document_title: Los Angeles Dodgers

question_text: how many times have the dodgers gone to world series

question_tokens: how many times have the dodgers gone to world series

text: Los Angeles Dodgers

text: History[edit]

text: In the early 20th century, the team, then known as the Robins, won league pennants in 1916 and 1920, losing the World Series both times, first to Boston and then Cleveland. In the 1930s, the team changed its name to the Dodgers, named after the Brooklyn pedestrians who dodged the streetcars in the city.[4] In 1941, the Dodgers captured their third National League pennant, only to lose to the New York Yankees. This marked the onset of the Dodgers–Yankees rivalry, as the Dodgers would face them in their next six World Series appearances. Led by Jackie Robinson, the first black Major League Baseball player of the modern era; and three-time National League Most Valuable Player Roy Campanella, also signed out of the Negro Leagues, the Dodgers captured their first World Series title in 1955 by defeating the Yankees for the first time, a story notably described in the 1972 book The Boys of Summer.

text: Following the 1957 season the team left Brooklyn. In just their second season in Los Angeles, the Dodgers won their second World Series title, beating the Chicago White Sox in six games in 1959. Spearheaded by the dominant pitching style of Sandy Koufax and Don Drysdale, the Dodgers captured three pennants in the 1960s and won two more World Series titles, sweeping the Yankees in four games in 1963, and edging the Minnesota Twins in seven in 1965. The 1963 sweep was their second victory against the Yankees, and their first against them as a Los Angeles team. The Dodgers won four more pennants in 1966, 1974, 1977 and 1978, but lost in each World Series appearance. They went on to win the World Series again in 1981, thanks in part to pitching sensation Fernando Valenzuela. The early 1980s were affectionately dubbed "Fernandomania." In 1988, another pitching hero, Orel Hershiser, again led them to a World Series victory, aided by one of the most memorable home runs of all time, by their injured star outfielder Kirk Gibson coming off the bench to pinch hit with two outs in the bottom of the ninth inning of game 1, in his only appearance of the series.

text: The Dodgers share a fierce rivalry with the San Francisco Giants, the oldest rivalry in baseball, dating back to when the two franchises played in New York City. Both teams moved west for the 1958 season. The Brooklyn Dodgers and Los Angeles Dodgers have collectively appeared in the World Series 19 times, while the New York Giants and San Francisco Giants have collectively appeared 20 times and have been invited 21 times. The Giants have won two more World Series (8); the Dodgers have won 22 National League pennants, while the Giants hold the record with 23. Although the two franchises have enjoyed near equal success, the city rivalries are rather lopsided and in both cases, a team's championships have predated to the other's first one in that particular location. When the two teams were based in New York, the Giants won five World Series championships, and the Dodgers one. After the move to California, the Dodgers have won five in Los Angeles, the Giants have won three in San Francisco.

text: Team history[edit]

text: Brooklyn Dodgers[edit]

text: The Dodgers were founded in 1883 as the Brooklyn Atlantics, taking the name of a defunct team that had played in Brooklyn before them. The team joined the American Association in 1884 and won the AA championship in 1889 before joining the National League in 1890. They promptly won the NL Championship their first year in the League. The team was known alternatively as the Bridegrooms[5], Grooms, Superbas, Robins, and Trolley Dodgers before officially becoming the Dodgers in the 1930s.

text: In Brooklyn, the Dodgers won the NL pennant several times (1890, 1899, 1900, 1916, 1920, 1941, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1956) and the World Series in 1955. After moving to Los Angeles, the team won National League pennants in 1959, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1974, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1988, and 2017, with World Series championships in 1959, 1963, 1965, 1981 and 1988. In all, the Dodgers have appeared in 19 World Series: 9 in Brooklyn and 10 in Los Angeles.

text: Jackie Robinson[edit]

text: For most of the first half of the 20th century, no Major League Baseball team employed an African American player. Jackie Robinson became the first African American to play for a Major League Baseball team when he played his first major league game on April 15, 1947, as a member of the Brooklyn Dodgers. This was mainly due to general manager Branch Rickey's efforts. The deeply religious Rickey's motivation appears to have been primarily moral, although business considerations were also a factor. Rickey was a member of The Methodist Church, the antecedent denomination to The United Methodist Church of today, which was a strong advocate for social justice and active later in the American Civil Rights Movement.[6]

text: This event was the harbinger of the integration of professional sports in the United States, the concomitant demise of the Negro Leagues, and is regarded as a key moment in the history of the American Civil Rights movement. Robinson was an exceptional player, a speedy runner who sparked the team with his intensity. He was the inaugural recipient of the Rookie of the Year award, which is now named the Jackie Robinson Award in his honor. The Dodgers' willingness to integrate, when most other teams refused to, was a key factor in their 1947–1956 success. They won six pennants in those 10 years with the help of Robinson, three-time MVP Roy Campanella, Cy Young Award winner Don Newcombe, Jim Gilliam and Joe Black. Robinson would eventually go on to become the first African-American elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962.

text: Move to Los Angeles[edit]

text: Real estate businessman Walter O'Malley acquired majority ownership of the Dodgers in 1950, when he bought the 25 percent share of co-owner Branch Rickey and became allied with the widow of the another equal partner, Mrs. John L. Smith. Before long, he was working to buy new land in Brooklyn to build a more accessible and better arrayed ballpark than Ebbets Field. Beloved as it was, Ebbets Field was no longer well-served by its aging infrastructure and the Dodgers could no longer sell out the park even in the heat of a pennant race, despite largely dominating the National League from 1946 to 1957.

text: O'Malley wanted to build a new, state of the art stadium in Brooklyn. But City Planner Robert Moses and New York politicians refused to grant him the eminent domain authority required to build pursuant to O'Malley's plans. To put pressure on the city, during the 1955 season, O'Malley announced that the team would play seven regular season games and one exhibition game at Jersey City's Roosevelt Stadium in 1956.[7] Moses and the City considered this an empty threat, and did not believe O'Malley would go through with moving the team from New York City.

text: After teams began to travel to and from games by air instead of train, it became possible to include locations in the far west. Los Angeles officials attended the 1956 World Series looking to the Washington Senators to move to the West Coast. When O'Malley heard that LA was looking for a club, he sent word to the Los Angeles officials that he was interested in talking. LA offered him what New York would not: a chance to buy land suitable for building a ballpark, and own that ballpark, giving him complete control over all revenue streams. When the news came out, NYC Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr. and Moses made an offer to build a ballpark on the World's Fair Grounds in Queens that would be shared by the Giants and Dodgers. However, O'Malley was interested in his park only under his conditions, and the plans for a new stadium in Brooklyn seemed like a pipe dream. O'Malley decided to move the Dodgers to California, convincing Giants owner Horace Stoneham to move to San Francisco instead of Minneapolis to keep another team on the West Coast to ease approval of the moves. There was no turning back: the Dodgers were heading for Hollywood.[7]

text: The Dodgers played their final game at Ebbets Field on September 24, 1957, which the Dodgers won 2–0 over the Pittsburgh Pirates.

text: New York would remain a one-team town with the New York Yankees until 1962, when Joan Payson founded the New York Mets and brought National League baseball back to the city. The blue background used by the Dodgers, would be adopted by the Mets, honoring their New York NL forebears with a blend of Dodgers blue and Giants orange.[8]

text: Los Angeles Dodgers[edit]

text: The Dodgers were the first Major League Baseball team to ever play in Los Angeles. On April 18, 1958, the Dodgers played their first LA game, defeating the former New York and now new San Francisco Giants, 6–5, before 78,672 fans at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Catcher Roy Campanella, left partially paralyzed in an off-season accident, was never able to play in Los Angeles.

text: Construction on Dodger Stadium was completed in time for Opening Day 1962. With its clean, simple lines and its picturesque setting amid hills and palm trees, the ballpark quickly became an icon of the Dodgers and their new California lifestyle. O'Malley was determined that there would not be a bad seat in the house, achieving this by cantilevered grandstands that have since been widely imitated. More importantly for the team, the stadium's spacious dimensions, along with other factors, gave defense an advantage over offense and the Dodgers moved to take advantage of this by assembling a team that would excel with its pitching.

text: Since moving to Los Angeles, the Dodgers have won 10 more National League Championships and five World Series rings.

text: Other historical notes[edit]

text: Historical records and firsts[edit]

text:
First baseball team to win championships in different leagues in consecutive years (1889–1890)
First television broadcast (1939)
First use of batting helmets (1941)
First MLB team to employ and start an African-American player in the 20th century (Jackie Robinson, 1947)
First MLB team to have numbers on the front of their uniforms (1952)
First West Coast team (1958) – along with the San Francisco Giants
First MLB team to allow a female sports journalist into a locker room (Anita Martini, 1974)
Largest home-opener attendance: 78,672 (1958) (since broken by the Colorado Rockies in 1993)
Largest single game attendance: 93,103 (1959) and 115,300 (2008) *World Record
First MLB team to open an office in Asia (1998)
Longest MLB record for home start going 13–0 (2009)
North American record for the buying of a sports team ($2 billion, 2012)
First MLB team to employ a female lead trainer (Sue Falsone, 2012)

text: Origin of the nickname[edit]

text: The Dodgers' official history reports that the term "Trolley Dodgers" was attached to the Brooklyn ballclub due to the complex maze of trolley cars that weaved its way through the borough of Brooklyn.[9]

text: In 1892, the city of Brooklyn (Brooklyn was an independent city until annexed by New York City in 1898) began replacing its slow-moving, horse-drawn trolley lines with the faster, more powerful electric trolley lines.[10] Within less than three years, by the end of 1895, electric trolley accidents in Brooklyn had resulted in more than 130 deaths and maimed well over 500 people.[11] Brooklyn's high-profile, the significant number of widely reported accidents, and a trolley strike in early 1895, combined to create a strong association in the public's mind between Brooklyn and trolley dodging.[10]

text: Sportswriters started using the name "trolley dodgers" to refer to the Brooklyn team early in the 1895 season.[12] The name was shortened to, on occasion, the "Brooklyn Dodgers" as early as 1898.[13]

text: Sportswriters in the early 20th century began referring to the Dodgers as the "Bums", in reference to the team's fans and possibly because of the "street character" nature of Jack Dawkins, the "Artful Dodger" in Charles Dickens' Oliver Twist. Newspaper cartoonist Willard Mullin used a drawing of famous clown Emmett Kelly to depict "Dem Bums": the team would later use "Weary Willie" in promotional images, and Kelly himself was a club mascot during the 1950s.

