document_title: Star Wars

question_text: when was the first star wars film made

question_tokens: when was the first star wars film made

root

text: Star Wars

text: Setting

text: The Star Wars franchise takes place in a distant unnamed fictional galaxy at an undetermined point in the ancient past, where many species of aliens (often humanoid) co-exist. People own robotic droids, who assist them in their daily routines, and space travel is common.

tag: p

text: The spiritual and mystical element of the Star Wars galaxy is known as "the Force". It is described in the original film as "an energy field created by all living things [that] surrounds us, penetrates us, [and] binds the galaxy together".[14] The people who are born deeply connected to the Force have better reflexes; through training and meditation, they are able to achieve various supernatural feats (such as telekinesis, clairvoyance, precognition, and mind control). The Force is wielded by two major factions at conflict: the Jedi, who harness the light side of the Force, and the Sith, who use the dark side of the Force through hate and aggression.

text: Theatrical films

text:
Film trilogies

Film
Release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Story by
Producer(s)
Initial distributor(s)

Original trilogy

Episode IV –
A New Hope
May 25, 1977 (1977-05-25)
George Lucas
Gary Kurtz
20th Century Fox[a]

Episode V –
The Empire Strikes Back
May 21, 1980 (1980-05-21)
Irvin Kershner
Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan
George Lucas

Episode VI –
Return of the Jedi
May 25, 1983 (1983-05-25)
Richard Marquand
Lawrence Kasdan and George Lucas
Howard Kazanjian

Prequel trilogy

Episode I –
The Phantom Menace
May 19, 1999 (1999-05-19)
George Lucas
George Lucas
Rick McCallum
20th Century Fox[a]

Episode II –
Attack of the Clones
May 16, 2002 (2002-05-16)
George Lucas and
Jonathan Hales
George Lucas

Episode III –
Revenge of the Sith
May 19, 2005 (2005-05-19)
George Lucas

Sequel trilogy

Episode VII –
The Force Awakens
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
J. J. Abrams
Lawrence Kasdan & J. J. Abrams and Michael Arndt
Kathleen Kennedy, J. J. Abrams and Bryan Burk
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures

Episode VIII –
The Last Jedi
December 15, 2017 (2017-12-15)
Rian Johnson
Kathleen Kennedy and Ram Bergman

Episode IX
December 20, 2019 (2019-12-20)[15]
J. J. Abrams
J. J. Abrams & Chris Terrio[16][17]
Kathleen Kennedy, Michelle Rejwan and J. J. Abrams

tag: table

text:
Standalone films

Film
Release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Story by
Producer(s)
Initial distributor(s)

Animated film

Star Wars:
The Clone Wars
August 15, 2008 (2008-08-15)
Dave Filoni
Henry Gilroy, Steven Melching & Scott Murphy
George Lucas and Catherine Winder
Warner Bros.

Anthology films

Rogue One:
A Star Wars Story
December 16, 2016 (2016-12-16)
Gareth Edwards
Chris Weitz and Tony Gilroy
John Knoll and Gary Whitta
Kathleen Kennedy, Allison Shearmur and Simon Emanuel
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures

Solo:
A Star Wars Story
May 25, 2018 (2018-05-25)[18]
Phil Lord &
Christopher Miller

Ron Howard
Lawrence Kasdan & Jon Kasdan

text: Original trilogy

text: In 1971, Universal Studios made a contract for George Lucas to direct two films. In 1973, American Graffiti was completed, and released to critical acclaim including Academy Award nominations for Best Director and Original Screenplay for George Lucas. Months later, Lucas started work on his second film's script draft, The Journal of the Whills, telling the tale of the training of apprentice CJ Thorpe as a "Jedi-Bendu" space commando by the legendary Mace Windy. After Universal rejected the film, 20th Century Fox decided to invest on it.[19] On April 17, 1973, Lucas felt frustrated about his story being too difficult to understand, so he began writing a 13-page script with thematic parallels to Akira Kurosawa's The Hidden Fortress, this draft was renamed The Star Wars.[20] By 1974, he had expanded the script into a rough draft screenplay, adding elements such as the Sith, the Death Star, and a protagonist named Annikin Starkiller. Numerous subsequent drafts would go through numerous drastic changes, before evolving into the script of the original film.

text: Lucas insisted that the movie would be part of a 9-part series and negotiated to retain the sequel rights, to ensure all the movies would be made. Tom Pollock, then Lucas' lawyer writes: "So in the negotiations that were going on, we drew up a contract with Fox’s head of business affairs Bill Immerman, and me. We came to an agreement that George would retain the sequel rights. Not all the [merchandising rights] that came later, mind you; just the sequel rights. And Fox would get a first opportunity and last refusal right to make the movie."[21]

text: Lucas was offered $50,000 to write, another $50,000 to produce, and $50,000 to direct the film.[21] Later the offer was increased.[22]

text: Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977. It was followed by The Empire Strikes Back, released on May 21, 1980, and Return of the Jedi, released on May 25, 1983. The sequels were all self-financed by Lucasfilm.[21]

text: The opening crawl of the sequels disclosed that they were numbered as "Episode V" and "Episode VI" respectively, though the films were generally advertised solely under their subtitles. Though the first film in the series was simply titled Star Wars, with its 1981 re-release it had the subtitle Episode IV: A New Hope added to remain consistent with its sequel, and to establish it as the middle chapter of a continuing saga.[23] The plot of the original trilogy centers on the Galactic Civil War of the Rebel Alliance trying to free the galaxy from the clutches of the Galactic Empire, as well as on Luke Skywalker's quest to become a Jedi.

text: A New Hope

text: Near the orbit of the desert planet Tatooine, a Rebel spaceship is intercepted by the Empire. Aboard, the deadliest Imperial agent Darth Vader and his stormtroopers capture Princess Leia Organa, a secret member of the rebellion. Before her capture, Leia makes sure the astromech R2-D2, along with the protocol droid C-3PO, escapes with stolen Imperial blueprints stored inside and a holographic message for the retired Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi, who has been living in exile on Tatooine. The droids fall under the ownership of Luke Skywalker, an orphan farm boy raised by his step-uncle and aunt. Luke helps the droids locate Obi-Wan, now a solitary old hermit known as Ben Kenobi, who reveals himself as a friend of Luke's absent father, the Jedi Knight Anakin Skywalker. Obi-Wan confides to Luke that Anakin was "betrayed and murdered" by Vader (who was Obi-Wan's former Jedi apprentice) years ago, and he gives Luke his father's former lightsaber to keep.[24] After viewing Leia's message, they both hire the smuggler Han Solo and his Wookiee co-pilot Chewbacca to, aboard their space freighter the Millennium Falcon, help them deliver the stolen blueprints inside R2-D2 to the Rebel Alliance with the hope of finding a weakness to the Empire's planet-destroying space station: the Death Star.[14]

text: For The Star Wars second draft, Lucas made heavy simplifications. It added a mystical energy field known as "The Force" and introduced the young hero on a farm as Luke Starkiller. Annikin became Luke's father, a wise Jedi knight. The third draft killed the father Annikin, replacing him with mentor figure Ben Kenobi. Later, Lucas felt the film would not in fact be the first in the sequence, but a film in the second trilogy in the saga. The draft contained a sub-plot leading to a sequel about "The Princess of Ondos", and by that time some months later Lucas had negotiated a contract that gave him rights to make two sequels. Not long after, Lucas hired author Alan Dean Foster, to write two sequels as novels.[25] In 1976, a fourth draft had been prepared for principal photography. The film was titled Adventures of Luke Starkiller, as taken from the Journal of the Whills, Saga I: The Star Wars. During production, Lucas changed Luke's name to Skywalker and altered the title to simply The Star Wars and finally Star Wars.[26] At that point, Lucas was not expecting the film to have sequels. The fourth draft of the script underwent subtle changes it discarded "the Princess of Ondos" sub-plot, to become a self-contained film, that ended with the destruction of the Galactic Empire itself by way of destroying the Death Star. However, Lucas previously conceived of the film as the first of a series. The intention was that if Star Wars was successful, Lucas could adapt Dean Foster's novels into low-budget sequels.[27] By that point, Lucas had developed an elaborate backstory to aid his writing process.[28]

text: Before its release, Lucas considered walking away from Star Wars sequels, thinking the film would be a flop. However the film exceeded all expectations. The success of the film, as well as its merchandise sales, and Lucas desire to create an independent film-making center. Both led Lucas to make Star Wars the basis of an elaborate film serial,[29] and use the profits to finance his film-making center, Skywalker Ranch.[30] Alan Dean Foster was already writing the first sequel-novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye, released in 1978. But Lucas decided not to adapt Foster's work, knowing a sequel would be allowed more budget. At first, Lucas envisioned a series of films with no set number of entries, like the James Bond series. In an interview with Rolling Stone in August 1977, he said that he wanted his friends to each take a turn at directing the films and giving unique interpretations on the series.[citation needed] He added that the backstory in which Darth Vader turns to the dark side, kills Luke's father and fights Obi-Wan Kenobi on a volcano as the Galactic Republic falls would make an excellent sequel.[citation needed]

text: The Empire Strikes Back

text: Three years after the destruction of the Death Star, the Rebels are forced to evacuate their secret base on Hoth as they are hunted by the Empire. At the request of the late Obi-Wan's spirit, Luke travels to the swamp-infested world of Dagobah to find the exiled Jedi Master Yoda and begin his Jedi training. However, Luke's training is interrupted by Vader, who lures him into a trap by capturing Han and Leia at Cloud City, governed by Han's old friend Lando Calrissian. During a fierce lightsaber duel with the Sith Lord, Luke learns that Vader is his father.[32]

