document_title: Japanese pagoda

question_text: the reason japanese pagoda roofs decline in size is

text: Japanese pagoda

text: History[edit]

text: The stupa was originally a simple mound containing the Buddha's ashes which in time became more elaborate, while its finial grew proportionally larger.[2] After reaching China, the stupa met the Chinese watchtower and evolved into the pagoda, a tower with an odd number of storeys.[note 1] Its use then spread to Korea and, from there, to Japan. Following its arrival in Japan together with Buddhism in the 6th century, the pagoda became one of the focal points of the early Japanese garan.[note 2] In Japan it evolved in shape, size and function, finally losing its original role as a reliquary.[5] It also became extremely common, while on the Asian continent it is rare.[6]

text: With the birth of new sects in later centuries, the pagoda lost importance and was consequently relegated to the margins of the garan. Temples of the Jōdo sects rarely have a pagoda.[2] During the Kamakura period the Zen sect arrived in Japan and their temples do not normally include a pagoda.

text: Pagodas originally were reliquaries and did not contain sacred images, but in Japan many, for example Hōryū-ji's five-storied pagoda, enshrine statues of various deities.[5] To allow the opening of a room at the ground floor and therefore create some usable space, the pagoda's central shaft, which originally reached the ground, was shortened to the upper stories, where it rested on supporting beams.[5] In that room are enshrined statues of the temple's main objects of worship. Inside Shingon pagodas there can be paintings of deities called Shingon Hasso (真言八祖); on the ceiling and on the central shaft there can be decorations and paintings.[5]

text: Design and structure evolution[edit]

text: The edge of a pagoda's eaves forms a straight line, with each following edge being shorter than the other. The more difference in length (a parameter called teigen (逓減, gradual diminution) in Japanese) between stories, the more solid and secure the pagoda seems to be. Both teigen and the finial are greater in older pagodas, giving them a sense of solidity.[5] Vice versa, recent pagodas tend to be steeper and have shorter finials, creating svelter silhouettes.

text: From the structural point of view, old pagodas had a stone base (心礎, shinso) over which stood the main pillar (心柱, shinbashira). Around it would be erected the first story's supporting pillars, then the beams supporting the eaves and so on. The other stories would be built over the completed one, and on top of the main pillar would at last be inserted the finial.[5] In later eras, all of the supporting structures would be erected at once, and later to them were fixed parts of more cosmetic function.[5]

text: Early pagodas had a central pillar that penetrated deep into the ground. With the evolution of architectural techniques, it was first put to rest on a base stone at ground level, then it was shortened and put to rest on beams at the second story to allow the opening of a room.[2][5]

text: Their role within the temple declined gradually while they were being functionally replaced by main halls (kondō). Originally the centerpiece of the Shingon and Tendai garan, they were moved later to its edges and finally abandoned, in particular by the Zen sects, the last to appear in Japan.

text: Loss of importance of the pagoda within the garan[edit]

text: Because of the relics they contained, wooden pagodas used to be the centerpiece of the garan, the seven edifices considered indispensable for a temple.[7] They gradually lost importance and were replaced by the kondō (golden hall), because of the magic powers believed to lie within the images the building housed. This loss of status was so complete that Zen schools, which arrived late in Japan from China, normally do not have any pagoda in their garan. The layout of four early temples clearly illustrates this trend: they are in chronological order Asuka-dera, Shitennō-ji, Hōryū-ji, and Yakushi-ji.[7] In the first, the pagoda was at the very center of the garan surrounded by three small kondō (see the reconstruction of the temple's original layout). In the second, a single kondō is at the center of the temple and the pagoda lies in front of it. At Hōryū-ji, they are one next to the other. Yakushi-ji has a single, large kondō at the center with two pagodas on the sides. The same evolution can be observed in Buddhist temples in China.

text: Stone pagodas[edit]

text: Stone pagodas (sekitō) are usually made of materials like apatite or granite, are much smaller than wooden ones and are finely carved.[5] Often they bear sanskrit inscriptions, Buddhist figurines and Japanese lunar calendar dates nengō. Like wooden ones, they are mostly classifiable on the basis of the number of stories as tasōtō or hōtō, but there are however some styles hardly ever seen in wood, namely the gorintō, the muhōtō, the hōkyōintō and the kasatōba.[8]

text: Tasōtō or tajūtō[edit]

text: With a few very rare exceptions, tasōtō (also called tajūtō) have an odd number of stories, normally comprised between three and thirteen.[9] They are usually less than three meters tall, but they can occasionally be much taller. The tallest still extant is a 13-story pagoda at Hannya-ji in Nara, which is 14.12 m. They are often dedicated to Buddha and offer no usable room, but some have a small space inside which holds a sacred image.[8] In the oldest extant specimen, while the edge of each story are parallel to the ground, each successive story is smaller than the next, resulting in a strongly slanted curve. More modern tasōtō tend to have a less pronounced curve.

text: Media related to tasōtō at Wikimedia Commons

text: Hōtō[edit]

text: A hōtō (宝塔, lit. jewel stupa) is a pagoda consisting of four parts: a low foundation stone, a cylindrical body with a rounded top, a four-sided roof and a finial.[10] Unlike the similar tahōtō (see section below) it has no enclosed pent roof (mokoshi) around its circular core.[5] Like the  tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai.  The hōtō was born during the early Heian period, when the Tendai and Shingon sects first arrived in Japan. Indeed, because it does not exist on the Asian continent, it is believed to have been invented in Japan.[5]

text: There used to exist full-size hōtō, but almost only miniature ones survive, normally made of stone and/or metal.[10]

text: Media related to hōtō at Wikimedia Commons

text: Gorintō[edit]

text: The gorintō (五輪塔, lit. five ring tower) is a pagoda found almost only in Japan and believed to have been first adopted by the Shingon and Tendai sects during the mid Heian period.[11]  It is used as a tomb marker or as a cenotaph, and is therefore a common sight in Buddhist temples and cemeteries. It is also called gorinsotōba (五輪卒塔婆) ("five-ringed stupa") or goringedatsu (五輪解脱), where the term sotoba is a transliteration of the Sanskrit word stupa.[1]

text: In all its variations, the gorintō is made of five blocks (although that number can sometimes be difficult to detect), each having one of the five shapes which symbolize of the Five Elements believed to be the basic building blocks of reality: earth (cube), water (sphere), fire (pyramid), air (crescent), and ether, energy, or void (lotus).[11] The last two rings (air and ether) are visually and conceptually united into a single subgroup.

text: Media related to gorintō at Wikimedia Commons

text: Hōkyōintō[edit]

text: The hōkyōintō (宝篋印塔) is a large stone pagoda so called because it originally contained the Hōkyōin (宝篋印) dharani (陀羅尼) sūtra.[1] It was originally used as a cenotaph for the King of Wuyue - Qian Liu in China.[1]

text: The hōkyōintō tradition in Japan is believed to have begun during the Asuka period (550–710 CE).[12] They used to be made of wood and started to be made in stone only during the Kamakura period.[12] It is also during this period that they started to be used as tombstones and cenotaphs.[12]  The hōkyōintō started to be made in its present form during the Kamakura period.[1] Like a gorintō, it is divided in five main sections representing the five elements of Japanese cosmology.[5] The sūtra it sometimes hides contain all the pious deeds of a Tathagata Buddha, and the faithful believe that, by praying in front of the hōkyōintō, their sins will be canceled, during their lives they will be protected from disasters and after death they will go to heaven.[12]

text: Media related to hōkyōintō at Wikimedia Commons

text: Muhōtō or rantō[edit]

text: The muhōtō (無縫塔, lit. no stitch tower) or rantō (卵塔, lit. egg tower) is a pagoda which usually marks the gravesite of a Buddhist priest. It was originally used by just the Zen schools, but it was later adopted by the others too.[13]  Its characteristic egg-shaped upper portion is supposed to be a phallic symbol.

text: Media related to muhōtō at Wikimedia Commons

text: Kasatōba[edit]

text: A kasatōba (笠塔婆, umbrella stupa) (see photo in the gallery below) is simply a square stone post placed over a square base and covered by a pyramidal roof. Over the roof stand a bowl-shaped stone and a lotus-shaped stone. The shaft can be carved with Sanskrit words or low-relief images of Buddhist gods. Within the shaft there can be stone wheels which allow the faithful to turn the stupa around while praying as with a prayer wheel.[14]

text: Media related to kasatōba at Wikimedia Commons

text: Sōrintō[edit]

text: The sōrintō (相輪橖) is a type of small pagoda consisting just of a pole and a sōrin.

text: Wooden pagodas[edit]

text: Tasōtō[edit]

text: Wooden tasōtō are pagodas with an odd number of stories. Some may appear to have an even number because of the presence between stories of purely decorative enclosed pent roofs called mokoshi[note 3] A famous example is Yakushi-ji's eastern pagoda (see photo to the left), which seems to have six stories but has in fact only three. Another is the tahōtō (see below), which has a single story, plus a mokoshi under its roof, and seems therefore to have two stories.[note 4] There existed specimen with seven or nine stories, but all extant ones have either three (and are therefore called sanjū-no-tō (三重塔, lit. three-storied pagoda)) or five (and are called gojū-no-tō (五重塔, lit. five-storied pagoda).[5]（Tanzan Jinja in Sakurai, Nara, has a pagoda having thirteen, which however for structural reasons is classified separately, and is not considered a tasōtō.)[5] The oldest three-storied pagoda stands at Nara's Hokki-ji and was built between 685 and 706.[5] The oldest extant five-storied pagoda belongs to Hōryū-ji and was built some time during the Asuka period (538 -710).  The tallest wooden tasōtō belongs to Tō-ji, Kyoto. It has five stories and is 54 m tall.

text: Hōtō[edit]

text: A wooden hōtō is a rare type of pagoda consisting of four parts: a low foundation stone, a cylindrical body with a rounded top, a pyramidal roof and a finial.[10] Unlike the similar tahōtō (see section below) it has no square enclosed pent roof (mokoshi) around its cylindrical core.[5] Like the  tahōtō it takes its name from Buddhist deity Tahō Nyorai.  The hōtō was born during the early Heian period, when the Tendai and Shingon Buddhist sects first arrived in Japan.

text: There used to be many full-size hōtō, but almost only miniature ones survive, normally made of stone and/or metal. A good example of full-size hōtō can be seen at Ikegami Honmon-ji in Nishi-magome, Tokyo. The pagoda is 17.4 meter tall and 5.7 meter wide.[10]

text: Tahōtō[edit]

text: The tahōtō is a type of wooden pagoda unique for having an even number of stories (two), the first square with a rounded core, the second circular. This style of tō was created surrounding the cylindrical base of a hōtō (see above) with a square, roofed corridor called mokoshi.[note 5][5] The core of the pagoda has just one story with its ceiling below the circular second story, which is inaccessible. Like the tasōtō and the rōmon, in spite of its appearance it therefore offers usable space only at the ground floor.[5]

text: Because its kind does not exist either in Korea or in China, it is believed to have been invented in Japan during the Heian period (794 - 1185). The tahōtō was important enough to be considered one of the seven indispensable buildings (the so-called shichidō garan) of a Shingon temple.[15] Kūkai himself is responsible for the construction of the tahōto at Mount Kōya's Kongōbu-ji.

