document_title: List of Academy Award records

question_text: who won the most oscars of all time

question_tokens: who won the most oscars of all time

text: List of Academy Award records

text: Most awards[edit]

text:
Most awards won by a single film

Three films have won 11 Academy Awards:

Ben-Hur (1959) – 15 categories available for nomination; nominated for 12
Titanic (1997) – 17 categories available for nomination; nominated for 14
The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) – 17 categories available for nomination; nominated for 11

Most nominations received by a single film

Three films have received 14 nominations:

All About Eve (1950) – 16 categories available for nomination; won 6 awards
Titanic (1997) – 17 categories available for nomination; won 11 awards
La La Land (2016) – 17 categories available for nomination; won 6 awards

Largest sweep (winning awards in every nominated category)

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) won all 11 categories for which it was nominated: Best Picture, Director, Adapted Screenplay, Original Score, Original Song, Sound Mixing, Art Direction, Makeup, Costume Design, Film Editing, and Visual Effects

Most awards won by an individual

Walt Disney won 22 Oscars.

Most awards won by a woman

Edith Head won eight Oscars, all for Costume Design

Most nominations in a single year / Most awards in a single year

In 1954, Walt Disney won four awards out of six nominations, both records. He won Best Documentary, Features for The Living Desert; Best Documentary, Short Subjects for The Alaskan Eskimo; Best Short Subject, Cartoons for Toot Whistle Plunk and Boom; and Best Short Subject, Two-reel for Bear Country. He had two additional nominations in Best Short Subject, Cartoons for Rugged Bear; and Best Short Subject, Two-reel for Ben and Me.

Most awards won by a person who is still living

Visual Effects Supervisor Dennis Muren has won nine Academy Awards – six competitive awards, two "Special Achievement" awards, and one "Technical Achievement" award

Most competitive awards won by a person who is still living

Composer Alan Menken has won eight competitive Academy Awards

Acting

Katharine Hepburn won four awards, all for Best Actress

Directing

John Ford won the most directing awards, with four

Cinematography

The highest number of Academy Awards won by a cinematographer is four:

Joseph Ruttenberg, in 1938, 1942, 1956, and 1958
Leon Shamroy, in 1942, 1944, 1945, and 1963

Art Direction

Cedric Gibbons, who designed the Oscar statuette, won 11 awards out of a total of 39 nominations.[1]

Makeup

Rick Baker won seven Academy Awards (all for Best Makeup)

Most awards won by a country for Best Foreign Language Film

Italy won 14 awards in this category and received in total 32 nominations

Most nominations received by a country for Best Foreign Language Film

France received 40 nominations and won the award 12 times

Most awards won by a foreign-language film

Two foreign-language films have won four Academy Awards:

Fanny and Alexander (1982) won Best Foreign Language Film, Best Cinematography, Best Art Direction, and Best Costume Design
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) won Best Foreign Language Film, Best Art Direction, Best Original Score, and Best Cinematography

Most nominations received by a foreign-language film

Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (2000) received ten nominations: Best Foreign Language Film, Best Picture, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay, Best Original Song, Best Costume Design, Best Art Direction, Best Film Editing, Best Original Score, and Best Cinematography

text: Awards for debut acting or directing performances on film[edit]

text: The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut acting performances:

text:
Best Actor

None

Best Actress

Shirley Booth (Come Back, Little Sheba, 1952)
Julie Andrews (Mary Poppins, 1964)
Barbra Streisand (Funny Girl, 1968)
Marlee Matlin (Children of a Lesser God, 1986)

Best Supporting Actor

Harold Russell (The Best Years of Our Lives, 1946)
Timothy Hutton (Ordinary People, 1980)
Haing S. Ngor (The Killing Fields, 1984)

Best Supporting Actress

Gale Sondergaard (Anthony Adverse, 1936)
Katina Paxinou (For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1943)
Mercedes McCambridge (All the King's Men, 1949)
Eva Marie Saint (On the Waterfront, 1954)
Jo Van Fleet (East of Eden, 1955)
Tatum O'Neal (Paper Moon, 1973)
Anna Paquin (The Piano, 1993)
Jennifer Hudson (Dreamgirls, 2006)
Lupita Nyong'o (12 Years a Slave, 2013) [2][3][4]

Academy Juvenile Award

Claude Jarman Jr. (The Yearling, 1946)
Vincent Winter (The Little Kidnappers, 1954) [2][3][5]

text: The following individuals won Academy Awards for their film debut direction.

