document_title: Freaks and Geeks

question_text: who plays the little brother in freaks and geeks

text: Freaks and Geeks

text: Plot[edit]

text: Teenage Lindsay Weir and her younger brother Sam attend William McKinley High School during the 1980–1981 school year. The show is set in the town of Chippewa, Michigan, a fictional suburb of Detroit (named after Chippewa Valley High School, which series creator Paul Feig attended.[5]

text: Lindsay's friends constitute the title's "freaks" — Daniel Desario, Ken Miller, Nick Andopolis, and Kim Kelly; Sam's friends constitute the "geeks" — Neal Schweiber and Bill Haverchuck. The Weir parents, Harold and Jean, are featured in every episode. Millie Kentner, Lindsay's nerdy and highly religious former best friend, is a recurring character, as is Cindy Sanders, the popular cheerleader on whom Sam has a crush.

text: Lindsay finds herself attempting to transform her life as an academically proficient student, star "mathlete," and young girl into a rebellious teenager who hangs out with troubled slackers. Her relationships with her new friends, and the friction they cause with her parents and with her own self-image, form one central strand of the show. The other follows Sam and his group of geeky friends as they navigate a different part of the social universe and try to fit in.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Linda Cardellini as Lindsay Weir
John Francis Daley as Sam Weir
James Franco as Daniel Desario
Samm Levine as Neal Schweiber
Seth Rogen as Ken Miller
Jason Segel as Nick Andopolis
Martin Starr as Bill Haverchuck
Becky Ann Baker as Jean Weir
Joe Flaherty as Harold Weir
Busy Philipps as Kim Kelly

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Sarah Hagan as Millie Kentner
Jerry Messing as Gordon Crisp
Stephen Lea Sheppard as Harris Trinsky
Natasha Melnick as Cindy Sanders
Ben Foster as Eli
Chauncey Leopardi as Alan White
Shaun Weiss as Sean
JoAnna Garcia as Vicki Appleby
Kayla Ewell as Maureen Sampson
Lizzy Caplan as Sara
Riley Smith as Todd Schellinger
Dave "Gruber" Allen as Jeff Rosso
Steve Bannos as Mr. Kowchevski
Trace Beaulieu as Mr. Lacovara
Steve Higgins as Mr. Fleck
Tom Wilson as Coach Ben Fredricks
Joel Hodgson as a DJ
Claudia Christian as Gloria Haverchuck
Kevin Tighe as Mr. Andopolis
Jessica Campbell as Amy Andrews
Sam McMurray as Vic Schweiber
Amy Aquino as Mrs. Schweiber
Ann Dowd as Cookie Kelly

text: Guest stars and cameo appearances[edit]

text: Guest stars included: Samaire Armstrong (as "Deadhead" Laurie), Alexandra Breckenridge (as mathlete Shelly Weaver), Jack Conley (as Kim Kelly's stepfather), Kevin Corrigan (as Millie's delinquent cousin), Allen Covert (as a liquor store clerk), Matt Czuchry (as a student from rival Lincoln High), Alexander Gould (as Ronnie, the boy Lindsay babysits while high), Steve Higgins (as the Geeks' A/V teacher), Rashida Jones (as Kim Kelly's friend Karen Scarfolli), Bianca Kajlich (as a nose piercing punk girl), David Koechner (as a waiter, in an uncredited role),[6] David Krumholtz (as Neal's brother Barry), Shia LaBeouf (as Herbert, the school mascot), Leslie Mann (Judd Apatow's wife) (in episode 13 as a teacher), Ben Stiller (as a Secret Service agent), and Jason Schwartzman (as a student dealing in fake IDs).

text: The show's producers were resistant to stunt casting. For example, they resisted the network's suggestion that they have Britney Spears appear as a waitress in one episode;[7] they thought such appearances would detract from the show's realism.[8]

text: Several of the screenwriters appeared on the show. Mike White played Kim Kelly's oft-discussed injured brother, and first appeared in episode 4, "Kim Kelly is My Friend." Paul Feig, Gabe Sachs, and series composer Michael Andrews appear uncredited as members of the fictional band Dimension in "I'm With the Band."[9]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The script for the pilot episode of Freaks and Geeks was written by Paul Feig as a spec script.[10] Feig gave the script to producer Judd Apatow, who sold it to DreamWorks, where Apatow was under an overall deal. DreamWorks sold it to NBC, who greenlit a pilot. Before the script was shot, Feig wrote a second episode at the behest of Apatow. He showed this second script to Apatow and pilot director Jake Kasdan, and they suggested that he combine the two episodes to form a stronger pilot. Notable additions include the introduction of Kim Kelly and Lindsay's recollection of her grandmother's death.[10] Feig wrote a final draft after a read-through with the cast, this time incorporating a first meeting between Lindsay and the freaks (in previous drafts, Lindsay was already part of the group).[10]

text: The show ran for 18 episodes, three of which – "Kim Kelly Is My Friend," "Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers," and "Noshing and Moshing"– were unaired by NBC and not seen until Fox Family ran the show in 2000. The final three episodes premiered at the Museum of Television and Radio, prior to being broadcast on television.[11] The list below is ordered by the chronology of the storyline.[12]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code

1
"Pilot"
Jake Kasdan
Paul Feig
September 25, 1999 (1999-09-25)
100

A group of high school students in 1980 faces various social struggles. Lindsay Weir rebels and begins hanging out with a crowd of burnouts, courtesy of an invitation from Daniel Desario. Her affiliation with this gang of freaks and her quitting the mathletes worries her family and her friend Millie. Her depression started after her attempt to stop the teasing of a special education student goes terribly wrong and ends in him being injured. Meanwhile, freshman Sam Weir struggles to find the courage not only to confront his and his friends' bully Alan, but also to ask cheerleader Cindy Sanders to the homecoming dance.

2
"Beers and Weirs"
Jake Kasdan
J. Elvis Weinstein & Judd Apatow
October 2, 1999 (1999-10-02)
101

When the Weir parents go out of town for the weekend, Lindsay's new friends suggest she throw a party. Lindsay hesitantly agrees in the hopes of impressing Daniel, who has broken up with Kim. She asks Sam not to tell their parents and he agrees, though the thought of serving beer at a party worries him after going to a school assembly focusing on alcohol-related deaths. When Sam discusses the matter with his friends Neal and Bill, Bill suggests that they switch the real beer with non-alcoholic beer. Despite the fake beer, the rowdy teenagers begin to think they are drunk and Lindsay soon finds herself having a terrible time when she sees that Daniel is back with Kim.

3
"Tricks and Treats"
Bryan Gordon
Paul Feig
October 30, 1999 (1999-10-30)
102

Halloween approaches and Sam persuades his friends to go trick-or-treating with him. The neighborhood reacts awkwardly to the freshmen trick-or-treaters and matters become worse when Alan picks a fight with the gang. Lindsay agrees to stay home and hand out candy with her mom on Halloween night. However, when she gets an invite to go cruise around town with Nick, Daniel, Ken and Kim, she ditches her mom to hang out with them. Lindsay enjoys her first taste of vandalism with the freak gang until she accidentally takes things too far.

4
"Kim Kelly Is My Friend"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Mike White
September 5, 2000 (2000-09-05)[a]
103

Kim’s friend, Karen (Rashida Jones), bullies Sam; writing "Pygmy Geek" on his locker. Sam doesn't take to the label kindly and finds himself in an argument with Neal over who is geekier as Sam is assigned to write a 500 word essay about vandalism in school. Kim invites Lindsay to dinner, explaining that she needs to introduce a nice friend to her parents so they will stop hassling her to sell her car. After Lindsay realizes what an abusive home Kim is living in, the two flee the scene in Kim's car. When Lindsay suggests that Kim lie low at the Weir house, the Weirs find themselves in for a long night.

5
"Tests and Breasts"
Ken Kwapis
Bob Nickman
November 6, 1999 (1999-11-06)
104

When Mr. Kowchevski threatens to force Daniel to repeat algebra for another year if he doesn't pass an upcoming test, Lindsay offers to help him study for it. Instead, Lindsay finds herself helping Daniel to cheat after Daniel manages to steal a test from the teacher's office and he asks Lindsay to help him fill in the answers. Mr. Kowchevski, suspicious of Daniel's surprisingly high grade, accuses the duo of cheating. When Lindsay becomes unsure of what to do, Daniel tells her they should deny everything. Sam begins sex education class and Daniel tries to help Sam with questions he has by giving him a pornographic film. After viewing it, he is even more confused.

6
"I'm with the Band"
Judd Apatow
Gabe Sachs & Jeff Judah
November 13, 1999 (1999-11-13)
105

Nick realizes if he doesn't make a career out of being a drummer, his father is going to make him join the army. Lindsay attempts to remedy this first by pressuring the band to practice more, which results in the band breaking up when Nick thinks he is better than they are. Lindsay then gets Nick an audition for the band Dimension. Unfortunately, the audition goes miserably and Nick comes to terms with the fact that his drumming isn't going to save him from joining the army. Lindsay tries to comfort Nick. Meanwhile, when the physical education department at McKinley mandates that all students must shower after class, Sam avoids the shower at all costs, afraid to be naked in front of his peers.

