document_title: The Dark Knight Rises

question_text: who plays robin in batman dark knight rises

text: The Dark Knight Rises

text: Plot

text: Eight years after the death of District Attorney Harvey Dent, Batman has disappeared and organized crime has been eradicated in Gotham City thanks to the Dent Act, which gives the Gotham City Police Department expanded powers. Police Commissioner James Gordon has kept secret Dent's murderous rampage as "Two-Face" and allowed blame for Dent's crimes to fall on Batman, but feels guilty about lying to the public. He writes a resignation speech revealing the truth, but decides that the city is not ready to hear it.

text: Bruce Wayne has become a recluse, broken by the death of his childhood sweetheart Rachel Dawes, and Wayne Enterprises is losing profits after Wayne discontinued his fusion reactor project when he learned that it could be weaponized. Cat burglar Selina Kyle obtains Wayne's fingerprints from his home and kidnaps Congressman Byron Gilley. She sells the fingerprints to Wayne's corporate rival John Daggett. As payment, she requests a "clean slate": a computer program that can wipe all traces of a person's criminal record. Kyle is double-crossed at the exchange, but she uses Gilley's phone to alert the police. Gordon and the police arrive to find the congressman, and then pursue Daggett's henchmen into the sewers while Selina flees. The men capture Gordon and take him to Bane, a masked terrorist and former member of the League of Shadows, who has set up his base of operations in the sewers. Gordon escapes and is found by rookie officer John Blake. Blake, a fellow orphan, confronts Bruce and convinces him to return as Batman.

text: Bane attacks the Gotham Stock Exchange, using Bruce's fingerprints in a transaction that leaves Wayne bankrupt. He then kills Daggett. Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth, reveals that Rachel Dawes had intended to marry Dent before she died, and then resigns in an attempt to convince Bruce to move on with his life. Wayne finds comfort in Wayne Enterprises CEO Miranda Tate, who becomes his lover.

text: Kyle agrees to take Batman to Bane but instead leads him into Bane's trap. Bane reveals that he intends to fulfill Ra's al Ghul's mission to destroy Gotham, and then steals Batman's technology from Wayne Enterprises armorer Lucius Fox. Bane fights Batman and delivers a crippling blow to his back, before taking him abroad to an underground prison. There, the inmates tell Wayne the story of Ra's al Ghul's child, who was born and raised in the prison before finally escaping — the only prisoner to have ever done so.

text: Bane lures Gotham's police underground and uses explosives to trap them and destroy the bridges surrounding the city. He kills Mayor Anthony Garcia and forces Dr. Leonid Pavel, a Russian nuclear physicist he kidnapped from Uzbekistan, to convert the reactor core into an atomic bomb before killing him as well. Bane then uses the bomb to hold the city hostage and isolate Gotham from the world. Using Gordon's stolen speech, Bane reveals the cover-up of Dent's crimes to the public, and releases the prisoners of Blackgate Penitentiary, initiating anarchy. The wealthy and powerful are then taken captive and given show trials presided over by Jonathan Crane, where all are sentenced to death.

text: Months later, a recovered Wayne escapes from the prison. He returns to Gotham and enlists Gordon and Fox to help stop the bomb's detonation, while tasking Blake and Kyle with helping to evacuate the city, giving the Batpod to Kyle so she can create an escape route. Batman frees the trapped police and they clash with Bane's army in the streets; during the battle, Batman overpowers Bane. Tate intervenes and stabs Batman, revealing herself to be Talia al Ghul, Ra's al Ghul's daughter; Bane was her protector, who aided her escape from the prison, and she had been plotting to avenge her father and destroy Gotham as he intended. She uses the detonator, but Gordon blocks her signal, preventing remote detonation. Talia leaves to find the bomb while Bane prepares to kill Batman, but Kyle arrives and kills Bane with the Batpod's cannons. Batman and Kyle pursue Talia, hoping to bring the bomb back to the reactor chamber where it can be stabilized. Talia's truck crashes, but she remotely floods and destroys the reactor chamber before dying. With no way to stop the detonation, Batman uses the Bat to haul the bomb over the bay. Gordon asks Batman one last time to reveal his identity, saying that the city should know the name of their savior. Batman responds by recounting a memory from his childhood in which Gordon comforted a young Bruce Wayne after the loss of his parents. The Bat flies off and carries the bomb over the bay where it finally explodes.

text: In the aftermath, Batman is presumed dead and is honored as a hero. With Wayne presumed killed in the riots, Wayne Manor becomes an orphanage, and his remaining estate is left to Alfred. Fox discovers that Wayne had fixed the Bat's autopilot and Gordon finds the Bat-Signal refurbished. While visiting Florence, Alfred discovers that Wayne is alive, and in a relationship with Selina Kyle. Blake resigns from the police force and, in accordance to Wayne's will, inherits the Batcave.

text: Cast

text: Christian Bale as Bruce Wayne / Batman:

tag: ul

text: Michael Caine as Alfred Pennyworth:[12]

text: Gary Oldman as James Gordon:[12]

text: Anne Hathaway as Selina Kyle / Catwoman:[14][15]

text: Tom Hardy as Bane:[14]

text: Marion Cotillard as Miranda Tate / Talia al Ghul:

text: Joseph Gordon-Levitt as John Blake:

text: Morgan Freeman as Lucius Fox:[12]

text: Matthew Modine appears as Peter Foley, Gordon's second-in-command that disdains Batman.[27] Ben Mendelsohn portrays John Daggett, a rival billionaire socialite who employs Bane in his plan to take control of Wayne Enterprises, and Burn Gorman appears as Daggett's assistant and Executive Vice President Philip Stryver.[28] Alon Abutbul portrays Leonid Pavel, a Russian nuclear physicist who is kidnapped from Uzbekistan by Bane and forced to convert the new Wayne Enterprises reactor core into a bomb.[29][30] Juno Temple plays Jen, Kyle's friend and accomplice,[31] and Daniel Sunjata portrays Mark Jones, a U.S. Special Ops officer who leads a task force into Gotham to assist Gordon and the GCPD in freeing the city from Bane's rule.[28][32] Chris Ellis appears as Father Reilly, a priest at the orphanage that Blake grew up in.[33] Brett Cullen portrays Byron Gilley, a U.S. congressman who is kidnapped on Harvey Dent Day by Kyle.[33]

text: Cillian Murphy reprises his role as Jonathan Crane / Scarecrow from previous films,[34] as does Liam Neeson as Ra's al Ghul, who appears to Bruce in a hallucination.[35][36] Josh Pence portrays Ra's al Ghul in scenes set thirty years before the events of Batman Begins.[37] Nestor Carbonell also returns as Anthony Garcia, Gotham's mayor.[38] Other cast members include Aidan Gillen as CIA agent Bill Wilson[39][40] (referred to solely as "CIA" in the film's dialogue; the character's name is revealed in the film's novelization);[41] Rob Brown and Desmond Harrington as police officers; Josh Stewart as Bane's right-hand man Barsad,[42] Christopher Judge as one of Bane's henchmen,[43] Noel Gugliemi as Bane's exile compeller, and Tom Conti as a prisoner. William Devane portrays the President of the United States. Aaron Eckhart expressed enthusiasm in returning for a sequel if asked, although he later stated Nolan verified that his character, Harvey Dent / Two-Face, is dead,[44] and only archive footage of Eckhart from The Dark Knight appears in the film.[45]

text: Several members of the Pittsburgh Steelers have cameo appearances as members of the fictional Gotham Rogues football team in the film, including Ben Roethlisberger, Hines Ward, Troy Polamalu, Willie Colon, Maurkice Pouncey, Mike Wallace, Heath Miller, Aaron Smith, Ryan Clark, James Farrior, LaMarr Woodley, and Casey Hampton,[46][47] and former Steelers head coach Bill Cowher as the head coach of the Rogues.[48] Pittsburgh mayor Luke Ravenstahl, a kicker in college, appears as the kicker for the Rogues' opponents, the Rapid City Monuments.[49] In 2008, the Rooney family sold a minority stake in the team to Thomas Tull, the CEO and president of Legendary Pictures, which produced The Dark Knight Rises.[50] United States Senator Patrick Leahy, who had made a cameo appearance in The Dark Knight, returned in The Dark Knight Rises,[51] as a Wayne Enterprises board member. Thomas Lennon, who had appeared as a doctor in Memento, once again plays a doctor. India Wadsworth plays the wife of Ra's al Ghul and the mother of Talia.[52]

text: Production

text: Development

text:
"The key thing that makes the third film a great possibility for us is that we want to finish our story [...] rather than infinitely blowing up the balloon and expanding the story [...] Unlike the comics, these things don't go on forever in film and viewing it as a story with an end is useful. Viewing it as an ending, that sets you very much on the right track about the appropriate conclusion."

—Christopher Nolan, confirming his involvement in The Dark Knight Rises.[53]

tag: div

text: Warner Bros. president of production Jeff Robinov had hoped a third film would be released in 2011 or 2012.[54] Nolan wanted the story for the third installment to keep him emotionally invested. "On a more superficial level, I have to ask the question," he reasoned, "how many good third movies in a franchise can people name?"[55] Nolan said that he never even thought a third film was possible in the foreword for his book The Art and Making of the Dark Knight Trilogy.[56] Nolan only agreed to a third film on the basis of finding a worthwhile story, fearing that he would become bored halfway through production if he discovered the film to be unnecessary.[57] By December 2008, Nolan completed a rough story outline, before he committed himself to Inception.[58] Later in December, Alan F. Horn confirmed that while discussions with Nolan about a third film were ongoing, no casting had been done, and Horn denied all such rumors.[59] Before Nolan confirmed his involvement, Gary Oldman had said he was confident Nolan would return.[60]

text: Following the success of the Joker in The Dark Knight, studio executives wished for the Riddler to be included as the primary villain as he was considered a similar character and encouraged the casting of Leonardo DiCaprio.[61] However, Nolan wanted the antagonist to be vastly different from the previous incarnations and committed to using Bane instead,[61] citing the need for a character with a physical presence within the film.[62] He was initially unfamiliar with the character's back-story,[20] but pointed out the appeal of an archetype, labelling it as "the extreme of some type of villainy". When comparing the choice of Bane with the Joker, Nolan highlighted the Joker as an example of "diabolical, chaotic anarchy and has a devilish sense of humor", juxtaposing him against Bane, whom he likened to "a classic movie monster [...] with a terrific brain."[62] Nolan has said that his draft of the script was inspired by Charles Dickens' 1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities, which centers around the French Revolution.[63] This homage to Dickens was briefly illustrated by having Bane inconspicuously finger knit paracord in the film, symbolizing his literary character Madame Defarge, and more overtly by Commissioner Gordon's eulogy for Bruce Wayne at the end of the film, which is taken directly from the classic book.[63]

