document_title: Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom

question_text: when did the ambulance service start in the uk

text: Role of the ambulance services[edit]

text: Public ambulance services across the UK are required by law to respond to four types of requests for care,[3] which are:

text:
Emergency calls (via the 999 or 112 system)
Doctor's urgent admission requests
High dependency and urgent inter-hospital transfers
Major incidents

tag: ul

text: Ambulance trusts and services may also undertake non-urgent patient transport services on a commercial arrangement with their local hospital trusts or health boards, or in some cases on directly funded government contracts,[4] although these contracts are increasingly fulfilled by private and voluntary providers.

text: History[edit]

text: The National Health Service Act 1946 gave county and borough councils a statutory responsibility to provide an emergency ambulance service, although they could contract a voluntary ambulance service to provide this, with many contracting the British Red Cross, St John Ambulance or another local provider. The last St John Division, (the original designation of a local unit, now called 'branches'), to be so contracted is reputed to have been at Whittlesey in Cambridgeshire, where the two-bay ambulance garage can still be seen at the branch headquarters. The Regional Ambulance Officers’ Committee reported in 1979 that “There was considerable local variation in the quality of the service provided, particularly in relation to vehicles, staff and equipment. Most Services were administered by Local Authorities through their Medical Officer of Health and his Ambulance Officer, a few were under the aegis of the Fire Service, whilst others relied upon agency methods for the provision of part or all of their services.”

text: The 142 existing ambulance services were transferred by the National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973 from local authority to central government control in 1974, and consolidated into 53 services under regional or area health authorities.[5]

text: This led to the formation of predominantly county based ambulance services, which gradually merged up and changed responsibilities until 2006, when there were 31 NHS ambulance trusts in England.

text: The June 2005 report "Taking healthcare to the Patient", authored by Peter Bradley,[6] Chief Executive of the London Ambulance Service, for the Department of Health led to the merging of the 31 trusts into 13 organisations in England,[7] plus one organisation each in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Following further changes as part of the NHS foundation trust pathway, this has further reduced to 10 ambulance service trusts in England, plus the Isle of Wight which has its own provision.

text: Following the passage of the Health and Social Care Act 2012, commissioning of the ambulance services in each area passed from central government control into the hands of regional clinical commissioning groups.

text: Current public provision[edit]

text: The commissioners in each region are responsible for contracting with a suitable organisation to provide ambulance services within their geographical territory. The primary contract for each area is currently held by a public NHS body, of which there are 11 in England, and 1 each in the other three countries.

text: England[edit]

text: In England there are now ten NHS ambulance trusts, as well as an ambulance service on the Isle of Wight, run directly by Isle of Wight NHS Trust, with boundaries generally following those of the former regional government offices. The ten trusts are:

text:
East Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Trust
East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust
London Ambulance Service NHS Trust
North East Ambulance Service NHS Trust
North West Ambulance Service NHS Trust
South Central Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
South East Coast Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
West Midlands Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust

text: The English ambulance trusts are represented by the Association of Ambulance Chief Executives (AACE), with the Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish providers all associate members.

text: Scotland[edit]

text: The service was operated before reorganisation in 1974 by the St Andrews’ Ambulance Association under contract to the Secretary of State for Scotland.[5] The Scottish Ambulance Service is a Special Health Board that provides ambulance services throughout whole of Scotland, on behalf of the Health and Social Care Directorates of the Scottish Government.[8]

text: Due to the remote nature of many areas of Scotland compared to the other Home Nations, the Scottish Ambulance Service has Britain's only publicly funded air ambulance service, with two Airbus Helicopters H145 Helicopters and two Beechcraft B200C King Air fixed-wing aircraft. There is also a partnership to provide the Emergency Medical Retrieval Service which gives rapid access to the skills of a consultant in emergency or intensive care medicine using Scottish Ambulance Service road and air assets.[9]

text: Northern Ireland[edit]

text: The Northern Ireland Ambulance Service (NIAS) was established in 1995 by order in council,[10] and serves the whole of Northern Ireland. To date universities in Northern Ireland do not facilitate Paramedic Science (BSc) degree meaning members must complete their degree either in England, Wales or Scotland.

text: Wales[edit]

text: The Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust (also called Ymddiriedolaeth GIG Gwasanaethau Ambiwlans Cymru) was established on 1 April 1998, and has 2,500 staff providing ambulance and related services to the 2.9 million residents of Wales.[11]

text: Usage[edit]

text: The ambulance services across England have been increasingly busy, with a significant increase in calls in the last two decades,[7] as shown in the table below:

text:
Year
Emergency calls
Source

1994/5
2.61 million
[7]

2004/5
5.62 million
[7]

2006/7
6.3 million
[12]

2012/3
9.08 million
[13]

text: Calls where a Category A ambulance arrived at the scene rose from 6,856 per day in 2011–12 to 8,564 per day in 2014–15.[14]

text: Private and voluntary ambulance services[edit]

text: There is a large market for private and voluntary ambulance services, with the sector being worth £800m to the UK economy in 2012.[15] Since April 2011, all ambulance providers operating in England have been required by law to be registered with the Care Quality Commission, under the same inspection regime as NHS services, and there are currently around 250 credentialled providers.[16]

text: The primary activities of the private and voluntary services include:

text:
the provision of ambulances as part of a wider service of first aid at events, construction sites, film sets, or other private provision
the provision of additional resource to NHS ambulance trusts
urgent patient transport between points of care (such as between two hospitals)
non-urgent patient transport

text: All providers, including NHS, private, and voluntary can bid for many of the available contracts for provision of ambulance services, and private ambulance services now undertake over half of hospital transfers.[17] This places the voluntary providers in direct competition with private services, although the private sector has been growing at the expense of the voluntary services over time.

text: There is a duty on Category 1 responders (including the NHS) to make appropriate arrangements for major incidents, and as such private and voluntary ambulance services are generally included as part of local planning for the provision of ambulance services during major incidents, such as mass casualty events (including 7 July 2005 London bombings), adverse weather, or severe staff shortage.

text: Private ambulance services[edit]

text: Private ambulance services are common in the UK, with over 200 providers, and their use under contract to the NHS to answer 999 calls has been growing year on year,[18] with every NHS ambulance trust using private providers in each year from 2011–2014, and contracted providers answering three quarters of a million 999 calls in that three-year period.[19] Expenditure on private ambulances in England increased from £37m in 2011–12 to £67.5m in 2013/4, rising in London from £796,000 to more than £8.8m.[20] In 2014–15, these 10 ambulance services spent £57.6 million on 333,329 callouts of private or voluntary services – an increase of 156% since 2010–11.[14] This use of private contractors for frontline services has been politically controversial,[21][22] although 56% of the British public believe that greater private sector involvement will help maintain or improve standards in the NHS.[23]

text: In 2013, the Care Quality Commission found 97% of private ambulance services to be providing good care.[16] These private, registered services are represented by the Independent Ambulance Association. In 2017 the Commission warned all independent ambulance providers that during its inspections it had found “problems with the safety” of the care offered. 70 independent ambulance providers had been inspected and improvement notices had been issued to 25 out of 39 whose reports had been published. Plymouth Central Ambulance Service and Intrim Medical and Rescue Services were closed down after very poor practice was found.[24]

text: There are also a number of unregistered services operating, who do not provide ambulance transport, but only provide response on an event site. These firms are not regulated, and are not subject to the same checks as the registered providers, although they may operate similar vehicles, and offer near identical services.[17]

text: Voluntary aid services[edit]

text: There are a number of voluntary ambulance providers, sometimes known as Voluntary Aid Services or Voluntary Aid Societies (VAS), with the main ones being the British Red Cross and St John Ambulance. The history of the voluntary ambulance services pre-dates any government organised service, and includes service in both World Wars.

