document_title: List of Animal Kingdom episodes

question_text: how many episodes of animal kingdom are in season 3

text: List of Animal Kingdom episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired110June 14, 2016 (2016-06-14)August 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)213May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)August 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)313May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)11"Pilot"John WellsTeleplay by : Jonathan LiscoJune 14, 2016 (2016-06-14)[a]296038 / U11.100421.31[5]
After his mother dies of an overdose, 17-year-old Joshua "J" Cody goes to stay with his estranged grandmother Janine, otherwise known as "Smurf", in Oceanside, California. J meets his uncles, Craig, Deran, and their adopted brother, Baz. The Codys are surprised when their unstable eldest brother Pope returns unannounced from serving a six-year sentence for bank robbery. The brothers carry out a smash and grab robbery, accidentally injuring a security guard in the process.
22"We Don't Hurt People"John WellsJonathan LiscoJune 14, 2016 (2016-06-14)U13.123521.10[5]
The security guard, actually a moonlighting cop, dies from his injuries. Smurf creates discord when she makes the boys destroy the valuable watches they stole and tie up some loose ends.
33"Stay Close, Stick Together"Christopher ChulackEliza ClarkJune 21, 2016 (2016-06-21)U13.123531.18[6]
While Baz helps Craig recover from his gunshot wound, Pope and Deran take J on a side job behind Smurf's back.
44"Dead to Me"Karen GaviolaEtan FrankelJune 28, 2016 (2016-06-28)U13.123541.18[7]
With the boys celebrating Pope's birthday, Smurf manipulates them hoping that someone will confess to moonlighting.
55"Flesh Is Weak"Christopher ChulackMegan MartinJuly 5, 2016 (2016-07-05)U13.123551.39[8]
Deran stays away from home to deal with his demons.
66"Child Care"Regina KingEtan FrankelJuly 12, 2016 (2016-07-12)U13.123561.25[9]
While the Codys plan their next job, Detective Yates puts more pressure on J's teacher Alexa to get more information about the family's illicit dealings. Craig faces the consequences of his actions with Ren.
77"Goddamn Animals"Tim SouthamEliza ClarkJuly 19, 2016 (2016-07-19)U13.123571.22[10]
The boys throw a party while Smurf takes a secret trip to get some closure on her past.
88"Man In"Larry TengMegan MartinJuly 26, 2016 (2016-07-26)U13.123581.23[11]
The Codys plan their biggest heist yet: to rob a shipment of cash passing through Camp Pendleton. Meanwhile, though Catherine has refused to help Yates take down the family, she packs a bag for herself and Lena. Nicky tells J that she slept with Craig, which pushes J over the edge.
99"Judas Kiss"Christopher ChulackJohn WellsAugust 2, 2016 (2016-08-02)U13.123591.32[12]
Pope, Baz, Craig, and Deran enter the base ostensibly to play paintball, but sneak off. Following Baz's plan, they switch a portion of the stored cash with fake bills, and stash what they have stolen in waste barrels to be transported off base. Meanwhile, J has agreed to talk to an aggressive Yates, but is hesitant to implicate the rest of the family. Catherine steals money from a suspicious Smurf, who sends Pope to confront her. Realizing she is in danger, Catherine tries to seduce Pope, but he smothers her and then buries her body.
1010"What Have You Done?"John WellsJonathan LiscoAugust 9, 2016 (2016-08-09)U13.123601.51[13]
While Pope and Smurf try to keep Baz from figuring out the truth about Catherine, the money from their Camp Pendleton heist comes through. But there are bigger problems within the Cody gang.

