document_title: Somebody to Love (Jefferson Airplane song)

question_text: who sang dont you want somebody to love

question_tokens: who sang dont you want somebody to love

text: Background[edit]

text: Written by The Great Society guitarist Darby Slick[2] after realizing his girlfriend had left him, and first performed by that band, which included his then-sister-in-law Grace Slick on vocals, the song made little impact outside of the club circuit in the Bay Area. The song was released in 1966 as a single with the B-side another Darby Slick composition titled "Free Advice" on the North Beach subsidiary of Autumn Records, and received minimal circulation outside of San Francisco.[3] San Francisco in the mid-'60s was the epicenter of free love, but Darby Slick saw a downside to this ethos, as it could lead to jealousy and disconnect. This song champions loyalty and monogamy, as the singer implores us to find that one true love that will nurture us and get us through the tough times.[4]

text: Rerecording[edit]

text: When Grace Slick departed to join Jefferson Airplane, she took this song with her, bringing it to the Surrealistic Pillow sessions,[2] along with her own composition "White Rabbit". Subsequently, the Airplane's more ferocious rock and roll version became the band's first and biggest success; the single by Jefferson Airplane scored at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100.[2] Jefferson Airplane's first hit song, "Somebody To Love" was also one of the first big hits to come out of the US West Coast counterculture scene. Over the next few years, musicians flocked to the San Francisco Bay Area to be part of this scene. The original version of this song that Grace Slick sang with The Great Society is more subdued. With Jefferson Airplane she sounds far more accusatory and menacing when she belts out lines like "Your mind is so full of red" and "Your friends, baby, they treat you like a guest."[4]

text: "Somebody to Love" was also a track on their influential album released in February 1967, Surrealistic Pillow. The lyrics are in the second person, with each two-line verse setting a scene of alienation and despair, and the chorus repeating the title of the song, with slight variations such as: "... / Don't you need somebody to love? / Wouldn't you love somebody to love? / ..." Like the album on which it appeared, this song was instrumental in publicizing the existence of the Haight-Ashbury counterculture to the rest of the United States.

text: Personnel[edit]

text:
Grace Slick – lead vocals
Marty Balin – tambourine, backing vocals
Jorma Kaukonen – lead guitar (Gibson ES-335)
Paul Kantner – rhythm guitar (Rickenbacker 360/12)
Jack Casady – bass (Fender Precision Bass)
Spencer Dryden – drums

text: Use in media[edit]

text: This version appears in the film version of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas when Raoul Duke reminisces about the first time he took LSD at The Matrix club in San Francisco in 1967. The song is also played during prologue in TV movie A Bright Shining Lie (1998), and in A Home at the End of the World (2004). The song also appears in the (2014) film St. Vincent.

text: In the 1996 film The Cable Guy, Jim Carrey performs a karaoke version as his character Ernie "Chip" Douglas. Carrey's version is also on the movie's soundtrack.

text: The full, vocal version of the song can also be heard on a radio in the beginning of the Paramount film Four Brothers.

text: The song is played during the Landing Zone Albany loading screen and can be played from any vehicle in the 2004 EA video game Battlefield Vietnam.

text: The song works as a metaphorical framing device for the Coen brothers' film A Serious Man. The senior Rabbi (Rabbi Marshak) quotes a slightly altered version of the first two lines of the song in his meeting with Danny following Danny's bar mitzvah.

text: The song is featured in episode five of season two of Being Human as the vampire Mitchell explores his residual humanity, through a relationship with a mortal woman.

text: The song was played on episode 3 of ITV drama Marchlands.

text: The song is a downloadable content for Rock Band 3.

text: The Song Is A Plays In Speakers Of Rabbids Go Home By Ubisoft

text: The song is part of the soundtrack of Mafia 3 by Hanger13

text: Boogie Pimps version[edit]

text:
"Somebody to Love"

Single by Boogie Pimps

Released
11 January 2004

Format
CD single, digital download

Recorded
2003

Genre
Electronic

Length
2:59

Label
Housesession

Songwriter(s)
Darby Slick

Producer(s)
Mark J Klak, Mirko Jacob

Boogie Pimps singles chronology

"Somebody to Love"
(2004)
"Sunny"
(2004)

"Somebody to Love"
(2004)
"Sunny"
(2004)

text: It was the debut single by German electronic music duo Boogie Pimps. It is a remixed version of the song. It was released on 11 January 2004 and reached number three on the UK Singles Chart.[5] The song features uncredited vocals of Danish singer Mariah Webster in place of Grace Slick's vocals.

text: Music video[edit]

text: The song is also well known for its iconic music video, which was an instant hit in the UK. It features several infants sky diving out of an aeroplane towards a giant woman (Natasha Mealey) lying on a grassy hill country landscape in her underwear, singing the song. One of the babies cries as his parachute malfunctions and he lands on the woman's breast, causing him to bounce and survive the fall (a possible reference to premature ejaculation). This is proven by the seven babies being apparent before and after the parachute jump, in a star formation, and sitting on her left breast after landing on her waist and breast area. The video ends with the woman taking a giant baby bottle and squirting milk all over the camera.

text: Other versions[edit]

text:
Japanese rock band The Mops covered it on their 1968 debut album Psychedelic Sounds in Japan.
Aguaturbia covered the song in 1969 on their self-titled debut LP. Their cover version is titled "Alguien Para Amar".
The Lambrettas (a British mod-revival band) released "Somebody to Love" as a single on Elton John's Rocket label in 1982.
Irish band In Tua Nua covered the song in 1985.
South African Hi-NRG group Café Society covered the song in 1984.
It was covered by Angry Samoans on their 1986 EP, Yesterday Started Tomorrow (with some lyric changes).
The Serbian hard rock band Cactus Jack recorded a version on their live cover album DisCover in 2002.
The song also received cover versions by Mother's Finest.
Great White covered it in 1992 on their album Psycho City.
W.A.S.P. in their 1995's album Still Not Black Enough.
The Ramones (with background vocals by Traci Lords) on their 1993 cover album Acid Eaters.
Jim Carrey on the soundtrack of the film The Cable Guy.
In 2003 by Boogie Pimps (No. 3 UK) with the music video featuring Natasha Mealey.
Salsoul Orchestra on the album Salsoul Orchestra.
Kasabian covered it on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge.
Lo-Fi artist Zola Jesus covered it, featuring Dead Luke
Chaud covered the song on her 2010 EP The Black Market Revealed
Alice Gold covered the song on BBC Radio 2.
Russian band Mumiy Troll covered the song in 2010.
Marcella Detroit, as Marcy Levy, covered the song on the American Pop Soundtrack.
Barbara and Ernie covered the song on their 1971 folk/funk album "Prelude to..."
Mandy Morton of Spriguns of Tolgus on her 1983 solo album "Valley of Light"
Saint Privat released a single cover in 2006, also featured in their album Superflu.
Agent Orange covered the song on their album "When you Least Expect It".
In 2015, The Jefferson Airplane version was heavily sampled by House producers, Mr. Belt & Wezol and Freejak, released on Spinnin' Deep.
In 2015, DeAnna Johnson covered the song on The Voice.


document_title: Poverty in the United Kingdom

question_text: where is the most poverty in the uk

question_tokens: where is the most poverty in the uk

root

text: Poverty in the United Kingdom

text: History[edit]

text: 1950s and 1960s[edit]

text: In the early 1950s, it was believed by numerous people that poverty had been all but abolished from Britain, with only a few isolated pockets of deprivation still remaining.[7] Much of this assumption was derived from a 1951 study which showed that in 1950 only 1.5% of the survey population lived in poverty, compared with 18% in 1936 when a previous study had been conducted in that town by Rowntree. A leader in The Times spoke positively of this ‘remarkable improvement – no less than the virtual abolition of the sheerest want.’[8]

tag: p

text: Over the course of the 1950s and 1960s, however, a "rediscovery" of poverty took place, with various surveys showing that a substantial proportion of Britons were impoverished, with between 4% and 12% of the population estimated to be living below the Supplementary Benefits’ scales. In 1969, Professor A. Atkinson stated that

text: According to this definition, between 2-5 million Britons were trapped in poverty. In addition, some 2.6 million people were in receipt of Supplementary Benefits and therefore living on the poverty line. This meant that at least 10% of the population were in poverty at his time. Bad housing conditions also constituted a major cause of poverty in the postwar era. In the early Sixties, it was estimated that three million families lived in "slums, near slums on grossly overcrowded conditions," while a 1967 housing survey of England and Wales found that 11.7% of all dwellings were unfit.[9]

text: In their 1965 study on poverty, "The Poor and the Poorest," Professors Peter Townsend and Brian Abel-Smith decided on measuring poverty on the basis of the National Assistance levels of living and estimated that some 14% (around 7.5 million) of Britons lived in poverty.[7] Townsend and Abel-Smith also estimated that since the mid-1950s the percentage of the population living in poverty had risen from 8% to 14%.[10]

text: Differences in health between the classes[edit]

text: The continued existence of poverty in the 1960s was also characterised by differences in health between different social classes. In 1964-65 the incidence of infant deaths was more than half as much higher in the two lowest social classes than in the two highest social classes. In 1961-62 28% of all men recorded at least one spell of sickness of four days or more. For the lowest social classes, however, 35% of men had experienced this, compared with 18% of men in the highest social classes.[9] There is evidence that in large families the height of children was less than that for the average, while families with three or more children were more likely to be inadequately nourished.[11]

text: 1970s and 1980s[edit]

text: In his 1979 work "Poverty in the UK", Townsend suggested that 15 million people lived in or on the margins of poverty. He also argued that to get a proper measure of relative deprivation, there was a need to take into account other factors apart from income measures such as peoples’ environment, employment, and housing standards.[7]

text: According to one study, 365,000 families in Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) in 1966 were in poverty by an old assistance standard, and 450,000 families by a new standard.[11] In another study on poverty, Wilfred Beckerman estimated that 9.9% of the British population lived below a standardised poverty line in 1973, compared with 6.1% of the population of Belgium.[12]

