document_title: LA to Vegas

question_text: who is the captain on la to vegas

question_tokens: who is the captain on la to vegas

text: LA to Vegas

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series follows the lives of crew and passengers of a discount airline that makes regular Friday-to-Sunday getaway flights from Los Angeles to Las Vegas. The stories revolve around recurring themes of hope and disappointment.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kim Matula as Veronica "Ronnie" Messing, a veteran flight attendant for Jackpot Airlines, a budget service operating out of Las Vegas.
Ed Weeks as Colin McCormack, a British professor of economics at UCLA. He and Ronnie strike up a romance after he separates from his wife. He travels to Las Vegas every weekend to visit his son.
Nathan Lee Graham as Bernard Jasser, a male flight attendant who works alongside Ronnie.
Olivia Macklin as Nichole Hayes, a professional stripper who uses Jackpot Airlines to fly between Los Angeles and Vegas for work.
Peter Stormare as Artem, an eccentric Russian bookie and gambler. It was later discovered that he works as a dentist when he’s not gambling in Las Vegas.
Dylan McDermott[1] as Captain David "Dave" Pratman, who became a pilot for Jackpot after being honorably discharged from the Air Force (thus ruining his dream of being a fighter pilot). He indulges in drugs, alcohol, and women to forget the pain of his failed marriage(s).

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Amir Talai as Alan, the co-pilot.
Kether Donohue as Meghan, Colin's ex-wife.
Dermot Mulroney as Captain Steve Jasser[5], one of Pratman's rivals.
Josh Duhamel as Captain Kyle[6]
Don Johnson as Jack Silver[7]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
Steven Levitan
Lon Zimmet
January 2, 2018 (2018-01-02)
1LAS01
3.76[8]

Jackpot Airlines flight attendant Ronnie Messing learns during a trip that the coveted job she wanted on Delta's JFK route has gone to her coworker Jill; furious, she quits her job on the spot. She bonds with Colin McCormack, the British economics professor sitting next to her, and the two attempt to have sex before being interrupted by Captain Dave. The experience convinces her to backtrack on her decision, but not before learning that he's married. Frequent flyer Artem, a professional bookie, tries to make money betting on the other passengers, while Captain Dave, struggling with his failed marriage, keeps trying to pick up women to Ronnie's disgust. However, he redeems himself by using Muay Thai to subdue an angry passenger. Colin, who turns out to be separated from his wife, leaves her behind in Vegas for a chance to start a relationship with Ronnie.

2
"The Yips and the Dead"
Steven Levitan
Lon Zimmet
January 9, 2018 (2018-01-09)
1LAS02
2.65[9]

Ronnie decides at the last second to break off a date with Colin, putting their relationship in jeopardy. During a flight, an elderly passenger sitting next to Nicole suddenly passes away, and protocol dictates that the body cannot be disposed of until the plane lands. Despite efforts to cover up the death, Nicole accidentally reveals it and incites panic. A more serious crisis emerges when Captain Dave finds himself unable to land the plane due to a nervous tic, and refuses to let his co-pilot Alan take over out of professional pride. When Alan knocks himself unconscious by tripping over the body, Ronnie enters the cockpit and persuades Dave that his condition is all in his head while Artem rallies the passengers to celebrate that they are still alive. The flight lands successfully, and Ronnie tries to apologize to Colin; he informs her that whatever they had won't work. Ronnie reluctantly agrees and sulks off to get drunk.

3
"Two and a Half Pilots"
Beth McCarthy-Miller
Lon Zimmet
January 16, 2018 (2018-01-16)
1LAS03
2.77[10]

After Captain Dave breaks his wrist, his nemesis Captain Steve is brought in to fly in his place. Almost immediately, Steve's demanding nature clashes with Ronnie and Bernard's laid-back behavior. An argument between Steve and Dave eventually comes to blows; because Steve forced Dave to sit in the cabin, Dave is not considered a pilot, and Steve is arrested for assaulting a passenger. Before Captain Dave can reassume his role as pilot, Captain Kyle is called in as a second replacement. Meanwhile, Colin learns that the play palace he booked for his son's birthday party has been shut down, so Artem and Nicole step in to transform the Grapefroots strip club into something slightly more suitable for young children.

4
"The Affair"
Linda Mendoza
Alison Bennett
January 23, 2018 (2018-01-23)
1LAS04
2.61[11]

Jackpot Airlines passengers contend with new, restrictive fees that lock down everything from overhead bins to bathroom access. Ronnie notices Dean, a frequent flier, with an unfamiliar woman and suspects him of cheating on his wife. Against the advice of others, she confronts them, earning the ire of the rest of the plane and prompting Dean to berate her. Colin attempts to make Dean apologize, and after the two get physical, Dean reveals that he is an unmarried air marshal on vacation with his girlfriend and takes Colin into custody. Captain Dave flirts with air traffic controller Gwen and eventually asks her out, only to be met and chastised by her supervisor upon landing.

5
"The Fellowship of the Bear"
Don Scardino
Mathew Harawitz
February 6, 2018 (2018-02-06)
1LAS05
2.52[12]

Captain Dave insults his plane's cleanup crew, prompting them to expose the plane to odors so foul that the passengers must disembark. As he and Bernard attempt to combat the smells, Dave realizes his insensitivity and buys pastries as an apology, only to give them to a similar-looking crew by mistake. Ronnie and Colin scour the Las Vegas airport and the TSA confiscated items vault looking for his son's favorite stuffed bear, only to watch as a bomb squad disposes of it by blowing it up. After seeing how distraught this makes Colin, Ronnie offers his son a beloved stuffed animal of her own as a replacement. Artem teaches Nicole how to play poker, only to be taken aback when she begins winning immediately.

6
"#PilotFight"
Eva Longoria
Ian Brennan
February 27, 2018 (2018-02-27)
1LAS07
2.36[13]

Suffering from a toothache, Ronnie visits a dentist's office and immediately flees when she learns the dentist is Artem. Captain Dave and a disgraced Captain Steve reignite their rivalry and challenge each other to a fistfight. As Bernard unsuccessfully tries to stop the conflict, Nichole collects bets from airport employees and travelers, Colin trains Dave to box, and Artem performs an emergency procedure on Ronnie's tooth. Just as the fight begins, Ronnie breaks things up and convinces the two to put their differences aside. Dave helps Steve become reinstated as a pilot, but they quickly begin fighting again when they realize only one of them can be the captain for their return flight.

7
"Things to Do in Vegas When You're Grounded"
Jeffrey Walker
Josh Bycel & Jonathan Fener
March 6, 2018 (2018-03-06)
1LAS08
2.08[14]

Jackpot grounds Captain Dave's plane in Las Vegas, and everyone takes advantage of their free evening. Ronnie and Nichole hit the town on a double date in a fancy restaurant with two magicians who constantly perform tricks. Colin receives his divorce papers, and Captain Dave decides to organize a "guy's night" with Artem, Bernard, and Alan joining in. They pre-game back on the plane and get stranded there after the jetway crew pulls the plane away from the gate. After more drinks, Colin realizes he still has feelings for Ronnie, and the rest of the guys convince him to act on them. Colin finally gets off the plane and rushes to meet Ronnie, finding her just as she is leaving with the restaurant's owner.

8
"Parking Lot B"
Fred Savage
Danielle Sanchez-Witzel
March 13, 2018 (2018-03-13)
1LAS06
2.05[15]

Ronnie gets evicted from her apartment after accidentally lighting its garbage chute on fire. She briefly rooms with Bernard, whose numerous rules quickly get the better of her. She then stays with Captain Dave in Parking Lot B, a trailer park with a music festival vibe and quirky residents. She overstays her welcome there by letting loose too aggressively, and the community kicks her out. Ronnie eventually apologizes to Dave and moves back in with Bernard to help teach herself discipline. Colin receives poor reviews from his students and enlists the help of Bernard and Nichole to improve his job performance, which dramatically improves after he starts using stripping techniques to maintain the attention of his students. Dave loses a bet with Artem and lies about his whereabouts to avoid paying his debt.

9
"Overbooked"
Jaffar Mahmood
Margee Magee
March 20, 2018 (2018-03-20)
1LAS09
2.17[16]

Jackpot overbooks a flight to Vegas on the same day as a big MMA fight, and the crew must convince four passengers to disembark. Once food and beverage service stop, Nichole steps in and begins selling her stockpile of snacks at exorbitant prices. Bryan surprises Ronnie by attempting to stage their first date on the flight, but the demands of trying to contend with the angry passengers prevent her from spending any time with him. Artem is seated next to a ventriloquist, whose rude dummy eventually sends him into a rage, and the ensuing fight vacates their three seats on the plane. A dejected Bryan offers to give up his seat as well, and the plane can finally take off. After landing in Vegas, Colin offers to have drinks with a frustrated Ronnie, but Bryan appears and whisks her off on a proper date first.

10
"Bernard's Birthday"
John Riggi
Jen D'Angelo
March 27, 2018 (2018-03-27)
1LAS10
1.98[17]

Nichole's mother Patricia, an uptight politician, joins her in Vegas on the same weekend as Bernard's lavish Bible-themed birthday party, which the regular Jackpot crew attends. Never having told her mother about her profession, Nichole attempts to maintain an air of innocence by pretending to date Captain Dave. While Bernard struggles to impress the party-goers, Colin connects with a woman who is similar to his ex-wife. Their constant flirting makes Ronnie jealous, and her efforts to break them up cause her to neglect Bryan. Dave eventually explains that his relationship with Nichole is a sham and convinces Patricia to go on a date with him. After Dave reveals this, Nichole continues to save face with her mother by pretending to date Ronnie instead. Colin almost goes home with his new woman, but returns to the party after discovering her poor rating on Lyft. As the festivities wind down, Ronnie apologizes to Bryan for her absence, and the Jackpot crew inadvertently recreate The Last Supper.

11
"Jack Silver"
Linda Mendoza
Jason Berger & Amina Munir
April 3, 2018 (2018-04-03)
1LAS11
1.96[18]

Jack Silver, the CEO of Jackpot Airlines, joins the crew on a flight to Vegas as a PR stunt. Colin brags that he has never lost a bet, so Artem and Nichole bet him that he cannot say fewer than 150 words before they land. While fighting over which of them is the more dedicated employee, Ronnie and Bernard drop Jack's steak lunch, but clean it off and serve it to him anyway. A teenage boy films this, expecting to go viral with the footage, and Ronnie fears that she will lose her job. While visiting Captain Dave in the cockpit, Jack learns that he is to be indicted upon landing, so he hijacks the plane and attempts to fly to Mexico. Ronnie overrides Jack's lock on the cockpit door and, after Jack escapes by pretending to jump out of the plane, everyone lands safely in Vegas. Nichole convinces the boy to delete his footage of Ronnie by offering to pretend to be his girlfriend. Artem is overjoyed to find that his long-standing cold streak is over thanks to Colin losing their bet, so he forgives Colin's debts.

