document_title: Hogwarts

question_text: name of all four houses in harry potter

question_tokens: name of all four houses in harry potter

text: Hogwarts

text: School location and information

text: J. K. Rowling says she visualises Hogwarts, in its entirety, to be:[1]

text: A huge, rambling, quite scary-looking castle, with a jumble of towers and battlements. Like the Weasleys' house, it isn't a building that Muggles could build, because it is supported by magic.

text: In the novels, Hogwarts is somewhere in Scotland[10][11] (the film Prisoner of Azkaban says that Dufftown is near.) The school is depicted as having numerous charms and spells on and around it that make it impossible for a Muggle to locate it. Muggles cannot see the school; rather, they see only ruins and several warnings of danger.[GF Ch.11] The castle's setting is described as having extensive grounds with sloping lawns, flowerbeds and vegetable patches, a loch (called The Black Lake), a large dense forest (called the Forbidden Forest), several greenhouses and other outbuildings, and a full-size Quidditch pitch. There is also an owlery, which houses all the owls owned by the school and those owned by students. Some rooms in the school tend to "move around", and so do the stairs in the grand staircase.[12] Witches and wizards cannot Apparate or Disapparate in Hogwarts grounds, except when the Headmaster lifts the enchantment, whether only in certain areas or for the entire campus, so as to make the school less vulnerable when it serves the headmaster to allow Apparition.[GF Ch.28] Electricity and electronic devices are not found at Hogwarts. In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Hermione indicates that due to the high levels of magic, "substitutes for magic (that) Muggles use" such as computers, radar and electricity "go haywire" around Hogwarts. Radios however, make an exception. Rowling explains this by saying that the radios are not powered by electricity but by magic.

text: Hogwarts is on the shore of a lake, sometimes called the Black Lake. In that lake are merpeople, Grindylows, and a giant squid. The giant squid does not attack humans and sometimes acts as a lifeguard when students are in the lake.

text: Hogwarts is a coeducational, secondary boarding school, taking children from ages eleven to eighteen.[4] Education at Hogwarts is not compulsory, with some students being home schooled as stated in the seventh book. Rowling initially said there are about one thousand students at Hogwarts.[13] She later suggested around six hundred, while acknowledging that this number was still inconsistent with the small number of people in Harry's year. She further explained that this had resulted from her creating only 40 characters for Harry's year.[14]

text: Rowling has said that Hogwarts is "a multifaith school".[15] She has further stated on the subject, "The only people I never imagined there are Wiccans."[16] In response to the query, "[D]o you think there are a lot of LGBT students in modern age Hogwarts? I like to imagine they formed an LGBT club," Rowling replied, "But of course."[17]

text: Admission

text: According to the novels, admission to Hogwarts is selective, in that children who show magical ability will automatically gain a place,[18] and squibs cannot attend the school as students (though they can work there in other roles, as Argus Filch does).[19] A magical quill at Hogwarts detects the birth of magical children and writes their names into a large parchment book,[20] but there is no admission test because "you are either magical or you are not."[18] Every year, a teacher checks this book and sends a letter to the children who are turning eleven. Acceptance or refusal of a place at Hogwarts must be posted by 31 July. The letter also contains a list of supplies like spell books, uniform, and other things that the student will need. The prospective student is expected to buy all the necessary materials, normally from shops in Diagon Alley, a concealed street near Charing Cross Road in London that can be found behind the wizarding pub, The Leaky Cauldron. Students who cannot afford their supplies can receive financial aid from the school, as happened with the young orphan Tom Riddle.

text: Letters to Muggle-born witches and wizards, who may not be aware of their powers and are unfamiliar with the concealed wizarding world, are delivered in person by a member of Hogwarts staff, who then explains to the parents or guardians about magical society, and reassures them regarding this news.[HP7]

text: Though the school is in Great Britain, its catchment area is the wider British Isles, as Irish students can also attend.

text: Each student is allowed to bring an owl OR a cat OR a toad. Along with the acceptance letter, first-year students are sent a list of required equipment which includes a wand, subject books, a standard size 2 pewter cauldron, a set of brass scales, a set of glass or crystal phials, a kit of basic potion ingredients (for Potions), and a telescope (for Astronomy). The Hogwarts uniform consists of plain work robes in black, a plain black hat, a pair of protective gloves, and a black winter cloak with silver fastenings. Each uniform must contain the wearer's nametag. First years are not allowed a broomstick of their own, though an exception to this rule is made for Harry in his first year after he demonstrates an excellent ability as a Seeker in Quidditch.

text: Arrival

text: The primary mode of transport to Hogwarts is the Hogwarts Express that students take at the start of each school year. Students board the train from the also fictional and hidden Platform 9¾ at King's Cross station in London. The train arrives near Hogwarts, some time after nightfall.

text:
From there, first-year students are accompanied by the "Keeper of the Keys, Game and Grounds" (which was Hagrid during the first novel) to small boats, which magically sail across the lake and get them near the entrance of Hogwarts. The older students ride up to the castle in carriages pulled by creatures called Thestrals. When the first-year students initially arrive at the castle, they wait in a small chamber off the entrance hall until the older students have taken their seats, and then enter the Great Hall for the Sorting Ceremony to determine their House assignments. As Professor Minerva McGonagall said in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, "The Sorting is a very important ceremony because, while you are here, your House will be something like your family within Hogwarts. You will have classes with the rest of your House, sleep in your House dormitory, and spend free time in your House common room."
After the Sorting Hat sings a song, each student in turn is seated upon the stool in front of the rest of the student body. The Hat is placed on the student's head, whereupon it examines his or her mind and assigns them to one of the four Houses based on abilities, personality, and preferences. After the Sorting Ceremony, the students and teachers enjoy a feast, prepared by the Hogwarts house-elves. If Dumbledore is feeling cheerful, he will lead the students in singing the school song.[21]

text: Houses

text: Hogwarts is divided into four houses, each bearing the last name of its founder: Godric Gryffindor, Salazar Slytherin, Rowena Ravenclaw and Helga Hufflepuff. Throughout the school year, the houses compete for the House Cup, gaining and losing points based on actions such as performance in class and rule violations. The house with the highest end-of-year total wins and has its colours displayed in the Great Hall for the following school year. Each house also has its own Quidditch team that competes for the Quidditch Cup. These two competitions breed rivalries between the houses. Houses at Hogwarts are living and learning communities for their students. Each house is under the authority of one of the Hogwarts staff members. The Heads of the houses, as they are called, are in charge of giving their students important information, dealing with matters of severe punishment, and responding to emergencies in their houses, among other things. Each year, year level groups of every separate house share the same dormitory and classes. The dormitory and common room of a House are, barring rare exceptions, inaccessible to students belonging to other Houses.

text: In the early days of Hogwarts, the four founders hand-picked students for their Houses. When the founders worried how students would be selected after their deaths, Godric Gryffindor took his hat off and they each added knowledge to it, allowing the Sorting Hat to choose the students by judging each student's qualities and placing them in the most appropriate house. The student's own choices may affect the decision: the clearest example is the Hat telling Harry that he would do well in Slytherin in the first book, but ultimately selecting Gryffindor after Harry asks it not to put him in Slytherin.

text: The translators of the books' foreign editions had difficulty translating the "house" concept; in countries where this system does not exist, no word could adequately convey the importance of belonging to a house, the loyalty owed to it, and the pride taken in prizes won by the house.[22]

text: Gryffindor

text: Gryffindor values courage, bravery, nerve, and chivalry. Gryffindor's mascot is the lion, and its colours are scarlet and gold. The Head of this house is the Transfiguration Professor and Deputy Headmistress, Minerva McGonagall until she becomes headmistress, and the house ghost is Sir Nicholas de Mimsy-Porpington, more commonly known as Nearly Headless Nick. According to Rowling, Gryffindor corresponds roughly to the element of fire. The founder of the house is Godric Gryffindor.

text: The Gryffindor common room is in one of the castle's highest towers, and its entrance is on the seventh floor in the east wing of the castle and is guarded by a painting of The Fat Lady, who is garbed in a pink dress. She permits entry only after being given the correct password, as was distinguished in the third book, when Sirius Black tried forcing entry into the tower, only to be blocked by The Fat Lady after he could not give the correct password. In the first book, Neville Longbottom tends to forget the password and must wait near the painting until other Gryffindors arrive to open the way.[23]

text: Hufflepuff

text: Hufflepuff values hard work, patience, justice, and loyalty. The house mascot is the badger, and canary yellow and black are its colours. The Head of this house is the Herbology Professor Pomona Sprout, and the house ghost is The Fat Friar. According to Rowling, Hufflepuff corresponds roughly to the element of earth. The founder of this house is Helga Hufflepuff.

text: The entrance to the Hufflepuff dormitories and common room entrance is concealed in a pile of large barrels in an alcove in the corridor that holds the kitchen. To enter, one must tap the barrel two from the bottom in the middle of the second row in the rhythm of "Helga Hufflepuff". Unlike any other house, the Hufflepuff common room has a repelling device that douses the illegal entrant in vinegar if the wrong lid is tapped or the rhythm is wrong.[24] The Hufflepuff common room is filled with yellow hangings and fat armchairs and it has little underground tunnels leading to the dormitories, all of which have perfectly round doors, like barrel tops.[25]

text: Ravenclaw

text: Ravenclaw values intelligence, creativity, learning, and wit.[HP5][HP7] The house mascot is an eagle and the house colours are blue and bronze (blue and grey in the films). The head of this house is the Charms teacher, Professor Filius Flitwick, and the house ghost is The Grey Lady. According to Rowling, Ravenclaw corresponds roughly to the element of air. The founder of this house is Rowena Ravenclaw.

text: The dormitories are in Ravenclaw Tower, on the west side of Hogwarts. The common room, which went undescribed in the series until the climax of Deathly Hallows, is round and filled with blue hangings and armchairs, has a domed ceiling painted with stars and features a replica statue of Rowena wearing her diadem. Harry also notes that Ravenclaws "have a spectacular view of the surrounding mountains". A logical riddle must be solved to gain entry, whereas the Gryffindor and Slytherin common rooms only require a password (Hufflepuffs need to tap a barrel in the rhythm of "Helga Hufflepuff"), indicating that it may be easier for those students from other houses who possess a high degree of intelligence to enter this common room than others. Professor McGonagall, the head of the Gryffindor House, solves the riddle accurately.