text: Daitō[edit]

text: Usually the base of a tahōtō is 3-ken across with four main, supporting pillars called shitenbashira (四天柱) at the corners (see drawing).[5] The room the shitenbashira form houses a sanctuary where the main objects of worship (the gohonzon) are enshrined.

text: Larger, 5x5 ken tahōtō however exist and are called daitō (大塔, lit. large pagoda) because of their dimensions. This is the only type of tahōtō to retain the original structure with a wall separating the corridor (mokoshi) from the core of the structure. This type of pagoda used to be common but, of all daitō ever built, only three are still extant. One is at Wakayama prefecture's Negoro-ji, another at Kongōbu-ji, again in Wakayama, and the last at Kirihata-dera, Tokushima prefecture.[15] The daitō at Kongōbu-ji was founded by Shingon sect's  Kūkai. The specimen found at Negoro-ji (see photo above) is 30.85 meters tall and a National Treasure.

text:
Media related to daitō at Wikimedia Commons
 Media related to tahōtō at Wikimedia Commons

text: Sotōba[edit]

text: Often offertory strips of wood with five subdivisions and covered with elaborate inscriptions called sotōba (卒塔婆) can be found at tombs in Japanese cemeteries (see photo in the gallery below).[5] The inscriptions contain sūtra and the posthumous name of the dead person. Their name derives from the Sanskrit stūpa, and they can be also considered pagodas.

text: Media related to Sotōba at Wikimedia Commons

text: Gallery of pagodas in Japan[edit]

text:
A gorintō

A hōkyōintō

A hōtō

A stone tasōtō

Two kasatōba at Hannya-ji, Nara

Ichijō-ji's sanjū-no-tō (three storied pagoda). It was built in 1171.

Murō-ji's gojū-no-tō (five storied pagoda). It was built in 800.

A pagoda at a Shinto shrine, Itsukushima Shrine

A sotōba. Clearly visible is the division in five sections

A sorintō


document_title: Acrosome reaction

question_text: what does the acrosome do in a sperm cell

root

text: Acrosome reaction

text: Variations among species[edit]

text: There are considerable species variations in the morphology and consequences of the acrosome reaction. In several species the trigger for the acrosome reaction has been identified in a layer that surrounds the egg.

tag: p

text: Echinoderms[edit]

text: In some lower animal species a protuberance (the acrosomal process) forms at the apex of the sperm head, supported by a core of actin microfilaments. The membrane at the tip of the acrosomal process fuses with the egg's plasma membrane.

text: In some echinoderms, including starfish and sea urchins, a major portion of the exposed acrosomal content contains a protein that temporarily holds the sperm on the egg's surface.

text: Mammals[edit]

text: In mammals the acrosome reaction releases hyaluronidase and acrosin; their role in fertilization is not yet clear. The acrosomal reaction does not begin until the sperm comes into contact with the oocyte's zona pellucida. Upon coming into contact with the zona pellucida, the acrosomal enzymes begin to dissolve and the actin filament comes into contact with the zona pellucida. Once the two meet, a calcium influx occurs, causing a signaling cascade. The cortical granules inside the oocyte then fuse to the outer membrane and a transient fast block reaction occurs.

text: It also alters a patch of pre-existing sperm plasma membrane so that it can fuse with the egg plasma membrane.

text: A sperm penetration assay includes an acrosome reaction test that assesses how well a sperm is able to perform during the fertilization process. Sperm that are unable to properly go through the acrosome reaction will not be able to fertilize an egg. However, this problem only occurs in about 5% of men that have the test done. This test is rather expensive and provides limited information on a man's fertility.[2]

text: In other cases, such as in the wood mouse Apodemus sylvaticus, premature acrosome reactions have been found to cause increased motility in aggregates of spermatozoa promoting fertilization [3]

text: The process[edit]

text: The acrosomal reaction normally takes place in the ampulla of the fallopian tube (site of fertilization) when the sperm penetrates the secondary oocyte. A few events precede the actual acrosome reaction. The sperm cell acquires a "hyperactive motility pattern" by which its flagellum produces vigorous whip-like movements that propel the sperm through the cervical canal and uterine cavity, until it reaches the isthmus of the fallopian tube. The sperm approaches the ovum in the ampulla of the fallopian tube with the help of various mechanisms, including chemotaxis. Glycoproteins on the outer surface of the sperm then bind with glycoproteins on the zona pellucida of the ovum.

text: The first stage is the penetration of corona radiata, by releasing hyaluronidase from the acrosome to digest cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte and exposing acrosin attached to the inner membrane of the sperm. The cumulus cells are embedded in a gel-like substance made primarily of hyaluronic acid, and developed in the ovary with the egg and support it as it grows. After reaching the zona pellucida the actual acrosome reaction begins.

text: Acrosin digests the zona pellucida and membrane of the oocyte. Part of the sperm's cell membrane then fuses with the egg cell's membrane, and the contents of the head sink into the egg. In the mouse it has been demonstrated that ZP3, one of the proteins that make up the zona pellucida, binds to a partner molecule (to the β1,4-galactosyl transferase receptors) on the sperm. This lock-and-key type mechanism is species-specific and prevents the sperm and egg of different species from fusing. The zona pellucida also releases Ca granules to prevent additional sperm from binding. There is some evidence that this binding is what triggers the acrosome to release the enzymes that allow the sperm to fuse with the egg. It is likely that a similar mechanism occurs in other mammals, but the diversity of zona proteins across species means that the relevant protein and receptor may differ.

text: Upon penetration, if all is occurring normally, the process of egg-activation occurs and the oocyte is said to have become activated. This is thought to be induced by a specific protein phospholipase c zeta. It undergoes its secondary meiotic division, and the two haploid nuclei (paternal and maternal) fuse to form a zygote. In order to prevent polyspermy and minimise the possibility of producing a triploid zygote, several changes to the egg's cell membranes renders them impenetrable shortly after the first sperm enters the egg.

text: The aforementioned process describes the physiologically relevant events. One should however bear in mind that a certain percentage of sperm cells will undergo a spontaneous acrosome reaction without the presence of the ovum. Those cells are not able to fertilise the egg, even if they do reach it later. Other cells will spontaneously shed their acrosome during the process of apoptosis/necrosis.

text: In in vitro fertilization[edit]

text: When using intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) for IVF, the implantation rate is higher in oocytes injected with spermatozoa that have undergone acrosome reaction (~40%) vs. those injected with nonreacted spermatozoa (~10%). The implantation rate is ~25% in when injected with both reacted and nonreacted spermatozoa. The delivery rate per cycle follows the same trend.[4]

text: The acrosome reaction can be stimulated in vitro by substances a sperm cell may encounter naturally such as progesterone or follicular fluid, as well as the more commonly used calcium ionophore A23187.

text: Assessment[edit]

text: Birefringence microscopy,[4] flow cytometry [5] or fluorescence microscopy can be used for assessing the shedding of the acrosome or "acrosome reaction" of a sperm sample. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy are usually done after staining with a fluoresceinated lectin such as FITC-PNA, FITC-PSA, FITC-ConA, or fluoresceinated antibody such as FITC-CD46.[6] The antibodies/lectins have a high specificity for different parts of the acrosomal region, and will only bind to a specific site (acrosomal content/ inner/outer membrane). If bound to a fluorescent molecule, regions where these probes have bound can be visualised. Sperm cells with artificially induced acrosome reactions may serve as positive controls.

text: For fluorescence microscopy a smear of washed sperm cells are made, airdried, permealized and then stained. Such a slide is then viewed under light of a wavelength that will cause the probe to fluoresce if it is bound to the acrosomal region. At least 200 cells are viewed in an arbitrary fashion and classified as either acrosome intact (fluorescing bright green) or acrosome reacted (no probe present, or only on the equatorial region). It is then expressed as a percentage of the counted cells.

text: For assessment with flow cytometry the washed cells are incubated with the chosen probe, (possibly washed again) and then sampled in a flow cytometer. After gating the cell population according to forward- and side-scatter the resulting data can be analysed (E.g. mean fluorescences compared). With this technique a probe for viability, like propidium iodide (PI) could also be included in order to exclude dead cells from the acrosome assessment, since many sperm cells will spontaneously lose their acrosome when they die.


document_title: Laureus World Sports Awards

question_text: who won the sports person of the year award 2017

text: Laureus World Sports Awards

text: History[edit]

text:
Sport has the power to change the world. It has the power to inspire. It has the power to unite people in a way that little else does. It speaks to youth in a language they understand. Sport can create hope, where once there was only despair.

Nelson Mandela, 2000[2]

tag: div

text: South African businessman Johann Rupert, chairman of Richemont, proposd that an organisation be created "based on the principle that sport can bridge the gaps in society and change the way people look at the world."[3] The organisation, established in 1998 by a partnership of Richemont and Daimler became known as "Laureus", name being derived from the Greek word for laurel, considered a traditional symbol of victory in athletics.[4] The first Laureus World Sports Awards ceremony was held two years later, at which the patron, Nelson Mandela, delivered a speech which Edwin Moses has described as "iconic".[5] Awards were made in seven regular categories and two discretionary categories at the inaugural ceremony, hosted by Jeff Bridges and Dylan McDermott.[6] Two of those awards would later be rescinded: both Lance Armstrong and Marion Jones were found to have used performance-enhancing drugs and had their accolades removed.[7] Earle Connor's Laureus World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability Award which he won in 2004 was also later rescinded.[8]

text: The awards are considered highly prestigious and are frequently referred to as the sporting equivalent of an "Oscar".[9][10][11] Despite this, the awards have come in for some criticism, particularly in the manner in which athletes are selected for inclusion.[12]

text: Categories[edit]

text: In order to determine the winners of the Awards, the Laureus Nominations Panel, composed of professional sports editors, writers and broadcasters from more than 100 countries, vote to create a shortlist of six nominations in five categories:[13]

text:
Laureus World Sportsman of the Year
Laureus World Sportswoman of the Year
Laureus World Team of the Year
Laureus World Comeback of the Year
Laureus World Breakthrough of the Year

tag: ul

text: The nominees of two categories are chosen by specialist panels:

text:
Laureus Action Sportsperson of the Year
Laureus World Sportsperson of the Year with a Disability

text: The Laureus World Sports Academy is an association of 65 retired sportspeople who volunteer their time to support the work of the Laureus Sport for Good Foundation. They also vote each year to decide the winners of the Laureus World Sports Awards. As of 2017[update], the chairman of the Academy is New Zealand former rugby player Sean Fitzpatrick.[14] The members of the Academy select the winners by voting in a secret ballot.[15]

text: One category is voted for by the public:[16]

text: The Laureus Best Sporting Moment of the Year

text: The Academy also makes discretionary awards, including:[16]

text:
Lifetime Achievement Award
Sport for Good Award
Spirit of Sport Award
Exceptional Achievement Award
Sporting Inspiration Award

text: Ceremony[edit]

text: The Lareus World Sports Awards ceremony is held annually at various venues in various locations around the world. The inaugural ceremony took place at the Sporting Club in Monaco on 25 May 2000.[17] As of 2017[update], the ceremonies have been held in ten cities around the world, and are broadcast in at least 160 countries.[18] Each Laureus World Sports Award winner receives a gold Cartier Laureus statuette which features a "representation of the striving human form".[18] The award weighs approximately 2.5 kilograms (5.5 lb) (with 670 grams (24 oz) of solid silver and a 650-gram (23 oz) gold-finish base) and is 30 centimetres (12 in) tall.[18]

text:
Locations of Laureus World Sports Awards ceremonies

Year
Location
Venue
Notes
Ref(s)