7
"Carded and Discarded"
Judd Apatow
Judd Apatow & Paul Feig
January 10, 2000 (2000-01-10)
110

Sam, Neal and Bill befriend Maureen (Kayla Ewell), a very pretty and friendly new transfer student at McKinley. When the popular crowd shows interest in her, the geeks take Maureen out on a night of all-you-can-eat dining in an attempt to keep from losing her. Lindsay and the freaks try to buy fake IDs to see the band Feedback perform at a local bar. However, after they go through the trouble of getting their IDs and going into the bar, the group is stunned to find out who the hot local band's lead singer is.

8
"Girlfriends and Boyfriends"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Patty Lin & Paul Feig
January 17, 2000 (2000-01-17)
106

Nick begins making more aggressive advances towards Lindsay, most of which end up making her feel more disturbed than love struck. Tension is created between Sam and Bill when Bill is paired with Sam's crush, Cindy, as a science partner.

9
"We've Got Spirit"
Danny Leiner
Mike White
January 24, 2000 (2000-01-24)
107

Sam becomes the McKinley basketball team's new mascot after the former mascot (Shia LaBeouf) breaks his arm. He hopes to become closer to Cindy. Instead of winning her heart, however, he increasingly becomes frustrated with her apparent desire to be nothing more than friends as well as her obsessive crush over the basketball team's star athlete, Todd Schellinger (Riley Smith). He eventually becomes so fed up that he allows Neal be the mascot during a basketball game, though Neal is much more interested in getting laughs than following orders from Vicki (Joanna Garcia), the bossy head cheerleader. Lindsay tries to figure out the best way to break up with Nick. The freaks, meanwhile, have a sudden interest in sports and school spirit after they get beaten up by a gang of McKinley's rivals at Lincoln.

10
"The Diary"
Ken Olin
Story by : Judd Apatow & Rebecca Kirshner
Teleplay by : Rebecca Kirshner
January 31, 2000 (2000-01-31)
108

Bill is tired of being confined to deep right field during PE baseball games and always being the last one picked. He is constantly embarrassed by Coach Fredricks in front of his classmates and is convinced he could be a great athlete if he were simply given a chance. Instead of confronting Coach Fredricks with this dilemma directly, Bill makes two crank phone calls to him, one of which consists entirely of insults. Meanwhile, when Lindsay's parents fear that her new friends are having a negative effect on her, they forbid her from hanging out with Kim and Harold suggests that he and Jean read her diary. When they do, what they read sends their marriage into a crisis.

11
"Looks and Books"
Ken Kwapis
Paul Feig
February 7, 2000 (2000-02-07)
109

After Lindsay crashes the Weir family car while trying to help drive Daniel and his friends around, her parents indefinitely ground her and forbid her from seeing the gang of freaks ever again. Shaken up by the experience, Lindsay gladly abides and tries to reassociate herself with her old friends, including Millie. In the process, she rejoins the mathlete team and reveals her competitive side. Meanwhile, after a new hair style doesn’t impress Cindy, Sam decides to dress more attractively, buying a powder blue disco jumpsuit. The attire gives him nothing but negative attention.

12
"The Garage Door"
Bryan Gordon
Gabe Sachs & Jeff Judah & Patty Lin
March 13, 2000 (2000-03-13)
111

Sam and Bill both admire Neal’s father (Sam McMurray) until Sam accidentally sees Mr. Schweiber hugging a strange woman. Fearing that Mr. Schweiber may be cheating on Mrs. Schweiber (Amy Aquino), Sam tells Bill and then Neal. Soon after, Neal finds an unfamiliar garage door remote control in his father's car. The three friends start hunting around the neighborhood on their bicycles, searching for the garage door the remote control belongs to. Meanwhile, Ken reveals his first crush to be on a girl named Amy (Jessica Campbell) who plays the tuba in McKinley's marching band. The freaks, along with Amy, go to the local laser dome to see a Pink Floyd laser show, but mistakenly arrive on southern rock night.

13
"Chokin' and Tokin'"
Miguel Arteta
Judd Apatow
March 20, 2000 (2000-03-20)
112

Lindsay smokes marijuana for the first time. Moments later, her father reminds her that she had promised to babysit for neighbors that night. Afraid to babysit by herself, she pleads Millie to babysit with her. Millie not only takes care of the child they are babysitting, but also takes care of Lindsay while she anxiously deals with the effects of smoking pot. The geeks are embarrassed in front of their peers when Bill reveals their allergies and ailments to Ms. Foote (Leslie Mann). Not believing that Bill is actually deathly allergic to peanuts, Alan puts peanuts into Bill's sandwich. After Bill eats one bite of the sandwich, Alan realizes that Bill was telling the truth and Bill is rushed to the hospital. This episode also reveals why Alan bullies Sam, Bill, and Neal.

14
"Dead Dogs and Gym Teachers"
Judd Apatow
Judd Apatow & Bob Nickman
October 10, 2000 (2000-10-10)[a]
114

Lindsay and Kim accidentally run over Millie's dog one night. Lindsay wants to come clean to Millie, but Kim threatens that if Lindsay confesses, she will react violently. Feeling guilty, Kim befriends Millie and asks her to join the freaks to witness The Who, live in concert. Meanwhile, Nick teaches himself to play guitar and writes a love ballad for Lindsay, and Bill, already having a rocky relationship with Coach Fredricks, is devastated to hear that his mother has been dating him.

15
"Noshing and Moshing"
Jake Kasdan
J. Elvis Weinstein
October 17, 2000 (2000-10-17)[a]
115

While trying to escape his problems with his parents and Kim, Daniel becomes attracted to Jenna Zank, a dropout from McKinley who is into the punk scene. To try to impress her, Daniel changes his appearance and meets her at a punk show and brings Nick and Ken along. Trying to cope with the knowledge that his father is unfaithful to his mother and whether to tell her, Neal focuses all of his energy into his new ventriloquism act, neglecting school in the process. The Weir parents become intoxicated at the Schweibers' party, while Lindsay becomes attracted to Neal's older brother Barry (David Krumholtz), who is back in town from college. Lindsay is given detention after coming to the aid of a girl being attacked by a boy.

16
"Smooching and Mooching"
Jake Kasdan
Steve Bannos
July 8, 2000 (2000-07-08)
116

After Cindy breaks up with Todd, Sam finally asks Cindy out on a date after she tells Bill that she has a crush on Sam and wants Bill to persuade Sam to invite her to a party. Sam, Neal, and Bill find themselves nervously attending a make-out party. Much to Lindsay's disappointment, the Weirs allow Nick to stay the night at their house after Nick's father sells his 29-piece drum kit.

17
"The Little Things"
Jake Kasdan
Story by : Jon Kasdan & Judd Apatow & Mike White
Teleplay by : Jon Kasdan
July 8, 2000 (2000-07-08)
117

After Ken's girlfriend, Amy, reveals to him that she was born an intersex woman, Ken questions his sexuality and his over-analysis of his relationship with her leads him to the conclusion that he has to break up with her, but reconsiders after talking with Sam. Sam is having a terrible time dating Cindy, who reveals herself to be shallow, rude, and egotistical. He tries to find the courage to break up with her. Lindsay struggles with asking Vice President George Bush a question during an assembly.

18
"Discos and Dragons"
Paul Feig
Paul Feig
July 8, 2000 (2000-07-08)
113

By chance, Lindsay and the freaks find out that Nick has been dating Sara (Lizzy Caplan) and she has been teaching him to dance for an upcoming disco competition. Daniel, afraid of failing another test, is caught trying to pull the fire alarm. As punishment, he is forced to join the Audio/Visual club. The geeks respond to his presence coldly at first, but they later invite him to a game of Dungeons & Dragons. As a result of Lindsay's outstanding grades, she receives an invitation to an academic summit at the University of Michigan taking place for two weeks during the summer. However, she is unsure of whether she wants to attend.

text: * ^ Initial airing occurred on Fox Family.