text: After the success of the original film, Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him. They held story conferences and, by late November 1977, Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back. It was similar to the final film, except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke's father.[citation needed]

text: Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978; in it, Luke's father appeared as a ghost to instruct Luke.[33] Lucas has said he was disappointed with it, but before he could discuss it with her, she died of cancer.[34] With no writer available, Lucas had to write his next draft himself. It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the "Episode" numbering for the films; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II.[35] As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars, the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story.[36] He made use of a new plot twist: Darth Vader claims to be Luke's father. According to Lucas, he found this draft enjoyable to write, as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film, and quickly wrote two more drafts,[37] both in April 1978. This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke's father had drastic effects on the series.[38] After writing these two drafts, Lucas revised the backstory between Anakin Skywalker, Kenobi, and the Emperor.[39]

text: With this new backstory in place, Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy, changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft.[37] Lawrence Kasdan, who had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark, was then hired to write the next drafts, and was given additional input from director Irvin Kershner. Kasdan, Kershner, and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film, which was helped by the new, darker storyline, and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film.[40]

text: Return of the Jedi

text: A year after Vader's shocking revelation, Luke leads a rescue attempt to save Han from the gangster Jabba the Hutt. Afterward, Luke returns to Dagobah to complete his Jedi training, only to find the 900-year-old Yoda on his deathbed. In his last words Yoda confirms that Vader is Luke's father, Anakin Skywalker, and that Luke must confront his father again in order to complete his training. Moments later, the spirit of Obi-Wan reveals to Luke that Leia is his twin sister, but Obi-Wan insists that Luke must face Vader again. As the Rebels lead an attack on the Death Star II, Luke engages Vader in another lightsaber duel as Emperor Palpatine watches; both Sith Lords intend to turn Luke to the dark side of the Force and take him as their apprentice.[41]

text: By the time Lucas began writing Episode VI in 1981 (then titled Revenge of the Jedi), much had changed. Making Empire Strikes Back was stressful and costly, and Lucas' personal life was disintegrating. Burned out and not wanting to make any more Star Wars films, he vowed that he was done with the series in a May 1983 interview with Time magazine. Lucas' 1981 rough drafts had Darth Vader competing with the Emperor for possession of Luke—and in the second script, the "revised rough draft", Vader became a sympathetic character. Lawrence Kasdan was hired to take over once again and, in these final drafts, Vader was explicitly redeemed and finally unmasked. This change in character would provide a springboard to the "Tragedy of Darth Vader" storyline that underlies the prequels.[42]

text: Prequel trilogy

text: After losing much of his fortune in a divorce settlement in 1987, George Lucas had no desire to return to Star Wars, and had unofficially canceled the sequel trilogy by the time of Return of the Jedi.[43] At that point, the prequels were only still a series of basic ideas partially pulled from his original drafts of "The Star Wars". Nevertheless, technical advances in the late 1980s and 1990s continued to fascinate Lucas, and he considered that they might make it possible to revisit his 20-year-old material. The popularity of the franchise was reinvigorated by the Star Wars expanded universe storylines set after the original trilogy films, such as the Thrawn trilogy of novels written by Timothy Zahn and the Dark Empire comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics. Due to the renewed popularity of Star Wars, Lucas saw that there was still a large audience. His children were older, and with the explosion of CGI technology he was now considering returning to directing.[44]

text: The prequel trilogy consists of Episode I: The Phantom Menace, released on May 19, 1999; Episode II: Attack of the Clones, released on May 16, 2002; and Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, released on May 19, 2005.[45] The plot focuses on the fall of the Galactic Republic, as well as the tragedy of Anakin Skywalker's turn to the dark side.

text: The Phantom Menace

text: About 32 years before the start of the Galactic Civil War, the corrupt Trade Federation sets a blockade around the planet Naboo. The Sith Lord Darth Sidious had secretly planned the blockade to give his alter ego, Senator Palpatine, a pretense to overthrow and replace the Supreme Chancellor of the Republic. At the Chancellor's request, the Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice, a younger Obi-Wan Kenobi, are sent to Naboo to negotiate with the Federation. However, the two Jedi are forced to instead help the Queen of Naboo, Padmé Amidala, escape from the blockade and plead her planet's crisis before the Republic Senate on Coruscant. When their starship is damaged during the escape, they land on Tatooine for repairs. Palpatine dispatches his first Sith apprentice, Darth Maul, to hunt down the Queen and her Jedi protectors. While on Tatooine, Qui-Gon discovers a nine-year-old slave named Anakin Skywalker. Qui-Gon helps liberate the boy from slavery, believing Anakin to be the "Chosen One" foretold by a Jedi prophecy to bring balance to the Force. However, the Jedi Council (led by Yoda) suspects the boy possesses too much fear and anger within him.[46]

text: In 1993, it was announced, in Variety among other sources, that Lucas would be making the prequels. He began penning more to the story, now indicating the series would be a tragic one examining Anakin Skywalker's fall to the dark side. Lucas began to reevaluate how the prequels would exist relative to the originals; at first they were supposed to be a "filling-in" of history tangential to the originals, but he later realized that they could form the beginning of one long story that started with Anakin's childhood and ended with his death. This was the final step towards turning the film series into a "Saga".[47] In 1994, Lucas began writing the screenplay to the first prequel, initially titled Episode I: The Beginning. Following the release of that film, Lucas announced that he would be directing the next two, and began work on Episode II.[48]

text: Attack of the Clones

text: Ten years after the Battle of Naboo, Anakin is reunited with Padmé, now serving as the Senator of Naboo, and they fall in love despite Anakin's obligations to the Jedi Order. At the same time, the entire galaxy gets swept up in the Clone Wars between the armies of the Republic, led by the Jedi Order, and the Confederacy of Independent Systems, led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku.[49]

text: The first draft of Episode II was completed just weeks before principal photography, and Lucas hired Jonathan Hales, a writer from The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles, to polish it.[50] Unsure of a title, Lucas had jokingly called the film "Jar Jar's Great Adventure".[51] In writing The Empire Strikes Back, Lucas initially decided that Lando Calrissian was a clone and came from a planet of clones which caused the "Clone Wars" mentioned by both Luke Skywalker and Princess Leia in A New Hope;[52][53] he later came up with an alternate concept of an army of clone shocktroopers from a remote planet which attacked the Republic and were repelled by the Jedi.[54] The basic elements of that backstory became the plot basis for Episode II, with the new wrinkle added that Palpatine secretly orchestrated the crisis.[49]

text: Revenge of the Sith

text: Three years after the start of the Clone Wars, Anakin and Obi-Wan lead a rescue mission to save the kidnapped Chancellor Palpatine from Count Dooku and the droid commander General Grievous. Later, Anakin begins to have prophetic visions of his secret wife Padmé dying in childbirth. Palpatine, who had been secretly engineering the Clone Wars to destroy the Jedi Order, convinces Anakin that the dark side of the Force holds the power to save Padmé's life. Desperate, Anakin submits to Palpatine's Sith teachings and is renamed Darth Vader. While Palpatine re-organizes the Republic into the tyrannical Empire, Vader participates in the extermination of the Jedi Order; culminating in a lightsaber duel between himself and his former master Obi-Wan on the volcanic planet Mustafar.[55]

text: Lucas began working on Episode III before Attack of the Clones was released, offering concept artists that the film would open with a montage of seven Clone War battles.[56] As he reviewed the storyline that summer, however, he says he radically re-organized the plot.[57] Michael Kaminski, in The Secret History of Star Wars, offers evidence that issues in Anakin's fall to the dark side prompted Lucas to make massive story changes, first revising the opening sequence to have Palpatine kidnapped and his apprentice, Count Dooku, murdered by Anakin as the first act in the latter's turn towards the dark side.[58] After principal photography was complete in 2003, Lucas made even more massive changes in Anakin's character, re-writing his entire turn to the dark side; he would now turn primarily in a quest to save Padmé's life, rather than the previous version in which that reason was one of several, including that he genuinely believed that the Jedi were evil and plotting to take over the Republic. This fundamental re-write was accomplished both through editing the principal footage, and new and revised scenes filmed during pick-ups in 2004.[59]

text: The Clone Wars

text: On August 15, 2008, the animated film Star Wars: The Clone Wars was released theatrically as a lead-in to the animated TV series with the same name. This series includes 6 seasons, which were broadcast on Cartoon Network, with the exception of the last one. This season had been cut short following Disney's purchase of the franchise. There were also two more seasons in the works, but these were also cancelled.