text: Other team names used by the franchise were the Atlantics, Grays, Grooms, Bridegrooms, Superbas and Robins. All of these nicknames were used by fans and sportswriters to describe the team, but not in any official capacity. The team's legal name was the Brooklyn Base Ball Club.[14] However, the Trolley Dodger nickname was used throughout this period, simultaneously with these other nicknames, by fans and sportswriters of the day. The team did not use the name in any formal sense until 1932, when the word "Dodgers" appeared on team jerseys.[1] The "conclusive shift" came in 1933, when both home and road jerseys for the team bore the name "Dodgers".[2]

text: Examples of how the many popularized names of the team were used are available from newspaper articles before 1932. A New York Times article describing a game in 1916 starts out: "Jimmy Callahan, pilot of the Pirates, did his best to wreck the hopes the Dodgers have of gaining the National League pennant", but then goes on to comment: "the only thing that saved the Superbas from being toppled from first place was that the Phillies lost one of the two games played".[15] What is interesting about the use of these two nicknames is that most baseball statistics sites and baseball historians generally now refer to the pennant-winning 1916 Brooklyn team as the Robins. A 1918 New York Times article uses the nickname in its title: "Buccaneers Take Last From Robins", but the subtitle of the article reads: "Subdue The Superbas By 11 To 4, Making Series An Even Break".[16]

text: Another example of the use of the many nicknames is found on the program issued at Ebbets Field for the 1920 World Series, which identifies the matchup in the series as "Dodgers vs. Indians" despite the fact that the Robins nickname had been in consistent use for around six years.[17] The "Robins" nickname was derived from the name of their Hall of Fame manager, Wilbert Robinson, who led the team from 1914 to 1931.[18]

text: Uniforms[edit]

text: The Dodgers' uniform has remained relatively unchanged since the 1930s. The home jersey is white with "Dodgers" written in script across the chest in Dodger Blue. The road jersey is gray with "Los Angeles" written in script across the chest in Dodger Blue. The word "Dodgers" was first used on the front of the team's home jersey in 1933; the uniform was then white with red pinstripes and a stylized "B" on the left shoulder.[19] The Dodgers also wore green outlined uniforms and green caps throughout the 1937 season but reverted to blue the following year.

text: The current design was created in 1939, and has remained the same ever since with only cosmetic changes. In 1952, the home uniform added a red uniform number under the "Dodgers" script. The road jersey also has a red uniform number under the script. When the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles, the city name on the road jersey changed, and the stylized "B" was replaced with the interlocking "LA" on the caps in 1958. In 1970, the Dodgers removed the city name from the road jerseys and had "Dodgers" on both the home and away uniforms. The city script returned to the road jerseys in 1999, and the tradition-rich Dodgers flirted with an alternate uniform for the first time since 1944 (when all-blue satin uniforms were introduced). These 1999 alternate jerseys had a royal blue top with the "Dodgers" script in white across the chest, and the red number on the front. These were worn with white pants and a new cap with silver brim, top button and Dodger logo. These alternates proved unpopular and the team abandoned them after only one season. In 2014, the Dodgers introduced an alternate road jersey: a gray version with the "Dodgers" script instead of the city name.

text:
Current logo using "Dodgers" Script

Los Angeles Dodgers Script on Dodger Blue

text: Asian players[edit]

text: The Dodgers have been groundbreaking in their signing of players from Asia; mainly, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Former owner Peter O'Malley began reaching out in 1980 by starting clinics in China and South Korea, building baseball fields in two Chinese cities, and in 1998 becoming the first major league team to open an office in Asia. The Dodgers were the second team to start a Japanese player in recent history, pitcher Hideo Nomo, the first team to start a South Korean player, pitcher Chan Ho Park, and the first Taiwanese player, Chin-Feng Chen. In addition, they were the first team to send out three Asian pitchers, from different Asian countries, in one game: Park, Hong-Chih Kuo of Taiwan, and Takashi Saito of Japan. In the 2008 season, the Dodgers had the most Asian players on its roster of any major league team with five. They included Japanese pitchers Takashi Saito and Hiroki Kuroda; South Korean pitcher Chan Ho Park; and Taiwanese pitcher Hong-Chih Kuo and infielder Chin-Lung Hu. In 2005, the Dodgers' Hee Seop Choi became the first Asian player to compete in the Home Run Derby.[20] For the 2013 season, the Dodgers signed starting pitcher Hyun-Jin Ryu with a six-year, $36 million contract, after posting a bid of nearly $27 million to acquire him from the KBO's Hanhwa Eagles. For the 2016 season, the Dodgers signed starting pitcher Kenta Maeda with an eight-year, $25 million contract, after posting a bid of $20 million to acquire him from the NPB's Hiroshima Toyo Carp.

text: Rivalries[edit]

text: The Dodgers' rivalry with the San Francisco Giants dates back to the 19th century, when the two teams were based in New York; the rivalry with the New York Yankees took place when the Dodgers were based in New York, but was revived with their East Coast/West Coast World Series battles in 1963, 1977, 1978, and 1981. The Dodgers rivalry with the Philadelphia Phillies also dates back to their days in New York, but was most fierce during the 1970s, 1980s, and 2000s. The Dodgers also had a heated rivalry with the Cincinnati Reds during the 1970s, 1980s and early 1990s. The rivalry with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim and the San Diego Padres dates back to the Angels' and Padres' respective inaugural seasons (Angels in 1961, Padres in 1969). Regional proximity is behind the rivalries with both the Angels and the Padres.

text: San Francisco Giants[edit]

text: The Dodgers–Giants rivalry is one of the longest-standing rivalries in American baseball.[21][22]

text: The feud between the Dodgers and the San Francisco Giants began in the late 19th century when both clubs were based in New York City, with the Dodgers playing in Brooklyn and the Giants playing at the Polo Grounds in Manhattan. After the 1957 season, Dodgers owner Walter O'Malley moved the team to Los Angeles for financial and other reasons.[23] Along the way, he managed to convince Giants owner Horace Stoneham—who was considering moving his team to Minnesota—to preserve the rivalry by bringing his team to California as well.[23] New York baseball fans were stunned and heartbroken by the move.[23][24] Given that the cities of Los Angeles and San Francisco have been bitter rivals in economic, cultural, and political arenas for over a century and a half, the new venue in California became fertile ground for its transplantation.

text: Each team's ability to endure for over a century while moving across an entire continent, as well as the rivalry's leap from a cross-city to a cross-state engagement, have led to the rivalry being considered one of the greatest in sports history.[25][26][27]

text: Unlike many other historic baseball match-ups in which one team remains dominant for most of their history, the Dodgers–Giants rivalry has exhibited a persistent balance in the respective successes of the two teams. While the Giants have more wins in franchise history, and lead all NL teams with 23 National League pennants, the Dodgers are second, having won 21;[28] the Giants have won eight World Series titles, while the Dodgers have won six. The 2010 World Series was the Giants' first championship since moving to California, while the Dodgers had won five World Series titles since their move, their last title coming in the 1988 World Series.

text: Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim[edit]

text: This rivalry refers to a series of games played with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. The Freeway Series takes its name from the massive freeway system in the greater Los Angeles metropolitan area, the home of both teams; one could travel from one team's stadium to the other simply by traveling along Interstate 5. The term is akin to Subway Series which refers to meetings between New York City baseball teams. The term "Freeway Series" also inspired the official name of the regions' NHL rivalry: the Freeway Face-Off

text: Historical rivalry[edit]

text: New York Yankees[edit]

text: The Dodgers–Yankees rivalry is one of the most well-known rivalries in Major League Baseball.[29] The two teams have met eleven times in the World Series, more times than any other pair from the American and National Leagues.[29] The initial significance was embodied in the two teams' proximity in New York City, when the Dodgers initially played in Brooklyn. After the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles in 1958, the rivalry retained its significance as the two teams represented the dominant cities on each coast of the United States, and since the 1980s, the two largest cities in the United States.

text: Although the rivalry's significance arose from the two teams' numerous World Series meetings,[29] the Yankees and Dodgers have not met in the World Series since 1981.[29] They would not play each other in a non-exhibition game until 2004, when they played a three-game interleague series.[29] Their last meeting was in September 2016, when the Dodgers won two out of three games in New York.

text: Fan support[edit]

text: The Dodgers have a loyal fanbase, evidenced by the fact that the Dodgers were the first MLB team to attract more than 3 million fans in a season (in 1978), and accomplished that feat six more times before any other franchise did it once.[30] The Dodgers drew at least 3 million fans for 15 consecutive seasons from 1996 to 2010, the longest such streak in all of MLB.[30] On July 3, 2007, Dodgers management announced that total franchise attendance, dating back to 1901, had reached 175 million, a record for all professional sports.[31] In 2007, the Dodgers set a franchise record for single-season attendance, attracting over 3.8 million fans.[32] In 2009, the Dodgers led MLB in total attendance.[33] The Dodger baseball cap is consistently in the top three in sales.[34] During the 2011-2012 season, Frank McCourt, the owner of the Dodgers at that time, was going through a rough divorce with his wife over who should be the owner of the Dodger team. Instead, Frank McCourt paid $131 million to his wife as part of the divorce settlement.[35] As a result, the team payroll was financially low for a big-budget team crippling the Dodgers in the free-agent market. Collectively, the team performance waned due to the distracting drama in the front office resulting in low attendance numbers.[36]

text: Given the team's proximity to Hollywood, numerous celebrities can often be seen attending home games at Dodger Stadium. Celebrities such as co-owner Magic Johnson, Mary Hart, Larry King, Tiger Woods, Alyssa Milano and Shia LaBeouf are known to sit at field box seats behind home plate where they sign autographs for fellow Dodger fans. Actor Bryan Cranston is a lifelong Dodger fan.