text: As they are in direct competition for work with the private ambulance providers, the voluntary providers do operate with some paid ambulance staff to fulfil their contracts.

text: Voluntary organisations have also provided cover for the public when unionised NHS ambulance trust staff have taken industrial action.[25]

text: There are a number of smaller voluntary ambulance organisations, fulfilling specific purposes, such as Hatzola who provide emergency medical services to the orthodox Jewish community in some cities.[26] [27][28][29][30] These have however run into difficulties due to use of vehicles not legally recognised as ambulances.[31][dead link]

text: Air ambulances[edit]

text: All UK emergency air ambulances are funded by charitable organisations, with medical staff usually seconded from the local NHS ambulance trust. The only exception is Scotland, where the Scottish Ambulance Service provides funding for 2 helicopters and 2 fixed wing aircraft. There is an additional helicopter, Scotland's Charity Air Ambulance, which is funded by charitable donations only.

text: Regulation, governance, and monitoring[edit]

text: All emergency medical services in the UK are subject to a range of legal and regulatory requirements, and in many cases are also monitored for performance. This framework is largely statutory in nature, being mandated by government through a range of primary and secondary legislation.

text: Regulation[edit]

text: In England all ambulance services, as well as some medical response organisations like BASICS, are regulated by the Care Quality Commission (CQC) under the provisions of the Health and Social Care Act 2008 and subsequent Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2010.

text: This requires all providers to register, to meet certain standards of quality, and to submit to inspection of those standards.[32] Organisations not meeting the standards can be sanctioned, or have their registration removed, preventing them from offering any medical services.

text: The CQC replaced the previous regulator of England's NHS ambulance services, the Healthcare Commission, with its remit expanded to include all private and voluntary providers. Independent ambulance services have only been subject to formal regulation since 2011.[32]

text: In addition to regulation by the Care Quality Commission on matters of service provision, providers of NHS services are also subject to regulation by either Monitor (for NHS foundation trusts or private providers) or the NHS Trust Development Authority (for NHS services who are not yet foundation trusts) for economic and financial matters.

text: Measuring performance[edit]

text: The performance of every NHS ambulance provider is measured and benchmarked by the government. Commonly called 'ORCON',[33] after the consultancy used to formulate them, the New Ambulance Performance Standards (NAPS) were developed in the 1990s, and merged into the Clinical Quality Indicators (CQI) used today.

text: The benchmarked targets include:[2]

text:
Service experience – patient satisfaction with the service
Outcome from acute STEMI – the number of patients who recover from a heart attack
Outcome from cardiac arrest – the number of patients who get a return of spontaneous circulation and those who are discharged from hospital
Outcome following stroke
Proportion of calls closed with telephone advice – also known as "hear and treat"
Proportion of calls managed without transport to A&E – also known as "see and treat"
Recontact rate following discharge of care – patients who have had 'hear and treat' or 'see and treat' and who subsequently call 999 again
Call abandonment rate – the number of people who don't get through to an ambulance dispatcher
Time to answer calls – the time it takes to answer the phone
Time until treatment by an ambulance – the wait time between calling and a health care professional being dispatched
Category A response time – in cases triaged as Category A (life-threatening) by the triage software (AMPDS and NHS Pathways are the two approved systems), services are targeted to reach the patient within eight minutes of the call. In England, ambulance services are targeted on reaching 75% of Category A calls in 8 minutes, compared to 65% in Wales.

text: Governance[edit]

text: Every ambulance provider is responsible to the CQC for compliance with best practice. Best practice guidance is published by the Joint Royal Colleges Ambulance Liaison Committee (JRCALC), and most providers follow the majority of this issued guidance.

text: Staffing[edit]

text: There are a range of staff grades who work in emergency medical services in the UK. The majority of staff fall into four main categories (in descending skill order):

text:
Specialist / Advanced paramedic – such as a critical care paramedic, paramedic practitioner or emergency care practitioner, who may have extra skills such as prescribing medication or administering additional drugs. Many specialist paramedics are trained to aid in delivering roadside procedures that are performed by doctors from, for example, an air ambulance, most ambulance trusts train Specialist or Advanced Paramedics at a MSc standard.[34]
Paramedic – paramedics are the core medical treatment grade, and the title is protected (meaning only those registered with the Health and Care Professions Council are entitled to use it, paramedics have autonomous practice, and a range of skills including intravenous cannuulation and advanced airway. in 2014 pay starts between £21,500 to £28,000 depending on experience and rises to £34,500 for team leaders and extended skills training. A full-time working week is 37.5 hours including night and weekend shifts as well as public holidays. Annual leave starts at 27 days per year plus public holidays or time in lieu and rising to 33 after 10 years’ service.[35]
Technician – technicians either support paramedics, or work autonomously. There is no single definition or qualification which covers all technicians, and they vary by service, especially between NHS and private providers
Emergency care assistants – Usually work as part of a crew, alongside a paramedic. They operate in support of a paramedic or technician, performing duties such as driving, and first aid skills. As with technician, there is significant variation in the training levels between providers.

text: In 2014/5 Ambulance Trusts were forced to look overseas to fill vacancies for paramedics. Only one was recruited from outside the UK in 2013-4 but 183 had been recruited since April 2014. Of these 175 were recruited by the London Ambulance Service from Australia. Across England, ambulance services reported that 1,382 of 15,887 posts were vacant – a rate of 9%.[36]

text: Other roles within the NHS Ambulance Services include Ambulance Nurse (presently only employed by South Central Ambulance Service and identical in role to Paramedic, allowing interchangeability), Emergency Care Practitioner and similar Specialist Paramedic/Nurse roles with a focus on admission avoidance, and a broad range of support staff.

text: Supporting services[edit]

text: BASICS[edit]

text: The British Association for Immediate Care coordinates voluntary schemes, and individual medical and allied health professionals, providing immediate care throughout the UK.[37] BASICS doctors, nurses or paramedics may assist NHS paramedics at the scenes of serious accidents or be on-hand at major sporting events.

text: Blood Bikes[edit]

text: Across the British Isles, a network of volunteer Blood Bikes charity groups provide motorcycle courier services for blood, tissue and organs which require transport to, or between, hospitals. Some are equipped with blue lights and sirens which can be used when transporting urgent blood or human tissue for transplant. Groups are largely independent, and operate in collaboration with their local healthcare providers. Many are represented through the Nationwide Association of Blood Bikes (NABB).[38]

text: Community first responders[edit]

text: Volunteer community first responders (CFRs) are now common place resources for NHS Ambulance Service. CFRs are members of the public who have received training to answer ambulance 999 calls, and respond immediately within their local area, during their own time. The schemes originated to provide defibrillation in rural and remote areas, where ambulances could not quickly respond, although they are now present in both rural and urban areas.