text: Sequel trilogy

text: Over the years, Lucas often exaggerated the amount of material he wrote for the series; much of the exaggerations stemmed from the post‐1978 period when the series grew into a phenomenon. Michael Kaminski explained that the exaggerations were both a publicity and security measure, further rationalizing that since the series' story radically changed throughout the years, it was always Lucas' intention to change the original story retroactively because audiences would only view the material from his perspective.[55][60] The exaggerations created rumors of Lucas having plot outlines a sequel trilogy of (Episodes VII, VIII and IX), which would continue the story after 1983's Episode VI: Return of the Jedi[61] Lucasfilm and George Lucas had denied plans for a sequel trilogy for many years, insisting that Star Wars was meant to be a six-part series, and that no further films would be released after the conclusion of the prequel trilogy in 2005.[62][63] Although Lucas made an exception by releasing the animated Star Wars: The Clone Wars film in 2008, while promoting it, Lucas maintained his status on the sequel trilogy: "I get asked all the time, 'What happens after Return of the Jedi?,' and there really is no answer for that. The movies were the story of Anakin Skywalker and Luke Skywalker, and when Luke saves the galaxy and redeems his father, that's where that story ends."[64]

text: In January 2012, Lucas announced that he would step away from blockbuster films and instead produce smaller arthouse films. Asked whether the criticism he received following the prequel trilogy and the alterations to the re-releases of the original trilogy had influenced his decision to retire, Lucas said: "Why would I make any more when everybody yells at you all the time and says what a terrible person you are?"[65] Despite insisting that a sequel trilogy would never happen, Lucas began working on story treatments for three new Star Wars films in 2011. In October 2012, The Walt Disney Company agreed to buy Lucasfilm and announced that Star Wars Episode VII would be released in 2015. Later, it was revealed that the three new upcoming films (Episodes VII–IX) would be based on story treatments that had been written by George Lucas prior to the sale of Lucasfilm.[66] The co-chairman of Lucasfilm, Kathleen Kennedy, became president of the company, reporting to Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn. In addition, Kennedy will serve as executive producer on new Star Wars feature films, with franchise creator and Lucasfilm founder Lucas serving as creative consultant.[67]

text: The sequel trilogy began with Episode VII: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015. It was followed by Episode VIII: The Last Jedi, released on December 15, 2017.

text: The Force Awakens

text: About 30 years after the destruction of the Death Star II, Luke Skywalker has vanished following the demise of the new Jedi Order he was attempting to build. The remnants of the Empire have become the First Order, and seek to destroy Luke and the New Republic, while the Resistance opposes, led by princess-turned-general Leia Organa and backed by the Republic. On Jakku, Resistance pilot Poe Dameron obtains a map to Luke's location. Stormtroopers under the command of Kylo Ren, the son of Leia and Han Solo, capture Poe. Poe's droid BB-8 escapes with the map, and encounters a scavenger Rey. Kylo tortures Poe and learns of BB-8. Stormtrooper FN-2187 defects from the First Order, and frees Poe who dubs him "Finn", while both escape in a TIE fighter that crashes on Jakku, seemingly killing Poe. Finn finds Rey and BB-8, but the First Order does too; both escape Jakku in a stolen Millennium Falcon. The Falcon is recaptured by Han and Chewbacca, smugglers again since abandoning the Resistance. They agree to help deliver the map inside BB-8 to the Resistance.

text: The screenplay for Episode VII was originally set to be written by Michael Arndt, but in October 2013 it was announced that writing duties would be taken over by Lawrence Kasdan and J. J. Abrams.[68][69] On January 25, 2013, The Walt Disney Studios and Lucasfilm officially announced J. J. Abrams as Star Wars Episode VII's director and producer, along with Bryan Burk and Bad Robot Productions.[70]

text: The Last Jedi

text: Right after the destruction of Starkiller Base, Rey finds Luke Skywalker on the planet Ahch-To and convinces him to teach her the ways of the Jedi and seeks answers of her past with the help from Luke and Kylo Ren. Meanwhile, Finn, Leia, Poe, BB-8, Rose Tico, and the rest of the Resistance make an escape to the planet Crait from the First Order. Kylo Ren assassinates Supreme Leader Snoke and takes control of the First Order. which culminates in a battle on Crait with the Resistance.

text: On November 20, 2012, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg would write and produce Episodes VIII and IX.[71] Kasdan and Kinberg were later confirmed as creative consultants on those films, in addition to writing standalone films. In addition, John Williams, who wrote the music for the previous six episodes, was hired to compose the music for Episodes VII, VIII and IX.[72]

text: On March 12, 2015, Lucasfilm announced that Looper director Rian Johnson would direct Episode VIII with Ram Bergman as producer for Ram Bergman Productions.[73] Reports initially claimed Johnson would also direct Episode IX, but it was later confirmed he would write only a story treatment.[74][75] Johnson later wrote on his Twitter that the information about him writing a treatment for Episode IX is old, and he's not involved with the writing of that film.[76] When asked about Episode VIII in an August 2014 interview, Johnson said "it's boring to talk about, because the only thing I can really say is, I'm just happy. I don't have the terror I kind of expected I would, at least not yet. I'm sure I will at some point."[77]

text: Principal photography on The Last Jedi began in February 2016.[78] Additional filming took place in Dubrovnik from March 9 to March 16, 2016,[79][80] as well as in Ireland in May 2016.[81] Principal photography wrapped in July 2016.[82][83][84] On December 27, 2016, Carrie Fisher died after going into cardiac arrest a few days earlier. Before her death, Fisher had completed filming her role as General Leia Organa in The Last Jedi.[85] The film was released on December 15, 2017.[86]

text: Episode IX

text: Production on Episode IX was scheduled to begin sometime in 2017.[87] Variety and Reuters reported that Carrie Fisher was slated for a key role in Episode IX.[88] Now, Lucasfilm, Disney and others involved with the film have been forced to find a way to address her death in the upcoming film and alter her character's role.[89][90][91] In January 2017, Lucasfilm stated they would not digitally generate Fisher's performance for the film.[92] In April 2017, Fisher's brother Todd and daughter Billie Lourd gave Disney permission to use recent footage of Fisher for the film,[93] but later that month, Kennedy stated that Fisher will not appear in the film.[94][95] Principal photography of Star Wars: Episode IX is set to begin in July 2018.[96]

text: Anthology films

text: On February 5, 2013, Disney CEO Bob Iger confirmed the development of two standalone films, each individually written by Lawrence Kasdan and Simon Kinberg.[97] On February 6, Entertainment Weekly reported that Disney is working on two films featuring Han Solo and Boba Fett.[98] Disney CFO Jay Rasulo has described the standalone films as origin stories.[99] Kathleen Kennedy explained that the standalone films will not crossover with the films of the sequel trilogy, stating, "George was so clear as to how that works. The canon that he created was the Star Wars saga. Right now, Episode VII falls within that canon. The spin-off movies, or we may come up with some other way to call those films, they exist within that vast universe that he created. There is no attempt being made to carry characters (from the standalone films) in and out of the saga episodes. Consequently, from the creative standpoint, it's a roadmap that George made pretty clear."[100]

text: In April 2015, Lucasfilm and Kennedy announced that the standalone films would be referred to as the Star Wars Anthology films.[101][102][103] Rogue One: A Star Wars Story was released on December 16, 2016 as the first in an anthology series of films separate from the main episodic saga.

text: Rogue One

text: The story about the group of rebels who stole the Death Star plans, ending directly before Episode IV: A New Hope.

text: The idea for the film was conceived by John Knoll who worked as a visual effects supervisor of the prequel trilogy films.[104] In May 2014, Lucasfilm announced Gareth Edwards as the director of the first anthology film, with Gary Whitta writing the first draft, for a release on December 16, 2016.[105] On March 12, 2015, the film's title was revealed to be Rogue One, with Chris Weitz rewriting the script, and starring Felicity Jones, Ben Mendelsohn, and Diego Luna.[106][107] In April 2015, a teaser trailer was shown during the closing of the Star Wars Celebration. Lucasfilm announced filming would begin in the summer of 2015 and released the plot synopsis. Director Edwards stated, "It comes down to a group of individuals who don't have magical powers that have to somehow bring hope to the galaxy."; and describing the style of the film as similar to that of a war film: "It's the reality of war. Good guys are bad. Bad guys are good. It's complicated, layered; a very rich scenario in which to set a movie."[108][109] After its debut, Rogue One received generally positive reviews, with its performances, action sequences, soundtrack, visual effects and darker tone being praised. The film grossed over US$500 million worldwide within a week of its release.[110] Characters from the animated series appear, Saw Gerrera (from The Clone Wars) in a pivotal role in the plot and Chopper (from Star Wars: Rebels) in a cameo.[111]

text: Solo

text: A film focusing on Han Solo before the events of Episode IV: A New Hope.

text: The script was written by Star Wars veteran Lawrence Kasdan, and his son Jon Kasdan. The film stars Alden Ehrenreich as a young Han Solo, Joonas Suotamo as Chewbacca (after serving as a double for the character in The Force Awakens and The Last Jedi), Donald Glover as Lando Calrissian, and Emilia Clarke and Woody Harrelson. Directors Phil Lord and Christopher Miller began principal photography on the film, but due to creative differences, the pair left the project in June 2017 with three and a half weeks remaining in principal photography. Academy Award-winning director Ron Howard was announced as their replacement. While his first Star Wars film, Howard had previously collaborated with producing company Lucasfilm as an actor in the George Lucas-directed film American Graffiti (1973) and as director of Willow (1988).[112] Howard was one of the three directors George Lucas asked to direct Episode I: The Phantom Menace, though Howard declined, saying, "George, you should do it!".[113] The film is distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and will be released on May 25, 2018.