text: It was not until February 9, 2010, that it was announced that Nolan had "cracked" the story of a sequel to The Dark Knight and was committed to return to the project.[64] Shortly afterward, it was announced David S. Goyer and Jonathan Nolan were working on a screenplay.[65] Goyer would leave the project during pre-production to begin work on Man of Steel; Jonathan continued writing the script based on the story by his brother Chris and Goyer.[12] Chris Nolan said that his brother's original draft was about 400 pages.[66] The film's storyline has been compared with the Batman comic book series' story arc "Knightfall" (1993), which showcased Bane; the mini-series The Dark Knight Returns (1986), in which Batman returns to Gotham City after a ten-year absence; and the story arc "No Man's Land" (1999), which depicts a Gotham cut off from the rest of the world and overrun by gangs.[67][68] The nickname "the Dark Knight" was first applied to Batman in Batman #1 (1940), in a story written by Bill Finger.[69][70] Nolan confirmed the Joker would not return in the third film, and dismissed rumors that he considered using unused footage of Heath Ledger from The Dark Knight.[71] The Dark Knight Rises reunited Nolan with many of his past collaborators, including cinematographer Wally Pfister, production designer Nathan Crowley, editor Lee Smith, costume designer Lindy Hemming, special effects supervisors Paul Franklin and Chris Corbould, and composer Hans Zimmer.[72]

text: Filming

text: During location scouting in December 2010, Nolan began searching for locations such as India, Romania, and Michigan.[73][74][75] According to the Romania Insider, Nolan was interested in Bucharest's historical centers, Edgar Quinet Street, the Palace of the Parliament, and the Turda salt mine.[73] The film had an estimated budget of $250–300 million, coming down to about $230 million after tax credits.[3] Nolan elected not to film in 3-D, but instead stated that he intended to focus on improving image quality and scale using the IMAX format.[76] The Dark Knight Rises featured over an hour of footage shot in IMAX (by comparison, The Dark Knight contained 28 minutes).[77][78] Nolan had several meetings with IMAX Vice-President David Keighley to work on the logistics of projecting films in digital IMAX venues.[78] Wally Pfister had expressed interest in shooting the film entirely in IMAX,[79] but because of the considerable noise made by IMAX cameras, 35mm and 70mm cameras had to be used for shooting the film's dialogue scenes,[78][80] as dialogue had to be dubbed when shot with IMAX cameras.[81] Chairman and president of the IMAX Corporation Greg Foster stated that IMAX planned to run the film in its theatres for two months, despite only being contractually committed to run the film for two weeks.[82] Nolan also bypassed the use of a digital intermediate for the film, resulting in less manipulation of the filmed image and higher film resolution.[83]

text: Filming was scheduled to start in May and conclude in November 2011.[84] Principal photography commenced on May 6, 2011, in Jodhpur, India at the Mehrangarh Fort[85][86][87] before moving to Pittsburgh, where it operated under the working title Magnus Rex to reduce the visibility of the production.[88][89] Shooting locations within the city included Heinz Field, the site of an American football game,[90] with members of the Pittsburgh Steelers playing the Gotham Rogues football team. More than 11,000 extras were used to depict the shot sequence.[7][46][47] Filming in Pittsburgh also took place at the Mellon Institute and Software Engineering Institute at Carnegie Mellon University.[89] A letter sent out to residents and business owners detailing road closures revealed that the streets of the city would be featured "as the start of [the] film".[91] 9-1-1 operators were told to expect an increase in calls related to gunshots and explosions in the film's production.[92] The Pittsburgh leg of production wrapped after three weeks on August 21, 2011.[93] The next portion of the filming began in Los Angeles in late August and finished up on October 23 after nine weeks of filming. New York and New Jersey were the next places of filming. The Trump Tower replaced the Richard J. Daley Center as the location for the headquarters of Wayne Enterprises.[94] In November 2011, shooting shifted to Newark, New Jersey.[95][96] Newark City Hall and Military Park were among the locations used for filming.[97] Other shooting locations include London and Glasgow, the latter of which was used for "additional exterior filming".[98] Principal photography concluded on November 14, 2011.[99] The external waterfall scene at the end of the film was shot at Sgwd Henrhyd falls, on the edge of the Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales.[100]

text: Production photos from filming in Pittsburgh showed a second Tumbler chassis after the first was destroyed, indicating that a new Batmobile would be in the film, following the destruction of the first in The Dark Knight.[101] Further set photos revealed a "new vehicle" being transported to Wabash Tunnel, prompting speculation as to its nature.[102] In June 2011, Autoblog confirmed the presence of the new Lamborghini Aventador on the film set.[103]

text: Several accidents occurred during the production of the film. While filming at Wollaton Hall, Nottingham, a tractor-trailer crashed into the main entrance, though no one was injured.[104] A stuntman parachutist later crashed through the roof of a home in Cairngorm Gliding Club, Feshiebridge in Scotland, and became wedged there after a failed landing during a skydiving stunt; he was not seriously injured.[105] While filming scenes in Pittsburgh, Hathaway's stunt double crashed into an IMAX camera while filming a sequence that required her to ride a Batpod down a flight of stairs during a riot. There were no injuries, but the camera was destroyed.[106] A second accident took place in Pittsburgh when the truck carrying the then-unidentified vehicle later termed "the Bat" went off-course and crashed into a lighting array, damaging the model of the aircraft. Production was delayed while the model was repaired.[107]

text: Shortly before Christmas of 2011, Christopher Nolan invited several prominent directors, including Edgar Wright, Michael Bay, Bryan Singer, Jon Favreau, Eli Roth, Duncan Jones and Stephen Daldry, to Universal CityWalk's IMAX theatre for a private screening of the first six minutes of The Dark Knight Rises, which had been shot on IMAX film and edited from the original camera negative. Nolan, feeling that the use of film stock in cinema is currently being phased out due to the introduction of digital cinematography and projection, used this screening to make a case for the continued use of film, which he asserts still offers superior image quality to any digital format, and warned the filmmakers that unless they continued to assert their choice to use film in their productions, they may eventually lose it as an option.[108][109] Nolan explained; "I wanted to give them a chance to see the potential, because I think IMAX is the best film format that was ever invented. It's the gold standard and what any other technology has to match up to, but none have, in my opinion. The message I wanted to put out there was that no one is taking anyone's digital cameras away. But if we want film to continue as an option, and someone is working on a big studio movie with the resources and the power to insist [on] film, they should say so. I felt as if I didn't say anything, and then we started to lose that option, it would be a shame. When I look at a digitally acquired and projected image, it looks inferior against an original negative anamorphic print or an IMAX one."[108]

text: Design

text: Costume design

text: Costume designer Lindy Hemming explained that Bane uses a mask to inhale an analgesic gas, which, in director Christopher Nolan's words, "keeps his pain just below the threshold so he can function." In designing Bane's costume, Hemming needed it to look "like an amalgam of all sorts of bits and pieces he cobbled together, as he passed through some very remote places. We made parts of his vest, for example, from fragments of an old military tent. His clothes are militaristic, but are not in any way a uniform." Hemming also designed Bane's mask to look "animalistic".[7][110][111] Costume effects supervisor Graham Churchyard created a three-dimensional model of actor Tom Hardy's face and skull to design the mask, allowing the mask to perfectly conform to the contours of Hardy's face.[7] Hemming personally designed Bane's coat, which she admitted took two years to complete. Taking inspiration from a Swedish army jacket and a frock coat from the French Revolution, it was designed to make Bane look like equal parts dictatorial and revolutionary.[7] The design was difficult as Hemming struggled to find a tailor in Los Angeles who could work with shearling.[112]

text: The Batsuit consisted of 110 separate pieces, each of which had to be replicated dozens of times over the course of the production. The base layer was made of a polyester mesh that is utilized by the military and high-tech sports manufacturers because of its breathability and moisture-wicking properties. Molded pieces of flexible urethane were then attached to the mesh, to form the overall body armor plating. Carbon fiber panels were placed inside the sections on the legs, chest and abdomen. The cowl was sculpted from a cast of Bale's face and head to become a perfect fit for Christian Bale. The suit remained unchanged for the film since The Dark Knight.[7]

text: In creating Selina Kyle's catsuit, two layers of material were used, with the outer layer being polyurethane coated spandex, embossed with a hexagonal pattern. The catsuit also consisted of elbow-length gloves, a utility belt, and thigh-high boots with spike heels.[7]

text: Production design

text: Concept artist Tully Summers commented on Nolan's style of cinematography when asked about the difference between his designs for this film and fantasy-based designs for Men in Black 3: "The difference for me was Christopher Nolan's visual style. One of the things that makes his Batman movies so compelling is their tone of plausibility. He will often prefer a raw, grittier design over one that is very sleek and product design pretty. It's sort of a practical military aesthetic. This stuff is made to work, not impress shoppers. The Dark Knight Rises is a war film."[citation needed] Producer Emma Thomas stated this Batman film has a different visual aesthetic from the first two Nolan-directed features, explaining that "it's meant to be winter in Gotham, so that right there is going to lend a whole different look to the film."[113]

text: The film introduces a vehicle that has been compared with the Batplane and the Batcopter, dubbed "the Bat". In designing the Bat, Nathan Crowley approached it as if it were an actual military project, emphasising the need for it to "fit into the same family" as the Tumbler and the Batpod. The final version of the Bat takes its design cues from the Harrier Jump Jet, Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey and the Boeing AH-64 Apache.[7] Chris Corbould described the Bat's size and shape as presenting a major challenge for filming given Christopher Nolan's emphasis on practical effects over computer-generated imagery. In order to make the Bat "fly", it was variously supported by wires, suspended from cranes and helicopters, and mounted on a purpose-built vehicle with hydraulic controls to simulate movement.[7][114][115]

text: When designing the Batcave set, Crowley and fellow production designer Kevin Kavanaugh hit upon the idea of flooding the Batcave and having Batman's equipment, the Batsuit and a supercomputer rise from the water.[7] Another set was designed at Cardington as an "underground prison", a rough-hewn labyrinth of stone cells in a vast abyss with a 120 foot (37 m) vertical shaft leading to the surface. Exteriors above the prison were filmed in Jodhpur, India, chosen because the "forbidding landscape added to the desolation".[7]