text: Slytherin

text: Slytherin values ambition, cunning, leadership, and resourcefulness; the Sorting Hat said in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone that Slytherins will do anything to get their way. The house mascot of Slytherin is the serpent, and the house colours are green and silver. The Head of House is Professor Severus Snape until the seventh book. Then, Professor Horace Slughorn, the previous Head of House, comes out of retirement re-assuming authority after Snape becomes headmaster. The ghost of Slytherin house is The Bloody Baron.[26] According to Rowling, Slytherin corresponds roughly to the element of water. The founder of this house is Salazar Slytherin.

text: The Slytherin dormitories and common room are reached through a bare stone wall in the dungeons. The Slytherin common room is a long, low, dungeon-style room, under the Hogwarts Lake, furnished with green lamps and carved armchairs. The room is described in the second book as having a greenish glow.

text: The Sorting Hat claims that blood purity is a factor in selecting Slytherins, although this is not mentioned until the fifth book. There is no reason to believe, however, that Muggle-born students are not sorted there, merely that pure-blooded students are more desirable to that house, as there are several examples of half-bloods in the house (such as Snape and Tom Riddle/Voldemort). In Deathly Hallows, a group of Snatchers claim that "not many Mudbloods" are sorted into Slytherin.

text: When believing Harry to be dead and thinking that he has final victory in his grasp, Voldemort proclaims his intention to abolish the other three houses and force all Hogwarts students into Slytherin. This design is foiled by his defeat and death, after which Slytherin becomes more diluted in its blood purity, no longer remaining the pure-blood bastion it once was.

text: Subjects and teachers

text:
Being a school of magic, many subjects at Hogwarts differ from the studies of a typical school. Some subjects, such as History of Magic, derive from non-wizard – or muggle – subjects, but many others, such as charms and apparition classes, are unique to the wizarding world.
There are twelve named teachers (referred to as Professors), each specialising in a single subject. All professors are overseen by a school head and deputy head. Transfiguration, Defence Against the Dark Arts, Charms, Potions, Astronomy, History of Magic, and Herbology are compulsory subjects for the first five years, as well as flying lessons. At the end of their second year, students are required to add at least two optional subjects to their syllabus for the start of the third year. The five choices are Arithmancy, Muggle Studies, Divination, Study of Ancient Runes and Care of Magical Creatures. "Very specialised subjects such as alchemy are sometimes offered in the final two years, if there is sufficient demand."[27]

text: Student life

text: The day begins at Hogwarts with breakfast in the Great Hall. Students sit at their own House table and can eat and socialise, or finish homework. The Headmaster or Headmistress eats with the professors at the High Table placed at the far end of the hall. During breakfast, owls bring in the students' post, generally consisting of The Daily Prophet, letters from parents or friends, or packages from home. A bell signals the start of the first class of the morning at 9 am.

text: There are two long morning classes with a short break in between them for students to get to their next class. After lunch, classes resume at 1 pm, and there is a break around afternoon teatime before another class period. The classes are about one hour in length, with occasional double periods lasting two hours. Classes end around five o'clock. First-year students get Friday afternoons off, while sixth- and seventh-year students have several free periods during the week. In the evening, students eat their dinner in the Great Hall, after which they are expected to be in their common rooms. Astronomy classes take place late at night in the Astronomy Tower.

text: The four House dormitories have secret entrances, generally known only to members of that house and require a password (Gryffindor & Slytherin), riddle answer (Ravenclaw) or ritual (Hufflepuff) in order to gain entrance. Inside is the common room, which contains armchairs and sofas for the pupils and tables for studying and homework. There are fireplaces to keep the rooms warm, and students either relax here in the evenings or else complete their homework, but may complete their work in the bedroom. There are notice boards in each common room and at other strategic points throughout the school. The students sleep in their House dormitories, which branch off from the common rooms. Each dormitory gets at least two rooms; one for boys and one for girls (an enchantment prevents boys from entering the girls' area, although there is no spell to prevent the reverse from occurring). Each student sleeps in a large four-poster bed with bed covers and heavy curtains in the House colours, and thick white pillows. There is a bedside table for each bed, and each dormitory has a jug of water and goblets on a tray.

text: On designated weekends, Hogwarts students in their third year or higher, with a signed permission slip, are permitted to walk to the nearby wizarding village of Hogsmeade, where they can relax and enjoy the pubs, restaurants and shops. There appears to be a good relationship between the school and the village, and the students get on well with the locals. Favourite places in Hogsmeade include Honeydukes Sweetshop, Zonko's Joke Shop, clothing stores such as Gladrags Wizardwear, the Shrieking Shack (regarded as the most haunted building in Britain), the pubs The Three Broomsticks and The Hog's Head, and Madam Puddifoot's coffee shop.

text: Food

text: The house-elves at Hogwarts amongst other duties provide all food to students and staff. They cook a wide variety of dishes especially at the feasts. The various dishes are prepared in the kitchens directly below the Great Hall. Within the kitchen are four long tables directly aligned with the house tables in the great hall above. At meal times the food is magically transported up, appearing directly in front of the students.[citation needed]

text: Discipline

text: Apart from losing points from a house, serious misdeeds at Hogwarts are punishable by detention. Whenever a student loses a house point, their house jewels (ruby for Gryffindors, emeralds for Slytherin, sapphires for Ravenclaw, and topazes for Hufflepuff) are taken away from a glass hourglass located in every classroom. The same goes for adding points to the specific house, although the teacher or prefect must conjure the gems from thin air.

text: According to the school caretaker, Argus Filch, detention meant subjection to various forms of corporal punishment until recently. Arthur Weasley claimed still to bear physical scars inflicted by Apollyon Pringle, Filch's predecessor. In present times, however, detention usually involves assisting staff or faculty with tedious tasks. Examples of detention include the one imposed on Harry by Umbridge in Order of the Phoenix. In this case, Harry was forced to write, "I must not tell lies" repeatedly using a magical quill which then carves what is written into the back of the writer's hand. However, most teachers at the school never use this cruel punishment. In another case, when Snape caught Harry using the Sectumsempra curse on Draco, he was forced to go through over a thousand boxes of files describing wrongdoers at Hogwarts and their punishments. Harry was supposed to order them in alphabetical order, and rewrite the cards whose words were hard to see or otherwise damaged. The Weasley twins Fred and George had a whole drawer of these cards.

text: For even more serious offences, students may be suspended or even expelled from Hogwarts. Harry and Ron are threatened with expulsion after crashing Ron's car into the Whomping Willow at the start of their second year, and Harry is expelled before the start of his fifth year (although the sentence is quickly changed to a disciplinary hearing) after he is detected using magic in the presence of Muggles, a serious offence among the wizarding community. Dumbledore argued in Harry's defence, stating that it was done in self-defence, and that the Ministry has no authority to expel students – such powers are invested in the Headmaster and the Board of Governors. Snape has attempted to have Harry expelled, and he attempted to have Harry's father, James Potter, expelled when they were at Hogwarts together. The only student known to have been expelled is Hagrid, for the murder of Myrtle with an acromantula believed to be the Monster of Slytherin and for opening the Chamber of Secrets – crimes for which Tom Riddle had framed him.

text: Professors seem to be able to punish students with relative impunity and can hand out detention, even for unsatisfactory grades. Enforcement of rules outside of class mainly falls to the caretaker, with the assistance of the prefects. A student's Head of House usually has the final say in disciplinary matters. However, during Umbridge's tenure at Hogwarts, she quickly obtains the power to have the final say in disciplinary actions, due to an Educational Decree (one of many) passed by Minister for Magic Cornelius Fudge.

text: In the summer before their fifth year, two fifth year students from each House are picked to be prefects, which grants them privileges and responsibilities and disciplinary responsibilities. The leaders of the student body, the Head Boy and Head Girl, are drawn from the seventh year students. Prefects have the authority to give detentions for infractions.

text: Grounds

text: Hogwarts Castle and its Grounds are home to many secret areas as well as well-known and well-used places.

text: Hiding place of the Philosopher's Stone

text: Accessed by entering a trapdoor in the forbidden corridor on the third floor, and protected by a gauntlet of seven magical challenges set up by the teachers.

text:
A giant three-headed dog named Fluffy placed specially to guard the trapdoor by Hagrid.
Devil's Snare, grown by Professor Sprout.
A room containing dozens of keys, charmed by Flitwick to sprout wings and fly near the ceiling. One of these keys will unlock the door to the next section. However, in the film adaptation, the keys attack the seeker of the Stone.
A large chessboard with an army of large chessmen, transfigured by McGonagall. To continue to the door on the opposite side, the person in question must beat the chessmen at a game of wizards' chess where the player must risk his life if he loses. Ron and Professor Quirrell are the only wizards to win the game of wizards' chess.
A room with a large troll inside. This is Quirrell's challenge. In the book, Quirrell had knocked out his own troll to get to the last room and thus the trio did not have to fight it; in the film, it does not appear, but it appears in the PS1 and Game Boy Color version of the game.
A series of potions, brewed by Snape. A logical riddle, not magic, has to be solved. There are two doors, blocked by fire. One potion will allow the person to exit the way he or she arrived, another will allow him or her to continue to the next chamber, two are nettle wine, and the other three are poison. This challenge does not appear in the film, but does in the video game adaptation.
The Mirror of Erised can be found in the final chamber, further enchanted by Dumbledore to bestow the Philosopher's Stone upon a seeker only hoping to acquire the stone but not use it for selfish means.

text: Chamber of Secrets

text: The Chamber of Secrets, which is deep under the school (most likely under the lake),[28] was home to an ancient Basilisk, intended to be used to purge the school of Muggle-born students. Salazar Slytherin, one of the founders of Hogwarts, built the Chamber before he left the school.