text: Low pay was also a major cause of poverty,[13][14] with a report by the TUC in 1968 finding that about 5 million females and about 2.5 million males earned less than £15 a week.[8] According to one study, around 20% to 23% of employees in the late 1960s had low hourly wages.[15] In 1974, a quarter of adult employees in Britain earned less than £27 a week or less before tax, only slightly above the officially defined poverty line for an average family.[16] Regional differences in pay also remained pronounced during the post-war period.[17] Slum housing also remained a problem, with 12% of British households living in houses or flats considered to be unfit for human habitation in 1972.[18] In 1975, government statistics estimated that 1,800,000 children lived in poverty.[17]

text: Nevertheless, the number of people estimated to be living in poor housing conditions was lower at the start of the 1970s than at the start of the 1960s. In 1961, 4,700,000 households lived in unfit or substandard homes, compared with 2,846,000 in 1971.[19]

text: During the late 1960s and 1970s, progress was made in reducing the level of post-war poverty and inequality,[20] with 3 million families in Britain in poverty in 1977, compared with 5 million in 1961.[21] According to the 1971 Supplementary Benefits scale, the percentage of individuals living in poverty fell from 9.4% in 1963 to 2.3% in 1973.[22] Low pay continued to remain a major problem by the end of the 1970s, however, particularly amongst manual workers.[23]

text: Based on various measurements, however, the number of Britons living in poverty rose significantly from 1979 to 1985. The number of Britons living in poverty (when defined as living below the Supplementary Benefit level) rose from 2,090,000 to 2,420,000 during that period, while the number of people living in poverty when defined as living on or below the Supplementary Benefit level rose from 6,070,000 to 9,380,000. Using a poverty measurement of living at 140% of the Supplementary Benefit level or below, the rise was from 11,570,000 to 15,420,000.[24]

text: From 1979 to 1987, the number of Britons living in poverty (defined as living on less than half the national average income) doubled, from roughly 10% to 20% of the whole population. In 1989, almost 6 million full-time workers, representing 37% of the total full-time workforce, earned less than the "decency threshold" defined by the Council of Europe as 68% of average full-time earnings.[25] In 1994, 76.7% of all part-time workers earned less than this threshold.[26]

text: Comparison with the rest of Europe[edit]

text: Figures from the European Commission estimated that from 1975 to 1985 the number of people living in poverty had doubled in Britain, from just over 3 million to 6.5 million. In 1975, the United Kingdom had fewer people living in poverty than Germany, Italy, Belgium, and Luxembourg. By 1989, Britain had a higher poverty than each of these four countries. In 1989, 12% of the UK population was estimated to be living in poverty, compared with 11.7% in Italy, 8.5% in Germany, 7.9% in Luxembourg, 7.4% in the Netherlands, and 7.2% in Belgium.[24]

text: 1990s to 2000s[edit]

text: From the late 1990s onwards, however, poverty began to fall steadily, helped by policies such as big increases in national insurance benefits[27] and the introduction of the national minimum wage.[28] Using the 60% of median income after housing costs poverty line, the percentage of the British population living in poverty rose to 25.3% in 1996/97, compared with 13.7% in 1979.

text: From 1997/98 to 2004/05 (using the same 60% of median income after housing costs measurement), the percentage of the population living in poverty fell from 24.4% to 20.5%.[29] A 2000 report by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation estimated that 4 million people lacked access to a healthy diet,[30] while a review of EU food and health policies estimated that food poverty was far higher in the UK than any other EU member state.[31]

text: Poverty in the UK in the 21st century[edit]

text: This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas, incidents, or controversies. Please help to create a more balanced presentation. Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message. (June 2017)

tag: table

text: Rates of poverty fell just before the turn of the century and continued to do so until 2004-5. Since then rates of poverty have remained stable, with some year on year fluctuations caused by the financial crisis that started in 2008. The Institute of Fiscal Studies has counted the number of people in Absolute Poverty as falling from c.37% in 1996/7 (21.8m people) to c.22% in 2004/5 (13.2m), a figure that remained the same in 2014/5 (14.1m taking population growth into account).[29][32]

text: The trend for Relative Poverty is the same (a fall in the number of poor from 1997/8 until 2004/5 and a relatively stable amount since then), although the earlier numbers are lower. Alternatively it is suggested poverty rose from about 2008 to 2012 but remained stable since then.[33]

text: Changes to the benefit system from April 2017 such as not allowing some claimants to claim for more than 2 children are predicted to increase the number of families in poverty and get a quarter of a million further children into poverty. Policy in Practice estimates the two child limit will increase child poverty by 10% during this parliament. The Child Poverty Action Group charity (CPAG), claim it will reduce children’s life chances. Alison Thewliss said, “When Theresa May stood on the steps of Downing Street last year, she said that her new government would strive to help the ‘just about managing’ in society. It appears that this was just empty rhetoric. (...) The reality is that two-thirds of those affected are already in work.”[34][35] A doctor claims it is not unusual for up to seven people to live in a one bedroom flat. Parents sometimes do without food themselves to care for children, others cannot afford clothes, toothbrushes, toothpaste. Basic hygiene products like shampoo and sanitary towels are sometimes hard for poor people to buy and some must choose between buying hygiene products and buying food. Just under one in five UK children under 15 suffers food insecurity. That means sufficient safe, nutritious food cannot be guaranteed.[36][37]

text: Children become sick because they cannot keep warm at home, overcrowding and damp worsens respiratory conditions. Alison Garnham, of the Child Poverty Action Group, said, "Day in, day out, doctors see the damage rising poverty does to children's health. Low family incomes, inadequate housing and cuts to support services are jeopardising the health of our most vulnerable children. (...) Re-instating the UK's poverty-reduction targets would be an obvious place to start."[38]

text: Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty has fallen to 15.9% in 2014, down from 17.1% in 2010 and 19% in 2005 (after social transfers were taken into account).[39] However, the Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) fears that people who are "just about managing" could fall into poverty, as it forecast that the wages of people in low income and benefits might not keep pace with inflation.[33] One third of UK households are living below what is considered an adequate income according to the JRF research.[40] Campbell Robb of the JRF said, “Millions of families across the country are teetering on a precipice, with 400,000 pensioners and over one million more children likely to fall into poverty and suffer the very real and awful consequences that brings if things do not change. One of the biggest drivers of the rise in child poverty is policy choices, which is why it is essential that the Prime Minister and Chancellor use the upcoming Budget to put in place measures to stop this happening. An excellent start would be to ensure families can keep more of their earnings under the Universal Credit.”[41]

text: Poverty exists in rural communities as well as in urban areas. Rural poverty is frequently overlooked.[42]

text: The most common form of child poverty today is poverty in working families. Roughly 30% of British children are now classed as poor and of those two-thirds are from working families. Analysts claim cuts to working-age benefits would likely increase poverty rates greatly during the three years following 2017. Campbell Robb of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation said, “These troubling figures are warning signs we could be at the beginning of a sharp rise in poverty, with forecasts suggesting child poverty could rise further by 2021.”[43][44]

text: Food Standards Agency (FSA) research suggests some poor people miss meals or do without healthy food due to financial pressure. One third of unemployed people have cut out meals or reduced the quality of their diet due to lack of cash. 8% of respondents to a survey have low or very low food security, implying just under four million adults regularly struggle to get enough to eat. Other studies showed benefit freezes together with rising food prices are major factors in food insecurity. Rachel Loopstra who lectures in nutrition at King’s College London, said: “These robust survey data confirm how serious the scale of the problem of people not having enough money for food to eat is in the UK, and are consistent with reports of increasing food bank usage. Anna Taylor of the 'Food Foundation' thinktank, said: “To take so many British people off the breadline the government must drive uptake of the Healthy Start programme for young and low-income mothers, tackle gaps in food provision during school holidays, and review our welfare policies to protect the diets of society’s most vulnerable.” Campaigners and MPs have urged the UK government to monitor food insecurity. Ministers so far refused but the Scottish government agreed to enact a food insecurity measure. Women and young people are more likely to live in food insecure households.[45]

text: The Institute for Fiscal Studies says the benefit rate freeze and child tax credit cuts, together with the rollout of universal credit, which is less generous due to changes in work allowances, means, “large losses” for low-income households. John McDonnell said the IFS analysis showed a “clear threat” to working people’s living standards, while the Liberal Democrats claimed the “savage cuts” would make millions of households poorer. Projected benefit cuts will lead to the poorest working-age households losing between 4% and 10% of their income a year, according to the IFS.[46] Fewer than one in ten British people believe all work is fair and decent. 75% think more should be done to make work fairer. Many British people suffer insecure work with zero hours contracts.[47] Nearly half of workers are anxious over basic household expenses like food, transport and energy. One in six workers had left the heating off despite it being cold to save on fuel bills, and similar numbers had pawned possessions in the previous year because they were short of money.[48] Rents are rising and housing benefit is not rising to match this. Families are forced into increasing poverty, some facing a daily struggle to pay their rent and put food on their table. Some risk homelessness. Families with children are most affected and two thirds of affected families are in work.[49] Homelessness has risen over the last six years and the National Audit Office thinks welfare reforms and a freeze in housing benefit are a likely cause.[50]

text: An All Party Parliamentary Group on Hunger warned too many poorer UK children are hungry or malnourished during school holidays. Some subsist on a diet of crisps or stodgy food bought to fill their stomachs. One million children who receive free school meals during term time are at risk as are two million more from working poor families. For both types, school holidays add to financial pressure on families through the need to pay for childcare, food and fuel. These children return to school in bad physical shape, learn less well and get behind children who were better fed during school holidays. The life chances of underfed children are damaged.[51][52]

text: When housing benefit does not fully cover rent people can struggle to pay rent and buy all the other things they need as well. This can lead to increasing debt. Anne Baxendale of Shelter, said, “We are deeply concerned that the current freeze on housing benefit is piling a huge amount of pressure on to thousands of private renters who are already teetering on the brink of homelessness.” People are forced out of their homes because they cannot pay their rent and all their other bills.[53][54]