text: Jump up ^ The pilot episode was released online on June 1, 2016[4] and shown on TNT after a basketball playoff game.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)111"Eat What You Kill"Christopher ChulackJonathan LiscoMay 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)U13.125511.19[14]
The boys blame Smurf for a risky job gone wrong, and cut her out of future jobs. Baz continues looking into Catherine's disappearance.
122"Karma"Thomas CarterEliza ClarkJune 6, 2017 (2017-06-06)U13.125521.05[15]
Craig has a house fire, and the boys case a megachurch.
133"Bleed for It"J. Michael MuroMegan MartinJune 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)U13.125530.96[16]
Deran ignores Craig's misguided advice for managing his new business. Smurf and J go to the desert for a funeral and rob a diner on the way home. Pope goes to bible study at the church that the boys are planning to rob. Baz goes to Mexico to get supplies for the church heist.
144"Broken Boards"Emmy RossumEtan FrankelJune 20, 2017 (2017-06-20)U13.125541.13[17]
Smurf teaches J the economic side of the family business. She undermines Baz by changing the codes on the family storage spaces, and tries to convince him that he cannot keep the boys in line. Baz gets the boys together to boost morale by jumping off an eight story crane. Deran has opening night at his new bar.
155"Forgive Us Our Trespasses"Laura InnesT.J. Brady & Rasheed NewsonJune 27, 2017 (2017-06-27)U13.125551.17[18]
Craig pulls out as the boys commence the church robbery. Javi surprises Smurf with a visit.
166"Cry Havoc"Larry TengJonathan LiscoJuly 11, 2017 (2017-07-11)U13.125561.17[19]
While Javi increases the pressure on Smurf, she recruits J to help her. Baz is confronted by a secret that Catherine hid from him. Pope and Baz clash.
177"Dig"David RodriguezEliza ClarkJuly 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)U13.125571.27[20]
The boys consider helping Smurf neutralize Javi. Baz learns new information about Catherine.
188"Grace"Cherie NowlanMegan MartinJuly 25, 2017 (2017-07-25)U13.125581.10[21]
As police officers pressure Amy on the church robbery, Pope deflects their suspicions. Craig plans an unusual heist of his own. Baz follows Smurf to find out what she is really hiding.
199"Custody"Gary GoldmanEtan FrankelAugust 1, 2017 (2017-08-01)U13.125591.21[22]
Baz decides not to take part in Craig's yacht job. Craig and Deran ponder jobs on their own. Baz recruits J to help him rob a storage unit, which J does not know belongs to Smurf.
2010"Treasure"Josef WladykaT.J. Brady & Rasheed NewsonAugust 8, 2017 (2017-08-08)U13.125601.20[23]
The boys and Nicky rob the yacht, while Smurf investigates who robbed her. Baz's desire to run the family grows as he ponders what life would be like if Smurf were not in charge.
2111"The Leopard"Michael MorrisEliza ClarkAugust 15, 2017 (2017-08-15)U13.125611.16[24]
Baz decides to take Smurf down and seize control. Suspecting that things may go awry with Baz, Smurf prepares J to have her power of attorney should it become necessary. Baz digs up Javi's body, plants evidence incriminating Smurf, and calls the police. Smurf is arrested.
2212"You Will Be Gutted"Larry TengJonathan LiscoAugust 22, 2017 (2017-08-22)U13.125621.22[25]
Smurf navigates jail. Baz attempts to take control of the family and their assets, but the boys have other ideas.
2313"Betrayal"John WellsJohn WellsStory by Bryce Dallas HowardAugust 29, 2017 (2017-08-29)U13.125631.41[26]
Smurf finds out she will be in jail for longer than expected. Baz tells everyone what he did to her. Pope confesses to Baz that he killed Catherine for Smurf, and Baz forgives him. Baz is shot by an unknown assailant and Lucy leaves him for dead. She and her brother steal the money and jewelry that Baz took from Smurf.

