document_title: U.S. state temperature extremes

question_text: what is the lowest temperature ever recorded in vermont

text: U.S. state temperature extremes

text: The following table lists the highest and lowest temperatures recorded in each state in the United States, in both Fahrenheit and Celsius during the past two centuries. [1]

text:
State
Record high
temperature
Date
Place(s)
Record low
temperature
Date
Place(s)

Alabama
110 °F / 44 °C
000000001925-09-05-0000September 5, 1925
Centreville
−27 °F / −33 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
New Market

Alaska
100 °F / 38 °C
000000001915-06-27-0000June 27, 1915
Fort Yukon
−80 °F / −62 °C
000000001971-01-23-0000January 23, 1971
Prospect Creek

Arizona
128 °F / 53 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Lake Havasu City
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001971-01-07-0000January 7, 1971
McNary

Arkansas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Ozark
−29 °F / −34 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Gravette

California
134 °F / 57 °C
000000001913-07-10-0000July 10, 1913
Furnace Creek
−45 °F / −43 °C
000000001937-01-20-0000January 20, 1937
Boca

Colorado
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001954-07-11-0000July 11, 1954
Sedgwick
−61 °F / −52 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Maybell

Connecticut
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001995-07-15-0000July 15, 1995
Danbury
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001943-02-16-0000February 16, 1943
Norfolk[2]

Delaware
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001930-07-21-0000July 21, 1930
Millsboro
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001893-01-17-0000January 17, 1893
Millsboro

District of Columbia
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001930-07-20-0000July 20, 1930
Washington
−15 °F / −26 °C
000000001899-02-11-0000February 11, 1899
Washington

Florida
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001931-06-29-0000June 29, 1931
Monticello
−2 °F / −19 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Tallahassee

Georgia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001983-08-20-0000August 20, 1983*
Greenville
−17 °F / −27 °C
000000001940-01-27-0000January 27, 1940
Chatsworth

Hawaii
98 °F / 37 °C
000000001957-07-14-0000July 14, 1957
Puunene*[3]
15 °F / -9 °C
000000001975-01-05-0000January 5, 1975
Mauna Kea Observatories[3]

Idaho
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-28-0000July 28, 1934
Orofino
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001943-01-18-0000January 18, 1943
Island Park

Illinois
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954
East Saint Louis
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001999-01-05-0000January 5, 1999
Congerville

Indiana
116 °F / 47 °C
000000001936-07-14-0000July 14, 1936
Collegeville
−36 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
New Whiteland

Iowa
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001934-07-20-0000July 20, 1934
Keokuk
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001996-02-03-0000February 3, 1996*
Elkader

Kansas
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Alton
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Lebanon

Kentucky
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-28-0000July 28, 1930
Greensburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001994-01-19-0000January 19, 1994
Shelbyville

Louisiana
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-08-10-0000August 10, 1936
Plain Dealing
−16 °F / −27 °C
000000001899-02-13-0000February 13, 1899
Minden

Maine
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-10-0000July 10, 1911*
North Bridgton
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000002009-01-16-0000January 16, 2009
Clayton Lake

Maryland
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Cumberland
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001912-01-13-0000January 13, 1912
Oakland

Massachusetts
107 °F / 42 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
New Bedford
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001984-01-22-0000January 22, 1984
Chester[2]

Michigan
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Mio
−51 °F / −46 °C
000000001934-02-09-0000February 9, 1934
Vanderbilt

Minnesota
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001917-07-29-0000July 29, 1917
Beardsley
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001996-02-02-0000February 2, 1996
Tower

Mississippi
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001930-07-29-0000July 29, 1930
Holly Springs
−19 °F / −28 °C
000000001966-01-30-0000January 30, 1966
Corinth

Missouri
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001954-07-14-0000July 14, 1954*
Warsaw
−40 °F / −40 °C
000000001905-02-13-0000February 13, 1905
Warsaw

Montana
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001937-07-05-0000July 5, 1937
Medicine Lake
−70 °F / −57 °C
000000001954-01-20-0000January 20, 1954
Lincoln (Rogers Pass)

Nebraska
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001936-07-24-0000July 24, 1936*
Minden
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001989-12-22-0000December 22, 1989*
Oshkosh

Nevada
125 °F / 52 °C
000000001994-06-29-0000June 29, 1994
Laughlin
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001937-01-08-0000January 8, 1937
San Jacinto

New Hampshire
106 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Nashua
−47 °F / −44 °C
000000001885-01-22-0000January 22, 1885
Randolph

New Jersey
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936
Runyon
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
River Vale

New Mexico
122 °F / 50 °C
000000001994-06-27-0000June 27, 1994
Waste Isolation Pilot Plant
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001951-02-01-0000February 1, 1951
Gavilan

New York
109 °F / 43 °C
000000001926-07-22-0000July 22, 1926
Troy
−52 °F / −47 °C
000000001979-02-18-0000February 18, 1979*
Old Forge

North Carolina
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001983-08-21-0000August 21, 1983
Fayetteville
−34 °F / −37 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Burnsville

North Dakota
121 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-07-06-0000July 6, 1936
Steele
−60 °F / −51 °C
000000001936-02-15-0000February 15, 1936
Parshall

Ohio
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001934-07-21-0000July 21, 1934
Gallipolis
−39 °F / −39 °C
000000001899-02-10-0000February 10, 1899
Milligan

Oklahoma
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001936-08-12-0000August 12, 1936*
Altus
−31 °F / −35 °C
000000002011-02-10-0000February 10, 2011
Nowata

Oregon
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001939-07-27-0000July 27, 1939
Umatilla[2]
−54 °F / −48 °C
000000001933-02-10-0000February 10, 1933*
Seneca

Pennsylvania
111 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Phoenixville
−42 °F / −41 °C
000000001904-01-05-0000January 5, 1904
Smethport

Rhode Island
104 °F / 40 °C
000000001975-08-02-0000August 2, 1975
Providence
−28 °F / −33 °C
000000001942-01-17-0000January 17, 1942
Richmond

South Carolina
113 °F / 45 °C
000000002012-06-30-0000June 30, 2012*
Camden
−22 °F / −30 °C
000000001985-01-21-0000January 21, 1985
Landrum[2]

South Dakota
120 °F / 49 °C
000000002006-07-15-0000July 15, 2006*
Fort Pierre*
−58 °F / −50 °C
000000001936-02-17-0000February 17, 1936
McIntosh

Tennessee
113 °F / 45 °C
000000001933-08-09-0000August 9, 1933*
Perryville
−32 °F / −36 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Mountain City

Texas
120 °F / 49 °C
000000001994-06-28-0000June 28, 1994*
Monahans
−23 °F / −31 °C
000000001933-02-08-0000February 8, 1933*
Seminole