12
"Training Day"
Jim Hensz
Lon Zimmet & Jess Pineda & Jeremy Roth
April 10, 2018 (2018-04-10)
1LAS12
2.15[19]

Ronnie, Bernard, and Captain Dave attend Jackpot's yearly training seminar. Instead of the booze-fueled banger of years past, the seminar is straight-laced and orderly thanks to customer complaints about the LA to Vegas crew. Dave makes inroads with the younger pilots by telling embarrassing stories about Ronnie and Bernard's on-duty behavior; these stories spread around the seminar, and the two are suspended indefinitely. Thanks to drugged food from the Jackpot crew in Reno, chaos breaks out on the flight home that the younger crew and pilots cannot contain. With Dave helping from the cockpit, Ronnie and Bernard get the situation under control, and Jackpot lifts their suspensions as a thank-you for their efforts. Meanwhile, Colin, Artem, and Nichole stake out a slot machine in the airport that's due to pay out a huge jackpot. After luring an old woman away from it and enduring a lengthy power outage, they repeatedly play the machine to no avail; soon after they give up, someone else wins the jackpot.

13
"The Dinner Party"
Melissa Kosar
Seth Raab & Nicholas Darrow
April 17, 2018 (2018-04-17)
1LAS13
1.95[20]

To entertain Bryan on his trip to Los Angeles, Ronnie hosts a dinner party at Bernard's apartment and invites the Jackpot crew. Captain Dave arrives with Patricia, hoping to make the night their first official date, but she spends most of the party working. Colin attends with his Uber driver as his date, but her accommodating demeanor makes him wonder if she still considers him a passenger. Artem insists that Nichole read his new action-musical screenplay and is hurt when she reveals that she didn't like it. With the party underway, Ronnie realizes she didn't order the prepared meals she thought she did; as she scrambles to cook dinner from scratch, the demands of hosting cause her to lash out at everyone. Bryan consoles Ronnie after her outburst, and the two order Taco Bell as a replacement meal. As the party winds down, Bryan asks Ronnie to move in with him in Las Vegas. Colin hooks up with his date, while Dave and Patricia break up after they can't agree on how serious their relationship is.

14
"Captain Dave's On a Roll"[21]
TBA
TBA
April 24, 2018 (2018-04-24)
1LAS14
TBD

15
"The Proposal"[22]
TBA
TBA
May 1, 2018 (2018-05-01)
1LAS15
TBD

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 56% based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 5.84/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Refreshingly lewd humor and funny, relatable characters are crammed into LA to Vegas alongside pacing problems and a dearth of punchlines, leaving this sitcom's high-flying potential stuck in an amiable holding pattern."[23] On Metacritic, the season has a weighted average score of 43 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[24]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Pilot"
January 2, 2018
1.1/4
3.76[8]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

2
"The Yips and the Dead"
January 9, 2018
0.8/3
2.65[9]
0.6
1.72
1.4
4.37[25]

3
"Two and a Half Pilots"
January 16, 2018
0.9/3
2.77[10]
0.6
1.50
1.5
4.27[26]

4
"The Affair"
January 23, 2018
0.8/3
2.61[11]
0.6
1.45
1.4
4.06[27]

5
"The Fellowship of the Bear"
February 6, 2018
0.8/3
2.52[12]
N/A
1.21
N/A
3.73[28]

6
"#PilotFight"
February 27, 2018
0.7/3
2.36[13]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

7
"Things to Do in Vegas When You're Grounded"
March 6, 2018
0.7/3
2.08[14]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

8
"Parking Lot B"
March 13, 2018
0.7/3
2.05[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

9
"Overbooked"
March 20, 2018
0.7/3
2.17[16]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

10
"Bernard's Birthday"
March 27, 2018
0.6/2
1.98[17]
0.5
N/A
1.1[29]
N/A

11
"Jack Silver"
April 3, 2018
0.7/3
1.96[18]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

12
"Training Day"
April 10, 2018
0.7/3
2.15[19]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

13
"The Dinner Party"
April 17, 2018
0.6/2
1.95[20]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD


document_title: Doc McStuffins

question_text: who does the voice for the hippo on doc mcstuffins

root

text: Doc McStuffins

text: Premise[edit]

text: The series chronicles freckled,[6] seven-year-old (later Eight[7]) Dotie "Doc" McStufins[8] who decides she wants to become a doctor like her mother, a pediatrician. The show takes place in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. She practices her dream by fixing toys and dolls. In the UK, the show was redubbed using British voice actors, replacing the original American soundtrack.

tag: p

text: When she activates her magic stethoscope (similar to an amulet or talisman), she can create a variety of supernatural effects, including traveling through time.[9] Her most regular use of it in the show is to cause toys, dolls, and stuffed animals to come to life. They are able to move, speak, hear, see and smell, and she can interact with them. With help from her stuffed friends – Stuffy the Dragon (a.k.a. Stuffy Filbert McStuffins), Hallie the Hippo, Lambie the Lamb, and Chilly the Snowman – Doc helps toys recover, or "feel better", by giving them check-ups and diagnosing their fictional illnesses with an encyclopedia called "The Big Book of Boo Boos" and another encyclopedia called "The Big Vet Book" for her toy pets when she's a veterinarian. In Season four the Big Book of Boo Boos and The Big Vet Book goes Hi Tech in a tablet form.

text: Each 11-minute episode includes original songs. During ending credits in Season 1, Doc gives advice to viewers about staying healthy. Seasons 1 and 2 have the original intro for the theme song, but in Season 3, the spoken line by Doc at the end of the theme song was re-recorded with Doc's new voice. In Season 3 Doc opens up a veterinarian clinic for fixing toy pets in addition to the regular medical services that she provides for the other toys. In Season 4, Doc's Grandma reveals her own magical stethoscope and teleports her and Doc to McStuffinsville, a magical city populated by living toys, and puts Doc in charge of the McStuffinsville Hospital.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Humans[edit]

text:
Dottie "Doc" McStuffins, a 6-year-old (Later 7) girl with the power to bring toys to life with her magical stethoscope
Donny McStuffins, Doc's 4 (Later 5)-year-old brother
Mr. Marcus McStuffins, Doc's stay-at-home dad
Dr. Maisha McStuffins, Doc's mother
Maya Alana McStuffins, Doc and Donny's new adopted baby sister, referred to as "Baby McStuffins" prior to being named
April McStuffins, Doc, Donny and Maya's paternal Grandmother
Emily "Emmie", Doc's gymnast[10] and pianist[11] best human friend
Alma, Emmie's younger sister
Dr. Peerless, Dr. Maisha McStuffins' peer at the clinic
Luca Stevens, one of Donny's friends
Tisha McStuffins, Doc's paternal cousin who gives her Hootsburgh and Queen Ameena/Amina. She is the daughter of Marcus' older sister.[12]
Will Wright, Donny's friend and soccer teammate
Carlos Ortiz, Doc and Donny's friend
Henry Dilly, Doc and Donny's friend
Dev, a kid who accidentally transported to McStuffinsville and becomes the leader of the McStuffinsville's First Responders.

tag: ul

text: Toys[edit]

text:
(Queen) Amena (Amina) Sparkly Queen of the World is a monarch Doc receives from her cousin Tisha.[13] Some of the other toys including The Wicked King once consider her as "bossy" but Doc objects to that label.[14]
Army Al, a toy soldier
Awesome Guy, a Super Hero action figure
Bella, a ballerina
Ben and Anna, a pair of Huggy Monkeys plushies
Bonnie Blue, a toy horse on wheels
Boppy, a toy punching bag shaped like a dog. (Voiced By James Arnold Taylor)
Bronty, a waterproof brontosaurus
Buddy, a toy dump truck
(Creepy Crawly) Charlie, a stuffed three eye monster who is not scary but very friendly.
Commander Crush, a Transformer type spacebot action figure that morphs into a space vehicle.
Darla, a toy fox who helps in emergency's (Doc Toy Hospital)
Dragon-Bot a hi tech robotic dragon
(Dress-Up) Daisy, a dress-up doll
Farmer Mack, a toy farmer based on the Playmobil line of toys
Gabby, a stuffed toy giraffe
Gillian, an Irish Giantess doll based on a series of storybooks
Glo-Bo, a six armed monster that glows in the dark
Gloria, a purple stuffed toy gorilla who loves to giggle
Hermie, a toy crab
(Professor) Hootsburgh (a.k.a. Hootie) a stuffed owl
(Big) Jack and (Little) Jack (a.k.a. Little J), a pair of Jack in the Boxes who are also father and son
Jony, a pony
Lala Koala, the new baby toy
Lenny, a toy pumper fire truck
Lieutenant[15] Luna 2200[16] an astronaut with a pet mechanical dog (Space Rover) Olivia 0-197-0 a.k.a. Liv[17]
(Wicked) King (a.k.a. Percy[citation needed]), a limbless monarch, similar in style to the original Fisher-Price Little People toys.
(Sir) Kirby, a knight
Merlinda, a wind up mermaid
Millie Microphone, a CD player & Karaoke machine
Niles, a toy crane
Nikki Nickel, a toy piggy bank
Oooey Gablooey, a gel-filled stretch toy
(Officer) Pete, a large scale metal die cast toy police car
Pickles, a blue stuffed bunny with a green button nose, similar to the Care Bears/Care Bear Cousins stuffed toys
Rescue Rhonda, a yellow remote-control helicopter who serves as an aerial ambulance for the hospital
Robot Ray, a toy robot
Squibbles McStuffins,[18] Stuffy's furry pet critter
Star Blazer Zero, an intergalactic action figure
Stanley, a toy lion with parts of a toy rabbit
Surfer Girl, a surfboard-riding wind up toy
Susie Sunshine, a large doll
Tavia, a toy sea otter
Teddy B, a teddy bear
Twiggley, a toy squirrel
Val, a heart shaped stuffed toy that Doc received as a gift for Valentine's Day