text: Reactions to Poverty[edit]

text: The Office for National Statistics has estimated that in 2011, 14 million people were at risk of poverty or social exclusion, and that one person in 20 (5.1%) was now experiencing "severe material depression."[55] Poverty among young people increased by 3.9% from 2007 to 2010.[56] In assessing social inequality in Britain, Danny Dorling has noted that "people in different parts of Britain and people living within different quarters of its cities are living in different worlds with different norms and expectations. This was not the case a few decades ago. This is not the case to the same extent in the majority of affluent nations in the world."[57]

text: A new term is appearing, 'Just About Managing' or 'JAM'. This applies to people who can put food on the table and pay rent or mortgage at least part of the time but have problems if their income falls or if there are unexpected bills. JAM's are typically families where at least one person works. JAM's may suffer social exclusion being unable to afford holidays or evenings out.[58]

text: The Resolution Foundation claims that the incomes of the poorest 10% in the UK will fall by 3% in real terms by 2020 due to government policies on tax and welfare. The lowest third of incomes will suffer falls in income over the coming years. Incomes will fall because many welfare benefits that poorer people receive have been frozen in cash terms and with inflation cash will be worth steadily less.[59]

text: The Institute for Fiscal Studies reported the numbers of poor United Kingdom children in wage-earning families increased from 2009 to 2014 and more poor children currently live in working families than live in families on benefits. The IFS reported "Recent falls in inequality are likely to prove temporary. Stronger earnings growth and the Conservatives’ planned income tax cuts would do most for incomes towards the top of the distribution, while planned benefit cuts will hit low-income households [both in and out of work] hardest."[60][61] Anne Longfield, Children's Commissioner for England wrote "The majority of children living in poverty have at least one parent who is working. Employment is important but if wages do not rise substantially in relation to living costs it will not provide a route out of poverty alone. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation has today published a report stating that families with children working full-time on the National Minimum Wage are now 15% short of the Minimum Income Standard that people believe offers an acceptable standard of living. Today's announcement will effectively confine to history any figures on the millions of children being raised in families who experience in-work poverty denying them necessities such as adequate food, clothing and heating."[62]

text: Julia Unwin of the Joseph Rowntree Foundation said "A strong economy and rising employment have masked the growing problem of in-work poverty, as years of below-inflation wage rises have taken their toll on people's incomes. The upcoming minimum wage rise will help, but many low-income working families will still find themselves worse off due to tax-credit changes. Boosting productivity and creating more jobs which offer progression at work is vital to make work a reliable route out of poverty."[60]

text: Campbell Robb of Shelter said "It's heart-breaking to think that so many people are having to make a choice between paying the rent and putting food on the table, or living in fear that any drop in income would leave them unable to cover their housing costs. The sad truth is that far too many people in Britain right now are living in homes that just aren't up to scratch - from the thousands of families forced to cope with poor conditions, to a generation of renters forking out most of their income on housing each month and unable to save for the future."[63]

text: As of 2015 there is actual hunger in the United Kingdom and significant numbers of UK citizens are driven to use food banks. There is also significant malnutrition. Poorer people are frequently forced to buy and eat cheaper, less healthy food. The BMJ, a UK peer-reviewed medical journal published:

text: For the poorest in our society, up to 35% of disposable income will now be needed for food, compared to less than 9% for the more wealthy. This will increase reliance on cheap, highly processed, high fat, high sugar, high salt, and calorie-dense, unhealthy foods. 2 Re-emerging problems of poor public health nutrition such as rickets and malnutrition in the elderly are also causes for concern. (John D Middleton Vice president John R Ashton, Simon Capewell Faculty of Public Health)[64]

text: In 2016, 10% of UK households live in fuel poverty. Fuel poverty is calculated by gauging if a household's income would fall below the official poverty line after spending the actual amount needed to heat the home. The average fuel poverty gap of these households – that is, the amount needed to escape fuel poverty – is £371 a year, the latest figures indicate, with those in privately rented properties hit hardest.[65]

text: In a recent report commissioned by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation[66] poverty and participation are analyzed as a social phenomenon characterizing UK society following the tradition initiated several decades ago by Peter Townsend. Participation in society is measured in terms of social relationships, membership of organisations, trust in other people, ownership of possessions and purchase of services. The study finds out that all these dimensions of participation are lower among people with low incomes. While participation generally drops as income declines, participation stops falling among the 30 per cent or so of people with the lowest incomes, creating a participation 'floor'. The 30 per cent of people with the lowest incomes are forced to choose between the basic necessities of modern life; they must decide which needs to neglect. For people affected by the floor, additional income may well be spent on upgrading the quality of necessary goods and services rather than adding to them. Averages mask important variation. The participation floor for benefit recipients is lower than for other groups on the same income. Most minority ethnic groups experience greater material deprivation than the white majority but social participation is, on average, higher. Children's engagement in school life and friends is not directly affected by household income. However, parents on low incomes, on average, play less often with their children and spend less on activities. This is associated with poorer educational outcomes as judged by teachers. Low-income parents frequently spend more time than affluent ones assisting children with their school work because they have fallen behind their classmates.

text: Poverty and economic insecurity increase the risk that a person will commit suicide. The Samaritans claim The British economic condition, including low incomes, job insecurity, zero-hours contracts, unmanageable debts and poor housing all add to suicide risk. A report titled, Dying from Inequality, describes “overwhelming evidence of a link between socioeconomic disadvantage and suicidal behaviour”. “Men in the lowest social class, living in the most deprived areas, are up to 10 times more at risk of suicide then those in the highest social class living in the most affluent areas,” the report says. Unemployed people are more at risk of suicide than people with work, people with low education and people living in deprived areas are also at increased risk.[67]

text: The persistence of high poverty rates in the UK is associated with the relatively low generosity of the welfare state. The UK social security system is characterised by a residual welfare state model based on the notion of market dominance and private provision. The state only intervenes to moderate extreme poverty and provide for basic needs, largely on a means-tested basis (Esping-Andersen 1990;[68] Ferragina and Seleeib-Kaiser 2011[69]).

text: In 2017 inequality has been forecast to return to the levels of the Thatcher years. Torsten Bell of the Resolution Foundation, said: “[A] boom is slowing rapidly as inflation rises, productivity flatlines and employment growth slows. (...( This time around it’s low- and middle-income families with kids who are set to be worst affected. This could leave Britain with the worst of both worlds on living standards – the weak income growth of the last parliament and rising inequality from the time Margaret Thatcher was in Downing Street. The prime minister’s focus on supporting just managing families is absolutely right.”[70]

text: Inflation has been rising while the level of many benefits has remained fixed in money terms. This is causing hardship to low income families and there are calls for the level of benefits to be increased.[71]

text: Wales[edit]

text: Poverty within the UK is particularly concentrated in the country of Wales. While the relative income-poverty rate for the UK stood at 16.8% in 2014, the same poverty rate for Wales stood at 23% in the same year.[72][73] Poverty in Wales has remained in the 25% range, with only small dips throughout the last decade.[73] While the trends correlate with overall reductions in less impoverished areas of the UK, it does not correlate with Scotland, who in the 1990s, had a relative similar poverty trend as Wales.[72] Conservative attitudes began to grow during the reign of the Labour party in the 2000s, culminating in an overall negative opinion towards public spending increases beginning in the 2010s.[74] This negative trend created a lack of support for Welsh poverty reduction efforts, and can explain much of the stagnation present in the rate. The lack of attention to Wales has led to a consistent issue in Welsh politics being that of poverty, with efforts to primarily reduce the prevalence of childhood and Fuel Poverty a priority.[citation needed]

text: London[edit]

text: Data published in 2014 by New Policy Institute and Trust for London found in the three years to 2012/13, 2.2 million people were in poverty in London after housing costs. This figure represents 28% of London's population, 8 percentage points higher than the rest of England.[75] Further research published by Trust for London, carried out by Loughborough University, found that 4 in 10 Londoners cannot afford what the public regard as a decent standard of living - one that allows them to meet their basic needs and participate in society at a minimum level. This is significantly higher than the 30% that fall below the standard in the UK as a whole. This represents 3.5 million Londoners, an increase of 400,000 since 2010/11.[76]

text: How poverty in the United Kingdom is defined and measured[edit]

text: Historical statistics on poverty[edit]

text: The table below shows the percentage of the population in poverty derived by three different measures: relative poverty (earning less than 60% of the median), the National Assistance scale and the Supplementary Benefits scale. Estimates from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research.[77]

text:
Percentage of population in poverty

Relative poverty
National assistance scale
Supplementary benefits scale

Year
Households
Individuals
Households
Individuals
Households
Individuals

1953/54
6.5%
4.8%
6.5%
4.8%
22.5%
21.0%

1963
6.8%
5.5%
2.5%
1.4%
10.5%
9.4%

1967
5.8%
5.3%
0.9%
0.9%
6.0%
5.5%

1971
4.9%
4.2%
0.5%
0.5%
4.9%
4.2%

1973
4.3%
3.0%
0.3%
0.2%
3.5%
2.3%

text: Estimates of poverty in the United Kingdom from 1950-1975 (percentage of population)[78]

text: 1953-54: 1.2% (Abel-Smith and Townsend, FES) Unit: Household

text: 1954: 12.3% (Gough and Stark, IR) Unit: Tax unit

text: 1959: 8.8% (Gough and Stark, IR) Unit: Tax unit

text: 1960: 3.8% (Abel-Smith and Townsend, FES) Unit: Household

text: 1963: 9.4% (Gough and Stark, IR) Unit: Tax unit

text: 1967: 3.5% (Atkinson, FES) Unit: Household

text: 1969: 3.4% (Atkinson, FES) Unit: Household

text: 1968-69: 6.4% (Townsend, Survey) Unit: Household

text: 1971: 4.9% (Fiegehen et al., FES) Unit: Household

text: 1975: 11.3% (Berthoud and Brown, GHS) Unit: Household

text: Poverty as 60 percent of median income[edit]

text: The most common measure for poverty, as used in the Child Poverty Act 2010, is ‘household income below 60 percent of median income’. The median is such an income that exactly a half of households earn more than that and the other half earns less.[79]

text: In 2014/5, the median income in the UK was £473 per week (£24,596 a year). Those earning 60% of this figure (£284 a week / £14,758 a year) were considered to be in the low income bracket.