Utah
117 °F / 47 °C
000000001985-07-05-0000July 5, 1985
Saint George
−69 °F / −46 °C
000000001985-02-01-0000February 1, 1985
Peter Sinks[4]

Vermont
105 °F / 41 °C
000000001911-07-04-0000July 4, 1911
Vernon[2]
−50 °F / −46 °C
000000001933-12-30-0000December 30, 1933
Bloomfield

Virginia
110 °F / 43 °C
000000001954-07-15-0000July 15, 1954
Balcony Falls
−30 °F / −34 °C
000000001985-01-22-0000January 22, 1985
Pembroke

Washington
118 °F / 48 °C
000000001961-08-05-0000August 5, 1961*
Burbank
−48 °F / −44 °C
000000001968-12-30-0000December 30, 1968
Mazama

West Virginia
112 °F / 44 °C
000000001936-07-10-0000July 10, 1936*
Martinsburg
−37 °F / −38 °C
000000001917-12-30-0000December 30, 1917
Lewisburg

Wisconsin
114 °F / 46 °C
000000001936-07-13-0000July 13, 1936
Wisconsin Dells
−55 °F / −48 °C
000000001996-02-04-0000February 4, 1996
Couderay

Wyoming
115 °F / 46 °C
000000001983-08-08-0000August 8, 1983
Basin
−63 °F / −53 °C
000000001933-02-09-0000February 9, 1933
Moran[2]

text: *Also on earlier date or dates in that state


document_title: Temperance "Bones" Brennan

question_text: when do booth and brennan become a couple

root

text: Temperance "Bones" Brennan

text: Character history[edit]

text: Temperance "Bones" Brennan is a forensic anthropologist who works in the Medico-Legal lab at the Jeffersonian Institute in Washington, D.C. She received her Ph.D. from Northwestern University, as stated in "The Girl in the Fridge". She has three doctorates, as referred to by Dr. Jack Hodgins in the episode "The Parts of the Sum in the Whole", in anthropology, forensic anthropology and kinesiology; it is implied that most of her work at the lab was related to either long-dead bodies or victims of genocide.[5][6]

tag: p

text: Her occasional contract work for the FBI shifted the focus of her work.[6]  She was paired with FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth, and helped to solve two difficult cases;[5][6] since then, they have worked together almost exclusively on modern-day murder cases.

text: Brennan works with a group of other well-qualified colleagues, including the entomologist Jack Hodgins, her boss and forensic pathologist Camille Saroyan, forensic artist Angela Montenegro, and a host of eager graduate students. Booth refers to her crew of colleagues as "squints", because they come to crime scenes and squint at evidence.  He is also responsible for her nickname, "Bones", which she initially detested.[5]

text: In the first-season finale (which aired on May 17, 2006), Brennan stated that she was born in 1976,[7] which would have made her either 29 or 30 (approximately the same age as Deschanel, who was born on October 11, 1976). In the fifth-season episode "The Death of the Queen Bee" (which aired nearly four years later, on April 15, 2010), it is implied that her then-current age was 33 years (based on Brennan's identification of a former high school classmate as the victim and statement that the classmate was 33).

text: First mentioned in season 1, Brennan has a love of dolphins, which she shared with her late mother: in the season one finale, "The Woman in Limbo", Brennan examines a custom-made belt with a dolphin on the buckle, which had belonged to her mother, and which she mentions having once borrowed without asking first.  Brennan's love of dolphins is highlighted again in season 2 episodes "The Titan on the Tracks", "The Killer in the Concrete" and "Stargazer in a Puddle", when she mentions the constellation Delphinus, (the Dolphin), her and her mother's favorite. In season 6, "The Doctor in the Photo", she is shown to wear a dolphin ring.

text: In "Mummy in the Maze", Brennan exhibited ophidiophobia when confronted with snakes, but later only shows a moment of fright when confronted with another snake in "The Mastodon in the Room". She takes note of this, voicing her observation that she only seems to lose her head around snakes when Booth is also "there to be jumped upon", and also she mentions that she once had a pet snake during high school. It should also be noted that, in "The Man in the Morgue," Brennan handled a snake without any trace of fear, even while Booth is in the room.

text: In season one, in "A Man on Death Row", Dr. Brennan expresses her stance on the death penalty; "I believe in the death penalty. There are certain people who shouldn't be in this world. The people who hacked hundreds of innocent children to death in Rwanda; beheaded them at their desks at school! The people who did that, they should be executed."  In "The Woman at the Airport", Dr. Brennan is shown to have a strong dislike for plastic surgeons, believing them to be no more than "glorified butchers with medical degrees", and this dislike is voiced again in season 4, in "Cinderella in the Cardboard".  In "The Woman in the Car", Dr. Brennan reveals that her third doctorate is in kinesiology, a field that would allow her and Angela to unravel how one of the bodies that had been found had been killed.

text: In season two, she expressed the desire to get a pet pig, whom she would have named "Jasper".  Brennan's expertise in kinesiology would again prove its worth in "The Truth in the Lye" (she could tell that one of the murder suspects was pregnant just from having observed her gait), in "The Girl with the Curl" (she could tell if one of the young beauty pageant contestants was suffering from scoliosis just by watching them perform on stage), and in "The Woman in the Sand" (while undercover with Booth, she was able to tell Booth exactly how to beat his opponent from just having watched his moves).  In "Judas on a Pole", she and her brother are identified as having the same blood type, blood type O.  In "Glowing Bones in the Old Stone House", she is shown to be a good cook: Booth's comment on her mac and cheese is that he'd "like to be alone with it".

text: In the season 3 episode, "Mummy in the Maze", it is revealed that Brennan's favorite superhero is Wonder Woman, and that she always goes as Wonder Woman to the Jeffersonian's Halloween party.  In "The Baby in the Bough", it is revealed that Brennan is a registered foster parent, at her brother's request, to take in his stepdaughters in case anything should happen to him and his girlfriend.  In the season 3 episode, "Intern in the Incinerator", Booth reveals that Brennan's favorite flower is a Daffodil, her second favorite flower is a Daisy, and her favorite planet is Jupiter.

text: In season 5, in "The Death of the Queen Bee", when asked if she'd had a pet rat, Brennan discloses that she, in fact, had a pet mouse, snake and some spiders.  During her time at Burtonsville high school, her only friend was the school custodian, Ray Buxley, with whom she would enjoy long, in-depth conversations on life and death, and who would also provide her with dead animals to dissect (Brennan having set out to become a forensic anthropologist,) and who would later be one of her books' biggest fans (she having named the killer in her first book, Bred in the Bone, after him).  According to the Burtonsville high school on-line yearbook entry on Brennan, in her senior year, she was a member of the Chemistry club and Math club, her interests were chemistry and mathematics, and she was a National Merit Scholar and an Academic All Star.