text: Untitled Anthology film

text: A third Anthology film will be released in 2020.[114] A writer for the film has been hired as of September 2016.[115]

text: In February 2013, Entertainment Weekly reported that Lucasfilm hired Josh Trank to direct a Star Wars standalone film, with the news being confirmed soon after.[116] However, in November 2016 Disney announced that their contract with Trank was terminated due to the overwhelmingly negative reviews of Fantastic Four.[117] By 2017, it was reported that the film was still in early development at Lucasfilm, and it was rumored that the film would focus on bounty hunter Boba Fett. Lucasfilm never confirmed what the plot was about, but confirmed that the film Josh Trank left was a different film from the Han Solo spin-off.[118]

text: Other films

text: In August 2016, Ewan McGregor stated he would be open to return to the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi, albeit for a spin-off film on the character, should he be approached, wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV.[119] Fans showed interest in the idea; a fan-trailer for an Obi-Wan film, with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert (which starred McGregor) became viral and widely praised by fans.[120] The film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a poll by The Hollywood Reporter despite there being only rumors of the film's production.[121] Lucasfilm and McGregor for years denied the development of such film, despite fans' continued interest and rumors. Days before the airing of the Star Wars Rebels episode "Twin Suns" (where Obi-Wan appeared), McGregor again stated his interest in starring in a solo film, if Lucasfilm wanted him to.[122] Joel Edgerton, who played Luke Skywalker's step-uncle Owen in the prequel trilogy, said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi-Wan standalone film, if it were to be made. Edgerton also expressed interest in playing Boba Fett without taking off the mask, in the rumored Boba Fett film.[123] By August 2017, it was reported that a movie centered around Obi-Wan Kenobi is in early developments, with Stephen Daldry in early negotiations to co-write and direct the project.[124] It was later reported that production would begin in early 2019.[125] Liam Neeson expressed his interest in returning to the franchise, reprising his role as Qui-Gon Jin, now in Force-ghost form.[126]

text: Additional reports stated Lucasfilm was considering various films about different characters including movies focusing on Boba Fett, as well as Jedi Master Yoda.[127][128] Temuera Morrison has expressed interest in portraying Boba, or Captain Rex, both clones of his previous character Jango Fett.[129] Daniel Logan, who played Boba Fett as a child in Attack of the Clones, has also expresed interest in reprising his role in the rumored Boba Fett film.[130] In 2015, director Guillermo Del Toro pitched an idea to Lucasfilm for a film about Jabba the Hutt,[131] and in 2017, it was reported that it is among the projects being considered by the studio.[132][133]

text: Samuel L. Jackson has expressed interest in returning as Mace Windu, insisting that his character survived his apparent death.[134] Ian McDiarmid has also expressed interest in returning as Emperor Palpatine.[135] Fans have also expressed interest towards the possibility of Ahsoka Tano appearing in a live-action film, with Rosario Dawson expressing interest in the role.[136] However, Lucasfilm still has not given an official confirmation on any of the rumored projects.

text: Untitled trilogy by Rian Johnson

text: In November 2017, Lucasfilm announced that Rian Johnson, the writer/director of The Last Jedi, would be working on a new trilogy. The films will reportedly differ from the Skywalker-focused films in favor of focusing on new characters, Johnson is confirmed to write and direct the first film.[137] On the same day, Disney announced that a live-action Star Wars television series was in development exclusively for their upcoming streaming service.[138]

text: Untitled films by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss

text: In February 2018, it was announced that David Benioff and D.B. Weiss would write and produce a series of Star Wars films that are not Skywalker-focused films, similar to but separate from Rian Johnson's upcoming installments in the franchise.[139]

text: In other media

text: From 1977 to 2014, the term Expanded Universe (abbreviated as EU), was an umbrella term for all officially licensed Star Wars storytelling materials set outside the events depicted within the theatrical films, including television series, novels, comics, and video games. Lucasfilm maintained internal continuity between the films and television content and the EU material until April 25, 2014, when the company announced all of the EU works would cease production. Existing works would no longer be considered canon to the franchise and subsequent reprints would be rebranded under the Star Wars Legends label,[140] with downloadable content for the massively multiplayer online game Star Wars: The Old Republic being the only Legends material to still be produced. The Star Wars canon was subsequently restructured to only include the existing six feature films, the animated film Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008), and its companion animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars. All future projects and creative developments across all types of media would be overseen and coordinated by the Story Group, announced as a division of Lucasfilm created to maintain continuity and a cohesive vision on the storytelling of the franchise. Lucasfilm announced that the change was made "to give maximum creative freedom to the filmmakers and also preserve an element of surprise and discovery for the audience".[140] The animated series Star Wars Rebels was the first project produced after the announcement, followed by multiple comics series from Marvel, novels published by Del Rey, and the sequel film The Force Awakens (2015).

text: Television

text: In the two-hour Star Wars Holiday Special produced for CBS in 1978, Chewbacca returns to his home planet of Kashyyyk to celebrate "Life Day" with his family. Along with the stars of the original 1977 film, celebrities Bea Arthur, Art Carney, Diahann Carroll, and Jefferson Starship appear in plot-related skits and musical numbers. Lucas loathed the special and forbade it to ever be aired again after its original broadcast, or reproduced on home video.[142] An 11-minute animated sequence in the Holiday Special featuring the first appearance of bounty hunter Boba Fett, is considered to be the sole silver lining of the production, with Lucas even including it as a special feature on a 2011 Blu-ray release (making it the only part of the Holiday Special to ever receive an official home media release). The segment is the first Star Wars animation ever produced.[143]

text: The television film Caravan of Courage: An Ewok Adventure aired on ABC on Thanksgiving weekend in 1984. With a story by Lucas and a screenplay by Bob Carrau, it features the Ewok Wicket from Return of the Jedi as he helps two children rescue their parents from a giant known as Gorax.[144][145] The 1985 sequel, Ewoks: The Battle for Endor, finds Wicket and his friends protecting their village from invaders.[146][144][147]

text: Nelvana, the animation studio that had animated the animated segment of the Holiday Special was hired to create two animated series. Star Wars: Droids (1985–1986), which aired for one season on ABC, follows the adventures of the droids C-3PO and R2-D2, 15 years before the events of the 1977 film Star Wars.[146][148][149] Its sister series Star Wars: Ewoks (1985–1987) features the adventures of the Ewoks before Return of the Jedi and the Ewok movies.[146][149]

text: After the release of Attack of the Clones, Cartoon Network animated and aired Star Wars: Clone Wars from 2003 to weeks before the 2005 release of Revenge of the Sith, as the series featured event set between those films.[150][151] It won the Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program in 2004 and 2005.[152][153]

text: Lucas decided to invest in creating his own animation company, Lucasfilm Animation, and used it to create his first in-house Star Wars CGI-animated series. Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–2014) was introduced through a 2008 animated film of the same name, and set in the same time period as the previous Clone Wars series (albeit ignoring it).[154][155][156][157] While all previous television works were reassigned to the Legends brand in 2014, Lucasfilm accepted The Clone Wars and its originating film, as part of the canon. All series released after would also be part of the canon.[140][158] In 2014, Disney XD began airing Star Wars Rebels, the next CGI-animated series. Set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope, it followed a band of rebels as they fight the Galactic Empire and helped close some of the arcs in The Clone Wars.[159][160][161][162][163] Another animated series debuted in 2017, Star Wars Forces of Destiny focused on the female characters of the franchise.[164]

text: Untitled Star Wars series

text: Since 2005, when Lucas announced plans for a television series set between the prequel and original trilogies, the television project has been in varying stages of development at Lucasfilm [165] Producer Rick McCallum revealed the working title, Star Wars: Underworld, in 2012,[166] and said in 2013 that 50 scripts had been written.[167] He called the project "The most provocative, the most bold and daring material that we've ever done."[167] The proposed series explores criminal and political power struggles in the decades prior to A New Hope,[165] and as of December 2015 was still in development at Lucasfilm.[168] In November 2017, Bob Iger discussed the development of a Star Wars series for Disney's upcoming digital streaming service, due to launch in 2019.[169] It is unknown if the series would be based on the Star Wars Underworld scripts or if it would follow an entirely new idea.

text: In February 2018, it was reported that there are multiple live action Star Wars TV series currently in development, with "rather significant" talent involved in the productions.[170][171]

text: Print media

text: Star Wars-based fiction predates the release of the first film, with the December 1976 novelization of Star Wars, subtitled From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker. Credited to Lucas, it was ghost-written by Alan Dean Foster. The first Expanded Universe story appeared in Marvel Comics' Star Wars #7 in January 1978 (the first six issues of the series having been an adaptation of the film), followed quickly by Foster's novel Splinter of the Mind's Eye the following month.[172]

text: Novels

text: Star Wars: From the Adventures of Luke Skywalker is a 1976 novelization of the original film by Alan Dean Foster,[173] who followed it with the sequel Splinter of the Mind's Eye (1978), which Lucas decided not to film.[174] The film novelizations for The Empire Strikes Back (1980) by Donald F. Glut and Return of the Jedi (1983) by James Kahn followed, as well as The Han Solo Adventures trilogy (1979–1980) by Brian Daley,[175] and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian (1983) trilogy by L. Neil Smith.[176][146]