text: CFRs are often operated by a local group, in partnership with the regional NHS ambulance trust, and carry a defibrillator and oxygen, along with other equipment as decided by the clinical governance arrangements. Some schemes have their own vehicles and actively fundraise to support their schemes.

text: Fire Service Responders[edit]

text: In more rural areas where ambulance responses can take longer, fire personnel have been trained in basic first aid and pain management. They are trained in CPR, use of an AED, oxygen and entonox. They normally take a call from the ambulance Emergency Operations Centre and respond in a car fitted with blue lights, sirens and ambulance / fire service livery. This service is normally staffed by retained firefighters.


document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: highest points scored in a premier league season

root

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3

Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)[1]
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]

Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference – the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[4]
Most home points in a season: 55, joint record:[5]

Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]

Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)[7]
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[8]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[9]
Most points in a season while being relegated:

42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[10]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[10]

Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[11]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in total: 629, Manchester United[12]
Most wins in a season (38 games): 32, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[13]

Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]

Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[7]

Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)

Most away wins in a season (19 games): 16, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[7][14][15]

Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)

Most consecutive wins: 18, Manchester City (between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017)[16][2]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[17]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, joint record:[18][16]

Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)
Manchester City (between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017)

Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[19]

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Most defeats in total: 351, Everton[20]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[21]
Fewest defeats in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[22]
Fewest home defeats in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:

Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[23][24][25]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)[26][27][28]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[28][29][30][31][32]
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18)[33]
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)

Fewest away defeats in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[27][34]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)[35]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[36]
Most defeats in a season (42 games or 38 games): 29, joint record:

Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)[37]

Most home defeats in a season (19 games): 14, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[38]
Most away defeats in a season (19 games): 17, Burnley (2009–10)[39]
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[40]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in total: 287, Everton[20]
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:

Manchester City (1993–94)[41]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]

Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:

Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)[41]
Sunderland (2014–15)[41]

Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:

Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[41]
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)[41]
Manchester United (2016–17)[41]

Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98, 2016–17)[41]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:

Manchester City (2008–09)[41]
Manchester United (2012–13)[41]
Chelsea (2016–17)[41]

Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:

Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96, 2014–15)[41]
Barnsley (1997–98)[41]
Chelsea (1997–98)[41]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[41]
Everton (2000–01)[41]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[41]
Portsmouth (2005–06, 2007–08)[41]
Burnley (2009–10)[41]
Liverpool (2011–12)[41]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[41]

Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:

Norwich City (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Manchester City (2009–10)[41]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[42]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[43]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[44]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[45]
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Worst goal difference in a season: –69, Derby County (2007–08)[46]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[47]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[45]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[48]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[49]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43

Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[49]

Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[49]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[49]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8

Middlesbrough (1995–96)[49]
Southampton (1998–99)[49]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[49]
Derby County (2007–08)[49]

Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[49]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[49]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[50]
Most goals scored in total: 1,924, Manchester United[20]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,267, Tottenham Hotspur[20]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)[51]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[52][53]
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)[54]
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)[54]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)[55]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[56]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[57]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[58]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[59]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[60]
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer[61]
Most Premier League goals at one club: 183, Wayne Rooney (Manchester United)[62]
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[63]
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[64]
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[65]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[66]

text:
Rank
Name
Goals
Games
Goals per game
Playing position
First goal
Last goal

1
 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2
 Wayne Rooney
208
491
0.42
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3
 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4
 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5
 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6
 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7
 Jermain Defoe
162
492
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8
 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9
 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

10
 Teddy Sheringham
146
418
0.35
Forward
1992–93
2006–07

tag: table

tag: p

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]

Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 32, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[69]
Most games scored in during a Premier League season: 24, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[70]
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)[71]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:

20-team league:[69]

Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)

22-team league:[citation needed]

Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[72]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[73]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[74]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[75]

Andy Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[76]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[77]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[78]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[79]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers)[80]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[66]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[83]
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[84]
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[85]
Most own goals in a season: 4, joint record:

Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[86]
Lewis Dunk (2017–18)[87]

Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[88]
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)[89]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists (career)

Rank
Player
Assists

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
111

3
 Wayne Rooney
103

4
 Frank Lampard
102

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

8
 James Milner
78

9
 Teddy Sheringham
76

10
 David Silva
75

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[91]
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[92]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[93]

Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[94]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Most clean sheets (career)

Rank
Player
Clean
sheets

1
 Petr Čech
201

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
151

4
 David Seaman
140

5
 Nigel Martyn
137

6
 Pepe Reina
134

7
 Edwin van der Sar
132

 Tim Howard

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
128

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[95]
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[96]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):

Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[97]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[98]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[99]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[100]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[101]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[55]

Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne

Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[67]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[102]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[103]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City, 23 May 2012[104]

text: Youngest goalscorers[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[105]

text:
Player
Date
Team
Age
Opposition

1
James Vaughan
10 April 2005
Everton
16 years, 270 days
Crystal Palace

2
James Milner
26 December 2002
Leeds United
16 years, 346 days
Sunderland

3
Wayne Rooney
19 October 2002
Everton
16 years, 351 days
Arsenal

4
Cesc Fàbregas
25 August 2004
Arsenal
17 years, 114 days
Blackburn Rovers

5
Michael Owen
6 May 1997
Liverpool
17 years, 144 days
Wimbledon

6
Andy Turner
5 September 1992
Tottenham
17 years, 166 days
Everton

7
Federico Macheda
5 April 2009
Manchester United
17 years, 226 days
Aston Villa

8
Raheem Sterling
20 October 2012
Liverpool
17 years, 317 days
Reading

9
Mikael Forssell
20 February 1999
Chelsea
17 years, 342 days
Nottingham Forest

10
Danny Cadamarteri
20 September 1997
Everton
17 years, 344 days
Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[106]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[106]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)

Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[107]

Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season

Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3

Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[108]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[109]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[110]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[111]

Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[112]
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[113]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[114]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score; 3–4)[115]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score; 4–4)[116]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score; 3–4)[117]

Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:

Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[118]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[119]

Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:

Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[120]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[121]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[122]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[123]

text:
Pos.
Club
Seasons
Pld
Win
Draw
Loss
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Relegated
Avg
Pts
Best
Pos.