2000
 Monaco
Sporting Club
Patron was Nelson Mandela
[6][19]

2001
Grimaldi Forum
Patron was Prince Albert
[20][21]

2002

[22][23]

2003

[24]

2004
 Lisbon, Portugal
Cultural Centre of Belém
Patron was José Manuel Barroso
[25][26]

2005
 Estoril, Portugal
Casino Estoril

[27]

2006
 Barcelona, Spain
Parque del Fórum

[28]

2007
Palau Sant Jordi
Patron was Juan Carlos I of Spain
[29]

2008
 Saint Petersburg, Russia
Mariinsky Theatre
Attended by President Vladimir Putin
[30]

2009
Ceremony cancelled due to world economic crisis; awards presented to winners individually at other events from May to June.
[31]

2010
 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Emirates Palace

[32]

2011

[33]

2012
 London, United Kingdom
Central Hall Westminster

[34]

2013
 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Theatro Municipal

[35]

2014
 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Istana Budaya

[36]

2015
 Shanghai, China
Shanghai Grand Theatre

[37]

2016
 Berlin, Germany
Palais am Funkturm

[38]

2017
 Monaco
Sporting Club

[39]

2018

[40]

tag: table

text: Winners by category[edit]

text: Regular awards[edit]

text: Sportsman and Sportswoman of the Year[edit]

text: Team of the Year[edit]

text: Breakthrough of the Year[edit]

text: Prior to 2007, this award was called Newcomer of the Year.[44][45]

text: Comeback of the Year[edit]

text: Sportsperson with a Disability of the Year[edit]

text: Action Sportsperson of the Year[edit]

text: Prior to 2007, this award was called Alternative Sportsperson of the Year.[44][45]

text: Best Sporting Moment[edit]

text: The Best Sporting Moment Award, inaugurated in 2017, and voted for by the public, was won by the FC Barcelona under-12 (Infantil-B) side for their sportsmanship in consoling a defeated opposition team.[46]

text: Discretionary awards[edit]

text: Since 2000, the Laureus World Sports Awards have included a number of accolades given by the Academy at their discretion. At the first ceremony in 2000, Brazilian footballer Pelé became the first recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award, while American Eunice Kennedy Shriver, founder of the Special Olympics was presented with the inaugural Laureus Sport for Good Award.[7] The first Spirit of Sport award was presented in 2005 to the Boston Red Sox who had won the World Series for the first time in 86 years.[47] In 2013, American swimmer Michael Phelps became the first recipient of the Exceptional Achievement Award. As of 2017[update], Chinese tennis player Li Na (2015) is the only other person to be honoured with that award.[48] In 2017, the Refugee Olympic Team, comprising ten athletes from Syria, Congo, Ethiopia and South Sudan, awarded the first and only Sporting Inspiration Award.[49]

text: Winners by year[edit]

text: Regular awards[edit]

text:
Key

*
Indicates individual whose award or nomination was later rescinded

N/A
Not awarded

text:
Year
Sportsman
Sportswoman
Team
Breakthrough
Comeback
Disability
Action
Moment
Ref

2000
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
Jones, MarionMarion Jones*
Manchester United F.C.
García, SergioSergio García
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong*
Sauvage, LouiseLouise Sauvage
Palmer, ShaunShaun Palmer
N/A
[7]

2001
Woods, TigerTiger Woods
Freeman, CathyCathy Freeman
France national football team
Safin, MaratMarat Safin
Capriati, JenniferJennifer Capriati
Lauwers, VinnyVinny Lauwers
Horn, MikeMike Horn
N/A
[50]

2002
Schumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher
Capriati, JenniferJennifer Capriati
Australia national cricket team
Montoya, Juan PabloJuan Pablo Montoya
Ivanišević, GoranGoran Ivanišević
Vergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer
Burnquist, BobBob Burnquist
N/A
[51]

2003
Armstrong, LanceLance Armstrong*
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
Brazil national football team
Ming, YaoYao Ming
Ronaldo
Milton, MichaelMichael Milton
Potter, DeanDean Potter
N/A
[52]

2004
Schumacher, MichaelMichael Schumacher
Sörenstam, AnnikaAnnika Sörenstam
England national rugby union team
Wie, MichelleMichelle Wie
Maier, HermannHermann Maier
Connor, EarleEarle Connor*
Beachley, LayneLayne Beachley
N/A
[8]

2005
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
Holmes, KellyKelly Holmes
Greece national football team
Xiang, LiuLiu Xiang
Zanardi, AlexAlex Zanardi
Petitclerc, ChantalChantal Petitclerc
McArthur, EllenEllen McArthur
N/A
[53]

2006
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
Kostelić, JanicaJanica Kostelić
Renault F1 team
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
Hingis, MartinaMartina Hingis
van Dyk, ErnstErnst van Dyk
d'Arrigo, AngeloAngelo d'Arrigo
N/A
[44]

2007
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
Isinbayeva, YelenaYelena Isinbayeva
Italy national football team
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
Braxenthaler, MartinMartin Braxenthaler
Mauresmo, AmélieAmélie Mauresmo
Slater, KellyKelly Slater
N/A
[45]

2008
Federer, RogerRoger Federer
Henin, JustineJustine Henin
South Africa national rugby union team
Radcliffe, PaulaPaula Radcliffe
Vergeer, EstherEsther Vergeer
Hamilton, LewisLewis Hamilton
White, ShaunShaun White
N/A
[54]

2009
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
Isinbayeva, YelenaYelena Isinbayeva
China Olympic team
Klitschko, VitaliVitali Klitschko
Dias, DanielDaniel Dias
Adlington, RebeccaRebecca Adlington
Slater, KellyKelly Slater
N/A
[55]

2010
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
Brawn F1 team
Clijsters, KimKim Clijsters
du Toit, NatalieNatalie du Toit
Button, JensonJenson Button
Gilmore, StephanieStephanie Gilmore
N/A
[56]

2011
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
Vonn, LindseyLindsey Vonn
Spain national football team
Rossi, ValentinoValentino Rossi
Bentele, VerenaVerena Bentele
Kaymer, MartinMartin Kaymer
Slater, KellyKelly Slater
N/A
[57]

2012
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
Cheruiyot, VivianVivian Cheruiyot
Barcelona FC Barcelona
Clarke, DarrenDarren Clarke
Pistorius, OscarOscar Pistorius
McIlroy, RoryRory McIlroy
Slater, KellyKelly Slater
N/A
[58]

2013
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
Ennis, JessicaJessica Ennis
RyderEuropean Ryder Cup team
Sánchez, FélixFélix Sánchez
Dias, DanielDaniel Dias
Murray, AndyAndy Murray
Baumgartner, FelixFelix Baumgartner
N/A
[59]

2014
Vettel, SebastianSebastian Vettel
Franklin, MissyMissy Franklin
BayernFC Bayern Munich
Nadal, RafaelRafael Nadal
Bochet, MarieMarie Bochet
Márquez, MarcMarc Márquez
Bestwick, JamieJamie Bestwick
N/A
[60]

2015
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
Dibaba, GenzebeGenzebe Dibaba
Germany national football team
Burger, SchalkSchalk Burger
McFadden, TatyanaTatyana McFadden
Ricciardo, DanielDaniel Ricciardo
Eustace, AlanAlan Eustace
N/A
[61]

2016
Djokovic, NovakNovak Djokovic
Williams, SerenaSerena Williams
New Zealand national rugby union team
Carter, DanDan Carter
Dias, DanielDaniel Dias
Spieth, JordanJordan Spieth
Frodeno, JanJan Frodeno
N/A
[62]

2017
Bolt, UsainUsain Bolt
Biles, SimoneSimone Biles
Chicago Cubs
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
Vio, BeatriceBeatrice Vio
Rosberg, NicoNico Rosberg
Atherton, RachelRachel Atherton
BarcaFC Barcelona under-12s
[63]

text: Discretionary awards[edit]

text:
Key

Indicates posthumous award

N/A
Not awarded

text:
Year
Lifetime
Sport for Good
Spirit of Sport
Exceptional Achivement
Sporting Inspiration
Ref

2000
Pelé
Shriver, Eunice KennedyEunice Kennedy Shriver
N/A
N/A
N/A
[7]

2001
Redgrave, SteveSteve Redgrave
Keino, KipKip Keino
N/A
N/A
N/A
[50]

2002
Blake, PeterPeter Blake
Blake, PeterPeter Blake
N/A
N/A
N/A
[51]

20003
Player, GaryGary Player
Schwarzenegger, ArnoldArnold Schwarzenegger
N/A
N/A
N/A
[52]

2004
Næss Jr., ArneArne Næss Jr.
Mathare Youth Sports Association
N/A
N/A
N/A
[8]

India national cricket team
Pakistan national cricket team
[8]

2005
N/A
Storey, GerryGerry Storey
Boston Red Sox
N/A
N/A
[53]

2006
Cruyff, JohanJohan Cruyff
Griesbeck, JürgenJürgen Griesbeck
Rossi, ValentinoValentino Rossi
N/A
N/A
[44]

2007
Beckenbauer, FranzFranz Beckenbauer
Dowdney, LukeLuke Dowdney
BarFC Barcelona
N/A
N/A
[45]

2008
Bubka, SergeySergey Bubka
TuoBrendan and Sean Tuohy
Pound, DickDick Pound
N/A
N/A
[54]

2009
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
[55]