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Laya DeLeon Hayes (US) and Abriella Bierer (UK)[citation needed] as Doctor[19] Dottie "Doc" McStuffins, a girl with the power to bring toys to life with her magical stethoscope, the main protagonist of the series. Her maternal grandfather has survived heart[20] and knee replacement surgery. Doc was voiced by Kiara Muhammad (US) and Eden Jarret (UK) for seasons 1-2.
Robbie Rist (US) and Bob Golding (UK) (or Ben Schwartz in "The Doc Files") as Stuffy Philbert[21] McStuffins,[22][23] a brave[24] blue stuffed toy[25] dragon who is the bravest yet clumsiest dragon around but has a terrifying fear of spiders.
Lara Jill Miller (US) and Teresa Gallagher (UK) as Lambie McStuffins[citation needed], a stuffed[25] lamb in a pink tutu who is Doc's best friend[24] and loves to give out cuddles and supporting character Arcade Worker, a human character who works at Archie's Arcade and Witch Hazel.
Jess Harnell (US) and Tom Eastwood (UK) as Chilly McStuffins,[26] a plump[27] stuffed[28] plush[29] snowman who worries a lot,[24] and supporting characters Buddy, the Singing Turtle on the Plaque, the Halloween Bat decoration, Morton, Rodriguez the Foosball Player, Bozini the Foosball Goaltender, Fabulous Fabio, the Wicked King, and the Dude.
Loretta Devine (US) and Maria Darling (UK) as Hallie McStuffins,[26] named after the "Nurse Hallie" incarnation of the "Hallie Hippo" toy series[30]), a stuffed plush[31] purple hippopotamus in a candy striped nurse's outfit, and supporting characters Hattie the Nurse and Addie the Receptionist at the clinic where Myiesha McStuffins works with Dr. Peerless.
Kimberly Brooks (US) and Niki Felstead (UK) (also credited as Kim Brooks and Kimberly D. Brooks) as Dr. Maisha[32] McStuffins (Doc and Donny's mother, named based on Dr. Myiesha Taylor[33]) and supporting character Surfer Girl.
Gary Anthony Williams (US) and Benjamin Small (UK) as Marcus McStuffins,[citation needed] Doc and Donny's father, a stay-at-home dad and chef extraordinaire.
Jaden Betts then Sayeed Shahidi and later Andre Robinson (US) and Luca Townsend (UK) as Donny McStuffins, Doc's younger brother who is 4 years old.[24]

text: Guest stars and additional voices[edit]

text:
Karen O'Brien As Maya Alana McStuffins
China Anne McClain as Tisha McStuffins
Janice Kawaye as Kiko
Ty Burrell as Big Jack
Laraine Newman as Aurora, Professor Hootsburgh and Southwest Sal
James Arnold Taylor as Boppy, Teddy, and Carl Chug-a-Chug
Jeffrey Tambor as Santa Claus
Jim Belushi as Glo-Bo
Stephen Stanton as Gustav
Ari Rubin as Hermie and Tremaine
Nolan Gould as Little Jack
Tiffany Thornton as Xyla
Lisa Loeb as Millie Microphone
Ian Gomez as Ricardo Racecar
Dennis Farina as Riggo
Dee Bradley Baker as Robot Ray, Sebastian, Squibbles and Fetchin' Findo
Camryn Manheim as Rescue Ronda
Rob Paulsen as Angus and Sir Kirby
G.K. Bowes as Merlinda
John Michael Higgins as Star Blazer Zero
Dharbi Jens as Melinda
Amy Smith and Caitlin Carmichael as Alma
Kyle Anderson as Emmie
Curtis Harris as Henry Diloy
Amy Betts as Anne
Georgina Cordova a.k.a. Georgie Kidder as Louie
Jay Gragnani as Will Wrighy
Elan Garfias and Teo Briones as Carlo
David Boat as Awesome Guy
Tom Kenny as Walter and Rabbit
Grey DeLisle (also credited as Grey Griffin) as Lula, and Gracie
Dave B. Mitchell (credited as Dave Mitchell) as Boomer
Colette Whitaker as Moo Moo
Brad Abrell as Mr. Chomp
Lacey Chabert as Gaby
Jeffrey Nicholas Brown as Bronty and Ben
Jeff Fischer as Lenny the Fire Engine
Charlie Schlatter as Niles
Amber Hood as Susie Sunshine
Julianne Buescher as Bella the Ballerina
Hynden Walch as Bubble Monkey, Tavia and Nikki Nickel
Audrey Wasilewski as Penny the Possum
Caitlyn Leone as Pip, Flip and Trip Possum
Colleen O'Shaughnessey as Pickles the Bunny
Michael Gough as Officer Pete
Jennifer Hale as Val
Jason Marsden as Teddy B.
James Buddy Handleson as Luca Pearl
Tim Dadabo as Norton
Angie Wu as Maddie Chow
Tom Cavanagh as Big Jack (Chip Off The Ol' Box episode)
Brady Tutton as Little Jack (Chip Off The Ol' Box episode)
Sutton Foster as Frida Fairy
Jack Conely as Dragon-Bot
Josh Keaton as Johnny Foosball
Liza Del Mundo as Leilani
Amy Sedaris as Dress Up Daisy
Mela Lee as Katherine
Mike Vaughn as Stuntman Steve
Gunnar Sizemore as Jacob Halfpenny
David Kaufman as Wilbur and Sproingo Boingo
Sam Riegel as Orville
Lori Alan as Gloria the Gorilla
Tony Hale as Tobias The Elf
Steve Blum as Commander Crush and Sidney
Molly Shannon as Rita the Cheetah
Alexandra Ryan as Dolly and Dr. Peerless
Matthew Wayne as Declan Smith
Peter MacNicol as Lil Egghead
Paula Rhodes as Peaches Pie
Kath Soucie as Celeste
Catherine Cavadini as Dart
Grace Kaufman as Ramona Marcus
Adam Croasdell as Wildlife Will
Kyla Kenedy as Tamara Cranshaw
Rio Mangini as Ian Sheridan
Chris Nee as Emmie and Alma's Mom
Marieve Herington as Waddly Penguin
Lexi Glouberman as Dress Up Daisy (Blazer's Bike episode)
Cherami Leigh as Nia and Curly Q
Nika Futterman as Rosie
Angelique Perri as Spritzy Mitzi
Bernardo De Paula as Saltwater Serge
Geena Davis as Princess Persephone
Frank Welker as Creepy Cuddly Charlie Monster
Joanne Froggatt as Florence Nightingale
Lesley Nicol as Pip
Matt Milne as Bernard
Nigel Harman as Doodle Doo
Robert Bathurst as Admiral Fiddlesticks
Patton Oswalt as Count Clarence the Magnificent
Rodger Bumpass as Army Al
Arturo Del Puerto as Pop Up Paulo
Michelle Obama as Herself[34]
Jim Cummings as Winnie the Pooh and Tigger[35]
Travis Oates as Piglet[35]
Peter Cullen as Eeyore[35]
Oliver Bell as Christopher Robin[35]
Ludacris as Get-Well Gus[36]

text:
TBA as Gillian the Giant
Cristina Milizia as Lala
Ashley Nicole Selich as Stella
Kelly Stables as Joni the Pony
Anthony Anderson as Stanley
Meira Blinkoff
Joe Ochman
Debi Derryberry as Twiggly
Ellen Pompeo as Willow

text: The show's voice director is Maria Estrada.

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
26
March 23, 2012 (2012-03-23)
May 3, 2013 (2013-05-03)

2
37
September 6, 2013 (2013-09-06)
September 12, 2015 (2015-09-12)

3
29
July 2, 2015 (2015-07-02)
April 25, 2016 (2016-04-25)

4
28
July 29, 2016 (2016-07-29)
November 2017 (2017-11)

5
28
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
TBA

tag: table

text: Broadcast history[edit]

text: In the United States, Doc McStuffins first premiered on March 23, 2012, on Disney-ABC networks Disney Channel and Disney Junior. On June 5, 2012, Disney Junior renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on September 6, 2013. On January 8, 2014, the series was renewed for a third season which premiered on November 2, 2014.[37] On April 14, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season by Disney Junior, which premiered on August 5, 2016. It is titled "Doc McStuffins: Toy Hospital".[38]

text: In the UK, the show premiered on June 4, 2012, using British voice actors, replacing the original American soundtrack.

text: In Canada, the show started airing on the Canadian Disney Junior channel on April 8, 2012.[39] The show also is aired in many foreign countries and has been dubbed into several languages.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received positive reviews and criticisms after its release. Kia Morgan Smith of Cincomom.com said that "It truly warmed my heart and almost brought tears to my eyes when my 8-year-old, Mikaela, saw 'Doc McStuffins' for the first time and said, 'Wow, mommy — she's brown,'"[40] Myiesha Taylor of CoilyEmbrace.com said that "This program featuring a little African-American girl and her family is crucial to changing the future of this nation." Taylor also applauded the concept of its portrayal of a young black girl who wishes to follow in the footsteps of her mother as a doctor as the lead character, that inspired her to collect pictures of 131 doctors — all women of color — and publish a collage online under the heading, 'We Are Doc McStuffins.'"[41]

text: The program is also a ratings hit on Disney Junior. The series premiere attracted 1.08 million children ages 2 to 5, and the show has attracted an average of 918,000 viewers in the same demographic, leading AdWeek magazine to dub the show an "improbable ratings juggernaut".[42]

text: In 2013, $500 million worth of Doc McStuffins merchandise was sold,[43] something New York Times writers claimed industry experts said "seems to be setting a record" for a "toy line based on an African-American character". They also said the character had broad appeal and the toys sold well to all demographics.[44]

text: In 2016, news that Disney had yet to formally renew the program for a fifth season resulted in a number of celebrities, including W. Kamau Bell, Jamilah Lemieux and Audra McDonald to appeal Disney to continue the program. Chris Nee, the show's creator, tweeted that she would report immediately if she received any news of the show being picked up, commenting that the writing staff was eager to continue with new stories.[45]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

2014
British Academy Children's Awards[46]
International
Norton Virgien, Theresa Mayer, Chris Nee
Nominated

2016
Kidscreen Awards[47]
Best Animated Series
Tied with Sarah & Duck
Won

2015
NAACP Image Award
Outstanding Children's Program
"Doc McStuffins"
Won

2014
74th Annual Peabody Award
Peabody Award
"Doc McStuffins"
Won

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Collection
Included episodes
Release date

Friendship is the Best Medicine
"Engine Nine, Feelin' Fine!" and "The Right Stuff", "Caught Blue-Handed" and "To Squeak, or Not to Squeak", "Ben/Anna Split!" and "That's Just Claw-Ful", "The Rip Heard Round the World" and "Walkie-Talkie Time", "Dark Knight" and "Hallie Gets an Earful"
August 21, 2012

Time for Your Check Up
"Gulpy, Gulpy Gators!" and "One Note Wonder", "Tea Party Tantrum" and "Blast Off!", "Arcade Escapade" and "Starry, Starry Night", "Bronto Boo-Boos" and "Brontosaurus Breath", "Doctoring The Doc" and "Hot Pursuit"
May 7, 2013

Mobile Clinic
"Doc McStuffins Goes McMobile" and "Chip Off the Ol' Box", "Doc to the Rescue" and "Don't Knock the Noggin", "Out of the Box" and "Run Down Race Car", "Rescue Ronda, Ready for Take off" and "All Washed Up", "Rest Your Rotors, Ronda!" and "Keep on Truckin'"
March 18, 2014

School of Medicine
"Chilly Gets Chilly" and "Through The Reading Glasses", "Hallie's Happy Birthday" and "Shark-Style Toothache", "Think Pink" and "You Foose, You Lose", "Disco Dress Up Daisy" and "The Glider Brothers", "Celestial Celeste" and "Run Doc, Run!"
September 9, 2014

Cuddle Me Lambie
"My Huggy Valentine" and "Dusty Bear", "Awesome Guy's Awesome Arm" and "Lamb in a Jam", "Kirby and the King" and "Bubble Monkey, Blow Your Nose!", "A Day Without Cuddles" and "Collide-o-scope", "Mirror, Mirror On My Penguin" and "Hide and Eek!"
February 3, 2015