text: The Dodgers set the world record for the largest attendance for a single baseball game during an exhibition game against the Boston Red Sox on March 28, 2008 at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum in honor of the Dodgers 50th anniversary, with 115,300 fans in attendance. All proceeds from the game benefited the official charity of the Dodgers, ThinkCure! which supports cancer research at Children's Hospital Los Angeles and City of Hope. Primarily Dodgers fans are from their own location in southern California and also parts of southern Nevada; however there are also strong pockets of Dodger support in Mexico and throughout Asia, and their away games throughout the US will usually attract substantial numbers of expat and traveling fans.

text: Radio and television[edit]

text: Vin Scully had called Dodgers games from 1950 to 2016.[37] His longtime partners were Jerry Doggett (1956–1987) and Ross Porter (1977–2004).[37] In 1976, he was selected by Dodgers fans as the Most Memorable Personality (on the field or off) in the team's history. He is also a recipient of the Baseball Hall of Fame's Ford C. Frick Award for broadcasters (inducted in 1982). Unlike the modern style in which multiple sportscasters have an on-air conversation (usually with one functioning as play-by-play announcer and the other[s] as color commentator), Scully, Doggett and Porter generally called games solo, trading with each other inning-by-inning. In the 1980s and 1990s, Scully would call the entire radio broadcast except for the third and seventh inning, allowing the other Dodger commentators to broadcast an inning.

text: When Doggett retired after the 1987 season, he was replaced by Hall-of-Fame Dodgers pitcher Don Drysdale, who previously broadcast games for the California Angels and Chicago White Sox.[37] Drysdale died in his hotel room following a heart attack before a game in Montreal in 1993. This was a difficult broadcast for Scully and Porter who could not mention it on-air until Drysdale's family had been notified and the official announcement made.[38] He was replaced by former Dodgers outfielder Rick Monday.[37] Porter's tenure ended after the 2004 season, after which the format of play-by-play announcers and color commentators was installed, led by Monday and newcomer Charley Steiner.[37] Scully, however, continued to announce solo.

text: Scully called roughly 100 games per season (all home games and road games in California and Arizona)[39] for both flagship radio station KLAC and on television for SportsNet LA. Scully was simulcast for the first three innings of each of his appearances, then announced only for the TV audience. If Scully was calling the game, Steiner took over play-by-play on radio beginning with the fourth inning, with Monday as color commentator.[39] If Scully was not calling the game, Steiner and Orel Hershiser called the entire game on television while Monday and Kevin Kennedy did the same on radio. In the event the Dodgers were in post-season play, Scully called the first three and last three innings of the radio broadcast alone and Steiner and Monday handled the middle innings.[40] Vin Scully retired from calling games in 2016. His tenure with the Dodgers was the longest with any single sports team at 67 years.

text: The Dodgers also broadcast on radio in Spanish, and the play-by-play is voiced by another Frick Award winner, Jaime Jarrín, who has been with the Dodgers since 1959. The color analyst for some games is former Dodger pitcher Fernando Valenzuela, for whom Jarrin once translated post-game interviews. The Spanish-language radio flagship station is KTNQ.

text: Management[edit]

text:
Owner: Guggenheim Baseball Management

Chairman/Controlling Partner: Mark Walter
Partner: Earvin "Magic" Johnson
Partner: Peter Guber
Partner: Todd Boehly
Partner: Robert "Bobby" Patton, Jr.

President/chief executive officer: Stan Kasten
President of Baseball Operations: Andrew Friedman
General Manager: Farhan Zaidi

text: Achievements[edit]

text: Baseball Hall of Famers[edit]

text:
Los Angeles Dodgers Hall of Famers

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Brooklyn Grooms/Superbas/Robins/Dodgers

Dave Bancroft
Dan Brouthers
Roy Campanella
Max Carey1
Kiki Cuyler
Leo Durocher2
Burleigh Grimes1

Ned Hanlon
Billy Herman
Waite Hoyt
Hughie Jennings
Willie Keeler
Joe Kelley
George Kelly

Tony Lazzeri
Freddie Lindstrom
Ernie Lombardi
Al López
Heinie Manush
Rabbit Maranville
Rube Marquard
Tommy McCarthy

Joe McGinnity
Joe Medwick
Pee Wee Reese
Jackie Robinson
Wilbert Robinson†
Duke Snider
Casey Stengel2

Dazzy Vance
Arky Vaughan
Lloyd Waner
Paul Waner
John Montgomery Ward1
Zack Wheat
Hack Wilson

Los Angeles Dodgers

Walter Alston
Jim Bunning
Gary Carter

Don Drysdale
Rickey Henderson
Sandy Koufax
Tommy Lasorda2

Greg Maddux
Juan Marichal
Pedro Martínez

Eddie Murray
Walter O'Malley‡
Mike Piazza
Frank Robinson

Don Sutton
Joe Torre
Hoyt Wilhelm

Players and managers listed in bold are depicted on their Hall of Fame plaques wearing a Dodgers, Robins, Superbas, Grooms, or Bridegrooms cap insignia.
† – depicted on Hall of Fame plaque without a cap or cap insignia due to not wearing a cap or playing when caps had no insignia; Hall of Fame recognizes Brooklyn/Los Angeles as "Primary Team"
‡ – Walter O'Malley was inducted as an Executive/Pioneer for his contributions to baseball as owner of the Dodgers. He is depicted on his plaque without a cap.
1 – inducted as player, also managed Dodgers or was player-manager
2 – inducted as manager, also played for Dodgers or was player-manager

tag: table

text: Ford C. Frick Award recipients[edit]

text:
Los Angeles Dodgers Ford C. Frick Award recipients

Affiliation according to the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Red Barber

Ernie Harwell

Jaime Jarrín

Vin Scully

Names in bold received the award based primarily on their work as broadcasters for the Dodgers.
* Played as Dodgers

text: Team captains[edit]

text:
Leo Durocher 1938–1941
Pee Wee Reese 1950–1958
Duke Snider 1962
Maury Wills 1963–1966
Davey Lopes 1978–1979

text: Retired numbers[edit]

text:
Pee Wee
Reese
SS
Coach
Retired
July 1, 1984

Tommy
Lasorda
P
Coach, Mgr, GM
Retired August 15, 1997

Duke
Snider
CF

Retired
July 6, 1980

Jim
Gilliam
2B, 3B
Coach
Retired October 10, 1978

Don
Sutton
P

Retired August 14, 1998

Walter
Alston
Mgr

Retired
June 5, 1977

Sandy
Koufax
P

Retired
June 4, 1972

Roy
Campanella
C

Retired
June 4, 1972

Jackie
Robinson
2B

Retired
June 4, 1972

Don
Drysdale
P

Retired July 1, 1984

text: Koufax, Campanella, and Robinson were the first Dodgers to have their numbers retired, in a ceremony at Dodger Stadium on June 4, 1972. This was the year in which Koufax was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame; Robinson and Campanella were already Hall-of-Famers.

text: Alston's number was retired in the year following his retirement as the Dodgers manager, six years before he was inducted into the Hall of Fame.

text: Gilliam died suddenly in 1978 after a 28-year career with the Dodgers organization. The Dodgers retired his number two days after his death, prior to Game 1 of the 1978 World Series. He is the only non-Hall-of-Famer to have his number retired by the Dodgers.

text: Beginning in 1980, the Dodgers have retired the numbers of longtime Dodgers (Snider, Reese, Drysdale, Lasorda, and Sutton) during the seasons in which each was inducted into the Hall of Fame.

text: In 1997, 50 years after he broke the color barrier and 25 years after the Dodgers retired his number, Robinson's No.42 was retired throughout Major League Baseball. Robinson is the only major league baseball player to have this honor bestowed upon him. Starting in the 2007 season, Jackie Robinson Day (April 15, commemorating Opening Day of Robinson's rookie season of 1947) has featured many or all players and coaches wearing the number 42 as a tribute to Robinson.

text: The Dodgers have not issued the number 34 since the departure of Fernando Valenzuela in 1991, although it has not been officially retired.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Team records[edit]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Current roster[edit]

text:
Los Angeles Dodgers 2018 spring training roster

view
talk
edit

40-man roster
Non-roster invitees
Coaches/Other

Pitchers

-- Scott Alexander
52 Pedro Báez
-- Dylan Baker
64 Walker Buehler
54 Tony Cingrani
46 Josh Fields
62 Wilmer Font
63 Yimi García
44 Rich Hill
74 Kenley Jansen
22 Clayton Kershaw
-- Tom Koehler
36 Adam Liberatore
18 Kenta Maeda
-- Henry Owens
58 Edward Paredes
99 Hyun-jin Ryu
-- Dennis Santana
48 Brock Stewart
68 Ross Stripling
 7 Julio Urías
57 Alex Wood

Catchers

15 Austin Barnes
65 Kyle Farmer
 9 Yasmani Grandal

Infielders

35 Cody Bellinger
11 Logan Forsythe
70 Tim Locastro
 5 Corey Seager
25 Rob Segedin
10 Justin Turner

Outfielders

14 Enrique Hernández
-- Matt Kemp
31 Joc Pederson
66 Yasiel Puig
 3 Chris Taylor
47 Trayce Thompson
60 Andrew Toles
61 Alex Verdugo

Pitchers

-- Pat Venditte

Manager

30 Dave Roberts

Coaches

-- Brant Brown (assistant hitting)
82 Steve Cilladi (bullpen catcher)
 8 Bob Geren (bench)
40 Rick Honeycutt (pitching)
-- Danny Lehman (game planning and communications)
27 George Lombard (first base)
-- Luis Ortiz (assistant hitting)
-- Mark Prior (bullpen)
12 Turner Ward (hitting)
45 Chris Woodward (third base)
 7 Steve Yeager (catching)

39 active, 0 inactive, 1 non-roster invitees
 7- or 10-day disabled list
* Not on active roster
† Suspended list
Roster, coaches, and NRIs updated January 4, 2018
Transactions • Depth Chart
→ All MLB rosters

text: Presidents[edit]

text:
Charlie Byrne 1883–1897
Charles Ebbets 1898–1925
Edward McKeever 1925–1925 (interim)
Wilbert Robinson 1925–1929
Frank B. York 1930–1932
Stephen McKeever 1933–1938
Larry MacPhail 1939–1942
Branch Rickey 1943–1950
Walter O'Malley 1950–1970
Peter O'Malley 1970–1997
Bob Graziano 1998–2004
Jamie McCourt 2004–2009
Dennis Mannion 2009–2010
Stan Kasten 2012–present

text: Managers[edit]

text: Since 1884, the Dodgers have used a total of 31 Managers, the most current being Dave Roberts, who was appointed following the 2015 postseason, after the departure of Don Mattingly.

