document_title: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament

question_text: who won the womens curling winter olympics 2018

question_tokens: who won the womens curling winter olympics 2018

text: Curling at the 2018 Winter Olympics – Women's tournament

text: Teams[edit]

text: The teams are listed as follows:[3]

text:
Canada
 China
 Denmark
 Great Britain
 Japan

Ottawa CC, Ottawa
Skip: Rachel Homan
Third: Emma Miskew
Second: Joanne Courtney
Lead: Lisa Weagle
Alternate: Cheryl Bernard

Harbin CC, Harbin
Skip: Wang Bingyu
Third: Zhou Yan
Second: Liu Jinli
Lead: Ma Jingyi
Alternate: Jiang Xindi

Hvidovre CC, Hvidovre
Skip: Madeleine Dupont
Third: Denise Dupont
Second: Julie Høgh
Lead: Mathilde Halse
Alternate: Lina Knudsen

Royal Caledonian CC, Stirling
Skip: Eve Muirhead
Third: Anna Sloan
Second: Vicki Adams
Lead: Lauren Gray
Alternate: Kelly Schafer

Loco Solare CC, Kitami
Skip: Satsuki Fujisawa
Third: Chinami Yoshida
Second: Yumi Suzuki
Lead: Yurika Yoshida
Alternate: Mari Motohashi

 Olympic Athletes from Russia
 South Korea
 Sweden
 Switzerland
 United States

CC Adamant, St. Petersburg
Skip: Victoria Moiseeva
Third: Uliana Vasilyeva
Second: Galina Arsenkina
Lead: Julia Guzieva
Alternate: Yulia Portunova

GyeongBuk Uiseong CC, Uiseong
Skip: Kim Eun-jung
Third: Kim Kyeong-ae
Second: Kim Seon-yeong
Lead: Kim Yeong-mi
Alternate: Kim Cho-hi

Sundbybergs CK, Sundbyberg
Skip: Anna Hasselborg
Third: Sara McManus
Second: Agnes Knochenhauer
Lead: Sofia Mabergs
Alternate: Jennie Wåhlin

CC Aarau, Aarau
Skip: Silvana Tirinzoni
Third: Esther Neuenschwander
Second: Manuela Siegrist
Lead: Marlene Albrecht
Alternate: Jenny Perret

Madison CC, Madison
Skip: Nina Roth
Third: Tabitha Peterson
Second: Aileen Geving
Lead: Rebecca Hamilton
Alternate: Cory Christensen

text: Round robin standings[edit]

text: Final round robin standings

text:
Key

Teams to playoffs

text:
Country

v
t
e

Skip
W
L
PF
PA
Ends
won
Ends
lost
Blank
ends
Stolen
ends
Shot %

 South Korea
Kim Eun-jung
8
1
75
44
41
34
5
15
79%

 Sweden
Anna Hasselborg
7
2
64
48
42
34
14
13
83%

 Great Britain
Eve Muirhead
6
3
61
56
39
38
12
6
79%

 Japan
Satsuki Fujisawa
5
4
59
55
38
36
10
13
75%

 China
Wang Bingyu
4
5
57
65
35
38
12
5
78%

 Canada
Rachel Homan
4
5
68
59
40
36
10
12
81%

 Switzerland
Silvana Tirinzoni
4
5
60
55
34
37
12
7
78%

 United States
Nina Roth
4
5
56
65
38
39
7
6
78%

 Olympic Athletes from Russia
Victoria Moiseeva
2
7
45
76
34
40
8
6
76%

 Denmark
Madeleine Dupont
1
8
50
72
32
41
10
6
73%

text: Round robin results[edit]

text: All draw times are listed in Seoul Time (UTC+9).[4]

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Team

v
t
e

Record

 Canada

5–7
8–9
5–6
8–3
9–8
6–8
6–7
10–8
11–3
4–5

 China
7–5

10–7
7–8
7–6
6–7
5–12
4–8
7–2
4–10
4–5

 Denmark
9–8
7–10

6–7
5–8
7–8
3–9
3–9
4–6
6–7
1–8

 Great Britain
6–5
8–7
7–6

8–6
10–3
4–7
6–8
8–7
4–7
6–3

 Japan
3–8
6–7
8–5
6–8

10–5
7–5
5–4
4–8
10–5
5–4

 Olympic Athletes from Russia
8–9
7–6
8–7
3–10
5–10

2–11
4–5
2–11
6–7
2–7

 South Korea
8–6
12–5
9–3
7–4
5–7
11–2

7–6
7–5
9–6
8–1

 Sweden
7–6
8–4
9–3
8–6
4–5
5–4
6–7

8–7
9–6
7–2

 Switzerland
8–10
2–7
6–4
7–8
8–4
11–2
5–7
7–8

6–5
4–5

 United States
3–11
10–4
7–6
7–4
5–10
7–6
6–9
6–9
5–6

4–5

text: Draw 1[edit]

text: Wednesday, 14 February, 14:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Japan (Fujisawa)
2
2
3
0
1
0
0
1
1
X
10

 United States (Roth)
0
0
0
1
0
3
1
0
0
X
5

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
1
0
0
2
0
0
X
X
X
3

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
3
0
2
1
0
0
4
X
X
X
10

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
X
X
3

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
1
0
2
0
2
2
0
2
X
X
9

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
X
X
2

 China (Wang)
0
2
1
1
0
0
0
3
X
X
7

text: Draw 2[edit]

text: Thursday, 15 February, 09:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
2
6

 South Korea (Kim)
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
1
3
0
8

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
0
1
X
5

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
2
1
0
0
0
3
2
0
X
8

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 China (Wang)
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
6

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
7

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
0
4

 United States (Roth)
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
7

text: Draw 3[edit]

text: Thursday, 15 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 China (Wang)
0
1
0
3
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
7

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
1
8

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
1
0
6

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
7

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 United States (Roth)
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
5

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
2
0
1
2
0
0
0
1
0
6

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
0
2
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
5

 Japan (Fujisawa)
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
7

text: Draw 4[edit]

text: Friday, 16 February, 14:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
3
1
0
2
0
0
0
2
1
9

 Canada (Homan)
0
2
0
0
4
0
1
1
0
0
0
8

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
7

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
5

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
5

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
4

text: Draw 5[edit]

text: Saturday, 17 February, 09:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
7

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
1
0
0
1
0
1
3
2
0
0
8

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
2
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
6

 United States (Roth)
1
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
7

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Japan (Fujisawa)
2
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
6

 China (Wang)
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
1
7

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
1
6

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
0
7

text: Draw 6[edit]

text: Saturday, 17 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
X
5

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
2
0
2
0
1
3
0
2
X
10

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 China (Wang)
4
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
4
X
10

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
1
3
0
2
0
0
1
0
X
7

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
1
7

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
0
0
4

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 United States (Roth)
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
X
X
X
3

 Canada (Homan)
3
0
1
0
3
0
4
X
X
X
11

text: Draw 7[edit]

text: Sunday, 18 February, 14:05

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
6

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
2
8

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
3
1
10

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
1
0
0
3
0
3
0
1
0
0
8

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 China (Wang)
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
0
X
X
5

 South Korea (Kim)
3
0
3
0
4
0
0
2
X
X
12

text: Draw 8[edit]

text: Monday, 19 February, 09:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 United States (Roth)
1
0
1
1
0
2
0
1
0
1
7

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
1
0
0
2
0
2
0
1
0
6

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
X
X
X
3

 Canada (Homan)
1
0
0
1
4
0
2
X
X
X
8

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
2
1
6

 South Korea (Kim)
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
0
7

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
X
X
X
2

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
0
3
2
2
0
4
X
X
X
11

text: Draw 9[edit]

text: Monday, 19 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
2
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
2
8

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
7

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
0
2
0
2
0
0
3
0
7

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
1
1
0
3
0
1
1
0
1
8

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 China (Wang)
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
X
X
4

 United States (Roth)
3
0
4
0
2
0
1
0
X
X
10

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
5

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
4

text: Draw 10[edit]

text: Tuesday, 20 February, 14:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
5

 China (Wang)
0
2
0
0
3
0
0
1
0
1
7

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 United States (Roth)
2
0
1
0
0
1
0
2
0
X
6

 South Korea (Kim)
0
1
0
1
4
0
1
0
2
X
9

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
1
1
0
3
0
1
1
0
8

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
3
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
6

text: Draw 11[edit]

text: Wednesday, 21 February, 09:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
3
3
3
0
2
0
X
X
X
X
11

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
0
0
0
1
0
1
X
X
X
X
2

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
2
1
0
2
0
0
3
0
X
8

 China (Wang)
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
X
4

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
1
0
0
0
3
0
1
0
1
X
6

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
X
4

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Canada (Homan)
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
5

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
2
6

text: Draw 12[edit]

text: Wednesday, 21 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
3
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
3
9

 United States (Roth)
0
2
0
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
6

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Switzerland (Tirinzoni)
0
2
0
4
0
0
0
1
1
X
8

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
X
4

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (Moiseeva)
4
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
8

 Canada (Homan)
0
2
0
2
1
1
0
0
2
1
9

text:
Sheet D v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
0
1
0
3
2
0
3
X
X
X
9

