document_title: Ice hockey

question_text: when was the first ice hockey game played

question_tokens: when was the first ice hockey game played

text: Ice hockey

text: History[edit]

text: Name[edit]

text: In England, field hockey has been historically referred to as simply "hockey" and it is in historical references to field hockey that the name "hockey" first appears. The first known mention spelled as "hockey" is in the 1773 book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education, by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game of Hockey".[7] The 1573 Statute of Galway banned a sport called "'hokie'—the hurling of a little ball with sticks or staves". A form of this word was thus being used in the 16th century, though much removed from its current usage.[8]

text: The belief that hockey was mentioned in a 1363 proclamation by King Edward III of England is based on modern translations of the proclamation, which was originally in Latin and explicitly forbade the games "Pilam Manualem, Pedivam, & Bacularem: & ad Canibucam & Gallorum Pugnam". The English historian and biographer John Strype did not use the word "hockey" when he translated the proclamation in 1720.[citation needed]

text: According to the Austin Hockey Association, the word "puck" derives from the Scots Gaelic puc or the Irish poc (to poke, punch or deliver a blow). "...The blow given by a hurler to the ball with his caman or hurley is always called a puck."[9]

text: Precursors[edit]

text: Stick-and-ball games date back to pre-Christian times. In Europe, these games included the Irish game of hurling, the closely related Scottish game of shinty and versions of field hockey (including "bandy ball", played in England). IJscolf, a game resembling colf on an ice-covered surface, was popular in the Low Countries between the Middle Ages and the Dutch Golden Age. It was played with a wooden curved bat (called a colf or kolf), a wooden or leather ball and two poles (or nearby landmarks), with the objective to hit the chosen point using the least number of strokes. A similar game (knattleikr) had been played for a thousand years or more by the Norse, as documented in the Icelandic sagas. Polo has been referred to as "hockey on horseback".[10] In England, field hockey developed in the late 17th century, and there is evidence that some games of field hockey took place on the ice.[10] These games of "hockey on ice" were sometimes played with a "bung" (a plug of cork or oak used as a stopper on a barrel). William Pierre Le Cocq stated, in a 1799 letter written in Chesham, England:

text: I must now describe to you the game of Hockey; we have each a stick turning up at the end. We get a bung. There are two sides one of them knocks one way and the other side the other way. If any one of the sides makes the bung reach that end of the churchyard it is victorious.[11]

text: A 1797 engraving unearthed by Swedish sport historians Carl Gidén and Patrick Houda shows a person on skates with a stick and bung on the River Thames, probably in December 1796.[12]

text: British soldiers and immigrants to Canada and the United States brought their stick-and-ball games with them and played them on the ice and snow of winter. In 1825, John Franklin wrote "The game of hockey played on the ice was the morning sport" on Great Bear Lake during one of his Arctic expeditions. A mid-1830s watercolour portrays New Brunswick lieutenant-governor Archibald Campbell and his family with British soldiers on skates playing a stick-on-ice sport. Captain R.G.A. Levinge, a British Army officer in New Brunswick during Campbell's time, wrote about "hockey on ice" on Chippewa Creek (a tributary of the Niagara River) in 1839. In 1843 another British Army officer in Kingston, Ontario wrote, "Began to skate this year, improved quickly and had great fun at hockey on the ice."[13] An 1859 Boston Evening Gazette article referred to an early game of hockey on ice in Halifax that year.[14] An 1835 painting by John O'Toole depicts skaters with sticks and bung on a frozen stream in the American state of West Virginia, at that time still part of Virginia.[12]

text: In the same era, the Mi'kmaq, a First Nations people of the Canadian Maritimes, also had a stick-and-ball game. Canadian oral histories describe a traditional stick-and-ball game played by the Mi'kmaq, and Silas Tertius Rand (in his 1894 Legends of the Micmacs) describes a Mi'kmaq ball game known as tooadijik. Rand also describes a game played (probably after European contact) with hurleys, known as wolchamaadijik.[15] Sticks made by the Mi'kmaq were used by the British for their games.

text: Early 19th-century paintings depict shinney (or "shinny"), an early form of hockey with no standard rules which was played in Nova Scotia.[16] Many of these early games absorbed the physical aggression of what the Onondaga called dehuntshigwa'es (lacrosse).[17] Shinney was played on the St. Lawrence River at Montreal and Quebec City, and in Kingston, Ontario[13] and Ottawa, Ontario. The number of players was often large. To this day, shinney (derived from "shinty") is a popular Canadian[18] term for an informal type of hockey, either ice or street hockey.

text: Thomas Chandler Haliburton, in The Attache: Second Series (published in 1844) imagined a dialogue, between two of the novel's characters, which mentions playing "hurly on the long pond on the ice". This has been interpreted by some historians from Windsor, Nova Scotia as reminiscence of the days when the author was a student at King's College School in that town in 1810 and earlier.[14][15] Based on Haliburton's quote, claims were made that modern hockey was invented in Windsor, Nova Scotia, by King's College students and perhaps named after an individual ("Colonel Hockey's game").[19] Others claim that the origins of hockey come from games played in the area of Dartmouth and Halifax in Nova Scotia. However, several references have been found to hurling and shinty being played on the ice long before the earliest references from both Windsor and Dartmouth/Halifax,[20] and the word "hockey" was used to designate a stick-and-ball game at least as far back as 1773, as it was mentioned in the book Juvenile Sports and Pastimes, to Which Are Prefixed, Memoirs of the Author: Including a New Mode of Infant Education by Richard Johnson (Pseud. Master Michel Angelo), whose chapter XI was titled "New Improvements on the Game of Hockey".[21]

text: Initial development[edit]

text: While the game's origins lie elsewhere, Montreal is at the centre of the development of the sport of contemporary ice hockey, and is recognized as the birthplace of organized ice hockey.[22] On March 3, 1875, the first organized indoor game was played at Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink between two nine-player teams, including James Creighton and several McGill University students. Instead of a ball or bung, the game featured a "flat circular piece of wood"[23] (to keep it in the rink and to protect spectators). The goal posts were 8 feet (2.4 m) apart[23] (today's goals are six feet wide).

text: In 1876, games played in Montreal were "conducted under the 'Hockey Association' rules";[24] the Hockey Association was England's field hockey organization. In 1877, The Gazette (Montreal) published a list of seven rules, six of which were largely based on six of the Hockey Association's twelve rules, with only minor differences (even the word "ball" was kept); the one added rule explained how disputes should be settled.[25] The McGill University Hockey Club, the first ice hockey club, was founded in 1877[26] (followed by the Quebec Hockey Club in 1878 and the Montreal Victorias in 1881).[27] In 1880, the number of players per side was reduced from nine to seven.[7]

text: The number of teams grew, enough to hold the first "world championship" of ice hockey at Montreal's annual Winter Carnival in 1883. The McGill team won the tournament and was awarded the "Carnival Cup".[28] The game was divided into thirty-minute halves. The positions were now named: left and right wing, centre, rover, point and cover-point, and goaltender. In 1886, the teams competing at the Winter Carnival organized the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC), and played a season comprising "challenges" to the existing champion.[29]

text: In Europe, it is believed that in 1885 the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club was formed to play the first Ice Hockey Varsity Match against traditional rival Cambridge in St. Moritz, Switzerland; however, this is undocumented. The match was won by the Oxford Dark Blues, 6–0;[30][31] the first photographs and team lists date from 1895.[32] This rivalry continues, claiming to be the oldest hockey rivalry in history; a similar claim is made about the rivalry between Queen's University and Royal Military College of Kingston, Ontario. Since 1986, considered the 100th anniversary of the rivalry, teams of the two colleges play for the Carr-Harris Cup.[33]

text: In 1888, the Governor General of Canada, Lord Stanley of Preston (whose sons and daughter were hockey enthusiasts), first attended the Montreal Winter Carnival tournament and was impressed with the game. In 1892, realizing that there was no recognition for the best team in Canada (although a number of leagues had championship trophies), he purchased a silver bowl for use as a trophy. The Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup (which later became known as the Stanley Cup) was first awarded in 1893 to the Montreal Hockey Club, champions of the AHAC; it continues to be awarded annually to the National Hockey League's championship team.[34] Stanley's son Arthur helped organize the Ontario Hockey Association, and Stanley's daughter Isobel was one of the first women to play ice hockey.

text: By 1893, there were almost a hundred teams in Montreal alone; in addition, there were leagues throughout Canada. Winnipeg hockey players used cricket pads to better protect the goaltender's legs; they also introduced the "scoop" shot, or what is now known as the wrist shot. William Fairbrother, from Ontario, Canada is credited with inventing the ice hockey net in the 1890s.[35] Goal nets became a standard feature of the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) in 1900. Left and right defence began to replace the point and cover-point positions in the OHA in 1906.[36]

text: In the United States, "ice polo", played with a ball rather than a puck, was popular during this period; however, by 1893 Yale University and Johns Hopkins University held their first ice hockey matches.[37] American financier Malcolm Greene Chace is credited with being the father of hockey in the United States.[38] In 1892, as an amateur tennis player, Chace visited Niagara Falls, New York for a tennis match, where he met some Canadian hockey players. Soon afterwards, Chace put together a team of men from Yale, Brown, and Harvard, and toured across Canada as captain of this team.[38] The first collegiate hockey match in the United States was played between Yale University and Johns Hopkins in Baltimore. Yale, led by captain Chace, beat Hopkins 2–1.[39] In 1896, the first ice hockey league in the US was formed. The US Amateur Hockey League was founded in New York City, shortly after the opening of the artificial-ice St. Nicholas Rink.