2010
El Moutawakel, NawalNawal El Moutawakel
Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo
N/A
N/A
N/A
[56]

2011
Zidane, ZinedineZinedine Zidane
El-Khalil, MayMay El-Khalil
RyderEuropean Ryder Cup team
N/A
N/A
[57]

2012
Charlton, BobbyBobby Charlton
N/A
Raí
N/A
N/A
[58]

2013
Coe, SebastianSebastian Coe
N/A
N/A
Phelps, MichaelMichael Phelps
N/A
[59]

2014
N/A
Afghanistan national cricket team
Magic Bus
N/A
N/A
[60]

2015
N/A
Skateistan
Ming, YaoYao Ming
Na, LiLi Na
N/A
[61]

2016
Lauda, NikiNiki Lauda
Moving the Goalposts
Cruyff, JohanJohan Cruyff
N/A
N/A
[62]

2017
N/A
Waves for Change
Leicester City F.C.
N/A
Refugee Olympic Team
[63]


document_title: List of Michigan sport championships

question_text: when was the last time a detroit sports team won a championship

text: List of Michigan sport championships

text: This article is an orphan, as no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; try the Find link tool for suggestions. (November 2009)

text: The following are Michigan's professional sports league champions, NCAA Division I basketball and hockey champions, and NCAA Division II football champions:

text:
1887 The Detroit Wolverines win the National League baseball pennant and defeat the American Association's St. Louis Browns in the World Series.
1895 The Page Fence Giants, based in Adrian, are the Western Negro baseball league champions.
1896 The Page Fence Giants, based in Adrian, win the Negro World Series.
1897 The Page Fence Giants, based in Adrian, are the Western Negro baseball league champions.
1898 The Page Fence Giants, based in Adrian, claim the Western Negro baseball league championship.
1932 The Detroit Wolves are the Negro East-West League champions.
1935 The Detroit Tigers win their first World Series.
1935 The Detroit Lions win their first National Football League championship.
1936 The Detroit Red Wings win their first Stanley Cup.
1937 The Detroit Red Wings win their second Stanley Cup.
1941 The Detroit Eagles basketball team wins the World Professional Tournament in Chicago.
1943 The Detroit Red Wings win their third Stanley Cup.
1945 The Detroit Tigers win their second World Series.
1946 The Detroit Auto Club of the International Hockey League win the first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1947 The Grand Rapids Chicks are the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Play-Off Champions.
1948 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their first NCAA Division I hockey title.
1950 The Detroit Red Wings win their fourth Stanley Cup.
1951 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their second NCAA hockey title.
1952 The Detroit Red Wings win their fifth Stanley Cup.
1952 The Detroit Lions win their second National Football League championship.
1952 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their third NCAA hockey title.
1953 The Grand Rapids Chicks are the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Play-Off Champions for the second time.
1953 The Detroit Lions win their third National Football League championship.
1953 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their fourth NCAA hockey title.
1954 The Detroit Red Wings win their sixth Stanley Cup.
1954 The Kalamazoo Lassies are the last All-American Girls Professional Baseball League Play-Off Champions.
1955 The Detroit Red Wings win their seventh Stanley Cup. (They would not win another for 42 years.)
1955 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their fifth NCAA hockey title.
1956 The Detroit Stars win the Negro American League pennant.
1956 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their sixth NCAA hockey title in nine years.
1957 The Detroit Lions win their fourth National Football League championship.
1962 The Muskegon Zephyrs of the International Hockey League win Muskegon's first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1962 The Michigan Technological University Huskies win their first NCAA hockey title.
1964 The Grand Rapids Tackers win the Mid-West Professional Basketball League championship.
1964 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their seventh NCAA hockey title (their last for 32 years).
1965 The Grand Rapids Tackers win their first North American Basketball League championship.
1965 The Michigan Tech Huskies win their second NCAA hockey title.
1966 The Port Huron Flags of the International Hockey League win Port Huron's first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1966 The Michigan State University Spartans win their first NCAA hockey title.
1968 The Grand Rapids Tackers win their second North American Basketball League championship.
1968 The Muskegon Mohawks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon's second Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1968 The Detroit Tigers win the World Series for the third time.
1971 The Port Huron Flags of the International Hockey League win Port Huron's second Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1972 The Port Huron Wings of the International Hockey League win Port Huron's third and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1974 The Central Michigan University Chippewas win the NCAA Division II Football Championship.
1975 The Northern Michigan University Wildcats win their first NCAA Division II Football Championship.
1975 The Michigan Tech Huskies win their third NCAA hockey title.
1977 The Grand Rapids Blades win the United States Hockey League championship in their only season of play.
1977 The Saginaw Gears of the International Hockey League win their first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1977 The Detroit Caesars win their first American Professional Slow Pitch League world series.
1978 The Detroit Caesars win their second and last American Professional Slow Pitch League world series.
1979 The Michigan State University Spartans become the first college in the state to win the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship.
1979 The Kalamazoo Wings win their first Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship.
1980 The Kalamazoo Wings win their second and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship.
1981 The Saginaw Gears of the International Hockey League win their second and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1983 The Detroit Spirits win the Continental Basketball Association championship series.
1983 The Michigan Panthers win the first United States Football League championship.
1984 The Flint Generals win their only Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL Championship.
1984 The Detroit Tigers win the World Series for the fourth time.
1986 The Muskegon Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon's third Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1986 The Michigan State University Spartans win their second NCAA hockey title.
1987 The Grand Rapids Pacers win the National Wheelchair Basketball Association championship.
1988 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl II and their first ArenaBowl championship.
1988 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their first NCAA hockey title.
1989 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their first NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship.
1989 The Muskegon Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League win Muskegon's fourth and final Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship.
1989 The Detroit Pistons win their first NBA Championship.
1989 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl III and their second ArenaBowl championship.
1990 The Detroit Pistons win their second NBA Championship.
1990 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl IV and their third ArenaBowl championship.
1991 The Detroit Turbos win the National Lacrosse League championship (indoor lacrosse).
1991 The Northern Michigan University Wildcats win their first NCAA hockey title.
1992 The Detroit Rockers win the National Professional Soccer League championship (indoor soccer).
1992 The Arena Football League Detroit Drive win ArenaBowl VI and their fourth and final ArenaBowl championship.
1992 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their second NCAA hockey title.
1994 The Lake Superior State University Lakers win their third NCAA hockey title.
1995 The Detroit Junior Red Wings win the Ontario Hockey League Championship Series and receive the J. Ross Robertson Cup.
1996 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps (Grand Rapids) win their first Midwest League Championship Series.
1996 The Flint Generals of the Colonial Hockey League win their first Colonial Cup.
1996 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their eighth NCAA hockey title.
1997 The Detroit Red Wings bring home the Stanley Cup after a 42-year drought dating back to 1955.
1997 The Detroit Vipers of the International Hockey League win their only Joseph Turner Memorial Cup IHL championship. It marked the first time two professional hockey teams from the same metropolitan area won championships in the same year.
1997 The Class A Minor League Lansing Lugnuts win their first Midwest League Championship Series.
1998 The Detroit Red Wings claim their ninth Stanley Cup.
1998 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps (Grand Rapids) win their second Midwest League Championship Series.
1998 The University of Michigan Wolverines win their ninth NCAA hockey title.
1999 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League with their first Colonial Cup.
2000 The Michigan State University Spartans win their second NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship.
2000 The Flint Generals of the United Hockey League win their second Colonial Cup.
2000 The Class A Minor League Michigan Battle Cats (Battle Creek) win their first Midwest League Championship Series.
2001 The Detroit Dogs are the American Basketball Association (ABA 2000) champions.
2001 The Arena Football League Grand Rapids Rampage win ArenaBowl XV and their first ArenaBowl championship.
2002 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League with their second Colonial Cup.
2002 The Detroit Red Wings win their tenth Stanley Cup.
2002 The Detroit Demolition (known as the Detroit Danger at the time) win their first National Women's Football Association (NWFA) championship.
2002 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their first NCAA Division II Football Championship.
2003 The Detroit Shock win their first WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals.
2003 The Class A Minor League Lansing Lugnuts win their second Midwest League Championship Series.
2003 The Detroit Demolition win their second NWFA Championship.
2003 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their second NCAA Division II Football Championship.
2004 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League skate to their third Colonial Cup league championship.
2004 The Detroit Pistons win their third NBA Championship.
2004 The Class A Minor League West Michigan Whitecaps (Grand Rapids) win their third Midwest League Championship Series.
2004 The Detroit Demolition win their third NWFA Championship.
2005 The Muskegon Fury of the United Hockey League win their fourth Colonial Cup.
2005 The Kalamazoo Kings achieve their first League Championship in the independent professional baseball Frontier League.
2005 The Detroit Demolition win their fourth NWFA Championship.
2005 The Grand Valley State University Lakers win their third NCAA Division II Football Championship.
2006 The Kalamazoo Wings of the United Hockey League earn their first Colonial Cup.
2006 The Port Huron Pirates win their first Great Lakes Indoor Football League championship.
2006 The Detroit Shock win their second WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals.
2006 The West Michigan Whitecaps from Grand Rapids prevail in the Midwest League Championship Series for the fourth time.
2006 The Grand Valley State University Lakers claim their fourth NCAA Division II Football Championship in five years.
2007 The West Michigan Whitecaps from Grand Rapids win their fifth Midwest League Championship Series in twelve seasons.
2007 The Michigan State University Spartans win their third NCAA hockey title.
2008 The Detroit Red Wings win the Stanley Cup—their eleventh National Hockey League championship and fourth in twelve seasons.
2008 The Detroit Shock earn their third WNBA Championship in the WNBA Finals. It is the team's third title in six seasons.

text: The following are other Michigan sports team champions:

text:
1902 The University of Michigan Wolverines win the first Rose Bowl (game).
1983 The Livonia United premier soccer team wins MSYSA premier championship.
1996 Michigan Madness win USISL Midwest division regular season championship.
1997 The Michigan Wolverines won a share of the NCAA Division I-A National Football Championship; Shared with Nebraska
2006 The Michigan Bucks win their first USL Premier Development League championship.

text: Sports in MichiganMichigan sports-related lists

text: Orphaned articles from November 2009All orphaned articles


question_text: who has scored the most goals in the english premier league

text: Since the Premier League's formation at the start of the 1992–93 season, 28 players have managed to accrue 100 or more goals in the competition.

text: During the 1995–96 season, Alan Shearer became the first player to score 100 Premier League goals, and holds the record for the fewest games taken to reach 100, doing so in 124 appearances. He also holds the record for most goals scored in the Premier League.[1][2] After Shearer, Harry Kane is the second-fastest to 100 goals, doing so in 141 games.[3]

text: Players[edit]

text:
List of Premier League players with 100 or more goals

Rank
Player
Premier League club(s)
Goals
Played
Ratio

1
 Shearer, AlanAlan Shearer
Blackburn Rovers, Newcastle United
260
441
0.59

2
 Rooney, WayneWayne Rooney
Everton, Manchester United
208
491
0.42

3
 Cole, AndyAndy Cole
Newcastle United, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Fulham, Manchester City, Portsmouth
187
414
0.45

4
 Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
West Ham United, Chelsea, Manchester City
177
609
0.29

5
 Henry, ThierryThierry Henry
Arsenal
175
258
0.68

6
 Fowler, RobbieRobbie Fowler
Liverpool, Leeds United, Manchester City
163
379
0.43

7
 Defoe, JermainJermain Defoe
West Ham United, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Bournemouth
162
491
0.33

8
 Owen, MichaelMichael Owen
Liverpool, Newcastle United, Manchester United, Stoke City
150
326
0.46

9
 Ferdinand, LesLes Ferdinand
Queens Park Rangers, Newcastle United, Tottenham Hotspur, West Ham United, Leicester City, Bolton Wanderers
149
351
0.42