text: In the season 6 episode, "The Blackout in the Blizzard", Brennan mentions her pet iguana for the first time.  This same episode show that one of the number of scientific publications that Brennan reads is Medicinal Physics Quarterly, with one article on electrostatics and triboluminescence proving useful during the lab's power outage.  Further concerning her pet iguana in "The Truth in the Myth", as a part of his rehab from alcohol abuse, Vincent Nigel-Murry made apologies for, among other things, having borrowed her iguana one night, wearing him as a hat for a party. She comments that he must have taken good care of her iguana as she has observed nothing wrong with him and further expresses some surprise that Vincent Nigel-Murry was able to get her iguana to stay perched atop his head, to which he replies that he was good with ribbons.

text: In season 8, "The Tiger in the Tale", Booth mentions to Sweets that Dr. Brennan once took Peyote with Native Americans.

text: In season 11, "The Senator in the Street Sweeper", Dr. Brennan is mentioned to be a member of the Green Party of the United States along with Dr. Hodgins.

text: Family and early life[edit]

text: Although Brennan seemed to have a relatively normal childhood, her parents disappeared when she was 15 years old.[8]  Her older brother Russ, himself still an adolescent, was unable to care for her and she was put in the foster care system. By the time she started college she had been to twelve different schools and has specifically said that she hated the lack of consistency.[9]

text: There has been contradictory evidence about her time in the system; in one episode, Brennan stated that her grandfather got her out of the foster system,[10] but in a later episode, she indicates that she never knew her grandparents (possibly the two references are to two separate sets of grandparents, paternal and maternal).[11]  However, taking into consideration the fact that Brennan's parents had assumed new identities when she was 3-years-old, the grandfather who had taken her in from her time in the foster system may not have been her biological grandfather.

text: Her time in foster care was quite traumatic and abusive; Brennan indicated that she was once locked in the trunk of a car for two days because she broke a plate,[12] and in the episode "The Finger in the Nest", she reveals to Booth that she walked into her elderly neighbor's house to find the woman dead. In the same episode, she also mentions to Booth that her parents were very concerned about her afterwards, because she started faking her own death.  In Season 2, she mentions that during her time in the foster care system, she kept a list of foster homes she had been kicked out of on the bottom of her shoe.

text: In the first season she hands Booth the file on her parents' disappearance and he agrees to look into it as a personal favor.[13] It is later revealed in Season 2 that her parents, who were bank robbers specializing in safety deposit boxes, changed the family's identity after they stole some damaging FBI documents regarding the murder of an FBI agent and the false imprisonment of civil rights activist Marvin Beckett. Brennan's birth name was Joy Keenan.[7] Her mother (real name Ruth Keenan, known under the assumed identity of Christine Brennan) had hoped to someday return to her children and family, but made a tape for Brennan to watch on her 16th birthday in case that never happened.  Brennan later discovered that Ruth/Christine was murdered in 1993, two years after she and her husband went on the run.

text: Her father Max Keenan re-entered Brennan's life when she and her brother were being threatened by an old acquaintance, who turned out to be Booth's boss, Deputy Director Kirby.[14] Max evades capture after killing Kirby, and takes Russ into hiding to protect him.[14]  Later, Max allows Booth to arrest him in order to improve his relationship with his daughter.[11]  At trial, Max is acquitted of murdering Director Kirby (due in large part to a defense Booth indirectly came up with, positing an alternate theory of the crime in which Temperance was the killer instead, creating reasonable doubt), and he begins to rebuild his life.[15]

text: He temporarily works at the Jeffersonian as a guide for children visiting the place and demonstrates his brilliant talent as a former science teacher. However, Brennan is concerned about a convicted felon having access to a lab that investigates crimes.[16]  Max also introduces Brennan to her cousin Margaret Whitesell,[17] portrayed by Deschanel's real-life sister Zooey Deschanel.

text: Brennan is best friends with her coworker, Angela, saying in the 6th-season premiere she loves Angela "like a sister" and is going to be an aunt to Hodgins' and Angela's newborn child. It is revealed at the end of the season six finale "The Change in the Game" that Brennan is pregnant and the father is Booth.

text: In Season 7, episode 2 "The Hot Dog in the Competition", Brennan and Booth found out they were having a baby girl. Their daughter, Christine Angela Booth (named for Brennan's mother and her best friend), was born in a stable during the episode "The Prisoner in the Pipe".  In the Season 7 finale, "The Past in the Present", key evidence in the death of her friend, Ethan Sawyer, is linked to Brennan. Max convinces her to go on the run along with Christine, saying that if she is arrested, even if she is found innocent, she may never see her daughter again.

text: In Season 8 premiere, it is revealed that while on the run, Brennan was communicating with Angela, via flowers, and eventually used this as a way to communicate with Booth. Despite being on the run, Brennan risks her safety and decides to meet directly with Booth in a hotel room after months of being a single mother. Eventually, they arrest Christopher Pelant, who was the real murderer of Ethan Sawyer, and Brennan is allowed to return to her family. Although Pelant blackmails Booth to prevent him from accepting Brennan's proposal by threatening to kill five innocent people if Booth accepted, also warning Booth not to give a reason for his refusal, this threat is removed when the team manage to kill Pelant, and Booth and Brennan marry in the Season 9 episode 'The Woman in White'.

text: In the Season 10 episode, "The Eye in the Sky", Brennan learns that she is pregnant with her and Booth's second child.

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Throughout the course of the series, Brennan is portrayed as a straightforward, brilliant anthropologist, who lacks social skills. Her social ineptitude is especially apparent when it comes to sarcasm, metaphors which she often interprets literally, and pop culture jokes and is often the source of comedy in the show.[5] An example of this is when she mistakes Colin Farrell for Will Ferrell.[10] In earlier seasons, she was characterized as straightforward and unable to detect social cues – she states that Booth once told her that she "stinks at non-verbal communication"[18] – and was well-known within the FBI for being extremely difficult to work with. She began to acknowledge her lack of sensitivity after Booth bluntly told her outright that she was "bad with people" in "A Boy in a Tree". Her lack of "political savvy" and social skills was also a reason why she was passed over for Dr. Camille Saroyan as head of the Jeffersonian in Season 2. Other characters have described her as "no fun"[19] and "a rigid traditionalist".[9]

text: She had a difficult adolescence, and it is implied, often by Sweets, that her withdrawn social tendencies are a defense mechanism. She also sometimes struggles in identifying and explaining her emotions, and takes comfort in the rationality of her anthropological discipline. Although it has been stated that Brennan was based on a person with Asperger syndrome, this has never been confirmed in the plot of the series.[20]  The creator of the series has stated that the character was never labeled as having the syndrome in order to increase the appeal of the show on network television.[21]  This influence on her character also helps to explain her extreme rationality in early seasons, as well as some of her social difficulties. Brennan is a self-proclaimed atheist and often points out what she believes to be the irrationality of religious and spiritual beliefs.  This has led to more than one argument with Booth, who is a devout Roman Catholic; he becomes particularly irate when she compares less common religions, such as voodoo, to Christianity.[22] During the Sleepy Hollow crossover episode "Dead Men Tell No Tales", Sleepy Hollow protagonist Ichabod Crane notes that Brennan is so sceptical that she would dismiss the demon Moloch — the primary antagonist in the first two seasons of Sleepy Hollow — as nothing more than a tall man with a skin condition, although this does leave him reassured that she will not realise the nature of the secret tomb they have uncovered underneath the White House.