text:
The entrance to the Chamber is hidden in Moaning Myrtle's bathroom on the second floor. One of the sink taps has a snake scratched into its side; when a command in Parseltongue is spoken, it opens to reveal the mouth of a dark, slimy chute, wide enough to slide down, that gives onto a stone tunnel. There are many skeletons of small animals littering the floor and even a gigantic skin shed by the Basilisk. The tunnel leads to a solid wall, carved with two entwined serpents with emeralds for eyes.[28] At a command in Parseltongue, the wall opens to expose a long, dim corridor, lined with monumental statues of snakes, including two rows of towering stone pillars with more carved serpents that brace the ceiling. A colossal statue of Salazar Slytherin, looking ancient and monkey-like, is at the centre. The Basilisk rested inside the statue and emerged from its mouth when the Heir of Slytherin, Tom Riddle, summoned it.[29]
In his second year at Hogwarts, Harry uses Parseltongue to open the chamber and destroys the diary containing the embodied memory of a 16-year-old Tom Riddle from his own days at Hogwarts and also slays the basilisk. It is later revealed that the diary was a Horcrux.
In Deathly Hallows, Ron and Hermione enter the Chamber. Ron opens the door (despite not speaking Parseltongue) by imitating sounds he heard Harry use to open Slytherin's locket. They pull a basilisk fang from its skeleton to use to destroy the Horcrux made from Helga Hufflepuff's cup.

text: When Tom Riddle opened the Chamber, Myrtle was sulking in a stall after being teased by student Olive Hornby. She opened the door, intending to tell him to leave, but died immediately upon meeting the Basilisk's gaze and decided to become a ghost to revenge on Hornby.[28] Her bathroom remains operational, but is rarely used by students because of Myrtle's disagreeable presence and her habit of flooding it when she is distraught.

text: The film's depiction of the Chamber has snake heads in place of the pillars and Slytherin's statue is only his head. Rowling reveals in the book Harry Potter Page to Screen; The Complete Filmmaking Journey that the Chamber has flooded since its creation under unknown circumstances.

text: Passages

text: There are usually seven secret passages in and out of the school, and in addition, the series describes the use of twin vanishing cabinets to create another. Filch knows of just four of these while the Marauders (Remus Lupin, Peter Pettrigrew, Sirius and James) and the Weasley twins know of all seven, though where some lead is unknown. The Room of Requirement may, on occasion, create an eighth passage out of the school. The only known instance of this occurring is a passage to the Hog's Head bar that formed before the Battle of Hogwarts. Due to the nature of the Room of Requirement, it is possible that several passages to different locations could be accessed from the Room. The three passages out of Hogwarts that Filch does not know about are:

text:
A passage beneath the Whomping Willow, leading to the Shrieking Shack.
A passage behind a mirror on the fourth floor, which is caved in. It led to Hogsmeade, but where in Hogsmeade it leads to is unknown.
A passage beneath a one-eyed witch statue by the stairs to the Defence Against the Dark Arts classroom, leading to the cellar of Honeydukes. Speaking aloud the word 'Dissendium' to the witch allows access to this passage; the hump on the statue then opens and reveals the hidden passageway.

text: A further link between two vanishing cabinets, one in the school and the other in Borgin and Burkes in Knockturn Alley presumably worked until Chamber of Secrets when Peeves (persuaded by Nearly Headless Nick) smashed the Hogwarts cabinet. The passage was reopened in Half-Blood Prince when Draco Malfoy fixed the cabinet. This passage is not shown on the Marauder's Map as it is not part of the castle itself.

text: Besides passages in and out of the school, there are also numerous short-cuts that lead from one part of the castle to another. These are often concealed in such fashions as a tapestry which hides a hole in the wall.

text: Room of Requirement

text: On the seventh floor opposite an enormous tapestry depicting Barnabas the Barmy attempting to train trolls for the ballet, the Room of Requirement appears only when someone is in need of it. To make it appear, one must walk past its hidden entrance three times while concentrating on what is needed. The room will then appear, outfitted with whatever is required. To the Hogwarts house-elves, it is also known as the Come and Go Room.

text: Dumbledore was first to mention the room, noting that he discovered it at five-thirty in the morning, filled with chamber pots when he was trying to find a toilet. However, Dumbledore did not appear to know the Room's secrets. Dobby later told Harry of the Room in detail and admitted to frequently bringing Winky to the room to cure her bouts of Butterbeer-induced drunkenness, finding it full of antidotes and a "nice elf-sized bed." Filch was said to find cleaning supplies here when he had run out; when Fred and George needed a place to hide, it would appear as a broom cupboard. Trelawney also makes a habit of using it to hide her empty sherry bottles after she is sacked in Order of the Phoenix. It would seem that when one wishes to hide something it produces the same room for everyone: the Room of Hidden Things, which is full of many centuries worth of abandoned objects, such as broken furniture, books, and in one case a dead quintaped (for more information see Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them), which were presumably forgotten by their owners.

text: Harry learned of the room's abilities from Dobby, finding it the perfect location for his Dumbledore's Army meetings, during which it would be filled with bookcases full of Defence Against the Dark Arts volumes, many different kinds of Dark Detectors, and a plethora of floor cushions for practising defensive spells.  When the D.A. was betrayed, the room was left open, and Pansy Parkinson was able to retrieve the list of members of the organisation. In Half-Blood Prince Harry used the Room of Hidden Things to stash his copy of Advanced Potion-Making, describing it as the size of a large cathedral and packed to overflowing with items hidden by Hogwarts inhabitants over the years, such as old potions, clothing, ruined furniture, an old tiara (which happened to be one of Voldemort's Horcruxes), or books which were "no doubt banned or graffitied or stolen." He later realised that Draco had been using the room in that state to hide and repair the Vanishing Cabinet to use it to smuggle Death Eaters into Hogwarts. Ironically, while Harry tries many times to get into the Room of Requirement to see what Draco is doing, the only time he succeeds to get into the room (and he is not thinking about Draco), he gains access to the room where Malfoy has been working.

text: In Deathly Hallows, the students who need a place to hide from the Carrows, two Death Eater professors, use the room. It is also revealed that the Room of Requirement's current version can change while still occupied, though should a completely different version be required (e.g. the Room of Hidden Things instead of DA Headquarters) the room must be empty. The Room can also answer to the desire of the wizard within the room, such as providing Harry with a whistle when he needed one during a Dumbledore's Army meeting, or creating a passage to the Hog's Head (as the room cannot produce food). Later, Ravenclaw's diadem is found to be one of Voldemort's Horcruxes and has been hidden in the Room of Hidden Things by Voldemort. Harry, Ron, and Hermione enter the Room, with Harry knowing that he must look for a place to hide things, and find the tiara; but they are ambushed by Draco, Crabbe and Goyle. The diadem is finally destroyed when Crabbe fills this version of the Room with what Hermione believes to have been Fiendfyre; a destructive magical fire. It is not known if the room continues to function after the events of Deathly Hallows; Ron expresses concern that it may have been ruined in all of its forms by the cursed fire.

text: Forbidden Forest

text: The Forbidden Forest is a large, dark forest in the boundaries of the school grounds. It is usually referred to simply as "the Forest" and in the film series as the "Dark Forest". It is strictly forbidden to all students, except during Care of Magical Creatures lessons and, on rare occasions, detentions.

text: Among the plant species within the Forest are trees such as beech, oak, pine, sycamore, yew and knotgrass and thorn undergrowth. Though the Forest is vastly dense and wild, there are a few paths and clearings. Hagrid, who frequently travels into the Forest for various reasons, mostly makes these trails. The Forest is also home to an assortment of creatures, many of them dangerous.

text: In 2017, a Forbidden Forest expansion was added to the Warner Bros. Studio Tour London - The Making of Harry Potter, enabling fans to explore it for the first time.[30]

text: Sets for the exterior of the school

text: Most exterior scenes were shot on location at Alnwick Castle, but views of the exterior of the entire school were created from shots of Durham Cathedral with a digital spire added to the towers. Durham Cathedral also served as a set for Hogwarts interiors.

text: Hogwarts Express

text:
hideHogwarts Express

Legend

King's Cross

 London King's Cross railway station

 Hogsmeade Station

Hogsmeade

text: The Hogwarts Express is a train that carries students non-stop from Platform 9 3⁄4 at King's Cross station in London to Hogsmeade Station, near Hogwarts. Prefects of the school ride in a separate carriage near the front of the train. The compartments on the train appear to be lettered; in Half-Blood Prince, the "Slug Club" meets in compartment C.

text: The train began use in the 1850s. Before that, students used to reach Hogwarts on brooms or enchanted carriages.[31]

text: The steam engine used in the film adaptations is the GWR 4900 Class 5972 Olton Hall, but it was not the first locomotive to be disguised as the Hogwarts Express. To promote the books, the Southern Railway locomotive 34027 Taw Valley was repainted and renamed temporarily, but was rejected by director Chris Columbus as looking 'too modern' for the film. Filming locations for the Hogwarts Express sequences include Goathland on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, Kings Cross railway station and the route of the Jacobite Express which follows the West Highland Line from Fort William to Mallaig in Scotland, as it crosses the Glenfinnan Viaduct.[32]

text: Several model trains have been made of the Hogwarts Express. An 00 gauge is produced by Hornby, though this is of a Castle Class locomotive rather than the Hall Class used in the films. A three-rail H0 gauge model is produced by Märklin, and a two-rail H0/00 was produced in the early 2000s by Bachmann. Several now-discontinued L gauge models have been produced by LEGO. Lionel has released an O gauge set in their 2007 catalogue and a G gauge set for 2008.[33][34]

text: A completely functioning full-scale replica of the Hogwarts Express was created for The Wizarding World of Harry Potter's expansion at Universal Orlando Resort connecting King's Cross Station at the Diagon Alley expansion in Universal Studios Florida to the Hogsmeade station at Islands of Adventure,[35] manufactured by Doppelmayr Garaventa Group in the form of a funicular railway people mover.[36] The Hogwarts Express King's Cross Station features a wall between Platforms 9 and 10, where guests can "walk through" to get to Platform 9 3⁄4, like in the first film.