text: Over the nearly 43 years from 1954 to mid-1996, the Dodgers employed only two managers, Walter Alston and Tommy Lasorda, both of whom are in the Hall of Fame. During this entire time period of extraordinary stability, the Dodgers were family owned by Walter O'Malley and then his son Peter O'Malley. It was during this era that the Dodgers won 11 of their 21 pennants, and all six of their World Series championships.

text: The managers of the Los Angeles Dodgers (1958–present) are as follows:

text:
Walter Alston (1958–1976) (in Brooklyn since 1954)
Tommy Lasorda (1976–1996)
Bill Russell (1996–1998)
Glenn Hoffman (1998)
Davey Johnson (1999–2000)
Jim Tracy (2001–2005)
Grady Little (2006–2007)
Joe Torre (2008–2010)
Don Mattingly (2011–2015)
Dave Roberts (2016–present)

text: General Managers[edit]

text:
Larry MacPhail (1938–1942)
Branch Rickey (1943–1950)
Buzzie Bavasi (1950–1968)
Fresco Thompson (1968)
Al Campanis (1968–1987)
Fred Claire (1987–1998)
Tommy Lasorda (1998)
Kevin Malone (1999–2001)
Dave Wallace (2001)
Dan Evans (2001–2004)
Paul DePodesta (2004–2005)
Ned Colletti (2005–2014)
Farhan Zaidi (2014–present)

text: Public address announcers/organists[edit]

text: From the Dodgers' move to Los Angeles from Brooklyn in 1958, the Dodgers employed a handful of well-known public address announcers; the most famous of which was John Ramsey, who served as the PA voice of the Dodgers from 1958 until his retirement in 1982; as well as announcing at other venerable Los Angeles venues, including the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and Sports Arena, and the Forum. Ramsey died in 1990.

text: From 1958 to 1982, Doug Moore, a local businessman; Philip Petty, an Orange County Superior Court Judge; and Dennis Packer; served as back-up voices for John Ramsey for the Dodgers, California Angels, Los Angeles Chargers, USC football and Los Angeles Rams. Packer was Ramsey's primary backup for the Los Angeles Lakers and Los Angeles Kings until Ramsey's retirement from the Forum in 1978. Thereafter, Packer became the public address announcer for the Lakers, Kings, indoor soccer and indoor tennis events at the Forum.

text: Nick Nickson, a radio broadcaster for the Los Angeles Kings, replaced John Ramsey as the Dodger Stadium public address announcer in 1983 and served in that capacity through the 1989 season to work with the Kings full-time.

text: Dennis Packer and Pete Arbogast were emulators of John Ramsey, using the same stentorian style of announcing Ramsey was famous for. Packer and Arbogast shared the stadium announcing chores for the 1994 FIFA World Cup matches at the Rose Bowl. Arbogast won the Dodgers job on the day that Ramsey died on January 25, 1990, by doing a verbatim imitation of Ramsey's opening and closing remarks that were standard at each game. His replacement, in 1993 was Mike Carlucci, who remained as the Dodgers' PA voice until 2003 to concentrate on his voiceover and acting career along with his Olympics announcing duties.

text: Through 2014, the Dodgers public address announcer was Eric Smith, who also announces for the Los Angeles Clippers and USC Trojans.[41]

text: On April 3, 2015 the Dodgers announced that former radio broadcaster Todd Leitz would become their new public address announcer. Leitz was an anchor and news reporter in Los Angeles at KNX 1070 AM for 10 years, and a news reporter at KABC 790 for two years.[42]

text: During their time in Brooklyn, stadium organist Gladys Gooding became so well-known that fans would joke that she was "the only Dodger who played every game without an error". Until 2015, Nancy Bea enjoyed a similar level of popularity behind the Dodger Stadium keyboard. Her replacement and current organist is Dieter Ruehle, who also plays at Staples Center for Los Angeles Kings and Los Angeles Lakers games.

text: Other[edit]

text: Vin Scully is permanently honored in the Hall's "Scribes & Mikemen" exhibit as a result of winning the Ford C. Frick Award in 1982. As with all Frick Award recipients, he is not officially considered an inducted member of the Hall of Fame.

text: Sue Falsone, served as the first female physical therapist in Major League baseball, and from 2012 to 2013, was the first female head athletic trainer.

text: Minor league affiliations[edit]

text:
Level
Team
League
Location

AAA
Oklahoma City Dodgers
Pacific Coast League
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma

AA
Tulsa Drillers
Texas League
Tulsa, Oklahoma

Advanced A
Rancho Cucamonga Quakes
California League
Rancho Cucamonga, California

A
Great Lakes Loons
Midwest League
Midland, Michigan

Rookie
Ogden Raptors
Pioneer League
Ogden, Utah

AZL Dodgers
Arizona League
Phoenix, Arizona

DSL Dodgers 1
Dominican Summer League
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

DSL Dodgers 2
Dominican Summer League
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

text: Minor league rosters[edit]


document_title: Clavicle

question_text: at what level is the clavicle with reference to the ribs

root

text: Clavicle

text: Structure[edit]

text: The collarbone is a large doubly curved long bone that connects the arm to the trunk of the body. Located directly above the first rib it acts as a strut to keep the scapula in place so that the arm can hang freely. Medially, it articulates with the manubrium of the sternum (breastbone) at the sternoclavicular joint. At its lateral end it articulates with the acromion, a process of the scapula (shoulder blade) at the acromioclavicular joint. It has a rounded medial end and a flattened lateral end.

tag: p

text:
Right clavicle—from below, and from above

Left clavicle—from above, and from below

text: From the roughly pyramidal sternal end, each collarbone curves laterally and anteriorly for roughly half its length. It then forms an even larger posterior curve to articulate with the acromion of the scapula. The flat acromial end of the collarbone is broader than the sternal end. The acromial end has a rough inferior surface that bears a ridge, the trapezoid line, and a slight rounded projection, the conoid tubercle (above the coracoid process). These surface features are attachment sites for muscles and ligaments of the shoulder.

text: It can be divided into three parts: medial end, lateral end and shaft.

text: Medial end[edit]

text: The medial end is quadrangular and articulates with the clavicular notch of the manubrium of the sternum to form the sternoclavicular joint. The articular surface extends to the inferior aspect for attachment with the first costal cartilage.

text: It gives attachments to:

text:
fibrous capsule joint, all around
articular disc, superoposteriorly
interclavicular ligament, superiorly

tag: ul

text: Lateral end[edit]

text: The lateral end is flat from above downward. It bears a facet for attachment to the acromion process of the scapula, forming the acromioclavicular joint. The area surrounding the joint gives an attachment to the joint capsule. The anterior border is concave forward and posterior border is convex backward.

text: Shaft[edit]

text: The shaft is divided into the medial two-thirds and the lateral one third. The medial part is thicker than the lateral.

text: Medial two-thirds of the shaft[edit]

text: The medial two-thirds of the shaft has four surfaces and no borders.

text:
The anterior surface is convex forward and gives origin to the pectoralis major.
The posterior surface is smooth and gives origin to the sternohyoid muscle at its medial end.
The superior surface is rough at its medial part and gives origin to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
The inferior surface has an oval impression inferior to its medial end for the costoclavicular ligament and is called costal tuberosity. At the lateral side of the inferior surface, there is a subclavian groove for insertion of the subclavius muscle. At the lateral side of the subclavian groove, the nutrient foramen lies. The medial part is quadrangular in shape where it makes a joint with the manubrium of the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint. The margins of the subclavian groove give attachment to the clavipectoral fascia.

tag: ol

text: Lateral third of the shaft[edit]

text: The lateral third of the shaft has two borders and two surfaces.

text:
the anterior border is concave forward and gives origin to the deltoid muscle.
the posterior border is convex and gives attachment to the trapezius muscle.
the superior surface is subcutaneous.
the inferior surface has a ridge called the trapezoid line and a tubercle; the conoid tubercle for attachment with the trapezoid and the conoid ligament, part of the coracoclavicular ligament that serves to connect the collarbone with the coracoid process of the scapula.

text: Development[edit]

text: The collarbone is the first bone to begin the process of ossification (laying down of minerals onto a preformed matrix) during development of the embryo, during the fifth and sixth weeks of gestation. However, it is one of the last bones to finish ossification at about 21–25 years of age. A study measuring 748 males and 252 females saw a difference in collarbone length between age groups 18–20 and 21–25 of about 6 and 5 mm (0.24 and 0.20 in) for males and females respectively.[2] Its lateral end is formed by intramembranous ossification while medially it is formed by endochondral ossification. It consists of a mass of cancellous bone surrounded by a compact bone shell. The cancellous bone forms via two ossification centres, one medial and one lateral, which fuse later on. The compact forms as the layer of fascia covering the bone stimulates the ossification of adjacent tissue. The resulting compact bone is known as a periosteal collar.

text: Even though it is classified as a long bone, the collarbone has no medullary (bone marrow) cavity like other long bones, though this is not always true.[citation needed] It is made up of spongy cancellous bone with a shell of compact bone.[3] It is a dermal bone derived from elements originally attached to the skull.

text: Variation[edit]

text: The shape of the clavicle varies more than most other long bones. It is occasionally pierced by a branch of the supraclavicular nerve. In males it is thicker and more curved and the sites of muscular attachments are more pronounced. The left clavicle is usually longer and not as strong as the right clavicle.[3] In males the clavicle is larger, longer, heavier and generally more massive than that of females. Clavicle form is a reliable criterion for sex determination.[4]

text: The collarbones are sometimes partly or completely absent in cleidocranial dysostosis.

text: The levator claviculae muscle, present in 2–3% of people, originates on the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae and is inserted in the lateral half of the clavicle.

text: Functions[edit]

text: The collarbone serves several functions:[3]

text:
It serves as a rigid support from which the scapula and free limb suspended; an arrangement that keeps the upper limb away from the thorax so that the arm has maximum range of movement. Acting as a flexible, crane-like strut, it allows the scapula to move freely on the thoracic wall.
Covering the cervicoaxillary canal, it protects the neurovascular bundle that supplies the upper limb.
Transmits physical impacts from the upper limb to the axial skeleton.