text: Music

text: In an interview in October 2010, composer Hans Zimmer confirmed that he would be returning to score The Dark Knight Rises. James Newton Howard was offered to return and write the score with Zimmer as he did for Batman Begins and The Dark Knight, but he chose not to because he noted that the chemistry established between Zimmer and Nolan during the making of Inception would make him seem like a "third wheel".[116] Zimmer included several cues from the earlier scores, but explains that he wanted to go in a "completely different direction" for Bane's theme. While the theme accompanying Selina Kyle is deliberately ambiguous, the musical thread spanning throughout the trilogy was composed exclusively for Bruce Wayne.[7]

text: The film features a prevalent Moroccan chant of the phrase deshi basara (proper transliteration: Tījī basara’ah) (Arabic: تيجي بسرعة), which translates to "rise up" (literally: "come quickly").[117][118] In November 2011, Zimmer crowdsourced online audio recordings of the chant to be used in the film's score.[119][120] When asked about the chant for clarification, Zimmer said, "The chant became a very complicated thing because I wanted hundreds of thousands of voices, and it's not so easy to get hundreds of thousands of voices. So, we tweeted and we posted on the internet, for people who wanted to be part of it. It seemed like an interesting thing. We've created this world, over these last two movies, and somehow I think the audience and the fans have been part of this world. We do keep them in mind."[121]

text: Marketing

text: The official website launched in May 2011, introducing a viral marketing campaign similar to the one used to promote The Dark Knight. The website streamed an encrypted audio file described by users as chanting. Users decrypted the audio to the Twitter hashtag, "#TheFireRises". Warner Bros. removed a pixel from the webpage for every tweet using the hashtag. The website revealed the first official image of Bane.[122]

text: In July 2011, a teaser trailer leaked online before its official release with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2.[123] The studio released the teaser three days after the leak. The trailer received mixed responses; Stephen Spencer Davis of Slate wrote it successfully built hype,[123] while Kofi Outlaw of ScreenRant showed disappointment, claiming it was more of an "announcement trailer" than an actual teaser trailer. Outlaw criticized the quality, writing that a scene depicting Commissioner Gordon in a hospital bed was overly dramatic, had "hammy" dialogue, and was difficult to understand due to Gordon's labored breathing. Outlaw wrote that the sweeping shot of Gotham City had poor CGI and was too reminiscent of the Inception trailer.[124] The theatrical trailer leaked online, like the teaser trailer, before being released the following week attached to theatrical prints of Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows.[125][126][127] Critics noted political undertones with dialogue foreshadowing the theme of income inequality and an "Occupy Gotham" campaign within the world of the story.[128][129][130] Receiving more than 12.5 million views in the first 24 hours after its release, the trailer set the record for most combined downloads from iTunes, beating the previous record held by The Avengers.[131] However, the second trailer for The Avengers again set the record with 13.7 million downloads.[132] Warner Bros. attached a second theatrical trailer for The Dark Knight Rises to theatrical prints of The Avengers. An "unnamed" Warner Brothers executive clarified that "We see this placement as a good strategic decision. We always want our trailers to be seen with films that people want to see—and a lot of people will be going to The Avengers!" The executive also commented that the trailer will "provide the best potential exposure for TDKR."[133] Warner Bros. released the trailer online on April 30, 2012, approximately four days before they attached it to theatrical prints of The Avengers.[134]

text: Continuing a method used with The Dark Knight whereby the opening sequence of the film was attached to IMAX prints of I Am Legend seven months before release,[135] a six-minute prologue of The Dark Knight Rises was attached to 70mm IMAX prints of Mission: Impossible – Ghost Protocol, again approximately seven months before release.[136] Critical reaction to the prologue was positive,[137][138][139] with one critic commenting that "no one gets to make a film on this kind of scale anymore. Except for Christopher Nolan," though a round-up of reviews highlighted the way many critics found Tom Hardy's dialogue very difficult to hear.[140] Addressing the issue in an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Nolan said "I think when people see the film, things will come into focus. Bane is very complex and very interesting and when people see the finished film people will be very entertained by him."[141]

text: Viral marketing campaigns for the film continued as magazine companies Empire and Wired received "CIA documents" concerning a "Dr. Leonid Pavel", with its mugshot connected to actor Alon Abutbul. According to the first document, Pavel is a missing Russian nuclear physicist, while the second document appears to be an edited transcript of a conversation discussing the handover of Dr. Pavel to the CIA by Georgian separatists, but with most of the conversation redacted.[30] These were later shown to be plot elements of the six-minute prologue.[137] The official Twitter account later linked to another censored document, this time, referencing "Operation Early Bird". A website of the same name was discovered, revealing a countdown timer. When the countdown finished, the site presented a map showing all available theaters that would be screening the film's prologue earlier than its release.[142][143] Various websites received a package that included a cylinder map of "strike zones", and a "fire rises" T-shirt.[144] In April 2012, the film's official website was updated with a "dossier" on a suspect named "John Doe" also known as "the Batman" for an arrest, with a list of several accusations. The premise of the campaign starts when the mayor of Gotham City "redoubles" the effort to capture Batman and anyone supporting his return in preparation for the upcoming "Harvey Dent Day". The site also includes an extensive list of real-world locations where "graffiti related to movement in support of the vigilante's return" is located. For each tweet of a specific location marked on the list, a frame of the second theatrical trailer for the film was released on a separate website.[145]

text: In January 2012, six months prior to the film's release, tickets for midnight IMAX showings in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles went on sale and sold out immediately. Purchased tickets surfaced for sale online for over $100, compared with their original price of $17.50.[146]

text: At the American International Toy Fair, Mattel unveiled figures for Batman, Bane, and Catwoman, and Batman's flying vehicle, the Bat. The Mattel figures were also released in the "Movie Masters" line, featuring more highly detailed and articulated presentation, and Quiktek versions that feature interchangeable accessories. Lego released building sets and mini-figures based on the film and incorporating other DC Comic characters. Additionally, Funko released a series of plush toys, Mezco Toyz released vinyl figures, and Hornby released the Batman Tumbler car.[147] Other partners include Jakks Pacific, who created novelty and large-scale figures and plush toys,[148] and PPW Toys, who created a Batman themed Mr. Potato Head.[149] Various clothing items including shoes, T-shirts, hats and wallets were also produced.[150]

text: A video game of the same name was released on the same day as the release of the film for the iOS and Android devices for promoting the movie. The game features an open world with primary focus on stealth and combat. The combat system of the game is inspired from Arkham Asylum and Arkham City. It takes place in Gotham City, with a somewhat similar but still significantly different plot from that of the movie. IGN gave it a mediocre score of 5.5/10.[151]

text: The film novelization, written by author Greg Cox and published by Titan Books, was released alongside the film on July 24, 2012.[152]

text: Warner Bros. partnered with Mountain Dew to do a cross-promotion that included a special paint scheme on the number 88 Chevrolet Impala owned by Hendrick Motorsports and driven by Dale Earnhardt, Jr. in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.[153] On June 17, 2012, the car won the 2012 Quicken Loans 400 at Michigan International Speedway.[154] On July 4, 2012, the studio signed a deal with Formula One team Lotus F1 to have the film's logos appear on the Lotus E20s driven by Kimi Räikkönen and Romain Grosjean at the 2012 British Grand Prix.[155] Räikkönen and Grosjean went on to finish the race in fifth and sixth place respectively.[156] Warner Bros. had previously followed a similar promotion at the 2008 British Grand Prix, when the now-defunct Toyota F1 carried a livery to promote The Dark Knight.[157]

text: Two digital comic books entitled Batman Origins[158] and The Dark Knight: Prologue[159] were released exclusively for Nokia Lumia devices. A special movie application has also been released, featuring trailers, wallpapers, movie schedules and Batman trivias.[160] Limited editions of the Lumia 710, Lumia 800 and Lumia 900 were also released featuring a laser-etched Batman logo.[161][162][163]

text: Shooting in Aurora, Colorado

text:
"I would not presume to know anything about the victims of the shooting but that they were there last night to watch a movie. I believe movies are one of the great American art forms and the shared experience of watching a story unfold on screen is an important and joyful pastime. The movie theatre is my home, and the idea that someone would violate that innocent and hopeful place in such an unbearably savage way is devastating to me. Nothing any of us can say could ever adequately express our feelings for the innocent victims of this appalling crime, but our thoughts are with them and their families."

—Director Christopher Nolan's reaction to the theater shooting in Aurora, Colorado.[164]

text: On July 20, 2012, during a midnight showing of The Dark Knight Rises at the Century 16 cinema in Aurora, Colorado, a gunman wearing a gas mask opened fire inside the theater,[165] killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.[166][167] Police responding to the shooting apprehended a suspect later identified as 24-year-old James Eagan Holmes[168] shortly after arriving on the scene.[169] Initial reports stated that Holmes identified himself as "the Joker" at the time of his arrest.[170][171]

text: Warner Bros. cancelled the Paris, Mexico, and Japan premieres of The Dark Knight Rises,[172][173] and suspended the film's marketing campaign in Finland.[174] Several broadcast networks also suspended television ads for the film in the United States.[175] The trailer for Gangster Squad, another Warner Bros. movie included in the screening of The Dark Knight Rises, was removed as it contains a scene which shows gangsters shooting submachine guns at moviegoers through the screen, similar to the shooting in Aurora.[176]

text: Director Christopher Nolan released a public statement calling the shooting "unbearably savage".[164] Other stars of the film released statements expressing their condolences, with star Christian Bale paying a personal visit to the survivors and the memorial in Aurora.[177]

text: Release

text: On July 6, 2012, Warner Bros. held a special IMAX screening of The Dark Knight Rises for more than one hundred reporters and critics. However, technical issues with the computer device synchronizing the sound and picture forced the studio to postpone the screening by a day.[178] The film later premiered on July 16 at the AMC Lincoln Square Theater in New York City, New York,[179] followed by a European premiere on July 18 at Leicester Square in London, England.[180] The film was released in Australia and New Zealand on July 19,[181] and was later released in North America and the United Kingdom on July 20.[182][183]