1
Manchester United
26
1000
629
215
156
1924
875
1049
2102
13
6
3
1

80.85
1

2
Arsenal
26
1000
544
253
203
1772
962
810
1885
3
6
5
7

72.50
1

3
Chelsea
26
1000
537
248
215
1707
963
744
1859
5
4
4
2

71.50
1

4
Liverpool
26
1000
499
255
246
1685
1024
661
1752

3
5
7

67.38
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur
26
1000
423
255
322
1480
1267
213
1524

1
2
2

58.62
2

6
Everton
26
1000
362
287
351
1303
1265
38
1373

1

52.81
4

7
Manchester City
21
810
359
194
257
1279
952
327
1271
3
2
2
1
2
60.52
1

8
Newcastle United
23
882
334
225
323
1207
1187
20
1227

2
2
1
2
53.35
2

9
Aston Villa
24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

10
West Ham United
22
844
275
221
348
1012
1214
−202
1046

2
47.55
5

11
Blackburn Rovers
18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton
19
734
229
202
303
892
1022
−130
889

1
46.79
6

13
Leeds United
12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough
15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[124]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland
16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham
13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers
13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City
12
460
142
129
189
572
670
−98
555
1

3
46.25
1

19
West Bromwich Albion
12
456
112
128
216
475
696
−221
464

4
38.67
8

20
Stoke City
10
380
116
109
155
398
525
−127
457

1
45.70
9

21
Coventry City
9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday
8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon
8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Crystal Palace
9
350
97
89
164
374
511
−137
380

4
42.22
10

25
Charlton Athletic
8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

26
Norwich City
8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

27
Wigan Athletic
8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Swansea City
7
266
82
66
118
306
383
−77
312

1
44.57
8

29
Queens Park Rangers
7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

30
Birmingham City
7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

31
Portsmouth
7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[125]

1
41.86
8

32
Derby County
7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.14
8

33
Nottingham Forest
5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town
5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Watford
5
190
45
43
102
188
318
−130
178

2
35.60
13

36
Hull City
5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

37
Burnley
4
152
40
37
75
145
229
−84
157

2
39.25
7

38
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

39
Sheffield United
3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

40
Bournemouth
3
114
34
30
50
145
195
−50
132

44.00
9

41
Reading
3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

42
Oldham Athletic
2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

43
Bradford City
2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Brighton & Hove Albion
1
38
9
13
16
34
54
–20
40

40
15

45
Blackpool
1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

46
Huddersfield Town
1
38
9
10
19
28
58
–30
37

37
16

47
Barnsley
1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

48
Cardiff City
1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

49
Swindon Town
1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

text: League or status at 2018–19:

text:
2018–19 Premier League

2018–19 EFL Championship

2018–19 EFL League One

2018–19 EFL League Two

Defunct: by a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[126][127]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola[128]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[129]
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018)[130]
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers): 41 days, Les Reed (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006) (8 games)[131]


document_title: Ed Freeman

question_text: who played too tall in we were soldiers

question_tokens: who played too tall in we were soldiers

text: Ed Freeman

text: Early life[edit]

text: Freeman was born in Neely, Greene County, Mississippi, the sixth of nine children.[2] When he was 13 years old, he saw thousands of men on maneuvers pass by his home in Mississippi. He knew then that he would become a soldier.[3]

text: He grew up in nearby McLain, Mississippi [4] and graduated from Washington High School.[2] At age 17, before graduating from high school, Freeman served in the U.S. Navy for two years. After the war, he returned to his hometown and graduated from high school. He joined the U.S. Army in September 1948, and married Barbara Morgan on April 30, 1954. They had two sons: Mike, born in 1956, and Doug, born in 1962. [4]

text: Military service[edit]

text: World War II[edit]

text: During World War II, Freeman served for two years in the Navy on the USS Cacapon (AO-52).[4]

text: Korean War[edit]

text: By the time of the Korean War, Freeman reached the Army rank of first sergeant. Although he was in the Corps of Engineers, his company fought as an infantry soldier in Korea. He participated in the Battle of Pork Chop Hill and earned a battlefield commission as one of only 14 survivors out of 257 men who made it through the opening stages of the battle. His second lieutenant bars were pinned on by General James Van Fleet personally. He then assumed command of B Company and led them back up Pork Chop Hill.

text: The commission made him eligible to become a pilot, a childhood dream of his.  However, when he applied for pilot training he was told that, at six feet four inches, he was "too tall" for pilot duty. The phrase stuck, and he was known by the nickname of "Too Tall" for the rest of his career.[5]

text: In 1955, the height limit for pilots was raised and Freeman was accepted into flying school. He first flew fixed-wing Army airplanes before switching to helicopters. After the Korean War, he flew the world on mapping missions.

text: Vietnam War[edit]

text: By the time he was sent to Vietnam in 1965, he was an experienced helicopter pilot and was placed second-in-command of his sixteen-aircraft unit.[5] He served as a captain in Company A, 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile).[6]

text: On November 14, 1965, Freeman and his unit transported a battalion of American soldiers to the Ia Drang Valley. Later, after arriving back at base, they learned that the soldiers had come under intense fire and had taken heavy casualties. Enemy fire around the landing zones was so heavy that the landing zone was closed to medical evacuation helicopters. Freeman and his commander, Major Bruce Crandall, volunteered to fly their unarmed, lightly armored UH-1 Huey in support of the embattled troops. Freeman made a total of fourteen trips to the battlefield, bringing in water and ammunition and taking out wounded soldiers under heavy enemy fire in what was later named the Battle of Ia Drang.

text: Freeman was subsequently promoted to the rank of major, designated as a Master Army Aviator, and was sent home from Vietnam in 1966.

text: Medal of Honor[edit]

text: Freeman's commanding officer nominated him for the Medal of Honor for his actions at Ia Drang, but not in time to meet a two-year deadline then in place.[5] He was instead awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.[2] The Medal of Honor nomination was disregarded until 1995, when the two-year deadline was removed. He was formally presented with the medal on July 16, 2001, in the East Room of the White House by President George W. Bush.[5]

text: Freeman's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

text: Captain Ed W. Freeman, United States Army, distinguished himself by numerous acts of conspicuous gallantry and extraordinary intrepidity on 14 November 1965 while serving with Company A, 229th Assault Helicopter Battalion, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). As a flight leader and second in command of a 16-helicopter lift unit, he supported a heavily engaged American infantry battalion at Landing Zone X-Ray in the Ia Drang Valley, Republic of Vietnam. The unit was almost out of ammunition after taking some of the heaviest casualties of the war, fighting off a relentless attack from a highly motivated, heavily armed enemy force. When the infantry commander closed the helicopter landing zone due to intense direct enemy fire, Captain Freeman risked his own life by flying his unarmed helicopter through a gauntlet of enemy fire time after time, delivering critically needed ammunition, water and medical supplies to the besieged battalion. His flights had a direct impact on the battle's outcome by providing the engaged units with timely supplies of ammunition critical to their survival, without which they would almost surely have gone down, with much greater loss of life. After medical evacuation helicopters refused to fly into the area due to intense enemy fire, Captain Freeman flew 14 separate rescue missions, providing life-saving evacuation of an estimated 30 seriously wounded soldiers -- some of whom would not have survived had he not acted. All flights were made into a small emergency landing zone within 100 to 200 meters of the defensive perimeter where heavily committed units were perilously holding off the attacking elements. Captain Freeman's selfless acts of great valor, extraordinary perseverance and intrepidity were far above and beyond the call of duty or mission and set a superb example of leadership and courage for all of his peers. Captain Freeman's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon himself, his unit and the United States Army.[6]

text: Awards and decorations[edit]

text:
Master Army Aviator Badge

Medal of Honor

Distinguished Flying Crossw/ 2 bronze oak leaf clusters

Bronze Starw/ Valor device

Purple Heart

Air Medalw/ Strike/Flight Numeral 16

Army Commendation Medal

Army Good Conduct Medal

American Campaign Medal

Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal

World War II Victory Medal

Army of Occupation Medal

National Defense Service Medalw/ 1 bronze service star

Korean Service Medalw/ 3 bronze campaign stars

Vietnam Service Medalw/ 2 bronze campaign stars

Armed Forces Reserve Medal

Vietnam Cross of Gallantryw/ 1 Gold Star

United Nations Korea Medal

Vietnam Campaign Medal

Republic of Korea War Service Medal

text:
Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation

Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation with Palm

text: Civilian life[edit]