text: Muscle[edit]

text: Muscles and ligaments that attach to the collarbone include:

text:
Attachment on collarbone
Muscle/Ligament
Other attachment

Superior surface and anterior border
Deltoid muscle
deltoid tubercle, anteriorly on the lateral third

Superior surface
Trapezius muscle
posteriorly on the lateral third

Inferior surface
Subclavius muscle
subclavian groove

Inferior surface
Conoid ligament (the medial part of the coracoclavicular ligament)
conoid tubercle

Inferior surface
Trapezoid ligament (the lateral part of the coracoclavicular ligament)
trapezoid line

Anterior border
Pectoralis major muscle
medial third (rounded border)

Posterior border
Sternocleidomastoid muscle (clavicular head)
superiorly, on the medial third

Posterior border
Sternohyoid muscle
inferiorly, on the medial third

Posterior border
Trapezius muscle
lateral third

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text:
Acromioclavicular dislocation ("AC Separation")
Degeneration of the clavicle
Osteolysis
Sternoclavicular dislocations

text: A vertical line drawn from the mid-clavicle called the mid-clavicular line is used as a reference in describing cardiac apex beat during medical examination. It is also useful for evaluating an enlarged liver, and for locating the gallbladder which is between the mid-clavicular line and the transpyloric plane.

text: Collarbone fracture[edit]

text: Clavicle fractures (colloquially, a broken collarbone) occur as a result of injury or trauma. The most common type of fractures occur when a person falls horizontally on the shoulder or with an outstretched hand. A direct hit to the collarbone will also cause a break. In most cases, the direct hit occurs from the lateral side towards the medial side of the bone. Fractures of the clavicle typically occur at the angle, where the greatest change in direction of the bone occurs. This results in the sternocleidomastoid muscle lifting the medial aspect superiorly, which can result in perforation of the overlying skin.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: The clavicle first appears as part of the skeleton in primitive bony fish, where it is associated with the pectoral fin; they also have a bone called the cleithrum. In such fish, the paired clavicles run behind and below the gills on each side, and are joined by a solid symphysis on the fish's underside. They are, however, absent in cartilaginous fish and in the vast majority of living bony fish, including all of the teleosts.[5]

text: The earliest tetrapods retained this arrangement, with the addition of a diamond-shaped interclavicle between the base of the clavicles, although this is not found in living amphibians. The cleithrum disappeared early in the evolution of reptiles, and is not found in any living amniotes, but the interclavicle is present in most modern reptiles, and also in monotremes. In modern forms, however, there are a number of variations from the primitive pattern. For example, crocodilians and salamanders lack clavicles altogether (although crocodilians do retain the interclavicle), while in turtles, they form part of the armoured plastron.[5]

text: The interclavicle is absent in marsupials and placental mammals. In many mammals, the clavicles are also reduced, or even absent, to allow the scapula greater freedom of motion, which may be useful in fast-running animals.[5]

text: Though a number of fossil hominin (humans and chimpanzees) clavicles have been found, most of these are mere segments offering limited information on the form and function of the pectoral girdle. One exception is the clavicle of AL 333x6/9 attributed to Australopithecus afarensis which has a well-preserved sternal end. One interpretation of this specimen, based on the orientation of its lateral end and the position of the deltoid attachment area, suggests that this clavicle is distinct from those found in extant apes (including humans), and thus that the shape of the human shoulder dates back to less than 3 to 4 million years ago. However, analyses of the clavicle in extant primates suggest that the low position of the scapula in humans is reflected mostly in the curvature of the medial portion of the clavicle rather than the lateral portion. This part of the bone is similar in A. afarensis and it is thus possible that this species had a high shoulder position similar to that in modern humans.[6]

text: In dinosaurs[edit]

text: In dinosaurs the main bones of the pectoral girdle were the scapula (shoulder blade) and the coracoid, both of which directly articulated with the clavicle. The clavicle was present in saurischian dinosaurs but largely absent in ornithischian dinosaurs. The place on the scapula where it articulated with the humerus (upper bone of the forelimb) is the called the glenoid. The clavicles fused in some theropod dinosaurs to form a furcula, which is the equivalent to a wishbone.[7]

text: In birds, the clavicles and interclavicle have fused to form a single Y-shaped bone, the furcula or "wishbone" which evolved from the clavicles found in coelurosaurian theropods.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Position of collarbone (shown in red). Animation.

Shape of collarbone (left). Animation.

Pectoral girdle—front

Diagram of the human shoulder joint

Muscles of the neck. Anterior view.


document_title: Habeas corpus in the United States

question_text: when was the writ of habeas corpus created

question_tokens: when was the writ of habeas corpus created

text: Habeas corpus in the United States

text: Origin[edit]

text: Habeas corpus derives from the English common law where the first recorded usage was in 1305, in the reign of King Edward I of England. The procedure for the issuing of writs of habeas corpus was first codified by the Habeas Corpus Act 1679, following judicial rulings which had restricted the effectiveness of the writ. A previous act had been passed in 1640 to overturn a ruling that the command of the Queen was a sufficient answer to a petition of habeas corpus. Winston Churchill, in his chapter on the English Common Law in The Birth of Britain, explains the process thus:

text: Only the King had a right to summon a jury. Henry [II] accordingly did not grant it to private courts ... But all this was only a first step. Henry also had to provide means whereby the litigant, eager for royal justice, could remove his case out of the court of his lord into the court of the King. The device which Henry used was the royal writ ... and any man who could by some fiction fit his own case to the wording of one of the royal writs might claim the King's justice.

text: The writ of habeas corpus was issued by a superior court in the name of the Monarch, and commanded the addressee (a lower court, sheriff, or private subject) to produce the prisoner before the Royal courts of law. Petitions for habeas corpus could be made by the prisoner himself or by a third party on his behalf, and as a result of the Habeas Corpus Acts could be made regardless of whether the court was in session, by presenting the petition to a judge.

text: The 1679 Act remains important in 21st century cases. This Act and the historical body of British practice that relies upon it has been used to interpret the habeas rights granted by the United States Constitution, while taking into account the understanding of the writ held by the framers of the Constitution.

text: Federal law[edit]

text: The Suspension Clause of Article I does not expressly establish a right to the writ of habeas corpus; rather, it prevents Congress from restricting it. There has been much scholarly debate over whether the Clause positively establishes a right under the federal constitution, merely exists to prevent Congress from prohibiting state courts from granting the writ, or protects a pre-existing common law right enforceable by federal judges.[2] However, in the cases of Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr (2001),[3] and Boumediene v. Bush (2008)[4] the U.S. Supreme Court suggested that the Suspension Clause protects "the writ as it existed in 1789," that is, as a writ which federal judges could issue in the exercise of their common law authority.

text: Regardless of whether the writ is positively guaranteed by the constitution, habeas corpus was first established by statute in the Judiciary Act of 1789. This statutory writ applied only to those held in custody by officials of the executive branch of the federal government and not to those held by state governments, which independently afford habeas corpus pursuant to their respective constitutions and laws. From 1789 until 1866, the federal writ of habeas corpus was largely restricted to prisoners in federal custody, at a time when no direct appeals from federal criminal convictions were provided for by law. Habeas corpus remained the only means for judicial review of federal capital convictions until 1889, and the only means for review of federal convictions for other "infamous crimes" until 1891.[5] Until 1983[clarification needed] the writ of habeas corpus remained the only way that decisions of military courts could be reviewed by the Supreme Court.

text: The authority of federal courts to review the claims of prisoners in state custody was not clearly established until Congress adopted a statute (28 U.S.C. § 2254)[6] granting federal courts that authority in 1867, as part of the post-Civil War Reconstruction. The U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Waley v. Johnson (1942)[7] interpreted this authority broadly to allow the writ to be used to challenge convictions or sentences in violation of a defendant's constitutional rights where no other remedy was available.

text: The U.S. Congress grants federal district courts, the Supreme Court, and all Article III federal judges, acting in their own right, jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2241[8] to issue writs of habeas corpus to release prisoners held by any government entity within the country from custody, subject to certain limitations, if the prisoner –

text:
Is in custody under or by color of the authority of the United States or is committed for trial before some court thereof; or
Is in custody for an act done or omitted in pursuance of an Act of Congress, or an order, process, judgment or decree court or judge of the United States; or
Is in custody in violation of the Constitution or laws or treaties of the United States; or
Being a citizen of a foreign state and domiciled therein is in custody for an act done or omitted under any alleged right, title, authority, privilege, protection, or exemption claimed under the commission, order or sanction of any foreign state, or under color thereof, the validity and effect of which depend upon the law of nations; or
It is necessary to bring said persons into court to testify or for trial.

text: In 1950s and 1960s, decisions by the Warren Court greatly expanded the use and scope of the federal writ largely due to the "constitutionalizing" of criminal procedure by applying the Bill of Rights, in part, to state courts using the incorporation doctrine. This afforded state prisoners many more opportunities to claim that their convictions were unconstitutional, which provided grounds for habeas corpus relief. In the last thirty years, decisions by the Burger and Rehnquist Courts have somewhat narrowed the writ. The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) further limited the use of the federal writ by imposing a one-year statute of limitations and dramatically increasing the federal judiciary's deference to decisions previously made in state court proceedings either on appeal or in a state court habeas corpus action.