text: Timothy Zahn's bestselling Thrawn trilogy (1991–1993) reignited interest in the franchise and introduced the popular characters Grand Admiral Thrawn, Mara Jade, Talon Karrde, and Gilad Pellaeon.[177][178][179][180] The first novel, Heir to the Empire, reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller list,[181] and the series finds Luke, Leia, and Han facing off against tactical genius Thrawn, who is plotting to retake the galaxy for the Empire.[182] Though Thrawn was designated a Legends character in 2014, he was reintroduced into the canon in the 2016 third season of Star Wars Rebels.[183][184] In The Courtship of Princess Leia (1994) by Dave Wolverton, set immediately before the Thrawn trilogy, Leia considers an advantageous political marriage to Prince Isolder of the planet Hapes, but she and Han ultimately marry.[185][186] Steve Perry's Shadows of the Empire (1996), set in the as-yet-unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, was part of a multimedia campaign that included a comic book series and video game.[187][188] The novel introduced the crime lord Prince Xizor, another popular character who would appear in multiple other works.[187][189] Other notable series from Bantam include the Jedi Academy trilogy (1994) by Kevin J. Anderson,[190][191] the 14-book Young Jedi Knights series (1995–1998) by Anderson and Rebecca Moesta,[191][192] and the X-wing series (1996–2012) by Michael A. Stackpole and Aaron Allston.[193][194][195]

text: Del Rey took over Star Wars book publishing in 1999, releasing what would become a 19-installment novel series called The New Jedi Order (1999–2003). Written by multiple authors, the series was set 25 to 30 years after the original films and introduced the Yuuzhan Vong, a powerful alien race attempting to invade and conquer the entire galaxy.[196][197] The bestselling multi-author series Legacy of the Force (2006–2008) chronicles the crossover of Han and Leia's son Jacen Solo to the dark side of the Force; among his evil deeds, he kills Luke's wife Mara Jade as a sacrifice to join the Sith. The story parallels the fallen son of Han and Leia, Ben Solo/Kylo Ren, in the 2015 film The Force Awakens.[198][199][200][201] Three series were introduced for younger audiences: the 18-book Jedi Apprentice (1999–2002) chronicles the adventures of Obi-Wan Kenobi and his master Qui-Gon Jinn in the years before The Phantom Menace; the 11-book Jedi Quest (2001–2004) follows Obi-Wan and his own apprentice, Anakin Skywalker in between The Phantom Menace and Attack of the Clones; and the 10-book The Last of the Jedi (2005–2008), set almost immediately after Revenge of the Sith, features Obi-Wan and the last few surviving Jedi.

text: Maul: Lockdown by Joe Schreiber, released in January 2014, was the last Star Wars novel published before Lucasfilm announced the creation of the Star Wars Legends brand.[202][203][204]

text: Comics

text: Marvel Comics published a Star Wars comic book series from 1977 to 1986.[205][206][207][208] Original Star Wars comics were serialized in the Marvel magazine Pizzazz between 1977 and 1979. The 1977 installments were the first original Star Wars stories not directly adapted from the films to appear in print form, as they preceded those of the Star Wars comic series.[209] From 1985–1987, the animated children's series Ewoks and Droids inspired comic series from Marvel's Star Comics line.[210][211][212]

text: In the late 1980s, Marvel dropped a new Star Wars comic it had in development, which was picked up by Dark Horse Comics and published as the popular Dark Empire sequence (1991–1995).[213] Dark Horse subsequently launched dozens of series set after the original film trilogy, including Tales of the Jedi (1993–1998), X-wing Rogue Squadron (1995–1998), Star Wars: Republic (1998–2006), Star Wars Tales (1999–2005), Star Wars: Empire (2002–2006), and Knights of the Old Republic (2006–2010).[214][215]

text: After Disney's acquisition of Lucasfilm, it was announced in January 2014 that in 2015 the Star Wars comics license would return to Marvel Comics,[216] whose parent company, Marvel Entertainment, Disney had purchased in 2009.[217] Launched in 2015, the first three publications in were titled Star Wars, Star Wars: Darth Vader, and the limited series Star Wars: Princess Leia.[218][219][220]

text: Audio dramas

text: Radio adaptations of the films were also produced. Lucas, a fan of the NPR-affiliated campus radio station of his alma mater the University of Southern California, licensed the Star Wars radio rights to KUSC-FM for US$1. The production used John Williams' original film score, along with Ben Burtt's sound effects.[221][222]

text: The first was written by science fiction author Brian Daley and directed by John Madden. It was broadcast on National Public Radio in 1981, adapting the original 1977 film into 13-episodes.[223][221][222] Mark Hamill and Anthony Daniels reprised their film roles.[223][221]

text: The overwhelming success, led to a 10-episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back in 1982. Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars, reprising his role as Lando Calrissian.

text: In 1983, Buena Vista Records released an original, 30-minute Star Wars audio drama titled Rebel Mission to Ord Mantell, written by Daley.[222][224] In the 1990s, Time Warner Audio Publishing adapted several Star Wars series from Dark Horse Comics into audio dramas: the three-part Dark Empire saga, Tales of the Jedi, Dark Lords of the Sith, the Dark Forces trilogy, and Crimson Empire (1998).[224] Return of the Jedi was adapted into 6-episodes in 1996, featuring Daniels.[221][224]

text: Video games

text: The first officially licensed Star Wars electronic game was Kenner's 1979 table-top Star Wars Electronic Battle Command.[225][226] In 1982, Parker Brothers published the first licensed Star Wars video game, Star Wars: The Empire Strikes Back, for the Atari 2600.[227] It was followed in 1983 by Atari's rail shooter arcade game Star Wars, which used vector graphics and was based on the "Death Star trench run" scene from the 1977 film.[228] The next game, Return of the Jedi (1984), used more traditional raster graphics,[229] with the following game The Empire Strikes Back (1985) returning to the 1983's arcade game vector graphics, but recreating the "Battle of Hoth" scene instead.[230]

text: Lucasfilm had started its own video game company in the early 1980s, which became known for adventure games and World War II flight combat games. In 1993, LucasArts released Star Wars: X-Wing, the first self-published Star Wars video game and the first space flight simulation based on the franchise.[231] X-Wing was one of the best-selling games of 1993, and established its own series of games.[231] Released in 1995, Dark Forces was the first Star Wars first-person shooter video game.[232] A hybrid adventure game incorporating puzzles and strategy,[233] it featured new gameplay features and graphical elements not then common in other games, made possible by LucasArts' custom-designed game engine, called the Jedi.[232][233][234][235][236][237] The game was well received and well reviewed,[238][239][240] and was followed by four sequels.[241][242] Dark Forces introduced the popular character Kyle Katarn, who would later appear in multiple games, novels, and comics.[243] Katarn is a former Imperial stormtrooper who joins the Rebellion and ultimately becomes a Jedi,[232][244][245] a plot arc similar to that of Finn in the 2015 film The Force Awakens.[198]

text: Disney has partnered with Lenovo to create the Augmented Reality game 'Star Wars: Jedi Challenges' that works with a Lenovo Mirage AR headset, a tracking sensor and a Lightsaber controller that will launch in December 2017.[246]

text: Multimedia projects

text:
Star Wars: Shadows of the Empire (1996) is a Lucasfilm multimedia project set in the as-yet-unexplored time period between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi that included a novel by Steve Perry, a comic book series, a video game, and toys.[187][188]
The Force Unleashed (2008–2010) is a similar project, set between Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope,[247] that includes a 2008 novel, a 2008 video game and its 2010 sequel, a graphic novel, a role-playing game supplement, and action figures.[248]

tag: ul

text: Theme park attractions

text:
Title
Park(s)
Opening date
Closing date
Status

Live attractions

Star Tours
Disneyland
January 9, 1987 (1987-01-09)
July 27, 2010 (2010-07-27)
Closed

Tokyo Disneyland
July 12, 1989 (1989-07-12)
April 2, 2012 (2012-04-02)

Disney's Hollywood Studios
December 15, 1989 (1989-12-15)
September 7, 2010 (2010-09-07)

Disneyland Paris
April 12, 1992 (1992-04-12)
March 16, 2016 (2016-03-16)

Star Wars Weekends
Disney's Hollywood Studios
1997 (1997)
2015 (2015)

Star Wars: Where Science Meets Imagination
Multiple locations
October 19, 2005 (2005-10-19)
March 23, 2014 (2014-03-23)

Jedi Training Academy
Disneyland
July 1, 2006 (2006-19-01)
November 15, 2015 (2015-11-15)

Disney's Hollywood Studios
October 9, 2007 (2007-10-09)
October 5, 2015 (2015-10-05)

Star Tours – The Adventures Continue
Disney's Hollywood Studios
May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20)
–
Operating

Disneyland
June 3, 2011 (2011-06-03)
–

Tokyo Disneyland
May 7, 2013 (2013-05-07)
–

Disneyland Paris
March 26, 2017 (2017-03-26)
–

Star Wars Hyperspace Mountain
Disneyland
November 14, 2015 (2015-11-14)
May 31, 2017 (2017-05-31)
Closed

Hong Kong Disneyland
June 11, 2016 (2016-06-11)
–
Operating

Disneyland Paris
May 7, 2017 (2017-05-07)
–

Star Wars Launch Bay
Disneyland
November 16, 2015 (2015-11-16)
–

Disney's Hollywood Studios
December 4, 2015 (2015-12-04)
–

Shanghai Disneyland Park
June 16, 2016 (2016-06-16)
–

Jedi Training: Trials of the Temple
Disney's Hollywood Studios
December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)
–

Disneyland
December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)
–

Disneyland Paris
July 11, 2015 (2015-07-11)
–

Hong Kong Disneyland
June 25, 2016 (2016-06-25)
–

Star Wars: A Galactic Spectacular
Disney's Hollywood Studios
June 17, 2016 (2016-06-17)
–

Future

Star Wars: Galaxy's Edge
Disneyland[249]
2019 (2019)[249]
N/A
Under construction[250]