text:
Best Director

Delbert Mann (Marty, 1955)
Jerome Robbins (West Side Story, 1961)
Robert Redford (Ordinary People, 1980)
James L. Brooks (Terms of Endearment, 1983)
Kevin Costner (Dances with Wolves, 1990)
Sam Mendes (American Beauty, 1999) [2][3][6]

text: Big Five winners[edit]

text: Three films have received the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Director, Actor, Actress, and Screenplay (Original or Adapted).[7][8][9]

text:
It Happened One Night (1934)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)

text: Most consecutive awards[edit]

text:
Any awards

Walt Disney was awarded a record of 10 awards in the eight consecutive years from 1931/32 through 1939. Eight (listed below) are for Short Subject (Cartoon), and two were Special Awards: one for the creation of Mickey Mouse, and one recognizing the innovation of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.

Best Actress

Two actresses have won two consecutive awards:

Luise Rainer (The Great Ziegfeld, 1936 and The Good Earth, 1937)
Katharine Hepburn (Guess Who's Coming to Dinner, 1967 and The Lion in Winter, 1968)

Best Actor

Two actors have won two consecutive awards:

Spencer Tracy – Captains Courageous (1937) and Boys Town (1938)
Tom Hanks – Philadelphia (1993) and Forrest Gump (1994) [7][10]

Best Director

Three directors have won two consecutive awards:

John Ford – The Grapes of Wrath (1940) and How Green Was My Valley (1941)
Joseph L. Mankiewicz – A Letter to Three Wives (1949) and All About Eve (1950) [7][11]
Alejandro G. Iñárritu – Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) (2014) and The Revenant (2015)

Best Supporting Actor

Jason Robards won two consecutive awards for All the President's Men in 1976 and Julia in 1977[12][13]

Best Supporting Actress

No consecutive winner for Best Supporting Actress

Best Picture

David O. Selznick produced two consecutive Best Picture winners Gone with the Wind in 1939 and Rebecca in 1940. (He himself was not awarded the Oscars as at the time the statuette went to the studio instead of the producer.)

Best Original Screenplay

No consecutive winner for Best Original Screenplay

Best Adapted Screenplay

Joseph L. Mankiewicz won two consecutive adapted screenplay awards for A Letter to Three Wives in 1949 and All About Eve in 1950
Robert Bolt won for Doctor Zhivago in 1965 and A Man for All Seasons in 1966

Best Cinematography

Emmanuel Lubezki has won three consecutive awards for Gravity in 2013, Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) in 2014 and The Revenant in 2015

Best Art Direction

Robert Stromberg won for Avatar in 2009 and Alice In Wonderland in 2010

Best Film Editing

Angus Wall and Kirk Baxter won for The Social Network in 2010 and The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in 2011

Best Original Score

Roger Edens won three consecutive awards for composing the scores for Easter Parade (1948), On the Town (1949), and Annie Get Your Gun (1950)

Best Original Song

Three composers have won two consecutive awards for best original song, but under different award names:

Henry Mancini (music) and Johnny Mercer (lyrics) shared the awards for Best Music (Song) for "Moon River" from Breakfast at Tiffany's in 1961 and "Days of Wine and Roses" from Days of Wine and Roses in 1962
Alan Menken (music) won twice consecutively for Best Music (Original Song) for "Beauty and the Beast" from Beauty and the Beast (lyrics by Howard Ashman) in 1991 and "A Whole New World" from Aladdin (lyrics by Tim Rice) in 1992

Best Visual Effects

Jim Rygiel and Randall William Cook won 3 consecutive visual effects Oscars for The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King in 2001, 2002, and 2003 respectively.

Best Sound Mixing

Thomas Moulton won three consecutive awards for The Snake Pit in 1948, Twelve O'Clock High in 1949, and All About Eve in 1950.

Best Costume Design

Edith Head won three consecutive awards for The Heiress in 1949, All About Eve in 1950, and A Place in the Sun in 1951.