text: One of AEDPA's most controversial changes is the requirement that any constitutional right invoked to vacate a state court conviction rooted in a mistake of law by the state court must have "resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States." Thus, a U.S. Court of Appeals must ignore its own precedents and affirm a state court decision contrary to its precedents, if the U.S. Supreme Court has never squarely addressed a particular issue of federal law.[9]

text: Suspension during the Civil War[edit]

text: Presidential suspension of habeas corpus[edit]

text: On April 27, 1861, the right of habeas corpus was unilaterally suspended by President Abraham Lincoln in Maryland during the American Civil War. Lincoln had received word that anti-war Maryland officials intended to destroy the railroad tracks between Annapolis and Philadelphia, which was a vital supply line for the army preparing to fight the south. (Indeed, soon after, the Maryland legislature would simultaneously vote to stay in the Union and to close these rail lines, in an apparent effort to prevent war between its northern and southern neighbors.[10]) Lincoln did not issue a sweeping order; it only applied to the Maryland route.[11] Lincoln chose to suspend the writ over a proposal to bombard Baltimore, favored by his General-in-Chief Winfield Scott.[12] Lincoln was also motivated by requests by generals to set up military courts to rein in his political opponents, "Copperheads," or Peace Democrats, so named because they did not want to resort to war to force the southern states back into the Union, as well as to intimidate those in the Union who supported the Confederate cause. Congress was not yet in session to consider a suspension of the writs; however, when it came into session it failed to pass a bill favored by Lincoln to sanction his suspensions.[13] During this period one sitting U.S. Congressman from the opposing party, as well as the mayor, police chief, entire Board of Police, and the city council of Baltimore were arrested without charge and imprisoned indefinitely without trial.[14]

text: Lincoln's action was rapidly challenged in court and overturned by the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in Maryland (led by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Roger B. Taney) in Ex Parte Merryman. Chief Justice Taney ruled the suspension unconstitutional, stating that only Congress could suspend habeas corpus.[15] Lincoln and his Attorney General Edward Bates not only ignored the Chief Justice's order,[16] but when Lincoln's dismissal of the ruling was criticized in an editorial by prominent Baltimore newspaper editor Frank Key Howard, they had the editor also arrested by federal troops without charge or trial. Ironically, the troops imprisoned Howard, who was Francis Scott Key's grandson, in Fort McHenry, which, as he noted, was the same fort where the Star Spangled Banner had been waving "o'er the land of the free" in his grandfather's song.[17] (In 1863, Howard wrote about his experience as a "political prisoner" at Fort McHenry in the book Fourteen Months in the American Bastille;[17] two of the publishers selling the book were then arrested.[14])

text: When Congress convened in July 1861 it failed to support Lincoln's unilateral suspension of habeas corpus. A joint resolution was introduced into the Senate to approve of the president's suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, but filibustering by Senate Democrats, who did not support it, and opposition to its imprecise wording by Sen. Lyman Trumbull prevented a vote on the resolution before the end of the first session, and the resolution was not taken up again.[18] Sen. Trumbull himself introduced a bill to suspend habeas corpus, but failed on getting a vote before the end of the first session.[19]

text: Shortly thereafter, on September 17, 1861, the day the Maryland legislature was to reconvene, Lincoln imprisoned one third of the members of the Maryland General Assembly without charges or hearings in further defiance of the Chief Justice's ruling.[20] Thus, the legislative session had to be cancelled.[10]

text: On February 14, 1862, the war was firmly in progress and Lincoln ordered most prisoners released,[21] putting an end to court challenges for the time being. He again suspended habeas corpus on his own authority in September that same year, however, in response to resistance to his calling up of the militia.[22]

text: Congressional suspension of habeas corpus[edit]

text: When Congress met again in December 1862, the House of Representatives passed a bill indemnifying the president for his suspension of habeas corpus.[23] The Senate amended the bill,[24] and the compromise reported out of the conference committee altered it to remove the indemnity and to suspend habeas corpus on Congress's own authority.[25] That bill, the Habeas Corpus Suspension Act, was signed into law March 3, 1863.[26] Lincoln exercised his powers under it in September, suspending habeas corpus throughout the Union in any case involving prisoners of war, spies, traitors, or military personnel,[27] The suspension of habeas corpus remained in effect until Andrew Johnson revoked it on December 1, 1865.[28]

text: General Ambrose E. Burnside had former-Congressman Clement Vallandigham arrested in May 1863 for continuing to express sympathy for the Confederate cause after having been warned to cease doing so. Vallandigham was tried by a military tribunal and sentenced to two years in a military prison. Lincoln quickly commuted his sentence to banishment to the Confederacy. Vallandigham appealed his sentence, arguing that the Enrollment Act did not authorize his trial by a military tribunal rather than in ordinary civilian courts, that he was not ordinarily subject to court martial, and that Gen. Burnside could not expand the jurisdiction of military courts on his own authority. The Supreme Court did not address the substance of Vallandigham's appeal, instead denying that it possessed the jurisdiction to review the proceedings of military tribunals without explicit congressional authorization.[29]

text: In 1864, Lambdin P. Milligan and four others were accused of planning to steal Union weapons and invade Union prisoner-of-war camps and were sentenced to hang by a military court. However, their execution was not set until May 1865, so they were able to argue the case after the war ended. In Ex parte Milligan (1866),[30] the U.S. Supreme Court decided that Congress's 1863 suspension of the writ did not empower the President to try to convict citizens before military tribunals where the civil courts were open and operational. This was one of the key Supreme Court Cases of the American Civil War that dealt with wartime civil liberties and martial law.

text: In the Confederacy[edit]

text: In the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis also suspended habeas corpus and imposed martial law.[31] This was in part to maintain order and spur industrial growth in the South to compensate for the economic loss inflicted by its secession.

text: Suspension during Reconstruction[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2011)

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Proclamation 201

text: Following the end of the Civil War, numerous groups arose in the South to oppose Reconstruction, including the Ku Klux Klan. In response, Congress passed the Enforcement Acts in 1870–71. One of these, the Civil Rights Act of 1871, permitted the president to suspend habeas corpus if conspiracies against federal authority were so violent that they could not be checked by ordinary means. That same year, President Ulysses S. Grant suspended the writ of habeas corpus in nine South Carolina counties;[32] the Act's sunset clause ended that suspension with the close of the next regular session of Congress.

text: Suspension in the Philippines[edit]

text: In response to continuing unrest, the Philippine Commission availed itself of an option in the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, 32 Stat. 692, and on January 31, 1905, requested that Governor-General Luke Edward Wright suspend the writ of habeas corpus. He did so the same day, and habeas corpus was suspended until he revoked his proclamation on October 15, 1905.[33][34] The suspension gave rise to the United States Supreme Court case Fischer v. Baker, 203 U.S. 174 (1906).

text: Habeas corpus during World War II[edit]

text: Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor, the governor of Hawaii, Joseph Poindexter, invoked the Hawaiian Organic Act, 31 Stat. 141 (1900), suspended habeas corpus, and declared martial law. Hawaii was governed by Lieutenant Generals Walter Short, Delos Emmons, and Robert C. Richardson, Jr. for the remainder of the war. In Duncan v. Kahanamoku, 327 U.S. 304 (1946), the United States Supreme Court held that the declaration of martial law did not permit the trial of civilians in military tribunals for offenses unrelated to the military (in this case, public drunkenness).

text: In 1942, eight German saboteurs, including two U.S. citizens, who had secretly entered the United States to attack its civil infrastructure as part of Operation Pastorius were convicted by a secret military tribunal set up by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. In Ex parte Quirin (1942),[35] the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the writ of habeas corpus did not apply, and that the military tribunal had jurisdiction to try the saboteurs, due to their status as unlawful combatants.

text: The period of martial law in Hawaii ended in October 1944. It was held in Duncan v. Kahanamoku (1946)[36] that although the initial imposition of martial law in December 1941 may have been lawful, due to the Pearl Harbor attack and threat of imminent invasion, by 1944 the imminent threat had receded and civilian courts could again function in Hawaii. The Organic Act therefore did not authorize the military to continue to keep civilian courts closed.

text: After the end of the war, several German prisoners held in American-occupied Germany petitioned the District Court for the District of Columbia for a writ of habeas corpus. In Johnson v. Eisentrager (1950)[37] the U.S. Supreme Court decided that the American court system had no jurisdiction over German war criminals who had been captured in Germany, and had never entered U.S. soil.

text: Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act[edit]

text: In 1996, following the Oklahoma City bombing, Congress passed (91–8 in the Senate, 293–133 in the House) and President Clinton signed into law the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA). The AEDPA was intended to "deter terrorism, provide justice for victims, provide for an effective death penalty, and for other purposes." The AEDPA introduced one of the few limitations on habeas corpus. For the first time, its Section 101 set a statute of limitations of one year following conviction for prisoners to seek the writ. The Act limits the power of federal judges to grant relief unless the state court's adjudication of the claim has resulted in a decision that

text:
Is contrary to, or has involved an unreasonable application of clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States; or
Has resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the state court proceeding.

text: It barred second or successive petitions generally but with several exceptions. Petitioners who had already filed a federal habeas petition were required first to secure authorization from the appropriate United States Court of Appeals, to ensure that such an exception was at least facially made out.

text: Habeas corpus in the 21st Century[edit]

text: The November 13, 2001, Presidential Military Order purported to give the President of the United States the power to detain non-citizens suspected of connection to terrorists or terrorism as enemy combatants. As such, that person could be held indefinitely, without charges being filed against him or her, without a court hearing, and without legal counsel. Many legal and constitutional scholars contended that these provisions were in direct opposition to habeas corpus, and the United States Bill of Rights and, indeed, in Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004)[38] the U.S. Supreme Court re-confirmed the right of every American citizen to access habeas corpus even when declared to be an enemy combatant. The Court affirmed the basic principle that habeas corpus could not be revoked in the case of a citizen.

text: In Hamdan v. Rumsfeld (2006)[39] Salim Ahmed Hamdan petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus, challenging that the military commissions set up by the Bush administration to try detainees at Guantanamo Bay "violate both the UCMJ and the four Geneva Conventions." In a 5-3 ruling the Court rejected Congress's attempts to strip the court of jurisdiction over habeas corpus appeals by detainees at Guantánamo Bay. Congress had previously passed the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2006 which stated in Section 1005(e), "Procedures for Status Review of Detainees Outside the United States":

text: (1) Except as provided in section 1005 of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, no court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider an application for a writ of habeas corpus filed by or on behalf of an alien detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

text: (2)The jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on any claims with respect to an alien under this paragraph shall be limited to the consideration of whether the status determination ... was consistent with the standards and procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense for Combatant Status Review Tribunals (including the requirement that the conclusion of the Tribunal be supported by a preponderance of the evidence and allowing a rebuttable presumption in favor of the Government's evidence), and to the extent the Constitution and laws of the United States are applicable, whether the use of such standards and procedures to make the determination is consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United States.