Disney's Hollywood Studios[249]
2019 (2019)[249]
N/A

Star Wars Hotel
Disney's Hollywood Studios[251]
TBA
N/A
Proposed

text: Themes

text: Aside from its well-known science fictional technology, Star Wars features elements such as knighthood, chivalry, and princesses that are related to archetypes of the fantasy genre.[252] The Star Wars world, unlike fantasy and science-fiction films that featured sleek and futuristic settings, was portrayed as dirty and grimy. Lucas' vision of a "used future" was further popularized in the science fiction-horror films Alien,[253] which was set on a dirty space freighter; Mad Max 2, which is set in a post-apocalyptic desert; and Blade Runner, which is set in a crumbling, dirty city of the future. Lucas made a conscious effort to parallel scenes and dialogue between films, and especially to parallel the journeys of Luke Skywalker with that of his father Anakin when making the prequels.[46]

text: Comparisons with historical events

text: Star Wars contains many themes of political science that mainly favor democracy over dictatorship. Political science has been an important element of Star Wars since the franchise first launched in 1977. The plot climax of Revenge of the Sith is modeled after the fall of the democratic Roman Republic and the formation of an empire.[254][255][256]

text: The stormtroopers from the movies share a name with the Nazi stormtroopers (see also Sturmabteilung). Imperial officers' uniforms resemble some historical German uniforms of World War II and the political and security officers of the Empire resemble the black-clad SS down to the imitation silver death's head insignia on their officer's caps. World War II terms were used for names in Star Wars; examples include the planets Kessel (a term that refers to a group of encircled forces) and Hoth (Hermann Hoth was a German general who served on the snow-laden Eastern Front).[257] Palpatine being Chancellor before becoming Emperor mirrors Adolf Hitler's role as Chancellor before appointing himself Dictator. The Great Jedi Purge alludes to the events of The Holocaust, the Great Purge, the Cultural Revolution, and the Night of the Long Knives. In addition, Lucas himself has drawn parallels between Palpatine and his rise to power to historical dictators such as Julius Caesar, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Adolf Hitler. The final medal awarding scene in A New Hope, however, references Leni Riefenstahl's Triumph of the Will.[258] The space battles in A New Hope were based on filmed World War I and World War II dogfights.[259]

text: Continuing the use of Nazi inspiration for the Empire, J.J. Abrams, the director of Star Wars: The Force Awakens, has said that the First Order, an Imperial offshoot which serves as the main antagonist of the sequel trilogy, is inspired by another aspect of the Nazi regime. Abrams spoke of how several Nazis fled to Argentina after the war and he claims that the concept for the First Order came from conversations between the scriptwriters about what would have happened if they had started working together again.[260]

text: Cultural impact

text: The Star Wars saga has had a significant impact on modern popular culture.[261] Star Wars references are deeply embedded in popular culture;[262] Phrases like "evil empire" and "May the Force be with you" have become part of the popular lexicon.[263] The first Star Wars film in 1977 was a cultural unifier,[264] enjoyed by a wide spectrum of people.[265] The film can be said to have helped launch the science fiction boom of the late 1970s and early 1980s, making science fiction films a blockbuster genre or mainstream.[266] This very impact made it a prime target for parody works and homages, with popular examples including Spaceballs, Family Guy's Laugh It Up, Fuzzball, Robot Chicken's "Star Wars Episode I", "Star Wars Episode II" and "Star Wars Episode III", and Hardware Wars by Ernie Fosselius.

text: In 1989, the Library of Congress selected the original Star Wars film for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry, as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."[267] Its sequel, The Empire Strikes Back, was selected in 2010.[268][269] Despite these callings for archival, it is unclear whether copies of the 1977 and 1980 theatrical sequences of Star Wars and Empire—or copies of the 1997 Special Edition versions—have been archived by the NFR, or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry.[270][271]

text: Industry

text: The original Star Wars film was a huge success for 20th Century Fox, and was credited for reinvigorating the company. Within three weeks of the film's release, the studio's stock price doubled to a record high. Prior to 1977, 20th Century Fox's greatest annual profits were $37 million, while in 1977, the company broke that record by posting a profit of $79 million.[259] The franchise helped Fox to change from an almost bankrupt production company to a thriving media conglomerate.[272]

text: Star Wars fundamentally changed the aesthetics and narratives of Hollywood films, switching the focus of Hollywood-made films from deep, meaningful stories based on dramatic conflict, themes and irony to sprawling special-effects-laden blockbusters, as well as changing the Hollywood film industry in fundamental ways. Before Star Wars, special effects in films had not appreciably advanced since the 1950s.[273] The commercial success of Star Wars created a boom in state-of-the-art special effects in the late 1970s.[272] Along with Jaws, Star Wars started the tradition of the summer blockbuster film in the entertainment industry, where films open on many screens at the same time and profitable franchises are important.[274][265] It created the model for the major film trilogy and showed that merchandising rights on a film could generate more money than the film itself did.[264]

text: Fan works

text: The Star Wars saga has inspired many fans to create their own non-canon material set in the Star Wars galaxy. In recent years, this has ranged from writing fan fiction to creating fan films. In 2002, Lucasfilm sponsored the first annual Official Star Wars Fan Film Awards, officially recognizing filmmakers and the genre. Because of concerns over potential copyright and trademark issues, however, the contest was initially open only to parodies, mockumentaries, and documentaries. Fan fiction films set in the Star Wars universe were originally ineligible, but in 2007, Lucasfilm changed the submission standards to allow in-universe fiction entries.[275] Lucasfilm, for the most part, has allowed but not endorsed the creation of these derivative fan fiction works, so long as no such work attempts to make a profit from or tarnish the Star Wars franchise in any way.[276] While many fan films have used elements from the licensed Expanded Universe to tell their story, they are not considered an official part of the Star Wars canon.

text: Academia

text: As the characters and the story line of the original trilogy are so well known, educationalists have advocated the use of the films in the classroom as a learning resource. For example, a project in Western Australia honed elementary school students story-telling skills by role playing action scenes from the movies and later creating props and audio/visual scenery to enhance their performance.[277] Others have used the films to encourage second-level students to integrate technology in the science classroom by making prototype light sabers.[278] Similarly, psychiatrists in New Zealand and the US have advocated their use in the university classroom to explain different types of psychopathology.[279][280]

text: Merchandising

text: The success of the Star Wars films led the franchise to become one of the most merchandised franchises in the world. In 1977, while filming the original film, George Lucas decided to take a 500,000-dollar pay-cut to his own salary as director, in exchange for fully owning the merchandising rights of the franchise to himself. Over the franchise's lifetime, such exchange cost 20th Century Fox, more than US$20 billion in merchandising revenue profits.[22] Disney acquired the merchandising rights when part of purchasing Lucasfilm.

text: Kenner made the first Star Wars action figures to coincide with the release of the film, and today the remaining 80's figures sell at extremely high prices in auctions. Since the 90's Hasbro holds the rights to create action figures based on the saga. Pez dispensers have been produced.[citation needed] Star Wars was the first intellectual property to be licensed in Lego Group history, which has produced a Star Wars Lego theme.[281] Lego has produced animated parody short films to promote their sets, among them Revenge of the Brick (2005) and The Quest for R2-D2 (2009), the former parodies Revenge of the Sith, while the later The Clone Wars film. Due to their success, LEGO created animated comedy mini-series among them The Yoda Chronicles (2013-2014) and Droid Tales (2015) originally airing on Cartoon Network, but since 2014 moved into Disney XD.[282] The Lego Star Wars video games are critically acclaimed best sellers.[citation needed]

text: In 1977 with the board game Star Wars: Escape from the Death Star[283] (not to be confused with another board game with the same title, published in 1990).[284] The board game Risk has been adapted to the series in two editions by Hasbro: and Star Wars Risk: The Clone Wars Edition[285] (2005) and Risk: Star Wars Original Trilogy Edition[286] (2006).

text: Three different official tabletop role-playing games have been developed for the Star Wars universe: a version by West End Games in the 1980s and 1990s, one by Wizards of the Coast in the 2000s, and one by Fantasy Flight Games in the 2010s.

text: Star Wars trading cards have been published since the first "blue" series, by Topps, in 1977.[287] Dozens of series have been produced, with Topps being the licensed creator in the United States. Some of the card series are of film stills, while others are original art. Many of the cards have become highly collectible with some very rare "promos", such as the 1993 Galaxy Series II "floating Yoda" P3 card often commanding US$1,000 or more. While most "base" or "common card" sets are plentiful, many "insert" or "chase cards" are very rare.[288] From 1995 until 2001, Decipher, Inc. had the license for, created and produced a collectible card game based on Star Wars; the Star Wars Collectible Card Game (also known as SWCCG).


document_title: Anne, Princess Royal

question_text: when did princess anne competed in the olympics

text: Anne, Princess Royal

text: Early life and education[edit]

text: Anne was born at Clarence House on 15 August 1950 at 11:50 am,[6] as the second child and only daughter of Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She is the second grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. 21-gun salutes signalled the birth in Hyde Park.[7] Anne was baptised in the Music Room of Buckingham Palace on 21 October 1950, by Archbishop of York, Cyril Garbett.[c]

text: A governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed to look after Anne and was responsible for her early education at Buckingham Palace;[10] Peebles also served as early governess for Anne's older brother, Charles. After the death of George VI, Anne's mother ascended the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. Given her young age at the time, she did not attend the coronation.