text: Brennan is a bestselling author, who has been on the New York Times Best Seller List for 18 weeks.[23]  She is trained in three types of martial arts,[22][24] has hunting licenses in four states,[22] and has a legally registered gun[5] as well as a diving certificate.[25]  She promised to consider becoming a vegetarian after seeing how pigs were slaughtered (which was also the way her mother had been killed).[7] However, in "The Tough Man in the Tender Chicken" (season 5, episode 6) Angela cites health reasons for Brennan's vegetarian diet.  Brennan is also a trained amateur highwire performer,[26] and speaks at least seven other languages, including Spanish,[27] French,[5] Latin,[28] Chinese,[29] Pashto[30] Japanese,[31] Norwegian (although she says only "skull" and avers that, as a forensic anthropologist, this is a word she knows "in just about every language"),[12] Farsi, and German.[32]  She has also admitted to knowing a bit of Russian.[26] She often says she does not "put much stock in psychology" and makes a point of noting that Dr. Sweets is not a real scientist as he "bases his life on the vagary of psychology and emotions".

text: Brennan's personality undergoes significant changes throughout the course of the series. Her thinking becomes less rigid in later seasons, something which is observed by Dr. Gordon Wyatt, who notes that she is now able to distinguish the difference between accuracy and truth.[33] In season 4, Booth takes her along to his interrogations and helps her learn how to set aside her scientific perspective and relate with the victim's family and suspects on a more interpersonal level. She is also able to put aside her rationality to support her friends in sometimes irrational pursuits, such as Angela's quest to raise money to save a pig from slaughter,[34] and to comfort Booth, even using science or quoting directly from the Bible to rationalize his religious beliefs. Her sensitivity and empathy towards others are also much improved, seen quite strongly when she comforts his grandfather,[35] and when she attends a funeral so that the victim's single mother won't be alone.[17] She also displays more "typical" human emotions when in extreme stress. One example of this is her fear of snakes in "The Mummy in the Maze," when a girl is in the process of being scared to death in a room, the floor teeming with snakes. This goes against her empirical nature, as, when Booth tells her that the snakes aren't venomous, she states that she is aware, but still refuses to step in the room, causing Booth to carry her on his back.

text: Brennan begins to feel both dissatisfaction and discomfort with her work toward the end of the fifth season.[36]  She also sees some futility in her work, stating that no matter how many killers they catch, there will always be more.[37]  To help her gain new perspective, she later decides to head up an anthropological expedition to Indonesia for a year to identify some ancient proto-human remains, after mulling it over during the episode.[37] However, 7 months later, she and everyone else return to D.C. in order to save Cam's job, and they all decide to stay.

text: As season 6 progresses, Brennan must confront her feelings for Booth, whom she rejected in the 100th episode from the previous season. Having returned from 7 months of introspection, she has come to terms with her romantic affection towards him, even admitting that she regretted not having given them a chance together, midway through the season. However, Booth returns from Afghanistan with a new love interest, war correspondent Hannah Burley, whom Brennan befriends. When Hannah rejects Booth's marriage proposal, Brennan must help him through the emotional fallout.

text: In the second to last episode of season 6 Booth and Brennan had sex, consummating their relationship, and it is revealed in the last few moments of the season finale that as a result, Brennan has become pregnant, with Booth the father. Throughout the episode ("The Change in the Game") Brennan has been seen asking Angela questions and making comments that make her seem excited and apprehensive; when she sees that Booth is happy with the news, she also seems overjoyed. This reflects her earlier desire to become a mother, circa season 4, as well as her desire that Booth be the father of the baby.

text: In the Season 8 episode "The Shot in the Dark", Brennan is shot while working in the lab late at night.  While undergoing emergency surgery, she experiences a vision of meeting with her deceased mother, Christine Brennan.  Initially dismissing this as a hallucination, Brennan experiences several more visions throughout the episode. During these discussions, it's revealed that Brennan's hyper rationalization originates from the very last piece of advice her mother gave to her (before going on the run) which was to use her brain instead of her heart.  While that advice enabled Brennan to survive all these years, the vision of her mother explains, it's now time for Brennan to do more than just survive.

text: Since entering a relationship with and marrying Booth and then having children, the character has undergone development personally and is shown to be a caring wife and protective mother. She would often put aside her own atheistic views and uses her hyper-rationality to justify Booth's religious beliefs, as shown in season 8 where she references the Bible in order to persuade Booth to forgive his mother[38] and in the season finale where she agrees to a church wedding, rationalizing that she could appreciate the "beauty" of the ceremony and its significance to Booth.[39]

text: Relationships[edit]

text: Brennan has had a number of relatively short relationships, including an ill-fated date with a man who turned out to be a murderer[40] and the re-kindling of a romance with her former thesis supervisor.  She has stated that although she does not always feel the need for a committed emotional relationship, she has engaged in casual relationships to "satisfy biological urges".[41]  In one episode, she was spending time with two men, one for his intelligence and the other for his sexual skills.[42] In Season 5, episode "The Plain in the Prodigy", she tells Booth she lost her virginity at the age of 22 and when asked why she waited so long, she said it was because the decision was "important to her". FBI psychologist Lance Sweets postulates in a number of episodes that Brennan's apprehension over having relationships is largely due in part to the abandonment and abuse she experienced as a teenager after her parents disappeared. It is said that she "hides" herself behind a front of hyper-rationalism and she always keeps people at arms' length, except for those closest to her (namely FBI partner Seeley Booth and best friend Angela Montenegro). After much character growth, Temperance Brennan is now married to her principal love interest of the series Seeley Booth, and they have a daughter (Season 7) and a son together.