text: He retired from the military in 1967.[7] Freeman and his family settled in the Treasure Valley area of Idaho, his wife Barbara's home state.[4] He continued to work as a pilot. He flew helicopters for another 20 years, fighting wildfires, conducting animal censuses, and herding wild horses for the Department of the Interior[5] until his second retirement in 1991.[2] By then, he had 17,000 flight hours in helicopters, 22,000 overall.[citation needed]

text: Death and legacy[edit]

text: Freeman died on August 20, 2008 due to complications from Parkinson's disease.[2] He was buried with full military honors at the Idaho State Veterans Cemetery in Boise.[4]

text: In the 2002 film We Were Soldiers, which depicted the Battle of Ia Drang, Freeman was portrayed by Mark McCracken.[2]

text: The post office in Freeman's hometown of McLain, Mississippi, was renamed the "Major Ed W. Freeman Post Office" in March 2009.[4]


document_title: Oldest football competitions

question_text: what is the oldest football competition in the world

text: Oldest football competitions

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This is a list of the oldest documented football competitions, played at school, club, national and international levels. The first list contains competitions that have been played continuously. The second is a list of competitions that are now defunct.

text: Current competitions[edit]

text:
Year commenced
Date
Competition
Type
First trophy awarded, years
Original code
Current code
Location
Notes & references

1858
7 August
Melbourne Grammar School-Scotch College Cordner-Eggleston Cup, 1989–
schools fixture
 ?
experimental rules
Australian rules football
Melbourne, Australia

1858[1]
11 December
Merchiston Castle School vs. Edinburgh Academy
schools fixture
?
Rugby football
Rugby union
Edinburgh, Scotland

1871

FA Cup
club trophy
FA Cup
Original FA Cup trophy 1871–1897
Second FA Cup trophy 1898–1910
Current FA cup Trophy 1911–
Association football
Association football
England
Oldest national football competition in the world.

1874

United Hospitals Challenge Cup
club trophy
United Hospitals Challenge Cup – 1874–
Rugby football
Rugby union
Surrey, England
Oldest rugby football competition in the world.

1874

Scottish Cup
club trophy
Scottish Cup 1874–
Association football
Association football
Scotland

1875[2]

Bromsgrove–KES
schools fixture
Siviter-Smith Cup, 1935–
Rugby football
Rugby union
Bromsgrove/Birmingham, England
Later trophy donated by Paul Siviter-Smith, a Birmingham businessman, who had sons at both schools.[3]

1875
13 November
The Game
Interscholastic match
1875-
modified Rugby union
American football
United States

1876

Birmingham Senior Cup
regional club knock-out cup competition
1875–
 ?
Association football
English West Midlands
Oldest regional trophy in the world.

1876
17 March
Ulster Schools Cup
cup tournament
Schools Cup 1876–
Rugby union
Rugby union
Ravenhill, Belfast, Northern Ireland

1877

Welsh Cup
club trophy
Welsh Cup, 1877–
Association football
Association football
Wales

1877
30 April
South Australian Football Association
club league
Thomas Seymour Hill Premiership Trophy, ?
Australian rules football
Australian rules football
Adelaide, South Australia
Oldest Australian rules football league and earliest governing body.

1877
17 May
Victorian Football Association
club league
 ?
Victorian rules
Australian rules football
Melbourne, Australia
Most influential early governing body for Australian rules football.

1879

Tasmanian Football League
club league
 ?
Victorian rules
Australian rules football
Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
Some discontinuity, most recently dormant between 2001 and 2008.

1879
10 March
Calcutta Cup
international challenge
 ?
Rugby football
Rugby union
England, Scotland
Competed for by the England and Scotland international rugby teams annually.

1880

Cheshire Senior Cup
county cup
1880–
Association football
Association football
Cheshire, England
Also includes teams from Greater Manchester and Merseyside, many from the historical boundaries of Cheshire.

1880

Bendigo Football League
club league
 ?
Victorian rules
Australian rules football
Bendigo, Australia
Includes the Castlemaine football club, second oldest football club in Australia.

1883

Black Diamond Football League
club league
Black Diamond Challenge Cup, 1888–
Australian rules football
Australian rules football
Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
Trophy donated to the league by Newcastle’s Richmond Tobacco Co., claims to be the longest running football trophy in Australia.[4][5]

1885

West Australian Football League
club league
 ?
Australian rules football
Australian rules football
Perth, Western Australia

1886

Airdrie Schools Cup
club trophy
 ?
Association football
Association football
Airdrie, Scotland
Oldest schools association football tournament in the world.[citation needed] The tournament ceased in 1994 when Broomfield Stadium was demolished but was rejuvenated in 2011 in celebration of 125th anniversary at the new Broomfield Stadium.

1887

All-Ireland Senior Football Championship
inter-county cup
1928
Gaelic football
Gaelic football

1888

English Football League
club league
 ?
Association football
Association football

Oldest association football league.

1888

Durand Cup
tournament
Royal Scots Fusiliers, 1988–
Experimental
Association football
Shimla, India
Oldest football tournament in Asia.

1888

Broken Hill Football League
club league
 ?
Australian rules football
Australian rules football
Broken Hill, New South Wales, Australia

1889

Currie Cup
Regional Union Competition
Currie Cup, 1889–
Rugby football
Rugby union
South Africa
Oldest regional rugby union competition in the world and oldest rugby union competition in the southern hemisphere.

1889

Northern Football League
club league
 ?
Association football
Association football
North East England
Second-oldest association football league in the world.

1890
Every June
St Joseph's College, Dumfries
 ?
1890, Part Pupils v Present Pupils Trophy
Association football
Association football
Dumfries, Scotland

1891

Argentine Primera División
club league
 ?
Association football
Association football
Argentina
Oldest top-tier association football league in the world and oldest association football league outside Great Britain.

1892

Brown Shield
interprovincial knockout tournament
Brown Shield, 1892
Association football
Association football
New Zealand
Originally the country's premier football trophy, now only contested sporadically.[6]

1893

IFA Shield
tournament
Royal Irish Rifles
Experimental
Association football
Kolkata, India

1893
Boxing Day/ Christmas day (1893-98)
Scarborough Fisherman v Fireman football match
Cup
The Silver Cup, 1901
Experimental Rules
Experimental Rules
Scarborough, England
Organised as a charity football match to raise money for the Evelyn and Maud that sank. Still played annually today to raise money for the Finsherman and Fireman fund.

1895

Belgian First Division A
club league
National Championships 1895–
Association football
Association football
Belgium
Oldest association football league in continental Europe.