text: On September 29, the U.S. House and Senate approved the Military Commissions Act of 2006, a bill which suspended habeas corpus for any alien determined to be an "unlawful enemy combatant engaged in hostilities or having supported hostilities against the United States"[40][41] by a vote of 65-34. (This was the result on the bill to approve the military trials for detainees; an amendment to remove the suspension of habeas corpus failed 48-51.[42]) President Bush signed the Military Commissions Act of 2006 (MCA) into law on October 17, 2006. With the MCA's passage, the law altered the language from "alien detained ... at Guantanamo Bay":

text: Except as provided in section 1005 of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, no court, justice, or judge shall have jurisdiction to hear or consider an application for a writ of habeas corpus filed by or on behalf of an alien detained by the United States who has been determined by the United States to have been properly detained as an enemy combatant or is awaiting such determination." §1005(e)(1), 119 Stat. 2742.

text: The Supreme Court ruled in Boumediene v. Bush that the MCA amounts to an unconstitutional encroachment on habeas corpus rights, and established jurisdiction for federal courts to hear petitions for habeas corpus from Guantanamo detainees tried under the Act.[43] Under the MCA, the law restricted habeas appeals for only those aliens detained as enemy combatants, or awaiting such determination. Left unchanged was the provision that, after such determination is made, it is subject to appeal in federal courts, including a review of whether the evidence warrants the determination. If the status was upheld, then their imprisonment was deemed lawful; if not, then the government could change the prisoner's status to something else, at which point the habeas restrictions no longer applied.

text: Wikinews has related news: President Bush signed into law the Military Commissions Act of 2006

text: There is, however, no legal time limit which would force the government to provide a Combatant Status Review Tribunal hearing. Prisoners were, but are no longer, legally prohibited from petitioning any court for any reason before a CSRT hearing takes place.

text: In January 2007, Attorney General Alberto Gonzales told the Senate Judiciary Committee that in his opinion: "There is no express grant of habeas in the Constitution. There's a prohibition against taking it away." He was challenged by Sen. Arlen Specter who asked him to explain how it is possible to prohibit something from being taken away, without first being granted.[44] Robert Parry wrotes in the Baltimore Chronicle & Sentinel:

text: Applying Gonzales's reasoning, one could argue that the First Amendment doesn't explicitly say Americans have the right to worship as they choose, speak as they wish or assemble peacefully. Ironically, Gonzales may be wrong in another way about the lack of specificity in the Constitution's granting of habeas corpus rights. Many of the legal features attributed to habeas corpus are delineated in a positive way in the Sixth Amendment ...[45]

text: The Department of Justice has taken the position in litigation that the Military Commissions Act of 2006 does not amount to a suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit agreed in a 2-1 decision,[46] on February 20, 2007,[47] which the U.S. Supreme Court initially declined to review. The U.S. Supreme Court then reversed its decision to deny review and took up the case in June 2007. In June 2008, the court ruled 5-4 that the act did suspend habeas and found it unconstitutional.[48]

text: On June 7, 2007, the Habeas Corpus Restoration Act of 2007 was approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee with an 11–8 vote split along party lines, with all but one Republican voting against it.[49] Although the Act would restore statutory habeas corpus to enemy combatants, it would not overturn the provisions of the AEDPA which set a statute of limitations on habeas corpus claims from ordinary civilian federal and state prisoners.[citation needed]

text: On June 11, 2007, a federal appeals court ruled that Ali Saleh Kahlah al-Marri, a legal resident of the United States, could not be detained indefinitely without charge. In a two-to-one ruling by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, the Court held the President of the United States lacks legal authority to detain al-Marri without charge; all three judges ruled that al-Marri is entitled to traditional habeas corpus protections which give him the right to challenge his detainment in a U.S. Court.

text: In July 2008, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ruled that "if properly designated an enemy combatant pursuant to the legal authority of the President, such persons may be detained without charge or criminal proceedings for the duration of the relevant hostilities."[50]

text: On October 7, 2008, U.S. District Judge Ricardo M. Urbina ruled that 17 Uyghurs, Muslims from China's northwestern Xinjiang region, must be brought to appear in his court in Washington, DC, three days later: "Because the Constitution prohibits indefinite detentions without cause, the continued detention is unlawful."[51]

text: On January 21, 2009, President Barack Obama issued an executive order regarding the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base and the individuals held there. This order stated that the detainees "have the constitutional privilege of the writ of habeas corpus."[52]

text:
Regarding U.S. Citizens accused of supporting terrorism, senator Lindsey Graham has stated before the senate, "When they say, 'I want my lawyer,' you tell them: 'Shut up. You don't get a lawyer. You are an enemy combatant, and we are going to talk to you about why you joined Al Qaeda.'"

– U.S. Senator Lindsey Graham, 2011[53]

tag: div

text: Following the December 1, 2011, vote by the United States Senate to reject an NDAA amendment proscribing the indefinite detention of U.S. citizens, the ACLU has argued that the legitimacy of Habeas Corpus is threatened: "The Senate voted 38-60 to reject an important amendment [that] would have removed harmful provisions authorizing the U.S. military to pick up and imprison without charge or trial civilians, including American citizens, anywhere in the world... We're disappointed that, despite robust opposition to the harmful detention legislation from virtually the entire national security leadership of the government, the Senate said 'no' to the Udall amendment and 'yes' to indefinite detention without charge or trial."[54] The New York Times has stated that the vote leaves the constitutional rights of U.S. citizens "ambiguous," with some senators including Carl Levin and Lindsey Graham arguing that the Supreme Court had already approved holding Americans as enemy combatants, and other senators, including Dianne Feinstein and Richard Durbin, asserting the opposite.[55]

text: On April 20, 2015, a New York Supreme Court justice issued an order to "show cause & writ of habeas corpus" in a proceeding on behalf of two chimpanzees used in research at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. The justice, Barbara Jaffe, amended her order later in the day by striking the reference to habeas corpus.[56][57]

text: Differences in post-trial actions[edit]

text: Habeas corpus is an action often taken after sentencing by a defendant who seeks relief for some perceived error in his criminal trial. There are a number of such post-trial actions and proceedings, their differences being potentially confusing, thus bearing some explanation. Some of the most common are an appeal to which the defendant has as a right, a writ of certiorari, a writ coram nobis and a writ of habeas corpus.

text: An appeal to which the defendant has a right cannot be abridged by the court which is, by designation of its jurisdiction, obligated to hear the appeal. In such an appeal, the appellant feels that some error has been made in his trial, necessitating an appeal. A matter of importance is the basis on which such an appeal might be filed: generally appeals as a matter of right may only address issues which were originally raised in trial (as evidenced by documentation in the official record). Any issue not raised in the original trial may not be considered on appeal and will be considered waived via estoppel. A convenient test for whether a petition is likely to succeed on the grounds of error is confirming that

text:
a mistake was indeed made
an objection to that mistake was presented by counsel and
that mistake negatively affected the defendant's trial.

text: A writ of certiorari, otherwise known simply as cert, is an order by a higher court directing a lower court to send record of a case for review, and is the next logical step in post-trial procedure. While states may have similar processes, a writ of cert is usually only issued, in the United States, by the Supreme Court, although some states retain this procedure. Unlike the aforementioned appeal, a writ of cert is not a matter of right. A writ of cert will have to be petitioned for, the higher court issuing such writs on limited bases according to constraints such as time. In another sense, a writ of cert is like an appeal in its constraints; it too may only seek relief on grounds raised in the original trial.

text: A petition for a writ of error coram nobis or error coram vobis challenges a final judgment in a criminal proceeding. Use of this type of petition varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, but is usually limited to situations where it was not possible to raise this issue earlier on direct appeal. These petitions focus on issues outside the original premises of the trial, i.e., issues that require new evidence or those that could not otherwise be raised by direct appeal or writs of cert.[58] These often fall in two logical categories: (1) that the trial lawyer was ineffectual or incompetent or (2) that some constitutional right has been violated.

text: Federal habeas corpus statistics[edit]

text: Number of cases[edit]

text: In 2004, there were about 19,000 non-capital federal habeas corpus petitions filed and there were about 210 capital federal habeas corpus petitions filed in U.S. District Court. The vast majority of these were from state prisoners, not from those held in federal prisons. There are about 60 habeas corpus cases filed in the U.S. Supreme Court's original jurisdiction each year. The U.S. Courts of Appeal do not have original jurisdiction over habeas corpus petitions.

text: Types of cases in which petitions are filed[edit]

text: In 1992, less than 1% of federal habeas corpus petitions involved death penalty sentences, although 21% involved life sentences. At that time about 23% had been convicted of homicide, about 39% had been convicted of other serious violent crimes, about 27% had been convicted of serious non-violent crimes, and about 12% were convicted of other offenses. These are almost exclusively state offenses and thus petitions filed by state prisoners.

text: Exhaustion of state-court remedies often takes five to ten years after a conviction, so only state prisoners facing longer prison sentences are able to avail themselves of federal habeas corpus rights without facing a summary dismissal for failure to exhaust state remedies. The lack of state remedies to exhaust also means that the timeline for federal death penalty habeas review is much shorter than the timeline for state death penalty habeas review (which can drag on literally for decades).

text: In 2004, the percentage of federal habeas corpus petitions involving state death sentences was still about 1% of the total.

text: Success rates[edit]

text: About 63% of issues raised in habeas corpus petitions by state court prisoners are dismissed on procedural grounds at the U.S. District Court level, and about 35% of those issues are dismissed based on the allegations in the petition on the merits (on the merits has a different meaning than what it's used for here). About 2% are either "remanded" to a state court for further proceedings (which poses an interesting problem of federalism – the federal court usually issues a writ to the state prison to release the prisoner, but only if the state court does not hold a certain proceeding within a certain time), or, far less frequently, resolved favorably to the prisoner on the merits outright. About 57% of habeas corpus issues dismissed on procedural grounds in 1992 were dismissed for a failure to exhaust state remedies.

text: Success rates are not uniform, however. James Liebman, Professor of Law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995."[59] Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabek in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between "1976 and 1991, approximately 47% of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted."[60] Most habeas corpus petitioners in death penalty cases are represented by attorneys, but most habeas corpus petitioners in non-death penalty cases represent themselves. This is because federal funds are not available to non-capital state habeas petitioners to pay for attorneys unless there is good cause, there being no federal right to counsel in such matters. However, in state capital cases, the federal government provides funding for the representation of all capital habeas petitioners.