Best Short Subject (Cartoon)

Walt Disney won eight consecutive awards for Flowers and Trees in 1931/32, Three Little Pigs in 1932/33, The Tortoise and the Hare in 1934, Three Orphan Kittens in 1935, The Country Cousin in 1936, The Old Mill in 1937, Ferdinand the Bull in 1938, and The Ugly Duckling in 1939

Best Short Subject (Two-Reel)

Walt Disney won four consecutive awards for In Beaver Valley in 1950, Nature's Half Acre in 1951, Water Birds in 1952, and Bear Country in 1953

Best Documentary (Feature)

Walt Disney won two consecutive awards for The Living Desert in 1953 and The Vanishing Prairie in 1954

text: Academy Award firsts[edit]

text:
First woman to win Best Picture

Julia Phillips for The Sting (1973)

First woman to win Best Director

Kathryn Bigelow for The Hurt Locker (2009)

First woman to win Best Animated Feature

Brenda Chapman for Brave (2012)

First woman to receive an Honorary Award

6 year old Shirley Temple received a Special Award in 1934
Greta Garbo received an Honorary Award in 1954

First foreign-language film to be nominated for Best Picture

Grand Illusion (1937), in French

First science fiction film to be nominated for Best Picture

A Clockwork Orange (1971)

First horror film to be nominated for Best Picture

The Exorcist (1973)

First animated film to be nominated for Best Picture

Beauty and the Beast (1991)

First fantasy film to win Best Picture

The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)

First 3-D films to be nominated for Best Picture

Avatar and Up (2009)

First film with an entirely non-white cast to win Best Picture

Slumdog Millionaire (2008)

First film with an all-black cast to win Best Picture

Moonlight (2016)

First animated film to be nominated for Best Foreign Language Film

Waltz with Bashir (2008), representing Israel

First animated film to be nominated for Best Original Screenplay and for a Best Screenplay award in general

Toy Story (1995)

First animated film to be nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay

Shrek (2001)

First actress to be nominated for a performance in a 3-D film

Sandra Bullock for Gravity (2013)

First actor to be nominated for a performance in a 3-D film

Matt Damon for The Martian (2015)

First film to receive the most nominations of its year without receiving a Best Picture nomination

Dreamgirls (2006), with eight nominations

First X-rated film to win Best Picture

Midnight Cowboy (1969). It was also the first X-rated film to be nominated for Best Picture and the only one to date to have won it.

First actor to receive ten nominations for acting

Jack Nicholson received his tenth nomination (for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor) for the film A Few Good Men (1992)

First actress to receive ten nominations for acting

Bette Davis received her tenth official nomination (all for Best Actress) for the film What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962)

First actress to receive twenty nominations for acting

Meryl Streep received her twentieth nomination (for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress) for the film Florence Foster Jenkins (2016)

First posthumous nomination for acting

Jeanne Eagels, nominated for Best Actress for The Letter (1929)

First posthumous nomination for a male actor

James Dean, nominated for Best Actor for East of Eden (1955)

First posthumous win for acting

Peter Finch won Best Actor for Network (1976)

First actress to be nominated for performing in a language other than English

Melina Mercouri was nominated for Best Actress for Never on Sunday (1960), performing in Greek

First actor to be nominated for performing in a language other than English

Marcello Mastroianni was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce, Italian Style (1962), performing in Italian

First actress to win for performing in a language other than English

Sophia Loren won Best Actress for Two Women (1961), performing in Italian

First actor to win for performing in a language other than English

Robert De Niro won Best Supporting Actor for The Godfather Part II (1974), performing in Italian

First actress to win for performing in a sign language

Marlee Matlin won Best Actress for Children of a Lesser God (1986), performing in American Sign Language

First French actress to be nominated for performing in the French language

Anouk Aimée was nominated for Best Actress for A Man and a Woman (1966)

First French actress to win for performing in the French language

Marion Cotillard won Best Actress for La Vie en rose (2007). She's the only one to date to have won it.

First Nordic actress to be nominated for acting

Greta Garbo (from Sweden) was nominated for Best Actress for Anna Christie (1930)

First Nordic actor to be nominated for acting

Max von Sydow (from Sweden) was nominated for Best Actor for Pelle the Conqueror (1988)

First Nordic actress to win for acting

Ingrid Bergman (from Sweden) won Best Actress for Gaslight (1944)

First actor from Africa to be nominated for acting

Basil Rathbone (from South Africa), nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Romeo and Juliet (1936)

First actress from Africa to win for acting

Charlize Theron (from South Africa), won Best Actress for Monster (2003)

First actress from Asia to win for acting

Miyoshi Umeki (from Japan), won Best Supporting Actress for Sayonara (1957)

First Asian (and non-Caucasian) to win Best Director

Ang Lee (from Taiwan) for Brokeback Mountain (2005)

First Australian actress to win Best Actress

Nicole Kidman for The Hours (2002) – Born in the U.S.