1895

Hong Kong Shield
club trophy

Association football
Association football
Hong Kong

1895

Rugby Football League/Super League
club league
Rugby Football League Championship 1895–
Rugby league
Rugby league
England

1896

Challenge Cup
club league
1896–
Rugby league
Rugby league
Europe

1896

Victorian Football League/Australian Football League
club league
Flag 1895-; AFL Premiership Cup, 1959–
Australian rules football
Australian rules football
Victoria, Australia (national since 1990)
Now the game's premier competition and highest governing body.

1898

Yates Cup
college league

Canadian football
Canadian football
Ontario, Canada
The Ontario University Athletics football trophy and oldest football trophy in North America.

1898

Calcutta Football League
club league

Association football
Association football
Calcutta, India
Oldest Association football league in Asia.

1901

Ontario Cup
club trophy
1901–
Association football
Association football
Canada
Oldest association football competition in North America.

1901

Nemzeti Bajnokság
club league

Association football
Association football
Hungary

1901

New South Wales Suburban Rugby Union
club league

Rugby union
Rugby union
Sydney, Australia

1902

Copa del Rey
club trophy

Association football
Association football
Spain

1902
January 1 or 2
Rose Bowl Game
bowl game

American football
American football
Pasadena, California, United States

1902
May 3
Campeonato Paulista
club league
 ?
Association football
Association football
São Paulo state, Brazil

1903

Sydney AFL
club league

Australian rules football
Australian rules football
Sydney, Australia

1904–

AFL Queensland State League
club league

Australian rules football
Australian rules football
Brisbane, Australia

1908–

NSWRL/National Rugby League
club league

Rugby league
Rugby league
Sydney, Australia

1908–

Queensland Rugby League
club league

Rugby league
Rugby league
Brisbane, Australia

1908–

The Ashes
international challenge

Rugby league
Rugby league
Australia & Great Britain

1908–

Anzac Test
international challenge

Rugby league
rugby league
Australia & New Zealand

1908–

Hong Kong First Division League
club league

Association football
Association football
Hong Kong

1909–

Grey Cup
Originally national club trophy; now national league

"Rugby football" (early form of Canadian football)
Canadian football
Canada
Now the championship trophy of the Canadian Football League.

1910–

New Zealand Rugby League
club league
Rugby League Shield 1910–
Rugby league
Rugby league
Auckland, New Zealand

1910–

Newcastle Rugby League
club league

Rugby league
Rugby league
Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia

1911–

Illawarra Rugby League
club league

Rugby league
Rugby league
Illawarra, New South Wales, Australia

1912–

Úrvalsdeild
club league

Association football
Association football
Iceland

1912–

The Challenge Trophy
club fixture
Connaught Cup 1913–1926, Challenge Trophy 1926–1954, Carling Cup 1954–
Association football
Association football
Canada

1914–

IUFU Collingwood Cup
university trophy
1914–
Association football
Association football
Republic of Ireland

1914–

Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup
club trophy
National Challenge Cup (1914); Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup (1999–)
Association football
Association football
United States
Oldest association football competition in the United States of America.

text: Defunct competitions[edit]

text:
Years
Date
Competition
Type
First trophy awarded, years
Original code
Location
Notes

1860–
26 December
—
interclub fixture
—
Sheffield rules
Sheffield, England
[7][8]

1861–1876
December
Caledonian Challenge Cup
club trophy
Caledonian Challenge Cup, 1861–1864
Melbourne Rules
Melbourne, Australia
[9]

1867 only

Youdan Cup
club trophy
Youdan Cup, 1867
Sheffield rules
Sheffield, England

1868 only

Cromwell Cup
club trophy
Cromwell Cup, 1868
Sheffield rules
Sheffield, England

1882–?

Northern Football Association
club league
 ?
Victorian rules
Launceston, Tasmania

1884–1984

Home International Championship
international challenge
Home International Championship, 1884–1984
Association football
Home Nations (UK)

1888–1956

Netherlands Football League Championship
club league
 ?
Association football

1890–2004

Irish League
club league
 ?
Association football
Northern Ireland

1890–2013

Scottish Football League
club league
 ?
Association football
Scotland

1891–2001

Rovers Cup
tournament
1st Worcester Regiment
Experimental
Bombay, India


document_title: States of Nigeria

question_text: nigeria became a federation of 19 states in

text: States of Nigeria

text: Current states and the Federal Capital Territory[edit]

text:
States

Abia
Adamawa
Akwa Ibom
Anambra
Bauchi
Bayelsa
Benue
Borno
Cross River
Delta
Ebonyi
Enugu

 Edo
 Ekiti
 Gombe
 Imo
 Jigawa
 Kaduna
 Kano
 Katsina
 Kebbi
 Kogi
 Kwara
 Lagos

 Nasarawa
 Niger
 Ogun
 Ondo
 Osun
 Oyo
 Plateau
 Rivers
 Sokoto
 Taraba
 Yobe
 Zamfara

Territory

Federal Capital Territory (FCT)

text: Evolution of Nigerian states[edit]

text:
Date
Events
Map

1960-1963
At the time of independence in 1960, Nigeria was a Federal State of three Regions: Northern, Western, and Eastern.  Additionally, provinces, which were a legacy of  colonial times, remained extant until they were abolished in 1976.

1963-1967
In 1963, two provinces were detached from the Western Region to form the new Mid-Western Region.

1967-1976
In 1967, the regions were replaced by 12 states due to a military decree; only the former Mid-Western Region escaped division, and formed a single state following the restructuring. From 1967 to 1970 the areas of Mid-Western State and the Eastern Region attempted to secede, as a nation called Biafra during the Nigerian civil war.

1976-1987
In 1976, seven new states were created, making 19 altogether.[2]

1987-1991
During this period, there were 21 states and later, Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory.

1991-1996
During this period, there were 30 states and the Federal Capital Territory. The Federal Capital Territory was established in 1991. In 1987 two new states were established, followed by another nine in 1991, bringing the total to 30. The latest change, in 1996, resulted in the present number of 36 states.

text: Government[edit]

text: As sovereign entities, States of Nigeria have the right to organize/structure their individual governments in any way within the parameters set by the Constitution of Nigeria.

text: Legislature[edit]

text: At the State level, the legislature is unicameral, with the number of its members equal to three times the number of legislatures it has in the Federal House of Representatives. It has the power to legislate on matters on the concurrent list.

text: Executive[edit]

text: At the State level, the Head of the executive is called the Governor, who has the power to appoint people to the State Executive Council, subject to the advice and consent of the State House of Assembly (Legislature). The Head of a ministry at the State level is called a commissioner, who is assisted by a permanent secretary, who is also a senior civil servant of the State.

text: Judiciary[edit]

text: The Judiciary is one of the co-equal arms of the State government concerned with the interpretation of the laws of the State government. The Judiciary is headed by the Chief Justice of the State appointed by the governor subject to the approval of the State House of Assembly.