text: Lord Stanley's five sons were instrumental in bringing ice hockey to Europe, defeating a court team (which included the future Edward VII and George V) at Buckingham Palace in 1895.[40] By 1903, a five-team league had been founded. The Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace was founded in 1908 to govern international competition, and the first European championship was won by Great Britain in 1910. The sport grew further in Europe in the 1920s, after ice hockey became an Olympic sport. Many bandy players switched to hockey so as to be able to compete in the Olympics.[41][42] Bandy remained popular in the Soviet Union, which only started its ice hockey program in the 1950s. In the mid-20th century, the Ligue became the International Ice Hockey Federation.[43]

text: As the popularity of ice hockey as a spectator sport grew, earlier rinks were replaced by larger rinks. Most of the early indoor ice rinks have been demolished; Montreal's Victoria Rink, built in 1862, was demolished in 1925.[44] Many older rinks succumbed to fire, such as Denman Arena, Dey's Arena, Quebec Skating Rink and Montreal Arena, a hazard of the buildings' wood construction. The Stannus Street Rink in Windsor, Nova Scotia (built in 1897) may be the oldest still in existence; however, it is no longer used for hockey. The Aberdeen Pavilion (built in 1898) in Ottawa was used for hockey in 1904 and is the oldest existing facility that has hosted Stanley Cup games.

text: The oldest indoor ice hockey arena still in use today for hockey is Boston's Matthews Arena, which was built in 1910. It has been modified extensively several times in its history and is used today by Northeastern University for hockey and other sports. It was the original home rink of the Boston Bruins professional team,[45] itself the oldest United States-based team in the NHL, starting play in the league in today's Matthews Arena on December 1, 1924. Madison Square Garden in New York City, built in 1968, is the oldest continuously-operating arena in the NHL.[46]

text: Professional era[edit]

text: Professional hockey has existed since the early 20th century. By 1902, the Western Pennsylvania Hockey League was the first to employ professionals. The league joined with teams in Michigan and Ontario to form the first fully professional league—the International Professional Hockey League (IPHL)—in 1904. The WPHL and IPHL hired players from Canada; in response, Canadian leagues began to pay players (who played with amateurs). The IPHL, cut off from its largest source of players, disbanded in 1907. By then, several professional hockey leagues were operating in Canada (with leagues in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec).

text: In 1910, the National Hockey Association (NHA) was formed in Montreal. The NHA would further refine the rules: dropping the rover position, dividing the game into three 20-minute periods and introducing minor and major penalties. After re-organizing as the National Hockey League in 1917, the league expanded into the United States, starting with the Boston Bruins in 1924.

text: Professional hockey leagues developed later in Europe, but amateur leagues leading to national championships were in place. One of the first was the Swiss National League A, founded in 1916. Today, professional leagues have been introduced in most countries of Europe. Top European leagues include the Kontinental Hockey League, the Czech Extraliga, the Finnish Liiga and the Swedish Hockey League.

text: Game[edit]

text: While the general characteristics of the game stay the same wherever it is played, the exact rules depend on the particular code of play being used. The two most important codes are those of the IIHF[47] and the NHL.[48] Both of the codes, and others, originated from Canadian rules of ice hockey of the early 20th Century.

text: Ice hockey is played on a hockey rink. During normal play, there are six players per side on the ice at any time, one of them being the goaltender, each of whom is on ice skates. The objective of the game is to score goals by shooting a hard vulcanized rubber disc, the puck, into the opponent's goal net, which is placed at the opposite end of the rink. The players use their sticks to pass or shoot the puck.

text: Within certain restrictions, players may redirect the puck with any part of their body. Players may not hold the puck in their hand and are prohibited from using their hands to pass the puck to their teammates, unless they are in the defensive zone. Players are also prohibited from kicking the puck into the opponent's goal, though unintentional redirections off the skate are permitted. Players may not intentionally bat the puck into the net with their hands.

text: Hockey is an "off-side" game, meaning that forward passes are allowed, unlike in rugby. Before the 1930s hockey was an on-side game, meaning that only backward passes were allowed. Those rules favoured individual stick-handling as a key means of driving the puck forward. With the arrival of offside rules, the forward pass transformed hockey into a truly team sport, where individual performance diminished in importance relative to team play, which could now be coordinated over the entire surface of the ice as opposed to merely rearward players.[49]

text: The six players on each team are typically divided into three forwards, two defencemen, and a goaltender. The term skaters is typically used to describe all players who are not goaltenders. The forward positions consist of a centre and two wingers: a left wing and a right wing. Forwards often play together as units or lines, with the same three forwards always playing together. The defencemen usually stay together as a pair generally divided between left and right. Left and right side wingers or defencemen are generally positioned as such, based on the side on which they carry their stick. A substitution of an entire unit at once is called a line change. Teams typically employ alternate sets of forward lines and defensive pairings when shorthanded or on a power play. The goaltender stands in a, usually blue, semi-circle called the crease in the defensive zone keeping pucks from going in. Substitutions are permitted at any time during the game, although during a stoppage of play the home team is permitted the final change. When players are substituted during play, it is called changing on the fly. A new NHL rule added in the 2005–06 season prevents a team from changing their line after they ice the puck.

text: The boards surrounding the ice help keep the puck in play and they can also be used as tools to play the puck. Players are permitted to "bodycheck" opponents into the boards as a means of stopping progress. The referees, linesmen and the outsides of the goal are "in play" and do not cause a stoppage of the game when the puck or players are influenced (by either bouncing or colliding) into them. Play can be stopped if the goal is knocked out of position. Play often proceeds for minutes without interruption. When play is stopped, it is restarted with a "faceoff". Two players "face" each other and an official drops the puck to the ice, where the two players attempt to gain control of the puck. Markings (circles) on the ice indicate the locations for the faceoff and guide the positioning of players.

text: The three major rules of play in ice hockey that limit the movement of the puck: "offside", "icing", and the puck going out of play. A player is "offside" if he enters his opponent's zone before the puck itself. Under many situations, a player may not "ice the puck", shoot the puck all the way across both the centre line and the opponent's goal line. The puck goes "out of play" whenever it goes past the perimeter of the ice rink (onto the player benches, over the "glass," or onto the protective netting above the glass) and a stoppage of play is called by the officials using whistles. It also does not matter if the puck comes back onto the ice surface from those areas as the puck is considered dead once it leaves the perimeter of the rink.

text: Under IIHF rules, each team may carry a maximum of 20 players and two goaltenders on their roster. NHL rules restrict the total number of players per game to 18, plus two goaltenders. In the NHL, the players are usually divided into four lines of three forwards, and into three pairs of defencemen. On occasion, teams may elect to substitute an extra defenceman for a forward. The seventh defenceman may play as a substitute defenceman, spend the game on the bench, or if a team chooses to play four lines then this seventh defenceman may see ice-time on the fourth line as a forward.

text: Periods and overtime[edit]

text: A professional game consists of three "periods" of twenty minutes, the clock running only when the puck is in play. The teams change ends after each period of play, including overtime. Recreational leagues and children's leagues often play shorter games, generally with three shorter periods of play.

text: Various procedures are used if a tie occurs. In tournament play, as well as in the NHL playoffs, North Americans favour sudden death overtime, in which the teams continue to play twenty-minute periods until a goal is scored. Up until the 1999–2000 season regular season NHL games were settled with a single five-minute sudden death period with five players (plus a goalie) per side, with both teams awarded one point in the standings in the event of a tie. With a goal, the winning team would be awarded two points and the losing team none (just as if they had lost in regulation).