 Denmark (Dupont)
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
X
X
X
3

text: Playoffs[edit]

text:
Semifinals

Gold medal game

1
 South Korea
8

4
 Japan
7

1
 South Korea
3

2
 Sweden
8

2
 Sweden
10

3
 Great Britain
5

Bronze medal game

3
 Great Britain
3

4
 Japan
5

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: Friday, 23 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet A v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
3
0
1
0
2
0
0
1
0
0
1
8

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
2
0
1
0
1
0
0
2
1
0
7

text:
Player percentages

 South Korea
 Japan

Kim Yeong-mi
88%
Yurika Yoshida
91%

Kim Seon-yeong
95%
Yumi Suzuki
65%

Kim Kyeong-ae
86%
Chinami Yoshida
82%

Kim Eun-jung
82%
Satsuki Fujisawa
86%

Total
88%
Total
81%

text:
Sheet C v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
2
0
1
0
2
3
0
2
X
10

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
2
0
X
5

text:
Player percentages

 Sweden
 Great Britain

Sofia Mabergs
99%
Lauren Gray
88%

Agnes Knochenhauer
82%
Vicki Adams
81%

Sara McManus
81%
Anna Sloan
74%

Anna Hasselborg
83%
Eve Muirhead
69%

Total
86%
Total
78%

text: Bronze medal game[edit]

text: Saturday, 24 February, 20:05

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 Great Britain (Muirhead)
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
3

 Japan (Fujisawa)
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
5

text:
Player percentages

 Great Britain
 Japan

Lauren Gray
89%
Yurika Yoshida
85%

Vicki Adams
73%
Yumi Suzuki
69%

Anna Sloan
81%
Chinami Yoshida
85%

Eve Muirhead
65%
Satsuki Fujisawa
83%

Total
77%
Total
80%

text: Gold medal game[edit]

text: Sunday, 25 February, 9:05

text:
Sheet B v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Final

 South Korea (Kim)
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
X
3

 Sweden (Hasselborg)
0
0
2
1
1
0
3
0
1
X
8

text:
Player percentages

 South Korea
 Sweden

Kim Yeong-mi
82%
Sofia Mabergs
100%

Kim Seon-yeong
86%
Agnes Knochenhauer
83%

Kim Kyeong-ae
82%
Sara McManus
90%

Kim Eun-jung
72%
Anna Hasselborg
94%

Total
81%
Total
92%

text: Final standings[edit]

text: The final standings are:[5]

text:
Place
Team

01 !
 Sweden

02 !
 South Korea

03 !
 Japan

4
 Great Britain

5
 China

6
 Canada

7
 Switzerland

8
 United States

9
 Olympic Athletes from Russia

10
 Denmark

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Player percentages[edit]

text: Player percentages during round robin play are as follows:[6]

text: Lead[edit]

text:
#
Curler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

1
 Lisa Weagle (CAN)
91
85
76
86
84
100
93
83
81
86

2
 Becca Hamilton (USA)
89
91
85
82
71
84
94
83
85
85

3
 Ma Jingyi (CHN)
86
91
89
83
84
88
75
70
94
84

4
 Kim Yeong-mi (KOR)
83
79
76
89
—
79
—
96
—
83

4
 Julia Guzieva (OAR)
82
76
78
89
85
80
93
77
84
83

4
 Sofia Mabergs (SWE)
80
92
83
82
80
79
78
93
83
83

7
 Lauren Gray (GBR)
82
86
68
81
83
83
79
85
86
81

8
 Marlene Albrecht (SUI)
80
90
81
74
76
88
69
86
75
80

9
 Yurika Yoshida (JPN)
74
80
79
72
71
86
74
88
82
78

10
 Mathilde Halse (DEN)
81
78
81
69
84
66
68
—
—
74

text: Second[edit]

text:
#
Curler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

1
 Agnes Knochenhauer (SWE)
83
83
81
79
86
83
80
94
90
84

2
 Galina Arsenkina (OAR)
82
90
80
77
76
79
80
85
88
82

3
 Joanne Courtney (CAN)
84
74
80
93
58
82
83
91
78
80

4
 Vicki Adams (GBR)
80
75
76
78
91
73
69
76
94
79

5
 Manuela Siegrist (SUI)
59
85
79
65
90
80
75
83
83
78

6
 Kim Seon-yeong (KOR)
84
64
79
81
86
75
73
85
71
77

6
 Aileen Geving (USA)
67
79
79
77
79
75
91
78
71
77

8
 Liu Jinli (CHN)
84
75
74
75
75
70
69
80
85
76

9
 Julie Høgh (DEN)
83
63
74
78
81
64
76
—
—
74

9
 Yumi Suzuki (JPN)
74
71
74
80
78
64
74
80
72
74

text: Third[edit]

text:
#
Curler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

1
 Sara McManus (SWE)
88
77
82
78
98
75
91
88
80
84

2
 Emma Miskew (CAN)
90
73
77
98
85
84
76
84
76
82

3
 Esther Neuenschwander (SUI)
77
93
78
68
85
82
65
89
89
80

4
 Tabitha Peterson (USA)
51
80
89
84
68
83
86
69
81
77

5
 Kim Kyeong-ae (KOR)
66
64
79
88
80
71
68
90
88
76

5
 Anna Sloan (GBR)
79
73
70
84
66
74
80
84
75
76

5
 Chinami Yoshida (JPN)
86
65
88
75
86
55
80
75
72
76

5
 Zhou Yan (CHN)
78
86
73
77
70
63
61
89
83
76

9
 Denise Dupont (DEN)
73
68
69
74
89
74
78
78
66
75

10
 Uliana Vasileva (OAR)
68
72
69
83
68
52
—
—
—
70

text: Fourth[edit]

text:
#
Curler
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total

1
 Anna Hasselborg (SWE)
92
81
76
83
89
66
71
95
84
82

2
 Kim Eun-jung (KOR)
76
60
80
85
86
63
85
98
80
78

2
 Eve Muirhead (GBR)
79
76
74
85
72
81
88
69
83
78

4
 Rachel Homan (CAN)
72
77
66
96
83
77
73
79
78
77

5
 Nina Roth (USA)
49
88
71
81
71
75
86
79
70
75

6
 Satsuki Fujisawa (JPN)
68
76
76
80
92
71
61
55
74
73

6
 Silvana Tirinzoni (SUI)
56
79
54
78
73
82
81
84
68
73

6
 Wang Bingyu (CHN)
80
81
72
70
75
67
58
72
78
73

9
 Victoria Moiseeva (OAR)
50
82
78
74
76
43
80
58
69
70

10
 Madeleine Dupont (DEN)
55
57
67
73
61
76
66
82
71
68


document_title: The Sons of Katie Elder

question_text: who played bud in sons of katie elder

question_tokens: who played bud in sons of katie elder

root

text: The Sons of Katie Elder

text: Plot[edit]

text: The four adult sons of Katie Elder – John (John Wayne), who is a famous (or infamous) professional gunman; Tom (Dean Martin), a professional gambler; Bud (Michael Anderson, Jr.), the youngest brother, still in school; and Matt (Earl Holliman), an unsuccessful hardware dealer – reunite in their hometown of Clearwater, Texas (approximately 2 hours east of Dallas in northeast Texas), in 1898 for their mother's funeral, sharing regret that none of them has lived up to her high expectations of them.

tag: p

text: The townspeople and new deputy sheriff are unfriendly, to the two eldest John and Tom in particular. Katie Elder however was extremely well liked by everyone in the community, who were all aware of her honesty, her poverty and her undying love for the sons who neglected her. The brothers want to do something for Katie's sake, and their plan is to send youngest son Bud to college, raising money through a sale of another man's herd of horses, even though Bud wants to emulate his eldest brother.

text: Morgan Hastings (James Gregory), a gunsmith and rising entrepreneur, claims ownership of the Elders' rich ranch and house / outbuildings for his Hastings Gun Manufactory, saying he won it from their father in a game of cards; Bass Elder afterwards was shot in the back at night, and the killer is still unknown. Hastings hides a hostile attitude towards the brothers and brings in a hired gun, Curley (George Kennedy). Noting Hasting's suspicious attitude, the Elders begin to suspect foul play upon their return. Hastings claims Bass lost the ranch in a game of Blackjack, so John, in a ruse, states their father wouldn't have been caught dead playing Blackjack poker.