Pet Vet
"Fetchin Findo" and "Twin Tweaks", "Three Goats A Cuddlin'" and "Swimmer's Belly", "A Dragon's Best Friend", "Stuffy & Squibbles" and "Queen Of Thrones", "Take Your Pet To The Vet" and "Master And Commander"
November 3, 2015

Toy Hospital
"Welcome To McStuffinsville", "Baby McStuffins and Selfless Snowman", "Runaway Love and Tour De McStuffins", "Bringing Home Baby", "Baby Names and Night Night, Lala!"
October 18, 2016

text: Video game adaptations[edit]

text: "Doc McStuffins Pet Vet" was released on iOS and Android.[48]

text: Feel Good Games[edit]

text: There are a variety of games specifically focused on the series,[49] including:

text:
Big Air Adventure[50] a 5-series crossover of title characters from Henry Hugglemonster, Jake and the Never Land Pirates, Miles from Tomorrowland, and Sofia the First
Doc McStuffins Sticker Book[51]
Doc Me[52]
Doc's Seek and Find[53]
Doc's Snowman Rollup[54]
Doc's Summertime Clinic[55]
Frost Magic[56]
Sparkly Ball Sports[57]
Stuffy's Scramble[58]
The Doc Mobile[59]

tag: ol


document_title: Oil immersion

question_text: different types of oils that can be used with an oio lens

text: Oil immersion

text: Theoretical background[edit]

text: Lenses reconstruct the light scattered by an object. To successfully achieve this end, ideally, all the diffraction orders have to be collected. This is related to the opening angle of the lens and its refractive index. The resolution of a microscope is defined as the minimum separation needed between two objects under examination in order for the microscope to discern them as separate objects. This minimum distance is labelled δ. If two objects are separated by a distance shorter than δ, they will appear as a single object in the microscope.

text: A measure of the resolving power, R.P., of a lens is given by its numerical aperture, NA:

text: where λ is the wavelength of light. From this it is clear that a good resolution (small δ) is connected with a high numerical aperture.

text: The numerical aperture of a lens is defined as

text: where α0 is half the angle spanned by the objective lens seen from the sample, and n is the refractive index of the medium between the lens and specimen (≈1 for air).

text: State of the art objectives can have a numerical aperture of up to 0.95. Because sin α0 is always less than or equal to unity (the number "1"), the numerical aperture can never be greater than unity for an objective lens in air. If the space between the objective lens and the specimen is filled with oil however, the numerical aperture can obtain values greater than unity. This is because oil has a refractive index greater than 1.

text: Oil immersion objectives[edit]

text: From the above it is understood that oil between the specimen and the objective lens improves the resolving power by a factor 1/n. Objectives specifically designed for this purpose are known as oil immersion objectives.

text: Oil immersion objectives are used only at very large magnifications that require high resolving power. Objectives with high power magnification have short focal lengths, facilitating the use of oil. The oil is applied to the specimen (conventional microscope), and the stage is raised, immersing the objective in oil. (In inverted microscopes the oil is applied to the objective).

text: The refractive indices of the oil and of the glass in the first lens element are nearly the same, which means that the refraction of light will be small upon entering the lens (the oil and glass are optically very similar). The correct immersion oil for an objective lens has to be used to ensure that the refractive indices are correctly matched. Use of an oil immersion lens with the incorrect immersion oil, or without immersion oil altogether, will suffer from spherical aberration. The strength of this effect depends on the size of the refractive index mismatch.

text: Oil immersion can generally only be used on rigidly mounted specimens otherwise the surface tension of the oil can move the coverslip and so move the sample underneath. This can also happen on inverted microscopes because the coverslip is below the slide.

text: Immersion oil[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2008)

text: Before the development of synthetic immersion oils in the 1940s, cedar tree oil was widely used. Cedar oil has an index of refraction of approximately 1.516. The numerical aperture of cedar tree oil objectives is generally around 1.3. Cedar oil has a number of disadvantages however: it absorbs blue and ultraviolet light, yellows with age, has sufficient acidity to potentially damage objectives with repeated use (by attacking the cement used to join lenses), and diluting it with solvent changes its viscosity (and refraction index and dispersion). Cedar oil must be removed from the objective immediately after use before it can harden, since removing hardened cedar oil can damage the lens. In modern microscopy synthetic immersion oils are more commonly used, as they eliminate most of these problems.[2] NA values of 1.6 can be achieved with different oils. Unlike natural oils synthetic ones do not harden on the lens and can typically be left on the objective for months at a time.


document_title: Killing of Harambe

question_text: when was harambe brought to the cincinnati zoo

text: Killing of Harambe

text: Harambe

text:
Harambe

Species
Western lowland gorilla

Sex
Male

Born
(1999-05-27)May 27, 1999
Gladys Porter Zoo, Brownsville, Texas, U.S.

Died
May 28, 2016(2016-05-28) (aged 17)
Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.

Known for
Circumstances of death

Residence
Gladys Porter Zoo (1999–2014)
Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden (2014–2016)

Weight
440 lb (200 kg)

Named after
"Harambe (Working Together for Freedom)", song by Rita Marley

text: Harambe (/həˈrɑːmbeɪ/ hə-RAHM-bay) was born at the Gladys Porter Zoo in Brownsville, Texas, on May 27, 1999. He was named by Dan Van Coppenolle, a local area counselor who won a naming contest sponsored by the zoo.[1] He came up with the name after listening to the song "Harambe (Working Together for Freedom)" by Rita Marley, widow of Bob Marley.[2] Harambee is a Swahili term for communal labor.[2]

text: On September 18, 2014, Harambe was transferred to the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden to learn adult gorilla behavior and join a new social group.[3][4]

text: Incident

text: On May 28, 2016, a three-year-old[5] boy visiting the Cincinnati Zoo fell into the moat at the Gorilla World habitat.[6] Witnesses said they heard the child say he wanted to go into the gorilla enclosure.[7] The boy then climbed a 3-foot-tall (0.91 m) fence, crawled through 4 feet (1.2 m) of bushes, and then fell 15 feet (4.6 m) into a moat of shallow water. Zoo officials immediately signaled for the three gorillas in the habitat to return inside, and two females did so. However, the third gorilla, the inquisitive 440-pound (200 kg) male silverback, Harambe, climbed down into the moat to investigate the child splashing in the water.[6]

text: Over the next 10 minutes, Harambe became increasingly "agitated and disoriented" by the screams of onlookers.[8][9] He dragged the child through the water, occasionally propping him up when he sat, or pushing him down when he stood.[8] Harambe exhibited "strutting" behavior—walking around with legs and arms stiffly extended to appear bigger—a bluffing move, though one with inherent danger should he throw or drag the boy around too roughly.[9] Harambe then carried the boy up a ladder out of the moat onto dry land. Afraid for the boy's life, zoo officials made the decision to kill the gorilla, doing so with a single rifle shot. Cincinnati firefighters said the boy was between Harambe's legs when the shot was fired.[6] Harambe was killed one day after his 17th birthday.[8]

text: Reactions

text: The shooting was controversial,[10] with some observers stating that it was unclear whether Harambe was likely to harm the child.[11][12] Others called for the boy's parents or the zoo to be held accountable for the gorilla's death.[13] Director Thane Maynard stated, "The child was being dragged around ... His head was banging on concrete. This was not a gentle thing. The child was at risk."[14][15][16] Police investigated possible criminal charges against the parents, while the parents defended the zoo's actions.[17][18] The boy's mother also became the target of harassment on the Internet and social media.[19] On June 6, 2016, Ohio prosecutor Joe Deters said that the mother would not face any charges of wrongdoing.[20] The zoo was being investigated by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), which sets the standards for zoos, and the USDA.[21]

text: Several vigils took place to honor Harambe's death. As much as 3,400 people had attended a candlelight vigil at Hyde Park in London, United Kingdom.[22] Anthony Seta, an activist who represents the Cincinnati Collective for Animal Rights and Education, organized a vigil at the Cincinnati Zoo to honor the loss of Harambe. In an interview by the press, he emphasized that animals feel and have emotions just like humans do. Seta said, "I'm not here to decide what was right and what was wrong, the fact is that a gorilla who just celebrated his birthday has been killed. I am out here to speak to remember him, because he can't do it."[23]

text: The incident was recorded by a bystander and uploaded to YouTube, where the video went viral and received global publicity.[24] The incident received criticism from several high-profile celebrities, including Ricky Gervais, Brian May, and Piers Morgan.[25]

text: The incident sparked debate among biologists and primatologists on whether gorillas and other primates should be held in captivity at all.[9] Primatologist Jane Goodall said that according to the video it seemed Harambe was trying to protect the child.[26] Goodall later issued a longer explanation in an interview with the president of the International Fund for Animal Welfare, concluding that the zoo had no choice but to kill Harambe.[27] She wrote, "It was awful for the child, the parents, Harambe, the zoo, the keepers and the public. But when people come into contact with wild animals, life and death decisions sometimes have to be made."[21] Goodall said that as long as humans and wild animals are kept in close proximity in zoos, there is no way to prevent accidents from happening, but she believed that zoos "with the highest standards of care" could play an important role.[21] Zookeeper Jack Hanna strongly defended the zoo's actions as the "correct decision", noting that a tranquilizer dart might have taken five or ten minutes to take effect and could have aggravated Harambe further.[28] Primatologist Frans de Waal said he saw few options for the zoo: "A gorilla is so immensely strong that even with the best of intentions—and we are not sure that Harambe had those—the child's death was a probable outcome.”[29]

text: Internet memes

text: Following the killing, Harambe became subject of multiple viral memes.[30] Vox wrote in November that Harambe has an "undeniable status as 2016’s meme of the year."[31] As People magazine wrote: "Harambe continues to live on in the collective mind of the internet, entering into a rarefied state of venerated meme status."[32] One of the most widespread memes was noted by The Washington Post and New York magazine who observed a proliferation of over-the-top and fake tributes to Harambe. "The idea is, the more intense and more sincere-seeming the expression of mourning is, the funnier the joke."[30][33] For example, the "Dicks out for Harambe" meme can be seen as a fake tribute to an incident that would normally engender sincere mourning.[33][34] As Aja Romano of Vox wrote, "If you were a progressive, the Harambe meme gave you a chance to mock what you viewed as the hypocritical haranguing of the mainstream while avoiding real issues of social justice; and if you were a conservative, the Harambe meme gave you a chance to mock liberal hysteria."[33][34] One meme is a play on conspiracy theories, such as "Bush did Harambe", a reference to the 9/11 conspiracy theories.[35] In Australia, people joked about supporting Harambe's corpse as a write-in candidate on the ballot for the federal election.[36] Public Policy Polling included Harambe in their polling for the U.S. presidential election. The dead gorilla had 5% support in late July 2016 (ahead of Green Party nominee Jill Stein) and 2% in August 2016 (tied with Stein).[37][38] Cincinnati Zoo director Thane Maynard reacted negatively: "We are not amused by the memes, petitions and signs about Harambe. Our zoo family is still healing, and the constant mention of Harambe makes moving forward more difficult for us. We are honoring Harambe by redoubling our gorilla conservation efforts and encouraging others to join us."[39] In late August, the zoo deleted its Twitter account after being daily targeted by trolls mentioning Harambe.[40] However, after two months, the zoo had resumed its account.[41][42]