text: From 1999–2000 until 2003–04, the National Hockey League decided ties by playing a single five-minute sudden death overtime period with each team having four skaters per side (plus the goalie) to "open up" the game. In the event of a tie, each team would still receive one point in the standings but in the event of a victory the winning team would be awarded two points in the standings and the losing team one point. The idea was to discourage teams from playing for a tie, since previously some teams might have preferred a tie and 1 point to risking a loss and zero points. The only exception to this rule is if a team opts to pull their goalie in exchange for an extra skater during overtime and is subsequently scored upon (an "empty net" goal), in which case the losing team receives no points for the overtime loss. Since the 2015–16 season, the single five-minute sudden death overtime session involves three skaters on each side. Since three skaters must always be on the ice in an NHL game, the consequences of penalties are slightly different from those during regulation play. If a team is on a powerplay when overtime begins, that team will play with more than three skaters (usually four, very rarely five) until the expiration of the penalty. Any penalty during overtime that would result in a team losing a skater during regulation instead causes the non-penalized team to add a skater. Once the penalized team's penalty ends, the number of skaters on each side is adjusted accordingly, with the penalized team adding a skater in regulation and the non-penalized team subtracting a skater in overtime. This goes until the next stoppage of play.[50]

text: International play and several North American professional leagues, including the NHL (in the regular season), now use an overtime period identical to that from 99–00 – 03–04 followed by a penalty shootout. If the score remains tied after an extra overtime period, the subsequent shootout consists of three players from each team taking penalty shots. After these six total shots, the team with the most goals is awarded the victory. If the score is still tied, the shootout then proceeds to a sudden death format. Regardless of the number of goals scored during the shootout by either team, the final score recorded will award the winning team one more goal than the score at the end of regulation time. In the NHL if a game is decided in overtime or by a shootout the winning team is awarded two points in the standings and the losing team is awarded one point. Ties no longer occur in the NHL.

text: The overtime mode for the NHL playoffs differ from the regular season. In the playoffs there are no shootouts nor ties. If a game is tied after regulation an additional 20 minutes of 5 on 5 sudden death overtime will be added. In case of a tied game after the overtime, multiple 20-minute overtimes will be played until a team scores, which wins the match.

text: Penalties[edit]

text: In ice hockey, infractions of the rules lead to play stoppages whereby the play is restarted at a face off. Some infractions result in the imposition of a penalty to a player or team. In the simplest case, the offending player is sent to the "penalty box" and their team has to play with one less player on the ice for a designated amount of time. Minor penalties last for two minutes, major penalties last for five minutes, and a double minor penalty is two consecutive penalties of two minutes duration. A single minor penalty may be extended by a further two minutes for causing visible injury to the victimized player. This is usually when blood is drawn during high sticking. Players may be also assessed personal extended penalties or game expulsions for misconduct in addition to the penalty or penalties their team must serve. The team that has been given a penalty is said to be playing "short-handed" while the opposing team is on a "power play".

text: A two-minute minor penalty is often charged for lesser infractions such as "tripping", "elbowing", "roughing", "high-sticking", "delay of the game", "too many players on the ice", "boarding", illegal equipment, "charging" (leaping into an opponent or body-checking him after taking more than two strides), "holding", holding the stick (grabbing an opponent's stick), "interference", "hooking", "slashing", "kneeing", "unsportsmanlike conduct" (arguing a penalty call with referee, extremely vulgar or inappropriate verbal comments), "butt-ending" (striking an opponent with the knob of the stick—a very rare penalty), "spearing", or "cross-checking". As of the 2005–2006 season, a minor penalty is also assessed for "diving", where a player embellishes or simulates an offence. More egregious fouls may be penalized by a four-minute double-minor penalty, particularly those that injure the victimized player. These penalties end either when the time runs out or when the other team scores during the power play. In the case of a goal scored during the first two minutes of a double-minor, the penalty clock is set down to two minutes upon a score, effectively expiring the first minor penalty. Five-minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions that result in intentional injury to an opponent, or when a "minor" penalty results in visible injury (such as bleeding), as well as for fighting. Major penalties are always served in full; they do not terminate on a goal scored by the other team. Major penalties assessed for fighting are typically offsetting, meaning neither team is short-handed and the players exit the penalty box upon a stoppage of play following the expiration of their respective penalties. The foul of "boarding" (defined as "check[ing] an opponent in such a manner that causes the opponent to be thrown violently in the boards")[51] is penalized either by a minor or major penalty at the discretion of the referee, based on the violent state of the hit. A minor or major penalty for boarding is often assessed when a player checks an opponent from behind and into the boards.

text: Some varieties of penalties do not always require the offending team to play a man short. Concurrent five-minute major penalties in the NHL usually result from fighting. In the case of two players being assessed five-minute fighting majors, both the players serve five minutes without their team incurring a loss of player (both teams still have a full complement of players on the ice). This differs with two players from opposing sides getting minor penalties, at the same time or at any intersecting moment, resulting from more common infractions. In this case, both teams will have only four skating players (not counting the goaltender) until one or both penalties expire (if one penalty expires before the other, the opposing team gets a power play for the remainder of the time); this applies regardless of current pending penalties. However, in the NHL, a team always has at least three skaters on the ice. Thus, ten-minute misconduct penalties are served in full by the penalized player, but his team may immediately substitute another player on the ice unless a minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct (a two-and-ten or five-and-ten). In this case, the team designates another player to serve the minor or major; both players go to the penalty box, but only the designee may not be replaced, and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes, at which point the ten-minute misconduct begins. In addition, game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent (at the officials' discretion), or for a major penalty for a stick infraction or repeated major penalties. The offending player is ejected from the game and must immediately leave the playing surface (he does not sit in the penalty box); meanwhile, if an additional minor or major penalty is assessed, a designated player must serve out of that segment of the penalty in the box (similar to the above-mentioned "two-and-ten"). In some rare cases, a player may receive up to nineteen minutes in penalties for one string of plays. This could involve receiving a four-minute double minor penalty, getting in a fight with an opposing player who retaliates, and then receiving a game misconduct after the fight. In this case, the player is ejected and two teammates must serve the double-minor and major penalties.

text: A "penalty shot" is awarded to a player when the illegal actions of another player stop a clear scoring opportunity, most commonly when the player is on a "breakaway". A penalty shot allows the obstructed player to pick up the puck on the centre red-line and attempt to score on the goalie with no other players on the ice, to compensate for the earlier missed scoring opportunity. A penalty shot is also awarded for a defender other than the goaltender covering the puck in the goal crease, a goaltender intentionally displacing his own goal posts during a breakaway to avoid a goal, a defender intentionally displacing his own goal posts when there is less than two minutes to play in regulation time or at any point during overtime, or a player or coach intentionally throwing a stick or other object at the puck or the puck carrier and the throwing action disrupts a shot or pass play.

text: Officials also stop play for puck movement violations, such as using one's hands to pass the puck in the offensive end, but no players are penalized for these offences. The sole exceptions are deliberately falling on or gathering the puck to the body, carrying the puck in the hand, and shooting the puck out of play in one's defensive zone (all penalized two minutes for delay of game).

text: In the NHL, a unique penalty applies to the goalies. The goalies now are forbidden to play the puck in the "corners" of the rink near their own net. This will result in a two-minute penalty against the goalie's team. Only in the area in-front of the goal line and immediately behind the net (marked by two red lines on either side of the net) the goalie can play the puck.

text: An additional rule that has never been a penalty, but was an infraction in the NHL before recent rules changes, is the "two-line offside pass". Prior to the 2005–06 NHL season, play was stopped when a pass from inside a team's defending zone crossed the centre line, with a face-off held in the defending zone of the offending team. Now, the centre line is no longer used in the NHL to determine a two-line pass infraction, a change that the IIHF had adopted in 1998. Players are now able to pass to teammates who are more than the blue and centre ice red line away.

text: The NHL has taken steps to speed up the game of hockey and create a game of finesse, by retreating from the past when illegal hits, fights, and "clutching and grabbing" among players were commonplace. Rules are now more strictly enforced, resulting in more penalties, which in turn provides more protection to the players and facilitates more goals being scored. The governing body for United States' amateur hockey has implemented many new rules to reduce the number of stick-on-body occurrences, as well as other detrimental and illegal facets of the game ("zero tolerance").

text: In men's hockey, but not in women's, a player may use his hip or shoulder to hit another player if the player has the puck or is the last to have touched it. This use of the hip and shoulder is called "body checking". Not all physical contact is legal—in particular, hits from behind, hits to the head and most types of forceful stick-on-body contact are illegal.

text: A delayed penalty call occurs when a penalty offence is committed by the team that does not have possession of the puck. In this circumstance the team with possession of the puck is allowed to complete the play; that is, play continues until a goal is scored, a player on the opposing team gains control of the puck, or the team in possession commits an infraction or penalty of their own. Because the team on which the penalty was called cannot control the puck without stopping play, it is impossible for them to score a goal. In these cases, the team in possession of the puck can pull the goalie for an extra attacker without fear of being scored on. However, it is possible for the controlling team to mishandle the puck into their own net. If a delayed penalty is signalled and the team in possession scores, the penalty is still assessed to the offending player, but not served. In 2012, this rule was changed by the United States' National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) for college level hockey. In college games, the penalty is still enforced even if the team in possession scores.[52]

text: Officials[edit]

text: A typical game of hockey is governed by two to four officials on the ice, charged with enforcing the rules of the game. There are typically two linesmen who are mainly responsible for calling "offside" and "icing" violations, breaking up fights, and conducting faceoffs,[53] and one or two referees,[54] who call goals and all other penalties. Linesmen can, however, report to the referee(s) that a penalty should be assessed against an offending player in some situations.[55] The restrictions on this practice vary depending on the governing rules. On-ice officials are assisted by off-ice officials who act as goal judges, time keepers, and official scorers.