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitle [27]Directed byWritten byOriginal air dateProd.codeU.S. viewers(millions)241"The Killing"John WellsJohn WellsMay 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)[a]U13.130011.61[29]
Baz dies on the operating table. Smurf learns she may be locked up for awhile, and the family discusses how to retaliate after Baz's shooting. J pays a Hispanic gang to protect Smurf in jail.
252"In the Red"David RodriguezEliza ClarkJune 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)U13.130021.22[30]
Two months after Baz's death, the family has tried to move on. Craig and Renn have been living in Mexico while Deran has been pulling risky jobs with his own crew. He and Adrian are seeing each other, but Deran encourages Adrian to leave town to surf competitively. J is keeping money going through Smurf's properties, but her funds are dwindling. Smurf navigates prison politics while telling J how to manage the family's money. Pope deals with raising Lena, who is being bullied. J has a fling with Mia, the go-between he pays for Smurf's protection.
263"The Center Will Hold"Alex ZakrzewskiDaniele NathansonJune 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)U13.130031.16[31]
Smurf organizes a job from behind bars, which J pushes the family to do. It is revealed Mia shot and killed Baz, and J and Mia continue their money/pleasure relationship. Nicky gets into dangerous waters with a dealer when she tries to impress some girls from school. Mia moves in with the Codys, while Craig and Renn break up and Craig ponders moving back home. Pope and J scout the job, and Craig and Deran destroy real estate properties that compete with their own.
274"Wolves"James HanlonBradley PaulJune 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)U13.130041.33[32]
Nicky is threatened by Mia moving in. Smurf demands that the DA provide the forensics report which proves that the bullet from Smurf's gun was fired after Javi's murder. Pearce stalls in hopes that Smurf will incriminate her boys. Pope, Craig, Deran, and J execute the job. Nicky and Mia meet up at a bar, where Nicky cheats on J with another man. Pearce suspects the Codys have performed another robbery. Deran's dad, Bill, shows up at the house. Nicky confesses to J, who meets Smurf in jail and updates her about the job and Bill's return. Smurf tells J to get him out of her house.
285"Prey"Megan GriffithsAddison McQuiggJune 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)U13.130051.31[33]
Billy and Mia each ignore Pope's suggestions that they leave Smurf's house. Lena gets herself into trouble at her new school. Pearce suspects that J is laundering money through Smurf's properties. Deran asks J for help with his bar bookkeeping. Nicky's father shuts her down when she asks to come stay with him in Guam.
296"Broke from the Box"Mark StrandMatt KesterJuly 3, 2018 (2018-07-03)U13.130061.20[34]
Craig, Deran, and J get into a turf fight with a Brazilian gang and rob them. Smurf asks J to drive to the desert to find Javi's gang after the DA claims to have a witness to the murder when the ballistics report shows that Smurf did not fire the fatal shot. J hesitates but eventually agrees. A tripping Nicky accidentally shoots herself and J drives her to the hospital, leaving her at the front entrance before driving off.
307"Low Man"Cherie NowlanEliza ClarkJuly 10, 2018 (2018-07-10)U13.130071.27[35]
Pope follows a lead on Baz's killer with Lucy and her brother leading to the revelation that Smurf may have had Baz killed. Pearce pressures Smurf to turn on her sons, even purposefully giving her a hostile cellmate. Deran, Craig, J, and Billy prepare for the job. Although Smurf initially agrees to a deal, she goes back on it after realizing that Pearce is desperate and bluffing about the witness and was trying to get Smurf to incriminate herself through a prison murder since he offered her a great deal too easily. The next morning, Smurf is released from jail after the DA is forced to drop the charges due to lack of evidence. Deran's date with Linc turns awkward after Adrian unexpectedly returns, leading Deran to visit Adrian and make out with him.
318"Incoming"David RodriguezDaniele NathansonJuly 17, 2018 (2018-07-17)U13.130081.35[36]
The boys rob over $700,000 being transported by plane, and are surprised to find a subdued Smurf at home after Pearce informed her that the boys have been using her properties to launder their money.
329"Libertad"Nick CopusBradley PaulJuly 24, 2018 (2018-07-24)U13.130091.33[37]
Smurf calls a family meeting, and demands that the boys get back the money Baz stole from her, which she believes Lucy took. She revokes J's power of attorney and insists the boys give her a twenty percent cut to launder money through her properties. Smurf has sex with Billy. An acquaintance of Deran's, Ox, is shot, and he is annoyed when Craig enlists Linc to save him. DCFS removes Lena from Pope's care. Smurf visits Deran, who agrees to come to her memorial for Baz.
3310"Off the Tit"Larry TengAddison McQuiggJuly 31, 2018 (2018-07-31)U13.130101.31[38]
Pope is desperate for information on Lena. Billy demands his cut from their plane heist, and when he does not get it, he robs Deran's bar safe and disappears. J makes plans behind Smurf's back, and Craig considers his future. Pope and Deran go to Smurf for emotional support. Smurf has Lucy's brother Marco brought to her from Mexico, and tortures him to find out where her stolen money is.
3411"Jackpot"Shawn HatosyMatt KesterAugust 7, 2018 (2018-08-07)U13.130111.44[39]
Smurf coerces the boys to be with her when she meets with Lucy to exchange Marco for Smurf's stolen money, in the process revealing her association with Pete and his gang to the boys. Lucy returns Smurf's money, minus what Baz had already given to the boys, but a furious Marco starts a firefight that leaves him fatally wounded and Pope captured by Lucy. Following Marco's death, Lucy confesses to Pope that she did steal Smurf's money and lied about it, but continues to insist that she loved Baz and Smurf was behind his murder. As a condition of having Pope returned, Smurf admits to Lucy that she had Baz killed. Lucy calls a truce and Smurf retrieves Pope, who tells her that he now knows she ordered the hit on Baz.
3512"Homecoming"David RodriguezEliza ClarkAugust 14, 2018 (2018-08-14)U13.130121.37[40]
Pope plans to kill Smurf, but is thwarted when she announces that Lena is coming home under her guardianship. Frankie takes Craig to a potential job at the luxurious house of a surf-gear entrepreneur. Smurf confronts Morgan about secretly selling off one of Smurf's properties, and a stunned Morgan implicates J. He leaves Morgan for dead, her leg cut, 10 miles out to sea. J sets Mia up in the condo he purchased for himself with Smurf's money. Pope returns an unhappy Lena to her foster family, telling Smurf that she will allow them to adopt Lena in exchange for his silence regarding her role in Baz's death. She agrees, if he will move back in.
3613"The Hyenas"Chris ChulackJohn WellsAugust 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)TBA1.37[41]
Craig pulls the job with Frankie. Smurf and Pope investigate Morgan's theft of Smurf's properties and begin to suspect that J is involved. On Smurf's orders, Pete takes Mia down to Mexico, where she murders Lucy. Morgan's body is found. J destroys evidence linking him to the thefts while Pope has a breakdown. Deran plans to buy a house and have Adrian move in, but Adrian, who is smuggling something for a friend, is stopped by airport police on his way to a surf competition. Mia's ex gets out of jail. Smurf divides ownership all of her properties among the boys. J promises a sleeping Smurf that he will take everything from her.

text: Ratings[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Pilot"

June 14, 2016
0.4
1.31[5]
N/A
0.80
N/A
2.11[42]

2

"We Don't Hurt People"

June 14, 2016
0.4
1.10[5]
N/A
0.84
N/A
1.94[42]

3

"Stay Close, Stuck Together"

June 21, 2016
0.4
1.18[6]
N/A
0.94
N/A
2.12[43]

4

"Dead to Me"

June 28, 2016
0.4
1.18[7]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

5

"Flesh Is Weak"

July 5, 2016
0.5
1.39[8]
0.4
1.11
0.9
2.50[44]

6

"Child Care"

July 12, 2016
0.4
1.25[9]
0.4
1.23
0.8
2.48[45]

7

"Goddamn Animals"

July 19, 2016
0.4
1.22[10]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8

"Man In"

July 26, 2016
0.4
1.23[11]
N/A
1.06
N/A
2.29[46][b]

9

"Judas Kiss"

August 2, 2016
0.4
1.32[12]
0.3
N/A
0.7[47][b]
N/A

10

"What Have You Done?"