text: Chronology[edit]

text:
Regions

States

1960

1963

1967

1976

1987

1991

1996

Eastern

South-Eastern

Cross-River

Akwa Ibom

Cross-River

East Central

Imo

Imo

Abia

Abia

Ebonyi

Anambra

Enugu

Enugu

Anambra

Rivers

Bayelsa

Rivers

Western

Mid-Western

Bendel

Delta

Edo

Western

Lagos

Western

Ogun

Ondo

Ekiti

Ondo

Oyo

Osun

Oyo

Northern

Benue-Plateau

Plateau

Nasarawa

Plateau

Benue

Benue

Kogi

Kwara

Kwara

Kano

Jigawa

Kano

North Central

Kaduna

Kaduna

Katsina

North Western

Niger

Sokoto

Kebbi

Sokoto

Sokoto

Zamfara

North Eastern

Bauchi

Bauchi

Gombe

Borno

Borno

Yobe

Gongola

Adamawa

Taraba


document_title: The Cleveland Show

question_text: who plays the voice of roberta on the cleveland show

text: The Cleveland Show

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane initially conceived The Cleveland Show in 2007 while working on his other two animated series, Family Guy and American Dad![2][3]

text: The Cleveland Show first appeared on the development slate at Fox in early 2008, under no official name for the pilot, after a report that Fox had purchased the series from creators.[4] On May 5, 2008, MacFarlane and 20th Century Fox Television inked a deal.[5] The pilot was named The Cleveland Show in May 2008, when it appeared on the primetime slate for the 2008–09 television season, although it wasn't officially on the network schedule.[6] Shortly after a report that King of the Hill just ended, leaving air time for The Cleveland Show, the show was picked up for a full season after an additional nine episodes of the show were ordered.[7] In May 2009, The Cleveland Show appeared on the primetime slate for the 2009–10 television season, for airing on Sunday nights at 8:30 pm[8] On June 15, 2009, it was announced that The Cleveland Show would premiere on September 27, 2009.[9]

text: MacFarlane and Henry pitched a 22-minute pilot to Fox which aired on September 27, 2009, but had been leaked on the internet in June 2009. Even before the pilot episode premiered, the show had already been renewed for a 22-episode second season. After the first season of the show aired, it was given the green light to start production. On June 10, 2010, less than three weeks into the first season's summer hiatus, it was announced that Fox was ordering a third season.[10] A fourth season was announced on May 9, 2011, just a few days before the second season concluded.

text: Executive producers[edit]

text: Seth MacFarlane, Mike Henry and Richard Appel served as executive producers on the series since the first season.[11]

text: Voice cast[edit]

text: Mike Henry voices two of the show's main characters: Cleveland Brown and Rallo Tubbs. The voice of Cleveland was developed originally for Family Guy by Henry after being influenced by one of his best friends who had a very distinct regional accent.[12] For the voice of Rallo, Henry has stated that he had originally created the voice over twenty years ago, when he had made a series of prank calls.

text: Sanaa Lathan voices Donna Tubbs, the wife of Cleveland. In developing the character, Lathan said that the producers "wanted her to be educated, but to have some edge."[13] Prior to voicing Donna, Lathan had only one other voice credit in a relatively low-budget film entitled The Golden Blaze. In addition to the show, she also primarily worked as an actress in such films as Alien vs. Predator, Love & Basketball and The Family That Preys.

text: Reagan Gomez-Preston plays Roberta Tubbs, the stepdaughter of Cleveland. Gomez has stated that she uses her own voice to portray Roberta, and that she herself gets mistaken for a fifteen-year-old over the phone "all the time."[13] Before Gomez was cast as Roberta, Nia Long (who co-starred with Lathan in The Best Man franchise) provided the character's voice during the first thirteen episodes. According to Long, she was replaced because producers decided they wanted an actress with a younger-sounding voice, given that the character is a teenager.[14]

text: Kevin Michael Richardson, a recurring guest voice on Family Guy and American Dad, portrays Cleveland, Jr., as well as Cleveland's next door neighbor Lester Krinklesac. In portraying Cleveland, Jr., Richardson drew inspiration from a character named Patrick that he had played on the NBC drama series ER who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet. For Lester, Richardson stated in an interview that, being African American, he had "run into a few rednecks in [his] time," and decided to simply perform a stereotypical redneck impression for the voice of Lester.[13]

text: Jason Sudeikis plays Holt Richter, one of Cleveland's drinking buddies with a short stature, and Terry Kimple, one of Cleveland's longtime friends who now works with him at Waterman Cable. Sudeikis originally began as a recurring cast member, but starting with the episode "Harder, Better, Faster, Browner", he was promoted to a series regular.

text: Seth MacFarlane played Tim the Bear up until season 3 episode 10, which MacFarlane admits is a "Steve Martin impression [...] a Wild and Crazy Guy impression". Jess Harnell voices Tim from season 3 episode 11 onwards.

text: Other voices include that of Arianna Huffington as Tim's wife Arianna the Bear, Nat Faxon as Tim and Arianna's son Raymond the Bear, Jamie Kennedy as Roberta's boyfriend Gabriel Friedman, a.k.a. "Federline Jones", Will Forte as Principal Wally, Frances Callier as Evelyn "Cookie" Brown, Craig Robinson as LeVar "Freight Train" Brown and David Lynch as Gus the bartender.

text:
Main cast members

Mike Henry
Sanaa Lathan
Reagan Gomez-Preston
Kevin Michael Richardson
Jason Sudeikis
Seth MacFarlane

Cleveland Brown, Rallo Tubbs
Donna Tubbs
Roberta Tubbs
Cleveland Brown, Jr. and Lester Krinklesac
Holt Richter
and Terry Kimple
Tim the Bear

text: Characters[edit]

text: Cleveland's newly introduced family includes his new wife in her early forties, Donna Tubbs Brown (voiced by Sanaa Lathan);[15] Donna's teenage daughter Roberta (originally voiced by Nia Long, but later voiced by Reagan Gomez-Preston); and Donna's five-year-old son Rallo (also voiced by Mike Henry).[16][17] Cleveland, Jr. underwent a complete redesign for the show, becoming sensitive and soft-spoken.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(millions)

1
21
September 27, 2009 (2009-09-27)
May 23, 2010 (2010-05-23)
No. 72[18]
6.38[18]

2
22
September 26, 2010 (2010-09-26)
May 15, 2011 (2011-05-15)
No. 90[19]
6.12[19]

3
22
September 25, 2011 (2011-09-25)
May 20, 2012 (2012-05-20)
No. 144[20]
4.03[20]

4
23
October 7, 2012 (2012-10-07)
May 19, 2013 (2013-05-19)
No. 129[21]
3.05[21]

text: Crossovers with other animated sitcoms[edit]

text: The Cleveland Show characters have appeared on other animated sitcoms and vice versa. The Cleveland Show crossovers have all involved two other animated programs. Both the other two animated programs were also created by Seth MacFarlane: Family Guy and American Dad!

text: There are also many brief cameos of characters from other Fox animated series, The Simpsons, and King of the Hill.

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: In July 2010, the Turner Broadcasting System picked up syndication rights, for their networks TBS and Adult Swim.[22] The series first aired in syndication on Adult Swim on Cartoon Network in the United States on September 29, 2012. In Canada, MuchMusic ran previews of the show on September 2, 2013, followed by its official debut on the next day.