text: When Hastings learns about the brothers' investigations, he kills the well loved sheriff (Paul Fix) and frames the Elder brothers for the murder. Then, not content with seeing them go to prison, Hastings arranges an ambush while the Elders are being moved chained in a wagon to a nearby different county jail for safety at a wood timbered bridge over a stream in which Matt is killed and Bud seriously injured. Deputy Sheriff Ben Latta (Jeremy Slate) is not part of the conspiracy, but is shot and killed by Hastings when he decides to aid the Elders after seeing he had been fooled. The surviving Elders escape after the bridge is blown and the ambushers flee. Going back to town to get medical help for Bud, John and Tom barricade themselves in Hastings gun smithy foundry shop. Tom manages to sneak around back alleys to kidnap Hasting's weak-willed naive son Dave (Dennis Hopper), although he is seriously injured in the process. Hastings shoots his own boy in an attempt to prevent him from testifying. In the presence of John Elder and the local judge, a wounded Dave manages to relate the tale of his father's crimes before he dies. John takes up arms now vindicated in righteous fury and kills Hastings hiding in his gunsmith shop by shooting up a cask of gunpowder inside his own gun store exploding the building into a fireball.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
John Wayne as John Elder
Dean Martin as Tom Elder
Martha Hyer as Mary Gordon
Michael Anderson Jr. as Bud Elder
Earl Holliman as Matt Elder
Jeremy Slate as Deputy Sheriff Ben Latta
James Gregory as Morgan Hastings
Paul Fix as Sheriff Billy Wilson
George Kennedy as hired gunfighter Curley
Dennis Hopper as Dave Hastings
Sheldon Allman as Harry Evers
John Litel as the Minister
John Doucette as Hyselman
James Westerfield as horse trader Mr. Vennar
Rhys Williams as Charlie Striker
John Qualen as Charlie Biller
Rodolfo Acosta as Bondie Adams
Strother Martin as Jeb Ross
Percy Helton as Mr. Peevey
Karl Swenson as Doc Isdell

tag: ul

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: William H. Wright picked up a copy of Life of the Marlows by Glenn Shirley in a Los Angeles, California, bookstore in around 1953. Thinking that it would make the basis of a good Western, he paid members of the Marlow family $1,000 (about $9146.77 when adjusted for inflation several decades later) each for the rights to make it into a screenplay. But when the movie was made 12 years later, the film's plot had been drastically changed.[3]

text: Talbot Jennings was credited for the script.[4][5]

text: Development[edit]

text: Paramount purchased the story by William Wright and Talbot Jennings in 1955. The story concerned five brothers and centered around a cattle drive from Texas to Colorado. Sam Briskin was assigned as producer.[6] Frank Burt was to write the script, John Sturges was going to direct and Alan Ladd was to star, making a return to Paramount after several years' absence - he still owed Paramount one film left.[7][8]

text: Noel Langley signed to write a version of the script, and filming was to start in April 1956.[9] However, in July 1956 it was announced that Ladd had bought himself out of his Paramount commitment by paying $135,000, and he would no longer make the film.[10] (Henry Hathaway put this figure at $250,000.)[11]

text: Film rights were picked up by Hal Wallis, who had a deal with Paramount. In 1959 it was announced that Dean Martin would star.[12] John Sturges was still attached as director.[13] Eventually in 1964 John Wayne was signed to star, with Henry Hathaway to direct.[14]

text: Shooting[edit]

text: Filming was due to begin in September 1964, but had to be delayed until January 1965, after Wayne was diagnosed with lung cancer.[15] Following Wayne's surgery to remove a cancerous lung and two ribs, the star insisted on doing his own stunts, and nearly contracted pneumonia after being dragged into a river.

text: Outdoor locations were filmed in Durango, in northern Mexico, and the opening credits scene as a locomotive travels a narrow stream canyon valley on the famed Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (now a scenic tourist train) near Royal Gorge,  Colorado, United States.

text: Former Disney young star Tommy Kirk was signed for the film, presumably in the role of Bud Elder, but his arrest for being at a party where marijuana was used led to his being fired from the production.[16]

text: The name "Kate Elder" was one of several names used by Mary Katherine Horony Cummings, better known as "Big Nose Kate", a western icon and sometime companion of dentist / gambler / gunfighter Doc Holliday.

text: John Wayne and Dean Martin had also starred in Howard Hawks's Rio Bravo six years earlier, one of Martin's earliest dramatic roles after splitting with his longtime comedic partner Jerry Lewis.

text:
Four years later, Henry Hathaway also directed John Wayne in his first Academy Award-winning role of Indian Territory U.S.
Marshal Rooster Cogburn in the original screen version of True Grit (1969). In addition to Wayne, actors Strother Martin, Dennis Hopper, and Jeremy Slate were all cast in that film as well.

text: Song[edit]

text: Johnny Cash sang a song in 1965 also called "The Sons of Katie Elder", written by Elmer Bernstein and Ernie Sheldon.  The film's background instrumental theme music was also composed by Elmer Bernstein.

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The 2005 film Four Brothers was loosely based on The Sons of Katie Elder.

text: The Malayalam film Big B (2007) is a remake of Four Brothers.

text: Historical basis[edit]

text: The film was roughly based on the 1888 true story of the five Marlow Brothers (George H., Boone, Alfred, Lewellyn, and Charles) of Graham, Texas, in Young County, and Marlow, Oklahoma (then Indian Territory).

text: The city of Marlow, Oklahoma, is named after the Marlow family, including their parents, Dr. Wilburn Williamson Marlow, Sr., and Martha Jane (née Keaton) Marlow. Dr. Marlow was the town's first physician and a prominent citizen. Marlow had previously been a Chisholm Trail rest spot near Wild Horse Creek.[17][18][19] There the Marlows built a dugout home called "Marlow Camp" in 1880. Ten years later, the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad came through and built a station on the location, naming it Marlow.[20]

text: Dr. Wilburn and Martha Marlow had four children in addition to the five brothers: Wilburn Williamson "Willie" Marlow, Jr. (died in Leadville, Colorado, in 1879, where he had been taken to convalesce after contracting malaria in Mexico[21]), Charlotte Murphy, Elizabeth "Eliza" Gilmore, and Nancy Jane "Nannie" Murphy.[22] Dr. Marlow died April 12, 1885.[23][24]

text: Three of the brothers (Boone, Alfred, and Lewellyn) ended up being killed, although in the film, the brother that had done the real killings (basis for the Dean Martin role) was not with the other four when they were first arrested.[17][18][19]

text: Boone had earlier killed James Holstein (or Holdson or Holston) in 1882, a man allegedly hired to "intimidate settlers", after an inebriated Holdson began shooting at him on the Gilmore farm near Vernon, Texas, just across the Red River from the Indian Territory (his sister Elizabeth had married into the Gilmore family and the couple had set up a place there).[25][26] This killing seemed to be justified in self-defense, but would be brought up later by John and William Murphy, deputy marshal Edward W. "Ed" Johnson, and Sam Criswell, who were having a personal feud with Boone, and would be witnesses against the brothers.[27]

text: Boone, Alfred (aka Alf), Lewellyn (aka Epp, Ep, Ellie), and Charles were arrested near the Anadarko Agency headquarters (what became Anadarko, Oklahoma), for stealing 19 horses in the area around Fort Sill. George went to the homestead in Marlow and took the women by wagon to Graham where he was then also arrested. Martha Jane bailed them out and they went to their place in Young County,[17][18][19] a log and clapboard building on the farm of O. G. Denson, fifteen miles southeast of Graham.[28]

text: Popular sheriff Marion DeKalb Wallace[29] and his deputy Thomas B. "Tom" Collier went out to the Denson farm, December 17, 1888. Before they left Graham they had been drinking and were intoxicated.[30] The Marlows (Charles and his wife, Alfred's wife, Martha, Lewellyn, and Boone Marlow) were sitting down to noon dinner.[31] Boone saw Collier through the window and invited him in for dinner, to which Collier replied, "I'm not hungry." An altercation broke out between Collier and Boone, and without showing their warrant, Collier fired at Boone. As Wallace heard the commotion he came around from the other side of the house and came up behind Collier. Boone, aiming at Collier, shot sheriff Wallace by mistake.[30][32] As Collier and Charles attended to Wallace, Boone left the area. The other four brothers went into town and turned themselves in.

text: A mob then tried to avenge the sheriff and attacked the jail, January 17, 1889, but the brothers were able to fight off the mob.[17][18][19]

text: On January 19, 1889 (after dark),[33] the deputy then decided to move the four brothers to Weatherford, Texas, chained together along with two other prisoners (William D. Burkhart and Louis Clift). But the two wagons and one buggy were ambushed along the way at Dry Creek (about two miles from Graham).[19][34] The deputies guarding the brothers ran away, in league with the ambush party.[33][35]

text: The brothers managed to get some weapons, get to cover, and hold off the attack, but Alfred and Lewellyn were killed. Also killed were three of the mob that attacked the Marlows: Frank Harmison, Sam Criswell, and Bruce Wheeler.[36] George and Charles were both wounded (Charles severely so) but escaped, using Burkhart as a hostage and being aided by Clift, and went to their mother's house on the Denson farm. (About halfway there, they stopped in Finis at a farm house and asked to stay the night, but were refused. George spotted an ax and borrowed it to separate the men from their shackles. As soon Burkhart was free, he ran off).[37] Also wounded were Johnson, Logan, and Clinton "Clint" Rutherford.[36] The Marlows stayed at their mother's home until lawmen came from outside Young County, and then gave themselves up.[19] Deputy U.S. Marshal W. F. Morton of Dallas finally arrived, took them into custody, and transported them, first toward Weatherford and then, fearing another ambush, to Dallas.[35][38]

text: Boone had gone to stay with his girlfriend and her family, the Harbolts, in the vicinity of Marlow, but the girlfriend's brother, William "G.E." Harbolt, put some poison in the food that his sister took to Boone. William Harbolt had obtained the poison from a Dr. Carter. Harbolt, along with bounty hunters Jim "Martin" Beavers and John E. Derrickson (aka Direkson), shot his dead body for the $1,700 reward offered for his capture ($200 by the State of Texas and $1,500 by Young County), dead or alive.[19][40] An autopsy by Doctor R. N. Price determined that he was already dead when he had been shot, and that he had died of arsenic poisoning.[41] The three men were arrested but released on bail. Harbolt was later shot in the Chickasaw Nation of the Indian Territory and Beavers and Derrickson each received 15-year sentences.[41]

text: The five Marlow brothers had been falsely accused of stealing horses, and after the shootout that left three dead, George and Charles were finally acquitted in a Dallas trial.[18][19] The two brothers then moved to Colorado and became deputies.