text: This is the definition that is used by the UK Government's Department of Work and Pensions in its yearly survey Households below average income.[80] However, their reports expressly avoid using the word poverty, using low income instead. Reports from others agencies, such as the Institute of Fiscal Studies Living Standards, Poverty and Inequality in the UK, use the same methodology, but specifically use the word poverty.[32][81]

text: This measure can be further divided.

text: Those who live in Absolute Poverty have a ‘household income below 60 percent of median income' as compared to a rate fixed in 2010/11 and that only changes in line with inflation.

text: Those who live in Relative Poverty have a ‘household income below 60 percent of median income' as compared to all other incomes in the same year.

text: Absolute Poverty is better at judging poverty in the short term, whereas Relative Poverty is better at seeing long-term trends. This is because general concepts of poverty change with time, and Relative Poverty reflects this better.[32]

text: Reports on poverty also tend to take housing costs in to account, distinguishing between Before Housing Costs (BHC, where housing costs such as rent and mortgage interest payments have not been deducted) and After Housing Costs (AHC). Different social groups in the UK tend to have vastly different costs for housing, affecting available income.[32]

text: Relative Poverty was used before its formal adoption now. In the early 1980s, Tony Byrne and Colin F. Padfield defined relative poverty in Britain as a situation in which people are able to survive adequately, but they are either less well off than they used to be (such as when they retire from paid employment) or that they are at a serious disadvantage "in their ability to experience or enjoy the standard of life of most other people – for example, not being able to afford an annual holiday."[7]

text: In 2011, there was some discussion of the measurement for poverty being changed (from households earning less than 60% of median income) to a broader analysis of poverty.[82]

text: The Consensual Method[edit]

text: As opposed to measuring income, the Consensual Method examines which necessities (e.g. food, clothing, access to healthcare, involvement in social and leisure activities) are thought by the general public to be essential for living in contemporary UK society.[83] Those families or individual who lack a number of these necessities are considered as poor. In the 2012 Poverty and Social Exclusion (PSE) survey on Living Standards, the three necessities deemed as being most often essential to a good standard of living were the ability 'to warm living areas of the home ', a 'damp-free home' and 'two meals a day.'[84]

text: Six specific surveys of low standards of living in the UK have made use of this method.

text:
1983 Breadline Britain Survey
1990 Breadline Britain Survey of Britain
1999 Poverty and Social Exclusion Survey
2002 Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland
The 2012 PSE UK ‘Attitudes to Necessities of Life and Services’ survey
The 2012 PSE UK 'Living Standards' survey

tag: ul

text: Other forms of poverty[edit]

text: Water poverty is defined by the Government as spending more than 3% of disposable income on water bills. Nationally, in 2006, nearly 10% of households were in water poverty.[85]

text: Fuel poverty. A fuel poor household is one that struggles to keep adequately warm at reasonable cost. The most widely accepted definition of a fuel poor household is one which needs to spend more than 10% of its income on all fuel use and to heat the home to an adequate standard of warmth. This is generally defined as 21 °C in the living room and 18 °C in the other occupied rooms.[86][87] Fuel poverty affects over a million British working households and increases in energy prices affect poor people severely.[88]

text: See Fuel poverty in the United Kingdom.

text: Causes of poverty[edit]

text:
Disability - Disabled adults are twice as likely to live in low income households as non-disabled adults.[89]
Illness
Mental illness
Low intelligence[90] - People with an IQ of 60 or below are speculated to be in danger of poverty and homelessness in the USA in 2006.
Unemployment - benefit sanctions for failing to search for jobs on a full-time basis plunges the already poor unemployed into destitution as a punishment. There are currently not enough jobs in the UK to employ everyone who is looking for work.[citation needed]
Underemployment - having a low-paid job with wages lower than the living wage, often the minimum wage, and working part-time.
Being born to poor parents
Lack of social capital
Inadequate management of finances
Being a lone parent - half of all lone parents are on a low income.[89]
Racial discrimination[91][92]
Inherent biases in the economic system, for example having to pay a higher rate of interest on a loan.[citation needed]

text: Current/recent figures[edit]

text: Eurostat figures show that the numbers of Britons at risk of poverty has fallen to 15.9% in 2014, down from 17.1% in 2010 and 19% in 2005 (after social transfers were taken into account).[39]

text: If the poverty line is defined as those individuals and households with incomes less than 60% of their respective medians, then "nearly 60%" of those in poverty are homeowners.[93]

text: Historical measurements of poverty[edit]

text: Seebohm Rowntree chose a basic 'shopping basket' of foods (identical to the rations given in the local workhouse), clothing and housing needs - anyone unable to afford them was deemed to be in poverty. By 1950, with the founding of the modern welfare state, the 'shopping basket' measurement had been abandoned.

text: The vast and overwhelming majority of people that fill the government's current criteria for poverty status (see above) have goods unimaginable to those in poverty in 1900. Poverty in the developed world is often one of perception; people compare their wealth with neighbours and wider society, not with their ancestors or those in foreign countries. Indeed, this is formalised in the government's measure of poverty. A number of studies have shown that though prosperity in the UK has greatly increased, the level of happiness people report has remained the same or even decreased since the 1950s.[94][95][96]

text: Poverty reduction[edit]

text: Welfare overview[edit]

text: People enter the world of poverty due to: problems at the individual/family level and problems with the economy as a whole. Problems at the individual level include: race (human categorization), gender, sexual orientation, drug use, and level of education. Problems with the economy can include: low labor participation and high levels of unemployment .[97] Welfare is financial support given by the government to people in need. There are pressures on the welfare state because welfare must be justified in terms of its contribution to economic success. Welfare must contribute positively to the economy otherwise there is a risk of damaging currency values. Damage to currency values will damage trading positions and investment which will, in turn, hurt the economy overall.[98] The Department of Health and Social Security (DHSS) is responsible for the welfare services in the United Kingdom. Income maintenance is centrally administered through DHSS offices (regional and local level).[99] Those who earn 39 pounds a week (except some married women) or more must contribute to the National Insurance Scheme. The National Health Service (NHS) provides virtually free healthcare for all residents – this is also centrally administered.

text: Persistent poverty and poverty statistics[edit]

text: Persistent poverty is the effects of experiencing low income for long periods of time. In 2014, 6.5% of the United Kingdom's population was classified as being in persistent poverty; that equates to approximately 3.9 million people. The UK's poverty rate overall in 2014 was the 12th highest amongst all European nations at 16.8%, however; it has the third-lowest persistent poverty rate.[100] Income tends to be measured before or after housing costs are accounted for (BHC or AHC).[101] Poverty levels tend to be higher after housing costs are accounted for because the poorer households need to spend a higher percentage of their income on housing. In 2014-2015, 13.5 million people were in relative low income AHC (an increase of 300,000 from the year before) and 12.9 million people were in absolute low income AHC (a decrease of 700,000 from the year before). Relative low income means that people live in households with income below 60% of the median in a specified year. Absolute income means that people live in households with income below 60% of the median income in some base year.[101] In 2016, the incomes of poor households are extremely sensitive to the activity in the labor market. When any downturn in the labor market occurs, the poorest people in the UK are increasingly more vulnerable and at greater risk.[102] Median income (overall) has moved 2% above pre-crisis (2007-2008) levels. During the recovery period, inequality in workers’ earnings has decreased. There has been strong employment growth along with weak earnings growth which have kept inequality low for several years.[102]

text: Poverty reduction strategies[edit]

text: In 1999, Tony Blair, the former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, pledged that child poverty in the United Kingdom will end within a generation. The goal was to completely eradicate child poverty by 2020. Poverty is a result of several different factors, some of which include: a lack of education and training, low participation in the labor market, poor working conditions, and affordable housing.[103] The key components of the UK's strategy to fight poverty are to: increase labor market participation of those eligible to work, to make work more advantageous for those receiving social benefits, to promote financial security for families, and to improve access to public transportation.[103] One of the most crucial ways to reduce poverty is to increase benefit take-ups. In 2009-10 almost a third of those who were eligible for means-tested benefits did not claim their benefits. In 2011-2012, 15% of those eligible for Child Tax Credit did not claim their benefits. Also, 35% of those eligible for Working Tax Credit did not claim their benefits neither.[97] Improving these numbers and getting those people to claim their benefits would significantly help reduce poverty. Ways in which can help increase benefit take-up include: simplifying the language so those who receive the benefits understand what they are receiving, making the process of receiving the benefits easier and more efficient, and encouraging benefit take-up.[97] Other important ways to reduce the levels of poverty include: improve mental health, to ensure that children are supported sufficiently enough so that they can receive a quality education, help the unemployed find jobs, and improving child stability. A decrease in poverty would mean a more active economy because more people would have the ability to purchase more consumer goods than before.[104]

text: Viewpoints of major political parties[edit]

text: Poverty in 2015 General Election[edit]

text: For the UK General Election of 2015, research was undertaken to analyse the commitment of the UK's political parties in addressing poverty. It demonstrated that "poverty has been overlooked as an issue in the General Election campaign" and that only the Green Party had an effective policy to deal with poverty. Analysis of other parties' policies and how they are used to deal with poverty ended in negative conclusions: "The Conservatives and UKIP both performed fairly badly". Labour performed better in some specific policy areas when compared to the Conservatives, but "there is not very much difference between them." Overall, the audit noted that views towards poverty were affected by specific views for those receiving social security benefits: "there was a general tendency to come down hard on welfare recipients, with a shift towards means-testing and victim-blaming across the board. This can be seen particularly in the context of Immigration and Housing."[105][non-primary source needed]

text: Poverty and political parties in 2000s[edit]

text: Labour Party[edit]

text: While leader of the Labour Government, Tony Blair vowed in 1999 to cut child poverty 25% by 2005, 50% by 2010 and to eradicate child poverty completely by 2020. The Labour Party website states:

text: "In 1997 Labour inherited one of the highest rates of child poverty in Europe – with one in three children living in poverty. Our mission to abolish child poverty is grounded both in our determination to secure social justice, and to tackle the problems that the social exclusion of children builds up for the long-term. Work is the best route out of poverty and our successful welfare to work measures have lifted millions out of poverty including disabled people, who have too often previously been consigned to a life on benefits. At the same time, millions of families are benefiting from the Child tax credit, the Working tax credit, and record rises in Child benefit."[106]

text: Their 2005 manifesto[107] states:

text: "[Since the Labour government came to power in 1997] there are two million fewer children and nearly two million fewer pensioners living in absolute poverty."