August 9, 2016
0.5
1.51[13]
0.4
1.42
0.9
2.93[48]

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Eat What You Kill"

May 30, 2017
0.4
1.19[14]
0.5
1.20
0.9
2.39[49]

2

"Karma"

June 6, 2017
0.4
1.05[15]
0.4
1.16
0.8
2.21[50]

3

"Bleed for It"

June 13, 2017
0.3
0.96[16]
0.5
1.29
0.8
2.25[51]

4

"Broken Boards"

June 20, 2017
0.3
1.13[17]
0.5
1.25
0.8
2.38[52]

5

"Forgive Us Our Trespasses"

June 27, 2017
0.4
1.17[18]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6

"Cry Havoc"

July 11, 2017
0.4
1.17[19]
0.3
1.16
0.7
2.33[53]

7

"Dig"

July 18, 2017
0.4
1.27[20]
0.5
1.30
0.9
2.57[54]

8

"Grace"

July 25, 2017
0.4
1.10[21]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9

"Custody"

August 1, 2017
0.4
1.21[22]
0.4
1.31
0.8
2.52[55]

10

"Treasure"

August 8, 2017
0.4
1.20[23]
0.5
1.21
0.8
2.42[56]

11

"The Leopard"

August 15, 2017
0.4
1.16[24]
0.4
1.33
0.8
2.48[57]

12

"You Will Be Gutted"

August 22, 2017
0.4
1.22[25]
0.4
1.32
0.8
2.54[58]

13

"Betrayal"

August 29, 2017
0.4
1.41[26]
0.5
1.31
0.9
2.71[59]

text: Season 3 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"The Killing"

May 29, 2018
0.7
1.61[29]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2

"In the Red"

June 5, 2018
0.4
1.22[30]
0.3
1.05
0.7
2.27[60]

3

"The Center Will Hold"

June 12, 2018
0.4
1.16[31]
0.3
0.95
0.7
2.12[61][b]

4

"Wolves"

June 19, 2018
0.4
1.33[32]
0.4
1.16
0.8
2.49[62]

5

"Prey"

June 26, 2018
0.4
1.31[33]
0.3
0.96
0.7
2.28[63][b]

6

"Broke From the Box"

July 3, 2018
0.4
1.20[34]
0.3
1.06
0.7
2.26[64][b]

7

"Low Man"

July 10, 2018
0.4
1.27[35]
0.4
1.17
0.8
2.44[65]

8

"Incoming"

July 17, 2018
0.4
1.35[36]
0.3
1.28
0.7
2.63[66]

9

"Libertad"

July 24, 2018
0.4
1.33[37]
0.4
1.25
0.8
2.59[67]

10

"Off the Tit"

July 31, 2018
0.4
1.31[38]
0.3
0.92
0.7
2.24[68][b]

11

"Jackpot"

August 7, 2018
0.4
1.44[39]
0.3
0.92
0.7
2.37[69][b]

12

"Homecoming"

August 14, 2018
0.4
1.37[40]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13

"The Hyenas"

August 21, 2018
0.4
1.37[41]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ This episode was shown as a special preview following an NBA games aftershow ahead of the timeslot premiere on May 29. The timeslot premiere pulled 1.3 million viewers and a 0.4 18-49 rating.[28]

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.


document_title: Brundtland Commission

question_text: when was the brundtland definition of sustainability written

root

text: Brundtland Commission

text: History[edit]

text:
Ten years after the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, a number of global environmental challenges had clearly not been adequately addressed.  In several ways, these challenges had grown. Particularly, the underlying problem of how to reduce poverty in low-income countries through more productive and industrialized economy without, in the process, exacerbating the global and local environmental burdens, remained unresolved. Neither high-income countries in the North nor low-income countries in the South were willing to give up an economic development based on growth, but environmental threats, ranging from pollution, acid rain, deforestation and desertification, the destruction of the ozone layer, to early signs of climate change, were impossible to overlook and increasingly unacceptable. There was a tangible need for a developmental concept that would allow reconciling economic development with environmental protection. Views differed on several questions: were local environmental problems the result of local developments or of a global economic system that forced particularly low-income countries to destroy their environmental basis? Did environmental burdens result mainly from destructive economic growth-based development or from a lack of economic development and modernization? Would reconciling the economy and the environment require mainly technical means by using more resource-efficient technologies or mainly social and structural changes that would include political decision-making as well as changes in private consumption patterns?
The 1980 World Conservation Strategy of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, was the first report that included a very brief chapter on a concept called "sustainable development". It focused on global structural changes and was not widely read. The UN initiated an independent commission, which was asked to provide an analysis of existing problems and ideas for their solution, similar to earlier commissions such as the Independent Commission on International Development Issues (Brandt Commission) and the Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security Issues (Palme Commission).[2]

tag: p

text: In December 1983, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, asked the Prime Minister of Norway, Gro Harlem Brundtland, to create an organization independent of the UN to focus on environmental and developmental problems and solutions after an affirmation by the General Assembly resolution in the fall of 1984.[3] This new organization was the Brundtland Commission, or more formally, the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). The Brundtland Commission was first headed by Gro Harlem Brundtland as Chairman and Mansour Khalid as Vice-Chairman.