text: As deputy marshal Ed Johnson was lying wounded at his home, he gave a newspaper interview to the Graham Leader. In the interview, he said that deputy sheriff Eugene Logan had been one of the guards taking the prisoners to Weatherford, and had been wounded in doing so. In fact, Logan had not been one of the guards but one of the men in the ambush party. The insistence that something be done in the edition of January 24 of the Graham Leader, and this slip up by Johnson, started an investigation into the affair by the U.S. marshal for the Northern District of Texas in Dallas, William Lewis Cabell. In addition, the U.S. attorney sent an investigator to Young County.[35][42]

text: Collier, deputy Johnson, David "Dink" Allen, attorney Robert "Bob" Holman, Jack Wilkins, W. R. Benedict, county attorney Phlete A. Martin, deputy tax collector John Levell, constable Marion A. Wallace (the dead sheriff's nephew), Wil Hollis, William Bee Williams, Richard "Dick" Cook, deputy sheriff Eugene Logan, constable Sam Waggoner, Clint Rutherford, and Verna Wilkerson were all charged with conspiring to falsify a case against the Marlow brothers, conspiring to kill the Marlow brothers in an ambush, and murdering Alfred and Lewellyn Marlow while they were in the protective custody of a United States Marshal.[35][43] However, only Cook, Hollis, Levell, Logan, Rutherford, Waggoner, Wallace, Wilkerson, and Williams, went to trial.[44]

text: John William "Bee" Williams and Thomas B. Collier (typhoid fever) died while in jail in mid-January 1891.[45]

text: George and Charles were summoned to testify and asked for and received protective custody from U.S. Marshal George A. Knight of Dallas. Additionally, Knight made George a "Special Deputy", while Charles was made an "attached witness".[46] Phlete A. Martin and John Frank Spears (Spears was in jail with the Marlows at the time of the mob attack) both turned state's evidence and testified against the conspirators.[35]

text: Clinton Rutherford was found not guilty on November 22, 1890, and the court removed Rutherford from the indictment, but bound over Eugene Logan and Verna Wilkerson. Logan, Waggoner, and Wallace were found guilty of conspiracy and not guilty of murder on April 17, 1891, and each sentenced to a $5,000 fine and ten years imprisonment. The other defendants (Cook, Levell, Hollis, and Wilkerson) were found not guilty.[4][35]

text: The case involving Eugene Logan, William Williams, Verna Wilkerson, and Clinton Rutherford (United States v. Eugene Logan et al.) was separated from the other defendants, and went all the way to the United States Supreme Court. (See Logan v. United States, 144 U.S. 263 (1892), filed March 16, 1891.)

text: The city of Graham had wanted to keep a federal court in their town, but after this incident the federal government denied that request.[47]


document_title: Destiny's Child

question_text: where did destiny's child get their name

question_tokens: where did destiny 's child get their name

text: Destiny's Child

text: History

text: 1990–97: Early beginnings and Girl's Tyme

text: In 1990, Beyoncé Knowles met rapper LaTavia Roberson while auditioning for a girl group.[7] Based in Houston, Texas, they were joined to a group that performed rapping and dancing. Kelly Rowland, who relocated to Knowles' house because of family issues, joined them in 1992. Originally named Girl's Tyme, they were eventually cut down to six members including Támar Davis and sisters Nikki and Nina Taylor.[8][9] With Knowles and Rowland, Girl's Tyme attracted nationwide attention:[8] west-coast R&B producer Arne Frager flew to Houston to see them. He brought them to his studio, The Plant Recording Studios, in Northern California, with focus on Knowles' vocals because Frager thought she had personality and the ability to sing.[8] With efforts to sign Girl's Tyme to a major record deal, Frager's strategy was to debut the group in Star Search, the biggest talent show on national TV at the time.[8] However, they lost the competition because, according to Knowles, their choice of song was wrong;[10] they were actually rapping instead of singing.[7]

text: Because of the group's defeat, Knowles' father, Mathew, voluntarily dedicated his time to manage them.[8][11] Mathew Knowles decided to cut the original lineup to four, with the removal of Davis and the Taylor sisters and the inclusion of LeToya Luckett in 1993.[7][8] Aside from spending time at their church in Houston, Girl's Tyme practiced in their backyards and at Headliners Salon, owned by Knowles' mother, Tina. The group would test routines in the salon, when it was on Montrose Boulevard in Houston, and sometimes would collect tips from the customers. Their try out would be critiqued by the people inside. During their school days, Girl's Tyme performed at local gigs. When summer came, Mathew Knowles established a "boot camp" to train them in dance and vocal lessons.[12] After rigorous training, they began performing as opening acts for established R&B groups of that time such as SWV, Dru Hill and Immature.[7] Tina Knowles designed the group's attire for their performances.[12]

text: Over the course of the early years in their career, Girl's Tyme changed their name to Something Fresh, Cliché, the Dolls, and to Destiny.[13] The group signed with Elektra Records with the name Destiny, but were dropped several months later before they could release an album.[11] The pursuit of a record deal affected the Knowles family: in 1995, Mathew Knowles resigned from his job as a medical-equipment salesman,[8] a move that reduced Knowles' family's income by half, and her parents briefly separated due to the pressure.[8][11] In 1996, they changed their name to Destiny's Child, which was taken from a passage in the Book of Isaiah.[7][13] Mathew Knowles helped in negotiating a record deal with Columbia Records, which signed the group that same year.[7][9] Prior to signing with Columbia, the group had recorded several tracks in Oakland, California produced by D'wayne Wiggins of Tony! Toni! Toné!, including "Killing Time", which upon the label's recognition that Destiny's Child had a "unique quality", was included in the soundtrack to the 1997 film Men in Black.[7][14]

text: 1998–2000: Breakthrough and lineup changes

text: Destiny's Child released their self-titled debut album in the United States on February 17, 1998, featuring productions by Tim & Bob, Rob Fusari, Jermaine Dupri, Wyclef Jean, Dwayne Wiggins and Corey Rooney.[7] Destiny's Child peaked at number sixty-seven on the Billboard 200 and number fourteen on the Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.[15] It managed to sell over one million copies in the United States, earning a platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[16] The remix version to the album's lead single, "No, No, No", reached number one on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and number three on the Billboard Hot 100. Its follow-up single, "With Me Part 1" failed to reproduce the success of "No, No, No". Meanwhile, the group featured on a song from the soundtrack album of the romantic drama Why Do Fools Fall in Love and "Get on the Bus" had a limited release in Europe and other markets. In 1998, Destiny's Child garnered three Soul Train Lady of Soul awards[7] including Best New Artist for "No, No, No". Knowles considered their debut successful but not huge, claiming as a neo soul record it was too mature for the group at the time.[17]

text: After the success of their debut album, Destiny's Child re-entered the studio quickly, bringing in a new lineup of producers, including Kevin "She'kspere" Briggs[7] and Rodney Jerkins. Coming up with The Writing's on the Wall, they released it on July 27, 1999 and it eventually became their breakthrough album.[17] The Writing's on the Wall peaked at number five on the Billboard 200 and number two on R&B chart in early 2000.[15] "Bills, Bills, Bills" was released in 1999 as the album's lead single and reached the top spot of the Billboard Hot 100, becoming their first US number-one single.[7] The Writing's on the Wall has been credited as Destiny's Child's breakthrough album, spurring their career and introducing them to a wider audience.[12][18] The main key to the group's breakthrough was the album's third single, "Say My Name",[18] which topped the Billboard Hot 100 for three consecutive weeks. The successful release of the singles bolstered the album's sales,[9][19] eventually selling over eight million copies in the United States, gaining eight-time platinum certification by the RIAA.[7][16] The Writing's on the Wall sold more than 11 million copies worldwide and was one of the top-selling albums of 2000.[20]

text: In December 1999, Luckett and Roberson attempted to split with their manager, claiming that he kept a disproportionate share of the group's profits and unfairly favored Knowles and Rowland.[7] While they never intended to leave the group, when the video for "Say My Name" surfaced in February 2000, Roberson and Luckett found out that two new members were joining Knowles and Rowland.[7] Prior to the video premiere, Knowles announced on TRL that original members Luckett and Roberson had left the group.[9] They were replaced by Michelle Williams, a former backup singer to Monica, and Farrah Franklin, an aspiring singer-actress.[12] Shortly after her stint with Monica, Williams was introduced to Destiny's Child by choreographer Braden Larson aka "Peanut Orlando", and was flown to Houston where she stayed with the Knowles family.[12]

text: In March 2000, Roberson and Luckett filed a lawsuit against Mathew Knowles and their former bandmates for breach of partnership and fiduciary duties. Following the suit, both sides were disparaging towards each other in the media.[7] Five months after joining, Franklin left the group. The remaining members claimed that this was due to missed promotional appearances and concerts. According to Williams, Franklin could not handle stress.[12] Franklin, however, disclosed that she left because of the negativity surrounding the strife and her inability to assert any control in the decision making.[7] Her departure was seen as less controversial. Williams, on the other hand, disclosed that her inclusion in the group resulted in her "battling insecurity": "I was comparing myself to the other members, and the pressure was on me."[12]