text: The most widespread system in use today is the "three-man system," that uses one referee and two linesmen. Another less commonly used system is the two referee and one linesman system. This system is very close to the regular three-man system except for a few procedure changes. With the first being the National Hockey League, a number of leagues have started to implement the "four-official system," where an additional referee is added to aid in the calling of penalties normally difficult to assess by one single referee. The system is now used in every NHL game, at IIHF World Championships, the Olympics and in many professional and high-level amateur leagues in North America and Europe.

text: Officials are selected by the league they work for. Amateur hockey leagues use guidelines established by national organizing bodies as a basis for choosing their officiating staffs. In North America, the national organizing bodies Hockey Canada and USA Hockey approve officials according to their experience level as well as their ability to pass rules knowledge and skating ability tests. Hockey Canada has officiating levels I through VI.[56] USA Hockey has officiating levels 1 through 4.[57]

text: Equipment[edit]

text: Since men's ice hockey is a full contact sport, body checks are allowed so injuries are a common occurrence. Protective equipment is mandatory and is enforced in all competitive situations. This includes a helmet (cage worn if certain age or clear plastic visor can be worn), shoulder pads, elbow pads, mouth guard, protective gloves, heavily padded shorts (also known as hockey pants) or a girdle, athletic cup (also known as a jock, for males; and jill, for females), shin pads, skates, and (optionally) a neck protector.

text: Goaltenders use different equipment. With hockey pucks approaching them at speeds of up to 100 mph (160 km/h) they must wear equipment with more protection. Goaltenders wear specialized goalie skates (these skates are built more for movement side to side rather than forwards and backwards), a jock or jill, large leg pads (there are size restrictions in certain leagues), blocking glove, catching glove, a chest protector, a goalie mask, and a large jersey. Goaltenders' equipment has continually become larger and larger, leading to fewer goals in each game and many official rule changes.

text: Hockey skates are optimized for physical acceleration, speed and manoeuvrability. This includes rapid starts, stops, turns, and changes in skating direction. In addition, they must be rigid and tough to protect the skater's feet from contact with other skaters, sticks, pucks, the boards, and the ice itself. Rigidity also improves the overall manoeuvrability of the skate. Blade length, thickness (width), and curvature (rocker/radius (front to back) and radius of hollow (across the blade width) are quite different from speed or figure skates. Hockey players usually adjust these parameters based on their skill level, position, and body type. The blade width of most skates are about 1⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick.

text: The hockey stick consists of a long, relatively wide, and slightly curved flat blade, attached to a shaft. The curve itself has a big impact on its performance. A deep curve allows for lifting the puck easier while a shallow curve allows for easier backhand shots. The flex of the stick also impacts the performance. Typically, a less flexible stick is meant for a stronger player since the player is looking for the right balanced flex that allows the stick to flex easily while still having a strong "whip-back" which sends the puck flying at high speeds. It is quite distinct from sticks in other sports games and most suited to hitting and controlling the flat puck. Its unique shape contributed to the early development of the game.

text: Injury[edit]

text: This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: "Both sections are closely related" Please help improve this article if you can. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Ice hockey is a full contact sport and carries a high risk of injury. Players are moving at speeds around approximately 20–30 mph (30–50 km/h) and quite a bit of the game revolves around the physical contact between the players. Skate blades, hockey sticks, shoulders, hips, and hockey pucks all contribute. The types of injuries associated with hockey include: lacerations, concussions, contusions, ligament tears, broken bones, hyperextensions, and muscle strains. Women's ice hockey players can have contact but are not allowed to body check.

text: Compared to athletes who play other sports, ice hockey players are at higher risk of overuse injuries and injuries caused by early sports specialization by teenagers.[58]

text: Head injuries[edit]

text: According to the Hughston Health Alert, "Lacerations to the head, scalp, and face are the most frequent types of injury [in hockey]."[59] Even a shallow cut to the head results in a loss of a large amount of blood. Not only are lacerations common, "it is estimated that direct trauma accounts for 80% of all [hockey] injuries. Most of these injuries are caused by player contact, falls and contact with a puck, high stick and occasionally, a skate blade."[59] One of the causes of head injury is checking from behind. Due to the danger of delivering a check from behind, many leagues, including the NHL have made this a major and game misconduct penalty (called "boarding"). Another type of check that accounts for many of the player-to-player contact concussions is a check to the head resulting in a misconduct penalty (called "head contact"). A check to the head can be defined as delivering a hit while the receiving player's head is down and their waist is bent and the aggressor is targeting the opponent player's head. The most dangerous result of a head injury in hockey can be classified as a concussion. Most concussions occur during player-to-player contact rather than when a player is checked into the boards. Checks to the head have accounted for nearly 50% of concussions that players in the National Hockey League have suffered. Concussions that players suffer may go unreported because there is no obvious physical signs if a player is not knocked unconscious. This can prove to be dangerous if a player decides to return to play without receiving proper medical attention. Studies show that, ice hockey causes 44.3% of all traumatic brain injuries among Canadian children.[60] In severe cases, the traumatic brain injuries are capable of resulting in death. Occurrences of death from these injuries are rare, but occur all too much in a variety of sports.

text: Tactics[edit]

text: Checking[edit]

text: An important defensive tactic is checking—attempting to take the puck from an opponent or to remove the opponent from play. Stick checking, sweep checking, and poke checking are legal uses of the stick to obtain possession of the puck. The neutral zone trap is designed to isolate the puck carrier in the neutral zone preventing him from entering the offensive zone. Body checking is using one's shoulder or hip to strike an opponent who has the puck or who is the last to have touched it (the last person to have touched the puck is still legally "in possession" of it, although a penalty is generally called if he is checked more than two seconds after his last touch). Often the term checking is used to refer to body checking, with its true definition generally only propagated among fans of the game.

text: Offensive tactics[edit]

text: Offensive tactics include improving a team's position on the ice by advancing the puck out of one's zone towards the opponent's zone, progressively by gaining lines, first your own blue line, then the red line and finally the opponent's blue line. NHL rules instated for the 2006 season redefined the offside rule to make the two-line pass legal; a player may pass the puck from behind his own blue line, past both that blue line and the centre red line, to a player on the near side of the opponents' blue line. Offensive tactics are designed ultimately to score a goal by taking a shot. When a player purposely directs the puck towards the opponent's goal, he or she is said to "shoot" the puck.

text: A deflection is a shot that redirects a shot or a pass towards the goal from another player, by allowing the puck to strike the stick and carom towards the goal. A one-timer is a shot struck directly off a pass, without receiving the pass and shooting in two separate actions. Headmanning the puck, also known as breaking out, is the tactic of rapidly passing to the player farthest down the ice. Loafing, also known as cherry-picking, is when a player, usually a forward, skates behind an attacking team, instead of playing defence, in an attempt to create an easy scoring chance.

text: A team that is losing by one or two goals in the last few minutes of play will often elect to pull the goalie; that is, remove the goaltender and replace him or her with an extra attacker on the ice in the hope of gaining enough advantage to score a goal. However, it is an act of desperation, as it sometimes leads to the opposing team extending their lead by scoring a goal in the empty net.

text: One of the most important strategies for a team is their forecheck. Forechecking is the act of attacking the opposition in their defensive zone. Forechecking is an important part of the dump and chase strategy (i.e. shooting the puck into the offensive zone and then chasing after it). Each team will use their own unique system but the main ones are: 2–1–2, 1–2–2, and 1–4. The 2–1–2 is the most basic forecheck system where two forwards will go in deep and pressure the opposition's defencemen, the third forward stays high and the two defencemen stay at the blueline. The 1–2–2 is a bit more conservative system where one forward pressures the puck carrier and the other two forwards cover the oppositions' wingers, with the two defencemen staying at the blueline. The 1–4 is the most defensive forecheck system, referred to as the neutral zone trap, where one forward will apply pressure to the puck carrier around the oppositions' blueline and the other 4 players stand basically in a line by their blueline in hopes the opposition will skate into one of them. Another strategy is the left wing lock, which has two forwards pressure the puck and the left wing and the two defencemen stay at the blueline.

text: There are many other little tactics used in the game of hockey. Cycling moves the puck along the boards in the offensive zone to create a scoring chance by making defenders tired or moving them out of position. Pinching is when a defenceman pressures the opposition's winger in the offensive zone when they are breaking out, attempting to stop their attack and keep the puck in the offensive zone. A saucer pass is a pass used when an opposition's stick or body is in the passing lane. It is the act of raising the puck over the obstruction and having it land on a teammate's stick.

text: A deke, short for "decoy," is a feint with the body or stick to fool a defender or the goalie. Many modern players, such as Pavel Datsyuk, Sidney Crosby and Patrick Kane, have picked up the skill of "dangling," which is fancier deking and requires more stick handling skills.