text: Hogwarts in translations of the Harry Potter books

text: Most translations keep the name 'Hogwarts', transcribing it if necessary (for example Arabic هوغوورتس = Hūghwūrts, Russian Хогвартс = Khogvarts, Japanese ホグワーツ = Hoguwātsu, Bengali হগওয়ার্টস = Hogowarts, Greek Χόγκουαρτς = Hóguarts, simplified Chinese 霍格沃茨 = Huògéwòcí). But some translate or otherwise adapt it: French Poudlard (lard = "bacon"), Latvian Cūkkārpas shortened from cūka = "pig" + kārpas = "warts", Dutch Zweinstein modified from zwijnsteen = "pig rock" while simultaneously referencing Albert Einstein, Norwegian Bokmål Galtvort (galt = boar, vort = wart) (Nynorsk keeps "Hogwarts"), Finnish Tylypahka (pahka = "wart"), Hungarian Roxfort (playing with the name of Oxford), Slovenian Bradavičarka (bradavice = "warts")), Czech Bradavice means simply "warts". The Ancient Greek translation of the school is "Ὑογοήτου Παιδευτήριον τὸ τῆς Γοητείας καὶ Μαγείας", loosely translating to "Hogwizard's School of Wizardry and Magic", Ὑογοήτου replacing "Hogwarts" and derived from the ancient Greek words ὑo- (hog) and γοητής (wizard).


document_title: Hemostasis

question_text: which is the correct sequence of events when skin is cut and bleeding occurs

root

text: Hemostasis

text: Etymology and pronunciation[edit]

text: The word hemostasis (/ˌhiːmoʊˈsteɪsɪs/,[1][2] sometimes /ˌhiːˈmɒstəsɪs/) uses the combining forms hemo- and -stasis, New Latin from Ancient Greek αἱμο- haimo- (akin to αἷμα haîma), "blood", and στάσις stásis, "stasis", yielding "motionlessness or stopping of blood".

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text: Steps of mechanism[edit]

text: Hemostasis occurs when blood is present outside of the body or blood vessels. It is the instinctive response for the body to stop bleeding and loss of blood. During hemostasis three steps occur in a rapid sequence. Vascular spasm is the first response as the blood vessels constrict to allow less blood to be lost. In the second step, platelet plug formation, platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall. The third and last step is called coagulation or blood clotting. Coagulation reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin threads that act as a "molecular glue".[3] Platelets are a large factor in the hemostatic process. They allow for the creation of the "platelet plug" that forms almost directly after a blood vessel has been ruptured. Within seconds of a blood vessel's epithelial wall being disrupted platelets begin to adhere to the sub-endothelium surface. It takes approximately sixty seconds until the first fibrin strands begin to intersperse among the wound. After several minutes the platelet plug is completely formed by fibrin.[4] Hemostasis is maintained in the body via three mechanisms:

text:
Vascular spasm (Vasoconstriction) - Vasoconstriction is produced by vascular smooth muscle cells, and is the blood vessel's first response to injury. The smooth muscle cells are controlled by vascular endothelium, which releases intravascular signals to control the contracting properties. When a blood vessel is damaged, there is an immediate reflex, initiated by local sympathetic pain receptors, which helps promote vasoconstriction. The damaged vessels will constrict (vasoconstrict) which reduces the amount of blood flow through the area and limits the amount of blood loss. Collagen is exposed at the site of injury, the collagen promotes platelets to adhere to the injury site. Platelets release cytoplasmic granules which contain serotonin, ADP and thromboxane A2, all of which increase the effect of vasoconstriction. The spasm response becomes more effective as the amount of damage is increased. Vascular spasm is much more effective in smaller blood vessels.[5][6]
Platelet plug formation- Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a platelet plug (primary hemostasis) and then degranulate. This process is regulated through thromboregulation. Plug formation is activated by a glycoprotein called Von Willebrand factor (vWF), which is found in plasma. Platelets play one of major roles in the hemostatic process. When platelets come across the injured endothelium cells, they change shape, release granules and ultimately become ‘sticky’. Platelets express certain receptors, some of which are used for the adhesion of platelets to collagen. When platelets are activated, they express glycoprotein receptors that interact with other platelets, producing aggregation and adhesion. Platelets release cytoplasmic granules such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP), serotonin and thromboxane A2. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) attracts more platelets to the affected area, serotonin is a vasoconstrictor and thromboxane A2 assists in platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and degranulation. As more chemicals are released more platelets stick and release their chemicals; creating a platelet plug and continuing the process in a positive feedback loop. Platelets alone are responsible for stopping the bleeding of unnoticed wear and tear of our skin on a daily basis. This is referred to as primary hemostasis.[5][7]
Clot formation - Once the platelet plug has been formed by the platelets, the clotting factors (a dozen proteins that travel along the blood plasma in an inactive state) are activated in a sequence of events known as 'coagulation cascade' which leads to the formation of Fibrin from inactive fibrinogen plasma protein. Thus, a Fibrin mesh is produced all around the platelet plug to hold it in place; this step is called "Secondary Hemostasis". During this process some red and white blood cells are trapped in the mesh which causes the primary hemostasis plug to become harder: the resultant plug is called as 'thrombus' or 'Clot'. Therefore 'blood clot' contains secondary hemostasis plug with blood cells trapped in it. Though this is often a good step for wound healing, it has the ability to cause severe health problems if the thrombus becomes detached from the vessel wall and travels through the circulatory system; If it reaches the brain, heart or lungs it could lead to stroke, heart attack, or pulmonary embolism respectively. However, without this process the healing of a wound would not be possible.[3]

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text: Types[edit]

text: Hemostasis can be achieved in various other ways if the body cannot do it naturally (or needs help) during surgery or medical treatment. When the body is under shock and stress, hemostasis is harder to achieve. Though natural hemostasis is most desired, having other means of achieving this is vital for survival in many emergency settings. Without the ability to stimulate hemostasis the risk of hemorrhaging is great. During surgical procedures the types of hemostasis listed below can be used to control bleeding while avoiding and reducing the risk of tissue destruction. Hemostasis can be achieved by chemical agent as well as mechanical or physical agents. Which hemostasis type used is determined based on the situation.[8]

text: Developmental Haemostasis refers to the differences in the haemostatic system between children and adults.

text: In emergency medicine[edit]

text: Debates by physicians and medical practitioners still continue to arise on the subject of hemostasis and how to handle situations with large injuries. If an individual acquires a large injury resulting in extreme blood loss, then a hemostatic agent alone would not be very effective. Medical professionals continue to debate on what the best ways are to assist a patient in a chronic state; however, it is universally accepted that hemostatic agents are the primary tool for smaller bleeding injuries.[8]

text: Some main types of hemostasis used in emergency medicine include:

text:
Chemical/topical- This is a topical agent often used in surgery settings to stop bleeding. Microfibrillar collagen is the most popular choice among surgeons because it attracts the patient's natural platelets and starts the blood clotting process when it comes in contact with the platelets. This topical agent requires the normal hemostatic pathway to be properly functional.[9]
Direct pressure or pressure dressing- This type of hemostasis approach is most commonly used in situations where proper medical attention is not available. Putting pressure and/or dressing to a bleeding wound slows the process of blood loss, allowing for more time to get to an emergency medical setting. Soldiers use this skill during combat when someone has been injured because this process allows for blood loss to be decreased, giving the system time to start coagulation.[10]
Sutures and ties- Sutures are often used to close an open wound, allowing for the injured area to stay free of pathogens and other unwanted debris to enter the site; however, it is also essential to the process of hemostasis. Sutures and ties allow for skin to be joined back together allowing for platelets to start the process of hemostasis at a quicker pace. Using sutures results in a quicker recovery period because the surface area of the wound has been decreased.[11]
Physical agents (gelatin sponge)- Gelatin sponges have been indicated as great hemostatic devices. Once applied to a bleeding area, a gelatin sponge quickly stops or reduces the amount of bleeding present. These physical agents are mostly used in surgical settings as well as after surgery treatments. These sponges absorb blood, allow for coagulation to occur faster, and give off chemical responses that decrease the time it takes for the hemostasis pathway to start.[12]

tag: ul

text: Disorders[edit]

text: The body's hemostasis system requires careful regulation in order to work properly. If the blood does not clot sufficiently, it may be due to bleeding disorders such as hemophilia or immune thrombocytopenia; this requires careful investigation. Over-active clotting can also cause problems; thrombosis, where blood clots form abnormally, can potentially cause embolisms, where blood clots break off and subsequently become lodged in a vein or artery.

text: Hemostasis disorders can develop for many different reasons. They may be congenital, due to a deficiency or defect in an individual's platelets or clotting factors. A number of disorders can be acquired as well, such as in HELLP syndrome, which is due to pregnancy, or Hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), which is due to E. coli toxins.

text: History of artificial hemostasis[edit]

text: The process of preventing blood loss from a vessel or organ of the body is referred to as hemostasis. The term comes from the Ancient Greek roots "heme" meaning blood, and "stasis" meaning halting; Put together means the "halting of the blood".[3] The origin of hemostasis dates back as far as ancient Greece; first referenced to being used in the Battle of Troy. It started with the realization that excessive bleeding inevitably equaled death. Vegetable and mineral styptics were used on large wounds by the Greeks and Romans until the takeover of Egypt around 332BC by Greece. At this time many more advances in the general medical field were developed based off the study of Egyptian mummification practice, which led to greater knowledge of the hemostatic process. It was during this time that many of the veins and arteries running throughout the human body were found and the directions in which they traveled. Doctors of this time realized if these were plugged, blood could not continue to flow out of the body. Nevertheless, it took until the invention of the printing press during the fifteenth century for medical notes and ideas to travel westward, allowing for the idea and practice of hemostasis to be expanded.[13]

text: Research[edit]

text: There is currently a great deal of research being conducted on hemostasis. The most current research is based on genetic factors of hemostasis and how it can be altered to reduce the cause of genetic disorders that alter the natural process hemostasis.[14]

text: Von Willebrand disease is associated with a defect in the ability of the body to create the platelet plug and the fibrin mesh that ultimately stops the bleeding. New research is concluding that the von Willebrand disease is much more common in adolescence. This disease negatively hinders the natural process of Hemostasis causing excessive bleeding to be a concern in patients with this disease. There are complex treatments that can be done including a combination of therapies, estrogen-progesterone preparations, desmopressin, and Von Willebrand factor concentrates. Current research is trying to find better ways to deal with this disease; however, much more research is needed in order to find out the effectiveness of the current treatments and if there are more operative ways to treat this disease.[15]


document_title: Juxtaglomerular cell

question_text: when do cells in the kidneys secrete renin quizlet

text: Juxtaglomerular cell

text:
Juxtaglomerular cell

Microscopic image of juxtaglomerular cells

Drawing of renal corpuscle: juxtaglomerular cells (granular cells) are labeled as number 6. Macula densa cells are labeled 7, extraglomerular mesangium are labeled 5b.