text: Planned storylines[edit]

text: In a 2012 interview with Vanity Fair, Paul Feig detailed what would have happened to the characters in a second season: Lindsay would become a human rights lawyer, years after following the Grateful Dead. Sam would have joined the drama club. Neal would cope with his parents' divorce by joining a swing choir in school. Bill would join the basketball team, becoming a jock and leading to tension with the geeks. Daniel would end up in jail. Kim would become pregnant on tour while following the Grateful Dead. Nick would be pressured by his strict father to join the army.[13]

text: Media releases[edit]

text: DVD and Blu-ray[edit]

text: On April 6, 2004, a six-DVD Freaks and Geeks box set was released through Shout! Factory and Sony BMG Music Entertainment. A limited "yearbook edition" set including two additional discs was also available through the official website for the show. Fans who had signed an online petition to get the show on DVD got priority in purchasing the special set.[14]

text: On November 25, 2008, the deluxe "Yearbook Edition" boxed set was re-released through Vivendi Entertainment. The set features all of the episodes, commentaries, and special features of the "Complete Series" six-DVD set, plus two extra discs and deluxe packaging. It is packaged as an 80-page color yearbook with essays, pictures, and episode synopses.[15]

text: In July 2015, Shout! Factory announced it had begun preparing for a Blu-ray release of the series.[16] It was subsequently confirmed in December 2015, that Shout! would release the complete series on Blu-ray on March 22, 2016, and the set contains all special features from the previous releases and the episodes in both its original aspect ratio and widescreen.[17]

text: Books[edit]

text: In October 2004, Newmarket Press released two Freaks and Geeks books: Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Scripts, Volume 1 and Freaks and Geeks: The Complete Scripts, Volume 2. Each book covers nine scripts from the series, compiled by Paul Feig and Judd Apatow. Extra content includes behind-the-scenes memos and notes; photos; additional plot lines; and excerpts from the Freaks and Geeks series bibles.[18][19]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: Freaks and Geeks' creators made it a priority to feature genuine, period-specific music that would help to create the show's tone. Clearing such names as Billy Joel, Cheap Trick, the Grateful Dead, Rush, Styx, The Moody Blues, The Who, and Van Halen required much of the show's budget. Eventually, this became an obstacle in releasing the show on DVD due to the difficulty and expense of clearing all of the music rights for the series. Many television shows (such as Dawson's Creek, WKRP in Cincinnati, and Daria) had music cues changed or removed in order to facilitate relatively inexpensive DVD releases, as was done for Freaks and Geeks when it was seen in reruns on Fox Family. However, Freaks and Geeks' creators chose to wait to release the DVD until they could find a company willing to pay for the original music. Shout! Factory, a music and video company specializing in comprehensive reissues and compilations, eventually brought Freaks and Geeks to DVD with all of its music intact.[14]

text: Appearances[edit]

text: In 2000, the cast of Freaks and Geeks was featured in an episode of the game show Family Feud hosted by Louie Anderson.[20]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: At Metacritic, Freaks and Geeks has a score of 88 out of 100, based on 26 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[21]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The show averaged 6.77 million viewers and was #93 in the rankings during its only season.[22]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: The series received three Emmy Award nominations: creator Paul Feig was nominated twice for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, for "Pilot" and "Discos and Dragons." It won for Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series (Allison Jones, Coreen Mayrs and Jill Greenberg). It was nominated for two Television Critics Association Awards, for New Program of the Year and Outstanding Achievement in Drama. For acting, the series won for Best Family TV Series – Comedy and was nominated for Best Performance in a TV Series – Young Ensemble at the Young Artist Awards. For the YoungStar Awards, John Francis Daley and Sarah Hagan were nominated for Best Young Actor/Performance in a Comedy TV Series and the ensemble was nominated for Best Young Ensemble Cast – Television. The series also received several other nominations in other categories.[23]

text: The series appeared on Time magazine's 2007 "100 Greatest Shows of All Time" list,[24] and placed third on the magazine's list of greatest television shows of the 2000s (decade).[25] In 2007, Freaks and Geeks ranked #21 on TV Guide's Top Cult Shows Ever.[26] In 2008, Entertainment Weekly ranked it the 13th-best series of the past 25 years.[27] The same year, AOL TV named it the Best School Show of All Time.[28] In 2013 TV Guide included it in its list of The 60 Greatest Dramas of All Time,[29] and ranked it #1 on their list of 60 shows that were "Cancelled Too Soon."[30] It launched several of its young actors, such as Rogan and Franco, into successful acting careers.[4]

text: Cancellation and future[edit]

text: One of the cited reasons for its early cancellation was its inability to gain an audience due to its "erratic scheduling" and poor time slots, competing with the high-rated Who Wants to Be a Millionaire. The producers created a website for the series, but NBC would not share its URL because "they didn't want people to know the Internet existed. They were worried about losing viewers to it" as explained by Judd Apatow. Freaks and Geeks was only averaging under 7 million viewers, while other NBC series such as Frasier and Friends were averaging over 14 million viewers each.[31]

text: NBC and the creative directors of Freaks and Geeks did not have the same vision for the series. After the network picked up the Freaks and Geeks pilot, Garth Ancier replaced the old NBC network's president. Ancier "didn't understand public school life" and its relevance because he went to a boarding school and then on to Princeton. Creator Paul Feig expressed the "irony of the situation" as everyone involved wanted Freaks and Geeks to be a success, but the network didn't understand the concept of realistically showcasing life as ordinary teenagers. Jake Kasdan and Judd Apatow had multiple arguments with the network concerning "lack of victories" in the script and that the characters needed to "be cool." The writers wanted to produce something that would represent the average high school experience, but the network wanted to produce something that would make high school seem cool. Because the network did not think the series would be a success, they let the writers add things to the script that they "wouldn't have if they thought the show would resurface the next season," like the use of the phrase, "ambiguous genitalia."[32][33] Apatow said in 2014 that "Everything I've done, in a way, is revenge for the people who cancelled Freaks and Geeks.[34]

text: Undeclared[edit]

text: In 2001, several of the actors featured in Freaks and Geeks appeared in a new Judd Apatow college half-hour comedy Undeclared, which aired on Fox Network. Apatow fought with the network to include Freaks and Geeks actors, but the network only picked up Seth Rogen (who was already committed to the show as a writer) as a regular cast member. However, Jason Segel became a recurring character, and Samm Levine, Busy Philipps, and Natasha Melnick guest-starred in multi-episode arcs, as did prominent Freaks and Geeks guest stars Steve Bannos (who played McKinley High math teacher Mr. Frank Kowchevski) and David Krumholtz (who played Neal's older brother, Barry Schweiber). Martin Starr was prominent in another episode, and a scene with Sarah Hagan was shot, although it was cut for television broadcast. The show was also canceled during its first season.

text: Syndication and cast reunions[edit]

text: In June 2010, it was announced that IFC had acquired the rights to air both Freaks and Geeks and Undeclared.[35] Freaks and Geeks's 18-episode run on IFC finished with all episodes having aired as of October 29, 2010. Undeclared's IFC run began on November 5, 2010. Both shows have also joined TeenNick's line-up as of June 13, 2011.[36] Freaks and Geeks aired on FXX, from 2013 to 2014.

text: A reunion of several cast members and producers of both shows took place at the Paley Center for Media's PaleyFest on March 12, 2011.[37][38]


document_title: The Flash (season 4)

question_text: when is the flash season 4 episode 3 coming out

root

text: The Flash (season 4)

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

70
1
"The Flash Reborn"
Glen Winter
Story by : Andrew Kreisberg
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace
October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)
T27.13401
2.84[1]

Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months, but refusing to grieve Barry. A flying Samurai with superpowers appears in Central City, threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him. Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force, and tracks down Caitlin for help. Against Iris' direction, Team Flash successfully returns Barry, who appears rambling random statements and continually writing symbols on walls. Wally engages the Samurai, but is defeated. Cisco deciphers Barry's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence. In an attempt to recover Barry's memories, Iris gives herself up to the Samurai. The plan works and Barry speeds away, rescuing Iris and defeating the Samurai, who is revealed to be a robot. Caitlin rejoins Team Flash, but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet at the bar, while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging. The "Samuroid" is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker, whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes.

71
2
"Mixed Signals"
Alexandra La Roche
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)
T27.13402
2.54[2]

When Barry, Joe, and Cisco report to a crime scene, they discover remnants of a mysterious code. Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit, intended to facilitate his activities. He tests it out, trying to save someone from a haywire car, caused by metahuman Ramsey Deacon. Gypsy arrives on Earth-1 for a date with Cisco, who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon. Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin, Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship. Deacon kidnaps a witness, who was previously a member of a tech team who sold him out of his idea. Barry and Wally go to save him, but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry's suit haywire. On Iris's instructions, Barry throws lightning at himself, shorting out his suit. He then incapacitates Deacon, who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights, revealed to be part of the Thinker's plan. Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy. Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident, Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are "others".

72
3
"Luck Be a Lady"
Armen V. Kevorkian
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)
T27.13403
2.62[3]

In flashbacks, the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe, a woman with seemingly unending bad luck, and determines that she will be easily manipulated. In the present, Becky robs a bank, and gets away when Barry slips on marbles. Harry arrives from Earth-2, and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up in order to focus on her vigilantism. Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others. Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people, including Becky and Deacon, to transformative dark matter. Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime-fighting team due to his attitude. Becky's powers expand out of control, reactivating the particle accelerator, which Harry deliberately allows, nullifying Becky's powers and leading to her incarceration. Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus, and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated events surrounding Barry's return. Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself. The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the "Samuroid" helmet. Joe learns Cecile is pregnant.

73
4
"Elongated Journey Into Night"
Tom Cavanagh
Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound
October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)
T27.13404
1.99[4]

Gypsy's father, Breacher, attacks Cisco, vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours, allowing the romance should he survive. Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger, Ralph Dibny, former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator. As two thugs attack Dibny, he is revealed to have the power to stretch. Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum. The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery, with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs. Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him, claiming to have been a "good cop". He later stops blackmailing Bellows, who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid, the species that invaded Earth-19 previously, and attacks him. Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph, whom Barry, having revealed his alter-ego, convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows. Admiring Cisco's gallantry, Breacher allows the relationship. Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows. Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe. Meanwhile, Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door.