text: Fights[edit]

text: Although fighting is officially prohibited in the rules, it is not an uncommon occurrence at the professional level, and its prevalence has been both a target of criticism and a considerable draw for the sport. At the professional level in North America fights are unofficially condoned. Enforcers and other players fight to demoralize the opposing players while exciting their own, as well as settling personal scores. A fight will also break out if one of the team's skilled players gets hit hard or someone gets hit by what the team perceives as a dirty hit. The amateur game penalizes fisticuffs more harshly, as a player who receives a fighting major is also assessed at least a 10-minute misconduct penalty (NCAA and some Junior leagues) or a game misconduct penalty and suspension (high school and younger, as well as some casual adult leagues).[61] Crowds seem to like fighting in ice hockey and cheer when fighting erupts.[62]

text: Women's ice hockey[edit]

text: Ice hockey is one of the fastest growing women's sports in the world, with the number of participants increasing by 400 percent from 1995 to 2005.[63] In 2011, Canada had 85,827 women players,[64] United States had 65,609,[65] Finland 4,760,[66] Sweden 3,075[67] and Switzerland 1,172.[68] While there are not as many organized leagues for women as there are for men, there exist leagues of all levels, including the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL), Western Women's Hockey League, National Women's Hockey League (NWHL), Mid-Atlantic Women's Hockey League, and various European leagues; as well as university teams, national and Olympic teams, and recreational teams. The IIHF holds IIHF World Women's Championships tournaments in several divisions; championships are held annually, except that the top flight does not play in Olympic years.[69]

text: The chief difference between women's and men's ice hockey is that body checking is not allowed in women's hockey. After the 1990 Women's World Championship, body checking was eliminated in women's hockey. In current IIHF women's competition, body checking is either a minor or major penalty, decided at the referee's discretion.[70] In addition, players in women's competition are required to wear protective full-face masks.[70]

text: In Canada, to some extent ringette has served as the female counterpart to ice hockey, in the sense that traditionally, boys have played hockey while girls have played ringette.[71]

text: History[edit]

text: Women are known to have played the game in the 19th century. Several games were recorded in the 1890s in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The women of Lord Stanley's family were known to participate in the game of ice hockey on the outdoor ice rink at Rideau Hall, the residence of Canada's Governor-General.

text: The game developed at first without an organizing body. A tournament in 1902 between Montreal and Trois-Rivieres was billed as the first championship tournament. Several tournaments, such as at the Banff Winter Carnival, were held in the early 20th Century and numerous women's teams such as the Seattle Vamps and Vancouver Amazons existed. Organizations started to develop in the 1920s, such as the Ladies Ontario Hockey Association, and later, the Dominion Women's Amateur Hockey Association. Starting in the 1960s, the game spread to universities. Today, the sport is played from youth through adult leagues, and in the universities of North America and internationally. There are two major women's hockey leagues, the National Women's Hockey League with teams in the Northeastern United States which is a professional league and the Canadian Women's Hockey League with teams in Canada and the United States, which is semi-professional and is developing toward becoming a fully professional league.

text: The first women's world championship tournament, albeit unofficial, was held in 1987 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This was followed by the first IIHF World Championship in 1990 in Ottawa. Women's ice hockey was added as a medal sport at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, Japan. The United States won the gold, Canada won the silver and Finland won the bronze medal.[72] The United States won the gold medal again in 2018 at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea.[73]

text: The United States Hockey League (USHL) welcomed the first female professional ice hockey player in 1969–70, when the Marquette Iron Rangers signed Karen Koch.[74] One woman, Manon Rhéaume, has played in an NHL pre-season game as a goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning against the St. Louis Blues. In 2003, Hayley Wickenheiser played with the Kirkkonummi Salamat in the Finnish men's Suomi-sarja league. Several women have competed in North American minor leagues, including Rhéaume, goaltenders Kelly Dyer and Erin Whitten and defenceman Angela Ruggiero.

text: With interest in women's ice hockey growing, between 2007 and 2010 the number of registered female players worldwide grew from 153,665 to 170,872. Women's hockey is on the rise in almost every part of the world and there are teams in North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa and Latin America.[75]

text: Women's Hockey Leagues[edit]

text: There are currently two North American based professional women's hockey leagues, named the Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL)[76] and the National Women's Hockey League (NWHL)[77] The CWHL is based in Canada while the NWHL is based in the United States.

text: The CWHL[edit]

text: The CWHL was founded in 2007 and originally consisted of seven teams. As of 2018, there are still seven teams, although the teams themselves have changed. Currently, the league consists of Les Canadiennes de Montreal, Toronto Furies, Calgary Inferno, Markham Thunder, Boston Blades, Kunlun Red Star, and Vanke Rays. While the CWHL is based in Canada, it does have three teams that play outside Canada. The Boston Blades are based in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, and Kunlun Red Star and the Vanke Rays are both based in China.

text: The NWHL[edit]

text: The NWHL was founded in 2015 and was the first North American women's league to pay its players. The league consists of five teams, though it had four teams for the league's first three seasons. On May 15, 2018, the NWHL announced that the Minnesota Whitecaps would be joining the NWHL starting in the 2018–19 season.[78] The current five teams in the league are the Boston Pride, Buffalo Beauts, Connecticut Whale, Metropolitan Riveters, and Minnesota Whitecaps.

text: Leagues and championships[edit]

text: Most popular leagues[edit]

text:
League
Country
Notes
Average Attendance[79]
for 2016–17

National Hockey League (NHL)
 Canada (7 teams)
 United States (24 teams)

17487

National League
  Switzerland

6882

Deutsche Eishockey Liga
 Germany

6198

Kontinental Hockey League
 Russia (22 teams)
 Belarus (1 team)
 China (1 team)
 Finland (1 team)
 Kazakhstan (1 team)
 Latvia (1 team)
 Slovakia (1 team)
Successor to Russian Superleague and Soviet Championship League
6121

American Hockey League
 United States (26 teams)
 Canada (4 teams)
Developmental League for NHL
31 teams in 2018–19 with one ECHL team moving to the AHL
5865

Swedish Hockey League
 Sweden
Known as Elitserien until 2013
5707

Czech Extraliga
 Czech Republic
Formed from the split of the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League
5178

Liiga
 Finland
Known as SM-Liiga until 2013
4326

Western Hockey League
 Canada (17 teams)
 United States (5 teams)
Junior league
4312

ECHL
 United States (27 teams)
 Canada (1 team)

4297

Ontario Hockey League
 Canada (17 teams)
 United States (3 teams)
Junior league
4117

NCAA Men's Division I Ice Hockey Tournament
 United States
Amateur intercollegiate competition
3432

Quebec Major Junior Hockey League
 Canada
Junior league
3355

Champions Hockey League
 Europe
Europe-wide championship tournament league. Successor to European Trophy and Champions Hockey League
3259[80]

Southern Professional Hockey League
 United States

3037

Austrian Hockey League
 Austria (8 teams)
 Hungary (1 team)
 Czech Republic (1 team)
 Italy (1 team)
 Croatia (1 team)

2974

Elite Ice Hockey League
 United Kingdom
Teams in all of the home nations: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
2842

DEL2
 Germany
Second division of Germany
2466

United States Hockey League
 United States
Amateur junior league
2647

HockeyAllsvenskan
 Sweden
Second division of Sweden
2637

GET-ligaen
 Norway

1955

Slovak Extraliga
 Slovakia
Formed from the split of the Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League
1905

Ligue Magnus
 France

1886

Supreme Hockey League (VHL)
 Russia (24 teams)
 Kazakhstan (2 teams)
 China (2 teams)
Second division of Russia and partial development league for the KHL
1746

National League B
  Switzerland
Second division of Switzerland
1644

WSM Liga
 Czech Republic
Second division of Czechia
1569

Latvian Hockey Higher League
 Latvia (7 teams)

1354

Metal Ligaen
 Denmark

1310

Asia League
 Japan (4 teams)
 South Korea (3 teams)
 Russia (1 team)
 China (1 team)

958

Mestis
 Finland
Second division of Finland
817

Polska Hokej Liga
 Poland

769

Erste Liga
 Hungary (6 teams)
 Romania (2 teams)
 Austria (1 team)

690

Alps Hockey League
 Austria (7 teams)
 Italy (8 teams)
 Slovenia (2 teams)
Formed in 2016 with the merger of Italy's Serie A and the joint Austrian–Slovenian Inter-National League
648

Belarusian Extraleague
 Belarus

624

BeNe League
 Netherlands (10 teams)
 Belgium (6 teams)
Formed in 2015 with teams from Dutch Eredivisie and Belgian Hockey League
565

Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL)
 Canada (4 teams)
 United States (1 team)
 China (2 teams)

Formed in 2007. Expanded into China in 2017.
700[81]