Anatomical terminology
[edit on Wikidata]

tag: table

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells, or granular cells) are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles, and some in the efferent arterioles, that deliver blood to the glomerulus. In synthesizing renin, they play a critical role in the renin-angiotensin system and thus in autoregulation of the kidney.

text: Juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin in response to a drop in pressure detected by stretch receptors in the vascular walls, or when stimulated by macula densa cells. Macula densa cells are located in the distal convoluted tubule, and stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to release renin when they detect a drop in sodium concentration in tubular fluid. Together, juxtaglomerular cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells and macula densa cells comprise the juxtaglomerular complex.

text: In appropriately stained tissue sections, juxtaglomerular cells are distinguished by their granulated cytoplasm.

text: The juxtaglomerular cell is a cell that is located near the glomerulus, hence its name.

text: Similar to cardiac tissue, juxtaglomerular cells harbor β1 adrenergic receptors. When stimulated by epinephrine or norepinephrine, these receptors induce the secretion of renin. These cells also respond directly to a decrease in systemic blood pressure which is manifested as a lower renal perfusion pressure.


document_title: The Secret Life of the American Teenager (season 2)

question_text: the secret life of the american teenager ashley starts high school

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Shailene Woodley as Amy Juergens
India Eisley as Ashley Juergens
Daren Kagasoff as Richard 'Ricky' Underwood
Francia Raisa as Adrian Lee
Kenny Baumann as Benjamin 'Ben' Boykewich
Megan Park as Grace Bowman
Greg Finley II as Jack Pappas
Molly Ringwald as Anne Juergens
Mark Derwin as George Juergens

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No. in
series
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

24
1
"The Big One"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata
June 22, 2009 (2009-06-22)
4.68[11]

Struggling to deal with motherhood, Amy suspects that Anne could be pregnant. Meanwhile, Ben decides he does not like Betty, with whom his father is seemingly in love, and expresses to Amy that he wants to have sex. While visiting John, Ricky finds out about Anne's pregnancy. Elsewhere, Grace tells Adrian that she is going to have sex with Jack but Adrian objects because she believes Grace isn't physically, mentally, or spiritually ready. Going against both her father's and Adrian's wishes, Grace has sex with Jack and later learns that her father died in a plane crash.

25
2
"What's Done Is Done"
Gail Bradley
Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata
June 29, 2009 (2009-06-29)
3.30[12]

Grace is plagued with guilt, thinking that she caused her father's untimely death. As her friends visit her, she refuses to change her opinion. Meanwhile, Ben tries to figure out where he fits in Amy's life when she refuses to let him babysit John. Grace's mom finds comfort when George visits her and Leo asks Betty to marry him.

26
3
"Par for the Course"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
July 6, 2009 (2009-07-06)
2.85[13]

Jack visits Grace to tell her once again that her father's death is not her fault. However, she refuses to see just and denies that she loves him. Ricky shows up at Amy's unexpectedly to lend her a hand but she receives his help unwillingly. Tired from running around, Amy reaches a breaking point. Meanwhile, wanting to have sex with Amy, a frustrated Ben quits his job at the butcher shop, Adrian believes God is telling her to quit having sex, and Ricky influences Grace to pay respects at her father's funeral.

27
4
"Ciao"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton
July 13, 2009 (2009-07-13)
3.13[14]

Ashley and George lend a hand to Amy and Anne because of their hectic schedules. Meanwhile, Ben asks Leo for his job at the butcher shop back and plans to go to Italy for the summer, Grace goes back to school, gets back together with Jack and re-kindles her friendship with Adrian, Ricky becomes jealous as he asks Adrian for a commitment and makes her promise not to have sex with anyone but with him, and David proposes to Anne.

28
5
"Born Free"
Keith Truesdell
Caroline Kepnes
July 20, 2009 (2009-07-20)
3.02[15]

Amy tells her mother that she will go to Italy with Ben, while Ashley delivers the message to Amy that Anne and David are engaged. Ricky contests Amy's going away with their son and Amy prompts Ben to rethink leaving her behind for the summer since Ricky is getting his own place. Grace tells Tom and Adrian that George told her that he lied about the vasectomy, and the secret flies around the school, only to arrive at Amy, who asks Ashley if George told the truth. Meanwhile, when Ricky asks Leo for a raise, Leo gives Ricky the apartment above the butcher shop and the raise, and David asks Anne to move into their own home.

29
6
"The Summer of Our Discontent"
Lindsley Parsons III
Jeffrey Rodgers
July 27, 2009 (2009-07-27)
3.10[16]

Amy refuses to let Ben come over to say goodbye to her and John for the summer, but instead agrees to letting Ricky take John to his new apartment for the night. Marc Molina, the school guidance counselor, resigns at the end of the school year, while Anne starts pushing the divorce after she decides to accept David's marriage proposal. At the same time, Ashley reaches a breaking point urging George to tell Anne that the baby is his and Grace gets accepted into a medical school for the summer. Upon packing, Ben confronts Leo about Betty, but Leo reassures Ben that he trusts her because she has been honest. Meanwhile, Ricky stops over at Amy's house to pick up John for the night and Amy informs him her mom has gone with David for the night. Ben comes over to say goodbye to Amy. Ricky walks in on Ben and Amy kissing, but Ben gets angry when he discovers Ricky spent the night and leaves.

30
7
"Summertime"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
August 3, 2009 (2009-08-03)
3.56[17]

As everyone returns from their summer vacations, they all look to their futures and think about what happened between each other; Ben asks Leo if he needs to work on a relationship or if a relationship just happens, while George makes a big revelation to Anne by telling her that he lied about his vasectomy. David tells Amy that he will buy her a new car, while Ashley starts her first day of high school and meets a new gay friend, Griffin. Elsewhere, Ricky and Adrian don't really trust each other even though they promised to commit.

31
8
"A New Kind of Green"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton
August 10, 2009 (2009-08-10)
2.76[18]

George takes matters into his own hands, hoping to smooth out his relationship with both David and Anne. Elsewhere, Amy asks Ricky if he knows anything about Ben having sex in Bologna and Grace and Adrian pay a visit to Ashley and George's house. Ricky learns about Adrian's plans and becomes upset that Adrian will be moving next door to Amy. Anne tells David that she won't move into his house, while David urges Anne to think through her and George's relationship, giving the car to Anne instead of Amy. At the same time, George allows Adrian's mother and father to see the house and Ben and Ashley suspect Amy and Ricky did more together than watch John over the summer, but Amy tells Ben that Ricky only slept over. Elsewhere, Adrian is confused about her relationship with Ricky and tries to resolve matters between them. Ricky makes it clear to Adrian that they are too young to commit and Grace invites Madison over, Griffin assures George that he is watching over Ashley, and Adrian informs an angry Amy that George accepted her father's offer on the house.

32
9
"Hot Nuts"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
August 17, 2009 (2009-08-17)
3.30[19]

Tom gets upset when Jack fixes a cabinet and Adrian's father asks her to improve her relationship with Amy. Elsewhere, Jack apologizes to Tom for trying to take his fatherly place and attempts to teach Tom to throw a football, but Tom intentionally throws the ball at Jack's groin. Ricky urges Adrian to undo the trouble she has made with Amy and threatens to never come near her again unless she does so. Ben receives a post card written in Italian and asks Leo if there is anything about sex written in the card. Leo urges Ben not to tell anyone, including himself, about Ben's doings in Italy. Meanwhile, Amy remains angry at Adrian and refuses to accept her many half ridden apologies and Ricky asks Amy if she thinks that they could ever be in a relationship together, but Amy declares that she loves Ben and doesn't trust Ricky. Ricky responds to Amy that he loves Adrian. Anne comes back from a date, who happens to be George. Together, they tell Ashley that Anne is having a boy.

33
10
"Knocked Up, Who's There?"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton
August 24, 2009 (2009-08-24)
3.21[20]

Ben meets a girl named Heather, who is pregnant, and asks him to hang out with her over the weekend. Grace believes that she and Jack should talk at a Teen Abstinence Group at her church, presenting their reasons why to wait to have sex. Elsewhere, Anne is put on bed rest and George tells Amy not to go out with Ben, but Amy refuses to listen to her father, believing he is not the boss of her. Meanwhile, George gets a dog, which upsets Anne, Amy fails to go out with Ben for the night, Heather and Ben go out on a friend to friend basis, and Ben decides that he is not the right friend for her. Ricky tells Adrian that he doesn't see himself marrying and raising a family with anyone, including her nor Amy, in the future. Adrian tells Ricky she wants to openly see other people. Amy tells Heather that she and her family will be there for Heather when the baby arrives if she needs them, and thanks George for being there for her throughout her own pregnancy.