text: Reception

text: The Dark Knight Rises received positive reviews from critics.[184][185][186] Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave The Dark Knight Rises a score of 87% based on 340 reviews and a rating average of 8/10. The site's consensus reads, "The Dark Knight Rises is an ambitious, thoughtful, and potent action film that concludes Christopher Nolan's franchise in spectacular fashion."[187] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted score of 78 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[188] CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film an A grade.[189]

text: The Telegraph granted the film a maximum score of five stars, stating that it is "a superhero film without a superhero," comparing it with The Godfather Part II and praising Hardy's performance as well as the film's intricate plot and narrative.[190] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times thought the film was "potent, persuasive and hypnotic" and that it was "more than an exceptional superhero movie, it is masterful filmmaking by any standard."[191] The Playlists Todd Gilchrist wrote "A cinematic, cultural and personal triumph, The Dark Knight Rises is emotionally inspiring, aesthetically significant and critically important for America itself – as a mirror of both sober reflection and resilient hope."[192] IGN gave it a 9 out of 10, noting similarities in tone and theme to Batman Begins over the trilogy's second installment The Dark Knight, but also describing Bane as "that bit less interesting to watch" than Ledger's Joker, despite praising his "menacing voice" and "body language-driven performance".[193] The Guardian scored the film four out of five stars, calling it a film of "granite, monolithic intensity", yet also calling it a "hammy, portentous affair".[194] Andrew O'Hehir of Salon writes "if The Dark Knight Rises is a fascist film, it's a great fascist film, and arguably the biggest, darkest, most thrilling and disturbing and utterly balls-out spectacle ever created for the screen".[195] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three out of four stars, stating "the film begins slowly with a murky plot and too many new characters, but builds to a sensational climax."[196] Film critic Richard Roeper gave the film an "A", calling it "a majestic, gorgeous, brutal and richly satisfying epic", and citing the final scenes of the picture as "the best five minutes of any film this year."[197] The London Film Review gave the film a B and said "Nolan's film is a reminder that superheroes aren't merely a frivolous distraction, but an embodiment of our best selves."[198] The film was crowned by Forbes as the best modern comic book superhero adaptation on screen, outranking both its main summer blockbuster competitor, Marvel's The Avengers, and the trilogy's previous installment The Dark Knight.[199] In 2014, Empire ranked The Dark Knight Rises the 72nd greatest film ever made on their list of "The 301 Greatest Movies Of All Time" as voted by the magazine's readers.[200]

text: The Daily Mail's Chris Tookey said that the film was bloated and overly long, and criticized the sombre tone and lack of humor, despite praising the film's visually impressive set pieces.[201] CNN's Tom Charity said the film was a "disappointingly clunky and bombastic conclusion to a superior series" and called it Nolan's worst film.[202] Anthony Lane of The New Yorker says that the "story is dense, overlong, and studded with references that will make sense only to those intimate with Nolan's previous excursions into Batmanhood".[203]

text: In reaction to fan backlash to some of the negative reviews, Rotten Tomatoes chose to disable user commentary for the film leading up to its release.[204] Some fans had threatened violence against critics while others threatened to take down the websites of movie critics who had given the film a negative review.[205]

text: In 2014, Aidan Gillen's character in the film, CIA agent Bill Wilson, became the subject of an Internet meme popular among 4chan users known as "Baneposting", which references the dialogue between Wilson and Bane in the film's opening plane scene.[206][207][208]

text: Commentary

text: Writing in Salon, David Sirota, a progressive[209] political commentator compared The Dark Knight Rises and the game Call of Duty to 1980s popular culture reflecting the political period of the time, accusing them of perpetuating a conservative agenda: "Just as so many 1980s pop culture products reflected the spirit of the Reagan Revolution's conservative backlash, we are now seeing two blockbuster, genre-shaping products not-so-subtly reflect the Tea Party's rhetorical backlash to the powerful Occupy Wall Street zeitgeist."[210] An article in Variety reported Chuck Dixon, the co-creator of the Bane character, as saying that Bane is "far more akin to an Occupy Wall Street type if you're looking to cast him politically."[211] Catherine Shoard of the center-left[212] British publication The Guardian claimed the film "is a quite audaciously capitalist vision, radically conservative, radically vigilante, that advances a serious, stirring proposal that the wish-fulfilment of the wealthy is to be championed if they say they want to do good."[213] In contrast, liberal commentator Jonathan Chait opined in New York that "What passes for a right-wing movie these days is The Dark Knight Rises, which submits the rather modest premise that, irritating though the rich may be, actually killing them and taking all their stuff might be excessive."[214] Writing in USA Today, Bryan Alexander called Bane "the ultimate occupier" and reported that Christian Bale was amazed that the script had "foreseen" the Occupy movement.[215]

text: Nolan has denied the film criticizes the Occupy movement and insists that none of his Batman films are intended to be political: "I've had as many conversations with people who have seen the film the other way round. We throw a lot of things against the wall to see if it sticks. We put a lot of interesting questions in the air, but that's simply a backdrop for the story. What we're really trying to do is show the cracks of society, show the conflicts that somebody would try to wedge open. We're going to get wildly different interpretations of what the film is supporting and not supporting, but it's not doing any of those things. It's just telling a story. If you're saying, 'Have you made a film that's supposed to be criticizing the Occupy Wall Street movement?' – well, obviously, that's not true."[216]

text: Alternatively, politically-conservative commentator Rush Limbaugh alleged that the film was biased against 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney due to Bane's name being a homophone for Bain Capital, the financial service company Romney used to head, despite the fact that the character has existed as a major Batman foe since 1993.[217][218] In response, Nolan said that the comments were "bizarre",[219] while Dixon and Freeman said that the comments were "ridiculous".[218][220] Democratic adviser Christopher Lehane has noted the similarities between the narratives of the film and the presidential campaign.[218][221]

text: On January 20, 2017, multiple media outlets noted that a small but key part of U.S. president Donald Trump's inaugural address "had an uncanny echo" of Bane's speech after he takes control of Gotham in The Dark Knight Rises.[222][223] Trump had given the film a positive review in 2012.[224]

text: Accolades

text:
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

AFI Awards 2012
Movies of the Year
Emma Thomas, Christopher Nolan and Charles Roven
Won

British Academy of Film and Television Arts[225]
Special Visual Effects
Paul Franklin, Chris Corbould, Peter Bebb, Andrew Lockley
Nominated

Broadcast Film Critics Association[226]
Best Visual Effects

Nominated

Best Action Film

Nominated

Best Actor in an Action Movie
Christian Bale
Nominated

Best Actress in an Action Movie
Anne Hathaway
Nominated

Golden Trailer Awards[227]
Best in Show
"Chant"
Won

Summer 2012 Blockbuster Trailer
"Chant"
Won

Best International Poster
"UK Quad"
Won

Best Summer 2012 Blockbuster Poster
"Teaser One Sheet – City"
Won

Best Teaser Poster
"Teaser One Sheet City"
Nominated

Grammy Awards[228]
Best Score Soundtrack For Visual Media

Nominated

Kids Choice Awards[229]
Favorite Female Buttkicker
Anne Hathaway
Nominated

Los Angeles Film Critics Association[230]
Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway (also for Les Misérables)
Runner-up

MTV Movie Awards[231]
Best Movie

Nominated

Best Hero
Christian Bale
Nominated

Best Hero
Anne Hathaway
Nominated

Best Villain
Marion Cotillard
Nominated

Best Villain
Tom Hardy
Nominated

Best Fight
Christian Bale & Tom Hardy
Nominated

Best Shirtless Performance
Christian Bale
Nominated

People's Choice Awards[232]
Favorite Face of Heroism
Anne Hathaway
Nominated

Favorite Movie

Nominated

Favorite Action Movie

Nominated

Favorite Movie Franchise

Nominated

Phoenix Film Critics Society[233]
Best Film Editing

Nominated

Satellite Awards[234]
Best Visual Effects
Chris Corbould, Paul Franklin
Nominated

Best Art Direction & Production Design
Nathan Crowley, Kevin Kavanaugh, James Hambidge, Naaman Marshall
Nominated

Saturn Awards[235][236]
Best Action of Adventure Film

Nominated

Best Director
Christopher Nolan
Nominated

Best Actor
Christian Bale
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Nominated

Best Supporting Actress
Anne Hathaway
Won

Best Music
Hans Zimmer
Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards[237]
Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture

Nominated

St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association[238][239]
Best Music

Nominated

Teen Choice Awards[240][241][242]
Choice Movie: Action

Nominated

Choice Movie: Actor Action
Christian Bale
Nominated

Choice Movie: Actress Action
Anne Hathaway
Won

Choice Movie: Scene Stealer
Joseph Gordon-Levitt
Nominated

Choice Movie: Best Villain
Tom Hardy
Nominated

Young Artist Award[243]
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actress
Joey King
Nominated

text: Box office

text: Hours before the midnight release, several box office analysts suggested as much as a $198 million domestic opening weekend.[244][245][246] However, in the wake of the mass shooting during a midnight screening of the film, Warner Bros. decided to not report further box office figures for the movie until Monday, July 23, 2012.[247][248] As a result, other distributors also delayed the release of their official estimates as well.[249] The shooting is also speculated to have hurt the ticket sales as E! Online reported that a North Carolina audience member had stated that "this theater was kinda empty".[250] Some reports released on July 21, 2012 said that rival studios estimated that the film grossed $75 million to $77 million on its opening day.[251][252][253] Warner Brothers shortly after released a statement to ABC News stating that they delayed the release of their estimates for the opening day total of the film "out of respect for the victims and their families," and added "Warner Bros. Pictures will not be reporting box office numbers for The Dark Knight Rises throughout the weekend. Box office numbers will be released on Monday."[254]

text: The Dark Knight Rises earned $448 million in North America, and $636 million in other countries, summing up to a worldwide total of $1 billion($1084 million).[4] Worldwide, it is the sixteenth-highest-grossing film of all time[255] and the third-highest-grossing film of 2012.[256] It had a worldwide opening weekend of $248.9 million.[257] The film set a worldwide IMAX opening-weekend record with $23.8 million (overtaken by Avengers: Age of Ultron)[258][259] and also broke the record for the fastest movie to make over $50 million in IMAX theatres. IMAX CEO Richard L. Gelfond explained this by claiming, "Audiences are clearly seeking out and embracing the film the way it was meant to be seen – in IMAX."[260] On the 2012 Labor Day weekend, it became the third film distributed by Warner Bros. and the thirteenth film in cinematic history to cross the $1 billion mark.[261] The film also became the second movie (after Avatar) to reach $100 million in worldwide IMAX grosses.[262]