text: Conservative Party[edit]

text: In late November 2006, the Conservative Party garnered headlines across the press when a senior member spoke out on poverty, invoking the name of Polly Toynbee. The headlines began when David Cameron's policy advisor and shadow minister Greg Clark wrote:

text: "The traditional Conservative vision of welfare as a safety net encompasses another outdated Tory nostrum - that poverty is absolute, not relative. Churchill's safety net is at the bottom: holding people at subsistence level, just above the abyss of hunger and homelessness. It is the social commentator Polly Toynbee who supplies imagery that is more appropriate for Conservative social policy in the twenty first century."[108][109]

text: This approach generated much comment and analysis.[110] It was followed two days later by Cameron saying poverty should be seen in relative terms to the rest of society, where people lack those things which others in society take for granted, "those who think otherwise are wrong [...] I believe that poverty is an economic waste, a moral disgrace. [...] We will only tackle the causes of poverty if we give a bigger role to society, tackling poverty is a social responsibility [...] Labour rely too heavily on redistributing money, and on the large, clunking mechanisms of the state."[111]

text: Beyond left and right: poverty as a major fault line in British society[edit]

text: Most people's ability to sustain their lifestyle and to participate socially comes under threat at around the bottom 30% of the income distribution, creating a sort of 'participation floor' that seems to demarcate a major divide in British society (Ferragina et al. 2016[112]). The floor begins around the point in the income distribution when the benefit system starts to contribute substantially to people's incomes but is not entirely rigid or for example, it is lower for recipients of social security benefits mainly on account of the greater material deprivation that they experience. For those on the floor, participation is severely constrained with people negotiating a zero-sum world in which spending on one area means reduction in another. Whereas for those above the floor, additional income translates into more evident consumption, greater social participation and trust; for those on the floor it means a slight easing of pressure, but no major change in lifestyle sufficient to be identified in survey evidence. The implications for policy and our understanding of society are profound. Much policy, notably the new Universal Credit that was the flagship policy of the past Coalition Government, seeks to maximise work incentives premised on the notion that additional income brings rewards for individuals in terms of higher living standards, and benefits society through greater consumption and a shared work ethic. Similarly, as emphasised by Lansley and Mack (2015[113]), New Labour during the period 1997–2010 (despite trying to tackle child poverty) intervened mainly through more generous and wide-ranging tax-credits rather than fighting poverty and inequality at source (Ferragina and Arrigoni, 2016[114]).

text: Pressure/interest groups[edit]

text: The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (site) is one of the largest social policy research and development charities in the UK and takes particular interest in the issue of poverty, with over 100 reports on poverty and disadvantage available on its website (external link to report listing).

text: The Child Poverty Action Group (site) campaigns for the elimination of poverty amongst children.

text: End Child Poverty coalition (site) also seeks the eradication of child poverty.

text: Oxfam UK Poverty Programme site) works with people and policy makers to tackle the causes of poverty.

text: In July 2013 Freedom from Torture(site) published its report "The Poverty Barrier: The Right to Rehabilitation for Survivors of Torture in the UK[115] which highlights the failings of the UK Asylum System in their handling of torture survivors arriving in the UK. The evidence included in the report comes from the testimony of over 100 survivors of torture and 18 members of Freedom from Torture's clinical department. The report highlights financial insecurity, social exclusion and hopelessness and how poverty prevents the rehabilitation process. One survivor stated: "... Our current living conditions keep our torture trauma still alive. We can't move on."


document_title: List of United States Representatives from Minnesota

question_text: who represents minnesota in the house of representatives

text: Current members[edit]

text: Updated January 2017.[1]

text:
Minnesota's 1st district: Tim Walz (D) (since 2007)
Minnesota's 2nd district: Jason Lewis (R) (since 2017)
Minnesota's 3rd district: Erik Paulsen (R) (since 2009)
Minnesota's 4th district: Betty McCollum (D) (since 2001)
Minnesota's 5th district: Keith Ellison (D) (since 2007)
Minnesota's 6th district: Tom Emmer (R) (since 2015)
Minnesota's 7th district: Collin Peterson (D) (since 1991)
Minnesota's 8th district: Rick Nolan (D) (since 2013) (also served 1975-1981 in the 6th district)

text: List of representatives[edit]

text:
Representative

Party

District

Years

District home

Electoral history

Cyrus Aldrich

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1859 –March 3, 1863

Minneapolis

[Data unknown/missing.]

John G. Alexander

Republican

3rd

January 3, 1939 –January 3, 1941

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost renomination.

Herman Carl Andersen

Republican

7th

January 3, 1939 –January 3, 1963

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost  as an Independent.

Sydney Anderson

Republican

1st

March 4, 1911 –March 3, 1925

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

August H. Andresen

Republican

3rd

March 4, 1925 –March 3, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

1st

January 3, 1935 –January 14, 1958

Died.

Henry M. Arens

Farmer–Labor

At-large

March 4, 1933 –January 3, 1935

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

John T. Averill

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1871 –March 3, 1873

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

3rd

March 4, 1873 –March 3, 1875

Michele Bachmann

Republican

6th

January 3, 2007 –January 3, 2015

Stillwater

[Data unknown/missing.]

Melvin Baldwin

Democratic

6th

March 4, 1893 –March 3, 1895

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

James Bede

Republican

8th

March 4, 1903 –March 3, 1909

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Robert Bergland

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

7th

January 3, 1971 –January 22, 1977

[Data unknown/missing.]

Resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Agriculture

John Bernard

Farmer–Labor

8th

January 3, 1937 –January 3, 1939

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

John Blatnik

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

8th

January 3, 1947 –January 3, 1975

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Haldor Boen

Populist

7th

March 4, 1893 –March 3, 1895

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Rich T. Buckler

Farmer–Labor

9th

January 3, 1935 –January 3, 1943

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Clarence Buckman

Republican

6th

March 4, 1903 –March 3, 1907

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

William Leighton Carss

Farmer–Labor

8th

March 4, 1919 –March 3, 1921

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

March 4, 1925 –March 3, 1929

[Data unknown/missing.]

James Castle

Democratic

4th

March 4, 1891 –March 3, 1893

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

James M. Cavanaugh

Democratic

1st

May 11, 1858 –March 3, 1859

Chatfield

[Data unknown/missing.]

Ray P. Chase

Republican

At-large

March 4, 1933 –January 3, 1935

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost renomination.

Victor Christgau

Republican

1st

March 4, 1929 –March 3, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Theodore Christianson

Republican

At-large

March 4, 1933 –January 3, 1935

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired to run for U.S. Senate.

January 3, 1935 –January 3, 1937

Frank Clague

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1921 –March 3, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Solomon Comstock

Republican

5th

March 4, 1889 –March 3, 1891

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Chip Cravaack

Republican

8th

January 3, 2011 –January 3, 2013

Lindstrom

Lost re-election.

Charles Russell Davis

Republican

3rd

March 4, 1903 –March 3, 1925

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Edward Devitt

Republican

4th

January 3, 1947 –January 3, 1949

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Ignatius L. Donnelly

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1863 –March 3, 1869

St. Paul

[Data unknown/missing.]

Mark H. Dunnell

Republican

1st

March 4, 1871 –March 3, 1883

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

March 4, 1889 –March 3, 1891

Lost re-election.

Frank Eddy

Republican

7th

March 4, 1895 –March 3, 1903

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Keith Ellison

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

5th

January 3, 2007 –present

Minneapolis

First elected in 2006.

Franklin Ellsworth

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1915 –March 3, 1921

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Arlen Erdahl

Republican

1st

January 3, 1979 –January 3, 1983

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Tom Emmer

Republican

6th

January 3, 2015 –present

Delano

[Data unknown/missing.]

Loren Fletcher

Republican

5th

March 4, 1893 –March 3, 1903

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Loren Fletcher

Republican

5th

March 4, 1905 –March 3, 1907

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Donald M. Fraser

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

5th

January 3, 1963 –January 3, 1979

Minneapolis

Retired to run for U.S. Senator.

Bill Frenzel

Republican

3rd

January 3, 1971 –January 3, 1991

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Allen J. Furlow

Republican

1st

March 4, 1925 –March 3, 1929

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost renomination.

Richard Pillsbury Gale

Republican

3rd

January 3, 1941 –January 3, 1945

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

William Gallagher

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

3rd

January 3, 1945 –August 13, 1946

[Data unknown/missing.]

Died.

John Gilfillan

Republican

4th

March 4, 1885 –March 3, 1887

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Godfrey G. Goodwin

Republican

10th

March 4, 1925 –February 16, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

Died.

Rod Grams

Republican

6th

January 3, 1993 –January 3, 1995

Princeton

Retired to run for U.S. Senator.

Gil Gutknecht

Republican

1st

January 3, 1995 –January 3, 2007

Rochester

Lost general.