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On April 17, 2013, Fox dismissed increasing rumors that The Cleveland Show had been cancelled, reporting rather that renewal of the series was undetermined as of that time.[23][24] However, on May 13, 2013, in the New York Daily News, Fox Chairman of Entertainment Kevin Reilly confirmed its cancellation.[1] Following the series cancellation, it was confirmed that Cleveland and the Brown/Tubbs family would be moving back to Quahog to rejoin the Family Guy cast.[25]

text: International broadcast[edit]

text:
Country
Network
Premiere date

Canada
Global
MuchMusic
September 27, 2009 – May 19, 2013
September 3, 2013–August 31, 2017

Australia
Network Ten
Eleven
FOX8
December 2, 2009 – January 12, 2011
January 12, 2011 – 2014
March 13, 2011 – present

Germany
Comedy Central
August 7, 2016 – present

Lithuania
TV6
– present (Klyvlando Šou)

Ireland
3e
2009

United Kingdom
E4
Fox
ITV2
February 1, 2010 – Autumn 2015[26]
January 6, 2011 – ?
2016–Present [26]

United States
Fox
Adult Swim
TBS
September 27, 2009 – May 19, 2013
September 29, 2012 – present
September 16, 2013 – present

Hungary
Comedy Central
Humor+

July 6, 2010 – October 30, 2016
October 30, 2016 – present

Middle East
FX
Unknown

New Zealand
C4
Four
Comedy Central
2010
February 10, 2011 – present
2011–present

Pakistan
FX
Unknown

Philippines
Jack TV
Fox Philippines
October 2010 - Present (Rerun)
March 2013 - Present (Rerun)

South Africa
Vuzu
November 29, 2010

Singapore
Fox
April 2, 2012 (Season 2)
(Mondays to Wednesdays 11:40 pm (UTC+8))

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: The Cleveland Show has received mixed reviews from critics and negative reviews from fans. Review aggregator Metacritic gave the show a score of 57 out of 100.[27] Tom Shales of The Washington Post spoke very negatively about both the show and MacFarlane himself, describing him as "no better than the dirty old man hanging around playgrounds with naughty pictures or risque jokes as lures".[28] Roberto Bianco of USA Today wrote a similarly negative review, suggesting that the easiest fix for its problem was "cancellation".[29] John McWhorter of The New Republic called it "a patronizing mess" and "basically Family Guy in blackface". He added: "What isn't black in it is so shamelessly ripped off from Family Guy that it's hard to believe it's the product of creators who are usually so studiously 'post-' obvious stunts of the sort."[30] Matt Rouse of TV Guide wrote, "The lamest, most unnecessary spin-off since Private Practice, Cleveland rests on the shoulders of the hopelessly bland title character".[31] However, Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette was more positive about the program, writing that although The Cleveland Show was "just as rude-crude" as Family Guy, it also had "more warmth" due to Cleveland being a more likeable character than Peter Griffin. Owen also praised the character of Tim the Bear, stating that "Tim is by far the most amusing creation."[32]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Outcome

2010
Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Animated Show
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

People's Choice Awards
Favorite New TV Comedy
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

2011
Annie Awards
Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production
Mike Henry as Cleveland Brown
Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Animated Program
"Murray Christmas"
Nominated

NAMIC Vision Awards
Animation
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV: Animated Show
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

2012
Artios Award
Outstanding Achievement in Casting – Television Animation
Robert McGee and Ruth Lambert
Nominated

2013
American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers Awards
Top Television Series
The Cleveland Show
Won

People's Choice Awards
Favorite Cartoon Show
The Cleveland Show
Nominated

text: Home media[edit]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
DVD Title
# of Disc(s)
Year
# of Episodes
DVD release

Region 1
Region 2
Region 4

Season One
4
2009 & 2010
21
September 28, 2010[33]
October 11, 2010[34]
June 29, 2011[35]

Season Two
4
2010 & 2011
22
September 27, 2011[36]
January 30, 2012[37]
November 2, 2011[38]

Season Three
3
2011 & 2012
22
March 1, 2013[39]
(manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R)

Season Four
3
2012 & 2013
23
December 17, 2013[40]
(manufactured on demand (MOD) on DVD-R)

text:
Animation portal
Comedy portal
Television portal


document_title: Believe It or Not (song)

question_text: who wrote the theme song for the greatest american hero

text: Believe It or Not (song)

text:
"Believe It or Not"

Single by Joey Scarbury

from the album America's Greatest Hero

B-side
"Little Bit of Us"

Released
1981

Format
7"

Length
3:11

Label
Elektra

Songwriter(s)
Mike Post, Stephen Geyer

Producer(s)
Mike Post

Joey Scarbury singles chronology

"Believe It or Not"
(1981)
"When She Dances"
(1981)

"Believe It or Not"
(1981)
"When She Dances"
(1981)

text: "Believe It or Not" is a song composed by Mike Post (music) and Stephen Geyer (lyrics) and sung by American singer Joey Scarbury. It serves as the theme song for the television series The Greatest American Hero. The track was later included on Scarbury's 1981 debut album America's Greatest Hero.

text: The theme song became a popular hit during the run of The Greatest American Hero. "Believe It or Not" debuted in the Top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 on June 13, 1981, eventually peaking at number 2 during the weeks ending August 15–22, 1981, kept off the top spot by "Endless Love" by Diana Ross and Lionel Richie, and spending a total of 18 weeks in the Top 40. On the Adult Contemporary Chart, "Believe It or Not" went to number 3. [1] It also peaked at the number 1 position on the Record World Chart.[2] It was also used in the 2009 movie "Super Capers".

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
George uses a modified version of this song for his answering machine greeting in the Seinfeld episode The Susie. The following is sung by George to the tune of the refrain: "Believe it or not, George isn't at home, please leave a message at the beep. I must be out, or I'd pick up the phone, where could I be? Believe it or not, I'm not home."
In 1982 Glen Campbell covered the song.
The song is featured in the 2005 film The 40-Year-Old Virgin.
The Family Guy episode "Believe It or Not, Joe's Walking on Air" is a play on the song's name. It is also sung by Peter in "The Man with Two Brians."
The episode of The Goldbergs "Snow Day" features the song.
A part of the song is sung by the Dog of Wisdom at the end of the short animated film of the same name.
The song was used as the theme song to The Cinema Snob from 2008–2013.
The song appears in a 2017 TV commercial for State Farm, starring Aaron Rodgers and Clay Matthews.[3]


document_title: Dan Ryan Jr.

question_text: who is the dan ryan expressway named after

text: Dan Ryan Jr.

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Daniel B. "Dan" Ryan Jr. (1894– April 8, 1961) was a Chicago insurance broker and served as President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners from 1954 to his death. Ryan was a Democrat.[1] The Dan Ryan Expressway was named in his memory.

text: Life[edit]

text: Ryan attended De La Salle Institute and Kent College of Law.  When his father, Dan Ryan Sr., died in 1923, Ryan was elected to fill out his term on the Cook County Board of Commissioners.  With the exception of 1926–1930, he sat on the board until his death and served as the board president for the final years of his life.

text: Highways[edit]

text:
Ryan was a promoter of superhighways for the Chicago area, but financing was difficult before creation of the Interstate Highway System, and in 1955 Ryan engineered an ambitious bond issue program to jump-start construction of expressways in Cook County.[1]
Dan Ryan Senior hailed from Dundrum in Co. Tipperary, where his family were known as the Ryan Larrys (In Tipperary there were so many Ryans that they had to assume second names to differentiate the different families)