First Australian actor to win Best Actor

Peter Finch for Network (1976)

First French actress to win Best Actress

Claudette Colbert for It Happened One Night (1934)

First French actor to win Best Actor

Jean Dujardin for The Artist (2011)

First Italian actress to win Best Actress

Anna Magnani for The Rose Tattoo (1955)

First Italian actor to win Best Actor

Roberto Benigni for Life Is Beautiful (1998)

First German actress to win Best Actress

Luise Rainer for The Great Ziegfeld (1937)

First German actor to win Best Actor

Emil Jannings (born in Switzerland) for The Way of All Flesh (1927) and The Last Command (1928)

First Austrian actor to win twice for acting

Christoph Waltz won Best Supporting Actor for Inglorious Basterds (2009) and Django Unchained (2012)

First persons from India to win in any music category

A. R. Rahman won Best Original Score and Best Original Song ("Jai Ho") for Slumdog Millionaire (2008)
Gulzar also won Best Original Song ("Jai Ho") for Slumdog Millionaire (2008)

First Middle Eastern/North African actor to be nominated for acting

Omar Sharif, nominated for Best Supporting Actor for Lawrence of Arabia (1962)

First Middle Eastern movie to win Best Foreign Language Film

A Separation (2011), representing Iran

First foreign actress to be nominated twice for Best Actress for foreign-language films without the films receiving a Best Foreign Language Film nomination

Marion Cotillard (from France) won Best Actress for La Vie en Rose (2007) and was nominated for Two Days, One Night (2014)

First black filmmaker to win Best Picture

Steve McQueen won for producing 12 Years a Slave (2013)

First black filmmaker to be nominated for Best Director

John Singleton for Boyz n the Hood (1991)

First black actress to win for acting

Hattie McDaniel won Best Supporting Actress for Gone with the Wind (1939)

First black actor to win for acting

Sidney Poitier won Best Actor for Lilies of the Field (1963)

First black actress to win Best Actress

Halle Berry for Monster's Ball (2001)

First black actress to win for film acting debut

Jennifer Hudson won Best Supporting Actress for Dreamgirls (2006)

First year in which two black actors/actresses won for acting

74th Academy Awards (in 2002, for 2001): Denzel Washington won Best Actor for Training Day; Halle Berry won Best Actress for Monster's Ball

First black African actor to be nominated for acting

Djimon Hounsou (born in Benin, U.S.-Benin dual citizen), nominated for Best Supporting Actor for In America (2003)

First black writer to win for screenwriting

Geoffrey S. Fletcher won Best Adapted Screenplay for Precious: Based on the Novel "Push" by Sapphire (2009)

First African American to receive an Honorary Award

James Baskett received a Special Award for his portrayal of Uncle Remus in Song of the South (1946)

First Latin American director to win Best Director

Alfonso Cuarón from Mexico won for Gravity in 2014

First Latin American actress to be nominated for Best Actress

Fernanda Montenegro from Brazil was nominated for Best Actress for Central Station (1998)

First Latin American actor to win Best Actor

José Ferrer from Puerto Rico won for Cyrano de Bergerac in 1950

First Muslim actor to win in an acting category

Mahershala Ali for Moonlight in 2016

First child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination [14]

Jackie Cooper, age 9, was nominated for Best Actor for Skippy (1931)

First short film to win an Academy Award outside of the Short Film categories

The Red Balloon (1956) for Best Original Screenplay

text: Age-related records[edit]

text:
Youngest winner of an acting award

Tatum O'Neal, age 10 (Best Supporting Actress, Paper Moon, 1973)

Youngest nominee for an acting award

Justin Henry, age 8 (Best Supporting Actor, Kramer vs. Kramer, 1979)

Youngest female winner of a lead acting award

Marlee Matlin, age 21 (Best Actress, Children of a Lesser God, 1986)

Youngest male winner of a lead acting award

Adrien Brody, age 29 (Best Actor, The Pianist, 2002)

Youngest male nominee for a lead acting award

Jackie Cooper, age 9 (Best Actor, Skippy, 1931)

Youngest female nominee for a lead acting award

Quvenzhané Wallis, age 9 (Best Actress, Beasts of the Southern Wild, 2012) [15][16] (also first person born in the 21st century to be nominated for an Academy Award)

Youngest winner of an Oscar

Shirley Temple, age 6, who was awarded the inaugural (now retired) non-competitive Academy Juvenile Award in 1934