National Women's Hockey League (NWHL)
 United States (5 teams)
Formed in 2015.
1,000[82]

text: North America[edit]

text: National Hockey League[edit]

text: The NHL is by far the best attended and most popular ice hockey league in the world. The league's history began after Canada's National Hockey Association decided to disband in 1917; the result was the creation of the National Hockey League. The league expanded to the United States beginning in 1924. In 1967, the NHL doubled in size to 12 teams, undertaking one of the greatest expansions in professional sports history. A few years later, in 1972, a new 12 team league, the World Hockey Association (WHA) was formed and due to its ensuing rivalry with the NHL, it caused an escalation in players salaries. As of 1979, the NHL had grown to 17 teams and merged with the WHA. This created a 21 team league.[83] By 2017, the NHL had expanded to 31 teams, and after a realignment in 2013, these teams were divided into two conferences and four divisions.[84]

text: Minor leagues[edit]

text: The American Hockey League (AHL), sometimes referred to as "The A,"[85] is the primary developmental professional league for players aspiring to enter the NHL. It comprises 30 teams from the United States and Canada, and will expand to 31 teams for the 2018–19 season. It is run as a "farm league" to the NHL, with the vast majority of AHL players under contract to an NHL team. The ECHL (called the East Coast Hockey League before the 2003–04 season) is a mid-level minor league in the United States with a few players under contract to NHL or AHL teams. The Southern Professional Hockey League (SPHL) is a developmental minor league in the United States with no NHL affiliations. Most undrafted players get their start in the ECHL or SPHL.

text: University competitions[edit]

text: In the United States especially, college hockey is popular and the best university teams compete in the annual NCAA Men's Ice Hockey Championship. The American Collegiate Hockey Association is composed of college teams at the club level.

text: Junior leagues[edit]

text: In Canada, the Canadian Hockey League is an umbrella organization comprising three major junior leagues: the Ontario Hockey League, the Western Hockey League, and the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. It attracts players from Canada, the United States and Europe. In the United States, the United States Hockey League (USHL) is the highest junior league. Players in this league are strictly amateur, so that they may play college hockey if they wish.

text: Eurasia[edit]

text: Kontinental Hockey League (KHL)[edit]

text: The Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) is the largest and most popular ice hockey league in Eurasia. The league is the direct successor to the Russian Super League, which in turn was the successor to the Soviet League, the history of which dates back to the Soviet adoption of ice hockey in the 1940s. The KHL was launched in 2008 with clubs predominantly from Russia, but featuring teams from other post-Soviet states. The league expanded beyond the former Soviet countries beginning in the 2011–12 season, with clubs in Croatia and Slovakia. The number of teams has since increased to 28 from eight different countries.

text: Minor leagues[edit]

text: The second division of hockey in Eurasia is the Supreme Hockey League (VHL). This league features 24 teams from Russia and 2 from Kazakhstan. This league is currently being converted to a farm league for the KHL, similarly to the AHL's function in relation to the NHL. The third division is the Russian Hockey League, which features only teams from Russia. The Asia League, an international ice hockey league featuring clubs from China, Japan, South Korea, and the Russian Far East, is the successor to the Japan Ice Hockey League.

text: Junior leagues[edit]

text: The highest junior league in Eurasia is the Junior Hockey League (MHL). It features 32 teams from post-Soviet states, predominantly Russia. The second tier to this league is the Junior Hockey League Championships (MHL-B).

text: Europe[edit]

text: Several countries in Europe have their own top professional senior leagues. Many future KHL and NHL players start or end their professional careers in these leagues. The National League A in Switzerland, Swedish Hockey League in Sweden, Liiga in Finland, and Czech Extraliga in the Czech Republic are all very popular in their respective countries.

text: Champions Hockey League[edit]

text: Beginning in the 2014–15 season, the Champions Hockey League was launched, a league consisting of first-tier teams from several European countries, running parallel to the teams' domestic leagues. The competition is meant to serve as a Europe-wide ice hockey club championship. The competition is a direct successor to the European Trophy and is related to the 2008–09 tournament of the same name.

text: Other[edit]

text: There are also several annual tournaments for clubs, held outside of league play. Pre-season tournaments include the European Trophy, Tampere Cup and the Pajulahti Cup. One of the oldest international ice hockey competition for clubs is the Spengler Cup, held every year in Davos, Switzerland, between Christmas and New Year's Day. It was first awarded in 1923 to the Oxford University Ice Hockey Club. The Memorial Cup, a competition for junior-level (age 20 and under) clubs is held annually from a pool of junior championship teams in Canada and the United States.

text: International club competitions organized by the IIHF include the Continental Cup, the Victoria Cup and the European Women's Champions Cup. The World Junior Club Cup is an annual tournament of junior ice hockey clubs representing each of the top junior leagues.

text: National team competitions[edit]

text: Ice hockey has been played at the Winter Olympics since 1924 (and was played at the summer games in 1920). Hockey is Canada's national winter sport, and Canadians are extremely passionate about the game. The nation has traditionally done very well at the Olympic games, winning 6 of the first 7 gold medals. However, by 1956 its amateur club teams and national teams could not compete with the teams of government-supported players from the Soviet Union. The USSR won all but two gold medals from 1956 to 1988. The United States won their first gold medal in 1960. On the way to winning the gold medal at the 1980 Lake Placid Olympics amateur US college players defeated the heavily favoured Soviet squad—an event known as the "Miracle on Ice" in the United States. Restrictions on professional players were fully dropped at the 1988 games in Calgary. NHL agreed to participate ten years later. 1998 Games saw the full participation of players from the NHL, which suspended operations during the Games and has done so in subsequent Games. The 2010 games in Vancouver were the first played in an NHL city since the inclusion of NHL players. The 2010 games were the first played on NHL-sized ice rinks, which are narrower than the IIHF standard.

text: National teams representing the member federations of the IIHF compete annually in the IIHF Ice Hockey World Championships. Teams are selected from the available players by the individual federations, without restriction on amateur or professional status. Since it is held in the spring, the tournament coincides with the annual NHL Stanley Cup playoffs and many of the top players are hence not available to participate in the tournament. Many of the NHL players who do play in the IIHF tournament come from teams eliminated before the playoffs or in the first round, and federations often hold open spots until the tournament to allow for players to join the tournament after their club team is eliminated. For many years, the tournament was an amateur-only tournament, but this restriction was removed, beginning in 1977.

text: The 1972 Summit Series and 1974 Summit Series, two series pitting the best Canadian and Soviet players without IIHF restrictions were major successes, and established a rivalry between Canada and the USSR. In the spirit of best-versus-best without restrictions on amateur or professional status, the series were followed by five Canada Cup tournaments, played in North America. Two NHL versus USSR series were also held: the 1979 Challenge Cup and Rendez-vous '87. The Canada Cup tournament later became the World Cup of Hockey, played in 1996, 2004 and 2016. The United States won in 1996 and Canada won in 2004 and 2016.

text: Since the initial women's world championships in 1990, there have been fifteen tournaments.[69] Women's hockey has been played at the Olympics since 1998.[72] The 2006 Winter Olympic final between Canada and Sweden marked the only time the women's world championship or Olympic final did not involve both Canada and the United States.

text: Other ice hockey tournaments featuring national teams include the World U20 Championship, the World U18 Championships, the World U-17 Hockey Challenge, the World Junior A Challenge, the Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament, the World Women's U18 Championships and the 4 Nations Cup. The annual Euro Hockey Tour, an unofficial European championship between the national men's teams of the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia and Sweden have been played since 1996–97.

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text: Oceania[edit]

text: The Australian Ice Hockey League and New Zealand Ice Hockey League are represented by nine and five teams respectively. As of 2012, the two top teams of the previous season from each league compete in the Trans-Tasman Champions League.

text: Africa[edit]

text: Ice hockey in Africa is a small but growing sport; while no African ice hockey playing nation has a domestic league, there are several regional leagues in South Africa.

text: Pond hockey[edit]

text: Pond hockey is a form of ice hockey played generally as pick-up hockey on lakes, ponds and artificial outdoor rinks during the winter. Pond hockey is commonly referred to in hockey circles as shinny. Its rules differ from traditional hockey because there is no hitting and very little shooting, placing a greater emphasis on skating, puckhandling and passing abilities. Since 2002, the World Pond Hockey Championship has been played on Roulston Lake in Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, Canada.[86] Since 2006, the US Pond Hockey Championships have been played in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Canadian National Pond Hockey Championships have been played in Huntsville, Ontario.