text: Towards the end of 2000, Roberson and Luckett dropped the portion of their lawsuit aimed at Rowland and Knowles in exchange for a settlement, though they continued the action against their manager. As part of the agreement, both sides were prohibited from speaking about each other publicly.[7] Roberson and Luckett formed another girl group named Anjel but also left it due to issues with the record company. Although band members were affected by the turmoil, Destiny's Child's success continued. The following years of their career were seen as the group's most successful stretch,[7] becoming a pop culture phenomenon.[9] "Say My Name" became their second number-one and biggest single to date.[17] The fourth single from The Writing's on the Wall, "Jumpin', Jumpin'", also became a top-ten hit. During this time, Destiny's Child began performing as an opening act at the concerts of pop singers Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera.[7]

text: With Williams in the new lineup, Destiny's Child released a theme song for the soundtrack to the film version of Charlie's Angels. Released as a single in October 2000, "Independent Women Part 1" spent eleven consecutive weeks atop the Billboard Hot 100 from November 2000 to January 2001,[9] the longest-running number-one single of Destiny's Child's career and of that year in the United States.[21] The successful release of the single boosted the sales of the soundtrack album to Charlie's Angels to 1.5 million by 2001.[13] In 2000, Destiny's Child won Soul Train's Sammy Davis Jr. Entertainer of the Year award.[13]

text: 2001–2003: Survivor, subsequent releases, hiatus and side projects

text: At the 2001 Billboard Music Awards, Destiny's Child won several accolades, including Artist of the Year and Duo/Group of the Year,[22] and again won Artist of the Year among five awards they snagged in 2001.[23] In September 2000, the group took home two at the sixth annual Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards, including R&B/Soul Album of the Year, Group for The Writing's on the Wall.[24] Destiny's Child recorded their third album, Survivor, from mid-2000 until early 2001. In the production process, Knowles assumed more control in co-producing and co-writing almost the entire album.[7][25][26] Survivor hit record stores in the spring of 2001 and entered the Billboard 200 at number one, selling over 663,000 copies in its first week sales.[15][27] The first three singles, "Independent Women Part I", "Survivor" and "Bootylicious" reached the top three in the United States and were also successful in other countries;[7] the first two were consecutive number-one singles in the United Kingdom.[28] The album was certified four-time platinum in the United States[16] and double platinum in Australia.[29] It sold 6 million copies as of July 27, 2001.[30]

text: In the wake of the September 11 attacks, Destiny's Child canceled a European tour and performed in a concert benefit for the survivors.[7] In October 2001, the group released a holiday album, 8 Days of Christmas, which contained updated versions of several Christmas songs.[31] The album managed to reach number thirty-four on the Billboard 200.[15] In February 2001, Destiny's Child won two Grammy awards for "Say My Name": Best R&B Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group and Best R&B Song.[32] They also earned an American Music Award for Favorite Soul/R&B Band/Duo.[7] Also in 2001, Destiny's Child sang backup vocals for Solange Knowles, who was the lead, on the theme song to the animated Disney Channel series The Proud Family. In March 2002, a remix compilation titled This Is the Remix was released to win fans over before a new studio album would be released.[33] The remix album reached number 29 in the United States.[15] The lead single "Survivor" was by some interpreted as a response to the strife between the band members, although Knowles claimed it was not directed at anybody. Seeing it as a breach of the agreement that barred each party from public disparagement, Roberson and Luckett once again filed a lawsuit against Destiny's Child and Sony Music, shortly following the release of This Is the Remix. In June 2002, remaining cases were settled in court.[7]

text: In late 2000, Destiny's Child announced their plan to embark on individual side projects, including releases of solo albums,[25] an idea by their manager.[34] In 2002, Williams released her solo album, Heart to Yours, a contemporary gospel collection.[7] The album reached number one on the Billboard Top Gospel Albums chart. In the same date Heart to Yours hit stores, Destiny's Child released their official autobiography, Soul Survivors.[35] Rowland collaborated with hip hop artist Nelly on "Dilemma", which became a worldwide hit and earned Rowland a Grammy;[34] she became the first member of Destiny's Child to have achieved a US number-one single. In the same year, Knowles co-starred with Mike Myers in the box-office hit Austin Powers in Goldmember. She recorded her first solo single, "Work It Out", for the film's soundtrack.[7] To capitalize on the success of "Dilemma", Rowland's solo debut album Simply Deep was brought forward from its early 2003 release to September 2002.[36] Rowland's career took off internationally when Simply Deep hit number one on the UK Albums Chart.[37] In the same year, she made her feature film debut in the horror film Freddy vs. Jason. Meanwhile, Knowles made her second film, The Fighting Temptations, and appeared as featured vocalist on her then-boyfriend Jay-Z's single "'03 Bonnie & Clyde", which paved the way for the release of her debut solo album.[38]

text: As an upshot from the success of "Dilemma", Knowles' debut album, Dangerously in Love, was postponed many times until June 2003.[36][39] Knowles was considered the most successful among the three solo releases.[40] Dangerously in Love debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, selling 317,000 copies.[41] It yielded the number-one hits "Crazy in Love", and "Baby Boy"; and the top-five singles "Me, Myself and I" and "Naughty Girl". The album was certified 4x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).[42] It remains as Knowles' best-selling album to date, with sales of 5 million copies in the United States, as of June 2016.[43][44] Worldwide, the album has sold more than eleven million copies.[45][46] Knowles' solo debut was well received by critics, earning five Grammy awards in one night for Dangerously in Love, tying the likes of Norah Jones, Lauryn Hill, and Alicia Keys for most Grammys received in one night by a female artist.[47] In November 2003, Williams appeared as Aida on Broadway. In January 2004, she released her second gospel album, Do You Know.[7]

text: D'wayne Wiggins, who had produced their first recordings as Destiny's Child, filed suit in 2002 against his former counsel (Bloom, Hergott, Diemer & Cook LLP) seeking $15 million in damages for lessening his contractual agreement with the group without his consent, effectively nullifying his original contract that offered Sony Music/Columbia Destiny's Child's exclusive recording services for an initial seven years, in exchange for "certain royalties", instead of royalties only from the first three albums. The case was settled for an undisclosed amount.[48] In June 2003, Mathew Knowles announced that Destiny's Child would expand back to a quartet, revealing Knowles' younger sister, Solange, as the latest addition to the group.[49] Destiny's Child had previously recorded songs with Solange and shared the stage when she temporarily replaced Rowland after she broke her toes while performing. Their manager, however, said the idea was used to test reactions from the public.[50] In August 2003, Knowles herself confirmed that her sister would not be joining in the group, and instead promoted Solange's debut album, Solo Star, released in January 2003.[51]

text: 2004–2006: Destiny Fulfilled and #1's

text: Three years after the hiatus, members of Destiny's Child reunited to record their fourth and final studio album, Destiny Fulfilled.[7] The album introduces the trio to a harder, "urban" sound, and songs featured are conceptually interrelated.[52] Destiny Fulfilled saw equality in the trio:[17] each member contributed to writing on the majority songs,[53] as well as becoming executive producers aside from their manager.[54] Released on November 15, 2004, Destiny Fulfilled failed to top Survivor; the album reached number two the following week, selling 497,000 copies in its first week, compared to 663,000 for the previous album.[55] Certified three-time platinum in the United States,[16] it was still one of the best-selling albums of 2005, selling over eight million copies worldwide;[45] it pushed the group back into the position of the best-selling female group and American group of the year. Four singles were released from the album: the lead "Lose My Breath", "Soldier", "Cater 2 U" and "Girl"; the first two reached number three in the United States. "Soldier" "Cater 2 U" were certified platinum by the RIAA in 2006.[16]

text: To promote the album, Destiny's Child embarked on their worldwide concert tour, Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It Tour. On June 11, 2005, while at the Palau Sant Jordi in Barcelona, Spain, the group announced before 16,000 people their official breakup.[56] Destiny's Child claimed, however, that naming it Destiny Fulfilled was not a coincidence of sort.[57] Right in the making of the album, they planned to part ways after their fourteen-year career as a group to facilitate their continued pursuit in individual aspirations. Knowles stated that their destinies were already fulfilled.[57] The group exclusively sent a letter to MTV about the decision:

text:
We have been working together as Destiny's Child since we were 9, and touring together since we were 14. After a lot of discussion and some deep soul searching, we realized that our current tour has given us the opportunity to leave Destiny's Child on a high note, united in our friendship and filled with an overwhelming gratitude for our music, our fans, and each other. After all these wonderful years working together, we realized that now is the time to pursue our personal goals and solo efforts in earnest...No matter what happens, we will always love each other as friends and sisters and will always support each other as artists. We want to thank all of our fans for their incredible love and support and hope to see you all again as we continue fulfilling our destinies.
—Destiny's Child, MTV[56]

text: Destiny's Child released their greatest hits album, #1's, on October 25, 2005. The compilation includes their number-one hits including "Independent Woman Part 1", "Say My Name" and "Bootylicious". Three new tracks were recorded for the compilation including "Stand Up for Love", which was recorded for the theme song to the World Children's Day, and "Check on It", a song Knowles recorded for The Pink Panther's soundtrack.[58] Record producer David Foster, his daughter Amy Foster-Gillies and Knowles wrote "Stand Up for Love" as the anthem to the World Children's Day, an annual worldwide event to raise awareness and funds for children causes. Over the past three years, more than $50 million have been raised to benefit Ronald McDonald House Charities and other children's organizations. Destiny's Child lent their voices and support as global ambassadors for the 2005 program.[59] #1's was also released as a DualDisc, featuring the same track listing, seven videos of selected songs and a trailer of the concert DVD Destiny's Child: Live in Atlanta.[58] The DVD was filmed during the Atlanta visit of the Destiny Fulfilled ... And Lovin' It tour, and was released on March 28, 2006. It has been certified platinum by the RIAA, denoting shipments of over one million units.[16] The title of the compilation fueled a ripple as it contained number-one singles, although not exclusively. While the liner notes of the compilation does not present any information regarding commercial performances of the songs featured, writer Keith Caulfield of Billboard magazine suggested that the name could only be "a marketing angle".[60] Despite this, journalist Chris Harris of MTV said that it "lives up to its name".[61]