text: Seeley Booth[edit]

text: FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth is Brennan's husband and partner, and the principal liaison between the Jeffersonian and law enforcement agencies. Prior to their marriage, he is also Brennan's principal love interest throughout the series. Although his working style initially clashed with Brennan's,[5] they have since become full-fledged partners.  Their compatibility has become one of the central points of the show, with many new characters mistaking them for a couple and co-workers, especially Angela, constantly speculating that they were "more than partners".[22] Booth and Brennan have repeatedly risked their safety to save each other, including when Booth took a bullet meant for Brennan.[23]  After Booth rescues Brennan from the corrupt Agent Kenton, Booth lifts her off the hook she was hung on by putting her tied hands around his neck even though he himself was severely injured.[43] In "Two Bodies in the Lab", in season 1, and in "The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle", in season 5, Brennan and Booth's mutual love for Foreigner's Hot Blooded is mentioned; Booth even refers to it as 'their song' in "The Rocker in the Rinse Cycle". Brennan once commented to Dr. Gordon Wyatt (Stephen Fry) that she "[couldn't] think of anything [she] wouldn't do to help Booth."[44] Brennan's novels are also dedicated to him and the character Special Agent Andy Lister is based on him even though she still denies it.

text: Initially Brennan was mostly dismissive of Booth due to their opposing worldviews and work styles – which is a source of friction and banter between them. Although she refused to admit it at first, Brennan enjoyed working with him from the beginning, even after their falling out when Booth got her drunk and "fired" her, and, in Season 1, she cajoled him into launching an investigation after finding three bone fragments on a golf course so he could work with the Jeffersonian team on the case despite the fact that the FBI technically had no jurisdiction.[13] She often unknowingly offends him on a number of occasions during the first few seasons with her tactlessness, only realizing after being gently admonished by Angela or another member of the team.[45][46][47] She comes to admire his ability to connect with people and read behavioral cues when interrogating suspects after coming to terms with her own lack of social skills. After finding out about his abusive childhood and haunted past in the Army, she also begins to respect him as a person. Booth, who is particularly taciturn in revealing emotions or speaking about his past, begins to open up to and confide in her. Since entering a relationship with (and eventually marrying) Booth, she is shown to be extremely supportive of him,[48][49][50] even at the expense of her friendship with Angela.[19] Additionally, she put aside her own misgivings several times for Booth's benefit; for example, she agrees to have Christine christened into the Catholic church and referenced the Bible when trying to talk Booth into forgiving his mother.

text: Brennan acquired the nickname "Bones" from Booth. She initially disliked it but comes to regard it with affection. Booth and his son Parker are the only characters in the show she permits to use it and the former rarely addresses her by her first name or "Tempe".

text: In Season 2 Brennan shot and killed a person for the first time while working on a string of murders connected to serial killer Howard Epps. She was forced to pull the trigger after Epps' accomplice attacked and injured Booth with a pipe. At the end of the episode she confides in Booth of her conflicted feelings and finds comfort in the fact that Booth understood how she felt.[51]

text: The relationship between Brennan and Booth has often become strained when either partner has a significant other. For example, Booth was quite irritable when Brennan dated Agent Sully,[52] and their relationship was also strained when Booth's brother Jared was showing an interest in Brennan. Brennan constantly needled Booth while he was dating Tessa.

text: When Brennan decided that she wanted to have a baby, she asked Booth if he would be the sperm donor. He agrees to Brennan's request at first, but subsequently struggles with the thought of not being involved in the life of his prospective child. Eventually he tells Brennan he cannot let her have his child if he is not allowed to be a father to it. Soon thereafter, it is discovered that he has a (benign) brain tumour.[53] He has to undergo surgery, and though the surgery is successful, a poor reaction to anesthesia left him in a coma for several days. While in his coma, Brennan reads to him from her new novel, and he has an elaborate dream in which Brennan is his wife and that she is pregnant, and that the staff at the Jeffersonian play the characters in the novel. When he awakens, he initially suffers from amnesia, not recognizing Brennan.[54][55]

text: Although for the majority of the series Booth and Brennan denied that their relationship was anything more than friendly professionalism, they admitted to Dr. Sweets that they kissed and nearly spent the night together after their very first case together. After this discussion, Booth attempted to convince Brennan to give a relationship a try. However, she declined, telling him that she, unlike him, is not a gambler, and isn't able to take that kind of a chance.[6] They have subsequently attempted to date other people,[56] although the fact that Booth once comments that he regards Brennan as his "standard" for other women suggests that he, at least, has not completely moved on. Brennan does admit to her best friend Angela Montenegro that as time has gone on, she is unsure if she wants to keep doing consulting work for the FBI, citing that she is tired of murderers and victims, and is constantly worried that something will happen to Booth and she will be unable to save him. In the climax of Season Five, Brennan and Booth part ways for a year – he goes to Afghanistan while she leaves for the Maluku Islands in Indonesia – but they promise to meet, one year from that day, at the Lincoln Memorial.[37]

text: In the beginning of season six (7 months later), they reunite in the stated place. Booth came back from Afghanistan, along with everyone else from various places, to help save Cam's job. They all decided to stay. Booth has a serious new girlfriend, Hannah, and despite the hints of her colleagues at Brennan's unconscious jealousy of their relationship, she vehemently denies feeling uncomfortable with the new situation. Through subsequent episodes her jealousy and resentfulness began becoming more apparent as Hannah and Booth started becoming more serious. In the episode "The Doctor in the Photo", Brennan realizes she is in love with Booth and confronts him, but she is let down when Booth says that he loves Hannah and she is not a "consolation prize", prompting Brennan to conclude that she has missed her chance, later reflecting that she should move on. In episode 10 of the sixth season "The Body in the Bag", Booth tells his girlfriend about the incident, stating that it (his love for Temperance) was all in the past and whatever he felt, he does not feel it anymore, except for Hannah. However it was clear in the following episode that he still has feelings for Brennan.

text: Despite her apparent resolve to move on, Brennan later showed sorrow when her father noted that he always thought she and Booth would end up together. During a subsequent case involving a polygamist who would spend the night with his first wife on the night he was scheduled to sleep alone, Booth commented that, while you can love several people, there is only ever one person you love the most, prompting Brennan to ask what happens when you push that person away, something Booth answered saying that it never truly leaves, adding further weight to the implication that he still has feelings for Brennan. Following Hannah's departure, the two have begun to reconnect, to the point that, during a case that saw the two trapped in an elevator during a blackout for several hours, Booth and Brennan admitted that they are each interested in a relationship, but require more time to sort out their own feelings before they make such a commitment.

text: In episode 22 of season 6, "The Hole in the Heart", which saw the death of Vincent Nigel-Murray (Brennan's favorite intern) at the hands of renegade sniper Jacob Broadsky, Booth has Brennan stay at his apartment for her safety.  Later that night, Brennan, still overcome with shock and grief over Vincent's death, goes into Booth's bedroom and they talk about the events of that day, and then allows Booth to hold her in bed. It is implied in the following day that they had sex.  In the last scene of the season 6 finale, "The Change in the Game", after the birth of Angela and Hodgins' son, Brennan tells Booth that she is pregnant and that he is the father.