Youngest winner of Best Director

Damien Chazelle, age 32 (La La Land, 2016)

Youngest nominee for Best Director

John Singleton, age 24 (Boyz n the Hood, 1991)

Oldest winner of Best Director

Clint Eastwood, age 74 (Million Dollar Baby, 2004)

Oldest nominee for Best Director

John Huston, age 79 (Prizzi's Honor, 1985)

Oldest winner of an acting award

Christopher Plummer, age 82 (Best Supporting Actor, Beginners, 2011)

Oldest woman to win best Actress Award

Jessica Tandy, age 80 (Best Actress, Driving Miss Daisy, 1989)

Oldest man to win Best Actor Award

Henry Fonda, age 76 (Best Actor, On Golden Pond, 1981)

Oldest nominee for an acting award

Gloria Stuart, age 87 (Best Supporting Actress, Titanic, 1997)

Oldest nominee for a lead acting award

Emmanuelle Riva, age 85 (Best Actress, Amour, 2012) [15][16]

Oldest competitive Oscar winner

Ennio Morricone, age 87 (Best Original Score, The Hateful Eight, 2015)[17][18]

text: Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award (best actor or best supporting actor)

text:
Nomination
Name
Age
Film
Year
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination

2nd
Mineo, SalSal Mineo
7003805300000000000♠22 years, 17 days
Exodus
1960
000000001939-01-10-0000January 10, 1939
000000001961-01-27-0000January 27, 1961

3rd
Brando, MarlonMarlon Brando
7004109100000000000♠29 years, 318 days
Julius Caesar
1953
000000001924-04-03-0000April 3, 1924
000000001954-02-15-0000February 15, 1954

4th
Marlon Brando
7004112720000000000♠30 years, 315 days
On the Waterfront
1954
000000001924-04-03-0000April 3, 1924
000000001955-02-12-0000February 12, 1955

5th
Marlon Brando
7004123740000000000♠33 years, 321 days
Sayonara
1957
000000001924-04-03-0000April 3, 1924
000000001958-02-18-0000February 18, 1958

6th
Burton, RichardRichard Burton
7004161690000000000♠44 years, 98 days
Anne of the Thousand Days
1969
000000001925-11-10-0000November 10, 1925
000000001970-02-16-0000February 16, 1970

7th
Nicholson, JackJack Nicholson
7004171010000000000♠46 years, 300 days
Terms of Endearment
1983
000000001937-04-22-0000April 22, 1937
000000001984-02-16-0000February 16, 1984

8th
Jack Nicholson
7004178210000000000♠48 years, 289 days
Prizzi's Honor
1985
000000001937-04-22-0000April 22, 1937
000000001986-02-05-0000February 5, 1986

9th
Jack Nicholson
7004185630000000000♠50 years, 301 days
Ironweed
1987
000000001937-04-22-0000April 22, 1937
000000001988-02-17-0000February 17, 1988

10th
Jack Nicholson
7004203910000000000♠55 years, 302 days
A Few Good Men
1992
000000001937-04-22-0000April 22, 1937
000000001993-02-18-0000February 18, 1993

text: Youngest multiple nominees for an acting award (best actress or best supporting actress)

text:
Nomination
Name
Age
Film
Year
Date of Birth
Date of Nomination

2nd
Lansbury, AngelaAngela Lansbury
7003740800000000000♠20 years, 103 days
The Picture of Dorian Gray
1945
000000001925-10-16-0000October 16, 1925
000000001946-01-27-0000January 27, 1946

3rd
Lawrence, JenniferJennifer Lawrence
7003855500000000000♠23 years, 154 days
American Hustle
2013
000000001990-08-15-0000August 15, 1990
000000002014-01-16-0000January 16, 2014

4th
Lawrence, JenniferJennifer Lawrence
7003928300000000000♠25 years, 152 days
Joy
2015
000000001990-08-15-0000August 15, 1990
000000002016-01-14-0000January 14, 2016

5th
Winslet, KateKate Winslet
7004114330000000000♠31 years, 110 days
Little Children
2006
000000001975-10-05-0000October 5, 1975
000000002007-01-23-0000January 23, 2007

6th
Winslet, KateKate Winslet
7004121630000000000♠33 years, 109 days
The Reader
2008
000000001975-10-05-0000October 5, 1975
000000002009-01-22-0000January 22, 2009