text: Popular culture

text: A self-described underground culture collective known as Otaku Gang released a computer parody fighting game known as Harambe vs. Capcom, with Harambe being able to fight characters from Capcom's Street Fighter franchise. The game itself is a fullgame of M.U.G.E.N, a customizable fighting game.[43][44][45]

text: American rappers Young Thug and Dumbfoundead each released songs entitled "Harambe". The former did so on his album Jeffery, each track of which is named after one of his "idols", although the song does not reference the gorilla;[46][47] the latter likens the fate of the ape to gang violence and police brutality.[48] Canadian dubstep producer Excision included a song titled "Harambe" on his 2016 album Virus.[49]

text: On naming contests for newborn baby gorillas, a teenager made a petition to Dublin Zoo to name a newborn baby gorilla as "Harambe Jr." ("Harambetta" if female) after Dublin Zoo announced the newborn baby gorilla by tweet.[50]

text: On June 16, 2017, satire news site The Onion featured an article of professional wrestler The Big Show being killed by WWE after a seven-year-old boy wandered into a steel cage during a live event in Indianapolis. The article, meant to lampoon the Harambe incident, received criticism for satirizing the murder of an actual person and leading many wrestling fans to believe Big Show was dead.[51][52]


document_title: Fuel

question_text: write the name of the fuels commonly used for cooking

text: Fuel

text: History[edit]

text: The first known use of fuel was the combustion of wood or sticks by Homo erectus nearly 2,000,000 (two million) years ago.[2][page needed] Throughout most of human history fuels derived from plants or animal fat were only used by humans. Charcoal, a wood derivative, has been used since at least 6,000 BCE for melting metals. It was only supplanted by coke, derived from coal, as European forests started to become depleted around the 18th century. Charcoal briquettes are now commonly used as a fuel for barbecue cooking.[3]

text: Coal was first used as a fuel around 1000 BCE in China. With the energy in the form of chemical energy that could be released through combustion,[4] but the concept development of the steam engine in the United Kingdom in 1769, coal came into more common use as a power source. Coal was later used to drive ships and locomotives. By the 19th century, gas extracted from coal was being used for street lighting in London. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the primary use of coal is to generate electricity, providing 40% of the world's electrical power supply in 2005.[5]

text: Fossil fuels were rapidly adopted during the Industrial Revolution, because they were more concentrated and flexible than traditional energy sources, such as water power. They have become a pivotal part of our contemporary society, with most countries in the world burning fossil fuels in order to produce power.

text: Currently the trend has been towards renewable fuels, such as biofuels like alcohols.

text: Chemical[edit]

text: Chemical fuels are substances that release energy by reacting with substances around them, most notably by the process of combustion. Most of the chemical energy released in combustion was not stored in the chemical bonds of the fuel, but in the weak double bond of molecular oxygen.[6]

text: Chemical fuels are divided in two ways. First, by their physical properties, as a solid, liquid or gas. Secondly, on the basis of their occurrence: primary (natural fuel) and secondary (artificial fuel). Thus, a general classification of chemical fuels is:

text:
General types of chemical fuels

Primary (natural)
Secondary (artificial)

Solid fuels
wood, coal, peat, dung, etc.
coke, charcoal

Liquid fuels
petroleum
diesel, gasoline, kerosene, LPG, coal tar, naphtha, ethanol

Gaseous fuels
natural gas
hydrogen, propane, methane, coal gas, water gas, blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, CNG

text: Solid fuel[edit]

text: Solid fuel refers to various types of solid material that are used as fuel to produce energy and provide heating, usually released through combustion. Solid fuels include wood (see wood fuel), charcoal, peat, coal, Hexamine fuel tablets, and pellets made from wood (see wood pellets), corn, wheat, rye and other grains. Solid-fuel rocket technology also uses solid fuel (see solid propellants). Solid fuels have been used by humanity for many years to create fire. Coal was the fuel source which enabled the industrial revolution, from firing furnaces, to running steam engines. Wood was also extensively used to run steam locomotives. Both peat and coal are still used in electricity generation today. The use of some solid fuels (e.g. coal) is restricted or prohibited in some urban areas, due to unsafe levels of toxic emissions. The use of other solid fuels such as wood is decreasing as heating technology and the availability of good quality fuel improves. In some areas, smokeless coal is often the only solid fuel used. In Ireland, peat briquettes are used as smokeless fuel. They are also used to start a coal fire.

text: Liquid fuels[edit]

text: Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-generating molecules that can be harnessed to create mechanical energy, usually producing kinetic energy; they also must take the shape of their container. It is the fumes of liquid fuels that are flammable instead of the fluid.

text: Most liquid fuels in widespread use are derived from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust. However, there are several types, such as hydrogen fuel (for automotive uses), ethanol, jet fuel and biodiesel which are all categorized as a liquid fuel. Emulsified fuels of oil-in-water such as orimulsion have been developed a way to make heavy oil fractions usable as liquid fuels. Many liquid fuels play a primary role in transportation and the economy.

text: Some common properties of liquid fuels are that they are easy to transport, and can be handled with relative ease. Also they are relatively easy to use for all engineering applications, and home use. Fuels like kerosene are rationed in some countries, for example available in government subsidized shops in India for home use.

text: Conventional diesel is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum. Kerosene is used in kerosene lamps and as a fuel for cooking, heating, and small engines. Natural gas, composed chiefly of methane, can only exist as a liquid at very low temperatures (regardless of pressure), which limits its direct use as a liquid fuel in most applications. LP gas is a mixture of propane and butane, both of which are easily compressible gases under standard atmospheric conditions. It offers many of the advantages of compressed natural gas (CNG), but is denser than air, does not burn as cleanly, and is much more easily compressed. Commonly used for cooking and space heating, LP gas and compressed propane are seeing increased use in motorized vehicles; propane is the third most commonly used motor fuel globally.

text: Gaseous fuels[edit]

text: Fuel gas is any one of a number of fuels that under ordinary conditions are gaseous. Many fuel gases are composed of hydrocarbons (such as methane or propane), hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or mixtures thereof. Such gases are sources of potential heat energy or light energy that can be readily transmitted and distributed through pipes from the point of origin directly to the place of consumption. Fuel gas is contrasted with liquid fuels and from solid fuels, though some fuel gases are liquefied for storage or transport. While their gaseous nature can be advantageous, avoiding the difficulty of transporting solid fuel and the dangers of spillage inherent in liquid fuels, it can also be dangerous. It is possible for a fuel gas to be undetected and collect in certain areas, leading to the risk of a gas explosion. For this reason, odorizers are added to most fuel gases so that they may be detected by a distinct smell. The most common type of fuel gas in current use is natural gas.

text: Biofuels[edit]

text: Biofuel can be broadly defined as solid, liquid, or gas fuel consisting of, or derived from biomass. Biomass can also be used directly for heating or power—known as biomass fuel. Biofuel can be produced from any carbon source that can be replenished rapidly e.g. plants. Many different plants and plant-derived materials are used for biofuel manufacture.

text: Perhaps the earliest fuel employed by humans is wood. Evidence shows controlled fire was used up to 1.5 million years ago at Swartkrans, South Africa. It is unknown which hominid species first used fire, as both Australopithecus and an early species of Homo were present at the sites.[7] As a fuel, wood has remained in use up until the present day, although it has been superseded for many purposes by other sources. Wood has an energy density of 10–20 MJ/kg.[8]

text: Recently biofuels have been developed for use in automotive transport (for example Bioethanol and Biodiesel), but there is widespread public debate about how carbon efficient these fuels are.

text: Fossil fuels[edit]

text: Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal and petroleum (liquid petroleum or natural gas), formed from the fossilized remains of ancient plants and animals[9] by exposure to high heat and pressure in the absence of oxygen in the Earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.[10] Commonly, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived entirely from biological sources, such as tar sands. These latter sources are properly known as mineral fuels.

text: Fossil fuels contain high percentages of carbon and include coal, petroleum, and natural gas.[11] They range from volatile materials with low carbon:hydrogen ratios like methane, to liquid petroleum to nonvolatile materials composed of almost pure carbon, like anthracite coal. Methane can be found in hydrocarbon fields, alone, associated with oil, or in the form of methane clathrates. Fossil fuels formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants[9] by exposure to heat and pressure in the Earth's crust over millions of years.[12] This biogenic theory was first introduced by German scholar Georg Agricola in 1556 and later by Mikhail Lomonosov in the 18th century.

text: It was estimated by the Energy Information Administration that in 2007 primary sources of energy consisted of petroleum 36.0%, coal 27.4%, natural gas 23.0%, amounting to an 86.4% share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world.[13] Non-fossil sources in 2006 included hydroelectric 6.3%, nuclear 8.5%, and others (geothermal, solar, tidal, wind, wood, waste) amounting to 0.9%.[14] World energy consumption was growing about 2.3% per year.

text: Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources because they take millions of years to form, and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being made. So we must conserve these fuels and use them judiciously. The production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. A global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is therefore under way to help meet increased energy needs. The burning of fossil fuels produces around 21.3 billion tonnes (21.3 gigatonnes) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per year, but it is estimated that natural processes can only absorb about half of that amount, so there is a net increase of 10.65 billion tonnes of atmospheric carbon dioxide per year (one tonne of atmospheric carbon is equivalent to 44/12 or 3.7 tonnes of carbon dioxide).[15] Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases that enhances radiative forcing and contributes to global warming, causing the average surface temperature of the Earth to rise in response, which the vast majority of climate scientists agree will cause major adverse effects. Fuels are a source of energy.

text: Energy[edit]

text: The amount of energy from different types of fuel depends on the stoichiometric ratio, the chemically correct air and fuel ratio to ensure complete combustion of fuel, and its specific energy, the energy per unit mass.

text:
Energy capacities of common types of fuel

Fuel
Specific energy (MJ/kg)
AFR stoich.
FAR stoich.
Energy @ λ=1 (MJ/kg(Air))

Diesel
48
14.5 : 1
0.069 : 1
3.310

Ethanol
26.4
9 : 1
0.111 : 1
2.933

Gasoline
46.4
14.7 : 1
0.068 : 1
3.156

Hydrogen
142
34.3 : 1
0.029 : 1
4.140

Kerosene
46
15.6 : 1
0.064 : 1
2.949

LPG
46.4
17.2 : 1
0.058 : 1
2.698

Methanol
19.7
6.47 : 1
0.155 : 1
3.045

Nitromethane
11.63
1.7 : 1
0.588 : 1
6.841

text: 1 MJ ≈ 0.28 kWh ≈ 0.37 HPh.