text: The organization aimed to create a united international community with shared sustainability goals by identifying sustainability problems worldwide, raising awareness about them, and suggesting the implementation of solutions. In 1987, the Brundtland Commission published the first volume of “Our Common Future,” the organization’s main report. “Our Common Future” strongly influenced the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992 and the third UN Conference on Environment and Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, in 2002. Also, it is credited with crafting the most prevalent definition of sustainability, as seen below.[4]

text: Events before Brundtland[edit]

text: During the 1980s it had been revealed that the World Bank had started to experience an expanded role in intervening with the economic and social policies of the Third World. This was most notable through the events at Bretton Woods in 1945. The ideas of neoliberalism and the institutions promoting economic globalization dominated the political agenda of the world's then leading trading nations: the United States under President Ronald Reagan and the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, both classical liberals.

text: These events led into an era of free markets built on a distortion of the international order forged in 1945 at Bretton Woods. Bretton Woods was transformed through the 1980s and 1990s, finally ending in 1995 with the establishment of the World Trade Organization ushered in by United States President Bill Clinton. Bretton Woods was formed as an arrangement among the industrialized nation states, but was transformed into a global regime of ostensibly free markets that privileged multinational corporations and actually undermined the sovereignty of the very national communities that established Bretton Woods.

text: The Brundtland Report was intended as a response to the conflict between the nascent order promoting globalized economic growth and the accelerating ecological degradation occurring on a global scale. The challenge posed in the 1980s was to harmonize prosperity with ecology. This postulated finding the means to continue economic growth without undue harm to the environment. To address the urgent needs of developing countries (Third World), the United Nations saw a need to strike a better balance of human and environmental well-being. This was to be achieved by redefining the concepts of "economic development" as the new idea of "sustainable development" - as it was called in the Brundtland Report.[5]

text: To understand this paradigm shift, we start with the meaning of the key term: development

text: Resolution establishing the Commission[edit]

text: The 1983 General Assembly passed Resolution 38/161 "Process of preparation of the Environmental Perspective to the Year 2000 and Beyond", establishing the Commission.[6] In A/RES/38/161, the General Assembly:

text: Modern definition of sustainable development[edit]

text: The Brundtland Commission draws upon several notions in its definition of sustainable development, which is the most frequently cited definition of the concept to date.

text: A key element in the definition is the unity of environment and development. The Brundtland Commission argues against the assertions of the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment and provides an alternative perspective on sustainable development, unique from that of the 1980 World Conservation Strategy of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature. The Brundtland Commission pushed for the idea that while the "environment" was previously perceived as a sphere separate from human emotion or action, and while "development" was a term habitually used to describe political goals or economic progress, it is more comprehensive to understand the two terms in relation to each other (We can better understand the environment in relation to development and we can better understand development in relation to the environment, because they cannot and should not be distinguished as separate entities). Brundtland argues:

text: "...the "environment" is where we live; and "development" is what we all do in attempting to improve our lot within that abode. The two are inseparable."

text: The Brundtland Commission insists upon the environment being something beyond physicality, going beyond that traditional school of thought to include social and political atmospheres and circumstances. It also insists that development is not just about how poor countries can ameliorate their situation, but what the entire world, including developed countries, can do to ameliorate our common situation.

text:
The term sustainable development was coined in the paper Our Common Future, released by the Brundtland Commission.
Sustainable development is the kind of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The two key concepts of sustainable development are:
• the concept of "needs" in particular the essential needs of the world's poorest people, to which they should be given overriding priority; and
• the idea of limitations which is imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet both present and future needs.[7]

text: Most agree that the central idea of the Brundtland Commission's definition of "sustainable development" is that of intergenerational equity. In sum, the "needs" are basic and essential, economic growth will facilitate their fulfillment, and equity is encouraged by citizen participation. Therefore, another characteristic that really sets this definition apart from others is the element of humanity that the Brundtland Commission integrates.

text: The particular ambiguity and openness-to-interpretation of this definition has allowed for widespread support from diverse efforts, groups and organizations. However, this has also been a criticism; perceived by some notable commentators as "self-defeating and compromised rhetoric".[8] It nonetheless lays out a core set of guiding principles that can be enriched by an evolving global discourse. As a result of the work of the Brundtland Commission, the issue of sustainable development is on the agenda of numerous international and national institutions, as well as corporations and city efforts. The definition gave light to new perspectives on the sustainability of an ever-changing planet with an ever-changing population.