Tom Hagedorn

Republican

2nd

January 3, 1975 –January 3, 1983

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Harold Hagen

Farmer–Labor

9th

January 3, 1943 –January 3, 1945

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Republican

January 3, 1945 –January 3, 1955

Darwin Hall

Republican

3rd

March 4, 1889 –March 3, 1891

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Osee M. Hall

Democratic

3rd

March 4, 1891 –March 3, 1895

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Kittel Halvorson

Populist

5th

March 4, 1891 –March 3, 1893

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Winfield Scott Hammond

Democratic

2nd

March 4, 1907 –January 6, 1905

[Data unknown/missing.]

Resigned when elected Governor of Minnesota.

William H. Harries

Democratic

1st

March 4, 1891 –March 3, 1893

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Joel Heatwole

Republican

3rd

March 4, 1895 –March 3, 1903

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Einar Hoidale

Democratic

At-large

March 4, 1933 –January 3, 1935

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired to run for U.S. Senator.

Dewey Johnson

Farmer–Labor

5th

January 3, 1937 –January 3, 1939

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Magnus Johnson

Farmer–Labor

At-large

March 4, 1933 –January 3, 1935

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Walter Judd

Republican

5th

January 3, 1943 –January 3, 1963

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost general.

Joseph Karth

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

4th

January 3, 1959 –January 3, 1977

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Oscar Keller

Republican

4th

July 1, 1919 –March 3, 1927

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Mark Kennedy

Republican

2nd

January 3, 2001 –January 3, 2003

Watertown

Retired to run for U.S. Senate.

6th

January 3, 2003 –January 3, 2007

Andrew Kiefer

Republican

4th

March 4, 1893 –March 3, 1897

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

William S. King

Republican

3rd

March 4, 1875 –March 3, 1877

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

John Kline

Republican

2nd

January 3, 2003 –January 3, 2017

Lakeville

[Data unknown/missing.]

Coya Knutson

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

9th

January 3, 1955 –January 3, 1959

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Harold Knutson

Republican

6th

March 4, 1917 –March 3, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

At-large

March 4, 1933 –March 3, 1935

6th

January 3, 1935 –January 3, 1949

Ole J. Kvale

Farmer–Labor

7th

March 4, 1923 –September 11, 1929

[Data unknown/missing.]

Died.

Paul John Kvale

Farmer–Labor

7th

October 16, 1929 –March 4, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

First elected to finish his father Ole J. Kvale's seat.[Data unknown/missing.]

At-large

March 4, 1933 –January 3, 1935

7th

January 3, 1935 –January 3, 1939

Odin Langen

Republican

9th

January 3, 1959 –January 3, 1963

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

7th

January 3, 1963 –January 3, 1971

Oscar Larson

Republican

8th

March 4, 1921 –March 3, 1925

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Jason Lewis

Republican

2nd

January 3, 2017 –present

Burnsville

Elected in 2016.

John Lind

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1887 –March 3, 1893

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Democratic

5th

March 4, 1903 –March 3, 1905

[Data unknown/missing.]

Charles August Lindbergh

Republican

6th

March 4, 1907 –March 3, 1917

Morrison County

[Data unknown/missing.]

Ernest Lundeen

Republican

5th

March 4, 1917 –March 3, 1919

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

At-large

March 4, 1933 –January 3, 1935

Retired to run for U.S. Senator.

3rd

January 3, 1935 –January 3, 1937

Bill Luther

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

6th

January 3, 1995 –January 3, 2003

Fergus Falls

Lost re-election.

Melvin Maas

Republican

4th

March 4, 1927 –March 3, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost renomination.

January 3, 1935 –January 3, 1945

Lost re-election.

John L. MacDonald

Democratic

3rd

March 4, 1887 –March 3, 1889

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Clark MacGregor

Republican

3rd

January 3, 1961 –January 3, 1971

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired to run for U.S. Senator.

George MacKinnon

Republican

3rd

January 3, 1947 –January 3, 1949

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

James Manahan

Republican

At-large

March 4, 1913 –March 3, 1915

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Fred Marshall

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

6th

January 3, 1949 –January 3, 1963

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Eugene McCarthy

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

4th

January 3, 1949 –January 3, 1959

St. Paul

Retired to run for U.S. Senator.

James McCleary

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1893 –March 3, 1907

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Betty McCollum

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

4th

January 3, 2001 –present

St. Paul

First elected in 2000.

Clarence B. Miller

Republican

8th

March 4, 1909 –March 3, 1919

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

David Minge

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

2nd

January 3, 1993 –January 3, 2001

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost general.

Robert P. Morris

Republican

6th

March 4, 1897 –March 3, 1903

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Ancher Nelsen

Republican

2nd

January 3, 1959 –December 31, 1974

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Knute Nelson

Republican

5th

March 4, 1883 –March 3, 1889

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Walter Newton

Republican

5th

March 4, 1919 –June 30, 1929

[Data unknown/missing.]

Resigned to become Secretary to President Herbert Hoover.

Rick Nolan

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

6th

January 3, 1975 –January 3, 1981

Crosby

Retired.

8th

January 3, 2013 - present

Again elected in 2012.

William I. Nolan

Republican

5th

June 17, 1929 –March 3, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Frank Nye

Republican

5th

March 4, 1907 –March 3, 1913

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Jim Oberstar

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

8th

January 3, 1975 –January 3, 2011

Chisholm

Lost general.

Joseph P. O'Hara

Republican

2nd

January 3, 1941 –January 3, 1959

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Alec G. Olson

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

6th

January 3, 1963 –January 3, 1967

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Erik Paulsen

Republican

3rd

January 3, 2009 –present

Eden Prairie

First elected in 2008.

Tim Penny

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

1st

January 3, 1983 –January 3, 1995

Waseca

Retired.

Collin Peterson

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

7th

January 3, 1991 –present

Detroit Lakes

First elected in 1990.

William Wallace Phelps

Democratic

2nd

May 11, 1858 –March 3, 1859

Red Wing

[Data unknown/missing.]

William Alvin Pittenger

Republican

8th

March 4, 1929 –March 3, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

January 3, 1935 –January 3, 1937

Lost re-election.

January 3, 1939 –January 3, 1947

Lost re-election.

Henry Poehler

Democratic

2nd

March 4, 1877 –March 3, 1879

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Al Quie

Republican

1st

February 18, 1958 –January 3, 1979

Dennison

Retired to run for Governor of Minnesota.

Jim Ramstad

Republican

3rd

January 3, 1991 –January 3, 2009

Wayzata

Retired.

Edmund Rice

Democratic

4th

March 4, 1887 –March 3, 1889

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Elmer Ryan

Democratic

2nd

January 3, 1935 –January 3, 1941

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Martin Olav Sabo

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

5th

January 3, 1979 –January 3, 2007

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

Thomas D. Schall

Republican

5th

March 4, 1915 –March 3, 1925

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired to run for U.S. Senator.

Conrad Selvig

Republican

9th

March 4, 1927 –March 3, 1933

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Francis Shoemaker

Farmer–Labor

At-large

March 4, 1933 –January 3, 1935

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Gerry Sikorski

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

6th

January 3, 1983 –January 3, 1993

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost general.

George Ross Smith

Republican

5th

March 4, 1913 –March 3, 1917

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Samuel Snider

Republican

4th

March 4, 1889 –March 3, 1891

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Arlan Stangeland

Republican

7th

February 22, 1977 –January 3, 1991

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Frank Starkey

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

4th

January 3, 1945 –January 3, 1947

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Halvor Steenerson

Republican

9th

March 4, 1903 –March 3, 1923

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Frederick Stevens

Republican

4th

March 4, 1897 –March 3, 1915

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Jacob H. Stewart

Republican

3rd

March 4, 1877 –March 3, 1879

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Horace B. Strait

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1873 –March 3, 1879

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

2nd

March 4, 1881 –March 3, 1883

Retired.

3rd

March 4, 1883 –March 3, 1887

James Albertus Tawney

Republican

1st

March 4, 1893 –March 3, 1911

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Henry Teigan

Farmer–Labor

3rd

January 3, 1937 –January 3, 1939

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost re-election.

Charles A. Towne

Republican

6th

March 4, 1895 –March 3, 1897

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Carl Van Dyke

Democratic

4th

March 4, 1915 –May 20, 1919

[Data unknown/missing.]

Died.

Bruce Vento

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

4th

January 3, 1977 –October 10, 2000

[Data unknown/missing.]

Died.

Andrew Volstead

Republican

7th

March 4, 1903 –March 3, 1923

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

James Wakefield

Republican

2nd

March 4, 1883 –March 3, 1887

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Tim Walz

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

1st

January 3, 2007 –present

Mankato

First elected in 2006.

William D. Washburn

Republican

3rd

March 4, 1879 –March 3, 1883

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

4th

March 4, 1883 –March 3, 1885

Vin Weber

Republican

6th

January 3, 1981 –January 3, 1983

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

2nd

January 3, 1983 –January 3, 1993

Knud Wefald

Farmer–Labor

9th

March 4, 1923 –March 3, 1927

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Milo White

Republican

1st

March 4, 1883 –March 3, 1887

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Roy Wier

Democratic–Farmer–Labor

3rd

January 3, 1949 –January 3, 1961

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Thomas Wilson

Democratic

1st

March 4, 1887 –March 3, 1889

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

Eugene McLanahan Wilson

Democratic

2nd

March 4, 1869 –March 3, 1871

Winona

[Data unknown/missing.]

Morton S. Wilkinson

Republican

1st

March 4, 1869 –March 3, 1871

[Data unknown/missing.]

[Data unknown/missing.]

William Windom

Republican

1st

March 4, 1859 –March 3, 1869

Winona

[Data unknown/missing.]

Oscar Youngdahl

Republican

5th

January 3, 1939 –January 3, 1943

[Data unknown/missing.]

Lost renomination.

John M. Zwach

Republican

6th

January 3, 1967 –January 3, 1975

[Data unknown/missing.]

