text: The final section of the song is included on the CSNY live album 4 Way Street. It fades in on the opening of side one of the album. CSN also performed "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" as their opening song at the Woodstock and Live Aid festivals, and their performance at the former is featured in the film Woodstock (1970).[citation needed]

text: Sections[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" has four distinct sections. The timings below are for the full album version. The shortened version released as a single cut the second and fourth verses from the first section, cut the third and fourth verses from the second section, cut the final verse and preceding break from the third section, and shortened the guitar break between the second and the third sections. The final section is the only part that stayed fully intact on the single.

text: First section[edit]

text: The first section is a traditional pop song with four verses, featuring a chorus of "I am yours, you are mine, you are what you are." Running at approximately 2:56, the lead vocal is performed by Stills, with Crosby and Nash providing harmonies.

text: Second section[edit]

text: The second section is performed in half time relative to the first section, and features four verses of three-part harmony from the band, with Stills performing a brief vocal solo between the second and third. This section runs from 2:56 to 4:43.

text: Third section[edit]

text: The third section is more upbeat and features poetic lyrics ("chestnut brown canary, ruby-throated sparrow"), lasting from 4:43 to 6:25. Each of the three phrases is initially sung by Stills, with Nash then joining, and finally Crosby rounding out the harmonies. Connecting the phrases are instrumental breaks performed by Stills on acoustic guitar.

text: Final section[edit]

text: The final section (the coda) is sung in Spanish, starting at 6:34 until the song concludes.  The "doo-doo-doo-da-doo" backing vocals are the best known segment of "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes", with Stills singing Spanish lyrics in the background. Stills has said that he intentionally made the final stanzas unexpected and difficult, even using a foreign language for the lyrics, "just to make sure nobody would understand it" (not even Spanish speaking people).[5]

text: The final section has been parodied many times, notably in Frank Zappa's compositions "Billy the Mountain" and "Magdalena" on The Mothers of Invention's album Just Another Band From L.A. Most recently, "Weird Al" Yankovic performs a takeoff of it ("Mission Statement") on his 2014 album Mandatory Fun, only instead of Spanish, the lyrics are corporate buzzwords strung together in such a way as to be ultimately nonsensical. It is also sampled in the 2010 Cypress Hill song "Armada Latina".

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Writing for The New York Times in 1969, Robert Christgau believed that while "Stills has become such a sophisticated guitarist that many of his lines lack any straight-on rhythmic compulsion", his "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" is "a structural triumph which could never have been brought off by a more Dionysiac spirit."[6]

text: "Suite: Judy Blue Eyes" was named the 51st greatest song ever in a 2000 list by VH1. In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked it number 418 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. It was also included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's "500 Songs That Shaped Rock & Roll".[7]

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
David Crosby – harmony vocals
Stephen Stills – lead vocals, acoustic guitar, bass, keyboards, percussion
Graham Nash – harmony vocals

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (1970–71)

Peakposition

Canada 100 (RPM)[1]

11

Netherlands (Single Top 100)[8]

30

US Hot 100 (Billboard)[9]

21

US Cash Box Top 100[10]

15