text:
-Brundtland commission
(Our Common Future)
The Report of the Brundtland Commission, Our Common Future, was published by Oxford University Press in 1987, and was welcomed by the General Assembly Resolution 42/187. Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, General Assembly Resolution 42/187, 11 December 1987. One version with links to cited documents Our Common Future, Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. Published as Annex to General Assembly document A/42/427, Development and International Co-operation is available.

text: The document was the culmination of a “900-day” international-exercise which catalogued, analysed, and synthesised written submissions and expert testimony from “senior government representatives, scientists and experts, research institutes, industrialists, representatives of non-governmental organizations, and the general public” held at public hearings throughout the world.

text: The Brundtland Commission's mandate was to: “[1] re-examine the critical issues of environment and development and to formulate innovative, concrete, and realistic action proposals to deal with them; [2] strengthen international cooperation on environment and development and assess and propose new forms of cooperation that can break out of existing patterns and influence policies and events in the direction of needed change; and [3] raise the level of understanding and commitment to action on the part of individuals, voluntary organizations, businesses, institutes, and governments” (1987: 347). “The Commission focused its attention on the areas of population, food security, the loss of species and genetic resources, energy, industry, and human settlements - realizing that all of these are connected and cannot be treated in isolation one from another” (1987: 27).

text: The Brundtland Commission Report recognised that human resource development in the form of poverty reduction, gender equity, and wealth redistribution was crucial to formulating strategies for environmental conservation, and it also recognised that environmental-limits to economic growth in industrialised and industrialising societies existed. As such, the Report offered “the analysis, the broad remedies, and the recommendations for a sustainable course of development” within such societies (1987:16). However, the Report was unable to identify the mode(s) of production that are responsible for degradation of the environment, and in the absence of analysing the principles governing market-led economic growth, the Report postulated that such growth could be reformed and expanded; this lack of analysis resulted in an obfuscated-introduction of the term sustainable development.

text: The report deals with sustainable development and the change of politics needed for achieving it. The definition of this term in the report is quite well known and often cited:

text:
the concept of "needs", in particular the essential needs of the world's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and
the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs."

tag: ul

text: Structure[edit]

text: The Brundtland Commission was chaired by former Norwegian Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland. Politicians, civil servants, and environmental experts make up the majority of the members. Members of the commission represent 21 different nations (both developed and developing countries are included). Many of the members are important political figures in their home country. One example is William Ruckelshaus, former head of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. All members of the commission were appointed by both Gro Harlem Brundtland and Mansour Khalid, the Chairman and Vice Chairman.

text: The commission focuses on setting up networks to promote environmental stewardship. Most of these networks make connections between governments and non-government entities. One such network is Bill Clinton's Council on Sustainable Development. In this council government and business leaders come together to share ideas on how to encourage sustainable development. The Brundtland Commission has been the most successful in forming international ties between governments and multinational corporations. The 1992 and 2002 Earth Summits were the direct result of the Brundtland Commission. The international structure and scope of the Brundtland Commission allow multiple problems (such as deforestation and ozone depletion) to be looked at from a holistic approach.[9]

text: Sustainability efforts[edit]

text: The three main pillars of sustainable development include economic growth, environmental protection, and social equality. While many people agree that each of these three ideas contribute to the overall idea of sustainability, it is difficult to find evidence of equal levels of initiatives for the three pillars in countries' policies worldwide. With the overwhelming number of countries that put economic growth on the forefront of sustainable development, it is evident that the other two pillars have been suffering, especially with the overall well being of the environment in a dangerously unhealthy state. The Brundtland Commission has put forth a conceptual framework that many nations agree with and want to try to make a difference with in their countries, but it has been difficult to change these concepts about sustainability into concrete actions and programs. Implementing sustainable development globally is still a challenge, but because of the Brundtland Commission's efforts, progress has been made. After releasing their report, Our Common Future, the Brundtland Commission called for an international meeting to take place where more concrete initiatives and goals could be mapped out. This meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A comprehensive plan of action, known as Agenda 21, came out of the meeting. Agenda 21 entailed actions to be taken globally, nationally, and locally in order to make life on Earth more sustainable going into the future.[10]

text: Economic Growth[edit]

text: Economic Growth is the pillar that most groups focus on when attempting to attain more sustainable efforts and development. In trying to build their economies, many countries focus their efforts on resource extraction, which leads to unsustainable efforts for environmental protection as well as economic growth sustainability. While the Commission was able to help to change the association between economic growth and resource extraction, the total worldwide consumption of resources is projected to increase in the future. So much of the natural world has already been converted into human use that the focus cannot simply remain on economic growth and omit the ever-growing problem of environmental sustainability. Agenda 21 reinforces the importance of finding ways to generate economic growth without hurting the environment. Through various trade negotiations such as improving access to markets for exports of developing countries, Agenda 21 looks to increase economic growth sustainability in countries that need it most.[11]

text: Environmental Protection[edit]