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: Ice hockey is the official winter sport of Canada. Ice hockey, partially because of its popularity as a major professional sport, has been a source of inspiration for numerous films, television episodes and songs in North American popular culture.[87][88]

text: Attendance records[edit]

text: The record for a Stanley Cup playoff game is 28,183, set on April 23, 1996, at the Thunderdome during a Tampa Bay Lightning – Philadelphia Flyers game.[89]

text: A record was set on December 11, 2010, when the University of Michigan's men's ice hockey team faced cross-state rival Michigan State in an event billed as "The Big Chill at the Big House". The game was played at Michigan's (American) football venue, Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor, with a capacity of 109,901 as of the 2010 football season. When UM stopped sales to the public on May 6, 2010, with plans to reserve remaining tickets for students, over 100,000 tickets had been sold for the event.[90] Ultimately, a crowd announced by UM as 113,411, the largest in the stadium's history (including football), saw the homestanding Wolverines win 5–0. Guinness World Records, using a count of ticketed fans who actually entered the stadium instead of UM's figure of tickets sold, announced a final figure of 104,173.[91][92]

text: The record was approached but not broken at the 2014 NHL Winter Classic, which also held at Michigan Stadium, with the Detroit Red Wings as the home team and the Toronto Maple Leafs as the opposing team with an announced crowd of 105,491.

text: Number of registered players by country[edit]

text: Number of registered hockey players, including male, female and junior, provided by the respective countries' federations. Note that this list only includes the 40 of 76 IIHF member countries with more than 1,000 registered players as of September 2017.[93][94]

text:
Country
Players
% of population

 Canada
631,295
1.724%

 United States
555,935
0.170%

 Czech Republic
113,425
1.075%

 Russia
105,059
0.073%

 Finland
76,387
1.379%

 Sweden
63,901
0.644%

  Switzerland
26,840
0.317%

 France
21,682
0.033%

 Germany
20,646
0.026%

 Japan
18,995
0.015%

 Slovakia
11,502
0.212%

 United Kingdom
10,325
0.016%

 Austria
9,483
0.110%

 Norway
9,073
0.170%

 Latvia
7,145
0.367%

 Kazakhstan
6,202
0.034%

 Ukraine
5,860
0.013%

 Italy
5,726
0.010%

 Hungary
5,291
0.054%

 Belarus
5,180
0.055%

 Denmark
4,647
0.081%

 Australia
4,111
0.017%

 Poland
3,633
0.009%

 Netherlands
2,970
0.017%

 South Korea
2,675
0.005%

 Mexico
2,577
0.002%

 North Korea
2,320
0.009%

 Belgium
2,316
0.020%

 Hong Kong
1,785
0.024%

 Lithuania
1,620
0.057%

 Estonia
1,502
0.115%

 New Zealand
1,405
0.031%

 India
1,293
0.000%

 Romania
1,282
0.007%

 China
1,101
0.000%

 Spain
1,054
0.002%

 Turkey
1,041
0.001%

 Slovenia
1,024
0.049%

 Argentina
1,023
0.002%

 Chinese Taipei
1,015
0.004%


document_title: List of Governors of Texas

question_text: who was the first republican governor of texas since reconstruction and when was he or she elected

root

text: List of Governors of Texas

text: Governors of Spanish Texas[edit]

text: See: List of Texas Governors and Presidents

tag: p

text: Governors of Mexican Texas[edit]

text: Presidents of the Republic of Texas[edit]

text: See: President of the Republic of Texas#List of presidents and vice presidents

text: Governors of Texas[edit]

text:
Number of Governors of Texas by party affiliation

Party
Governors

Democratic
39

Republican
7

Unionist
1

Independent
1

Military
1

tag: table

text:
#
Governor
Term in office
Party
Election
Prior office
Lt. Governor

1

James Pinckney Henderson
March 31, 1808 - June 4, 1858
(Aged 50)
February 19, 1846
-
December 21, 1847
Democratic
1845
Minister to England and France Republic of Texas
(1837-1840)

Albert Clinton Horton

2

George T. Wood
March 12, 1795 - September 3, 1858
(Aged 63)
December 21, 1847
–
December 21, 1849
Democratic
1847
Texas State Senator
(1846-1847)

John Alexander Greer

3

Peter Hansborough Bell
May 11, 1810 - March 8, 1898
(Aged 87)
December 21, 1849
–
November 23, 1853
Democratic
1849
Lieutenant colonel of the Second Regiment Texas Mounted Volunteers
(1845-1949)

1851
[15]

James W. Henderson
[16]

4

James W. Henderson
August 15, 1817 - August 30, 1880
(Aged 63)
November 23, 1853
–
December 21, 1853
Democratic
3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1851-1853)
Office vacant

5

Elisha M. Pease
January 3, 1812 - August 26, 1883
(Aged 71)
December 21, 1853
–
December 21, 1857
Unionist
1853
Texas State Senator
(1849-1851)

David Catchings Dickson

1855

Hardin Richard Runnels

6

Hardin R. Runnels
August 30, 1820 - December 25, 1873
(Aged 53)
December 21, 1857
–
December 21, 1859
Democratic
1857
3rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1855-1857)

Francis Lubbock

7

Sam Houston
March 2, 1793 - July 26, 1863
(Aged 70)
December 21, 1859
–
March 16, 1861
Independent
1859
[17]
U.S. Senator from Texas
(1846-1859)

Edward Clark
[16]

8

Edward Clark
April 1, 1815 - May 4, 1880
(Aged 65)
March 18, 1861
–
November 7, 1861
Democratic
7th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1859-1861)
Office vacant

9

Francis Lubbock
October 16, 1815 - June 22, 1905
(Aged 89)
November 7, 1861
–
November 5, 1863
Democratic
1861
6th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1857-1859)

John McClannahan Crockett

10

Pendleton Murrah
1824 or 1826 - August 4, 1865
(Aged about 40)
November 5, 1863
–
June 17, 1865
Democratic
1863
[18]
Texas State Representative
(1857)

Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale
[19]

-

Fletcher Summerfield Stockdale
1823 or 1825 - February 4, 1890
(Aged about 67)
June 11, 1865
–
June 16, 1865
Military
9th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1863-1865)
Office vacant

11

Andrew Jackson Hamilton
January 28, 1815 - April 11, 1875
(Aged 60)
June 16, 1865
–
August 9, 1866
[20]
Democratic-Military
Texas State Senator-Elect
(1861)

12

James W. Throckmorton
February 1, 1825 - April 21, 1894
(Aged 69)
August 9, 1866
–
August 8, 1867
Democratic
1866
[21]
Captain of the 6th Texas Cavalry Regiment Confederate Army
(1861-1863)

George Washington Jones

13

Elisha M. Pease
January 3, 1812 - August 26, 1883
(Aged 71)
August 8, 1867
–
September 30, 1869
[21][22]
Republican
5th Governor of Texas
(1853-1857)
Office vacant

14

Edmund J. Davis
October 2, 1827 - February 7, 1883
(Aged 55)
January 8, 1870
–
January 15, 1874
Republican
1869
[23]
Brigadier General of the First Texas Cavalry Regiment Union Army
(1862-1865)

15

Richard Coke
March 18, 1829 - May 14, 1897
(Aged 68)
January 15, 1874
–
December 1, 1876
Democratic
1873
Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
(1866-1867)

Richard B. Hubbard
[16]

1876
[24]

16

Richard B. Hubbard
November 1, 1832 - July 12, 1901
(Aged 68)
December 1, 1876
–
January 21, 1879
Democratic
16th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1874-1876)
Office vacant

17

Oran Milo Roberts
July 9, 1815 – May 19, 1898
(Aged 82)
January 21, 1879
–
January 16, 1883
Democratic
1878
7th Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
(1874-1879)

Joseph D. Sayers

1880

Leonidas Jefferson Storey

18

John Ireland
January 1, 1827 – March 15, 1896
(Aged 69)
January 16, 1883
–
January 18, 1887
Democratic
1882
Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court
(1875-1876)

Francis Marion Martin

1884

Barnett Gibbs

19

Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross
September 27, 1838 – January 3, 1898
(Aged 59)
January 18, 1887
–
January 20, 1891
Democratic
1886
Texas State Senator
(1881-1883)

Thomas Benton Wheeler

1888

20

Jim Hogg
March 24, 1851 – March 3, 1906
(Aged 54)
January 20, 1891
–
January 15, 1895
Democratic
1890
21st Attorney General of Texas
(1887-1891)

George Cassety Pendleton

1892

Martin McNulty Crane

21

Charles A. Culberson
June 10, 1855 – March 19, 1925
(Aged 69)
January 15, 1895
–
January 17, 1899
Democratic
1894
22nd Attorney General of Texas
(1891-1895)

George Taylor Jester

1896

22

Joseph D. Sayers
September 23, 1841 – May 15, 1929
(Aged 87)
January 17, 1899
–
January 20, 1903
Democratic
1898
U.S. Representative for Texas' 9th district
(1893-1899)

James Browning

1900

23

S. W. T. Lanham
July 4, 1846 – July 29, 1908
(Aged 62)
January 20, 1903
–
January 15, 1907
Democratic
1902
U.S. Representative for Texas' 8th district
(1897-1903)

George D. Neal

1904

24

Thomas Mitchell Campbell
April 22, 1856 – April 1, 1923
(Aged 66)
January 15, 1907
–
January 17, 1911
Democratic
1906
General Manager of the Railroad
(1892-1897)

Asbury Bascom Davidson

1908

25

Oscar Branch Colquitt
December 16, 1861 – March 8, 1940
(Aged 78)
January 17, 1911
–
January 19, 1915
Democratic
1910
Texas Railroad Commissioner
(1903-1911)

1912

William Harding Mayes

26

James E. "Pa" Ferguson
August 31, 1871 – September 21, 1944
(Aged 73)
January 19, 1915
–
August 25, 1917
Democratic
1914
Local banker
(since 1906)

William P. Hobby
[25]

1916
[26]