10
 Sheringham, TeddyTeddy Sheringham
Nottingham Forest, Tottenham Hotspur, Manchester United, Portsmouth, West Ham United
146
418
0.35

11
 van Persie, RobinRobin van Persie
Arsenal, Manchester United
144
280
0.51

12
 Agüero, SergioSergio Agüero
Manchester City
143
206
0.69

13
 Hasselbaink, Jimmy FloydJimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Leeds United, Chelsea, Middlesbrough, Charlton Athletic
127
288
0.44

14
 Keane, RobbieRobbie Keane
Coventry City, Leeds United, Tottenham Hotspur, Liverpool, West Ham United, Aston Villa
126
349
0.36

15
 Anelka, NicolasNicolas Anelka
Arsenal, Liverpool, Manchester City, Bolton Wanderers, Chelsea, West Bromwich Albion
125
364
0.34

16
 Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
Aston Villa, Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, Birmingham City, Sunderland
123
375
0.33

17
 Gerrard, StevenSteven Gerrard
Liverpool
120
504
0.24

18
 Wright, IanIan Wright
Arsenal, West Ham United
113
213
0.53

19
 Dublin, DionDion Dublin
Manchester United, Coventry City, Aston Villa
111
312
0.36

20
 Heskey, EmileEmile Heskey
Leicester City, Liverpool, Birmingham City, Wigan Athletic, Aston Villa
110
516
0.21

21
 Giggs, RyanRyan Giggs
Manchester United
109
632
0.17

22
 Kane, HarryHarry Kane
Tottenham Hotspur
108
153
0.71

23
 Crouch, PeterPeter Crouch
Aston Villa, Southampton, Liverpool, Portsmouth, Tottenham Hotspur, Stoke City
108
462
0.23

23
 Scholes, PaulPaul Scholes
Manchester United
107
499
0.21

25
 Bent, DarrenDarren Bent
Ipswich Town, Charlton Athletic, Tottenham Hotspur, Sunderland, Aston Villa, Fulham
106
276
0.38

26
 Drogba, DidierDidier Drogba
Chelsea
104
254
0.41

27
 Lukaku, RomeluRomelu Lukaku
West Bromwich Albion, Everton, Manchester United
101
220
0.46

28
 Le Tissier, MattMatt Le Tissier
Southampton
100
270
0.37

Italics show players still playing professional football; Bold shows players still playing in the Premier League.[4]


document_title: History of time in the United States

question_text: when did the us first start using daylight savings time

text: History of time in the United States

text: War Time 1918 and 1942[edit]

text: Daylight saving time was established by the Standard Time Act of 1918. The Act was intended to save electricity for seven months of the year, during World War I.[3] DST was repealed in 1919 over a Presidential veto,[4] but standard time in time zones remained in law, with the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) having the authority over time zone boundaries. Daylight time became a local matter.

text: During World War II, Congress enacted the War Time Act (56 Stat. 9) on January 20, 1942. Year-round DST was reinstated in the United States on February 9, 1942, again as a wartime measure to conserve energy resources.[5] This remained in effect until after the end of the war. The Amendment to the War Time Act (59 Stat. 537), enacted September 25, 1945, ended DST as of September 30, 1945. During this period, the official designation War Time was used for year-round DST. For example, Eastern War Time (EWT) would be the equivalent of Eastern Daylight Time during this period.

text: Daylight Saving Time 1945 to 1966[edit]

text: From 1945 to 1966 U.S. federal law did not address DST. States and cities were free to observe DST or not, and most places that did observe DST did so from the last Sunday in April to the last Sunday in September. In the mid-1950s many areas in the northeastern United States began extending DST to the last Sunday in October. The lack of standardization led to a patchwork where some areas observed DST while adjacent areas did not, and it was not unheard of to have to reset a clock several times during a short trip (e.g., bus drivers operating on West Virginia Route 2 between Moundsville, West Virginia, and Steubenville, Ohio had to reset their watches seven times over 35 miles).[6]

text: In summer 1960 April–October Daylight Time was nearly universal in Pennsylvania, Maryland, Delaware and states east and north of there. In Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Kentucky and Virginia and states north and east of there, some areas had it and some did not. Except for California and Nevada, which had April-Sept Daylight Time, 99% of the rest of the country used Standard Time year-round. (The Official Guide says "State law prohibits the observance of "Daylight Saving" time in Kentucky but Anchorage, Louisville and Shelbyville will advance their clocks one hour from Central Standard time for the period April 24 to October 29, inclusive.")

text: In the middle 1960s the airline and other transportation industries lobbied for uniformity of Daylight dates in the United States.

text: DST 1966[edit]

text: The U.S. federal Uniform Time Act became law on April 13, 1966 and it mandated that DST begin nationwide on the last Sunday in April and end on the last Sunday in October, effective in 1967. The act explicitly preempted all previously enacted state laws related to the beginning and ending of DST. Any state that wanted to be exempt from DST could do so by passing a state law, provided that it exempted the entire state, and Alaska, Arizona, Hawaii, Indiana, and Michigan chose to do so. However, Alaska, Indiana, and Michigan subsequently chose to observe DST. The law was amended in 1972 to permit states that straddle a time zone boundary to exempt the entire area of the state lying in one time zone. Indiana chose to exempt the portion of the state lying in the Eastern Time Zone; however, that exemption was eliminated in 2006 and the entire state of Indiana now observes DST, leaving Arizona (with the exception of the Navajo Indian Reservation) and Hawaii as the only two states not to observe DST. On July 8, 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986 into law that contained a daylight saving rider authored by Senator Slade Gorton (R-WA).[3] The starting date of DST was amended to the first Sunday in April effective in 1987. DST continued to end on the last Sunday in October. While the states retain the capability to exempt themselves from DST, they are forbidden by the 1966 federal law (15 USC 260a(b))[7] from increasing a state's time spent on DST, unless the United States Congress does this for the entire nation.

text: In response to the 1973 energy crisis, DST in the United States began earlier in both 1974 and 1975, commencing on the first Sunday in January (January 6) in the former year and the last Sunday in February (February 23) in the latter. The extension of daylight saving time was not continued due to public opposition to late sunrise times during the winter months. In 1976, the United States reverted to the schedule set in the Uniform Time Act.

text: DST 2007[edit]

text: Starting March 11, 2007, DST was extended another four to five weeks, from the second Sunday of March to the first Sunday of November. The change was introduced by Representatives Fred Upton (R-MI) and Edward Markey (D-MA) and added to the Energy Policy Act of 2005; the House had originally approved a motion that would have extended DST even farther from the first Sunday in March to the last Sunday in November, but Senators Jeff Bingaman (D-NM) and Pete Domenici (R-NM) agreed to scale back the proposal in conference committee due to complaints from farmers and the airline industry. Proponents claimed that the extension would save "the equivalent of" 10,000 barrels (1,600 m3) of oil per day, but this figure was based on U.S. Department of Energy information from the 1970s, the accuracy and relevance of which the DoE no longer stands by. Later studies by the U.S. Department of Energy and the California Energy Commission have predicted much smaller energy benefits.[8] There is very little recent research on what the actual positive effects, if any, might be.

text: Since DST moves sunrise one hour later by the clock, late sunrise times become a problem when DST is observed either too far before the vernal equinox or too far after the autumnal equinox. Because of this, the extension was greeted with criticism by those concerned for the safety of children who would have been forced to travel to school before sunrise, especially in the month of March. In addition, the airline industry was especially concerned if DST were to be extended through to the last Sunday in November, as this is very often (6 out of every 7 years) the Sunday after Thanksgiving. This is one of the busiest travel days at American airports, and could have resulted in much havoc among travelers who forgot that the clocks were changing that day.

text: If the original proposal to extend DST through the last Sunday in November had been adopted, the entire United States, with the exception of the states that exempted themselves, would have experienced the latest sunrises of the year during the month of November, which would have approached the extremely late sunrise times when DST went into effect on January 6, 1974 due to the 1973 energy crisis creeping after 9 am in places like New Salem, North Dakota at the northwestern edges of time zones.

text: Start and end dates of United States Daylight Saving Time[edit]

text:
Key to colors

future date

2nd Sunday March 1st Sunday November

1st Sunday April last Sunday October

last Sunday April last Sunday October

text:
Year
Begins (local)
Ends (local)
Notes

2020
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2019
Sun March 10 02:00
Sun November 3 02:00

2018
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00

2017
Sun March 12 02:00
Sun November 5 02:00

2016
Sun March 13 02:00
Sun November 6 02:00

2015
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2014
Sun March 9 02:00
Sun November 2 02:00

2013
Sun March 10 02:00
Sun November 3 02:00

2012
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00

2011
Sun March 13 02:00
Sun November 6 02:00

2010
Sun March 14 02:00
Sun November 7 02:00

2009
Sun March 8 02:00
Sun November 1 02:00

2008
Sun March 9 02:00
Sun November 2 02:00

2007
Sun March 11 02:00
Sun November 4 02:00
Energy Policy Act of 2005

2006
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00
All of Indiana now on DST

2005
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

2004
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

2003
Sun April 6 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

2002
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

2001
Sun April 1 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

2000
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1999
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1998
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1997
Sun April 6 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1996
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1995
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1994
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1993
Sun April 4 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1992
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1991
Sun April 7 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1990
Sun April 1 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1989
Sun April 2 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1988
Sun April 3 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1987
Sun April 5 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00
Federal Fire Prevention and Control Act of 1986

1986
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1985
Sun April 28 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00

1984
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1983
Sun April 24 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00
Alaska time zones changed Sun October 30 02:00

1982
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1981
Sun April 26 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1980
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00

1979
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00

1978
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1977
Sun April 24 02:00
Sun October 30 02:00

1976
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00

1975
Sun February 23 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
Emergency Daylight Time Act
Michigan exempted, began DST Sun April 27 02:00

1974
Sun January 6 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
Emergency Daylight Time Act
Southern Idaho and eastern Oregon (Mountain time zone)
began DST Sun February 3 02:00

1973
Sun April 29 02:00
Sun October 28 02:00
All of Michigan now on DST

1972
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00

1971
Sun April 25 02:00
Sun October 31 02:00
Indiana (Eastern time zone) opts out

1970
Sun April 26 02:00
Sun October 25 02:00

1969
Sun April 27 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
All of Alaska and Indiana now on DST

1968
Sun April 28 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
Arizona and Michigan opt out

1967
Sun April 30 02:00
Sun October 29 02:00
Uniform Time Act of 1966
Alaska, Hawaii, Indiana and territories opt out

1946–66

Local decision, various dates

1945

Sun September 30 02:00
War Time ends

1944

War Time all year
Arizona War Time not observed Sat January 1 02:00–Sat April 1 02:00
Arizona War Time ends Sat September 30 02:00[9]

1943

War Time all year

1942
Mon February 9 02:00

War Time begins year round

1920–41

Local decision, various dates

1919
Sun March 30 02:00
Sun October 26 02:00
War Time ends

1918
Sun March 31 02:00
Sun October 27 02:00
War Time begins summer only


document_title: List of National Basketball Association annual scoring leaders

question_text: who led the nba in scoring last year

question_tokens: who led the nba in scoring last year

text: Key[edit]

text:
^

Denotes player who is still active in the NBA

*

Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Denotes player who won the MVP award that year