34
11
"Cramped"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton
August 31, 2009 (2009-08-31)
3.11[21]

George makes a room in the garage for Ashley, sparking jealousy in Amy, while Adrian finishes packing her things, preparing to move into George and Ashley's old house. Betty tells Ben that she will be moving into his and Leo's house and Ashley asks Ricky to go to Betty's garage sale while George watches Anne. Ricky suggests to ask her father, but Ashley decides that she should leave a note instead. At the same time, Amy becomes furious when her and George suspect that Ricky went on a date with Ashley so he could have sex with her and Grace's mom tells Grace and Tom that she met a man. Grace disapproves without hesitation, but Jack thinks that it would make her mom happier. Tired of being judged and under credited for taking care of both Amy and John, Ricky reaches a breaking point, and Adrian tells Ricky that they both need therapy if they are to make things better between them.

35
12
"Be My, Be My Baby"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers
September 7, 2009 (2009-09-07)
3.56[22]

Grace remains upset with her mother dating a younger guy. Meanwhile, Adrian and Ricky both go to therapy where, Adrian reveals her first time having sex and why she wants a commitment. Elsewhere, Griffin encourages Ashley to make up with Amy, Anne goes into labor, and George delivers the baby. Ben asks Leo to get engaged with Amy, and Leo tells Betty that they will plan a wedding. The family decides upon the name Robert for Anne's new boy, and Grace tells her mother that she is breaking up with Jack. In the meantime, Ben questions if he loves Amy, while Amy thinks she should start over.

36
13
"You Don't Know What You've Got..."
Keith Truesdell
Teleplay by: Chris Olsen & Jeff Olsen
Story by: Brenda Hampton
January 4, 2010 (2010-01-04)
4.55[9]

While close friends of Amy suspect Ben and Amy's breakup, Ben's friend from Italy, Maria, visits. While Amy and Anne take a mother/daughter vacation, Ben, Ricky, Jack, Grace, Adrian, Ashley, Griffin, Lauren, Madison, Henry, and Alice all skip school, only to be pursued by the new guidance councilor, Dr. Bink. The gang meet at the beach, where many discuss their relationships. Elsewhere, Amy and Ricky's relationship become strained when Ricky decides he wants to see his son after Amy's seemingly endless vacation staying with Mimzy (Anne's mom), Adrian's mom takes a job offer in New York, only to have Adrian struggle with the decision to stay with her father and go with her mother, and upon the arrival back at school, the gang's parents explain their mistakes so their son or daughter will not make the same ones.

37
14
"Til It's Gone"
Gail Bradley
Teleplay by: Elaine Arata & Jeffrey Rodgers
Story by: Brenda Hampton
January 11, 2010 (2010-01-11)
3.11[23]

Still staying with Mimzy, Amy and Anne go grocery shopping. While at the store, Anne's ex-boyfriend from high school, Josh, asks Anne to kiss him and Amy meets Jimmy who is the son of Anne's ex-boyfriend. Ashley and Griffin have a sleepover and talk about Griffin's sexuality, while Ben regrets having Maria over before she goes home to Italy. Elsewhere, Ricky takes Mac's (a boy Adrian previously slept with) girlfriend, Zoe, to his apartment and has sex with her, and Amy drives home with John after getting her license. Tom tells Jack that Grace is having sex with herself while Kathleen's Jewish boyfriend Jeff, tells her that he loves her. Meanwhile, Adrian finds out what Ricky did the previous night.

38
15
"Loved & Lost"
Keith Truesdell
Teleplay by: Elaine Arata & Jeffrey Rodgers
Story by: Brenda Hampton
January 18, 2010 (2010-01-18)
2.97[24]

After finding out Ricky has cheated, Adrian throws her phone at the butcher shop window, prompting Ricky to confront her after he's approached by Bunny over the incident. Ricky demands that she pay the fine and Adrian fears her father will find out. She turns to Tom who breaks up with Tammy because he thinks that after loaning her money, they will marry. Meanwhile, Amy tells Ben to quit delaying to act on his intention to break up with her and Jack tells Grace that he is dating Madison. Remorseful for cheating, Ricky decides to take responsibility for the broken window. He also asks Ben if he is sure about breaking up with Amy. Maria kisses Ben, while Amy tells Ben she hopes they could still be friends. Adrian's father discovers Adrian's financial situation causing him to advise Adrian. He explains that Ricky's cheating is a result of Adrian's refusal to make peace with the mother of his son. Trying to mediate things with Amy, Ricky tells her that he is afraid that if she ever leaves, he will never see John again. Amy finally acknowledges that John, Ricky, and her are a family. The two agree that they must find some way to make their family work.

39
16
"Just Say Me"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton & Paul Perlove
January 25, 2010 (2010-01-25)
3.23[25]

Adrian gets her chance to befriend Amy by bringing her water. While the relationship starts as an act, Adrian starts to enjoy Amy's company, while Amy feels it is nice to have someone besides a boyfriend in her life. Meanwhile, Grace starts a trend when she decides to take care of herself and not worry about others. A "Just Say Me" campaign starts, and word of it spreads fast. Dr. Bink finds that Grace is the one who is responsible for the campaign, and calls her mom, only to make both of them clean up the school. With permission from Grace, Jack and Madison decide to get together. Later, Jimmy comes to invite Amy out for pizza and Amy decides to leave John with Ricky and Adrian instead of taking him with them.

40
17
"The Second Time Around"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata
February 1, 2010 (2010-02-01)
2.89[26]

Amy goes on a date with Jimmy. Meanwhile, Ashley persuades George to visit Anne to rekindle their relationship, and Griffin sends his cousin Grant to get to know Ashley. Ben visits Grace and tells her that he wants to be friends, and as he leaves, they kiss. At the same time, Amy and Jimmy kiss. After George knocks on Anne's apartment door, Josh answers and explains Anne is with Mimsy and might come back home. While Ricky encourages Amy not to get caught up with Ben and Grace and tells her that he likes the attitude change he sees in her, Adrian's parents tell her they will get married, therefore causing her mom not to take the job offer in New York. When she returns home, Anne sees George outside with another woman, and tells Ashley that she doesn't think it would be a good time for her to be back.

41
18
"Let's Try That Again"
Barry Watson
Brenda Hampton
February 8, 2010 (2010-02-08)
2.99[27]

When Jimmy doesn't call her, Madison and Lauren instill worries in Amy that she may have done something wrong. Adrian pushes Ricky to have their parents meet before her parents' wedding, and Ricky reluctantly agrees while insisting that no commitment is to come of it. A distraught Amy bumps into Ricky and seeks his advice. Ricky offers to privately help Amy fix her problem. Meanwhile, Dr. Bink promotes the mother daughter dance around Grant High School, and girls around the school ask their mothers to join them at the dance. Grace is reluctant to ask Kathleen to attend since she feels her mom is marrying Jeff too soon. Later, Jack and Ben discuss things and try to decide where they stand in Grace's life. An insecure Adrian meddles in Amy's love affairs with Jimmy due to an increasing fear that a single Amy and Ricky might just connect. At the same time, a confused Anne attempts to sort out her relationship with George and their family, encouraging that they see a therapist. Ashley quickly walks in and out of Ricky and Amy's much heated kissing. Later on, Ashley tells Anne that although it seems like their family is divided into two sides, she still loves her mother too.

42
19
"The Rhythm of Life"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers
February 15, 2010 (2010-02-15)
3.18[28]

George and Ruben discover that Ricky and Amy kissed. While at the mother daughter dance, the mothers and daughters are caught up in gossip as Anne, Ashley, Grace, Amy, and Adrian discuss each other's personal relationships. Ben reveals to Henry and Alice the underlying reason for breaking things off with Amy which was fear that having sex with her may result in a second pregnancy. He also tells Leo that he wants to get back together with Amy. Meanwhile, at the mother daughter dance, rumors fly around that George and Anne will get married again. Later, Ben goes over to Amy's in hopes of a reconciliation only to find out about the kiss between Amy and Ricky. Adrian tries to console Ben. The two of them end up having sex, which they consider to be an act of revenge against Ricky and Amy. Ricky sends Adrian a text message saying that he loves her.

43
20
"Mistakes Were Made"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton
February 22, 2010 (2010-02-22)
3.03[29]

Adrian confesses to Ricky what happened between her and Ben and is surprised to learn that Ricky only kissed Amy. After finding out about Ben and Adrian, Amy visits Jimmy to find out why he never called her and both apologize for their actions. Meanwhile, Madison and Lauren babysit John, Ashley's developing feelings for Grant escalate into a kiss, and George and Anne seek counseling from Dr. Fields for their relationship. Elsewhere, Ben is deeply convinced that he wants to be with Amy and regrets having anything to do with Adrian or Grace. Because Ben had sex with Adrian, Ricky gets angry with Ben's irresponsible action, destroying the friendship he has with Ricky, and causing Ricky to leave town in anger.

44
21
"Choices"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata
March 1, 2010 (2010-03-01)
3.14[30]

Ricky attempts to track down his mother, and Ashley calls urging him to return home. Meanwhile, Adrian tells Cindy that she had sex with Ben; Cindy tells Ruben, who becomes upset. Amy decides that not having Ricky in her life is a good thing for her and John. Ben's father remains upset with Ben's decision to have sex with Adrian and feels he should apologize to Amy, Adrian, and Ricky for his irresponsible actions. Elsewhere, George notices Anne's new figure and wants to improve his own. No longer regretful, Adrian reassures Ben that they are both friends, while Ricky offers forgiveness to his mother as he struggles with his decision to abandon his son in order to escape his troubles.

45
22
"Good Girls & Boys"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton
March 8, 2010 (2010-03-08)
3.21[31]

Leo offers advice as well as forgiveness to Ricky for leaving, and Ben seeks Ricky's forgiveness. Ricky's foster parents tell him they want to play a more prominent role in his life. Elsewhere, Jeff and Kathleen marry, but Grace isn't excited when they decide to have their honeymoon at home. After forgiving Ben, Ricky tells him that Amy will never forgive him for his indiscretion. Anne advises Amy to immediately confront her issues with Ricky and Amy realizes she would do just about anything for John. At school, Ricky confronts Adrian and ends their relationship. Later, Madison and Lauren are convinced Ricky is acting on his unresolved emotions for Amy. Meanwhile, Grace offers Ben her friendship and Ashley and Grant begin seeing each other regularly. Anne and George disagree on an appropriate time frame to remarry, and Ricky tells Amy that he is seeking the right to take John on weekends.