27

William P. Hobby
March 26, 1878 – June 7, 1964
(Aged 86)
August 25, 1917
–
January 18, 1921
Democratic
24th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1915-1917)
Office vacant

1918

Willard Arnold Johnson

28

Pat Morris Neff
November 26, 1871 – January 20, 1952
(Aged 80)
January 18, 1921
–
January 20, 1925
Democratic
1920
Texas State Representative
(1899-1903)

Lynch Davidson

1922

Thomas Whitfield Davidson

29

Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson
June 13, 1875 – June 25, 1961
(Aged 86)
January 20, 1925
–
January 18, 1927
Democratic
1924
First Lady of Texas
(1915–1917)

Barry Miller

30

Dan Moody
June 1, 1893 – May 22, 1966
(Aged 72)
January 18, 1927
–
January 20, 1931
Democratic
1926
32nd Attorney General of Texas
(1931–1935)

1928

31

Ross S. Sterling
February 11, 1875 – March 25, 1949
(Aged 74)
January 20, 1931
–
January 17, 1933
Democratic
1930
Chairman of the Texas Highway Commission
(1930)

Edgar E. Witt

32

Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson
June 13, 1875 – June 25, 1961
(Aged 86)
January 17, 1933
–
January 15, 1935
Democratic
1932
29th Governor of Texas
(1925-1927)

33

James Allred
March 29, 1899 – September 24, 1959
(Aged 60)
January 15, 1935
–
January 17, 1939
Democratic
1934
35th Attorney General of Texas
(1931–1935)

Walter Frank Woodul

1936

34

Wilbert Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel
March 11, 1890 – May 11, 1969
(Aged 79)
January 17, 1939
–
August 4, 1941
Democratic
1938
President of the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce
(1933-1934)

Coke R. Stevenson
[25]

1940
[27]

35

Coke R. Stevenson
March 20, 1888 – June 28, 1975
(Aged 87)
August 4, 1941
–
January 21, 1947
Democratic
31st Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1939-1941)
Office vacant

1942

John Lee Smith

1944

36

Beauford H. Jester
January 12, 1893 – July 11, 1949
(Aged 56)
January 21, 1947
–
July 11, 1949
Democratic
1946
Member of the Texas Railroad Commission
(1943-1947)

Allan Shivers
[25]

1948
[28]

37

Allan Shivers
October 5, 1907 – January 14, 1985
(Aged 77)
July 11, 1949
–
January 15, 1957
Democratic
33rd Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1947-1949)
Office vacant

1950

Ben Ramsey

1952

1954

38

Price Daniel
October 10, 1910 – August 25, 1988
(Aged 77)
January 15, 1957
–
January 15, 1963
Democratic
1956
U.S. Senator from Texas
(1953-1957)

1958

1960

Office vacant

39

John Connally
February 27, 1917 – June 15, 1993
(Aged 76)
January 15, 1963
–
January 21, 1969
Democratic
1962
56th United States Secretary of the Navy
(1961)

Preston Smith

1964

1966

40

Preston Smith
March 8, 1912 – October 18, 2003
(Aged 91)
January 21, 1969
–
January 16, 1973
Democratic
1968
35th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1963-1969)

Ben Barnes

1970

41

Dolph Briscoe
April 23, 1923 – June 27, 2010
(Aged 87)
January 16, 1973
–
January 16, 1979
Democratic
1972
Texas State Representative
(1949-1957)

William P. Hobby Jr.

1974

42

Bill Clements
April 13, 1917 – May 29, 2011
(Aged 94)
January 16, 1979
–
January 18, 1983
Republican
1978
15th United States Deputy Secretary of Defense
(1973-1977)

43

Mark White
March 17, 1940 – August 5, 2017
(Aged 77)
January 18, 1983
–
January 20, 1987
Democratic
1982
46th Attorney General of Texas
(1979-1983)

44

Bill Clements
April 13, 1917 – May 29, 2011
(Aged 94)
January 20, 1987
–
January 15, 1991
Republican
1986
42nd Governor of Texas
(1979-1983)

45

Ann Richards
September 1, 1933 – September 13, 2006
(Aged 73)
January 15, 1991
–
January 17, 1995
Democratic
1990
Treasurer of Texas
(1983-1991)

Bob Bullock

46

George W. Bush
July 6, 1946 (Age 71)
January 17, 1995
–
December 21, 2000
Republican
1994
Managing General Partner of the Texas Rangers
(1989-1994)

1998
[29]

Rick Perry

47

Rick Perry
March 4, 1950 (Age 67)
December 21, 2000
–
January 20, 2015
Republican
39th Lieutenant Governor of Texas
(1999-2000)

Bill Ratliff

2002

David Dewhurst

2006

2010

48

Greg Abbott
November 13, 1957 (Age 60)
January 20, 2015
–
Incumbent
Republican
2014
[30]
50th Attorney General of Texas
(2002-2015)

Dan Patrick

text: Other high offices held[edit]

text:
Governor
Gubernatorial Term
Other high offices held

James Pinckney Henderson
1846–1847
U.S. Senator (1857–1858)

Peter Hansborough Bell
1849–1853
U.S. Representative (1853–1857)

Sam Houston
1859–1861
U.S. Representative from Tennessee (1823–1827), Governor of Tennessee (1827–1829), President of Texas (1836–1838, 1841–1844), U.S. Senator (1846–1859)

Andrew Jackson Hamilton
1865–1866
U.S. Representative (1859–1861)

James W. Throckmorton
1866–1867
U.S. Representative (1875–1879, 1883–1887)

Richard Coke
1874–1876
U.S. Senator (1877–1895)

Richard B. Hubbard
1876–1879
Minister to Japan (1885–1889)

Charles Allen Culberson
1895–1899
U.S. Senator (1899–1923)

Joseph D. Sayers
1899–1903
U.S. Representative (1885–1893, 1893–1899)

S. W. T. Lanham
1903–1907
U.S. Representative (1883–1893, 1897–1903)

W. Lee O'Daniel
1939–1941
U.S. Senator (1941–1949)

Price Daniel
1957–1963
U.S. Senator (1953–1957)

John Connally
1963–1969
U.S. Secretary of the Navy (1961), U.S. Secretary of the Treasury (1971–1972)

Bill Clements
1979–1983
1987–1991
U.S. Deputy Secretary of Defense (1973–1977)

George W. Bush
1995–2000
43rd President of the United States (2001–2009)

Rick Perry
2000–2015
United States Secretary of Energy

text: Living former governors of Texas[edit]

text: Currently, there are two living former governors of Texas. The most recent death of a former governor was that of Mark White (1983–1987), who died on August 5, 2017. The most recently serving governor of Texas who has died is Ann Richards (1991–1995, born 1933), who died on September 13, 2006. Pictured in order of service:

text:
George W. Bush
(1995–2000)
(1946-07-06) July 6, 1946 (age 71)

Rick Perry
(2000–2015)
(1950-03-04) March 4, 1950 (age 67)

tag: ul

text: Gubernatorial trivia[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Texas has had two female governors: Miriam A. "Ma" Ferguson and Ann Richards. Ferguson was one of the first two women elected governor of a U.S. state (on November 4, 1924), along with Nellie Tayloe Ross of Wyoming. Ross was inaugurated on January 5, 1925, while Ferguson was inaugurated on January 20, so Ross is considered the first female state governor. Ferguson was the wife of former governor Jim "Pa" Ferguson, while Richards was elected "in her own right," being neither the spouse nor widow of a governor.

text: Texas governors have been born in fourteen states: Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Ohio, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.

text: Baylor University is the most common alma mater of Texas governors, with five of them - Lawrence Sullivan Ross, Pat Morris Neff, Price Daniel, Mark White, and Ann Richards - considered alumni (though Ross attended but never completed a degree). To date, Coke Stevenson is the most recent governor who never attended college, and Bill Clements is the most recent who attended college but did not graduate.

text: Elections[edit]

text: Three governors have served non-consecutive terms: Elisha M. Pease, Miriam A. Ferguson, and Bill Clements. As was the case in most Southern states, Texas did not elect any Republican governor from the end of Reconstruction until the late twentieth century. Bill Clements was the state's first Republican governor since Edmund J. Davis left office in 1874, 105 years earlier. Dolph Briscoe was the last governor to be elected to a two-year term, in 1972; he was also the first to be elected to a four-year term, in 1974, since the post-Reconstruction period when two-year terms had first been established. Rick Perry, who ascended to the governorship on December 21, 2000 upon the resignation of then-Governor George W. Bush, won full four-year terms in 2002, 2006 and 2010.

text: Texas governors in popular culture[edit]

text: W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel served as the inspiration for the fictional, but similarly named, Mississippi Governor Menelaus "Pappy" O'Daniel, in the film O Brother, Where Art Thou?

text: Ann Richards had a cameo appearance on an episode of the animated comedy series King of the Hill, in which she has a brief romance with Bill Dauterive after he takes the fall for mooning her in the elevator of an Austin hotel (Hank actually mooned her because he thought his friends were going to be mooning the people in the elevator but they set him up).