Player (X)

Denotes the number of times the player had been the scoring leader up to and including that season

G
Guard
F
Forward
C
Center

text: Scoring leaders[edit]

text:
Season

Player

Age[a]

Pos[b]

Team

Gamesplayed

Field goalsmade

3-pointfield goalsmade

Free throwsmade

Totalpoints

Points pergame

Ref

1946–47

Joe Fulks*

25

F/C

Philadelphia Warriors

60

475

—

439

1,389

23.2

[11][12]

1947–48

Max Zaslofsky[c]

22

G/F

Chicago Stags

48

373

—

261

1,007

21.0

[14][15]

1948–49

George Mikan*

24

C

Minneapolis Lakers

60

583

—

532

1,698

28.3

[16][17]

1949–50

George Mikan* (2)

25

C

Minneapolis Lakers

68

649

—

567

1,865

27.4

[17][18]

1950–51

George Mikan* (3)

26

C

Minneapolis Lakers

68

678

—

576

1,932

28.4

[17][19]

1951–52

Paul Arizin*

23

F/G

Philadelphia Warriors

66

548

—

578

1,674

25.4

[20][21]

1952–53

Neil Johnston*

23

C

Philadelphia Warriors

70

504

—

556

1,564

22.3

[22][23]

1953–54

Neil Johnston* (2)

24

C

Philadelphia Warriors

72

591

—

577

1,759

24.5

[23][24]

1954–55

Neil Johnston* (3)

25

C

Philadelphia Warriors

72

521

—

589

1,631

22.7

[23][25]

1955–56

Bob Pettit*

23

F/C

St. Louis Hawks

72

646

—

557

1,849

25.7

[26][27]

1956–57

Paul Arizin* (2)

28

F/G

Philadelphia Warriors

71

613

—

591

1,817

25.6

[21][28]

1957–58

George Yardley*

29

F/G

Detroit Pistons

72

673

—

655

2,001

27.8

[29][30]

1958–59

Bob Pettit* (2)

26

F/C

St. Louis Hawks

72

719

—

667

2,105

29.2

[27][31]

1959–60

Wilt Chamberlain*[d]

23

C

Philadelphia Warriors

72

1,065

—

577

2,707

37.6

[32][33]

1960–61

Wilt Chamberlain* (2)

24

C

Philadelphia Warriors

79

1,251

—

531

3,033

38.4

[33][34]

1961–62

Wilt Chamberlain* (3)[e]

25

C

Philadelphia Warriors

80

1,597

—

835

4,029

50.4

[33][35]

1962–63

Wilt Chamberlain* (4)

26

C

San Francisco Warriors

80

1,463

—

660

3,586

44.8

[33][36]

1963–64

Wilt Chamberlain* (5)

27

C

San Francisco Warriors

80

1,204

—

540

2,948

36.9

[33][37]

1964–65

Wilt Chamberlain* (6)

28

C

San Francisco WarriorsPhiladelphia 76ers

73

1,063

—

408

2,534

34.7

[33][38]

1965–66

Wilt Chamberlain* (7)

29

C

Philadelphia 76ers

79

1,074

—

501

2,649

33.5

[33][39]

1966–67

Rick Barry*

22

F

San Francisco Warriors

78

1,011

—

753

2,775

35.6

[40][41]

1967–68

Dave Bing*[f]

24

G

Detroit Pistons

79

835

—

472

2,142

27.1

[44][45]

1968–69

Elvin Hayes*[g]

23

F/C

San Diego Rockets

82

930

—

467

2,327

28.4

[46][47]

1969–70

Jerry West*[h]

31

G

Los Angeles Lakers

74

831

—

647

2,309

31.2

[49][50]

1970–71

Lew Alcindor*[i]

23

C

Milwaukee Bucks

82

1,063

—

470

2,596

31.7

[52][53]

1971–72

Kareem Abdul-Jabbar* (2)

24

C

Milwaukee Bucks

81

1,159

—

504

2,822

34.8

[53][54]

1972–73

Nate Archibald*

24

G

Kansas City-Omaha Kings

80

1,028

—

663

2,719

34.0

[55][56]

1973–74

Bob McAdoo*

22

C/F

Buffalo Braves

74

901

—

459

2,261

30.6

[57][58]

1974–75

Bob McAdoo* (2)

23

C/F

Buffalo Braves

82

1,095

—

641

2,831

34.5

[58][59]

1975–76

Bob McAdoo* (3)

24

C/F

Buffalo Braves

78

934

—

559

2,427

31.1

[58][60]

1976–77

Pete Maravich*

29

G

New Orleans Jazz

73

886

—

501

2,273

31.1

[61][62]

1977–78

George Gervin*[j]

25

G/F

San Antonio Spurs

82

864

—

504

2,232

27.2

[68][69]

1978–79

George Gervin* (2)

26

G/F

San Antonio Spurs

80

947

—

471

2,365

29.6

[69][70]

1979–80

George Gervin* (3)

27

G/F

San Antonio Spurs

78

1,024

32

505

2,585

33.1

[69][71]

1980–81

Adrian Dantley*

24

F/G

Utah Jazz

80

909

2

632

2,452

30.7

[72][73]

1981–82

George Gervin* (4)

29

G/F

San Antonio Spurs

79

993

10

555

2,551

32.3

[69][74]

1982–83

Alex English*

29

F

Denver Nuggets

82

959

2

406

2,326

28.4

[75][76]

1983–84

Adrian Dantley* (2)

27

F/G

Utah Jazz

79

802

1

813

2,418

30.6

[73][77]

1984–85

Bernard King*[k]

28

F

New York Knicks

55

691

1

426

1,809

32.9

[79][80]

1985–86

Dominique Wilkins*[l]

26

F

Atlanta Hawks

78

888

13

577

2,366

30.3

[82][83]

1986–87

Michael Jordan*

23

G

Chicago Bulls

82

1,098

12

833

3,041

37.1

[84][85]

1987–88

Michael Jordan* (2)

24

G

Chicago Bulls

82

1,069

7

723

2,868

35.0

[85][86]

1988–89

Michael Jordan* (3)

25

G

Chicago Bulls

81

966

27

674

2,633

32.5

[85][87]

1989–90

Michael Jordan* (4)

26

G

Chicago Bulls

82

1,034

92

593

2,753

33.6

[85][88]

1990–91

Michael Jordan* (5)

27

G

Chicago Bulls

82

990

29

571

2,580

31.5

[85][89]

1991–92

Michael Jordan* (6)

28

G

Chicago Bulls

80

943

27

491

2,404

30.1

[85][90]

1992–93

Michael Jordan* (7)

29

G

Chicago Bulls

78

992

81

476

2,541

32.6

[85][91]

1993–94

David Robinson*[m]

28

C

San Antonio Spurs

80

840

10

693

2,383

29.8

[93][94]

1994–95

Shaquille O'Neal*

22

C

Orlando Magic

79

930

0

455

2,315

29.3

[95][96]

1995–96

Michael Jordan* (8)

32

G

Chicago Bulls

82

916

111

548

2,491

30.4

[85][97]

1996–97

Michael Jordan* (9)

33

G

Chicago Bulls

82

920

111

480

2,431

29.6

[85][98]

1997–98

Michael Jordan* (10) [n]

34

G

Chicago Bulls

82

881

30

565

2,357

28.7

[85][101]

1998–99[o]

Allen Iverson*[p]

23

G

Philadelphia 76ers

48

435

58

356

1,284

26.8

[104][105]

1999–00

Shaquille O'Neal* (2)

27

C

Los Angeles Lakers

79

956

0

432

2,344

29.7

[96][106]

2000–01

Allen Iverson* (2)[q]

25

G

Philadelphia 76ers

71

762

98

585

2,207

31.1

[105][108]

2001–02

Allen Iverson* (3)[r]

26

G

Philadelphia 76ers

60

665

78

475

1,883

31.4

[105][110]

2002–03

Tracy McGrady*[s]

23

G/F

Orlando Magic

75

829

173

576

2,407

32.1

[112][113]

2003–04

Tracy McGrady* (2)[t]

24

G/F

Orlando Magic

67

653

174

398

1,878

28.0

[113]

2004–05

Allen Iverson* (4)

29

G

Philadelphia 76ers

75

771

104

656

2,302

30.7

[105]

2005–06

Kobe Bryant

27

G

Los Angeles Lakers

80

978

180

696

2,832

35.4

[115]

2006–07

Kobe Bryant (2)

28

G

Los Angeles Lakers

77

813

137

667

2,430

31.6

[115]

2007–08

LeBron James^[u]

23

F

Cleveland Cavaliers

75

794

113

549

2,250

30.0

[117]

2008–09

Dwyane Wade^

27

G

Miami Heat

79

854

88

590

2,386

30.2

[118]

2009–10

Kevin Durant^[v]

21

F

Oklahoma City Thunder

82

794

128

756

2,472

30.1

[120]

2010–11

Kevin Durant^ (2)

22

F

Oklahoma City Thunder

78

711

145

594

2,161

27.7

[120]

2011–12[w]

Kevin Durant^ (3)[x]

23

F

Oklahoma City Thunder

66

643

133

431

1,850

28.0

[120]

2012–13

Carmelo Anthony^[y]

28

F

New York Knicks

67

669

157

425

1,920

28.7

[124]

2013–14

Kevin Durant^ (4)

25

F

Oklahoma City Thunder

81

849

192

703

2,593

32.0

[120]

2014–15

Russell Westbrook^[z]

26

G

Oklahoma City Thunder

67

627

86

546

1,886

28.1

[126]

2015–16

Stephen Curry^[aa]

28

G

Golden State Warriors

79

805

402

363

2,375

30.1

[128]

2016–17

Russell Westbrook^ (2)

28

G

Oklahoma City Thunder

81

824

200

710

2,558

31.6

[126]

2017–18

James Harden[ab]

28

G

Houston Rockets

72

651

265

624

2,191

30.4

[130]

text: Multiple-time leaders[edit]

text:
Ranking
Player
Team
Times leader
Years

1
Michael Jordan
Chicago Bulls
10
1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1996, 1997, 1998

2
Wilt Chamberlain
Philadelphia Warriors/San Francisco Warriors (5) / Philadelphia 76ers (2)
7
1960, 1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966

3
Kevin DurantGeorge GervinAllen Iverson
Oklahoma City ThunderSan Antonio SpursPhiladelphia 76ers
4
2010, 2011, 2012, 20141978, 1979, 1980, 19821999, 2001, 2002, 2005

6
Neil JohnstonBob McAdooGeorge Mikan
Philadelphia WarriorsBuffalo BravesMinneapolis Lakers
3
1953, 1954, 19551974, 1975, 19761949, 1950, 1951