text: At the start of Season 7, a very pregnant Brennan and Booth are a couple but are going back and forth between apartments. Booth suggests that they should have their own place, whereas Brennan wants Booth to move into her apartment. It causes a minor rift between them, but is resolved when Booth admits why he wants to move into a new house and Brennan having some time to think over it says it's a good idea because she'd need him practically, emotionally and sexually. In episode 6, "The Crack in the Code," they decide to buy a two-story house in the suburbs—which they jokingly called "The Mighty Hut"—that Booth found at a police auction and renovate it, (according to a mailed check sent to Brennan in "The Heiress in the Hill", in season 9, the "Mighty Hut"'s address is "1297 Janus Street, Washington DC, 20002").  In episode 7, "The Prisoner in the Pipe", Brennan goes into labor inside a prison just as she discovers who killed in an inmate there and Booth rushes her out with the intention to take her to the nearest hospital, but they both know she won't make it in time. This leads them to driving to an inn close to the prison. At first, they are rejected and are told to leave, but after some desperate pleading from an agonized Brennan, the two of them are led to a stall where she gives birth to their daughter, Christine Angela Booth (named after Temperance's mother, Christine Brennan, and Temperance's best friend Angela Montenegro). Some time after the delivery, Temperance and Seeley both go back to their home where they celebrate with their friends from the Jeffersonian, who brought dinners that would last a few nights as well as a few baby supplies. In "The Past in the Present", Brennan becomes the prime suspect in the murder of her schizophrenic friend, Ethan Sawyer, after supposedly threatening to kill Christine. Max advises Brennan to get off the grid and go into hiding, but she and Booth do not follow up at this suggestion. However, at the end of the episode, after Christine is christened in a Catholic church, it is revealed Brennan decided to take her father's advice and flee with her daughter until her name is cleared. Just before Brennan flees town with Christine, she tells Booth she loves him and not just because of their daughter. After she is cleared of Sawyer's murder, Brennan, Booth and Christine resume their family life.

text: At the end of Season 8, Brennan finally decides to marry Booth. However, their plans are ruined when a vengeful Christopher Pelant blackmails Booth, threatening to kill five random people if Booth marries Brennan. Booth calls off the wedding, but does not explain the real reason to Brennan.  Brennan is devastated but pretends to be fine with this.[57][58] In the season 9 premiere, Brennan fears that since Booth turned down her proposal, she fears that the love from their life is fading. After talking with bartender Aldo Clemens, a former priest and Army chaplain Booth confessed to, she realizes that it was uncharacteristic for Booth to suddenly cancel the wedding as he believed in marriage and that he likely had a legitimate reason to do so. Despite her colleagues' anger at Booth, she decides to stay with him, telling him that she understands that he has his reasons and has faith that he will resolve the issue. In the episode 4, "The Sense in the Sacrifice", after Booth singlehandedly tracks Pelant down through an abandoned building and kills him with a single gunshot, he reveals to her that Pelant had blackmailed him. Pelant had threatened to kill five innocent people if Booth continued with the wedding or went to the police or FBI. At the end of the episode he proposes and she happily accepts; unknown to them, Caroline, Angela and Hodgins witnessed it via the security cameras. In "The Woman in White", Booth and Brennan marry at a small garden ceremony outside the Jeffersonian.

text: Their infant son Hank Jr. (named after Booth's grandfather) was born off-screen sometime after season 10 and before the beginning of season 11.

text: Tim "Sully" Sullivan[edit]

text:
Brennan had a brief relationship with FBI Agent Tim Sullivan (Eddie McClintock), also known as Sully, whom she met while on a case when Booth was in therapy due to his grief-induced rage over his self-perceived role in the death of serial killer Howard Epps. Sully asked Dr. Brennan out on a date after their case was completed, and they began a relationship.[52]
Their relationship ended, however, when Sully decided to sail a boat down to the Caribbean, and Brennan declined to leave the Jeffersonian to go with him despite Angela trying to persuade her to follow him;[29] psychiatrist Doctor Gordon Wyatt (Stephen Fry) speculated that this was due to Brennan being unable to live a life without purpose.
Despite Dr. Wyatt's original perception as to why she stayed, there exist strong indications, especially through Angela's observations of the situation, that the real reason she stayed was because of Booth. Sully returns in Season 12.


document_title: Hip bone

question_text: where do the ilium the ischium and the pubis meet

text: Hip bone

text: Structure[edit]

text:
The hip bone is formed by three parts: ilium, ischium, and pubis.  At birth, these three components are separated by hyaline cartilage. They join each other in a Y-shaped portion of cartilage in the acetabulum. By the end of puberty the three regions will have fused together, and by the age of 25 they will have ossified.
The two hip bones join each other at the pubic symphysis. Together with the sacrum and coccyx, the hip bones form the pelvis.[2]

text: Ilium[edit]

text: Ilium (plural ilia) is the uppermost and largest region. It makes up two fifths of the acetabulum. It is divisible into two parts: the body and the ala or wing of ilium; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the acetabulum. The body of ilium forms the sacroiliac joint with the sacrum. The edge of the wing of ilium forms the S-shaped iliac crest which is easily located through the skin. The iliac crest shows clear marks of the attachment of the three abdominal wall muscles.[2]

text: Ischium[edit]

text: The ischium forms the lower and back part of the hip bone and is located below the ilium and behind the pubis. The ischium is the strongest of the three regions that form the hip bone. It is divisible into three portions: the body, the superior ramus, and the inferior ramus. The body forms approximately one-third of the acetabulum.

text: The ischium forms a large swelling, the tuberosity of the ischium, also referred to colloquially as the "sit bone". When sitting, the weight is frequently placed upon the ischial tuberosity. The gluteus maximus covers it in the upright posture, but leaves it free in the seated position.[2]

text: Pubis[edit]

text: The pubic region or pubis is the ventral and anterior of the three parts forming the hip bone. It is divisible into a body, a superior ramus, and an inferior ramus. The body forms one-fifth of the acetabulum. The body forms the wide, strong, medial and flat portion of the pubic bone which unites with the other pubic bone in the pubic symphysis.[2] The fibrocartilaginous pad which lies between the symphysial surfaces of the coxal bones, that secures the pubic symphysis, is called the interpubic disc.

text: Pelvic Brim[edit]

text: Is a continuous oval ridge of bone that runs along the pubic symphysis, pubic crests, arcuate lines, sacral alae, and sacral promontory. (J Bridges)

text: False Pelvis[edit]

text:
False Pelvis- Is that portion superior to the pelvic brim; it is bounded by the alae of the ilia laterally and the sacral promontory and lumbar vertebrae posteriorly. (J Bridges)
True Pelvis- is the region inferior to the pelvic brim that is almost entirely surrounded by bone. (J Bridges)
Pelvic Inlet-  Is the opening delineated by the pelvic brim. The widest dimension of the pelvic inlet is from left to right, that is, along the frontal plane. (J Bridges)
Pelvic Outlet- Is the margin of the true pelvis. It is bounded anteriorly by the pubic arch, laterally by the ischia, and posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx. (J Bridges)

text: The superior pubic ramus is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator foramen. It extends from the body to the median plane where it articulates with its fellow of the opposite side. It is conveniently described in two portions: a medial flattened part and a narrow lateral prismoid portion.