text: Disbandment and aftermath

text: Destiny's Child reunited for a farewell performance at the 2006 NBA All-Star Game on February 19, 2006 in Houston, Texas; however, Knowles commented, "It's the last album, but it's not the last show."[62][63] Their final televised performance was at the Fashion Rocks benefit concert in New York a few days later.[62] On March 28, 2006, Destiny's Child was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the 2,035th recipient of the coveted recognition.[64] At the 2006 BET Awards, Destiny's Child won Best Group, a category they also earned in 2005 and 2001.[65]

text: After their formal disbandment, all members resumed their solo careers and have each experienced different levels of success.[66] Since then, Knowles, Rowland and Williams have continued to collaborate on each other's solo projects through song features, music video appearances, and live performances. Both Rowland and Williams, along with Knowles' sister Solange, appeared in Knowles' music video for her single "Get Me Bodied" (2007). On June 26, 2007, the group made a mini-reunion at the 2007 BET Awards, where Knowles performed "Get Me Bodied" with Williams and Solange as her back-up dancers. After her performance, Knowles introduced Rowland who performed her single "Like This" (2007) with Eve.[67] On the September 2, 2007 Los Angeles stop of The Beyoncé Experience tour, Knowles sang a snippet of "Survivor" with Rowland and Williams, and the latter two rendered a "Happy Birthday" song to Knowles. The performance was featured in Knowles' tour DVD, The Beyoncé Experience Live.[68] In 2008, Knowles recorded a cover of Billy Joel's "Honesty" for Destiny's Child's compilation album Mathew Knowles & Music World Present Vol.1: Love Destiny, which was released only in Japan to celebrate the group's tenth anniversary.[69][70]

text: Rowland made a cameo appearance in Knowles' music video for her single "Party" (2011),[71][72] and the group's third compilation album, Playlist: The Very Best of Destiny's Child, was released in 2012 to mark the fifteenth anniversary since their formation.[73] The fourth compilation album, Love Songs, was released on January 29, 2013, and included the newly recorded song "Nuclear", produced by Pharrell Williams.[74] "Nuclear" marked the first original music from Destiny's Child in eight years.[75] The following month, Rowland and Williams appeared as special guests for Knowles' Super Bowl XLVII halftime show, where they performed "Bootylicious", "Independent Women" and Knowles' own song "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)".[76] A video album titled Destiny's Child Video Anthology was released in May 2013 and featured sixteen of the group's music videos.[77] Knowles and Williams were then featured on Rowland's song "You Changed" from her fourth solo album Talk a Good Game (2013).[78] Later that year, Rowland and Williams made cameo appearances in the music videos for Knowles' songs "Superpower" and "Grown Woman", which were both included on her self-titled fifth solo visual album.[79][80] Williams released the single "Say Yes" in June 2014, featuring Knowles and Rowland.[81] They performed "Say Yes" together during the 2015 Stellar Awards, and the live version of the song was mastered for iTunes in April 2015.[82] On November 7, 2016, the group reunited in a video to try the Mannequin Challenge, which was posted on Rowland's official Instagram account.[83]

text: Artistry

text: Musical style and themes

text: Destiny's Child recorded R&B songs with styles that encompasses urban, contemporary, and dance-pop.[84] In the group's original line-up, Knowles was the lead vocalist, Rowland was the second lead vocalist, Luckett was on soprano, and Roberson was on alto.[85][86] Knowles remained as the lead vocalist in the group's final line-up as a trio, however, Rowland and Williams also took turns in singing lead for the majority of their songs.[12][87] Destiny's Child cited R&B singer Janet Jackson as one of their influences.[88] Ann Powers of The New York Times described Destiny's Child music as "fresh and emotional ... these ladies have the best mixes, the savviest samples and especially the most happening beats."[19] In the same publication, Jon Pareles noted that the sound that defines Destiny's Child, aside from Knowles' voice, "is the way its melodies jump in and out of double-time. Above brittle, syncopated rhythm tracks, quickly articulated verses alternate with smoother choruses."[89] The group usually harmonize their vocals in their songs, especially on the ballads. In most instances of their songs, each member sings one verse and chimes in at the chorus.[87] In their third album Survivor (2001), each member sings lead in the majority of the songs.[12] Knowles said, "... everybody is a part of the music ... Everybody is singing lead on every song, and it's so great—because now Destiny's Child is at the point vocally and mentally that it should be at."[90] Knowles, however, completely led songs like "Brown Eyes" and "Dangerously in Love". The group explored their lyrics to man-to-woman relationship, sisterhood and female empowerment anthems.

text: Survivor contains themes interpreted by the public as a reference to the group's internal conflict. The title track, "Survivor", which set the theme used throughout the album,[12] features the lyrics "I'm not gonna blast you on the radio ... I'm not gonna lie on you or your family ... I'm not gonna hate you in the magazine" caused Roberson and Luckett to file a lawsuit against the group; the lyrics were perceived to be a violation over their agreement following a settlement in court.[7] In an interview, Knowles commented: "The lyrics to the single 'Survivor' are Destiny's Child's story, because we've been through a lot, ... We went through our drama with the members ... Any complications we've had in our 10-year period of time have made us closer and tighter and better."[12] In another song called "Fancy", which contains the lyrics "You always tried to compete with me, girl ... find your own identity", was interpreted by critic David Browne, in his review of the album for Entertainment Weekly magazine, as a response to the lawsuit.[91] Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic summarized Survivor as "a determined, bullheaded record, intent on proving Destiny's Child has artistic merit largely because the group survived internal strife. ... It's a record that tries to be a bold statement of purpose, but winds up feeling forced and artificial."[92] Despite the album's receiving critical praise, Knowles' close involvement has occasionally generated criticism. Knowles wrote and co-produced the bulk of Survivor.[12] Browne suggested that her help made Survivor a "premature, but inevitable, growing pains album".[91] In the majority of the songs on their final studio album Destiny Fulfilled (2004), the verses are divided into three sections, with Knowles singing first, followed by Rowland, then Williams; the three harmonize together during the choruses.[87]

text: Public image

text: Destiny's Child were compared to The Supremes, a 1960s American female singing group, with Knowles being compared to Supremes frontwoman Diana Ross; Knowles, however, has dismissed the notion.[17] Coincidentally, Knowles starred in the film adaptation of the 1981 Broadway musical Dreamgirls as Deena Jones, the front woman of the Dreams, a female singing group based on the Supremes. With Knowles' wide role assumed in the production of Survivor, Gil Kaufman of MTV noted that "it became clear that Beyoncé was emerging as DC's unequivocal musical leader and public face".[7] Her dominance to the creative input in the album made the album "very much her work".[91] For Lola Ogunnaike of The New York Times, "It's been a long-held belief in the music industry that Destiny's Child was little more than a launching pad for Beyoncé Knowles' inevitable solo career."[93]

text: In the wake of Knowles' debut solo album Dangerously in Love (2003), rumors spread about a possible split of Destiny's Child after each member had experienced solo success and had ongoing projects.[56][94] Comparisons were drawn to Justin Timberlake, who did not return to band NSYNC after his breakthrough debut solo album, Justified.[7][94] Rowland responded to such rumors, announcing they were back in the studio together.[95] The group claimed that the reunion was destined to happen[7] and that their affinity to each other kept them cohesive.[52] Margeaux Watson, arts editor at Suede magazine, suggested that Knowles "does not want to appear disloyal to her former partners," and called her decision to return to the group "a charitable one".[93] Knowles' mother, Tina, wrote a 2002-published book, titled Destiny's Style: Bootylicious Fashion, Beauty and Lifestyle Secrets From Destiny's Child, an account of how fashion influenced Destiny's Child's success.[96]

text: Legacy

text: Destiny's Child have been referred to as R&B icons,[97] and have sold more than 60 million records worldwide.[98][99] Following the disbandment of Destiny's Child, MTV's James Montgomery noted that "they have left a fairly sizable legacy behind" as "one of the best-selling female pop vocal groups in history."[100] Billboard observed that Destiny's Child were "defined by a combination of feisty female empowerment anthems, killer dance moves and an eviable fashion sense,"[3] while Essence noted that they "set trends with their harmonious music and cutting-edge style."[101] In 2015, Daisy Jones of Dazed Digital published an article on how the group made a significant impact in R&B music, writing "Without a hint of rose tint, Destiny's Child legitimately transformed the sound of R&B forever... their distinct influence can be found peppered all over today's pop landscape, from Tinashe to Ariana Grande."[102] Nicole Marrow of The Cut magazine believed that R&B music in the 1990s and early 2000s "was virtually redefined by the success of powerhouse performers like TLC and Destiny's Child, who preached a powerful litany of embracing womanhood and celebrating individuality."[103] Hugh McIntyre of Forbes wrote that before The Pussycat Dolls and Danity Kane burst onto the music scene in the mid-2000s, Destiny's Child were "the reigning queens" of the girl group genre.[104]