74
5
"Girls Night Out"
Laura Belsey
Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim
November 7, 2017 (2017-11-07)
T27.13405
2.38[5]

While failing to track DeVoe, Team Flash is visited by Felicity, who joins Iris's bachelorette party. Mocking Cisco's plans for Barry's bachelor party, Ralph takes the men to a strip club, where they learn that Cecile's daughter, Joanie, is working. Joe confronts her, who states she is only doing feminist research. Ralph incites a brawl, leading to the men's arrest until Harry posts bail. Meanwhile, Amunet's enforcer, Norvock, demands Caitlin's return and attacks the women when she refuses. Killer Frost emerges and repels him, later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost. Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls "the Weeper", whose tears are a strong narcotic, prisoner and intends to sell him, Iris's party decides to stop her. Though Caitlin refuses to join, she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger. Using a strong magnet, the team robs Amunet's metal shards, leaving her powerless. Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet, who promises revenge. Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures. Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research. DeVoe captures the Weeper.

75
6
"When Harry Met Harry..."
Brent Crowell
Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza
November 14, 2017 (2017-11-14)
T27.13406
2.46[6]

Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities, with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him. Another bus metahuman, a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton, who can animate statues, starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace, which she claims belongs to her tribe. When Barry and Ralph catch up to her, she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway. Ralph chooses to stop her, but a little girl is injured in the process. Ralph regrets his actions, but is comforted by Barry. Chayton escapes CCPD, going after the last necklace piece held at the museum. When Barry and Ralph confront her, she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life. Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton. Later, Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton's tribe, before visiting the little girl in the hospital, using his abilities to entertain her. Meanwhile, Harry, trying to make friends, works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths, The Council of Wells. They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe. Barry and Joe head to DeVoe's house, to find that he is a middle-aged man in a wheelchair.

76
7
"Therefore I Am"
David McWhirter
Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound
November 21, 2017 (2017-11-21)
T27.13407
2.20[7]

Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information. In flashbacks, DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity, powering it through the particle accelerator explosion. DeVoe's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive. Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and confronts DeVoe, who reveals his true identity, leading to Cisco dubbing him "The Thinker". Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley.

77
8
"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3"
Dermott Downs
Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim
Teleplay by : Todd Helbing
November 28, 2017 (2017-11-28)
T27.13408
2.82[8]

Barry, Oliver, Sara, Alex, Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth-X, with power dampening handcuffs. The arriving SS-Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth-X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance, who takes them away for execution, before they are saved by Citizen Cold (the Earth-X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart) and The Ray (Ray Terrill). Snart and Terrill take them to the underground headquarter of the Freedom Fighters, where the team meets the resistance movement's leader General Winn Schott (Winn Schott's Earth-X doppelgänger). They learned that the only way back to Earth-1 is through a temporal gateway in a Nazi facility, which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow (Oliver's Earth-X doppelgänger) on Earth-1. Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility, discovers the Nazi's doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter, and saves a prisoner (who is Felicity's Earth-X doppelgänger) from Quentin. Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the temporal gateway, while the rest of the team enters the facility. In attempting to reactivate the gateway's portal, Stein is shot and gravely wounded. Back on Earth-1, Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl at S.T.A.R. Labs. Felicity and Iris try to stop him, but are captured.

This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8, and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.

78
9
"Don't Run"
Stefan Pleszczynski
Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira
December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)
T27.13409
2.22[9]

While out Christmas shopping, Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet. Iris claims they have to look for both of them, despite Wells' claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one. Barry is held in DeVoe's lair. Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse, who can read minds. They try to escape, but Amunet blocks their exit. Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet, and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in. Once outside, they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph, as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin. Barry manages to escape from DeVoe. Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them. Barry gets a security alert from his apartment. When he arrives, he receives a phone call from Dominic, who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic's body. Barry discovers DeVoe's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his "murder"; the police arrive, and Barry lets himself get arrested, not wanting to leave Iris again.

79
10
"The Trial of The Flash"[10]
Philip Chipera
Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
TBA
TBD

tag: table

text: Kevin Smith will direct an episode of the season.[11]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash[12]
Candice Patton as Iris West[12]
Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost[13]
Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe[12]
Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash[12]
Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker[14]
Tom Cavanagh as Harrison "Harry" Wells[12]
Jesse L. Martin as Joe West[12]

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton[15]
Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic[14]
Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy[16][17]
Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe[18]
Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man[19]
Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith[20]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo[21]
Mark Sweatman as Norvok[22]
Patrick Sabongui as David Singh
Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg%re[23]
Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkle
Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard[24]
Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison[25]
Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick[26]
Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher[14][17]
Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak[20]
Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie[27]
Matt Afonso as Weeper[28]
Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow[29]
Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm[29]
Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary[29]
Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers[29]
Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm[29]
Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer
Jeremy Jordan as General Schott[29]
Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary
Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor-El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl[29]
Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold[30]
Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray[29]
Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo-X
Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm[31]
Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand[32]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8, 2017,[33] earlier than usual for the series. Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this, "The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season."[34] In May 2017, it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four, with only Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, Sarah Schechter, and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons.[35] Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season's showrunners.[36][37] In November 2017, Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment.[38][39] By the end of the month, he had been fired, with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on. In addition, Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season.[40]

text: Writing[edit]

text:
The way I see it is, time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force. In some ways he's had an awakening and he's had a rebirth. Our first episode is called 'Reborn,' and it is a rebirth for Barry, but he's kind of scrambled, too, because he's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months, even though for him it was an eternity. He's not Barry when we see him for the first time.

—Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four.[41]

tag: div

text: In March 2017, Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster, like the previous three seasons.[42] Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season, with Aaron saying, "We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past. For now, I think we’re going to focus on the present."[43] In June 2017, Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season. He was first hinted in the third season episode "Abra Kadabra" when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash's greatest enemies, and again in the season finale "Finish Line" when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet.[44] At the series' San Diego Comic-Con panel, the speculation was confirmed, with Todd Helbing saying, "With three Speedsters in a row, this year it's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive."[15] He added that the writers were "making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up".[45]

text: Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry's absence, Keiynan Lonsdale said that "It's not something that's on my radar. I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for."[46] With the action picking up six months after season three, Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City, with Carlos Valdes saying "the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together,... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it's just not the same without Barry... So in light of that, Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back."[47] Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco's more lighthearted joking manner.[47] Candice Patton explained Iris West's larger role within Team Flash as "a way of distracting herself,"[47] adding that "[Iris] is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City... We're seeing a very different Iris, almost a very hardened Iris."[48] Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season, and noted that "the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco, not Barry".[49]

text: In July 2017, Sterling Gates, DC Comics comic book writer, joined as a member of the fourth season's writing staff.[50] At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017, Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is "going to try to find the lightness... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons,"[51] and said that the show was likely "done with Speedster villains".[52] Later in the month, Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth-2, saying that "season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better, more complete person, and so he's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker's plan," in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character.[53]

text: In September 2017, Helbing noted "There's a lot of love in the air this season," and compared Barry and Iris' reunion to "somebody going off to war for six months and coming back. There's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry didn't when he was gone, and it's really [about] the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they weren't together." Helbing also explained that the Speed Force "let [Barry] deal with all of the baggage [from the past three seasons]. When he comes out, he's sort of left that all behind."[54] That month, Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season,[55] while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since "[they] keep comically clashing inadvertently because [both are] used to being in charge, and so they wind up going... to work through it." He added, "The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show, but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship."[56]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Main cast members Grant Gustin, Candice Patton, Danielle Panabaker, Carlos Valdes, Keiynan Lonsdale, Tom Cavanagh, and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash, Iris West, Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost, Cisco Ramon / Vibe, Wally West / Kid Flash, Harrison Wells, and Joe West, respectively.[12] Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth-2 at the start of the season, without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on.[47] Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells, Cavanagh said, "We're going to start with Harry and then find a way, I think, to try and get a different version of Wells in there, be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season's gaps present themselves."[57] Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy,[16] and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand.[32] Tom Felton, who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season, was revealed not to be returning to the series, although there is a possibility he could return if the storyline demanded it and Felton's availability permits.[58] Julian's absence will be addressed "pretty quickly — there's a reason why he's no longer with the team," said Helbing.[59] In the season premiere, Julian is revealed to have returned to London.[60] Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show, but did not rule out a possible return in the future.[61] Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode "Luck Be a Lady".[26] Britne Oldford, who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek-a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco, reprised her role in the season premiere.[21]

text: In July 2017, Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe, a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic, Devoe's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him; and Danny Trejo as Breacher, a bounty hunter from Earth-19 and the father of Gypsy.[14] Also in June, the series was looking to cast a role that "should put the visual effects department to the test",[62] with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man, a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes.[63] Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast-talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City's greatest mysteries.[19] The character was previously mentioned in the first season, as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion.[64] The next month, Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith, who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains.[20]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Filming for the season began on July 4, 2017,[65] in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is set to conclude on April 21, 2018.[66] Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018.[11]

text: Music[edit]

text: In August 2017, series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season.[67]

text: Arrowverse tie-ins[edit]

text: In May 2017, The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four-show Arrowverse crossover event, crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl, The Flash, Legends of Tomorrow, and Arrow.[68] The crossover will begin with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27, 2017, and conclude on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28.[69] In August 2017, Berlanti noted that it would be "a big life event for a few different people" that would bring them all together for the crossover, adding "There are many life events that happen."[70] Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season.[20]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The season began airing on October 10, 2017, on The CW in the United States,[71] and on CTV in Canada.[72]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2017, cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic-Con International to promote the season, where exclusive footage was shown.[73] During the panel, a trailer for the season was shown, with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the "grim" tone, there was "some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without [Barry],... Sprinkle in a few wacky things, like, say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics, and ladies and gents, you've got a good season of The Flash lined up."[74] Ben Pearson with /Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was "a nice change of pace for that character", but anticipated that "Barry [would] be back two or three episodes in at the latest."[75] Collider.com's Allison Keene also noted Iris "getting an actual storyline" with Barry gone, and similarly presumed that he "[would] be back in the fold by the end of the first episode" alike to Flashpoint in the third season. She added, "There are some new foes, lots of action, plenty of tech — it’s great!"[76]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"The Flash Reborn"
October 10, 2017
1.1/4
2.84[1]
0.7
1.92
1.8
4.77[77]