text: The inferior pubic ramus is thin and flat. It passes laterally and downward from the medial end of the superior ramus. It becomes narrower as it descends and joins with the inferior ramus of the ischium below the obturator foramen.

text: Development[edit]

text: The hip bone is ossified from eight centers: three primary, one each for the ilium, ischium, and pubis, and five secondary, one each for the iliac crest, the anterior inferior spine (said to occur more frequently in the male than in the female), the tuberosity of the ischium, the pubic symphysis (more frequent in the female than in the male), and one or more for the Y-shaped piece at the bottom of the acetabulum. The centers appear in the following order: in the lower part of the ilium, immediately above the greater sciatic notch, about the eighth or ninth week of fetal life; in the superior ramus of the ischium, about the third month; in the superior ramus of the pubis, between the fourth and fifth months. At birth, the three primary centers are quite separate, the crest, the bottom of the acetabulum, the ischial tuberosity, and the inferior rami of the ischium and pubis being still cartilaginous. By the seventh or eighth year, the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium are almost completely united by bone. About the thirteenth or fourteenth year, the three primary centers have extended their growth into the bottom of the acetabulum, and are there separated from each other by a Y-shaped portion of cartilage, which now presents traces of ossification, often by two or more centers. One of these, the os acetabuli, appears about the age of twelve, between the ilium and pubis, and fuses with them about the age of eighteen; it forms the pubic part of the acetabulum. The ilium and ischium then become joined, and lastly the pubis and ischium, through the intervention of this Y-shaped portion. At about the age of puberty, ossification takes place in each of the remaining portions, and they join with the rest of the bone between the twentieth and twenty-fifth years. Separate centers are frequently found for the pubic tubercle and the ischial spine, and for the crest and angle of the pubis.

text: Function[edit]

text: Muscle attachment[edit]

text: Several muscles attach to the hip bone including the internal muscles of the pelvic, abdominal muscles, back muscles, all the gluteal muscles, muscles of the lateral rotator group, hamstring muscles, two muscles from the anterior compartment of the thigh and even a single shoulder muscle.

text: Abdominal muscles

text:
The abdominal external oblique muscle attaches to the iliac crest.
The abdominal internal oblique muscle attaches to pecten pubis.
The transversus abdominis muscle attaches to the pubic crest and pecten pubis via a conjoint tendon

tag: ul

text: Back muscles

text: The multifidus muscle in the sacral region attaches to the medial surface of posterior superior iliac spine, the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and several places to the sacrum.

text: Gluteal muscles

text:
The gluteus maximus muscle arises from the posterior gluteal line of the inner upper ilium, and the rough portion of bone including the iliac crest, the fascia covering the gluteus medius (gluteal aponeurosis), as well as the sacrum, coccyx, the erector spinae (lumbodorsal fascia), the sacrotuberous ligament.
The gluteus medius muscle: originates on the outer surface of the ilium between the iliac crest and the posterior gluteal line above, and the anterior gluteal line below. The gluteus medius also originates from the gluteal aponeurosis that covers its outer surface.
Gluteus minimus muscle originates between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines, and from the margin of the greater sciatic notch.

text: Lateral rotator group

text:
The piriformis muscle originates from the superior margin of the greater sciatic notch (as well as the sacroiliac joint capsule and the sacrotuberous ligament and  part of the spine and sacrum.
The superior gemellus muscle arises from the outer surface of the ischial spine
The obturator internus muscle arises from the inner surface of the antero-lateral wall of the hip bone, where it surrounds the greater part of the obturator foramen, being attached to the inferior rami of the pubis and ischium, and at the side to the inner surface of the hip bone below and behind the pelvic brim, reaching from the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen above and behind to the obturator foramen below and in front. It also arises from the pelvic surface of the obturator membrane except in the posterior part, from the tendinous arch, and to a slight extent from the obturator fascia, which covers the muscle.
The inferior gemellus muscle arises from the upper part of the tuberosity of the ischium, immediately below the groove for the obturator internus tendon.
The obturator externus muscle arises from the margin of bone immediately around the medial side of the obturator foramen, from the rami of the pubis, and the inferior ramus of the ischium; it also arises from the medial two-thirds of the outer surface of the obturator membrane, and from the tendinous arch.

text: Hamstrings

text:
The long head biceps femoris arises from the lower and inner impression on the back part of the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the semitendinosus, and from the lower part of the sacrotuberous ligament;[3]
The semitendinosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium, by a tendon common to it and the long head of the biceps femoris; it also arises from an aponeurosis which connects the adjacent surfaces of the two muscles to the extent of about 7.5 cm. from their origin.
The semimembranosus arises from the lower and medial impression on the tuberosity of the ischium

text: Anterior compartment of thigh

text:
The rectus femoris muscle arises by two tendons: one, the anterior or straight, from the anterior inferior iliac spine; the other, the posterior or reflected, from a groove above the rim of the acetabulum.
The sartorius muscle arises by tendinous fibres from the anterior superior iliac spine,

text: Shoulder muscles

text: The latissimus dorsi muscle attaches to the iliac crest and several places on the spine and ribs.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The proportions of the female hip bone may affect the ease of passage of the baby during childbirth. Pelvimetry is the assessment of the female pelvis[4] in relation to the birth of a baby in order to detect an increased risk for obstructed labor.

text: Fractures[edit]

text: Fractures of the hip bone are termed pelvic fractures, and should not be confused with hip fractures, which are actually femoral fractures[5] that occur in the proximal end of the femur.

text: In animals[edit]

text: The hip bone first appears in fishes, where it consists of a simple, usually triangular bone, to which the pelvic fin articulates. The hip bones on each side usually connect with each other at the forward end, and are even solidly fused in lungfishes and sharks, but they never attach to the vertebral column.[6]

text: In the early tetrapods, this early hip bone evolved to become the ischium and pubis, while the ilium formed as a new structure, initially somewhat rod-like in form, but soon adding a larger bony blade. The acetabulum is already present at the point where the three bones meet. In these early forms, the connection with the vertebral column is not complete, with a small pair of ribs connecting the two structures; nonetheless the pelvis already forms the complete ring found in most subsequent forms.[6]

text: In practice, modern amphibians and reptiles have substantially modified this ancestral structure, based on their varied forms and lifestyles. The obturator foramen is generally very small in such animals, although most reptiles do possess a large gap between the pubis and ischium, referred to as the thyroid fenestra, which presents a similar appearance to the obturator foramen in mammals. In birds, the pubic symphysis is present only in the ostrich, and the two hip bones are usually widely separated, making it easier to lay large eggs.[6]

text: In therapsids, the hip bone came to rotate counter-clockwise, relatives to its position in reptiles, so that the ilium moved forward, and the pubis and ischium moved to the rear. The same pattern is seen in all modern mammals, and the thyroid fenestra and obturator foramen have merged to form a single space. The ilium is typically narrow and triangular in mammals, but is much larger in ungulates and humans, in which it anchors powerful gluteal muscles. Monotremes and marsupials also possess a fourth pair of bones, the prepubes or "marsupial bones", which extend forward from the pubes, and help to support the abdominal muscles and, in marsupials, the pouch. In placental mammals, the pelvis as a whole is generally wider in females than in males, to allow for the birth of the young.[6]

text: The pelvic bones of cetaceans were formerly considered to be vestigial, but they are now known to play a role in sexual selection.[7]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Female pelvis.