text: The Dark Knight Rises opened on Friday, July 20, 2012. It earned an estimated $30.6 million in midnight showings, which was the second-highest midnight gross behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($43.5 million).[263][264] It did, however, set an IMAX midnight-gross record with $2.3 million (overtaken by Avengers: Age of Ultron).[265][266] The film made $75.8 million during its opening day, achieving, at the time, the third-highest single and opening day tally of all time.[267] On July 23, 2012, it was announced that the film grossed $160.9 million for its debut weekend, which was the third-highest opening weekend ever, at the time, behind Marvel's The Avengers ($207.4 million) and Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ($169.2 million).[268] However, it did set an opening-weekend record for a 2D film (previously held by The Dark Knight)[269] and an IMAX opening-weekend record with $19.0 million (previously held by Marvel's The Avengers).[270] The film also held the top spot at the box office for its second and third weekends.[271][272] In North America, it is the thirteenth-highest-grossing film,[273] the second-highest-grossing 2012 film,[274] as well as the fourth-highest-grossing superhero film and film based on comics.[275][276] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 50 million tickets in the US.[277]

text: Outside North America, the film opened with $88.0 million from 7,173 theaters in just 17 markets.[278] It was in first place at the box office outside North America for four consecutive weekends.[279][280] Its three largest markets are the UK, Ireland and Malta ($90.3 million), where it is the highest-grossing superhero film,[281] China ($52.8 million) and Australia ($44.2 million).[282]

text: Home media

text: The Dark Knight Rises was released on November 28, 2012 in Hong Kong and New Zealand. On December 3, it was released in the United Kingdom, and on December 4, it was released in the United States. It is available on Blu-ray, DVD, and as a digital download.[283] Coinciding with the release of this film, a box set of The Dark Knight trilogy was released.[284] Nolan is overseeing the remastering process of The Dark Knight Rises into 4K resolution.[285]


document_title: Grace and Frankie

question_text: who is the actress who plays teddy on grace and frankie

root

text: Grace and Frankie

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows Grace, a retired cosmetics mogul, and Frankie, a hippie art teacher, whose husbands, Robert and Sol, are successful divorce lawyers in San Diego. Grace and Frankie's lives are turned upside down when Robert and Sol announce that they are in love with each other and are leaving their wives. Now, the women, who have never particularly liked each other, are forced to live together and learn to unite and cope with difficulties.

tag: p

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main and Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4
5

Jane Fonda
Grace Hanson
Lead

Lily Tomlin
Frances 'Frankie' Bergstein
Lead

Sam Waterston
Sol Bergstein–Hanson
Lead

Martin Sheen
Robert Bergstein–Hanson
Lead

Brooklyn Decker
Mallory Hanson
Main

June Diane Raphael
Brianna Hanson
Main

Ethan Embry
Coyote Bergstein
Main

Baron Vaughn
Nwabudike 'Bud' Bergstein
Main

tag: table

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Season

1
2
3
4
5

Ernie Hudson
Jacob
Recurring

Brittany Ishibashi
Erica
Guest
Recurring

Guest

Geoff Stults
Mitch
Recurring

Guest

Tim Bagley
Peter
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Peter Cambor
Barry
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Craig T. Nelson
Guy
Recurring

Michael Charles Roman
Adam
Guest
Recurring
Guest
Recurring

Marsha Mason
Arlene

Guest
Recurring

Swoosie Kurtz
Janet

Guest

Guest

Lindsey Kraft
Allison Giampietro-Smikowitz

Recurring

Megan Ferguson
Nadia

Guest
Recurring

Peter Gallagher
Nick Skolka

Recurring

Jack Plotnick
Paul

Recurring

Lisa Kudrow
Sheree

Recurring

Talia Shire
Teddie

Recurring

Sam Elliott
Phil Milstein

Recurring

Mark Deklin
Roy

Recurring

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
May 8, 2015 (2015-05-08)

2
13
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)

3
13
March 24, 2017 (2017-03-24)

4
13
January 19, 2018 (2018-01-19)

text: Production and development[edit]

text: In March 2014, Netflix finalized a deal for a 13-episode straight-to-series order for Grace and Frankie, with Jane Fonda and Lily Tomlin attached to star in the lead roles. The series was written and created by Marta Kauffman and Howard J. Morris, who also serve as executive producers alongside Fonda, Tomlin, Paula Weinstein and Tate Taylor, and Skydance Productions' Dana Goldberg, David Ellison and Marcy Ross.[2]

text: On May 26, 2015, Netflix renewed the series for a second season[3] which premiered on May 6, 2016.[4]

text: On December 10, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season[5] which premiered on March 24, 2017.[6]

text: On April 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on January 19, 2018.[7][8]

text: On February 15, 2018, the series was renewed for a fifth season, with RuPaul announced to guest star as a rival of Grace & Frankie.[1]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Casting announcements began in June 2014, with Martin Sheen cast in the role of Robert, Grace's husband.[9] The following month, Sam Waterston was cast in the role of Sol, Frankie's husband.[10] June Diane Raphael and Baron Vaughn were then added to the cast, with Raphael cast in the role of Brianna, Grace and Robert's elder daughter, who rebels against Grace's decorum. Vaughn signed onto the role of Nwabudike, Frankie and Sol's son.[11] Shortly afterwards, Ethan Embry and Brooklyn Decker were cast in the remaining roles on the series. Embry joined in the role of Coyote, Frankie and Sol's recovering drug addicted son, while Decker signed onto the role of Mallory, Grace and Robert's younger daughter.[12] In October 2015, it was announced Sam Elliott would appear in the second season as Grace's love interest.[13] In April 2017, it was reported that Lisa Kudrow will appear in the fourth season as Sheree, Grace's manicurist.[7] In February 2018, the same day as the fifth season was commissioned, RuPaul was confirmed to appear in the fifth season as a rival of Grace and Frankie.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Production on season one of Grace and Frankie began in Los Angeles, California, in early August 2014, and ended in late November.[14] Production on season two of the series began in July 2015, and ended in November the same year.[15][16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first season of Grace and Frankie received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes it has a rating of 50%, based on 32 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Grace and Frankie's stellar cast adds an undeniable appeal, although its sloppy dialogue and clichéd sitcom setup will still leave most viewers wanting."[17] On Metacritic the season has a score of 58 out of 100, based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[18]

text: The second season received a more positive reception from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 89%, based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10.[19] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 62 out of 100, based on 6 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".[20] Jasef Wisener of TVOvermind gave the second season a 4.5/5, calling it "heartfelt and hilarious" and "a huge improvement over the sometimes sluggish first season." [21]

text: The third season received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 100%, based on 5 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5/10.[22]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2015

67th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[23]

20th Satellite Awards
Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[24]

73rd Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[25]

Dorian Awards
TV Comedy of the Year

Nominated

[26]

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Jane Fonda
Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

LBGTQ TV Show of the Year

Nominated

27th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[27]

19th OFTA Awards
Best Comedy Series

Nominated

[28]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Won

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series
Sam Waterston
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Direction in a Comedy Series

Nominated

Best Writing in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2016

68th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

[29]
[30]

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie
Allyson Fanger, Lori DeLapp
Nominated

23rd Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[31]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards
Outstanding Contemporary Television Series
Allyson B. Fanger
Nominated

[32]

28th GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series

Nominated

[33]

Artios Awards
Outstanding Achievement in Casting - Television Pilot - Comedy
Tracy Lilienfield, Emily Towler
Nominated

[34]

20th OFTA Awards
Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[35]

Best Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series

Nominated

2017

69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[36]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Designers[show]

Allyson B. Fanger, Heather Pain, Lori DeLapp

Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program (Half-Hour or Less)

Designers[show]

Devorah Herbert, Ben Edelberg, Christopher Carlson

Nominated

2018

24th Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Jane Fonda
Nominated

[31]

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series
Lily Tomlin
Nominated

text: Controversy[edit]

text: After the show's release, Tomlin and Fonda expressed displeasure once it became public that their salaries were just equal to those of Sheen and Waterston, even though "the show is not 'Sol and Robert', it's 'Grace and Frankie,'" in the words of Lily Tomlin,[37] and contended this constituted a significant pay inequity. Shortly thereafter, Sheen and Waterston went on the record to support their co-stars' demands for a salary increase, with Waterston being quoted as saying: "I think they're being cheated".[38] After fans of the show gathered nearly 200,000 signatures on a petition protesting the disparity, the two actresses issued a public statement backing away from criticism, saying: "This just reminds us to be mindful of how things come across in interviews. We appreciate everyone's support and the attention to this issue, but the structure of Grace and Frankie is fair, and we couldn't be happier to work with Skydance, Netflix and the great cast of this show."[39] Fonda and Tomlin made a statement to The Wrap that they were never unhappy with the salaries to start with and that they had "made a joke in an interview about our salaries, which was taken out of context."[39]


document_title: Triple-alpha process

question_text: what are the products of helium burning in a star

text: Triple-alpha process

text: Triple-alpha process in stars[edit]

text: Helium accumulates in the core of stars as a result of the proton–proton chain reaction and the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle. Further nuclear fusion reactions of helium with hydrogen or another alpha particle produce lithium-5 and beryllium-8 respectively. Both products are highly unstable and decay, almost instantly, back into smaller nuclei, unless a third alpha particle fuses with a beryllium before that time to produce a stable carbon-12 nucleus.[3]

text: When a star runs out of hydrogen to fuse in its core, it begins to collapse until the central temperature rises to 108 K,[4] six times hotter than the sun's core. At this temperature and density, alpha particles can fuse fast enough (the half-life of 5Li is 6978370000000000000♠3.7×10−22 s and that of 8Be is 6983670000000000000♠6.7×10−17 s) to produce significant amounts of carbon and restore thermodynamic equilibrium in the core

text:
4
2He + 4
2He → 8
4Be
 (−91.8 keV)

8
4Be + 4
2He → 12
6C + 2γ
 (+7.367 MeV)

text: The net energy release of the process is 7.273 MeV (6988116600000000000♠1.166 pJ).

text: As a side effect of the process, some carbon nuclei fuse with additional helium to produce a stable isotope of oxygen and energy:

text: See alpha process for more details about this reaction and further steps in the chain of stellar nucleosynthesis.