2
"Mixed Signals"
October 17, 2017
0.9/4
2.54[2]
0.8
1.82
1.7
4.36[78]

3
"Luck Be a Lady"
October 24, 2017
1.0/4
2.62[3]
0.8
1.84
1.8
4.46[79]

4
"Elongated Journey Into Night"
October 31, 2017
0.7/3
1.99[4]
0.7
1.79
1.4
3.79[80]

5
"Girls Night Out"
November 7, 2017
0.9/4
2.38[5]
0.8
1.84
1.7
4.22[81]

6
"When Harry Met Harry..."
November 14, 2017
1.0/4
2.46[6]
0.7
1.83
1.7
4.29[82]

7
"Therefore I Am"
November 21, 2017
0.8/3
2.20[7]
0.8
2.08
1.6
4.28[83]

8
"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 3"
November 28, 2017
1.0/4
2.82[8]
0.7
1.83
1.7
4.64[84]

9
"Don't Run"
December 5, 2017
0.8/3
2.22[9]
0.6
1.45
1.4
3.67[85]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 7.36/10 based on 13 reviews.[86]

text: Reviewing the first two episodes of the season, Allison Keene writing for Collider.com, felt the premiere "wipes the slate clean, fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season, and setting up a much more toned-down storyline. Most importantly, it's brought back some fun." She added that with a "streamlined team," the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines. On the second episode, Keene described it as "truly a delight" with the show taking "the time to focus on character relationships, and not just romantic relationships" and each character "feeling like a refreshed version of themselves, with new narrative purpose". She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker "as an Alchemy-like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash's path as part of some kind of masterplan", saying "The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural, with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week."[87]


document_title: Saturated and unsaturated compounds

question_text: when do we say that a solution is unsaturated

text: Saturated and unsaturated compounds

text: It has been suggested that this article be merged with Saturation (chemistry). (Discuss) Proposed since September 2016.

text: In organic chemistry, a saturated compound is a chemical compound that has a chain of carbon atoms linked together by single bonds.[1] Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. An unsaturated compound is a chemical compound that contains carbon-carbon double bonds or triple bonds, such as those found in alkenes or alkynes, respectively. Saturated and unsaturated compounds need not consist only of a carbon atom chain. They can form straight chain, branched chain, or ring arrangements. They can have functional groups, as well. It is in this sense that fatty acids are classified as saturated or unsaturated. The amount of unsaturation of a fatty acid can be determined by finding its iodine number.

text: Unsaturated compounds are those in which addition reaction can be obtained.

text: In a chain of carbons, such as a fatty acid, a double or triple bond will cause a kink in the chain. These kinks have macro-structural implications. Unsaturated fats tend to be liquid at room temperature, rather than solid, as the kinks in the chain prevent the molecules from packing closely together to form a solid. These fats are called oils and are present in fish and plants.

text: In other unsaturated hydrocarbons, the double bond between two carbons prevents rotation of the atoms about the bond, locking them into specific structural formations. When attached atoms occupy similar positions on each carbon, they are referred to as "cis", and when they are on opposite sides, they are called "trans". Most natural hydrocarbons exist in the cis state, but artificially manufactured hydrocarbons are trans. The body lacks the enzymes to properly break down the trans configuration. This is why trans fats are viewed as dangerous and unhealthy, as they tend to build up. Unsaturated compounds of the two formations are classified as geometric isomers of one another.


document_title: Chandni

question_text: who sang the song chandni o meri chandni

text: Chandni

text: Plot[edit]

text: Rohit (Rishi Kapoor) meets Chandni (Sridevi) at a wedding of a relative and falls instantly in love with her and pursues her relentlessly until she agrees to date him. Eventually, they are engaged to be married soon.

text: His family is against this marriage decision because of the vast difference in their social status, but that does not bother Rohit at all and he does not care.

text: One day, Rohit wants to surprise his beloved with something extra special - he calls Chandni and asks her to wait for him on the terrace of her house. As she's waiting, the afternoon's silence is broken by the roaring blades of a helicopter, from which a smiling Rohit appears to shower Chandni with lots of red rose petals from the copter. After five minutes of this delight, he disappears and she is surrounded by silence. When she reaches home downstairs, she has a bad feeling that something ominous has happened.

text: After she reaches inside her home, the phone rings and Chandni picks it up. She is informed by Rohit's family that Rohit has been hospitalised. She immediately makes her way to the hospital ICU unit where Rohit is admitted in critical condition!

text: His family, who are all at the hospital, greet her with stony expressions and accuse her of being the cause for Rohit's falling from the helicopter. Learning that he is paralyzed on his right side, his family continues to berate her.

text: Rohit soon realises that because of his physical disability he would never be able fulfil the role of a good husband. He decides to let Chandni go. Chandni heartbroken that Rohit no longer wants her in his life, moves to Bombay.

text: In Bombay, she starts working for a travel agency headed by Lalit (Vinod Khanna), a handsome and charming widower. He soon falls in love with Chandni and asks her to marry him. After a few years of dating and wooing, she finally agrees to this and meets Lalit's mother (Waheeda Rehman), who is so delighted to have a super pretty daughter-in-law.

text: Like a twist of fate, Lalit meets Rohit on a business trip in Switzerland where Rohit is receiving treatment from the professional therapists and physicians. Rohit is able to stand now and no longer needs a wheelchair. Lalit and Rohit become fast friends and tell each other their love-stories, sing with the joy of love, not knowing they are singing about the same woman (they are in love with the same woman).

text: Back in India, Rohit shows up one evening to meet his friend Lalit and Chandni opens the door. They are both delighted to see each other with tears in their eyes and to her amazement, he can now stand on both feet without stumbling and also does a little dance. They are both so keyed up with emotion and Rohit seizes this opportunity to propose to her. However, at this time Chandni has to tell him the truth, very much to his dismay, that—she is committed to someone else called "Lalit".

text: Obviously, Rohit becomes angry at her betrayal, but Chandni asks him what he would have done in her place.. to which he has no reply and so regretfully leaves. As Rohit and Lalit had become good friends in Switzerland, Lalit invites him to his wedding.

text: In all the subsequent ceremonies and meetings/parties, Rohit and Chandni pretend to be strangers to spare Lalit.

text: On the day of the wedding, Rohit drinks a bit too much in order to drive away the pain of the loss of a beloved one, and starts mumbling and then stumbles down a flight of stairs. Chandni immediately upon seeing this behaviour of his, can not contain herself any longer and screams/yearns for him to be saved. She comes so close to him, hugs him and starts crying, at which Lalit realises that she is the woman Rohit was always talking about, but hiding her identity.

text: Fortunately, Rohit is rushed to the hospital and the doctor says the condition is not too serious. Soon after, Rohit regains the pink of health and this time he proposes to Chandni again, to which she agrees after receiving a nod from her fiancé Lalit. Lalit and his mother share a brief sad moment as they watch Chandni and Rohit rekindle and reconcile. Then, they get married and live happily ever after.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sridevi as Chandni Mathur
Rishi Kapoor as Rohit Gupta
Vinod Khanna as Lalit Khanna
Waheeda Rehman as Mrs. Khanna (Lalit's mother)
Sushma Seth as Mrs. Gupta (Rohit's mother)
Mita Vasisht as Kiran (Chandni's friend)
Anant Mahadevan as Brij (Kiran's Husband)
Achala Sachdev
Beena Banerjee
Manohar Singh as Rohit's father
Ram Gopal Bajaj as Shiv Prasad Mathur
Lalit Tiwari
Suhas Joshi
Renu Arya
Bharat Bhushan as Doctor
Anupam Kher as Ramesh (Rohit's Brother- In - Law)
Juhi Chawla as Devika (cameo)

text: Music[edit]

text: The music of Chandni was composed by Shiv Kumar Sharma and Hariprasad Chaurasia, known together as Shiv-Hari. The lyrics were provided by Anand Bakshi. In addition to the songs listed below, there was a recurring instrumental love melody, not part of a full song. That melody was further developed into the song "Kabhi Main Kahoon" for Chopra's next movie Lamhe, also scored by Shiv-Hari.