text: Nuclear[edit]

text: Nuclear fuel is any material that is consumed to derive nuclear energy. Technically speaking, All matter can be a nuclear fuel because any element under the right conditions will release nuclear energy,[dubious – discuss] but the materials commonly referred to as nuclear fuels are those that will produce energy without being placed under extreme duress. Nuclear fuel is a material that can be 'burned' by nuclear fission or fusion to derive nuclear energy. Nuclear fuel can refer to the fuel itself, or to physical objects (for example bundles composed of fuel rods) composed of the fuel material, mixed with structural, neutron moderating, or neutron reflecting materials.

text: Most nuclear fuels contain heavy fissile elements that are capable of nuclear fission. When these fuels are struck by neutrons, they are in turn capable of emitting neutrons when they break apart. This makes possible a self-sustaining chain reaction that releases energy with a controlled rate in a nuclear reactor or with a very rapid uncontrolled rate in a nuclear weapon.

text: The most common fissile nuclear fuels are uranium-235 (235U) and plutonium-239 (239Pu). The actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of nuclear fuel together make up the nuclear fuel cycle. Not all types of nuclear fuels create power from nuclear fission. Plutonium-238 and some other elements are used to produce small amounts of nuclear power by radioactive decay in radioisotope thermoelectric generators and other types of atomic batteries. Also, light nuclides such as tritium (3H) can be used as fuel for nuclear fusion. Nuclear fuel has the highest energy density of all practical fuel sources.

text: Fission[edit]

text: The most common type of nuclear fuel used by humans is heavy fissile elements that can be made to undergo nuclear fission chain reactions in a nuclear fission reactor; nuclear fuel can refer to the material or to physical objects (for example fuel bundles composed of fuel rods) composed of the fuel material, perhaps mixed with structural, neutron moderating, or neutron reflecting materials. The most common fissile nuclear fuels are 235U and 239Pu, and the actions of mining, refining, purifying, using, and ultimately disposing of these elements together make up the nuclear fuel cycle, which is important for its relevance to nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons.

text: Fusion[edit]

text: Fuels that produce energy by the process of nuclear fusion are currently not utilized by humans but are the main source of fuel for stars. Fusion fuels tend to be light elements such as hydrogen which will combine easily. Energy is required to start fusion by raising temperature so high all materials would turn into plasma, and allow nuclei to collide and stick together with each other before repelling due to electric charge. This process is called fusion and it can give out energy.

text: In stars that undergo nuclear fusion, fuel consists of atomic nuclei that can release energy by the absorption of a proton or neutron. In most stars the fuel is provided by hydrogen, which can combine to form helium through the proton-proton chain reaction or by the CNO cycle. When the hydrogen fuel is exhausted, nuclear fusion can continue with progressively heavier elements, although the net energy released is lower because of the smaller difference in nuclear binding energy. Once iron-56 or nickel-56 nuclei are produced, no further energy can be obtained by nuclear fusion as these have the highest nuclear binding energies. The elements then on use up energy instead of giving off energy when fused. Therefore, fusion stops and the star dies. In attempts by humans, fusion is only carried out with hydrogen (isotope of 2 and 3) to form helium-4 as this reaction gives out the most net energy. Electric confinement (ITER), inertial confinement(heating by laser) and heating by strong electric currents are the popular methods used. .[16]

text: World trade[edit]

text: The World Bank reported that the USA was the top fuel importer in 2005 followed by the EU and Japan.[citation needed]

text: Liquid fuels for transportation[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Most transportation fuels are liquids, because vehicles usually require high energy density. This occurs naturally in liquids and solids. High energy density can also be provided by an internal combustion engine. These engines require clean-burning fuels. The fuels that are easiest to burn cleanly are typically liquids and gases. Thus, liquids meet the requirements of being both energy-dense and clean-burning. In addition, liquids (and gases) can be pumped, which means handling is easily mechanized, and thus less laborious.


document_title: Gimme Gimme Gimme (TV series)

question_text: where was gimme gimme gimme filmed

question_tokens: where was gim me gim me gim me filmed

text: Gimme Gimme Gimme (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Gimme Gimme Gimme centres around loudmouthed Londoner Linda La Hughes (played by comedian and director Kathy Burke) and her gay flatmate, actor Tom Farrell (played by James Dreyfus). A modern twist on the traditional "odd couple" format, much of Gimme Gimme Gimme's humour springs from its lubricious innuendo subplot, which comes from the mouths of both Tom and Linda.

text: Linda is characterised by her red perm, white glasses, and plump, lycra-clad figure. Boorish, unattractive Linda is convinced she is a "stunner"; in series three she is finally diagnosed with reversed body dysmorphic disorder. It is suggested that Linda and Tom first met at a nightclub, bonded instantly (due to both being on ecstasy), and decided to live together. What follows is, as writer Jonathan Harvey describes, "one long comedown". Linda often tells humorous anecdotes about her family and childhood which suggest abuse or neglect (such as how she apparently slept on a doormat as a baby, lived in a kennel as a child, and was left in a car-boot for the two weeks her aunt went on holiday), but she always thinks of these as positive experiences. She also claims that her Daddy now lives in an iron lung, although the only proof she has is a photo of a sideboard. Linda also lived in a convent and a borstal as a teenager. She has crushes on Liam Gallagher (in whom she lost interest after series one as she "couldn't bring up another bird's child"), Robbie Williams, and both male members of Hear'Say. She also imagines having sex with Dale Winton in a toilet cubicle.

text: Tom is melodramatic yet fails in his desire to get acting roles. He believes himself to be truly gifted in the art of acting, and often blames his failures on his agent or society itself. He did appear in one episode of EastEnders and often brags about it, delaying for as long as he can the fact that he was in one scene, had one line, and did nothing but buy a cagoule from Bianca Jackson's market stall. He also appeared in Daylight Robbery as an extra, standing in a queue in the background. He had one line but it was cut due to timekeeping. He insists that the entire series was ruined due to the axing of his line. Tom has an obsession with appearing to be middle-class even though he hails from a working-class background, possibly because he also hates his parents. It is often suggested that Tom has no friends whatsoever (apart from Linda and his housemates) but unlike Linda he usually tries to pretend he is popular. Tom is in love with the actor Simon Shepherd.

text: Although they appear to loathe each other, Tom and Linda are beholden to each other due to the simple fact that nobody else can tolerate them. They are in many ways alike: selfish, unsuccessful, and physically and personally unattractive - although Tom less so. The hapless duo live in a Kentish Town flat (69 Paradise Passage, Kentish Town) rented from elderly ex-prostitute Beryl Merit (Rosalind Knight). Other regular characters are the middle-class, horny married couple Jez (Brian Bovell) and Suze (Beth Goddard). Many of the storylines revolve around the fact that Tom and Linda find Jez sexually attractive and (particularly Linda) despise the oblivious Suze. Another recurring character is Sugar Walls (Elaine Lordan), Linda's celebrity sister. Many of the other characters can be just as hapless as Tom and Linda; Beryl still engages in sexual activities such as S&M and picking up young and married men, while Jez and Suze generally lack common sense. For example, they once cancelled their holiday to the Algarve and paid £500 to stay in their own back garden after Linda opened it up as a campsite.

text: Simon Shepherd, Su Pollard, Charlie Condou, and Rose Keegan have made guest appearances.  Su Pollard played a character called Heidi Honeycombe; when she appeared, Linda greeted her with "Heidi! Hi!" (a reference to Pollard's character in the sitcom Hi-de-Hi!).

text: At the end of series three, Tom finally got his big break in TV soap opera Crossroads. The last episode ended with Tom leaving the flat and Linda taking off her hair (revealing it to be a wig) and sitting in the flat alone.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kathy Burke as Linda La Hughes (19 episodes)
James Dreyfus as Tom Farrell (19 episodes)
Beth Goddard as Suze Littlewood (14 episodes)
Brian Bovell as Jez Littlewood (13 episodes)
Rosalind Knight as Beryl Merit (13 episodes)
Doña Croll as Norma (4 episodes, inc 2 voice appearances)
Simon Shepherd as Himself (3 episodes)
Elaine Lordan as Sugar Walls (2 episodes)
Jonathan Harvey as Man on sofa & Louie (2 episodes)

text: Characters[edit]

text: Regular[edit]

text: Linda La Hughes – Linda is an unattractive middle-aged woman who usually wears skin tight, colourful clothing. Linda grabs any opportunity to bluntly flirt with any man she sees. She is delusional about her appearance; in the Series 3 episode "Trauma," she's finally diagnosed with reversed body dysmorphic disorder. Her age is uncertain as she has announced different ages through the three series  e.g. 16, 18, 19, 23 and 28. In the Series 2 episode "Dirty Thirty", her birth certificate reveals that she is 39 – but in the Series 3 episode "Secrets and Flies" she is unexpectedly reunited with her 28-year-old son; she says she was 15 when she gave birth to him, meaning she must be 43. Linda has a large family consisting of a son named Zippy, two cousins, Simon who has a wonky eye, Velma who works in Soho who has an act called "Snatch and Ladders", two aunties, Nitty and Ivy, an uncle called Tyrone and a sister called Sharon La Hughes who changed her name to Sugar Walls. Her Mother, called "Queenie" (and oddly referred to in one episode as "Dolly") died when Linda was a child but there is some uncertainty as to the cause; Linda tells Tom’s mum that she collapsed in a paddling pool in Pinner, but her sister Sugar Walls states that she electrocuted herself on her own Slendertone pads. Her Daddy hides from her, although she thinks he's in an iron lung, but he does send her Christmas Presents. When Linda is asked what her father's name is by her son Zippy, she replies "Daddy".

text: Thomas Thessalonius "Tom" Farrell – Tom is a 30-year-old wannabe (but bad) actor who has only had small roles on TV and on stage. Tom is openly gay and seizes every possible opportunity to get a boyfriend. Throughout Series 1, he often refers to using drugs once at home when he mistook a sleeping tablet for an E, the other when reading what "middle class" people should do "the middle class person will not go to sleazy night club and get off his tits on ecstasy" He also tends to exaggerate a lot. Series 3 concludes with him moving to Nottingham to join the cast of Crossroads.

text: Beryl Merit – Beryl is the elderly landlady of 69 Paradise Passage. She is a retired prostitute but stays involved in criminal activities such as shoplifting and bootlegging; in the Series 2 episode "Glad to be Gay?" she's seen to be an escort. Her best friend is Reenie, a fellow former prostitute whom she often mentions and is seen chatting to on the phone, but who never appears.

text: Jez Littlewood – Jez is Tom and Linda's hunky middle-class neighbour. When Tom and Linda first meet Jez, they think one of them has slept with him, but actually he had just slept on the sofa. Both Tom and Linda constantly lust after him; whilst Tom tends to be subtle about his feelings, Linda boorishly propositions Jez at every opportunity – even in Suze's presence. However, Jez is devoted to his wife.