text: Environmental Protection has become more important to government and businesses over the last 20 years, leading to great improvements in the number of people willing to invest in green technologies. For the second year in a row in 2010, the United States and Europe added more power capacity from renewable sources such as wind and solar. In 2011 the efforts continue with 45 new wind energy projects beginning in 25 different states.[12] The focus on environmental protection has transpired globally as well, including a great deal of investment in renewable energy power capacity. Eco-city development occurring around the world helps to develop and implement water conservation, smart grids with renewable energy sources, LED street lights and energy efficient building. The consumption gap remains, consisting of the fact that "roughly 80 percent of the natural resources used each year are consumed by about 20 percent of the world's population". This level is striking and still needs to be addressed now and throughout the future.[13]

text: Social Equality[edit]

text: The Social Equality and Equity as pillars of sustainable development focus on the social well-being of people. The growing gap between incomes of rich and poor is evident throughout the world with the incomes of the richer households increasing relative to the incomes of middle - or lower-class households.This is attributed partly to the land distribution patterns in rural areas where majority live from land. Global inequality has been declining, but the world is still extremely unequal, with the richest 1% of the world’s population owning 40% of the world’s wealth and the poorest 50% owning around 1%. The Brundtland Commission made a significant impact trying to link environment and development and thus, go away from the idea of environmental protection whereby some scholars saw environment as something of its sake. The Commission has thus reduced the number of people living on less than a dollar a day to just half of what it used to be, as many can approach the environment and use it.These achievements can also be attributed to economic growth in China and India.[13]

text: Members of the Commission[edit]

text:
Chairman: Gro Harlem Brundtland (Norway)
Vice Chairman: Mansour Khalid (Sudan)
Susanna Agnelli (Italy)
Saleh A. Al-Athel (Saudi Arabia)
Pablo Gonzalez Casanova (Mexico) (ceased to participate in August 1986 for personal reasons)
Bernard Chidzero (Zimbabwe)
Lamine Mohammed Fadika (Côte d'Ivoire)
Volker Hauff (Federal Republic of Germany)
István Láng (Hungary)
Ma Shijun (People's Republic of China)
Margarita Marino de Botero (Colombia)
Nagendra Singh (India)
Paulo Nogueira Neto (Brazil)
Saburo Okita (Japan)
Shridath S. Ramphal (Guyana)
William D. Ruckelshaus (USA)
Mohamed Sahnoun (Algeria)
Emil Salim (Indonesia)
Bukar Shaib (Nigeria)
Vladimir Sokolov (USSR)
Janez Stanovnik (Yugoslavia)
Maurice Strong (Canada)

text: Ex Officio

text: Jim MacNeill (Canada)[14]

text: Staff of the Commission[edit]

text: In May 1984. an Organizational Meeting of the Commission was held in Geneva to adopt its rues of procedure and operation and to appoint a Secretary General to guide its work. In July 1984, a Secretariat was established in Geneva, temporarily at the Centre de Morillon and later at the Palais Wilson. Members of the Secretariat have included:[15]

text: Secretary General: Jim MacNeill


document_title: Another Mother for Peace

question_text: who designed a mother & child logo in 1967

text: Another Mother for Peace

text: Origins[edit]

text: The inspiration for Another Mother for Peace came out of a child's first birthday in 1967. Barbara Avedon, a former writer for The Donna Reed Show who would later co-create the series Cagney and Lacey, had invited friends to her southern California home to celebrate the birthday of her son, Josh. Opposed to U.S. military involvement in Vietnam, Avedon expressed her fear that she could be raising her son only to send him off to war.[5] She and others present agreed that they wanted to take some action.[6]

text: In February [7] or March,[1] 1967, 15 women met in Avedon’s living room to talk about ways they could work together to help bring an end to the war. “We wanted to… communicate our horror and disgust to our elected representatives in one concerted action,” Avedon later wrote. “We were not ‘bearded, sandaled youths,’ ‘wild-eyed radicals’ or dyed in the wool ‘old line freedom fighters’ and we wanted the Congress to know that they were dealing with an awakening and enraged middle class.”[8]

text: AMP’s first action was a Mother's Day campaign in opposition to the Vietnam War. Their plan was to send then-President Lyndon B. Johnson and members of Congress Mother's Day cards expressing their yearning for peace.[7][9]

text: Los Angeles artist Lorraine Art Schneider donated the use of a striking illustration for the Mother's Day peace cards--a sunflower on yellow background amid the slogan “War is not healthy for children and other living things.” [1]

text: The Mother's Day card featured Schneider’s sunflower design on the front. Inside was this text:

text:
For my Mother's Day gift this year,
I don't want candy or flowers.
I want an end to killing. We who have given life
must be dedicated to preserving it. Please talk peace.[10]

text: The yellow-and-black logo proved instantly popular.[7] The initial printing of 1000 cards soon sold out [1] By the end of May 1967, 200,000 of the Mother's Day cards had been sold.[1][9] Members of Congress were “flooded” with cards, and Senator J. William Fulbright was photographed at his desk among piles of the AMP cards.[11] l The logo was also used in jewelry, posters, pamphlets, bumper stickers and other items.[10] The distinctive calligraphy associated with AMP materials was produced by in-house designer Gerta Katz.