text: The film's soundtrack was a major success in India.[citation needed] It is believed that the soundtrack brought back the musical genre, with its songs and lyrics all being critically acclaimed.[citation needed] According to Yash Raj Films, the soundtrack went four times Platinum on the day of the premiere.[citation needed] By the 25th week, it went 25 times Platinum, a new standard in the music industry.[citation needed]

text:
No.
Title
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Mere Haathon Mein"
Lata Mangeshkar
05:34

2.
"Mehbooba"
Lata Mangeshkar, Vinod Rathod
04:53

3.
"Main Sasural Nahi Jaaungi"
Pamela Chopra
04:06

4.
"Mitwa (Tere Mere Honton Pe)"
Lata Mangeshkar, Babla Mehta
04:31

5.
"Aa Meri Jaan"
Lata Mangeshkar
04:21

6.
"Dance Music"
Instrumental
03:16

7.
"Chandni O Meri Chandni"
Sridevi, Jolly Mukherjee
04:32

8.
"Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki"
Suresh Wadkar, Anupama Deshpande
03:25

9.
"Parbat Se Kaali"
Asha Bhosle, Vinod Rathod
04:22

10.
"Tu Mujhe Suna"
Nitin Mukesh, Suresh Wadkar
04:30

11.
"Mere Haathon Mein"
Instrumental
05:47

text: Reception[edit]

text: Chandni received highly positive reviews upon its release with critics highlighting the film's impact in being instrumental in bringing an end to an era of violent action movies in Indian Cinema and rejuvenating the genre of romantic musical. According to iDiva, Chandni was "more an event and less a movie. Even as its shooting rolled on the sets, the film was a constant subject of discussion in the press."[4] Chandni emerged as one of the biggest blockbusters of 1989[5] with The Hindu stating that "the film opened to full houses and distributors had to drastically increase the number of theatres."'[6] It was cited by Times of India as "one of the most watched films of Indian Cinema."[7] Hindustan Times featured the movie in its list of 'Yash Chopra's Greatest Hits' saying "it was instrumental in ending the era of violence in Bollywood and bringing back the romance into Hindi films."

text: The film consolidated Sridevi’s position as the top female star of the era.[8] Describing Sridevi's performance in Chandni, Indiatimes wrote "True to her screen-name, she was an epitome of radiance, warmth and vivacity. She effortlessly introduced us to the powerful streaks, her classic, angelic character was laden with."[9] The scene where she confronts Rishi Kapoor was ranked by Rediff as one of the "Ten Best Scenes from Yash Chopra Films."[10] While Sridevi topped the Hindustan Times' list of Yash Chopra's "Top 5 Heroines,"[11] CNN-IBN ranked her no. 1 on its list of "Yash Chopra's 10 Most Sensuous Heroines," saying that "Yash Chopra immortalised Sridevi as the perfect Chandni."[12]

text: The titular character became one of the most famous characters of Hindi cinema with India Today including it in its list of 'Yash Chopra's Iconic Characters'.[13] CNN-IBN listed it among 'The Cult Characters Yash Chopra Created'[14] while NDTV featured it in its list of 'Yash Chopra's Greatest Creations' stating that the film established Sridevi "as the nation's sweetheart" and "reinforced her position as the reigning actress in Bollywood."[15]

text: Sridevi's iconic 'Chandni Look' revolutionized fashion in North India[4] and became synonymous with the actress,[16] with Rediff stating "A luminous Sridevi slips into every possible design in white for a major chunk of the romance and no one complains."[17] Speaking about the look, Yash Chopra told film critic Rajeev Masand "While making Chandni, I had a vision of who I wanted this girl to be. I told Sridevi that most of her costumes in the film would be in white."[18] The Tribune wrote "Leena Daru scored a winner again when she created the 'Chandni Look' for Sridevi. Every street corner sold the salwar-kameez and dupatta that gave the heroine a refreshingly understated look, rarely seen on the Indian screen."[19] while Mid Day reported "Leena Daru dressed Bollywood’s beauties for several years. But it was her simple white churidar and kurta with the leheriya dupatta for Sridevi in the film Chandni that gave the Southern belle an angelic image and caused the Chandni Chowk stores to hit the jackpot with thousands of copies."[20] BizAsia described the effect of the look saying "Chopra never quite got over his Sridevi hangover and almost always chose to present his lead heroines in similar outfits (Juhi Chawla in Darr (1993), Madhuri Dixit in Dil To Pagal Hai (1997)), but none of them became half as iconic as Sridevi did after Chandni."[21] The 'Chandni Look' was also highlighted in the film's famous Tandav dance sequence by Sridevi, where Rediff said "the actress transformed into a mythical goddess in a white number."[22] Sridevi's chiffons became equally popular with Indian Express writing "This movie made the chiffon sari a must-have in every Indian woman's wardrobe."[23]

text: The music of Chandni became a multi-Platinum success[4] with Sridevi's famous dance number "Mere Hathon Mein Nau Nau Choodiyan Hain" finding a place in the Rediff chart of 'Bollywood's Top 25 Wedding Songs.'[24] The actress also lent her voice to the film's popular title-track 'Chandni O Meri Chandni'[25] which featured among the 'Top 5 Songs' of Yash Chopra by Hindustan Times.[11] Talking about her role in Chandni, Sridevi said it was "a lively and vibrant girl in the first half (who) becomes quiet and goes into a shell in the second half. I loved that transformation and when you have a director like Yash Chopra at the helm, you can be sure that he will make the best out of everything."[26]

text: Awards[edit]

text: Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment - Yash Chopra & T. Subbarami Reddy[27]

text: Best Cinematography - Manmohan Singh

text: Nominations

text:
Best Film - Yash Chopra & T. Subbarami Reddy
Best Director - Yash Chopra
Best Actress - Sridevi
Best Actor - Rishi Kapoor
Best Supporting Actor - Vinod Khanna
Best Supporting Actress - Waheeda Rehman
Best Music - Shiv-Hari
Best Lyricist - Anand Bakshi - "Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki"
Best Male Singer - Suresh Wadkar - "Lagi Aaj Sawan Ki"


document_title: Visible spectrum

question_text: what is the wave length of green light

question_tokens: what is the wave length of green light

text: Visible spectrum

text: History[edit]

text: In the 13th century, Roger Bacon theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal.[2]

text: In the 17th century, Isaac Newton discovered that prisms could disassemble and reassemble white light, and described the phenomenon in his book Opticks. He was the first to use the word spectrum (Latin for "appearance" or "apparition") in this sense in print in 1671 in describing his experiments in optics. Newton observed that, when a narrow beam of sunlight strikes the face of a glass prism at an angle, some is reflected and some of the beam passes into and through the glass, emerging as different-colored bands. Newton hypothesized light to be made up of "corpuscles" (particles) of different colors, with the different colors of light moving at different speeds in transparent matter, red light moving more quickly than violet in glass. The result is that red light is bent (refracted) less sharply than violet as it passes through the prism, creating a spectrum of colors.

text: Newton divided the spectrum into seven named colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. He chose seven colors out of a belief, derived from the ancient Greek sophists, of there being a connection between the colors, the musical notes, the known objects in the solar system, and the days of the week.[3] The human eye is relatively insensitive to indigo's frequencies, and some people who have otherwise-good vision cannot distinguish indigo from blue and violet. For this reason, some later commentators, including Isaac Asimov,[4] have suggested that indigo should not be regarded as a color in its own right but merely as a shade of blue or violet. However, the evidence indicates that what Newton meant by "indigo" and "blue" does not correspond to the modern meanings of those color words. Comparing Newton's observation of prismatic colors to a color image of the visible light spectrum shows that "indigo" corresponds to what is today called blue, whereas "blue" corresponds to cyan.[5][6][7]

text: In the 18th century, Goethe wrote about optical spectra in his Theory of Colours. Goethe used the word spectrum (Spektrum) to designate a ghostly optical afterimage, as did Schopenhauer in On Vision and Colors. Goethe argued that the continuous spectrum was a compound phenomenon. Where Newton narrowed the beam of light to isolate the phenomenon, Goethe observed that a wider aperture produces not a spectrum but rather reddish-yellow and blue-cyan edges with white between them. The spectrum appears only when these edges are close enough to overlap.

text: In the early 19th century, the concept of the visible spectrum became more definite, as light outside the visible range was discovered and characterized by William Herschel (infrared) and Johann Wilhelm Ritter (ultraviolet), Thomas Young, Thomas Johann Seebeck, and others.[8] Young was the first to measure the wavelengths of different colors of light, in 1802.[9]

text: The connection between the visible spectrum and color vision was explored by Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz in the early 19th century. Their theory of color vision correctly proposed that the eye uses three distinct receptors to perceive color.