text: Suze Littlewood – Suze is Jez's ditzy wife. She can sometimes be nice but on other occasions she can be hyperactive and rather irritating, unintentionally coming off as a burden. Tom and Linda loathe Suze for standing in the way of their pursuit of Jez. Linda, especially, showers her with vicious insults, most of which go way over her head. She and Jez have a voracious – often vociferous – sex life. In the Series 3 episode "Secrets and Flies" (featuring Linda's own long-lost son), she gives birth to their baby boy, Lee-on-Solent "Lee" Littlewood. Suze has also stated that she is a "committed vegetarian", with a liking for spinach pie and quorn placenta.

text: Recurring[edit]

text: Norma – Norma is Tom's agent and appears throughout all three of the series.

text: Sugar Walls – Sugar (Birthname Sharon La Hughes) is Linda's famous sister. She is a model, but is more famous for her promiscuity than her modelling career. She appears once in series 1 and again in series 2.

text: Simon Shepherd – Simon is Tom's celebrity crush. Simon is famous for starring in Peak Practice. He appears in every series.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was filmed in front of a live studio audience in Studio 2 at The London Studios, South Bank, London

text: Writer Jonathan Harvey appeared in three episodes; as a guest at the series 1 wedding, once as make-up artist Louis, and then as a customer in a sofa store.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Gimme Gimme Gimme has broadcast three series and 19 episodes in total. The first series premiered on BBC Two on 8 January 1999 and lasted for six episodes, concluding on 12 February 1999. Following this, a Millennium special was screened at the end of the year on 29 December 1999. A second series commenced on 14 January 2000 and finished on 18 February 2000, again including six episodes. A short sketch included as part of Comic Relief was broadcast on 16 March 2001. Due to the high viewing figures and success the show received, it was moved to BBC One for a six-episode third series which was the last. Each episode was written by Jonathan Harvey and directed by Liddy Oldroyd for the first two series and the special; the third series was directed by Tristram Shapeero.

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Series
Episode
Viewers

1
1
6,550,000

2
6,290,000

3
5,950,000

4
6,100,000

5
5,840,000

6
5,350,000

Series
Episode
Viewers

2
Millennium special
3,980,000

1
6,790,000

2
5,420,000

3
5,570,000

4
6,160,000

5
4,720,000

6
7,100,000

Series
Episode
Viewers

3
1
6,790,000

2
underneath 6,150,000

3
underneath 5,830,000

4
underneath 5,960,000

5
underneath 5,920,000

6
underneath 5,550,000

text: Home media[edit]

text:
Title

Episodes

No. of discs

Release date

VHS / Region 2 DVD

Region 2 DVD (re-release)

Region 4 DVD

The Complete First Series

6

1

1 October 2001

30 April 2007

22 April 2003[1]

The Complete Second Series

7

1

17 November 2003

27 August 2007

3 June 2009[2]

The Complete Third Series

6

1

11 November 2002

27 August 2007

TBA

The Complete Collection

19

3

17 November 2003

20 November 2006 / 2011*

TBA

text: The Complete Collection was re-released again in 2011 in standard DVD case, as the 2006 box set went out of print. The UK DVD releases have both Region 2 and Region 4 encoding on each season and the complete set.


document_title: Driving Miss Daisy

question_text: who did morgan freeman play in driving miss daisy

text: Driving Miss Daisy

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1948, Mrs. Daisy Werthan, or Miss Daisy (Jessica Tandy), a 72-year-old wealthy, white, Jewish, widowed, retired school teacher, lives alone in Atlanta, Georgia, except for a black housemaid named Idella (Esther Rolle). When Miss Daisy drives her 1946 Chrysler Windsor into her neighbor's yard, her 40-year-old son Boolie (Dan Aykroyd) buys her a 1949 Hudson Commodore and hires Hoke Colburn (Morgan Freeman), a black chauffeur. Miss Daisy at first refuses to let anyone else drive her, but gradually gives in.

text: As Miss Daisy and Hoke spend time together, she gains appreciation for his many skills. After Idella dies in 1962, rather than hire a new maid, Miss Daisy decides to care for her own house and have Hoke do the cooking and the driving.

text: The film explores racism against black people, which affects Hoke at that time. The film also touches on anti-semitism in the South. After her synagogue is bombed, Miss Daisy realizes that she is also a victim of prejudice. But American society is undergoing radical changes, and Miss Daisy attends a dinner at which Dr. Martin Luther King gives a speech. She initially invites Boolie to the dinner, but he declines, and suggests that Miss Daisy invite Hoke. However, Miss Daisy only asks him to be her guest during the car ride to the event and ends up attending the dinner alone, with Hoke insulted by the manner of the invitation, listening to the speech on the car radio outside.

text: Hoke arrives at the house one morning in 1971 to find Miss Daisy agitated and showing signs of dementia, believing she is a young teacher again. Hoke calms her down with a conversation in which Daisy calls Hoke her "best friend." Boolie arranges for Miss Daisy to enter a retirement home. In 1973, Hoke, now 85 and rapidly losing his eyesight, retires. Boolie, now 65, drives Hoke to the retirement home to visit Miss Daisy, now 97.[4]

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Morgan Freeman as Hoke Colburn
Jessica Tandy as Daisy Werthan
Dan Aykroyd as Boolie Werthan
Patti LuPone as Florine Werthan
Esther Rolle as Idella
Joann Havrilla as Miss McClatchey
William Hall, Jr. as Oscar
Muriel Moore as Miriam
Sylvia Kaler as Beulah
Crystal R. Fox as Katey Bell

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Driving Miss Daisy was given a limited release on December 15, 1989, earning $73,745 in three theaters. The film was given a wide release on January 26, 1990, earning $5,705,721 over its opening weekend in 895 theaters. The film ultimately grossed $106,593,296 in North America and $39,200,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $145,793,296.[2]

text: Critical reaction[edit]

text: Driving Miss Daisy was well received by critics, with particular emphasis on Morgan Freeman's and Jessica Tandy's performances. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 82% based on reviews from 55 critics, with an average score of 7.2/10. The site's consensus states: "Warm and smartly paced, and boasting impeccable performances from Morgan Freeman and Jessica Tandy."[5] On Metacritic, which assigns a rating out of 100 based on reviews from mainstream critics, the film has a score of 81 based on 16 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".[6] CinemaScore similarly reported that audiences gave the film a rare "A+" grade.[7]

text: Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune declared Driving Miss Daisy one of the best films of 1989.[8] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times called it "a film of great love and patience" and wrote, "It is an immensely subtle film, in which hardly any of the most important information is carried in the dialogue and in which body language, tone of voice or the look in an eye can be the most important thing in a scene. After so many movies in which shallow and violent people deny their humanity and ours, what a lesson to see a film that looks into the heart."[9] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone also gave the film a positive review, calling Tandy's performance "glorious" and opining, "This is Tandy's finest two hours [sic] onscreen in a film career that goes back to 1932."[10] The performances of Tandy and Freeman were also praised by Vincent Canby of The New York Times, who observed, "The two actors manage to be highly theatrical without breaking out of the realistic frame of the film."[11]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
List of Accolades

Award / Film Festival
Category
Recipient(s)
Result

62nd Academy Awards
Best Picture
Richard D. Zanuck
Lili Fini Zanuck
Won

Best Actress
Jessica Tandy
Won

Best Adapted Screenplay
Alfred Uhry
Won

Best Makeup
Manlio Rocchetti
Lynn Barber
Kevin Haney
Won

Best Actor
Morgan Freeman
Nominated

Best Supporting Actor
Dan Aykroyd
Nominated

Best Art Direction-Set Decoration
Bruno Rubeo
Crispian Sallis
Nominated

Best Costume Design
Elizabeth McBride
Nominated

Best Film Editing
Mark Warner
Nominated

47th Golden Globe Awards (January 20, 1990)
Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Driving Miss Daisy
Won

Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Morgan Freeman
Won

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy
Jessica Tandy
Won

text: Driving Miss Daisy also achieved the following distinctions at the 62nd Academy Awards:

text:
It is the only film based on an off Broadway production ever to win an Academy Award for Best Picture;[12]
Jessica Tandy, at age 81, became the oldest winner in the history of the Best Actress category.[12]
It was the first Best Picture winner since 1932's Grand Hotel which did not receive a Best Director nomination.[13] (This has only occurred once since, for Argo in 2012). Wings, the 1927 film that was the first to win Best Picture, did not have a nomination for director William Wellman. In his opening monologue at the 62nd Academy Awards, Billy Crystal made fun of this fact by calling it "the film that apparently directed itself".

text: Driving Miss Daisy also won three Golden Globe Awards (Best Picture, Best Actor Morgan Freeman, and Best Actress Jessica Tandy) in the Comedy/Musical categories.[14] At the 1989 Writers Guild of America Awards, the film won in the Best Adapted Screenplay category. Rounding out its United States awards, the film won both Best Picture and Best Actor from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. In the United Kingdom, Driving Miss Daisy was nominated for four British Academy Film Awards, with Jessica Tandy winning in the Best Actress category. Jessica Tandy and Morgan Freeman won the Silver Bear for the Best Joint Performance at the 40th Berlin International Film Festival.[15]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The film's score was composed by Hans Zimmer, who won a BMI Film Music Award and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television for his work. The score was performed entirely by Zimmer, done electronically using samplers and synthesizers, and did not feature a single live instrument. There is a scene, however, in which the "Song to the Moon" from the opera Rusalka by Antonín Dvořák is heard on a radio as sung by Gabriela Beňačková. Similarities have been noted between the main theme and the "plantation" folk song Shortnin' Bread.[16] The soundtrack was issued on Varèse Sarabande.

text: Home release[edit]

text: The film was also successful on home video.[17] The film was released on DVD in the USA on April 30, 1997, and the special edition was released on February 4, 2003. The movie was first released on Blu-ray disc in Germany and finally was released on Blu-ray in the US in a special edition digibook in January 2013 by Warner Bros.