9
Kareem Abdul-JabbarPaul ArizinKobe BryantAdrian DantleyTracy McGradyShaquille O'NealBob PettitRussell Westbrook
Milwaukee BucksPhiladelphia WarriorsLos Angeles LakersUtah JazzOrlando MagicOrlando Magic (1) / Los Angeles Lakers (1)St. Louis HawksOklahoma City Thunder
2
1971, 19721952, 19572006, 20071981, 19842003, 20041995, 20001956, 19592015, 2017


document_title: Ain't

question_text: when did they add ain't to the dictionary

question_tokens: when did they add ai n 't to the dictionary

text: Ain't

text: Etymology[edit]

text: Ain't has several antecedents in English, corresponding to the various forms of to be not and to have not that ain't contracts. The development of ain't for to be not and to have not is a diachronic coincidence;[1] in other words, they were independent developments at different times.

text: Contractions of to be not[edit]

text: Amn't as a contraction of am not is known from 1618.[2] As the "mn" combination of two nasal consonants is disfavoured by many English speakers, the "m" of amn't began to be elided, reflected in writing with the new form an't.[3] Aren't as a contraction for are not first appeared in 1675.[4] In non-rhotic dialects, aren't lost its "r" sound, and began to be pronounced as an't.[5]

text: An't (sometimes a'n't) arose from am not and are not almost simultaneously. An't first appears in print in the work of English Restoration playwrights.[6] In 1695 an't was used as a contraction of "am not", in William Congreve's play Love for Love: "I can hear you farther off, I an't deaf".[7] But as early as 1696 Sir John Vanbrugh uses an't to mean "are not" in The Relapse: "Hark thee shoemaker! These shoes an't ugly, but they don't fit me".[8]

text: An't for is not may have developed independently from its use for am not and are not. Isn't was sometimes written as in't or en't, which could have changed into an't. An't for is not may also have filled a gap as an extension of the already-used conjugations for to be not.[6] Jonathan Swift used an't to mean is not in Letter 19 of his Journal to Stella (1710–13): It an't my fault, 'tis Patrick's fault; pray now don't blame Presto.[9]

text: An't with a long "a" sound began to be written as ain't, which first appears in writing in 1749.[10] By the time ain't appeared, an't was already being used for am not, are not, and is not.[6] An't and ain't coexisted as written forms well into the nineteenth century—Charles Dickens used the terms interchangeably, as in Chapter 13, Book the Second of Little Dorrit (1857): "'I guessed it was you, Mr Pancks", said she, 'for it's quite your regular night; ain't it? ... An't it gratifying, Mr Pancks, though; really?'". In the English lawyer William Hickey's memoirs (1808–1810), ain't appears as a contraction of aren't; "thank God we're all alive, ain't we..."[11]

text: Contractions of to have not[edit]

text: Han't or ha'n't, an early contraction for has not and have not, developed from the elision of the "s" of has not and the "v" of have not.[6] Han't appeared in the work of English Restoration playwrights,[6] as in The Country Wife (1675) by William Wycherley: Gentlemen and Ladies, han't you all heard the late sad report / of poor Mr. Horner.[12] Much like an't, han't was sometimes pronounced with a long "a", yielding hain't. With H-dropping, the "h" of han't or hain't gradually disappeared in most dialects, and became ain't.[6]

text: Ain't as a contraction for has not/have not first appeared in dictionaries in the 1830s, and appeared in 1819 in Niles' Weekly Register: Strike! Why I ain't got nobody here to strike....[13] Charles Dickens likewise used ain't to mean haven't in Chapter 28 of Martin Chuzzlewit (1844): "You ain't got nothing to cry for, bless you! He's righter than a trivet!"[14]

text: Like with an't, han't and ain't were found together late into the nineteenth century, as in Chapter 12 of Dickens' Our Mutual Friend: "'Well, have you finished?' asked the strange man. 'No,' said Riderhood, 'I ain't'....'You sir! You han't said what you want of me.'"[15]

text: Contractions of to do not[edit]

text: Ain't meaning didn't is widely considered a feature unique to African American Vernacular English,[16] although it can be found in some dialects of Caribbean English as well.[17]  It may function not as a true variant of didn't, but as a creole-like tense-neutral negator (sometimes termed "generic ain't").[16] Its origin may have been due to approximation when early African Americans acquired English as a second language; it is also possible that early African Americans inherited this variation from colonial European-Americans, and later kept the variation when it largely passed out of wider usage. Ain't is rarely attested for the present-tense constructions do not or does not.

text: Linguistic characteristics[edit]

text: Linguistically, ain't is formed by the same rule that English speakers use to form aren't and other contractions of auxiliary verbs.[3] Most linguists consider usage of ain't to be grammatical, as long as its users convey their intended meaning to their audience.[18] In other words, a sentence such as "She ain't got no sense" is grammatical because it generally follows a native speaker's word order, and because a native speaker would recognize the meaning of that sentence.[19] Linguists draw a distinction, however, between grammaticality and acceptability: what may be considered grammatical across all dialects may nevertheless be considered not acceptable in certain dialects or contexts.[20] The usage of ain't is socially unacceptable in some situations.[21]

text: Functionally, ain't has operated in part to plug what is known as the "amn't gap" – the anomalous situation in standard English whereby there are standard contractions for other forms of to be not (aren't for are not, and isn't for is not), but no standard contraction for am not. Historically, ain't has filled the gap where one might expect amn't, even in contexts where other uses of ain't were disfavored.[22] Standard dialects that regard ain't as non-standard often substitute aren't for am not in tag questions (e.g., "I'm doing okay, aren't I?"), while leaving the "amn't gap" open in declarative statements.[23]

text: Prescription and stigma[edit]

text: Ain't has been called "the most stigmatized word in the language",[24] as well as "the most powerful social marker" in English.[25] It is a prominent example in English of a shibboleth – a word used to determine inclusion in, or exclusion from, a group.[24]

text: Historically, this was not the case. For most of its history, ain't was acceptable across many social and regional contexts. Throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries, ain't and its predecessors were part of normal usage for both educated and uneducated English speakers, and was found in the correspondence and fiction of, among others, Jonathan Swift, Lord Byron, Henry Fielding, and George Eliot.[26] For Victorian English novelists William Makepeace Thackeray and Anthony Trollope, the educated and upper classes in 19th century England could use ain't freely, but in familiar speech only.[27] Ain't continued to be used without restraint by many upper middle class speakers in southern England into the beginning of the 20th century.[28][29]

text: Ain't was a prominent target of early prescriptivist writers. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, some writers began to propound the need to establish a "pure" or "correct" form of English.[30] Contractions in general were disapproved of, but ain't and its variants were seen as particularly "vulgar".[24] This push for "correctness" was driven mainly by the middle class, which led to an incongruous situation in which non-standard constructions continued to be used by both lower and upper classes, but not by the middle class.[27][31] The reason for the strength of the prescription against ain't is not entirely clear.

text: The strong prescription against ain't in standard English has led to many misconceptions, often expressed jocularly (or ironically), as "ain't ain't a word" or "ain't ain't in the dictionary."[32] Ain't is listed in most dictionaries, including the Oxford Dictionary of English[33] and Merriam-Webster.[34] However, Oxford states "it does not form part of standard English and should never be used in formal or written contexts",[33] and Merriam-Webster states it is "widely disapproved as non-standard and more common in the habitual speech of the less educated".[34]

text: Webster's Third New International Dictionary, published in 1961, went against then-standard practice when it included the following usage note in its entry on ain't: "though disapproved by many and more common in less educated speech, used orally in most parts of the U.S. by many cultivated speakers esp. in the phrase ain't I."[35] Many commentators disapproved of the dictionary's relatively permissive attitude toward the word, which was inspired, in part, by the belief of its editor, Philip Gove, that "distinctions of usage were elitist and artificial".[36]

text: Regional usage and dialects[edit]

text: Ain't is found throughout the English-speaking world across regions and classes,[37] and is among the most pervasive nonstandard terms in English.[38] It is one of two negation features (the other being the double negative) that are known to appear in all nonstandard English dialects.[39] Ain't is used throughout the United Kingdom, with its geographical distribution increasing over time.[40] It is also found throughout the United States, including in Appalachia, the South, New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the Upper Midwest.[25] In its geographical ubiquity, ain't is to be contrasted with other folk usages such as y'all, which is confined to the South region of the United States.[41]

text: In England, ain't is generally considered a non-standard or illiterate usage, as it is used by speakers of a lower socio-economic class, or by educated people in an informal manner.[42] In the nineteenth century, ain't was often used by writers to denote regional dialects such as Cockney English.[43] Ain't is a non-standard feature commonly found in mainstream Australian English,[44] and in New Zealand, ain't is a feature of Māori-influenced English.[45] In American English, usage of ain't corresponds to a middle level of education,[42] although it is widely believed that its use establishes of lack of education or social standing in the speaker.[46]

text: The usage of ain't in the southern United States is distinctive, however, in the continued usage of the word by well-educated, cultivated speakers.[47] Ain't is in common usage of educated Southerners.[48] In the South, the use of ain't can be used as a marker to separate cultured speakers from those who lack confidence in their social standing and thus avoid its use entirely.[49]

text: Rhetorical and popular usage[edit]

text: Ain't can be used in both speech and writing to catch attention and to give emphasis, as in "Ain't that a crying shame", or "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary gives an example from film critic Richard Schickel: "the wackiness of movies, once so deliciously amusing, ain't funny anymore."[50] It can also be used deliberately for what The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style describes as "tongue-in-cheek" or "reverse snobbery".[51] Star baseball pitcher Dizzy Dean, a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame and later a popular announcer, once said, "A lot of people who don't say ain't, ain't eatin'."[52]

text: Although ain't is seldom found in formal writing, it is frequently used in more informal written settings, such as popular song lyrics. In genres such as traditional country music, blues, rock n' roll, and hip-hop, lyrics often include nonstandard features such as ain't.[53] This is principally due to the use of such features as markers of "covert identity and prestige".[53]

text: Ain't is standard in some fixed phrases, such as "You ain't seen nothing yet".

text: Notable usage[edit]

text:
"Ain't I a Woman?", 1851 speech by abolitionist Sojourner Truth.[54]
"If you want to know who we are", from The Mikado lyrics by W. S. Gilbert "We figure in lively paint: Our attitude's queer and quaint—You're wrong if you think it ain't." (1885).[55]
George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion "I ain't done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman" said Cockney flower girl Eliza Doolittle.[56]
Great baseball hitter Willie Keeler's advice to young hitters was: "Keep your eye on the ball, and hit 'em where they ain't."[57]
"Say it ain't so, Joe", apocryphal quote from a young baseball fan to Shoeless Joe Jackson after the fan learned about the Black Sox scandal involving throwing the 1919 World Series.[58] "Say it ain't so" was subsequently used as the title of a song by Weezer and an album by Murray Head, and an opera about the 2008 US vice presidential debate.
"You ain't heard nothing yet!" spoken by Al Jolson in The Jazz Singer (1927), the first feature-length motion picture with synchronized dialogue sequences.[59] That spoken line, and others in the film, introduced the "talkies" and revolutionized the movie industry.[60]
"It Ain't Necessarily So", song from Porgy and Bess (1935); music by George Gershwin, words by Ira Gershwin.[61]
"He ain't heavy, he's my brother" has been used as the motto of Boys Town since 1943,[62] and inspired a song He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother, written by Bobby Scott and Bob Russell, and recorded by The Hollies, Neil Diamond, and other artists.
"Ain't That a Shame" is a song written by Fats Domino and Dave Bartholomew, released by Imperial Records in 1955, which went on to sell over a million copies and introduced Fats Domino to a wider audience.[63]
Winston Churchill, commenting on the 1954 portrait by Graham Sutherland said "It makes me look half-witted, which I ain't".[64]
Ain't No Mountain High Enough sung by Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell.