46
23
"I Got You, Babe"
Keith Truesdell
Brenda Hampton & Jeffrey Rodgers
March 15, 2010 (2010-03-15)
2.79[32]

After her refusal, Ricky enlists George's help in getting Amy to reconsider his custody proposal. Adrian and Amy team up against Ricky by devising a plan for the custody hearing by having friends speak up on Amy's behalf for the mediation. Elsewhere, Anne, George, Margaret and Shakur have a dinner discussion about their children not being able to come to an agreement. Ricky takes the case to a mediator after using Adrian and Amy's idea against them. When Amy decides that Ricky would be a good father to John, the mediator grants Ricky joint custody of John. Afterward, Amy and Ricky agree to work together to plan John's first birthday. Adrian realizes she may be pregnant as a result of her vengeful sexual encounter with Ben.

47
24
"Ben There, Done That"
Anson Williams
Brenda Hampton & Elaine Arata
March 22, 2010 (2010-03-22)
3.17[33]

Without Ricky or anyone else knowing, Amy throws a little party for John and herself the night before his birthday. On John's first birthday, Anne tells Amy that she and George would not attend their grandson's birthday party because Mimzy had a stroke. Adrian tells Grace that she wants an abortion, and Grace urges to get an early pregnancy test to make sure she is actually pregnant. Elsewhere, Anne and George visit Mimzy who informs them that she married Eugene and George tells Anne he wants to marry the next day; Ricky and Amy decide to have a small party at Ricky's apartment for John, leaving Ashley alone for the night with Grant and Griffin; and Cindy and Ruben, Adrian's parents, have a small wedding of their own. When Amy and Ricky arrive at the butcher shop, Ben tells Amy that he would always be there for her. Betty and Leo happily marry each other; at the same time, Anne tells George she isn't ready for a wedding, and Adrian wants to tell Ben that she could be pregnant, but a decision is not made.

text: Development[edit]

text: Writing[edit]

text: Though it came as a surprise, writers of The Secret Life were faced with a challenge when writing began for the second season. In January 2009, Molly Ringwald announced that she was expecting twins of her own. She told People Magazine that Brenda Hampton was working on writing her character's pregnancy into the storyline of the show.[34]

text: Kenny Baumann, the actor who plays Ben Boykewich, confirmed that someone would die in the second season of Secret Life. The character would be a "significant male character" and the death would be a terrible tragedy.[35][36] It was later revealed that John Schneider, who portrayed the role as Grace's father, Marshall, left the show due to multiple shows and projects he has. Marshall was written out of the series in "The Big One".

text: New and returning characters[edit]

text: Actor Brando Eaton was cast as Ashley's new gay sidekick, Griffin, who has a recurring role in the season.[37] Actress Rumer Willis, appeared in The Secret Life as Heather, a pregnant girl in the episode "Knocked Up Who's There?".[38] She interacted with Ben in a way that got Amy jealous.[39] Actor Austin Stowell was cast as Lauren's new boyfriend, Jesse, who has a recurring role in the season. Their relationship sparks the discussion of interracial dating, as Jesse believes that Lauren is not interested in having sex with him because of his race.[40]

text: Reception[edit]

text: On Monday, June 22, 2009, Secret Life opened its second season with the largest audience so far, posting a series high in Total Viewers with 4.68 million viewers, and second-best numbers ever in Adults 18-34 with 1.4 million viewers, behind season one's mid-season finale, Adults 18-49 with 2.1 million viewers and Viewers 11-34 with 2.9 million viewers. In June 2009, Secret Life ranked as cable's No. 1 scripted telecast in Females 11-34, and the No. 1 scripted series telecast in Viewers 11-34 and Female Teens. Additionally, Secret Life stood as ad-supported cable's No. 1 telecast this month in Female Teens. Impressively, the season debut became cable's No. 1 scripted series premiere of the 2008/2009 season to date in Women 18-34, Women 18-49'and Viewers 11-34, and the No. 1 scripted original premiere of Summer 2009 so far in Adults 18-34.[7]

text: Secret Life's second season debut now stands as cable's No. 1 scripted original series/season premiere this summer in Adults ages 18–34 and across core female 18-34, 18-49 and 11-34 demos, ahead of such high-profile series as USA's Royal Pains and Burn Notice and TNT's The Closer.[6]

text: Some critics praised the new developments of the show, saying they could be "interesting material to build on." Jean Bently of EW Popwatch says that now that the whole "teen going through a pregnancy" plot has played out and the "frustrated young mother" thing is going on, we have room to explore some other topics. She remained hopeful that the writers won't just turn these new problems into issues of the week, instead allowing time for the characters to grieve Marshall's death, deal with Anne's accidental pregnancy, and explore the more emotionally complex aspects of teenage sex.[41]

text: With more than 4.55 million people watching the season two mid-season premiere, the episode became ABC Family's most-watched telecast ever in key 12-34 and teen demos.[9] The episode stands as the series' 2nd-most-watched episode in viewers and is TV's No. 1 telecast of the season in female teens, cable's No. 1 telecast in females 12-34 and cable's No. 1 scripted telecast in viewers 12-34. The season two mid-season premiere remains cable's No. 1 scripted premiere of the 2009/10 season. It improved nearly one million total viewers over its season two mid-season finale, and was No. 1 in all target demos for the hour.[8]


document_title: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)

question_text: where was 20 000 leagues under the sea filmed

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1868, rumors of a sea monster attacking ships in the Pacific Ocean have disrupted shipping lanes. The United States invites Professor Pierre M. Aronnax and his assistant, Conseil, onto a Navy expedition to prove the monster's existence. On board with them is the cocky master harpooner Ned Land.

text: After months of searching, the "monster" is spotted shortly before it rams the warship. Ned and Aronnax are thrown overboard, and Conseil goes in after Aronnax. Now helpless, the frigate drifts away, and no one aboard responds to the overboard passengers. The three find a strange-looking metal vessel, and realize the "monster" is a man-made "submerging boat" that appears deserted. Aronnax finds a large viewport and witnesses an underwater funeral.

text: Ned, Aronnax, and Conseil attempt to leave in their lifeboat, but the submarine crew stops the castaways. The captain introduces himself as Nemo, master of the Nautilus. He returns Ned and Conseil to the deck while offering Aronnax, whom he recognizes for his work, the chance to stay. After Aronnax proves willing to die with his companions, Nemo allows Ned and Conseil to remain.

text: Nemo takes them to the penal colony island of Rura Penthe. Nemo was a prisoner there, as were many of his crew. The prisoners are loading a munitions ship. The Nautilus rams it, destroying its cargo and killing the crew. An anguished Nemo tells Aronnax that his actions have saved thousands from death in war; he also discloses that this "hated nation" tortured his wife and son to death while attempting to force him to reveal the secrets of his work. Ned discovers the coordinates of Nemo's secret island base, Vulcania, and releases messages in bottles, hoping somebody will find them.

text: Off the coast of New Guinea, the Nautilus becomes stranded on a reef. Ned is surprised when Nemo allows him to go ashore with Conseil, ostensibly to collect specimens, while strictly admonishing them to stay on the beach. Ned goes off alone to explore avenues of escape. While drinking from a pool, he sees human skulls on stakes. Ned runs for his life and rejoins Conseil, and they row away, pursued by cannibals. Aboard ship, the cannibals are repelled by electrical charges through its hull. Nemo is furious with Ned for disobeying his orders, confining him to the brig.

text: A warship approaches, firing upon Nautilus, which descends into the depths, where it attracts a giant squid. After a similar electric charge fails to repel the monster, Nemo and his men surface during a storm to dislodge it. Nemo is caught in one of its tentacles. Ned, having escaped from captivity, saves Nemo from drowning. Nemo has a change of heart and claims he wants to make peace with the world.

text: As the Nautilus nears Vulcania, Nemo finds the island surrounded by warships whose marines are converging on his base. As Nemo goes ashore, Ned tries to identify himself as the author of the bottled messages. Aronnax is furious, recognizing that Nemo will destroy all evidence of his discoveries. Nemo enters the base and activates a time bomb, but is mortally wounded on Nautilus's deck from a slug to the back. After navigating the submarine away from Vulcania, Nemo announces he will be "taking the Nautilus down for the last time". The crew declare they will accompany their captain in death.

text: Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned are confined to their cabins. The Nautilus's crew also retreat to their cabins at Nemo's instructions. Ned escapes and manages to surface the Nautilus, hitting a reef in the process and causing the sub to flood. Nemo staggers to his salon viewport, watching his beloved sea as he dies.

text: Aronnax tries retrieving his detailed journal, but the urgency of their escape obliges Ned to knock him unconscious and carry him out. The companions witness Vulcania explode, and Ned apologizes to Aronnax for hitting him. As the Nautilus disappears beneath the waves, Nemo's last words to Aronnax echo: "There is hope for the future. And when the world is ready for a new and better life, all this will someday come to pass, in God's good time".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kirk Douglas as Ned Land
James Mason as Captain Nemo
Paul Lukas as Professor Pierre Aronnax
Peter Lorre as Conseil
Robert J. Wilke as Nautilus's First Mate
Ted de Corsia as Captain Farragut
Carleton Young as John Howard
J. M. Kerrigan as Billy
Percy Helton as Coach driver
Ted Cooper as Abraham Lincoln's First Mate
Fred Graham as Casey

text: Production[edit]

text: In 1950 Sig Rogell announced he had bought the rights to the novel as well as to an adaptation prepared by Robert L. Lippert's production company. He was going to make the film independently.[4] The rights eventually went to Disney.