text: Destiny's Child's final line-up as a trio has been widely noted as the group's most recognizable and successful line-up.[66][105] Billboard recognized them as one of the greatest musical trios of all time; they were also ranked as the third most successful girl group of all time on the Billboard charts, behind TLC and The Supremes.[3][106] The group's single "Independent Women" (2000) ranked second on Billboard's list of the "Top 40 Biggest Girl Group Songs of All Time on the Billboard Hot 100 Chart".[107] "Independent Women" was also acknowledged by the Guinness World Records as the longest-running number-one song on the Hot 100 by a girl group.[108] The term "Bootylicious" (a combination of the words booty and delicious) became popularized by Destiny's Child's single of the same and was later added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2006.[109] The term was also used to describe Beyoncé during the 2000s decade due to her curvacious figure.[110][111] VH1 included "Bootylicious" on their "100 Greatest Songs of the '00s" list in 2011, and Destiny's Child on their "100 Greatest Women in Music" list the following year.[112][113] Additionally, "Independent Women" was ranked as one of NME's "100 Best Songs of the 00s".[114] Destiny's Child was honored at the 2005 World Music Awards with the World's Best Selling Female Group of All Time Award, which included a 17-minute tribute performance by Patti LaBelle, Usher, Babyface, Rihanna, Amerie and Teairra Mari.[115][116] In 2006, the group was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.[64]

text: Destiny's Child has been credited as a musical influence or inspiration by several artists including Rihanna,[117][118] Meghan Trainor,[119] Fifth Harmony,[120] Little Mix,[121] Girls Aloud,[122][123] Haim,[123][124] Jess Glynne,[125] Katy B,[123][126] and RichGirl.[127] Ciara was inspired to pursue a career in music after seeing Destiny's Child perform on television.[128] Ariana Grande cited Destiny's Child as one of her vocal inspirations, saying that listening to the group's music is how she discovered her range and "learned about harmonies and runs and ad-libs."[129] Meghan Trainor stated that her single "No" (2016) was inspired by the late 1990s and early 2000s sounds of Destiny's Child, NSYNC, and Britney Spears.[130] Fifth Harmony cited Destiny's Child as their biggest inspiration, and even paid tribute to the group by performing a medley of "Say My Name", "Independent Women", "Bootylicious" and "Survivor" on the television show Greatest Hits.[131] Fifth Harmony also incorporated elements of the intro from "Bootylicious" for the intro to their own song "Brave, Honest, Beautiful" (2015).[132]

text: Member timeline

text: Discography

text:
Destiny's Child (1998)
The Writing's on the Wall (1999)
Survivor (2001)
8 Days of Christmas (2001)
Destiny Fulfilled (2004)

text: Tours

text: Headlining

text:
1999 European Tour (1999)
2002 World Tour (2002)
Destiny Fulfilled... and Lovin' It (2005–06)

text: Co-headlining

text: Total Request Live Tour (with 3LW, Dream, Jessica Simpson, City High, Eve and Nelly with the St. Lunatics) (2001)

text: Opening act

text:
SWV World Tour (opened for SWV) (1996)
Evolution Tour (opened for Boyz II Men) (1998)
FanMail Tour (opened for TLC) (1999)
Introducing IMx Tour (opened for IMx) (2000)
Christina Aguilera in Concert (opened for Christina Aguilera) (2000)
(You Drive Me) Crazy Tour (opened for Britney Spears) (2000)

text: Grammy Award History

text: The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Destiny's Child has won three awards from fourteen nominations.

text:
Year
Nominee/work
Award
Result

2000
"Bills, Bills, Bills"
Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
Nominated

Best R&B Song
Nominated

2001
"Independent Women"
Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media
Nominated

"Say My Name"
Record of the Year
Nominated

Song of the Year
Nominated

Best R&B Song
Won

Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
Won

2002
"Survivor"
Won

Survivor
Best R&B Album
Nominated

2005
"Lose My Breath"
Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
Nominated

2006
"Cater 2 U"
Nominated

Best R&B Song[133]
Nominated

"Soldier" (feat. T.I. and Lil Wayne)
Best Rap/Sung Collaboration
Nominated

Destiny Fulfilled
Best Contemporary R&B Album
Nominated

tag: table


document_title: Cell theory

question_text: who concluded that all cells came from existing cells

text: Cell theory

text: Microscopes

text: The discovery of the cell was made possible through the invention of the microscope. In the first century BC, Romans were able to make glass, discovering that objects appeared to be larger under the glass. In Italy during the 12th century, Salvino D’Armate made a piece of glass fit over one eye, allowing for a magnification effect to that eye. The expanded use of lenses in eyeglasses in the 13th century probably led to wider spread use of simple microscopes (magnifying glasses) with limited magnification.[2] Compound microscope, which combine an objective lens with an eyepiece to view a real image achieving much higher magnification, first appeared in Europe around 1620[3][4] In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses inside and examined specimens under reflected light for the observations in his book Micrographia. Hooke also used a simpler microscope with a single lens for examining specimens with directly transmitted light, because this allowed for a clearer image.[5]

text: Extensive microscopic study was done by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a draper who took the interest in microscopes after seeing one while on an apprenticeship in Amsterdam in 1648. At some point in his life before 1668, he was able to learn how to grind lenses. This eventually led to Leeuwenhoek making his own unique microscope. His were a single lens simple microscope, rather than a compound microscope. This was because he was able to use a single lens that was a small glass sphere but allowed for a magnification of 270x. This was a large progression since the magnification before was only a maximum of 50x. After Leeuwenhoek, there was not much progress for the microscopes until the 1850s, two hundred years later. Carl Zeiss, a German engineer who manufactured microscopes, began to make changes to the lenses used. But the optical quality did not improve until the 1880s when he hired Otto Schott and eventually Ernst Abbe.[6]

text: Optical microscopes can focus on objects the size of a wavelength or larger, giving restrictions still to advancement in discoveries with objects smaller than the wavelengths of visible light. Later in the 1920s, the electron microscope was developed, making it possible to view objects that are smaller than optical wavelengths, once again, changing the possibilities in science.[6]

text: Discovery of cells

text: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665, which can be found to be described in his book Micrographia. In this book, he gave 60 ‘observations’ in detail of various objects under a coarse, compound microscope.[5] One observation was from very thin slices of bottle cork. Hooke discovered a multitude of tiny pores that he named "cells". This came from the Latin word Cella, meaning ‘a small room’ like monks lived in and also Cellulae, which meant the six sided cell of a honeycomb. However, Hooke did not know their real structure or function.[7] What Hooke had thought were cells, were actually empty cell walls of plant tissues. With microscopes during this time having a low magnification, Hooke was unable to see that there were other internal components to the cells he was observing. Therefore, he did not think the "cellulae" were alive.[8] His cell observations gave no indication of the nucleus and other organelles found in most living cells. In Micrographia, Hooke also observed mould, bluish in color, found on leather. After studying it under his microscope, he was unable to observe “seeds” that would have indicated how the mould was multiplying in quantity. This led to Hooke suggesting that spontaneous generation, from either natural or artificial heat, was the cause. Since this was an old Aristotelian theory still accepted at the time, others did not reject it and was not disproved until Leeuwenhoek later discovers generation is achieved otherwise.[5]

text: Anton van Leeuwenhoek is another scientist who saw these cells soon after Hooke did. He made use of a microscope containing improved lenses that could magnify objects almost 300-fold, or 270x.[8] Under these microscopes, Leeuwenhoek found motile objects. In a letter to The Royal Society on October 9, 1676, he states that motility is a quality of life therefore these were living organisms. Over time, he wrote many more papers in which described many specific forms of microorganisms. Leeuwenhoek named these “animalcules,” which included protozoa and other unicellular organisms, like bacteria.[6] Though he did not have much formal education, he was able to identify the first accurate description of red blood cells and discovered bacteria after gaining interest in the sense of taste that resulted in Leeuwenhoek to observe the tongue of an ox, then leading him to study "pepper water" in 1676. He also found for the first time the sperm cells of animals and humans. Once discovering these types of cells, Leeuwenhoek saw that the fertilization process requires the sperm cell to enter the egg cell. This put an end to the previous theory of spontaneous generation. After reading letters by Leeuwenhoek, Hooke was the first to confirm his observations that were thought to be unlikely by other contemporaries.[5]

text: The cells in animal tissues were observed after plants were because the tissues were so fragile and susceptible to tearing, it was difficult for such thin slices to be prepared for studying. Biologists believed that there was a fundamental unit to life, but were unsure what this was. It would not be until over a hundred years later that this fundamental unit was connected to cellular structure and existence of cells in animals or plants.[9] This conclusion was not made until Henri Dutrochet. Besides stating “the cell is the fundamental element of organization”,[10] Dutrochet also claimed that cells were not just a structural unit, but also a physiological unit.

text: In 1804, Karl Rudolphi and J.H.F. Link were awarded the prize for "solving the problem of the nature of cells", meaning they were the first to prove that cells had independent cell walls by the Königliche Societät der Wissenschaft (Royal Society of Science), Göttingen.[11] Before, it had been thought that cells shared walls and the fluid passed between them this way.