text: This creates a situation in which stellar nucleosynthesis produces large amounts of carbon and oxygen but only a small fraction of those elements are converted into neon and heavier elements. Both oxygen and carbon make up the 'ash' of helium-4 burning.

text: Primordial carbon[edit]

text: Because the triple-alpha process is unlikely, it normally needs a long time to produce much carbon. One consequence of this is that no significant amount of carbon was produced in the Big Bang because within minutes after the Big Bang, the temperature fell below the critical point for nuclear fusion.

text: Resonances[edit]

text: Ordinarily, the probability of the triple alpha process is extremely small. However, the beryllium-8 ground state has almost exactly the energy of two alpha particles. In the second step, 8Be + 4He has almost exactly the energy of an excited state of 12C. This "resonance" greatly increases the probability that an incoming alpha particle will combine with beryllium-8 to form carbon. The existence of this resonance was predicted by Fred Hoyle before its actual observation, based on the physical necessity for it to exist, in order for carbon to be formed in stars. The prediction and then discovery of this energy resonance and process gave very significant support to Hoyle's hypothesis of stellar nucleosynthesis, which posited that all chemical elements had originally been formed from hydrogen, the true primordial substance. The anthropic principle has been cited to explain the fact that nuclear resonances are sensitively arranged to create large amounts of carbon and oxygen in the universe.[5][6]

text: Nucleosynthesis of heavy elements[edit]

text: With further increases of temperature and density, fusion processes produce nuclides only up to nickel-56 (which decays later to iron); heavier elements (those beyond Ni) are created mainly by neutron capture. The slow capture of neutrons, the s-process, produces about half of elements beyond iron. The other half are produced by rapid neutron capture, the r-process, which probably occurs in a core-collapse supernova.

text: Reaction rate and stellar evolution[edit]

text: The triple-alpha steps are strongly dependent on the temperature and density of the stellar material. The power released by the reaction is approximately proportional to the temperature to the 40th power, and the density squared.[7] In contrast, the PP chain produces energy at a rate proportional to the fourth power of temperature, the CNO cycle at about the 17th power of the temperature, and both are linearly proportional to the density. This strong temperature dependence has consequences for the late stage of stellar evolution, the red giant stage.

text: For lower mass stars, the helium accumulating in the core is prevented from further collapse only by electron degeneracy pressure. As the temperature rises, increased pressure in the core would normally result in an expansion, reduction of density, and thus reduction in reaction rate. However, due to the high pressure at the center of the star this does not occur and energy production continues unmoderated. As a consequence, the temperature increases, causing the reaction rate further increase in a positive feedback cycle that becomes a runaway reaction. This process, known as the helium flash, lasts a matter of seconds but burns 60–80% of the helium in the core. During the core flash, the star's energy production can reach approximately 1011 solar luminosities which is comparable to the luminosity of a whole galaxy,[8] although no effects will be immediately observed at the surface, as it is hidden by the star's overlying layers.

text: For higher mass stars, carbon collects in the core, displacing the helium to a surrounding shell where helium burning occurs. In this helium shell, the pressures are lower and the mass is not supported by electron degeneracy. Thus, as opposed to the center of the star, the shell is able to expand in response to increased thermal pressure in the helium shell. Expansion cools this layer and slows the reaction, causing the star to contract again. This process continues cyclically, and stars undergoing this process will have periodically variable radius and power production. These stars will also lose material from their outer layers as they expand and contract.

text: Discovery[edit]

text: The triple alpha process is highly dependent on carbon-12 and beryllium-8 having resonances with slightly more energy than helium-4, and before 1952, no such energy levels were known for carbon. The astrophysicist Fred Hoyle used the fact that carbon-12 is abundant in the universe as evidence for the existence of a carbon-12 resonance. The only way Hoyle could find that would produce an abundance of both carbon and oxygen is through a triple alpha process with a carbon-12 resonance near 7.68 MeV.[9]

text: Hoyle went to nuclear physicist William Alfred Fowler's lab at Caltech and said that there had to be a resonance of 7.68 MeV in the carbon-12 nucleus. (There had been reports of an excited state at about 7.5 MeV.[9]) Fred Hoyle's audacity in doing this is remarkable, and initially the nuclear physicists in the lab were skeptical. Finally, a junior physicist, Ward Whaling, fresh from Rice University, who was looking for a project decided to look for the resonance. Fowler gave Whaling permission to use an old Van de Graaff generator that was not being used. Hoyle was back in Cambridge when his prediction was verified a few months later. The nuclear physicists put Hoyle as first author on a paper delivered by Whaling at the Summer meeting of the American Physical Society. A long and fruitful collaboration between Hoyle and Fowler soon followed, with Fowler even coming to Cambridge.[10] By 1952, Fowler had noted the beryllium-8 resonance, and Edwin Salpeter calculated the reaction rate taking this resonance into account.[11][12]

text: This helped to explain the rate of the process, but the rate calculated by Salpeter seemed too low at the temperatures expected in supernovas.[9] When Fowler's lab discovered a carbon-12 resonance near 7.65 MeV it eliminated the discrepancy between the nuclear theory and the theory of stellar evolution.

text: The final reaction product lies in a 0+ state (0 spin and positive parity). Since the Hoyle state was predicted to be either a 0+ or a 2+ state, electron–positron pairs or gamma rays were expected to be seen. However, when experiments were carried out, the gamma emission reaction channel was not observed, and this meant the state must be a 0+ state. This state completely suppresses single gamma emission, since single gamma emission must carry away at least 1 unit of angular momentum. Pair production from an excited 0+ state is possible because their combined spins (0) can couple to a reaction that has a change in angular momentum of 0.[13]

text: Improbability and fine-tuning[edit]

text: Carbon is a necessary component of all life that we know. 12C, a stable isotope of carbon, is abundantly produced in stars due to three factors:

text:
The decay lifetime of a 8Be nucleus is four orders of magnitude larger than the time for two 4He nuclei (alpha particles) to scatter.[14]
An excited state of the 12C nucleus exists a little (0.3193 MeV) above the energy level of 8Be + 4He. This is necessary because the ground state of 12C is 7.3367 MeV below the energy of 8Be + 4He. Therefore, a 8Be nucleus and a 4He nucleus cannot reasonably fuse directly into a ground-state 12C nucleus. The excited Hoyle state of 12C is 7.656 MeV above the ground state of 12C. This allows 8Be and 4He to use the kinetic energy of their collision to fuse into the excited 12C, which can then transition to its stable ground state. According to one calculation, the energy level of this excited state must be between about 7.3 and 7.9 MeV to produce sufficient carbon for life to exist, and must be further "fine-tuned" to between 7.596 MeV and 7.716 MeV in order to produce the abundant level of 12C observed in nature.[15]
In the reaction 12C + 4He → 16O there is an excited state of oxygen which, if it were slightly higher, would provide a resonance and speed up the reaction. In that case insufficient carbon would exist in nature; it would almost all have converted to oxygen.[14]

tag: ol

text: Some scholars argue the 7.656 MeV Hoyle resonance, in particular, is unlikely to be the product of mere chance. Fred Hoyle argued in 1982 that the Hoyle resonance was evidence of a "superintellect";[9] Leonard Susskind in The Cosmic Landscape rejects Hoyle's intelligent design argument[16] Instead, some scientists believe that different universes, portions of a vast "multiverse", have different fundamental constants:[17] according to this controversial fine-tuning hypothesis, life can only evolve in the minority of universes where the fundamental constants happen to be fine-tuned to support the existence of life. Other scientists reject the hypothesis of the multiverse on account of the lack of independent evidence.[18]


document_title: List of Academy Award-winning families

question_text: who are the only two families that have had three generations of oscar winners

text: List of Academy Award-winning families

text: Extended family[edit]

text: This list includes winners who are direct relatives of other winners, including in-laws, aunts/uncles and first cousins.

text: The Shearers have the most wins, with 16. The Newmans were nominated the most often, all 92 being for Film Scoring, Arrangement, or Original Song.

text: The Coppolas have the most nominated (9) and winning (7) members.

text: The Hustons were the first three generation family of winners. The others are the Coppolas and, technically, the Farrow/Previn/Allens.

text: There are only two instances of a parent and child receiving acting nominations in the same film:[1]

text: There are only two instances of three family members being nominated for a single award:

text: Relationships noted show relation to first family member listed.

text:
Family
Awards /
Nominations
Member
(Wins
/Nominations
/Honorary)
Relationship
Awards
Earliest Winning Film
Note

Shearer
16
34
Douglas Shearer (14/28/0)[2]
Sound Recording, Special Effects
The Big House

Norma Shearer (1/5/0)[3]
Sister
Actress
The Divorcee
Shearer's husband, Irving G. Thalberg, produced numerous MGM hits, including Best Picture winner Grand Hotel, but never took screen credit.

Howard Hawks (0/1/1)[4]
Brother-in-law
Honorary

married to Norma Shearer's sister, Athole Shearer.

Newman
12
76
Alfred Newman (9/45/0)[5]
Music - Scoring
Alexander's Ragtime Band
Sons: Composers David Newman (1 nomination)[6] and Thomas Newman (14 nominations).[7]

Randy Newman (2/20/0)[8]
Nephew
Music - Original Song
Monsters, Inc.

Lionel Newman (1/11/0)[9]
Brother
Music - Scoring
Hello, Dolly!
Brother Emil Newman has 1 nomination[10] for Music - Scoring, making the Newmans the most-nominated family.

Coppola
12
29
Francis Ford Coppola (5/14/1)[11]
Writing, Directing, Producing
Patton
Son Roman Coppola has one nomination.[12]

Spike Jonze (1/4/0)[13]
Son-in-law
Writing
her
Ex-husband of Sofia Coppola

Sofia Coppola (1/3/0)[14]
Daughter
Writing
Lost in Translation

Carmine Coppola (1/2/0)[15]
Father
Music - Scoring, Song
The Godfather, Part II

David Shire (1/2/0)[16]
Brother-in-law
Music - Original Song
Norma Rae
Was married to F.F.C.'s sister, Talia Shire, who has 2 nominations[17] of her own.