document_title: Laundry detergent pod

question_text: where does the plastic go on tide pods

question_tokens: where does the plastic go on tide pods

text: Laundry detergent pod

text: Laundry detergent pods (or packs) are water-soluble pouches containing highly concentrated laundry detergent, softener and other laundry products. Notable brands of these packs include Arm & Hammer, Purex, Persil and Tide.[1] They first became popular in February 2012 when they were introduced by Procter & Gamble as Tide Pods.[1]

text: The chemistry of laundry detergent packs is the same as in liquid detergents (including alkylbenzenesulfonates). The dissolvable packets is typically made of polyvinylalcohol (PVA) or a derivative of PVA. Although the formulas are similar, a detergent pack's liquids may contain 10% water compared to 50% in liquid detergents.[2]

text: MonoSol is one of the companies that develops the water-soluble film used for laundry and dishwasher detergent packs, used by brands including Tide, with roughly $250 million in annual sales and controlling around 90-percent of the market.[3] The film is designed to be soluble in cold water.[4]

text: Laundry pods are estimated to make up about 15% of the $7 billion-a-year U.S. laundry detergent market sales according to market researcher Nielsen NV. Laundry pods were advertised as a way to reduce wasted use of powdered and liquid detergent by having precise measurements for a load. For large loads, most brands recommend two pods, with Tide suggesting up to three. Detergent pods cost significantly more than liquid detergent for equivalent laundry loads.[5][6]

text: History

text: Laundry tabs were originally introduced in the 1960s in a compacted granular form (similar to an oral medical tablet), when Procter & Gamble launched Salvo tablets, later disappearing from the market in the 1970s. In the 1990s, Unilever and Henkel launched a similar laundry detergent pack product sold in Western Europe. These products sometimes didn't fully dissolve in United States washers.[7]

text: In 2005, Cot'n Wash, Inc. introduced liquid unit dose laundry pods under the Dropps brand.[8]

text: In 2012, Procter & Gamble relaunched a liquid tablet product as Tide Pods.[1] In late 2017, Internet memes centered around the concept of eating Tide's laundry detergent pods were popularized on Twitter.[9] One company began making edible replica "pods".[10] These memes have actually led to people eating pods on camera.[11] Ingestion of pods can cause death in some cases.[12]

text: Poisonings

text: Concern has been raised over children accidentally being exposed to laundry packs, as its appearance and the packaging design can have the same appeal to a child as hard candy with patterned designs, and be confused as such.[13]

text: In 2012, in response to a child swallowing Tide Pods, Procter & Gamble said they would make this product more difficult to open by adding a double latch to the lid, and has also re-focused their advertising to make clear the product should be out of a child's reach at all times. The packaging was also changed to an opaque orange rather than the original clear plastic gumball machine-type presentation to make them look less enticing; other manufacturers followed suit with equivalent packaging changes.[14] In 2013, Consumer Reports stated that there had been nearly 7,700 reported incidents in which children age 5 or younger had been exposed to laundry pacs,[1] and that year, one child from Florida died after ingesting a pac.[15] In 2014, a study published in Pediatrics found that from 2012 to 2013, more than 17,000 calls were made to poison control centers about children who had been exposed to the pacs.[16] Despite the industry's move toward safer packaging, a 2017 study published in JAMA Ophthalmology found that between 2012 and 2015, the number of chemical eye burns associated with laundry detergent pods among 3- to 4-year-old children skyrocketed from fewer than 20 to almost 500 per year; in 2015, these injuries were responsible for 26% of all chemical eye burns among this population.[17]

text: Beginning in late 2017 a viral Internet trend, called the "Tide Pod Challenge" emerged, in which participants intentionally ingest detergent pods.  Several children and teens have been injured, some severely, from this intentional consumption.[18]


document_title: The Shack

question_text: what happened to mackenzie's daughter in the shack

question_tokens: what happened to mackenzie 's daughter in the shack

text: The Shack

text: Plot[edit]

text: The novel is set in the American Northwest. The main character is Mackenzie Allen Phillips, a father of five, called "Mack" by his family and friends. Four years prior to the main events of the story, Mack takes three of his children on a camping trip to Wallowa Lake near Joseph, Oregon, stopping at Multnomah Falls on the way. Two of his children are playing in a canoe when it flips and almost drowns Mack's son. Mack is able to save his son by rushing to the water and freeing him from the canoe's webbing, but unintentionally leaves his youngest daughter Missy alone at their campsite. After Mack returns, he sees that Missy is missing. The police are called, and the family discovers that Missy has been abducted and murdered by a serial killer known as the "Little Ladykiller". The police find an abandoned shack in the woods where Missy was taken. Her bloodied clothing is found, but her body is not located. Mack's life sinks into what he calls "The Great Sadness".

text: As the novel begins, Mack receives a note in his mailbox from "Papa", saying that he would like to meet with Mack that coming weekend at the shack. Mack is puzzled by the note—he has had no relationship with his abusive father since he left home at age 13. He suspects that the note may be from God whom his wife Nan refers to as "Papa".

text: Mack's family leaves to visit relatives and he goes alone to the shack, unsure of what he will see there. He arrives and initially finds nothing, but as he is leaving, the shack and its surroundings are supernaturally transformed into a lush and inviting scene. He enters the shack and encounters manifestations of the three persons of the Trinity. God the Father takes the form of an African American woman who calls herself Elousia and Papa; Jesus Christ is a Middle-Eastern carpenter; and the Holy Spirit physically manifests as an Asian woman named Sarayu.

text: The bulk of the book narrates Mack's conversations with Papa, Jesus, and Sarayu as he comes to terms with Missy's death and his relationship with the three of them. Mack also has various experiences with each of them. Mack walks across a lake with Jesus, sees an image of his (Earthly) father in Heaven with Sarayu, and has a conversation with Sophia, the personification of God's wisdom. At the end of his visit, Mack goes on a hike with Papa, now appearing as an older Native American male, who shows him where Missy's body was left in a cave.

text: After spending the weekend at the shack, Mack leaves and is so preoccupied with his thoughts that he is nearly killed in an automobile accident. After his recovery, he realizes that he did not in fact spend the weekend at the shack, but that his accident occurred on the same day that he arrived at the shack. He also leads the police to the cave that Papa revealed, and they find Missy's body still lying there. With the help of forensic evidence discovered at the scene, the Little Ladykiller is arrested and put on trial.

text: Publication[edit]

text: Young originally wrote The Shack as a Christmas gift for his six children with no apparent intention of publishing it. After letting several friends read the book he was urged to publish it for the general public. In 2006, Young worked with Wayne Jacobsen, Brad Cummings (both former pastors from Los Angeles) and Bobby Downes (filmmaker) to bring the book to publication. They had no success with either religious or secular publishers, so they formed Windblown Media for the purpose of publishing the book. The Shack achieved its No. 1 best selling success via word-of-mouth and with the help of a USD$300.00 website; it is often reported that nothing else had been spent on marketing up to September 2007.[7] Additional startup funds were supplied by Brad Cummings, president of Windblown Media, who spent the maximum credit limit on 12 personal credit cards in order to publish the book.[8][9]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The Shack went largely unnoticed for over a year after its initial publication, but suddenly became a very popular seller in mid-2008, when it debuted at No. 1 on The New York Times paperback fiction best seller list on June 8.[3] Its success was the result of "word-of-mouth, church-to-church, blog-to-blog campaign" by Young, Jacobsen and Cummings in churches and Christian-themed radio, websites, and blogs.[2]

text: As of May 2010, The Shack had over 10 million copies in print, and had been at No. 1 on The New York Times best seller list for 70 weeks.[10] The Shack was also released in hardcover, and translated into Spanish as La Cabaña.[10] In June 2009 a German translation with the title Die Hütte – ein Wochenende mit Gott (… a Weekend with God) was released.[11] It was also translated into Croatian as "Koliba" and it became very popular in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[citation needed] The book was also translated into Polish as "Chata" and published in 2009. There were re-editions in 2011 and 2017 due to its popularity.

text: However, Mars Hill Church pastor Mark Driscoll criticized The Shack, saying "it misrepresents God"[12] and called William P. Young "a heretic".[13] Evangelical author Chuck Colson wrote a review called "Stay Out of The Shack," in which he criticizes the attribution of "silly lines" to characters representing the three Persons of the Trinity, and the author's "low view of scripture".[14] R. Albert Mohler, Jr. called The Shack "deeply troubling" on his radio show, saying that it "includes undiluted heresy".[15] Apologists author Norman Geisler and William C. Roach published a critique in 2012 detailing their 14 points of theological disagreement with the book (including "unorthodox", "false", "classic heresy", "non-rational", "psychologically helpful ... doctrinally harmful", and "very dangerous").[16]

text: Theologian Randal Rauser has written a generally sympathetic guide to The Shack in his companion volume Finding God in the Shack (Paternoster, 2009). In the book Rauser responds to many of the objections raised by critics like Colson and Mohler.

text: Brad Robison, a psychiatrist and family therapist who used "The Shack" in his practice, wrote "The Shack Study Guide" (Windblown Media, 2016) to assist his patients on their healing journey. It is co-authored by William P. Young.

text: Wayne Jacobsen, one of Young's early collaborators, wrote a detailed response to several common points of criticism. His column "Is the Shack Heresy?" was published online by Windblown Media.[17]

text: Legal dispute[edit]

text: In July 2010 the Los Angeles Times reported that The Shack had "spawned a tangle of lawsuits over royalties and even the book's authorship."[18] Young claimed that he was owed $8 million in royalties, Jacobsen and Cummings filed a suit against Young,[19] Young asked the court to dismiss or stay the claims,[20]and Jacobsen and Cummings responded.[21] Hachette, the commercial publisher involved, asked the court to determine to whom it should pay royalties from the book.[22] On January 10, 2011 the court declared that it had been advised that the case between Young et al. and Jacobsen et al. "has been settled or is in the process of being settled" and the case was dismissed.[23][24]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: A movie adaptation of The Shack, directed by Stuart Hazeldine, was released on March 3, 2017, with Sam Worthington portraying Mack, Octavia Spencer as Papa, and Tim McGraw as Willie.[25] Rotten Tomatoes critics score is 21%; audience score is 85%.[26]

text: References in other works[edit]

text: The Shack was referred to by Stephen King in his 2010 title, Full Dark, No Stars, which is a compilation of four novellas. In the final novella, A Good Marriage, the protagonist recalls that her husband recommended she read The Shack and he said the novel was "a life-changer."[citation needed]


document_title: French onion soup

question_text: french onion soup in french how to say

question_tokens: french onion soup in french how to say

text: French onion soup

text: History[edit]

text: Onion soups have been popular at least as far back as Roman times. Throughout history, they were seen as food for poor people, as onions were plentiful and easy to grow. The modern version of this soup originates in Paris, France in the 18th century,[1][2] made from beef broth, and caramelized onions. It is often finished by being placed under a grill in a ramekin with croutons and Comté melted on top. The crouton on top is reminiscent of ancient soups (see history of soup).

text: Preparation[edit]

text: Recipes for onion soup vary greatly:

text: Though the liquid is usually meat stock, it may be simply water. Milk may be added. It may be thickened with eggs or flour. It may be gratinéed or not.[3][4]

text: Generally, recipes specify that the onions should be cooked slowly, becoming caramelized. Brandy or sherry is added at the end. The soup base is often topped with a slice of bread (a "croute" or "crouton").

text: For the gratinéed version, the croute is topped with cheese and broiled or baked. The soup is then immediately served in the bowl or ramekin in which it was broiled (or, in the United Kingdom, grilled), baked, or—in family-style—immediately transferred to individual serving bowls via a ladle.

text: Alternative names[edit]

text: Some alternative names for the soup include:[2][5]

text:
Soupe à l'oignon à la Parisienne
Gratinée Parisienne
Gratinée des Halles
Gratinée Lyonnaise
Soupe à l'oignon Lyonnaise
Soupe à l'oignon Gratinée