text: Animal color vision[edit]

text: Many species can see light within frequencies outside the human "visible spectrum". Bees and many other insects can detect ultraviolet light, which helps them find nectar in flowers. Plant species that depend on insect pollination may owe reproductive success to their appearance in ultraviolet light rather than how colorful they appear to humans. Birds, too, can see into the ultraviolet (300–400 nm), and some have sex-dependent markings on their plumage that are visible only in the ultraviolet range.[10][11] Many animals that can see into the ultraviolet range, however, cannot see red light or any other reddish wavelengths. Bees' visible spectrum ends at about 590 nm, just before the orange wavelengths start.[12] Birds, however, can see some red wavelengths, although not as far into the light spectrum as humans.[13] The popular belief that the common goldfish is the only animal that can see both infrared and ultraviolet light [14] is incorrect, because goldfish cannot see infrared light.[15] Similarly, dogs are often thought to be color blind but they have been shown to be sensitive to colors, though not as many as humans.[16]

text: Spectral colors[edit]

text:
Color
Wavelength
Frequency
Photon energy

Violet
380–450 nm
668–789 THz
2.75–3.26 eV

Blue
450–495 nm
606–668 THz
2.50–2.75 eV

Green
495–570 nm
526–606 THz
2.17–2.50 eV

Yellow
570–590 nm
508–526 THz
2.10–2.17 eV

Orange
590–620 nm
484–508 THz
2.00–2.10 eV

Red
620–750 nm
400–484 THz
1.65–2.00 eV

text: Colors that can be produced by visible light of a narrow band of wavelengths (monochromatic light) are called pure spectral colors. The various color ranges indicated in the illustration are an approximation: The spectrum is continuous, with no clear boundaries between one color and the next.[17]

text: Spectroscopy[edit]

text: Spectroscopy is the study of objects based on the spectrum of color they emit, absorb or reflect. Spectroscopy is an important investigative tool in astronomy, where scientists use it to analyze the properties of distant objects. Typically, astronomical spectroscopy uses high-dispersion diffraction gratings to observe spectra at very high spectral resolutions. Helium was first detected by analysis of the spectrum of the sun. Chemical elements can be detected in astronomical objects by emission lines and absorption lines.

text: The shifting of spectral lines can be used to measure the Doppler shift (red shift or blue shift) of distant objects.

text: Color display spectrum[edit]

text: Color displays (e.g. computer monitors and televisions) cannot reproduce all colors discernible by a human eye. Colors outside the color gamut of the device, such as most spectral colors, can only be approximated. For color-accurate reproduction, a spectrum can be projected onto a uniform gray field. The resulting mixed colors can have all their R,G,B coordinates non-negative, and so can be reproduced without distortion. This accurately simulates looking at a spectrum on a gray background.[18]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts

question_text: baseball teams that have never been to the world series

text: Longest current World Series championship droughts[edit]

text: No World Series was played in 1994, and counts as a drought season for those franchises.

text:
Seasons

Team

Last World Series championship won

Last World Series appearance

69
Cleveland Indians
1948
2016

57
Texas Rangers
Never (franchise began 1961)
2011

49
Milwaukee Brewers
Never (franchise began 1969)
1982

49
San Diego Padres
Never (franchise began 1969)
1998

49
Washington Nationals
Never (franchise began 1969)
Never

41
Seattle Mariners
Never (franchise began 1977)
Never

38
Pittsburgh Pirates
1979
1979

34
Baltimore Orioles
1983
1983

33
Detroit Tigers
1984
2012

31
New York Mets
1986
2015

29
Los Angeles Dodgers
1988
2017

28
Oakland Athletics
1989
1990

27
Cincinnati Reds
1990
1990

26
Minnesota Twins
1991
1991

25
Colorado Rockies
Never (franchise began 1993)
2007

24
Toronto Blue Jays
1993
1993

22
Atlanta Braves
1995
1999

20
Tampa Bay Rays
Never (franchise began 1998)
2008

16
Arizona Diamondbacks
2001
2001

15
Los Angeles Angels
2002
2002

14
Miami Marlins
2003
2003

12
Chicago White Sox
2005
2005

9
Philadelphia Phillies
2008
2009

8
New York Yankees
2009
2009

6
St. Louis Cardinals
2011
2013

4
Boston Red Sox
2013
2013

3
San Francisco Giants
2014
2014

2
Kansas City Royals
2015
2015

1
Chicago Cubs
2016
2016

*
Houston Astros
2017
2017

text: The asterisk (*) represents the current defending World Series Champion

text: Longest World Series championship droughts through history[edit]

text: The first World Series was played in 1903.  No World Series was played in 1904 or 1994. This list only shows droughts of 30 or more seasons.  Active droughts are listed in bold type.

text:
Seasons
Team
Previous Title
Next Title

107
Chicago Cubs
1908
2016

87
Chicago White Sox
1917
2005

85
Boston Red Sox
1918
2004

77
Philadelphia Phillies
1903*
1980

69
Cleveland Indians
1948
—

63
St. Louis Browns/Baltimore Orioles
1903*
1966

62
Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins
1924
1987

57
Washington Senators/Texas Rangers
1961*
—

55
Houston Colt .45s/Astros
1962*
2017

55
New York/San Francisco Giants
1954
2010

52
Brooklyn Dodgers
1903*
1955

49
Seattle Pilots/Milwaukee Brewers
1969*
—

49
San Diego Padres
1969*
—

49
Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals
1969*
—

42
Boston/Milwaukee Braves
1914
1957

41
Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics
1930
1972

41
Los Angeles-California-Anaheim Angels
1961*
2002

41
Seattle Mariners
1977*
—

38
Pittsburgh Pirates
1979
—

37
Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves
1957
1995

34
Pittsburgh Pirates
1925
1960

34
Cincinnati Reds
1940
1975

34
Baltimore Orioles
1983
—

33
Detroit Tigers
1984
—

32
Detroit Tigers
1903*
1935

31
New York Mets
1986
—

text: * Year does not indicate a title won, but rather the team's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series (1903).

text: World Series championship droughts by city/region[edit]

text:
This list only includes cities/regions with current Major League Baseball franchises.
Years during which a city/region did not field a Major League Baseball team are not counted.

text:
Region
Drought (seasons)
Last World Series title

Cleveland
69
Cleveland Indians, 1948

Washington, D.C.
60*
Washington Senators (original A.L.), 1924

Milwaukee
56**
Milwaukee Braves, 1957

San Diego
49‡
None

Dallas-Ft. Worth
46‡
None

Seattle
42‡ †
None

Pittsburgh
38
Pittsburgh Pirates, 1979

Baltimore
34
Baltimore Orioles, 1983

Detroit
33
Detroit Tigers, 1984

Cincinnati
27
Cincinnati Reds, 1990

Minneapolis–Saint Paul
26
Minnesota Twins, 1991

Denver
25‡
None

Toronto
24
Toronto Blue Jays, 1993

Atlanta
22
Atlanta Braves, 1995

Tampa-St. Petersburg
20‡
None

Phoenix
16
Arizona Diamondbacks, 2001

Los Angeles
15
Anaheim Angels, 2002

Miami-Ft. Lauderdale
14
Florida Marlins, 2003

Philadelphia
9
Philadelphia Phillies, 2008

New York City
8
New York Yankees, 2009

St. Louis
6
St. Louis Cardinals, 2011

Boston
4
Boston Red Sox, 2013

San Francisco Bay Area
3
San Francisco Giants, 2014

Kansas City
2
Kansas City Royals, 2015

Chicago
1
Chicago Cubs, 2016

Houston
0
Houston Astros, 2017

text: *city without Major League Baseball franchise for 33 seasons (1972–2004)

text: **city without Major League Baseball franchise for 4 seasons (1966–1969)

text: †city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons (1970–1976)

text: ‡number doesn't indicate a title won, but rather total seasons played.

text: World Series in which neither team had previously won a championship[edit]

text: In these instances, the World Series matchup ensured that one team would win the first championship in its history.

text:
Season
Won
Lost

1980
Philadelphia Phillies
Kansas City Royals

1920
Cleveland Indians
Brooklyn Dodgers

1909
Pittsburgh Pirates
Detroit Tigers

1907
Chicago Cubs
Detroit Tigers

1906*
Chicago White Sox
Chicago Cubs

1905*
New York Giants
Philadelphia Athletics

1903*
Boston Americans
Pittsburgh Pirates

text: *In these cases, each team was making its first World Series appearance.

text: World Series in which both teams had ended pennant droughts of 20-plus seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Won
Drought (seasons)
Lost
Drought (seasons)

2005
Chicago White Sox
45
Houston Astros
43

1948
Cleveland Indians
27
Boston Braves
33

text: World Series in which neither franchise had won a championship in 30-plus seasons[edit]

text: Teams that had never won the World Series are included, even if they were less than 30 seasons old at the time. Bold denotes team that won.

text:
Season
American League
Drought (seasons)
National League
Drought (seasons)