text: Another Mother for Peace's reliance on middle class respectability and their maternalist peace rhetoric linked the efforts of Another Mother for Peace's members to a long history of women's peace activism, from Women Strike for Peace to Julia Ward Howe's efforts to create Mother's Day.[12]

text: AMP's Vietnam War-era activities[edit]

text: AMP’s founding mission was "to educate women to take an active role in eliminating war as a means of solving disputes between nations, people and ideologies." [1] Through its newsletters, AMP gave “peace homework” to its members, offering concrete ideas for action against the war and war in general. AMP opposed anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs), chemical warfare, biological warfare and multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), which contained multiple warheads on a single missile cone, thereby evading SALT limitations. Revenues from the sale of items imprinted with the sunflower logo supported AMP’s Invest in Peace fund; the fund supported congressmen who advocated for withdrawal from Vietnam and who opposed ABMs and MIRVs. AMP sought to demonstrate a link between U.S. war policy and oil interests, and pushed for investigation into U.S. oil leases off the coast of Vietnam. In 1971, co-chairmen Barbara Avedon and Dorothy B. Jones testified before the U.S. House Defense Appropriations Subcommittee in opposition to the military budget.[1]

text: AMP advocated for a U.S. Department of Peace that would examine nonmilitary alternatives to conflict resolution.[13] The group published a 56-page pamphlet by political scientist Frederick L. Schuman in support of House and Senate bills introduced in the 91st Congress, 1st Session (1969) proposing a cabinet level Department of Peace. The proposed department would train citizens for public service, invest in anti-poverty programs abroad, and assume management of certain agencies such as the Agency for International Development, the Peace Corps, the International Agricultural Development Service of the Department of Agriculture, and others. Schuman argued that the Department of State’s mission was to advance U.S. national interests, not to plan for peace, and “[p]eople get what they plan for…” [14] Schuman traced the idea for an American peace agency to Benjamin Banneker's Almanack of 1793.[15]

text: In its June 1970 newsletter, AMP launched a letter writing campaign targeting eight weapons manufacturers who also sold goods in the consumer market. The newsletter provided names and addresses for the presidents and board chairmen of the following eight corporations: Bulova Watch, Honeywell, General Electric, Westinghouse, Motorola, Whirlpool, General Motors and Dow Chemical. “Let's tell them where we're really at! … We represent a lot of toasters - a lot of dollars - a lot of public opinion….” AMP’s newsletter said.[16] The campaign’s purpose was to pressure the manufacturers into ending their participation in the war industry by threatening to boycott their consumer products if they did not. According to a 1972 article analyzing the campaign, it was not effective because too few messages reached the target companies, and the targets were so numerous “that no one target was strongly affected by the campaign.” [17]

text: At a Mother's Day Assembly in Los Angeles in May 1969, AMP introduced The Pax Materna--“a permanent, irrevocable…understanding among mothers of the world:”

text:
I join with my sisters in every land
In The Pax Materna—
A permanent declaration of peace
That transcends our ideological differences.
In the nuclear shadow, war is obsolete.
I will no longer suffer it in silence
Nor sustain it by complicity.
They shall not send my son
To fight another mother’s son.
For now, forever, there is no mother
Who is an enemy to another mother.[10]

text: During the Vietnam war the AMP newsletter was sent to between 130,000 and 400,000 homes yearly. The organization produced two films: You Don’t Have to Buy War, Mrs. Smith and Another Family for Peace. [10] Paul Newman, Donna Reed, Debbie Reynolds and other celebrities made public appearances on behalf of AMP.[1]

text: AMP became less active as U.S. involvement in Vietnam declined. Though most activity had ceased by 1979, the AMP newsletter was published until 1985, at which time the office was closed. Another Mother for Peace's records from the organization's birth to 1985 have been in the care of the Swarthmore College Peace Collection, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, since 1986.[1]

text: Notable members and supporters[edit]

text: Another Mother for Peace enjoyed active support from a number of well-known personalities. These include former Miss America Bess Myerson; and actors Debbie Reynolds, Joanne Woodward, Paul Newman, Dick van Dyke,[1] Lauren Bacall, Janice Rule, Whitney Blake and Donna Winters [6] Associated Press reporter George Zucker later described visiting the AMP office in the early years: “On the day I visited their rented office in Beverly Hills, actor Robert Vaughn, then star of the TV series, Man from U.N.C.L.E., sat at a long table stuffing envelopes. Actress Donna Reed worked beside him.” [6]

text: Rebirth[edit]

text: As the United States went to war in the early 21st century, Carol Schneider, daughter of Lorrainne Schneider, and Joshua Avedon, son of Barbara Avedon, revived the organization.[6] AMP operates as a not-for-profit, non-partisan, 501(c)(3) organization, offering "peace homework" and distributing educational materials, seeking to engage citizens in pursuing alternatives to armed conflict. Sales of posters and other materials with the sunflower logo support the group's efforts.[18]