text: Cell theory

text: Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden.[12] While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward it. In 1839, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside.[13] However, this was not an original idea of Schleiden. He claimed this theory as his own, though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him. This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures.[14] This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants. From these conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated.[9]

text: 1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

text: 2. The cell is the most basic unit of life

text: Schleiden's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow, and Albert Kolliker.[6] In 1855, Rudolf Virchow added the third tenet to cell theory. In Latin, this tenet states Omnis cellula e cellula.[9] This translated to:

text: 3. All cells arise only from pre-existing cells

text: However, the idea that all cells come from pre-existing cells had in fact already been proposed by Robert Remak; it has been suggested that Virchow plagiarized Remak and did not give him credit.[15] Remak published observations in 1852 on cell division, claiming Schleiden and Schawnn were incorrect about generation schemes. He instead said that binary fission, which was first introduced by Dumortier, was how reproduction of new animal cells were made. Once this tenet was added, the classical cell theory was complete.

text: Modern interpretation

text: The generally accepted parts of modern cell theory include:

text:
All known living things are made up of one or more cells[16]
All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division.
The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms.[17]
The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells.[citation needed]
Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells.[citation needed]
Cells contain DNA which is found specifically in the chromosome and RNA found in the cell nucleus and cytoplasm.[18]
All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species .[citation needed]

tag: ol

text: The modern version of the cell theory

text: The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that:

text:
Energy flow occurs within cells.[19]
Heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell.[19]
All cells have the same basic chemical composition.[19]

text: Opposing concepts in cell theory: history and background

text: The cell was first discovered by Robert Hooke in 1665 using a microscope. The first cell theory is credited to the work of Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in the 1830s. In this theory the internal contents of cells were called protoplasm and described as a jelly-like substance, sometimes called living jelly. At about the same time, colloidal chemistry began its development, and the concepts of bound water emerged. A colloid being something between a solution and a suspension, where Brownian motion is sufficient to prevent sedimentation. The idea of a semipermeable membrane, a barrier that is permeable to solvent but impermeable to solute molecules was developed at about the same time. The term osmosis originated in 1827 and its importance to physiological phenomena realized, but it wasn’t until 1877, when the botanist Pfeffer proposed the membrane theory of cell physiology. In this view, the cell was seen to be enclosed by a thin surface, the plasma membrane, and cell water and solutes such as a potassium ion existed in a physical state like that of a dilute solution. In 1889 Hamburger used hemolysis of erythrocytes to determine the permeability of various solutes. By measuring the time required for the cells to swell past their elastic limit, the rate at which solutes entered the cells could be estimated by the accompanying change in cell volume. He also found that there was an apparent nonsolvent volume of about 50% in red blood cells and later showed that this includes water of hydration in addition to the protein and other nonsolvent components of the cells.

text: Evolution of the membrane and bulk phase theories

text: Two opposing concepts developed within the context of studies on osmosis, permeability, and electrical properties of cells.[20] The first held that these properties all belonged to the plasma membrane whereas the other predominant view was that the protoplasm was responsible for these properties. The membrane theory developed as a succession of ad-hoc additions and changes to the theory to overcome experimental hurdles. Overton (a distant cousin of Charles Darwin) first proposed the concept of a lipid (oil) plasma membrane in 1899. The major weakness of the lipid membrane was the lack of an explanation of the high permeability to water, so Nathansohn (1904) proposed the mosaic theory. In this view, the membrane is not a pure lipid layer, but a mosaic of areas with lipid and areas with semipermeable gel. Ruhland refined the mosaic theory to include pores to allow additional passage of small molecules. Since membranes are generally less permeable to anions, Leonor Michaelis concluded that ions are adsorbed to the walls of the pores, changing the permeability of the pores to ions by electrostatic repulsion. Michaelis demonstrated the membrane potential (1926) and proposed that it was related to the distribution of ions across the membrane.[21] Harvey and Danielli (1939) proposed a lipid bilayer membrane covered on each side with a layer of protein to account for measurements of surface tension. In 1941 Boyle & Conway showed that the membrane of frog muscle was permeable to both K+ and Cl-, but apparently not to Na+, so the idea of electrical charges in the pores was unnecessary since a single critical pore size would explain the permeability to K+, H+, and Cl- as well as the impermeability to Na+, Ca+, and Mg++. Over the same time period, it was shown (Procter & Wilson, 1916) that gels, which do not have a semipermeable membrane, would swell in dilute solutions. Loeb (1920) also studied gelatin extensively, with and without a membrane, showing that more of the properties attributed to the plasma membrane could be duplicated in gels without a membrane. In particular, he found that an electrical potential difference between the gelatin and the outside medium could be developed, based on the H+ concentration. Some criticisms of the membrane theory developed in the 1930s, based on observations such as the ability of some cells to swell and increase their surface area by a factor of 1000. A lipid layer cannot stretch to that extent without becoming a patchwork (thereby losing its barrier properties. Such criticisms stimulated continued studies on protoplasm as the principal agent determining cell permeability properties. In 1938, Fischer and Suer proposed that water in the protoplasm is not free but in a chemically combined form—the protoplasm represents a combination of protein, salt and water—and demonstrated the basic similarity between swelling in living tissues and the swelling of gelatin and fibrin gels. Dimitri Nasonov (1944) viewed proteins as the central components responsible for many properties of the cell, including electrical properties. By the 1940s, the bulk phase theories were not as well developed as the membrane theories. In 1941, Brooks & Brooks published a monograph The Permeability of Living Cells, which rejects the bulk phase theories.

text: The emergence of the steady-state membrane pump concept

text: With the development of radioactive tracers, it was shown that cells are not impermeable to Na+. This was difficult to explain with the membrane barrier theory, so the sodium pump was proposed to continually remove Na+ as it permeates cells. This drove the concept that cells are in a state of dynamic equilibrium, constantly using energy to maintain ion gradients. In 1935, Karl Lohmann discovered ATP and its role as a source of energy for cells, so the concept of a metabolically-driven sodium pump was proposed. The tremendous success of Hodgkin, Huxley, and Katz in the development of the membrane theory of cellular membrane potentials, with differential equations that modeled the phenomena correctly, provided even more support for the membrane pump hypothesis.

text: The modern view of the plasma membrane is of a fluid lipid bilayer that has protein components embedded within it. The structure of the membrane is now known in great detail, including 3D models of many of the hundreds of different proteins that are bound to the membrane. These major developments in cell physiology placed the membrane theory in a position of dominance and stimulated the imagination of most physiologists, who now apparently accept the theory as fact—there are, however, a few dissenters.[citation needed]

text: The reemergence of the bulk phase theories

text: In 1956, Afanasy S. Troshin published a book, The Problems of Cell Permeability, in Russian (1958 in German, 1961 in Chinese, 1966 in English) in which he found that permeability was of secondary importance in determination of the patterns of equilibrium between the cell and its environment. Troshin showed that cell water decreased in solutions of galactose or urea although these compounds did slowly permeate cells. Since the membrane theory requires an impermanent solute to sustain cell shrinkage, these experiments cast doubt on the theory. Others questioned whether the cell has enough energy to sustain the sodium/potassium pump. Such questions became even more urgent as dozens of new metabolic pumps were added as new chemical gradients were discovered.

text: In 1962, Gilbert Ling became the champion of the bulk phase theories and proposed his association-induction hypothesis of living cells.

text: Types of cells

text: Cells can be subdivided into the following subcategories:

text:
Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes are relatively small cells surrounded by the plasma membrane, with a characteristic cell wall that may differ in composition depending on the particular organism.[22] Prokaryotes lack a nucleus (although they do have circular or linear DNA) and other membrane-bound organelles (though they do contain ribosomes). The protoplasm of a prokaryote contains the chromosomal region that appears as fibrous deposits under the microscope, and the cytoplasm.[22] Bacteria and Archaea are the two domains of prokaryotes.
Eukaryotes: Eukaryotic cells are also surrounded by the plasma membrane, but on the other hand, they have distinct nuclei bound by a nuclear membrane or envelope. Eukaryotic cells also contain membrane-bound organelles, such as (mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles).[23] In addition, they possess organized chromosomes which store genetic material.[citation needed]

text: Animals have evolved a greater diversity of cell types in a multicellular body (100–150 different cell types), compared with 10–20 in plants, fungi, and protoctista.[24]


document_title: Eye of the Storm (Ryan Stevenson song)

question_text: who sings in the eye of the storm

question_tokens: who sings in the eye of the storm

text: Eye of the Storm (Ryan Stevenson song)

text:
"Eye of the Storm"Single by Ryan Stevensonfrom the album Fresh StartReleased
2016Format
Digital downloadGenre
CCMLength
5:31 (album version)3:25 (radio mix)Label
Gotee RecordsSongwriter(s)
Ryan Stevenson, Bryan Christopher FowlerRyan Stevenson singles chronology

"All Yours" (2015)

"Eye of the Storm" (2016)

"The Gospel" (2017)

"All Yours"(2015)

"Eye of the Storm"(2016)

"The Gospel"(2017)

text: "Eye of the Storm" is a song recorded by Christian musician Ryan Stevenson for his 2015 studio album Fresh Start. It peaked at number one on both the Billboard Hot Christian Songs and Christian Airplay charts, his first single to reach such feat.[1]

text: Chart history[edit]

text:
Chart

Peakposition[2]

Billboard Hot Christian Songs

1

Billboard Christian Airplay

1