2016
Cleveland Indians
67
Chicago Cubs
107

2010
Texas Rangers
49*
San Francisco Giants
55

2005
Chicago White Sox
87
Houston Astros
43*

2002
Anaheim Angels
41*
San Francisco Giants
47

1997
Cleveland Indians
48
Florida Marlins
4*

1995
Cleveland Indians
46
Atlanta Braves
37

1992
Toronto Blue Jays
15*
Atlanta Braves
34

1980
Kansas City Royals
11*
Philadelphia Phillies
77*

1975
Boston Red Sox
56
Cincinnati Reds
34

1972
Oakland Athletics
40
Cincinnati Reds
31

1920
Cleveland Indians
17*
Brooklyn Dodgers
17*

1909
Detroit Tigers
6*
Pittsburgh Pirates
6*

1907
Detroit Tigers
4*
Chicago Cubs
4*

1906
Chicago White Sox
3*
Chicago Cubs
3*

1905
Philadelphia Athletics
2*
New York Giants
2*

1903
Boston Americans
0*
Pittsburgh Pirates
0*

text: Numbers marked with * indicates that the number is counted from either the franchise's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series (1903).

text: Major League pennant droughts[edit]

text: Longest current Major League pennant droughts[edit]

text: No pennants were won in 1994 due to the players' strike that year.

text:
Seasons

Team

Last pennant

49
Washington Nationals
Never (franchise started in 1969)

41
Seattle Mariners
Never (franchise started in 1977)

38
Pittsburgh Pirates
1979

35
Milwaukee Brewers
1982 (never since joining NL in 1998)

34
Baltimore Orioles
1983

27
Cincinnati Reds
1990

27
Oakland Athletics
1990

26
Minnesota Twins
1991

24
Toronto Blue Jays
1993

19
San Diego Padres
1998

18
Atlanta Braves
1999

16
Arizona Diamondbacks
2001

15
Los Angeles Angels
2002

14
Miami Marlins
2003

12
Chicago White Sox
2005

10
Colorado Rockies
2007

9
Tampa Bay Rays
2008

8
New York Yankees
2009

8
Philadelphia Phillies
2009

6
Texas Rangers
2011

5
Detroit Tigers
2012

4
St. Louis Cardinals
2013

4
Boston Red Sox
2013

3
San Francisco Giants
2014

2
Kansas City Royals
2015

2
New York Mets
2015

1
Chicago Cubs
2016

1
Cleveland Indians
2016

0
Houston Astros
2017

0
Los Angeles Dodgers
2017

text: Longest Major League pennant droughts through history[edit]

text: List begins with 1903, about the time the current configuration of National League and American League stabilized and also the year of the first World Series. No pennants were won in 1994 due to the players strike that year. This list only shows droughts of 20 or more seasons.  Active droughts are listed in bold type.

text:
Seasons
Team
Prev. Pennant
Next Pennant

70
Chicago Cubs
1945
2016

49
Washington Senators/Texas Rangers
1961*
2010

49
Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals
1969*
—

45
Chicago White Sox
1959
2005

43
Houston Colt .45s/Astros
1962*
2005

41
St. Louis Browns
1903*
1944

41
Los Angeles-California-Anaheim Angels
1961*
2002

41
Seattle Mariners
1977*
—

40
Philadelphia/Kansas City/Oakland Athletics
1931
1972

40
Cleveland Indians
1954
1995

39
Chicago White Sox
1919
1959

38
Pittsburgh Pirates
1979
—

35
Milwaukee Brewers
1982
—

34
Philadelphia Phillies
1915
1950

34
Baltimore Orioles
1983
—

33
Boston Braves
1914
1948

32
Pittsburgh Pirates
1927
1960

32
Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves
1958
1991

31
Washington Senators/Minnesota Twins
1933
1965

29
Philadelphia Phillies
1950
1980

28
Kansas City Royals
1985
2014

28
Los Angeles Dodgers
1988
2017

27
Boston Red Sox
1918
1946

27
Cleveland Indians
1920
1948

27
Oakland Athletics
1990
—

27
Cincinnati Reds
1990
—

26
San Francisco Giants
1962
1989

26
Minnesota Twins
1991
—

24
Detroit Tigers
1909
1934

24
Toronto Blue Jays
1993
—

23
St. Louis Cardinals
1903*
1926

22
Detroit Tigers
1945
1968

21
St. Louis Browns/Baltimore Orioles
1944
1966

21
Minnesota Twins
1965
1987

21
Detroit Tigers
1984
2006

21
Washington Senators
1903*
1924

20
Brooklyn Dodgers
1920
1941

20
Cincinnati Reds
1940
1961

20
Boston Red Sox
1946
1967

text: * Year does not indicate a pennant, but rather the team's first year of existence or the first year of the modern World Series (1903).

text: Numbers reflect drought at start of current season.

text: Major League pennant droughts by city/region[edit]

text:
Region
Drought (seasons)
Last pennant

Washington, D.C.
51*
Washington Senators (original A.L.), 1933

Seattle
42** †
None

Pittsburgh
38
Pittsburgh Pirates, 1979

Milwaukee
35
Milwaukee Brewers, 1982 (in A.L.)

Baltimore
34
Baltimore Orioles, 1983

Cincinnati
27
Cincinnati Reds, 1990

Minneapolis–Saint Paul
26
Minnesota Twins, 1991

Toronto
24
Toronto Blue Jays, 1993

San Diego
19
San Diego Padres, 1998

Atlanta
18
Atlanta Braves, 1999

Phoenix
16
Arizona Diamondbacks, 2001

Miami-Ft. Lauderdale
14
Florida Marlins, 2003

Denver
10
Colorado Rockies, 2007

Tampa-St. Petersburg
9
Tampa Bay Rays, 2008

Philadelphia
8
Philadelphia Phillies, 2009

Dallas-Ft. Worth
6
Texas Rangers, 2011

Detroit
5
Detroit Tigers, 2012

St. Louis
4
St. Louis Cardinals, 2013

Boston
4
Boston Red Sox, 2013

San Francisco Bay Area
3
San Francisco Giants, 2014

Kansas City
2
Kansas City Royals, 2015

New York City
2
New York Mets, 2015

Cleveland
1
Cleveland Indians, 2016

Chicago
1
Chicago Cubs, 2016

Los Angeles
0
Los Angeles Dodgers, 2017

Houston
0
Houston Astros, 2017

text: **city without Major League Baseball franchise for 7 seasons (1970–1976)

text: †number doesn’t indicate a title won, but rather total seasons played.

text: World Series droughts by division[edit]

text:
Division

Last World Series win

Seasons

NL East
2008 — Phillies
9

AL East
2013 — Redsox
4

NL West
2014 — Giants
3

AL Central
2015 — Royals
2

NL Central
2016 — Cubs
1

AL West
2017 — Astros
0

text: Postseason droughts[edit]

text: Longest current postseason droughts[edit]

text:
Seasons

Team

Last appearance

16
Seattle Mariners*
2001 ALCS

14
Miami Marlins
2003 World Series

11
San Diego Padres
2006 NLDS

9
Chicago White Sox
2008 ALDS

6
Philadelphia Phillies
2011 NLDS

6
Milwaukee Brewers
2011 NLCS

4
Cincinnati Reds
2013 NL Wild Card

4
Atlanta Braves
2013 NLDS

4
Tampa Bay Rays
2013 ALDS

3
Oakland Athletics
2014 AL Wild Card

3
Detroit Tigers
2014 ALDS

3
Los Angeles Angels
2014 ALDS

2
Pittsburgh Pirates
2015 NL Wild Card

2
St. Louis Cardinals
2015 NLDS

2
Kansas City Royals
2015 World Series

1
Baltimore Orioles
2016 AL Wild Card

1
New York Mets
2016 NL Wild Card

1
San Francisco Giants
2016 NLDS

1
Texas Rangers
2016 ALDS

1
Toronto Blue Jays
2016 ALCS

0
Colorado Rockies
2017 NL Wild Card

0
Minnesota Twins
2017 AL Wild Card

0
Arizona Diamondbacks
2017 NLDS

0
Boston Red Sox
2017 ALDS

0
Cleveland Indians
2017 ALDS

0
Washington Nationals
2017 NLDS

0
Chicago Cubs
2017 NLCS

0
New York Yankees
2017 ALCS

0
Houston Astros
2017 World Series

0
Los Angeles Dodgers
2017 World Series

text: *Also longest active drought in North American sports[citation needed]

text: Longest postseason droughts in the expanded-postseason era[edit]

text: After the postseason was expanded in 1995 to include eight teams (further expanded in 2012 to ten teams), 18 of the 30 teams qualified within the first five years, and few teams went for long droughts without at least participating in the first round of the postseason.  This list only shows droughts of 15 or more seasons that occurred primarily in the expanded-postseason era.  Active droughts are listed in bold type.

text:
Seasons
Team
Previous Postseason Appearance
Next Postseason Appearance

30
Montreal Expos/Washington Nationals
1981
2012

28
Kansas City Royals
1985
2014

25
Milwaukee Brewers
1982
2008

21
Toronto Blue Jays
1993
2015

20
Pittsburgh Pirates
1992
2013

18
Detroit Tigers
1987
2006

16
Seattle Mariners
2001
—

15
Los Angeles Angels
1986
2002