document_title: Sing (2016 American film)

question_text: who played the koala in the movie sing

question_tokens: who played the koala in the movie sing

text: Sing (2016 American film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In a world of anthropomorphic animals, koala Buster Moon owns a theater, having been interested in show business since his father took him to his first music show as a child. Following financial problems brought up by the bank representative Judith, he tells his wealthy friend Eddie that he will host a singing competition with a prize of $1,000. But Buster's assistant, Miss Crawly, accidentally appends two extra zeroes, and the promotional fliers showing $100,000 are blown out of Buster's office into the city streets.

text: Animals from all around the city gather for auditions. Those selected include: housewife and mother of 25 piglets Rosita; street musician mouse Mike; mobster's son gorilla Johnny; punk-rock porcupine Ash; a trio of frogs; and a camel named Pete. Shy teenage elephant Meena fails her audition out of stage fright, while Ash's boyfriend Lance is dismissed from the contest. Rosita is paired with another contestant, an exuberant pig named Gunter, for a dancing routine. Although Buster discovers the flyers show a prize of $100,000, money he does not have, he remains optimistic. Buster convinces Eddie to arrange a visit with Eddie's grandmother, former opera singer and theater actress Nana Noodleman, to persuade her to sponsor the prize money. She is hesitant to contribute, but agrees to see a private screening of the show.

text: Encouraged by her grandfather, Meena tries to ask Buster for another chance, but becomes his stage hand instead. When the frogs quit, and Pete is injured, Meena is added as an act. The performers' individual problems begin to hinder rehearsals: Rosita flounders in her dance routine with Gunter, after having been distracted by her parenting duties that have fallen into disarray. After discovering Lance with a new girlfriend and evicting them from her apartment, Ash is devastated and can no longer sing her assigned song, Carly Rae Jepsen's "Call Me Maybe." Johnny is torn between having to help his father as the driver of a getaway car in a heist and making the practices. When he tries to do both, he does not show up for the planned pickup in time, and his father and his gang are arrested. Meena does not get any help in overcoming her stage fright, and Mike, certain that the prize money is as good as his, buys a fancy car to impress a female mouse, and then swindles a group of bears in a card game in a nightclub.

text: The day of the screening, the bears interrupt the show, demanding the money from Mike, who in turn, points to Buster. The bears open the chest containing the prize money, but it is nowhere near $100,000. The glass tank full of luminescent squids that Buster got to light up the theater breaks under all their weight, flooding the theater, which then comes crashing down. With the lot repossessed by Judith, Buster, who had been living in his theater's office desk, takes up residence at Eddie's place (his parents' pool house). Although the contestants (besides Mike, who saw Buster as a fraud) visit him and try to cheer him up, Buster is too despondent to listen to them. He tries to start over by opening a car wash, using the same bucket that his father had used to earn money for Buster's theater.

text: When Meena goes to the theater's rubble lot and sings Leonard Cohen's "Hallelujah," Buster hears her and is inspired to reinstate the show without the prize money. They perform on a makeshift stage on the lot in front of Rosita and Meena's family members. As Rosita and Gunter perform Taylor Swift's "Shake It Off," more animals are attracted to the scene as the show is broadcast on the news. Johnny's rendition of Elton John's "I'm Still Standing" impresses his father, who then escapes from prison to reconcile with him. Despite interruption by Judith, Ash sings her original rock song "Set It All Free." Mike returns to the show and sings Frank Sinatra's "My Way." Meena finally overcomes her fears and sings Stevie Wonder's "Don't You Worry 'bout a Thing," which literally brings down the house. The show becomes a success and impresses Nana, who was in the audience. Nana buys the lot and the theater is rebuilt and reopened.

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Matthew McConaughey as Buster Moon, an optimistic koala who plans to save his theater from closure by holding a singing competition.[3][5]
Reese Witherspoon as Rosita, a pig who gave up her teenage music dreams to become a devoted wife to Norman, and mother to their 25 piglets.[5]
Seth MacFarlane as Mike, a white mouse with a big Frank Sinatra-esque voice and an arrogant attitude.[5]
Scarlett Johansson as Ash, a teen porcupine and punk rocker who takes part in an alternative-rock music duo with her boyfriend Lance.[1][5]
John C. Reilly as Eddie, a sheep and Buster's friend who doubts the future of the theater.[5][6]
Tori Kelly as Meena, a teenage elephant with an exquisite voice and severe stage fright.[5]
Taron Egerton as Johnny, a teenage gorilla who wants to sing, though his father would rather have him follow his criminal footsteps.[5]
Jennifer Saunders as Nana Noodleman, a sheep and Eddie's grandmother who was a singer in her glory days.[7][8]
Jennifer Hudson[1] as Young Nana
Garth Jennings as Miss Crawly, an elderly iguana with a glass eye who is Buster's administrative assistant.[1]
Peter Serafinowicz as Big Daddy, a gorilla gang leader who wants his son Johnny to follow in his crime business.[1]
Nick Kroll as Gunter, a passionate dancing pig who is partnered with Rosita for the show.[9][7]
Beck Bennett as Lance, a porcupine and Ash's boyfriend.[1]
Jay Pharoah[7] as Meena's grandfather who pressures her to overcome her stage fright.
Nick Offerman[7] as Norman, a pig and Rosita's husband.
Leslie Jones as Meena's mother
Rhea Perlman as Judith,[1][10] a brown llama from the bank who warns Buster that his theater will be repossessed if he does not pay.
Laraine Newman as Meena's grandmother
Adam Buxton as Stan, a gorilla who is a member of Big Daddy's gang.
Brad Morris as a Baboon, whom Mike attacks for not donating more money to his street performances.
Bill Farmer as News Reporter Dog, who documents Buster's singing competition.
Oscar, Leo, Caspar, and Asa Jennings as Piglets.

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2014, it was announced that Garth Jennings would write and direct an animated comedy film for Universal Pictures and Illumination Entertainment, about "courage, competition and carrying a tune,"[11] which was originally titled Lunch,[12] and then retitled as Sing.[5]

text: On January 14, 2015, Matthew McConaughey was cast in the film's lead voice role.[3] Chris Meledandri and Janet Healy produced the film.[3] On June 17, 2015, it was confirmed that McConaughey's character is named Buster and that John C. Reilly would voice Eddie, a sheep and Buster's best friend.[6] In November 2015, it was announced that Reese Witherspoon, Seth MacFarlane, Scarlett Johansson, Tori Kelly and Taron Egerton had joined the cast of the film.[5]

text: The film features 65 pop songs, the rights to which cost 15 percent of the film's $75 million budget.[13] The animation was created entirely in France by Illumination MacGuff.[14]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A soundtrack album for the film was released on December 21, 2016.

text: Release[edit]

text: The almost complete[15] film was screened as a work in progress beginning September 11, 2016 at the Toronto International Film Festival.[16] Universal Studios released the film on December 21, 2016.[17]

text: Home media[edit]

text: Sing was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 21, 2017. It includes three short films: Gunter Babysits, Love at First Sight, and Eddie's Life Coach.[18]

text:
In Gunter Babysits, Gunter offers to watch over Rosita and Norman's piglets while they are away as he works to prove himself to be a good babysitter.
In Love at First Sight, Johnny sets Miss Crawly up with an online dating website where she manages to score a date with a lizard named Herman.
In Eddie's Life Coach, Eddie's mother sets Eddie up for a digital training seminar where he will be assigned to a dachshund named Garry "The Winner" Wishman.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Sing grossed $270.3 million in the U.S. and Canada and $362.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $632.4 million, against a production budget of $75 million.[2] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $194.2 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenue for the film, making it the 7th most profitable release of 2016.[19]

text: In North America, the film opened alongside Passengers and Assassin's Creed, and was expected to gross around $70 million from 4,022 theaters over its first six days of release.[20] The film made $1.7 million during its Tuesday night previews.[21] It went on to gross $35.3 million in its opening weekend (a six-day total of $75.5 million), finishing second at the box office behind Rogue One: A Star Wars Story, which was in its second week.[22] Sing holds the record for being the highest-grossing film to never finish first at the North American box office, besting My Big Fat Greek Wedding ($241.4 million in 2002).[23]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Sing received positive reviews from critics. On the aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 73% based on 157 reviews; the average rating is 6.5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Sing delivers colorfully animated, cheerfully undemanding entertainment with a solid voice cast and a warm-hearted – albeit familiar – storyline that lives up to its title."[24] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100 based on 37 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[25] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[26]

text: Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote, "In a year full of talking-animal hits, Sing isn't quite as strong a number. It's a tale that might not be particularly thought-provoking but sure is toe-tapping."[27] In her review for the Los Angeles Times, Katie Walsh called Sing, "a cute movie with genuinely funny moments (keep an eye out for the koala car wash), and some great tunes to boot."[28] The Arizona Republic's Bill Goodykoontz was rather mixed about the movie in his review and overall said, "Sing is like an album with a good song here and there, but too much filler and not enough hits."[29] Reviewing the version of the film screened at the Toronto International Film Festival, Stefan Pape of the British website HeyUGuys gave the film a mixed review of 2/5, stating that "Garth Jennings's Sing effectively acknowledges early on that it's following a completely unoriginal formula, and yet carries on regardless."[30] While Peter Debruge of Variety, who also saw the film during the same festival, did not find the subplots to have any "profound life lessons," he overall praised Jennings' direction, the cast's voice performances and the film's silliness.[31]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

AARP Annual Movies for Grownups Awards
February 6, 2017
Best Movie for Grownups who Refuse to Grow Up
Sing
Nominated
[32]

Annie Awards
February 4, 2017
Outstanding Achievement, Music in an Animated Feature Production
Joby Talbot
[33]

Golden Globe Awards
January 8, 2017
Best Animated Feature Film
Sing
[34]

Best Original Song
"Faith" – Ryan Tedder, Stevie Wonder and Francis Farewell Starlite

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Song – Animated Film
[35][36]

Best Soundtrack Album
Sing: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Outstanding Music Supervision – Film
Jojo Villanueva
Won

Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Favorite Animated Movie
Sing
Nominated
[37]

Favorite Voice From an Animated Movie
Reese Witherspoon

Most Wanted Pet

Favorite Soundtrack
Sing

Saturn Awards
June 28, 2017
Best Animated Film
Nominated
[38]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Universal and Illumination have announced plans for a Sing 2, slated for December 25, 2020.[39]