text: A Girl Guides company, the 1st Buckingham Palace Company to include the Holy Trinity Brompton Brownie pack, was re-formed in May 1959, specifically so that, as her mother and aunt had done as children, Anne could socialise with girls her own age. The Company was active until 1963, when Anne went to boarding school.[11] Anne enrolled at Benenden School in 1963. In 1968 she left school with six GCE O-Levels and two A-Levels.[10]

text: In the next couple of years, Anne started dating. In 1970, her first boyfriend was Andrew Parker Bowles, who later became the first husband of Camilla Shand (subsequently the mistress and second wife of her brother, Prince Charles).[12]

text: First marriage[edit]

text: Anne first met her future husband Mark Phillips at a party for horse lovers in 1968.[13] Their engagement was announced on 29 May 1973.[14][15] On 14 November 1973 (the twenty-fifth birthday of her brother, Prince Charles), Princess Anne married Mark Phillips, a lieutenant in the 1st Queen's Dragoon Guards, at Westminster Abbey in a ceremony that was televised around the world, with an estimated audience of 100 million.[16] Following the wedding, Anne and her husband lived at Gatcombe Park. He was made acting captain by the start of 1974 when he was appointed a personal aide-de-camp to Queen Elizabeth II. As was customary for untitled men marrying into the royal family, Phillips was offered an earldom. He declined this offer leading to their children being born without courtesy titles.[17] The couple would have two children, Peter (born 1977) and Zara Phillips (born 1981).[18]

text: On 31 August 1989, Princess Anne and Mark Phillips announced their intention to separate, as the marriage had been under strain for a number of years.[13][19] The couple had been rarely seen in the public together, and both were romantically linked with other people.[13][20] They continued to share the custody of their children, and initially announced that "there were no plans for divorce."[21][22] They eventually divorced on 23 April 1992.[23]

text: Anne has four grandchildren. She first became a grandmother on 29 December 2010 when Peter and his wife Autumn had a daughter, Savannah. On 29 March 2012, the couple had another daughter, Isla. Anne's third granddaughter, Mia Grace, was born on 17 January 2014 to Zara and her husband Mike Tindall.[18] Their second daughter, Lena Elizabeth, was born on 18 June 2018.

text: Kidnapping attempt[edit]

text: As Princess Anne and Mark Phillips were returning to Buckingham Palace on 20 March 1974, from a charity event on Pall Mall, their Princess IV car was forced to stop on the Mall by a Ford Escort.[24] The driver of the Escort, Ian Ball, jumped out and began firing a pistol. Inspector James Beaton, Anne's personal police officer, responded by getting out of the car in order to shield her and to attempt to disarm Ball. Beaton's firearm, a Walther PPK, jammed, and he was shot by the assailant, as was Anne's chauffeur, Alex Callender, when he tried to disarm Ball.[25] Brian McConnell, a nearby tabloid journalist, also intervened, and was shot in the chest.[26] Ball approached Anne's car and told her of his kidnapping plan, which was to hold her for ransom, the sum given by varying sources as £2 million[27] or £3 million, which he claimed he intended to give to the National Health Service.[24] Ball then directed Anne to get out of the car, to which she replied: "Not bloody likely!", and reportedly briefly considered hitting Ball.[28] Eventually, she exited the other side of the limousine as had her lady-in-waiting, Rowena Brassey. A passing pedestrian, a former boxer named Ron Russell, punched Ball in the back of the head and then led Anne away from the scene. At that point, Police Constable Michael Hills happened upon the situation; he too was shot by Ball, but not before he called for police backup. Detective Constable Peter Edmonds, who had been nearby, answered and gave chase, finally arresting Ball.[25]

text: Beaton, Hills, Callender and McConnell were hospitalised, and all recovered from their wounds. For his defence of Princess Anne, Beaton was awarded the George Cross by the Queen, who was visiting Indonesia when the incident occurred;[29] Hills and Russell were awarded the George Medal, and Callender, McConnell and Edmonds were awarded the Queen's Gallantry Medal.[24][30]  Anne later visited Beaton in hospital and thanked him for his assistance; she also spoke about the event on TV to Parkinson in 1974 saying she was 'scrupulously polite' to her would-be kidnapper as she thought it would be 'silly to be too rude at that stage'.[29]

text: Ball pleaded guilty to attempted murder and kidnapping. He was still detained under the Mental Health Act as of January 2011, at Broadmoor.[31] The incident was the closest in modern times that any individual has come to kidnapping a member of the Royal Family, and prompted higher security levels for the family. It also served as the focus of the 2006 Granada Television produced docu-drama To Kidnap a Princess and inspired story lines in the Tom Clancy novel Patriot Games.[32]

text: Second marriage[edit]

text: Anne met Timothy Laurence while he was serving on the Royal Yacht Britannia, and their relationship developed in early 1989, three years after he was appointed as an equerry to the Queen.[33] In 1989, the existence of private letters from Laurence to the Princess was revealed by The Sun newspaper.[20] Anne married Laurence, then a Commander in the Royal Navy, at Crathie Kirk, near Balmoral Castle, on 12 December 1992.[34] Around 30 guests were invited for the private marriage service.[35] The couple chose to marry in Scotland as the Church of England did not at that time allow divorced persons whose former spouses were still living to remarry in its churches.[36][37] The Church of Scotland does not consider marriage to be a sacrament, and thus not binding forever, and has no moral objection to the remarriage of divorced persons.[38] In participating in this ceremony, Anne became the first royal divorcée to remarry since Victoria, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, married Grand Duke Cyril Vladimirovich of Russia in 1905. For the wedding ceremony, Anne wore a white jacket over a "demure, cropped-to-the-knee dress" and a spray of white flowers in her hair.[39] Her engagement ring is made of "a cabochon sapphire flanked by three small diamonds on each side".[40] Following the marriage service, the couple and guests headed to Craigowan Lodge for a private reception.[34] Like Phillips before him, Laurence received no peerage, and the couple leased a flat in Dolphin Square, London. They later gave up this city home and now reside between an apartment at St James's Palace and Gatcombe Park.[41] Anne has no children by Laurence.

text: Equestrianism[edit]

text:
Medal record

Representing   United Kingdom

 Equestrian

European Championships

1971 Burghley
Individual eventing

1975 Luhmuhlen
Team eventing

1975 Luhmuhlen
Individual eventing

text: At the age of 21, Anne won the individual title at the European Eventing Championship,[42] and was voted the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 1971.[43] For more than five years, she also competed with the British eventing team, winning a silver medal in both individual and team disciplines in the 1975 European Eventing Championship, riding the home-bred Doublet.[44] The following year, Anne participated in the 1976 Olympic Games in Montreal as a member of the British team, riding the Queen's horse, Goodwill.[45] Anne assumed the Presidency of the Fédération Équestre Internationale from 1986 until 1994.[46] On 5 February 1987, she became the first member of the Royal Family to appear as a contestant on a television quiz-show when she competed on the BBC panel game A Question of Sport.[44]

text: Activities[edit]

text: Anne undertakes a number of duties and engagements on behalf of her mother, in support of her role as sovereign of the Commonwealth realms. Kevin S. MacLeod, the Canadian Secretary to the Queen, said of Anne in 2014: "Her credo is, 'Keep me busy. I'm here to work. I'm here to do good things. I'm here to meet as many people as possible'."[47] It was revealed in December 2017 that the Princess Royal had undertaken the most official engagements that year out of all the royal family, her mother included.[48][49]

text: Anne began to undertake overseas visits upon leaving secondary school,[10] and accompanied her parents on a state visit to Austria in the same year.[50] She also travels abroad on behalf of the United Kingdom up to three times a year; she was the first member of the Royal Family to make an official visit to the Soviet Union when she went there as a guest of the government in 1990.[50]

text: Her first tour of Australia was with her parents in 1970, since which she has returned on numerous occasions to undertake official engagements as a colonel-in-chief of an Australian regiment, or to attend memorials and services, such as the National Memorial Service for victims of the Black Saturday bushfires in Melbourne, Australia, on 22 February 2009.[51]

text: Following the retirement of the Queen Mother in 1981, Anne was elected by graduates of the University of London as that institution's Chancellor.[52] Throughout May 1996, Anne served as Her Majesty's High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, and held the post again in 2017.[53] In 2007, she had the honour of being appointed by the Queen as Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order, a position her grandmother had also held.[54]

text: Anne is involved with over 200 charities and organisations in an official capacity. She works extensively for Save the Children, of which she has been president since 1970,[55] and she initiated The Princess Royal Trust for Carers in 1991;[56] her work for the charity takes her all over the world, including many poverty stricken African nations.[55] Anne is the patron of Transaid, a charity founded by Save the Children and the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport which aims to provide safe and sustainable transport in developing countries.[57] She is also the Royal Patron of WISE, an organisation that encourages young women to pursue careers in science, engineering and construction.[58] Her extensive work for St. John Ambulance as Commandant-in-Chief of St. John Ambulance Cadets has helped to develop many young people, as she annually attends the Grand Prior Award Reception.[59][60] She is Patron of St. Andrew's First Aid.[61][62] She is a British representative in the International Olympic Committee as an administrator,[63] and was a member of the London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games.[64] She was President of BAFTA from 1973 to 2001.[65] She maintains a relationship with student sport and is the Patron of British Universities and Colleges Sport.[66] She has been Patron of the Royal National Children's Foundation since 2002[67][68] and the industrial heritage museum, Aerospace Bristol, since 2016.[69]