Position of the hip bones (shown in red). Animation.

Right hip bone. Animation.

Right hip bone. External surface.

Right hip bone. Internal surface.

Left hip-joint, opened by removing the floor of the acetabulum from within the pelvis.

Hip bone.Medial view.

Hip bone. Lateral view.


document_title: Pak'nSave

question_text: who is the founder of pak n save

question_tokens: who is the founder of pak n save

text: Pak'nSave

text: History[edit]

text: Pak'nSave was developed following a trip by a group of Foodstuffs executives to the United States in 1985. On that visit they saw Cub Foods, operated by SuperValu, Pak 'n Save operated by Safeway, and other box warehouse supermarkets. Foodstuffs then copied this format in New Zealand. The original Pak'nSave format was almost an identical copy of Safeway's Pak 'n Save chain in northern California.

text: The first store, styled "PAK 'N SAVE",[3] opened in June 1985 at Kaitaia in the North Island.[3]

text: Operations[edit]

text: As of September 2017, there were 57 Pak'nSave stores across New Zealand.[4]

text: The name probably originates from the cost-saving practice of leaving customers to pack their own groceries, with checkout operators simply placing the products purchased back into a trolley. Pak'nSave provides the cardboard boxes used for shipping products to the store, or plastic supermarket bags can be purchased at the checkout for 10 cents. Customers are encouraged to purchase longer-lasting bags or to bring their own.

text: The stores are laid out as supermarket aisles, but with minimalistic design, and often perpendicular to the checkout lanes rather than the traditional parallel found in other New Zealand supermarkets and retailers. Extra products that are not on shelves are stacked above the shelves on the pallets they were delivered in. meaning that the floor space can be used for retail and storage. The stores are supplied daily from their co-operative distributor Foodstuffs.

text: Pak'nSave stores often buys stock in bulk. This process means that stores don't offer a wide variety of brands and pack sizes as full-service supermarkets, with products often restricted to market leaders and store brands. A 2009 Consumer magazine survey noticed the lack of range especially in the pet food and toilet paper categories.[5]

text: Most stores have self checkout and some have self scanning facilities. Self-checkout facilities are small checkout for express (15 items or less) purchases, where customers scan and bag their own groceries, with several self-checkouts monitored over by a single staff member for assistance and to clear any restricted transactions (e.g. alcohol). Self-scanning facilities (Shop n' Go) are where a pre-registered customer scans each item with a hand-held scanner as they put them in their trolley. This reduces waiting time at the checkout, with most customers only requiring to pay for the groceries, although random rescans do take place. All stores have conventional checkout operator scanning available.

text: Competition[edit]

text: Pak'nSave's main competitors are Countdown, owned by Progressive Enterprises, and Foodstuffs' full-service supermarket, New World.

text: In the annual Consumer magazine survey of supermarket prices, Pak'nSave has been named the country's cheapest supermarket (either unanimously or by majority of centres surveyed) in all eleven surveys since the current survey methodology was adopted in 2003. The latest survey was conducted in May 2013, which was based on the purchase of forty common products, including food, non-alcoholic drinks, personal care and cleaning items (but excluding meat, fresh fruit and vegetables due to quality comparison issues and alcohol due to local licensing rules and heavy discounting practises). In the survey, Pak'nSave was named cheapest in six of the seven centres surveyed (north Auckland, south-east Auckland, Tauranga, Napier-Hastings, Christchurch and Dunedin), and was named second-cheapest in the remaining centre (Wellington) behind Countdown.[6]

text: Pak'nSave also came out the cheapest supermarkets in the 2001 and 2002 Consumer magazine surveys. These surveys were paper surveys where prices on 140 items were recorded by surveyors visiting the supermarket and recording the shelf prices. However, the method was prone to supermarkets cheating by temporarily marking down shelf prices while the surveyor was in store, and the method was scrapped in 2003.[7] Since then, the survey is conducted on only forty items, purchased by undercover surveyors through the checkouts and the prices taken from the till receipt, with the food purchased donated to local food banks.

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Pak'nSave is well known for its "cut price" television and print adverts utilising a stick figure, named "Stickman", in black on a yellow background (occasionally, the colour scheme is reversed, including during the 2011 Rugby World Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics). The television adverts are voiced by comedian Paul Ego.[8]

text: In 2011, the Stickman adverts were one of the finalists for Best Ad in the annual Fair Go Ad Awards, but ultimately lost (by landslide) to the New Zealand Lotteries Commission's "Wilson the Dog" adverts.[9]

text: Fuel discounts[edit]

text: Pak'nSave offers fuel discounts to shoppers for spending a qualifying amount on shopping. Pak'nSave stores with on-site Pak'nSave fuel filling stations offer vouchers to use at these stations. The Pak'nSave fuel vouchers are unique in that they can only be used at the fuel site associated with the store of purchase, whereas all other New Zealand supermarkets' fuel discount vouchers operate at any participating station across the country. Stores without on-site Pak'nSave fuel filling stations offer vouchers for use at Mobil service stations (before January 2013, the vouchers were accepted at Mobil instead). Competition for fuel discounts has grown in the past few years, with cases of offering discounts of 50 cents per litre to customers when they spend at least $400 in store. The standard fuel price at the Pak'nSave pump can often be higher than that of neighbouring service stations, thereby partially negating the Pak'nSave discount.

text: Fuel sites[edit]

text: In December 2002, the first Pak'nSave fuel site was opened at the Pak'nSave in Tamatea. It was originally owned by BP New Zealand and Foodstuffs. More fuel sites were opened in more Pak'nSave stores and New World joined for the fuel sites later. In 2012, when BP New Zealand ended its contract with Foodstuffs, they changed ownership to Mobil and Foodstuffs.[citation needed]

text: Fundraising[edit]

text: In November 2015 Pak'nSave stores around New Zealand participated in the annual Movember fundraising effort, raising NZ$106,000 for Movember New Zealand. This was the largest sum ever raised by a New Zealand company for the charity.[10]