Retired.

text: Living former Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Minnesota[edit]

text: As of  January 2017[update], there are seventeen former members of the U.S. House of Representatives from the U.S. State of Minnesota who are currently living at this time. The most recent representative to die was Martin Olav Sabo (1979–2007) on March 13, 2016. The most recently serving representative to die was Jim Oberstar (1975–2011) on May 3, 2014.

text:
Representative

Term of office

District

Date of birth (and age)

Al Quie

1958–1979

1st

 (1923-09-18) September 18, 1923 (age 94)

Alec G. Olson

1963–1967

6th

 (1930-09-11) September 11, 1930 (age 87)

Donald M. Fraser

1963–1979

5th

 (1924-02-20) February 20, 1924 (age 94)

Robert Bergland

1971–1977

7th

 (1928-07-22) July 22, 1928 (age 90)

Tom Hagedorn

1975–1983

2nd

 (1943-11-27) November 27, 1943 (age 74)

Arlen Erdahl

1979–1983

1st

 (1931-02-27) February 27, 1931 (age 87)

Vin Weber

1981–1993

6th (1981–1983)2nd (1983–1993)

 (1952-07-24) July 24, 1952 (age 66)

Gerry Sikorski

1983–1993

6th

 (1948-04-26) April 26, 1948 (age 70)

Tim Penny

1983–1995

1st

 (1951-11-19) November 19, 1951 (age 66)

Jim Ramstad

1991–2009

3rd

 (1946-05-06) May 6, 1946 (age 72)

David Minge

1993–2001

2nd

 (1942-03-19) March 19, 1942 (age 76)

Bill Luther

1995–2003

6th

 (1945-06-27) June 27, 1945 (age 73)

Gil Gutknecht

1995–2007

1st

 (1951-03-20) March 20, 1951 (age 67)

Mark Kennedy

2001–2007

2nd (2001–2003)6th (2003–2007)

 (1955-04-11) April 11, 1955 (age 63)

John Kline

2003–2017

2nd

 (1947-09-06) September 6, 1947 (age 70)

Michele Bachmann

2007–2015

6th

 (1956-04-06) April 6, 1956 (age 62)

Chip Cravaack

2011–2013

8th

 (1959-01-29) January 29, 1959 (age 59)


document_title: United States men's national ice hockey team

question_text: when did the us men's hockey team last win a gold medal

question_tokens: when did the us men 's hockey team last win a gold medal

text: History[edit]

text: The American ice hockey team's greatest success was the "Miracle on Ice" at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, when American college players defeated the heavily favored seasoned professionals from the Soviet Union on the way to a gold medal. Though ice hockey is not a major sport in most areas of the United States, the "Miracle" is often listed as one of the all-time greatest American sporting achievements. The U.S. also won the gold medal in the 1960 Games at Squaw Valley, California, defeating the Soviet Union, Canada, Czechoslovakia, and Sweden along the way. However, since this victory is not as well known as the 1980 win, it has come to be known as the "Forgotten Miracle".[9][10]

text: U.S. hockey experienced a spike in talent in the 1980s and 1990s, with future NHL stars including Tony Amonte, Chris Chelios, Derian Hatcher, Brett Hull, Pat LaFontaine, John LeClair, Brian Leetch, Mike Modano, Mike Richter, Jeremy Roenick, Kevin Stevens, Keith Tkachuk, and Doug Weight. Although the U.S. finished no higher than fourth in any World or Olympic event from 1981 through 1994 (unlike other nations, the U.S. was limited to amateurs at these tournaments), the Americans reached the finals of the 1991 Canada Cup and won the 1996 World Cup with a squad of NHL players. Six years later, after the International Olympic Committee and NHL arranged to accommodate an Olympic break in the NHL schedule, the U.S. earned a silver medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics with a roster that included NHL stars Adam Deadmarsh, Chris Drury, Brian Rafalski, and Brian Rolston. However, by 2006, many of these NHL All-Stars had retired or had declined with age. Though the 2006 Olympic team finished a disappointing 8th, it was more of a transitional team, featuring young NHL players like Rick DiPietro, John-Michael Liles, and Jordan Leopold.

text: The 2010 U.S. Olympic team was composed of much younger and faster players than teams of previous years, including David Backes, Dustin Brown, Jack Johnson, Patrick Kane, Phil Kessel, Zach Parise, Joe Pavelski, Bobby Ryan, Paul Stastny, and Ryan Suter. The team also had a solid group of veterans that included such stars as goalie Ryan Miller, defenseman Brian Rafalski, and team captain Jamie Langenbrunner. The U.S. team upset team Canada 5–3 in the round-robin phase of the tournament and went into the single elimination phase of the tournament as the number-one seeded team. After beating Finland 6–1, the U.S. advanced to the gold medal game, where they lost in overtime 3–2 to Canada to claim the silver medal. The gold medal game between Canada and the U.S. was watched by an estimated 27.6 million U.S. households. This was the most watched hockey game in America since the 1980 "Miracle on Ice" game, including any Stanley Cup final or NHL Winter Classic broadcast.[11]

text: The NHL pulled out of the Olympics for the 2018 competition in a dispute over insurance and the IOC's ambush marketing restrictions, prohibiting the national teams from inviting any player it held under contract. The American team was put at a particular disadvantage, as more than 25% of NHL players are Americans (in comparison, only 4.5% are Russians). As a result, the U.S. had to enter the tournament with a hastily assembled team of players from European leagues, AHLers on one-way contracts, and college players.[12] The team proved unsuccessful, losing to Slovenia and the Olympic Athletes from Russia in the preliminary round, and being eliminated by the Czechs in the quarterfinals.[13] The OAR team benefited most from NHL's absence and ultimately won the tournament with a team that was composed primarily of SKA Saint Petersburg and HC CSKA Moscow players from the Russia-based KHL and featured ex-NHL all-stars Pavel Datsyuk, Ilya Kovalchuk and Vyacheslav Voynov (all SKA).

text: Competitive record[edit]

text: Olympic Games[edit]

text:
Games[14][15]
GP
W
L
T
GF
GA
Coach
Captain
Round
Position

1920 Antwerp
4
3
1
0
52
2
Fellowes, CorneliusCornelius Fellowes
Schooley, RoyRoy Schooley
McCormick, JoeJoe McCormick
Silver medal round
02 ! Silver

1924 Chamonix
5
4
1
0
73
6
Haddock, WilliamWilliam Haddock
Small, IrvingIrving Small
Final round
02 ! Silver

1928 St. Moritz
Did not participate

1932 Lake Placid
6
4
1
1
27
5
Winsor, AlfredAlfred Winsor
Chase, JohnJohn Chase
Final round
02 ! Silver

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
8
5
2
1
10
4
Prettyman, AlbertAlbert Prettyman
Garrison, JohnJohn Garrison
Final round
03 ! Bronze

1948 St. Moritz
8
5
3
0
86
33
Garrison, JohnJohn Garrison
Harding, GoodwinGoodwin Harding
Round-robin
DQ

1952 Oslo
8
6
1
1
43
21
Pleban, John E.John E. Pleban
Van, AllenAllen Van
Round-robin
02 ! Silver

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
7
5
2
0
33
16
Mariucci, JohnJohn Mariucci
Campbell, GeneGene Campbell
Final round
02 ! Silver

1960 Squaw Valley
7
7
0
0
48
17
Riley, JackJack Riley
Kirrane, JackJack Kirrane
Final round
01 ! Gold

1964 Innsbruck
7
2
5
0
29
33
Jeremiah, EdwardEdward Jeremiah
Brooks, HerbHerb Brooks
Reichart, BillBill Reichart
Round-robin
5th

1968 Grenoble
7
2
4
1
23
28
Williamson, MurrayMurray Williamson
Nanne, LouLou Nanne
Round-robin
6th

1972 Sapporo
6
4
2
0
23
18
Williamson, MurrayMurray Williamson
Sheehy, TimTim Sheehy
Round-robin
02 ! Silver

1976 Innsbruck
6
3
3
0
23
25
Johnson, BobBob Johnson
Taft, JohnJohn Taft
Round-robin
5th

1980 Lake Placid
7
6
0
1
33
15
Brooks, HerbHerb Brooks
Eruzione, MikeMike Eruzione
Final round
01 ! Gold

1984 Sarajevo
6
2
2
2
23
21
Vairo, LouLou Vairo
Verchota, PhilPhil Verchota
7th place game
7th

1988 Calgary
6
3
3
0
35
31
Peterson, DaveDave Peterson
Leetch, BrianBrian Leetch
7th place game
7th

1992 Albertville
8
5
2
1
25
19
Peterson, DaveDave Peterson
Donatelli, ClarkClark Donatelli
Bronze medal game
4th

1994 Lillehammer
8
1
4
3
28
32
Taylor, TimTim Taylor
Laviolette, PeterPeter Laviolette
7th place game
8th

1998 Nagano
4
1
3
0
9
14
Wilson, RonRon Wilson
Chelios, ChrisChris Chelios
Quarterfinals
6th

2002 Salt Lake City
6
4
1
1
26
10
Brooks, HerbHerb Brooks
Chelios, ChrisChris Chelios
Gold medal game
02 ! Silver

2006 Turin
6
1
4
1
16
17
Laviolette, PeterPeter Laviolette
Chelios, ChrisChris Chelios
Quarterfinals
8th

2010 Vancouver
6
5
1
—
24
9
Wilson, RonRon Wilson
Langenbrunner, JamieJamie Langenbrunner
Gold medal game
02 ! Silver

2014 Sochi
6
4
2
—
20
12
Bylsma, DanDan Bylsma
Parise, ZachZach Parise
Bronze medal game
4th

2018 Pyeongchang
5
2
3
—
11
12
Granato, TonyTony Granato
Gionta, BrianBrian Gionta
Quarterfinals
7th

text: World Championship[edit]