text: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was filmed at various locations in The Bahamas and Jamaica, with the cave scenes filmed beneath what is now the Xtabi Resort on the cliffs of Negril.[5] Filming began in spring of 1954.[6] Some of the location filming sequences were so complex that they required a technical crew of more than 400 people. The film presented many other challenges, as well. The famous giant squid attack sequence had to be entirely re-shot, as it was originally filmed as taking place at dusk and in a calm sea.[7] [Note 1] The sequence was filmed again, this time taking place at night and during a huge gale, both to increase the drama and to better hide the cables and other mechanical workings of the animatronic squid.[8]

text: With a total (and greatly over-run) production cost of $9 million,[9] the film was the most expensive in Hollywood to that date and presented a serious financial risk to the studio should it flop.[10]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Upon release[edit]

text: Upon the film's original release, The New York Times film critic Bosley Crowther gave it a generally positive review by stating that, "As fabulous and fantastic as anything he has ever done in cartoons is Walt Disney's "live action" movie made from Jules Verne's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.' Turned out in CinemaScope and color, it is as broad, fictitiously, as it is long (128 minutes), and should prove a sensation—at least with the kids."[11] In his 1967 biography The Disney Version, the critic, Richard Schickel, stated that James Mason was "superbly cast as the mad inventor Captain Nemo".[12]

text: The film was also praised for the performances of the leading actors.[13] This was the first time that major international stars such as Kirk Douglas, James Mason, and Peter Lorre had appeared in a Disney film, although Robert Newton, a well-known actor in British films, had played Long John Silver in Disney's Treasure Island (1950), and Richard Todd, another well-known British actor, had appeared in Disney's Technicolor live-action version of The Story of Robin Hood and His Merrie Men (1952). Mason especially was singled out for his performance of Captain Nemo. Many people who had first seen him on-screen in the film identify him most strongly with this role.[14][15]

text: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea received positive reviews from critics, was the second highest-grossing film of the year (behind White Christmas), earning $8 million in box office attendance in North America[16] and has become a notable classic film of the Disney corporation.

text: Critical opinion[edit]

text: Modern-day film critic Steve Biodrowski said that the film is "far superior to the majority of genre efforts from the period (or any period, for that matter), with production design and technical effects that have dated hardly at all." Biodrowski also added that the film "may occasionally succumb to some of the problems inherent in the source material (the episodic nature does slow the pace), but the strengths far outweigh the weaknesses, making this one of the greatest science-fiction films ever made."[17]

text: Audiences remember it primarily for its giant-squid battle sequence as well as the Nautilus itself and James Mason's portrayal of Nemo.[18] The film currently holds an 89% approval rating at the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus being: "One of Disney's finest live-action adventures, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea brings Jules Verne's classic sci-fi tale to vivid life, and features an awesome giant squid."[19]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The film won two Academy Awards and was nominated for one more.[20]

text: Academy Awards (1954)

text: The film's primary art designer, Harper Goff, who designed the Nautilus, was not a member of the Art Directors Union in 1954 and therefore, under a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, he was unable to receive his Academy Award for Art Direction.[21]

text: American Film Institute recognition

text:
AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies - Nominated[22]
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills - Nominated[23]

text: Record albums[edit]

text: Rather than an authentic soundtrack recording of the film's score or dialogue, two vinyl studio cast record albums were released to coincide with the film's first two releases. Both albums contained condensed and heavily altered versions of the film's script without the usage of any of the film's cast for character voices. In addition, both albums were narrated by Ned Land as opposed to Aronnax, who narrated the film and the original novel. Neither album mentioned Nemo as actually being "cracked" (i.e. insane), as the film does, and considerably sanitized the character by omitting any mention of him killing anyone and even having him sing sea chanties with his crew. The albums also had Nemo surviving at the end and releasing Ned, Arronax, and Conseil out of gratitude for their saving his life.[24] In this version, Ned, Aronnax and Conseil were not shipwrecked because the Nautilus rammed the ship they were on, but because a hurricane came up.[25]

text: The first album was issued in 1954 in conjunction with the film's original release, and starred William Redfield as the voice of Ned. This album, a book-and-record set, was issued as part of RCA Victor's Little Nipper series on two 45-RPM records.[26] The second album, released by Disneyland Records in 1963 in conjunction with the film's first re-release,[27] was issued on one 331⁄3 RPM 12-inch LP with no accompanying booklet and no liner notes – the usual practice with most Disneyland label albums. It contained much more of the film's plot, but with many of the same alterations as the first album, so this recording was technically a remake of the earlier one. The cast for the 1963 album was uncredited. Neither album listed the film's credits or made any mention of the film's cast.

text: A single for the film's most memorable song "A Whale of a Tale", written by Norman Gimbel and Al Hoffman and sung by Kirk Douglas, was also released in 1954 under the Decca Children's Series label. The song "And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter", which Douglas had sung in the movie Man Without a Star (written by Lou Singer and Jimmy Kennedy), was the B-side. Both songs can be found on the 2008 digital release of the film's soundtrack.[28] In the film, Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor is played by Nemo on the Nautilus's organ, but James Mason's playing is actually dubbed by an anonymous organist.

text: Official soundtrack[edit]

text:
20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Soundtrack)

Soundtrack album by Various Artists

Released
January 29, 2008

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
1:18:23

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
Randy Thorton

text: On January 29, 2008, Walt Disney Records released a 26-track digital album containing the music of Paul Smith's original soundtrack score to 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea plus both sides of the "A Whale of a Tale" single, as well as a digital booklet companion that explores the music of the film. This was the first official release of the film score and was initially available only through the iTunes Store.[28][29] Intrada released the same soundtrack on CD in 2011.[30]

text:
Track listing

No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Main Title (Captain Nemo’s Theme)"
Paul Smith
2:26

2.
"Street Fight"
Paul Smith
1:04

3.
"Aboard the Abraham Lincoln / Hunting the Monster"
Paul Smith
2:28

4.
"A Whale of a Tale"
Kirk Douglas
2:09

5.
"The Monster Attacks"
Paul Smith
2:21

6.
"Deserted Sub / Burial / Captured"
Paul Smith
9:14

7.
"Fifty Fathoms / The Island of Crespo"
Paul Smith
8:45

8.
"Storm at Sea / Nemo Plays"
Paul Smith
2:25

9.
"Strange Man of the Seas"
Paul Smith
4:04

10.
"Nemo’s Torment"
Paul Smith
0:59

11.
"Justified Hate"
Paul Smith
1:29

12.
"Searching Nemo’s Cabin"
Paul Smith
4:02

13.
"Ned’s Bottles"
Paul Smith
0:43

14.
"Ashore at New Guinea"
Paul Smith
2:54

15.
"Native Drums / Back to the Nautilus"
Paul Smith
3:08

16.
"Submerge"
Paul Smith
1:45

17.
"The Giant Squid"
Paul Smith
6:53

18.
"Ambush at Vulcania"
Paul Smith
4:47

19.
"Nemo Wounded"
Paul Smith
2:43

20.
"Escape from Vulcania"
Paul Smith
3:41

21.
"Finale / Deep Is the Mighty Ocean"
Paul Smith
0:56

22.
"A Whale of a Tale (Single)"
Kirk Douglas
2:11

23.
"And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter (Single B-Side)"
Kirk Douglas
2:35

24.
"A Whale of a Tale"
Bill Kanady
2:24

25.
"A Whale of a Tale"
The Wellingtons
2:07

26.
"A Whale of a Tale (Reprise)"
Kirk Douglas
0:11

Total length:
1:18:23

text: In Disney resorts[edit]

text: Disneyland used the original sets as a walk-through attraction from 1955 to 1966. Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom also had a dark ride named 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage from 1971 to 1994 which consisted of a submarine ride, complete with the giant squid attack, and an arrangement of the main theme from the 1954 film playing on Captain Nemo's organ in the background. For this ride, voice artist Peter Renaday stood in for James Mason in the role of Captain Nemo.[31] In 1994, a walkthrough attraction at Disneyland Paris, named Les Mystères du Nautilus, opened,[32] and a dark ride at Tokyo DisneySea was created in 2001.[33]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film has been released on VHS and DVD. An HD version was released on iTunes.[34]

text: Comic book adaptation[edit]

text: Dell Four Color #614 (February 1955)[35][36]

text: Remake[edit]

text: On January 6, 2009, Variety reported that a remake titled 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Captain Nemo was being planned with Joseph McGinty Nichol, known as "McG", attached to direct. The film serves as an origin story for the central character, Captain Nemo, as he builds his warship, the Nautilus.[37] McG has remarked that it will be "much more in keeping with the spirit of the novel" than Richard Fleischer's film, in which it will reveal "what Aronnax is up to and the becoming of Captain Nemo, and how the man became at war with war itself." It was written by Bill Marsilli, with Justin Marks and Randall Wallace brought in to do rewrites.[38] The film was to be produced by Sean Bailey with McG's Wonderland Sound and Vision.[39]

text: McG once suggested that he wanted Will Smith for the Captain Nemo role, but he has reportedly turned down the part.[40][41] As a second possible choice, McG had mentioned Sam Worthington, whom he worked with on Terminator Salvation, though they did not ever discuss it seriously. The project was later shelved in November 2009 with McG backing out of directing.[42]

text: During the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con, director David Fincher announced plans of directing 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea for Walt Disney Pictures based on a script by Scott Z. Burns.[43] While Fincher was wrapping up The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), it was speculated that 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea would enter principal photography by late 2012.[44] In the meantime, Fincher began courting Brad Pitt to play the role of Ned Land while the film was kept on hold.[45] However, in February 2013, it was announced that Pitt had officially turned down the role.[46]

text: In April 2013, it was announced that the Australian government will provide a one-off incentive of $20 million in order to secure the production.[47] Despite this, the film was put on hold again the following month due to complications in casting a lead.[48] On July 17, 2013, Fincher dropped out of the film to direct the adaptation of Gone Girl.[49] Fincher revealed in an interview that he left the film because he wanted Channing Tatum for Ned Land, but Disney wanted Chris Hemsworth for the role.[50][51] Additionally, the money originally allocated for the production of this film was redirected towards Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.[52]

text: In February 2016, Disney announced that it was planning a film titled Captain Nemo, with James Mangold directing.[53]