Nicolas Cage (1/2/0)[18]
Nephew
Actor
Leaving Las Vegas

Patricia Arquette (1/1/0)[19]
Niece-in-law
Actor
Boyhood
ex-wife of Nicolas Cage and ex-sister-in-law of James Newton Howard (8 nominations)

Farrow
9
39
Woody Allen (4/24/0)[20]
Directing, Writing
Annie Hall
Allen is married to André Previn's daughter, Soon-Yi Previn, making him John Farrow's grandson-in-law. In addition, Soon-Yi Previn's mother, Mia Farrow, was previously married to Frank Sinatra (1/2/2).[21]

André Previn (4/13/0)[22]
Father-in-law
Music - Scoring, Song
Gigi
Married to John Farrow's daughter, Mia Farrow. Shared 3 song nominations[23] with his first wife, Dory Previn.

John Farrow (1/2/0)[24]
Grandfather-in-law
Writing
Around the World in 80 Days

Coen
5
19
Ethan Coen (4/14/0)[25]
Writing, Directing, Producing
Fargo
All awards and nominations shared with Joel Coen (except Best Picture for Fargo); includes two nominations with Joel Coen under their shared editing pseudonym "Roderick Jaynes".

Joel Coen (4/14/0)[26]
Brother
Writing, Directing, Producing
Fargo
All awards and nominations shared with Ethan Coen (except Best Director for Fargo); includes two nominations with Ethan Coen under their shared editing pseudonym "Roderick Jaynes".

Frances McDormand (1/4/0)[27]
Sister-in-law
Actress
Fargo
married to Joel Coen

Voight
5
15
Angelina Jolie (1/2/1)[28]
Actress
Girl, Interrupted

Brad Pitt (1/6/0)[29]
Former Husband
Producing
12 Years a Slave

Billy Bob Thornton (1/3/0)[30]
Former husband
Writing
Sling Blade

Jon Voight (1/4/0)[31]

Father

Actor
Coming Home

Selznick
5
13
David O. Selznick (2/8/1)[32]
Producing
Gone With the Wind

Jennifer Jones (1/5/0)[33]
Wife
Actress
Song of Bernadette

Louis B. Mayer (0/0/1)[34]
Father-in-law
Honorary

DeMille
5
7
Cecil B. DeMille (1/3/2)[35]
Producer
The Greatest Show on Earth

Anthony Quinn (2/4/0)[36]
Son-In-Law
Actor
Viva Zapata!

Zanuck
5
4
Darryl F. Zanuck (0/1/3)[37]
Honorary
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award

Richard Zanuck (1/3/1)[38]
Son
Producer
Driving Miss Daisy

Lili Fini Zanuck[39] (1/1/0)[40]
Daughter-in-law
Producer
Driving Miss Daisy

Huston
4
21
John Huston (2/14/0)[41]
Director, Screenplay
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre
Directed both his father and daughter's award-winning performances.

Walter Huston (1/4/0)[42]
Father
Actor
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre

Anjelica Huston (1/3/0)[43]
Daughter
Actress
Prizzi's Honor
Brother Tony Huston[44] was nominated[45] for Writing for The Dead

Bergman
4
17
Ingrid Bergman (3/7/0)[46]
Actress
Gaslight
Husband Roberto Rossellini has one nomination[47] (Screenplay)

Martin Scorsese (1/10/0)[48]
Son-in-law
Director
The Departed
Was married to I.B.'s daughter Isabella Rossellini

Horner
4
13
James Horner (2/10/0)[49]
Composer
Titanic

Harry Horner (2/3/0)[50]
Father
Art Direction
The Heiress

Minkler
4
12
Michael Minkler (3/11/0)[51]
Sound
Black Hawk Down
nominated with uncles Bob Minkler and Lee Minkler for Sound work on Tron, one of only two instances of 3 family members sharing a nomination in the same category

Bob Minkler (1/2/0)[52]
Uncle
Sound
Star Wars Episode IV

Ferrer
4
12
George Clooney (2/8/0)[53]
Actor
Syriana

José Ferrer
(1/3/0)[54]
Uncle
Actor
Cyrano de Bergerac
was married to George Clooney's aunt, singer/actress Rosemary Clooney

Martin Balsam (1/1/0)[55]
father-in-law
Actor
A Thousand Clowns
father of George Clooney's ex-wife, Talia Balsam

Fonda
4
10
Jane Fonda (2/7/0)[56]
Actress
Klute
Brother Peter Fonda has two nominations[57] (Screenplay and Actor)

Henry Fonda (1/3/1)[58]
Father
Actor
On Golden Pond
First wife Margaret Sullavan had 1 nomination.[59]

Guggenheim
4
10
Charles Guggenheim (3/9/0)[60]
Short Subject - Live Action
Robert Kennedy Remembered

Davis Guggenheim (1/1/0)[61]
Son
Documentary- Feature Length
An Inconvenient Truth
Wife Elisabeth Shue has 1 nomination.[62]

Stevens
4
10
George Stevens (2/9/1)[63]
Director, Producer
A Place in the Sun

George Stevens, Jr. (0/1/1)[64]
Son
Documentarian, Producer
Honorary[65]

Garland
4
7
Judy Garland (0/2/1)[66]
Honorary - Juvenile Performance
The Wizard of Oz

Liza Minnelli (1/2/0)[67]
Daughter
Actress
Cabaret
Only winner with two winning parents

Vincente Minnelli (1/2/0)[68]
Husband
Director
Gigi

Peter Allen (1/1/0)[69]
Son-in-law
Songwriter
Arthur
Wife Liza Minnelli was featured in Arthur

Douglas
4
6
Michael Douglas (2/2/0)[70]
Producer, Actor
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

Kirk Douglas (0/3/1)[71]
Father
Actor
Honorary

Catherine Zeta-Jones (1/1/0)[72]
Wife
Actress
Chicago

Ustinov
3
7
Peter Ustinov (2/4/0)[73]
Acting
Spartacus
Was married to Angela Lansbury's half-sister, Isolde Denham.

Angela Lansbury (0/3/1)[74]
Sister-in-law
Actress
Honorary

Magnusson
3
7
Kim Magnusson (2/5/0)[75]
Short Film
Election Night

Tivi Magnusson (1/2/0)[76]
Father
Short Film
The New Tenants

Kanin
2
7
Ruth Gordon (1/5/0)[77]
Acting
Rosemary's Baby
married to Michael Kanin's brother, Garson Kanin, sharing 3 writing nominations with him.[78]

Michael Kanin (1/2/0)[79]
Brother-in-law
Writing
Woman of the Year
shared one nomination with wife Fay Kanin[79]

Kress
2
6
Harold Kress (2/6/0)[80]
Film Editing
How the West Was Won

Carl Kress[81] (1/1/0)[82]
Son
Film Editing
The Towering Inferno
shared the award with his father

Pressburger
2
5
Emeric Pressburger (1/4/0)[83]
Writing
49th Parallel

Kevin Macdonald (1/1/0)[84]
Grandson
Documentary- Feature Length
One Day in September

Rouse
2
4
Russell Rouse (1/2/0)[85]
Writing
Pillow Talk

Christopher Rouse (1/2/0)[86]
Son
Film Editing
The Bourne Ultimatum

Berri
2
3
Claude Berri (1/2/0)[87]
Short Film
Le Poulet

Thomas Langmann (1/1/0)[88]
Son
Producer
The Artist

Fisher
2
3
Thomas L. Fisher (1/2/0)[89]
Visual Effects
Titanic

Scott R. Fisher (1/1/0)[90]
Son
Visual effects
Interstellar

George
1
3
Terry George (1/3/0)[91]
Short Film
The Shore

Oorlagh George (1/1/0)[92]
Daughter
Short Film
The Shore

text: Siblings[edit]

text: The Sherman Brothers shared all their nominations and awards. The Coen brothers have shared all of their awards and 12 of their nominations (including two nominations under the pseudonym Roderick Jaynes); each received an individual nomination for Fargo.

text: Sisters Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine were both nominated for Best Actress in 1942, with Fontaine winning for Suspicion. They are the only siblings to have both won lead acting awards, and the only pair of sisters to have awards.

text: Sisters Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave were both nominated for Best Actress in 1966 (for Morgan – A Suitable Case for Treatment and Georgy Girl, respectively), both losing to Elizabeth Taylor in Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?).

text: There are three sets of twins on the list:

text:
Julius / Philip G. Epstein
Richard / Paul Sylbert
Wolfgang / Christoph Lauenstein

text:
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Douglas Shearer
Sound / Special Effects
(14/28/0)[2]
The Big House
Norma Shearer
Actress
(1/5/0)[3]
The Divorcee
15/33

Alfred Newman
Composer
(9/45/0)[5]
Alexander's Ragtime Band
Lionel Newman
Composer
(1/11/0)[9]
Hello, Dolly!
10/56

Herman Mankiewicz
Writing
(1/2/0)[93]
Citizen Kane
Joseph Mankiewicz
Directing, Writing
(4/9/0)[94]
A Letter to Three Wives
5/11

Ethan Coen
Producing, Directing, Writing, Editing
(4/14/0)[25]
Fargo
Joel Coen
Producing, Directing, Writing, Editing
(4/14/0)[26]
Fargo
4/15

Shirley MacLaine
Actress
(1/6/0)[95]
Terms of Endearment
Warren Beatty
Directing, Honorary
(1/13/1)[96]
Reds
3/19

Joan Fontaine
Actress
(1/3/0)[97]
Suspicion
Olivia de Havilland
Actress
(2/5/0)[98]
To Each His Own
3/8

Richard Sylbert
Art Direction
(2/6/0)
Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?
Paul Sylbert
Art Direction
(1/2/0)
Heaven Can Wait
3/8

Neil Corbould
Visual Effects
(2/4/0)[99]
Gladiator
Chris Corbould
Visual Effects
(1/3/0)[100]
Inception
3/7

Denis Sanders
Short Film
(2/2/0)[101]
A Time Out of War
Terry Sanders
Short Film
(2/5/0)[102]
A Time Out of War
3/6

Bub Asman
Sound Editing
(2/5/0)[103]
Letters From Iwo Jima
John Asman
Technical Achievement
(0/0/1)[104]

3/5

Ben Affleck
Writing, Producing
(2/2/0)[105]
Good Will Hunting
Casey Affleck
Actor
(1/2/0)[106]
Manchester by the Sea
3/4

James Goldman
Writing
(1/1/0)[107]
The Lion in Winter
William Goldman
Writing
(2/2/0)[108]
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid
3/3

Richard Sherman
Music
(2/9/0)[109]
Mary Poppins
Robert B. Sherman
Music
(2/9/0)[110]
Mary Poppins
2/9

Ethel Barrymore
Actress
(1/4/0)[111]
None But the Lonely Heart
Lionel Barrymore
Actor
(1/2/0)[112]
A Free Soul
2/6