text:
1920 — 02 ! Silver
1924 — 02 ! Silver
1928 — did not participate
1930 — did not participate
1931 — 02 ! Silver
1932 — 02 ! Silver
1933 — 01 ! Gold
1934 — 02 ! Silver
1935 — did not participate
1936 — 03 ! Bronze
1937 — did not participate
1938 — 7th place
1939 — 02 ! Silver
1947 — 5th place
1948 — 4th place
1949 — 03 ! Bronze
1950 — 02 ! Silver
1951 — 6th place
1952 — 02 ! Silver
1953 — did not participate
1954 — did not participate
1955 — 4th place
1956 — 02 ! Silver
1957 — did not participate
1958 — 5th place
1959 — 4th place
1960 — 01 ! Gold
1961 — 6th place
1962 — 03 ! Bronze
1963 — 8th place
1964 — 5th place
1965 — 6th place
1966 — 6th place
1967 — 5th place
1968 — 6th place
1969 — 6th place (relegated)
1970 — 7th place (1st in Group B, promoted)
1971 — 6th place (relegated)
1972 — 8th place (2nd in Group B)
1973 — 8th place (2nd in Group B)
1974 — 7th place (1st in Group B, promoted)
1975 — 6th place
1976 — 4th place
1977 — 6th place
1978 — 6th place
1979 — 7th place
1981 — 5th place
1982 — 8th place (relegated)
1983 — 9th place (1st in Group B, promoted)
1985 — 4th place
1986 — 6th place
1987 — 7th place
1989 — 6th place
1990 — 5th place
1991 — 4th place
1992 — 7th place
1993 — 6th place
1994 — 4th place
1995 — 6th place
1996 — 03 ! Bronze
1997 — 6th place
1998 — 12th place
1999 — 6th place
2000 — 5th place
2001 — 4th place
2002 — 7th place
2003 — 13th place
2004 — 03 ! Bronze
2005 — 6th place
2006 — 7th place

text:
Games
GP
W
OW
OL
L
GF
GA
Coach
Captain
Round
Position

 2007 Moscow
7
4
0
1
2
29
20
Mike Sullivan
Chris Clark
Quarterfinals
5th

 2008 Quebec City, Halifax
7
4
0
0
3
26
17
John Tortorella
Jeff Halpern
Quarterfinals
6th

 2009 Bern, Kloten
9
4
0
2
3
32
28
Ron Wilson
Dustin Brown
Third place game
4th

 2010 Cologne, Mannheim, Gelsenkirchen
6
2
1
2
1
15
9
Scott Gordon
Jack Johnson
Relegation round
13th

 2011 Bratislava, Košice
7
3
0
1
3
20
24
Scott Gordon
Mark Stuart
Quarterfinals
8th

  2012 Helsinki, Stockholm
8
4
2
0
2
34
20
Scott Gordon
Jack Johnson
Quarterfinals
7th

  2013 Stockholm, Helsinki
10
7
0
0
3
35
24
Joe Sacco
Paul Stastny
Third place game
03 !

 2014 Minsk
8
4
2
0
3
30
27
Peter Laviolette
Justin Abdelkader
Quarterfinals
6th

 2015 Prague, Ostrava
10
7
1
0
2
28
19
Todd Richards
Matt Hendricks
Third place game
03 !

 2016 Moscow, St. Petersburg
10
3
1
1
5
29
30
John Hynes
Matt Hendricks
Third place game
4th

  2017 Paris, Cologne
8
6
0
0
2
31
16
Blashill, JeffJeff Blashill
Murphy, ConnorConnor Murphy
Quarterfinals
5th

 2018 Copenhagen, Herning
10
6
2
0
2
46
25
Blashill, JeffJeff Blashill
Kane, PatrickPatrick Kane
Third place game
03 !

text: Canada Cup/World Cup[edit]

text:
Games[17]
GP
W
L
T
GF
GA
Coach
Captain
Round
Position

1976
5
1
3
1
14
21
Pulford, BobBob Pulford

Group stage
5th

1981
6
2
3
1
18
23
Johnson, BobBob Johnson

Semifinals
4th

1984
6
3
2
1
23
22
Johnson, BobBob Johnson

Semifinals
4th

1987
5
2
3
0
13
14
Johnson, BobBob Johnson

Group stage
5th

1991
8
5
3
0
29
26
Johnson, BobBob Johnson

Finals
02 ! Silver

1996
7
6
1
0
37
18
Wilson, RonRon Wilson
Leetch, BrianBrian Leetch
Finals
01 ! Gold

2004
5
2
3
0
11
11
Wilson, RonRon Wilson
Chelios, ChrisChris Chelios
Semifinals
4th

2016
3
0
3
—
5
11
Tortorella, JohnJohn Tortorella
Pavelski, JoeJoe Pavelski
Group stage
7th

text: Team[edit]

text: Current roster[edit]

text: Roster for the 2018 IIHF World Championship.[18][19]

text: Head coach: Jeff Blashill

text:
No.
Pos.
Name
Height
Weight
Birthdate
Team

1
G
Keith Kinkaid
1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
7001880000000000000♠88 kg (194 lb)
(1989-07-04) July 4, 1989 (age 28)
 New Jersey Devils

3
F
Nick Bonino
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
7001890000000000000♠89 kg (196 lb)
(1988-04-20) April 20, 1988 (age 30)
 Nashville Predators

4
D
Will Butcher
1.77 m (5 ft 10 in)
7001860000000000000♠86 kg (190 lb)
(1995-01-06) January 6, 1995 (age 23)
 New Jersey Devils

5
D
Connor Murphy – A
1.93 m (6 ft 4 in)
7001960000000000000♠96 kg (212 lb)
(1993-03-26) March 26, 1993 (age 25)
 Chicago Blackhawks

7
F
Derek Ryan
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
7001770000000000000♠77 kg (170 lb)
(1986-12-29) December 29, 1986 (age 31)
 Carolina Hurricanes

12
F
Alex DeBrincat
1.71 m (5 ft 7 in)
7001750000000000000♠75 kg (165 lb)
(1997-12-18) December 18, 1997 (age 20)
 Chicago Blackhawks

13
F
Johnny Gaudreau
1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
7001710000000000000♠71 kg (157 lb)
(1993-08-13) August 13, 1993 (age 24)
 Calgary Flames

14
D
Nick Jensen
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
7001880000000000000♠88 kg (194 lb)
(1990-09-21) September 21, 1990 (age 27)
 Detroit Red Wings

20
F
Chris Kreider
1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
7002103000000000000♠103 kg (227 lb)
(1991-04-30) April 30, 1991 (age 27)
 New York Rangers

21
F
Dylan Larkin – A
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
7001860000000000000♠86 kg (190 lb)
(1996-07-30) July 30, 1996 (age 21)
 Detroit Red Wings

22
F
Sonny Milano
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
7001880000000000000♠88 kg (194 lb)
(1996-05-12) May 12, 1996 (age 22)
 Columbus Blue Jackets

23
D
Alec Martinez
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
7001970000000000000♠97 kg (214 lb)
(1991-11-28) November 28, 1991 (age 26)
 Los Angeles Kings

25
F
Blake Coleman
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
7001910000000000000♠91 kg (201 lb)
(1991-11-28) November 28, 1991 (age 26)
 New Jersey Devils

27
F
Anders Lee
1.91 m (6 ft 3 in)
7002103000000000000♠103 kg (227 lb)
(1990-07-03) July 3, 1990 (age 27)
 New York Islanders

29
F
Tage Thompson
1.96 m (6 ft 5 in)
7001910000000000000♠91 kg (201 lb)
(1997-10-30) October 30, 1997 (age 20)
 St. Louis Blues

33
G
Scott Darling
1.98 m (6 ft 6 in)
7002105000000000000♠105 kg (231 lb)
(1988-12-22) December 22, 1988 (age 29)
 Carolina Hurricanes

35
G
Charlie Lindgren
1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)
7001860000000000000♠86 kg (190 lb)
(1993-12-18) December 18, 1993 (age 24)
 Montreal Canadiens

36
F
Colin White
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)
7001860000000000000♠86 kg (190 lb)
(1997-01-30) January 30, 1997 (age 21)
 Ottawa Senators

39
F
Brian Gibbons
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
7001790000000000000♠79 kg (174 lb)
(1988-02-26) February 26, 1988 (age 30)
 New Jersey Devils

43
D
Quinn Hughes
1.76 m (5 ft 9 in)
7001760000000000000♠76 kg (168 lb)
(1999-10-14) October 14, 1999 (age 18)
 Univ. of Michigan

44
D
Neal Pionk
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
7001820000000000000♠82 kg (181 lb)
(1995-07-29) July 29, 1995 (age 22)
 New York Rangers

73
D
Charlie McAvoy
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
7001940000000000000♠94 kg (207 lb)
(1997-12-21) December 21, 1997 (age 20)
 Boston Bruins

82
D
Jordan Oesterle
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)
7001830000000000000♠83 kg (183 lb)
(1992-06-25) June 25, 1992 (age 25)
 Chicago Blackhawks

88
F
Patrick Kane – C
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)
7001800000000000000♠80 kg (180 lb)
(1988-11-19) November 19, 1988 (age 29)
 Chicago Blackhawks

89
F
Cam Atkinson
1.73 m (5 ft 8 in)
7001810000000000000♠81 kg (179 lb)
(1989-06-05) June 5, 1989 (age 28)
 Columbus Blue Jackets

text: IIHF World Championship directorate awards[edit]

text: The IIHF has given awards for each year's championship tournament to the top goalie, defenseman, and forward (all since 1954), and most valuable player (since 2004). The following American team members have won awards.

text:
1955 – Don Rigazio (goalie)
1956 – Willard Ikola (goalie)
1959 – Bill Cleary (forward)
1960 – Jack McCartan (goalie)
1962 – John Mayasich (defenseman)
1967 – Carl Wetzel (goalie)
2004 – Ty Conklin (goalie)
2014 – Seth Jones (defenseman)