text: She is also a Royal Fellow of the Royal Society[70] and the Academy of Medical Sciences.[71] Royal Fellows are members of the Monarchy who are recommended and elected by the Society's Council. The Royal Society has only five Royal Fellows, including the Princess Royal herself, the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Kent, and the Duke of Cambridge.[72] She is the Academy of Medical Sciences' first Royal Fellow.[71]

text: She was elected Chancellor of the University of Edinburgh effective 31 March 2011, succeeding her father, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who stepped down from the role in 2010.[73]

text: Likewise, she accepted in 2011 the roles of President of City and Guilds of London Institute,[74] Master of the Corporation of Trinity House[75][76] and President of the Royal Society of Arts, also in succession to her father. She is also Patron of the Royal College of Occupational Therapists,[77] Edinburgh University's Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies,[78] Royal Holloway, University of London,[79][80] International Students House, London,[81][82] Acid Survivors Trust International,[83] and Townswomen's Guilds.[84]

text: She represented Great Britain in the International Olympic Committee at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics in Russia.[85] In September 2016, the Princess suffered from chest infection and was required to cancel official engagements.[86] In late October 2016, Princess Anne visited the Malaysian state of Sarawak for a two-day study tour.[87] In 2017, she became Prime Warden of the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers and a Governor of Gresham's School.[88]

text: Titles, styles, honours and arms[edit]

text: Titles and styles[edit]

text:
1950–1952: Her Royal Highness Princess Anne of Edinburgh[89]
1952–1973: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne
1973–1987: Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, Mrs Mark Phillips
1987–present: Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal

text: Anne is the seventh Princess Royal,[90] an appellation given only to the eldest daughter of the sovereign, the last holder being George V's daughter, Princess Mary, Countess of Harewood.

text: Honours[edit]

text:
1969: Royal Family Order of Queen Elizabeth II
 2009: Dame Grand Cross of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (GCStJ)[91]
1971–2009: Dame of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem (DJStJ)[92]
 1974: Dame Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) – (Grand Master from 20 April 2007)[93][94]
 23 April 1994: Royal Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter (KG)[2][93][95][96]
 30 November 2000: Extra Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle (KT)[3][97]
 2 June 1953: Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
 6 February 1977: Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal
 6 February 2002: Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal
 6 February 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal

text: Commonwealth[edit]

text:
1982: Canadian Forces Decoration (CD)
 1990: Extra Companion of the Queen's Service Order (QSO)
 7 June 2005: Commemorative Medal for the Centennial of Saskatchewan[98]
 29 September 2005: Chief Grand Companion of the Order of Logohu (GCL)[99]

text: Foreign[edit]

text:
1969: Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria[100]
 1969: Commander Grand Cross of the Order of the White Rose of Finland
 1971: Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown
 1971: Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire[101][102]
 1972: Grand Cross of the Order of the House of Orange
 1972: Grand Cross of the Order of the Oak Crown
 1972–1992: Member 1st Class of the Order of the Yugoslav Flag
 2017: Order of Isabella the Catholic[103]
 2017: Grand Cross 2nd Class of the National Order of Madagascar[104]

text: Appointments[edit]

text:
1986: Fellow of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (FRCVS)
1987: Royal Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
1999: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE)[105]
2011: President of the Royal Society of Arts (RSA)
2012: Royal Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci)
2017: Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England (FRCS)[106]

text:
1994: Master, Worshipful Company of Woolmen[107]
2017: Prime Warden, Worshipful Company of Fishmongers[108]

text:
1981: University of London, Chancellor
2011: University of Edinburgh, Chancellor[109]
2012: University of the Highlands and Islands, Chancellor[110]
2013: Harper Adams University, Chancellor[111]

text:
2004: University of Regina, Saskatchewan, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[112]
2010: Memorial University of Newfoundland, Doctor of Laws (LLD)[113]
2011: Cranfield University, Doctor of Science (DSc)[114]

text: Honorary military appointments[edit]

text: As with other senior royals, Princess Anne holds a number of honorary appointments in the armed forces of several Commonwealth realms:

text:
Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Corps of Signals
 Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Australian Corps of Transport

text:
Colonel-in-Chief of the Grey and Simcoe Foresters  (11 June 1977 – present)[115]
 Colonel-in-Chief of the 8th Canadian Hussars (Princess Louise's)
 Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Hussars (11 November 2014 – present)[116]
 Colonel-in-Chief of the Communications and Electronics Branch (11 June 1977 – present)[115]
 Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Medical Service[117]
 Colonel-in-Chief of The Royal Regina Rifles[118]
 Colonel-in-Chief of Royal Newfoundland Regiment
 Commodore-in-Chief of the Royal Canadian Navy (Fleet Pacific) (2015 – present)[119]

text:
Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals
 Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal New Zealand Army Nursing Corps

text:
Colonel-in-Chief of the King's Royal Hussars[120]
 Colonel-in-Chief of the Worcestershire and Sherwood Foresters Regiment (29/45 Foot)[121]
 Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Corps of Signals[122]
 Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Logistic Corps[120]
 Colonel-in-Chief the Royal Army Veterinary Corps[123]
 Colonel of the Blues and Royals
 Royal Colonel of the Royal Scots Borderers, 1st Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland
 Royal Colonel of the 52nd Lowland, 6th Battalion Royal Regiment of Scotland
 Royal Honorary Colonel of the University of London OTC
 Commandant-in-Chief of the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (Princess Royal's Volunteer Corps)
 Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Lyneham (relinquished 30 September 2011)
 Honorary Air Commodore of RAF Brize Norton (from 1 October 2011)[124]
 Honorary Air Commodore of the University of London Air Squadron
 Admiral and Chief Commandant for Women in the Royal Navy[125]
 Commodore-in-Chief of HMNB Portsmouth

text: Arms[edit]

text:
Coat of arms of the Princess Royal
show

Notes
The Princess Royal's personal arms are those of the Sovereign in right of the United Kingdom with a label for difference.
Adopted
1962
Coronet
The coronet of a daughter of the Sovereign Proper.
Escutcheon
Quarterly 1st and 4th, Gules three lions passant guardant Or; 2nd, Or a lion rampant Gules within a double tressure flory counterflory Gules; 3rd, Azure a harp Or stringed Argent.
Supporters
Dexter a lion rampant guardant Or imperially crowned proper, sinister a unicorn Argent, armed, crined and unguled Or, gorged with a coronet Or composed of crosses patée and fleurs de lis a chain affixed thereto passing between the forelegs and reflexed over the back also Or.
Orders
The Order of the Garter circlet:HONI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE(Shame be to him who thinks evil)
Other elements
The whole differenced by a label of three points Argent, first and third charged with a St George's cross the second with a heart Gules.
Banner
 The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom labelled for difference as in her arms. (In Scotland: )
Symbolism
As with the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom. The first and fourth quarters are the arms of England, the second of Scotland, the third of Ireland.

text: Personal flag for Canada[edit]

text: Since 2013, the Princess Royal has a personal heraldic flag for use in Canada. It is the Royal Arms of Canada in banner form defaced with a blue roundel surrounded by a wreath of gold maple leaves, within which is a depiction of an "A" surmounted by a coronet. Above the roundel is a white label of three points, the centre one charged with a red heart and the other two with red crosses.[126][127]

text: Other honours[edit]

text: In February 2015, the Princess Royal became one of the first female honorary members of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews.[128]

text: Issue[edit]

text:
Name
Birth
Marriage
Issue

Peter Phillips
15 November 1977
17 May 2008
Autumn Kelly
Savannah Phillips  Isla Phillips

Zara Phillips
15 May 1981
30 July 2011
Mike Tindall
Mia Tindall  Lena Tindall

text: Ancestry[edit]

text: The Princess Royal's ancestry can be traced as far back as Cerdic, King of Wessex (519–534).[129]

text: showAncestors of Anne, Princess Royal         16. Christian IX of Denmark      8. George I of Greece         17. Princess Louise of Hesse-Kassel      4. Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark           18. Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia      9. Grand Duchess Olga Constantinovna of Russia         19. Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg      2. Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark             20. Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine      10. Prince Louis of Battenberg         21. Countess Julia Hauke      5. Princess Alice of Battenberg           22. Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine      11. Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine         23. Princess Alice of the United Kingdom      1. Anne, Princess Royal              24. Edward VII of the United Kingdom      12. George V of the United Kingdom         25. Princess Alexandra of Denmark      6. George VI of the United Kingdom           26. Francis, Duke of Teck      13. Princess Mary of Teck         27. Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge      3. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom             28. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 13th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne      14. Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne         29. Frances Dora Smith      7. Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon           30. Charles Cavendish-Bentinck      15. Cecilia Cavendish-Bentinck         31. Caroline Louisa Burnaby

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ As a British princess, Anne does not usually use a maiden surname; but when one is needed, it is Mountbatten-Windsor.[1]

Jump up ^ The Perth Agreement and the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 reformed the line of succession to the British throne to absolute primogeniture. However this was applied only to those born after the Agreement, so neither the Princess Royal nor her descendants at the time were moved ahead in the line.

Jump up ^ Her godparents were the Queen (later Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother; her maternal grandmother); the Princess Margarita, Hereditary Princess of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (her paternal aunt); Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark (her paternal grandmother); Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma (her paternal great-uncle); and Andrew Elphinstone (her first cousin once removed).[8][9]

tag: ol