Todd Boekelheide
Sound
(1/2/0)[113]
Amadeus
Jay Boekelheide
Sound Editing
(1/1/0)[114]
The Right Stuff
2/3

Julius J. Epstein
Writing
(1/4/0)[115]
Casablanca
Philip G. Epstein
Writing
(1/1/0)[116]
Casablanca
1/4

Wolfgang Lauenstein
Short Film
(1/1/0)[117]
Balance
Christoph Lauenstein
Short Film
(1/1/0)[118]
Balance
1/1

text: The Marx Brothers were cited in an honorary award given to Groucho Marx in 1973.[119]

text: In addition to siblings mentioned directly above, these five sets of siblings share acting nominations:[120]

text:
Maggie and Jake Gyllenhaal
Meg and Jennifer Tilly
Julia and Eric Roberts
Jane and Peter Fonda
River and Joaquin Phoenix
Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave

text: One winning family has two generations of nominated siblings: Sofia Coppola has won for writing and been nominated for best picture and best director, and her brother Roman Coppola has been nominated for writing. Their father Francis Ford Coppola, who has multiple wins, and his sister (their aunt) Talia Shire have also both been nominated.

text: Couples[edit]

text: These are the spouses who have won Academy Awards, though not necessarily while they were married.

text: Only two couples have won awards for Best Actor/Actress:[121] Laurence Olivier / Vivien Leigh and Joanne Woodward / Paul Newman. Michael Douglas/Catherine Zeta-Jones[122] and Nicolas Cage/Patricia Arquette have Best Actor and Best Supporting Actress wins. Javier Bardem and Penélope Cruz share Best Supporting awards.

text: Three couples have been nominated for performances in the same film:[121] Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne for The Guardsman; Charles Laughton and Elsa Lanchester for Witness for the Prosecution; Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor for Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?.

text: Only one couple has ever competed head-to-head for the same award. In 2010, Kathryn Bigelow won for directing/producing The Hurt Locker, beating ex-spouse James Cameron, nominated for his film Avatar.

text: Julie Andrews, Lauren Bacall, and Angelina Jolie have each been married to two other winners (Tony Walton/Blake Edwards, Humphrey Bogart/Jason Robards, and Billy Bob Thornton/Brad Pitt, respectively).

text: Judy Garland / Vincente Minnelli and Liza Minnelli / Peter Allen constitute the only instance in which a member of a winning couple (Liza Minnelli) has a parent (in this case, both parents) who is also a member of a winning couple.

text: Shared awards[edit]

text: All the awards and nominations for these couples were for films they worked on together:

text:
Couple
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Alan Bergman
Marilyn Bergman
Music - Original Song
The Thomas Crown Affair
3/16[123]

Charles Huguenot van der Linden[124]
Martina Huguenot van der Linden[125]
Short Documentary
This Tiny World
1/2[126]

Julia Phillips
Michael Phillips
Producer
The Sting
1/2[127]

Sean Fine
Andrea Nix Fine
Short Documentary
Inocente
1/2[128]

Ray McKinnon
Lisa Blount
Short Film
The Accountant
1/1[129]

Ben Shedd
Jacqueline Phillips Shedd[130]
Short Documentary
The Flight of the Gossamer Condor
1/1[131]

Muriel Box
Sydney Box
Writing
The Seventh Veil
1/1[132]

Chris Innis
Bob Murawski
Film Editing
The Hurt Locker
1/1[133]

Earl W. Wallace[134]
Pamela Wallace[135]
Writing
Witness
1/1

Kristen Anderson-Lopez[136]
Robert Lopez[137]
Songwriting
Frozen
1/1

Sandy Reynolds-Wasco[138]
David Wasco[139]
Production Design
La La Land
1/1

text: Separate awards[edit]

text: Couples with at least one unshared award or nomination:

text:
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Name
Awards /
Wins/Nominations/Honorary
Earliest Winning Film
Combined Awards/
Nominations

Joel Coen
Director, Producer, Writer
(4/14/0)[26]
Fargo
Frances McDormand
Actress
(1/4/0)[27]
Fargo
5/18

Laurence Olivier
Actor, Producer
(2/11/1)[140]
Hamlet
Vivien Leigh
Actress
(2/2/0)[141]
Gone with the Wind
5/13

James Cameron
Director, Producer, Editor
(3/6/0)[142]
Titanic
Kathryn Bigelow
Director, Producer
(2/3/0)[143]
The Hurt Locker
5/9

Joanne Woodward
Actress
(1/4/0)[144]
The Three Faces of Eve
Paul Newman
Actor
(1/10/2)[145]
The Color of Money
4/14

Peter Jackson
Director, Producer, Writer
(3/9/0)[146]
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
Fran Walsh
Producer, Writer, Original Song
(3/7/0)[147]
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
4/10

Elizabeth Taylor
Actress
(2/5/1)[148]
BUtterfield 8
Mike Todd
Producer
(1/1/0)[149]
Around the World in 80 Days
4/6

David O. Selznick
Producer
(2/8/1)[32]
Gone with the Wind
Jennifer Jones
Actress
(1/5/0)[33]
The Song of Bernadette
3/13

Holly Hunter
Actress
(1/4/0)[150]
The Piano
Janusz Kamiński
Cinematography
(2/6/0)[151]
Schindler's List
3/10

Dante Ferretti
Art Direction
(3/9/0)[152]
The Aviator
Francesca Lo Schiavo
Set Decoration
(3/8/0)[153]
The Aviator
3/9

John Hubley
Animated Short
(3/7/0)[154]
Moonbird
Faith Hubley
Animated Short
(2/6/0)[155]
The Hole
3/7

Tony Richardson
Producer / Director
(2/2/0)[156]
Tom Jones
Vanessa Redgrave
Actress
(1/4/0)[157]
Julia
3/6

Helen Hayes
Actress
(2/2/0)[158]
The Sin of Madelon Claudet
Charles MacArthur
Writing
(1/3/0)[159]
The Scoundrel
3/5

Billy Bob Thornton
Writing
(1/3/0)[30]
Sling Blade
Angelina Jolie
Actress
(1/2/1)[28]
Girl, Interrupted
3/5

Brad Pitt
Producing
(1/6/0)[29]
12 Years a Slave
3/8

John Toll
Cinematography
(2/3/0)[160]
Legends of the Fall
Lois Burwell
Makeup
(1/2/0)[161]
Braveheart
3/5

Jason Robards
Actor
(2/3/0)[162]
All the President's Men
Lauren Bacall
Honorary
(0/1/1)[163]

3/4

Humphrey Bogart
Actor
(1/3/0)[164]
The African Queen
2/4

Michael Douglas
Producer, Actor
(2/2/0)[70]
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Catherine Zeta-Jones
Supporting Actress
(1/1/0)[72]
Chicago
3/3

Douglas Fairbanks
Honorary
(0/0/1)[165]

Mary Pickford
Actress
(1/1/1)[166]
Coquette
3/1

Anne Bancroft
Actress
(1/5/0)[167]
The Miracle Worker
Mel Brooks
Writing
(1/3/0)[168]
The Producers
2/8

Julie Andrews
Actress
(1/3/0)[169]
Mary Poppins
Tony Walton
Costume Design
(1/5/0)[170]
All That Jazz
2/8

Blake Edwards
Honorary
(0/1/1)[171]

2/4

Sam Mendes
Director
(1/1/0)[172]
American Beauty
Kate Winslet
Actress
(1/6/0)[173]
The Reader
2/7

Taylor Hackford
Short Film
(1/3/0)[174]
Teenage Father
Helen Mirren
Actress
(1/5/0)[175]
The Queen
2/7

Spike Jonze
Director, Producer, Writer, Actor
(1/4/0)[176]
Her
Sofia Coppola
Director, Producer, Screenwriter
(1/3/0)[177]
Lost in Translation
2/7

George Miller
Writer/Director/Producer
(1/6/0)[178]
Happy Feet
Margaret Sixel
Editor
(1/1/0)[179]
Mad Max: Fury Road
2/7

Marcia Lucas
Film Editing
(1/2/0)[180]
Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope
George Lucas
Honorary
(0/4/1)[181]
Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award
2/6

Javier Bardem
Supporting Actor
(1/3/0)[182]
No Country for Old Men
Penélope Cruz
Supporting Actress
(1/3/0)[183]
Vicky Cristina Barcelona
2/6

Judy Garland
Honorary - Juvenile Performance
(0/2/1)[66]
The Wizard of Oz
Vincente Minnelli
Director
(1/2/0)[68]
Gigi
2/4

Edna Anhalt
Writing
(1/2/0)[184]
Panic in the Streets
Edward Anhalt
Writing
(2/3/0)[185]
Panic in the Streets
2/3

Liza Minnelli
Actress
(1/2/0)[186]
Cabaret
Peter Allen
Songwriter
(1/1/0)[69]
Arthur
2/3

William Friedkin
Director
(1/2/0)[187]
The French Connection
Sherry Lansing
Producer
(0/1/1)[188]
Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
2/3

Richard Zanuck
Producer
(1/3/1)[38]
Driving Miss Daisy
Lili Fini Zanuck[39]
Producer
(1/1/0)[40]
Driving Miss Daisy
2/3

Callie Khouri
Screenwriter
(1/1/0)[189]
Thelma and Louise
T Bone Burnett
Original Song
(1/2/0)[190]
Crazy Heart
2/3

Nicolas Cage
Actor
(1/2/0)[18]
Leaving Las Vegas
Patricia Arquette
Supporting Actress
(1/1/0)[19]
Boyhood
2/3

text: Other[edit]

text: Carl Laemmle Jr. (1/1/0),[191] who produced Best Picture winner All Quiet on the Western Front but was not nominated for the award because at the time the production company (in this case Universal) and not individual producers were nominated, and director William Wyler (3/14/1)[192] (Mrs. Miniver), were cousins.

text: Susan Sarandon (1/5/0)[193] (Dead Man Walking) has two children with former partner Tim Robbins (1/2/0)[194] (Mystic River). Robbins directed Sarandon in her winning performance in Dead Man Walking.[195]

text: Casey Affleck (1/2/0)[196] (The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Manchester by the Sea) is the brother of Ben Affleck (2/2/0)[197] (Good Will Hunting and Argo) and brother-in-law of Joaquin Phoenix (0/3/0)[198] (Gladiator, Walk the Line, and The Master).