text: Thus, about 20% of successful habeas corpus petitions involve death penalty cases.

text: These success rates predate major revisions in habeas corpus law that restricted the availability of federal habeas corpus relief when AEDPA was adopted in 1996, over a decade ago. Post-AEDPA, the great disparity in success rates remains, however, with the federal courts' overturning of state capital cases a major reason that many states have been unable to carry out a majority of capital sentences imposed and have long backlog lists.

text: Disposition time[edit]

text: The time required to adjudicate habeas corpus petitions varies greatly based upon factors including the number of issues raised, whether the adjudication is on procedural grounds or on the merits, and the nature of the claims raised.

text: In 1992, U.S. District Courts took an average of two and a half years to adjudicate habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases raising multiple issues that were resolved on the merits, about half of that time-length for other multiple issue homicide cases, and about nine months in cases resolved on procedural grounds.

text: AEDPA was designed to reduce the disposition times of federal habeas corpus petitions. But AEDPA has a little impact in non-capital cases, where a majority of cases are dismissed on procedural grounds, very few prisoners prevail and most prisoners are not represented by attorneys. The disposition time in capital cases has actually increased 250% from the time of AEDPA's passage to 2004.

text: Filing rates[edit]

text: In 1991, the average number of federal habeas corpus petitions filed in the United States was 14 per 1,000 people in state prison, but this ranged greatly from state to state from a low of 4 per 1,000 in Rhode Island to a high of 37 per 1,000 in Missouri.

text: The Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 (AEDPA) produced a brief surge in the number of habeas corpus filings by state prisoners, as deadlines imposed by the act encouraged prisoners to file sooner than they might have otherwise done so, but this had run its course by 2000, and by 2004, habeas corpus petition filing rates per 1,000 prisoners was similar to pre-AEDPA filing rates.

text: There was a temporary surge in habeas corpus petitions filed by federal prisoners in 2005 as a result of the Booker decision by the U.S. Supreme Court.[61]


document_title: List of Presidents who didn't win reelection

question_text: when was the last time an incumbent president lost

text: This is a list of incumbent Presidents who ran for another term but weren't reelected.

text: List[edit]

text:
Term in office
President
Country
Lost election
Notes

1797–1801
John Adams
 United States
United States presidential election, 1800

1825–1829
John Quincy Adams
 United States
United States presidential election, 1828

1885-1889
Grover Cleveland
 United States
United States presidential election, 1888

1889-1893
Benjamin Harrison
 United States
United States presidential election, 1892

1909-1913
William Taft
 United States
United States presidential election, 1912

1929-1933
Herbert Hoover
 United States
United States presidential election, 1932

1931–1937
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
 Finland
Finnish presidential election, 1937

1948–1955
Luigi Einaudi
 Italy
Italian presidential election, 1955

1955–1962
Giovanni Gronchi
 Italy
Italian presidential election, 1962

1960–1967
Aden Abdullah Osman Daar
 Somalia
Somali presidential election, 1967

1964–1971
Giuseppe Saragat
 Italy
Italian presidential election, 1971

1974–1977
Gerald Ford
 United States
United States presidential election, 1976

1976–1980
Jimmy Carter
 United States
United States presidential election, 1980

1985-1990
Daniel Ortega
 Nicaragua
Nicaraguan general election, 1990

1974–1981
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
 France
French presidential election, 1981

1972–1991
Mathieu Kérékou
 Benin
Beninese presidential election, 1991

1964–1991
Kenneth Kaunda
 Zambia
Zambian general election, 1991

1989–1993
George H. W. Bush
 United States
United States presidential election, 1992

1989–1992
Václav Havel
 Czechoslovakia
Czechoslovak presidential election, 1992
Later elected President of the Czech Republic.

1975–19931996–2001
Didier Ratsiraka
 Madagascar
Malagasy presidential election, 1992-93Malagasy presidential election, 2001

1987–1993
Pierre Buyoya
 Burundi
Burundian presidential election, 1993
Returned to power in 1996

1981–1993
André Kolingba
 Central African Republic
Central African general election, 1993

1966–1994
Hastings Banda
 Malawi
Malawian general election, 1994

1991–1994
Leonid Kravchuk
 Ukraine
Ukrainian presidential election, 1994

1990–1995
Lech Wałęsa
 Poland
Polish presidential election, 1995
Also lost 2000 election.

1991–1996
Nicéphore Soglo
 Benin
Beninese presidential election, 1996
Also lost in 2001

1993–1996
Albert Zafy
 Madagascar
Malagasy presidential election, 1996, 2001

1990–1997
Mircea Snegur
 Moldova
Moldovan presidential election, 1996

1990–1997
Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat
 Mongolia
Mongolian presidential election, 1997

1999–2000
Robert Guéï
 Ivory Coast
Ivorian presidential election, 2000

1989–1996
Ion Iliescu
 Romania
Romanian general election, 1996
Returned to office after 2000 election.

1981–2000
Abdou Diouf
 Senegal
Senegalese presidential election, 2000

1996–2001
Petar Stoyanov
 Bulgaria
Bulgarian presidential election, 2001

1998–2003
Valdas Adamkus
 Lithuania
Lithuanian presidential election, 2002–2003
Returned to the office in 2004.

2000-2004
Hipólito Mejía
 Dominican Republic
Dominican Republic presidential election, 2004

2001–2004
Megawati Sukarnoputri
 Indonesia
Indonesian presidential election, 2004
Also lost 2009 election.

1999–2004
Rudolf Schuster
 Slovakia
Slovak presidential election, 2004

2001–2006
Arnold Rüütel
 Estonia
Estonian presidential election, 2006

2005–2009
Nambaryn Enkhbayar
 Mongolia
Mongolian presidential election, 2009

2000–2011
Laurent Gbagbo
 Ivory Coast
Ivorian presidential election, 2010

2002–2010
Dahir Riyale Kahin
 Somaliland
Somaliland presidential election, 2010

2004–2010
Viktor Yushchenko
 Ukraine
Ukrainian presidential election, 2010

2007–2011
Valdis Zatlers
 Latvia
Latvian presidential election, 2011

2008–2011
Rupiah Banda
 Zambia
Zambian general election, 2011

2007–2012
Nicolas Sarkozy
 France
French presidential election, 2012
Also ran in 2017 but lost The Republicans primary.

2000–2012
Abdoulaye Wade
 Senegal
Senegalese presidential election, 2012

2004–2012
Boris Tadić
 Serbia
Serbian presidential election, 2012

2007–2012
Danilo Türk
 Slovenia
Slovenian presidential election, 2012

2012–2014
Joyce Banda
 Malawi
Malawian general election, 2014

2010–2015
Ivo Josipović
 Croatia
Croatian presidential election, 2014–15

2010–2015
Goodluck Jonathan
 Nigeria
Nigerian presidential election, 2015

2010–2015
Bronisław Komorowski
 Poland
Polish presidential election, 2015

1994–2017
Yahya Jammeh
 The Gambia
Gambian presidential election, 2016

2012–2017
John Mahama
 Ghana
Ghanaian general election, 2016

2011–2016
Manuel Pinto da Costa
 São Tomé and Príncipe
São Toméan presidential election, 2016

2011–2016
Yevgeny Shevchuk
 Transnistria
Transnistrian presidential election, 2016

2012–2017
Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
 Somalia
Somali presidential election, 2017

2012–2017
Leonid Tibilov
 South Ossetia
South Ossetian presidential election, 2017


document_title: Baily Bridge

question_text: name the highest bridge in the world built by indian army

text: Baily Bridge

text: The Baily Bridge is the bridge at the highest elevation in the world. This bridge is located in the Himalayan mountains between the Dras River and Suru River in the Ladakh Valley in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. It is 30 metres (98 ft) long and is at an altitude of 5,602 metres (18,379 ft) above the mean sea level. It is a bailey bridge built in 1982 by the Indian Army.

text: Resources[edit]

text:
Bridge Facts, retrieved February 23, 2006 ll
incredblindia.blogspot.com
india.gov.in

text:
This article about a bridge in India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

v
t
e

text: Bridges in Jammu and KashmirAsian bridge (structure) stubsIndian building and structure stubsIndia transport stubs

text: Jammu and Kashmir articles missing geocoordinate dataAll articles needing coordinatesAll stub articles


question_text: who wrote an article on war finance titled how to pay for the war

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: How to Pay for the War: A Radical Plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer is a book by John Maynard Keynes, published in 1940 by Macmillan and Co., Ltd.. It is an application of Keynesian thinking and principles to a practical economic problem and a relatively late text. Keynes died in 1946.

text: Summary[edit]

text: In How to Pay for the War, John Maynard Keynes describes a macroeconomic strategy of how Britain, a nation with a population at the time of 40 million people, could conduct a long war against Germany, a nation of 80 millions. At the time How to Pay for the War was written, neither the United States nor the Soviet Union were at war with either Germany or Japan. As a result, the first step for Britain to effectively conduct a war against Germany was to mobilize all its resources for production. Thus, the first two chapters of How to Pay for the War, are an argument for the need for full employment and chapter 3, Our Output Capacity and The National Income, is a manual to achieve full employment.

text: Keynes maintained, however, that the resources of Britain, even at full employment, would not suffice to conduct a war against Germany. Internally, Britain would need to increase production while reducing consumption and diverting resources to the war effort. Externally, Britain would have to be able to count on more resources than internally available, running as large a deficit as its allies were willing to allow. Chapters IV (4) to X (10) and appendices II (2) to IV (4) are dedicated to measures for allocating resources to the war effort, while controlling prices and reducing wartime consumption.

text: Keynes outlined a plan for Deferred Pay that would, in part, be legislated in the Budget of Sir Kingsley Wood, Chancellor of the Exchequer. The deferred pay became a system of post-war credits which were progressively repaid after the war,[1] albeit at reduced value.

text: Keynes devotes much attention to price controls, proposing a number of measures to control (but not planning to eliminate) inflation, measures including deferred pay and forced savings. Most of the book, Chapters IV to X, is dedicated to the problems of resource allocation and price control.

text: The book is an exercise in Keynesian macroeconomics, a prime example of Keynesian analysis and technique, by John Maynard Keynes himself.