7th
Davis, BetteBette Davis
7004134530000000000♠36 years, 304 days
Mr. Skeffington
1944
000000001908-04-05-0000April 5, 1908
000000001945-02-03-0000February 3, 1945

8th
Streep, MerylMeryl Streep
7004144830000000000♠39 years, 238 days
A Cry in the Dark
1988
000000001949-06-22-0000June 22, 1949
000000001989-02-15-0000February 15, 1989

9th
Meryl Streep
7004152110000000000♠41 years, 236 days
Postcards from the Edge
1990
000000001949-06-22-0000June 22, 1949
000000001991-02-13-0000February 13, 1991

10th
Meryl Streep
7004170370000000000♠46 years, 236 days
The Bridges of Madison County
1995
000000001949-06-22-0000June 22, 1949
000000001996-02-13-0000February 13, 1996

text: Film records[edit]

text:
Most nominations for a single film

Three films received 14 nominations:

All About Eve (1950)
Titanic (1997)
La La Land (2016)

Most Oscars without winning Best Picture

Cabaret won 8 awards (1972)

Most nominations without winning Best Picture

La La Land (2016) with 14 nominations

Most nominations without any wins

Two films received 11 nominations without winning any awards:

The Turning Point (1977)
The Color Purple (1985)

Most nominations without a Best Picture nomination

They Shoot Horses, Don't They? (1969) with 9 nominations

Most Oscars without a nomination for Best Picture

The Bad and the Beautiful (1952) with 5 wins

Fewest nominations for a Best Picture winner

Grand Hotel (1932) received only the Best Picture nomination.

Nominations in the most different technical categories

Five films have been nominated in all 7 technical categories (Cinematography, Costume Design, Film Editing, Production Design/Art Direction, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, and Visual Effects):

Titanic (1997)
Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (2003)
Hugo (2011)
Mad Max: Fury Road (2015)
The Revenant (2015)

Most nominations without a major nomination (Picture, Director, Acting and Screenplay)

These 6 films got 6 nominations with no major nominations:

The Rains Came (1939)
Hans Christian Andersen (1952)
It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963)
Empire of the Sun (1987)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) (note: received 7 nominations when you include a "special achievement")
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991)

Best picture nominees that won every nomination except Best Picture

These 14 films were nominated for Best Picture and won in every category they were nominated for except Best Picture:

Bad Girl (1931), 2/3
The Private Life of Henry VIII (1932), 1/2
Naughty Marietta (1935), 1/2
The Story of Louis Pasteur (1936), 3/4
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), 3/4
Miracle on 34th Street (1947), 3/4
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948), 3/4
A Letter to Three Wives (1949), 2/3
King Solomon's Mines (1950), 2/3
Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), 2/3
Jaws (1975), 3/4
Traffic (2000), 4/5
The Blind Side (2009), 1/2
Selma (2014), 1/2

Films nominated for Best Picture with no other major nominations

These 28 films were nominated for Best Picture but had no other major nominations (this does not include films that were only nominated for Best Picture and nothing else):

Wings (1927), 2 nominations (winner)
42nd Street (1933), 2 nominations
A Farewell to Arms (1933), 4 nominations
Cleopatra (1934), 5 nominations
Flirtation Walk (1934), 2 nominations
The Gay Divorcee (1934), 5 nominations
Imitation of Life (1934), 3 nominations
The White Parade (1934), 2 nominations
David Copperfield (1935), 3 nominations
Les Misérables (1935), 4 nominations
A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935), 4 nominations (note: really had 2, but 2 more were write in noms)
Naughty Marietta (1935), 2 nominations
Top Hat (1935), 4 nominations
A Tale of Two Cities (1936), 2 nominations
The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938), 4 nominations
Of Mice and Men (1939), 4 nominations
The Wizard of Oz (1939), 6 nominations
King Solomon's Mines (1950), 3 nominations
Decision Before Dawn (1951), 2 nominations
Three Coins in the Fountain (1954), 3 nominations
The Music Man (1962), 6 nominations
Doctor Dolittle (1967), 9 nominations
Hello, Dolly! (1969), 7 nominations
Jaws (1975), 4 nominations
Beauty and the Beast (1991), 6 nominations
The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002), 6 nominations
War Horse (2011), 6 nominations
Selma (2014), 2 nominations

Stories made into multiple Best Picture nominees

6 sets of Best Picture nominees share either original source material or were revised versions of the same story (* =winner):

Cleopatra (1934), Cleopatra (1963)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)*, Mutiny on the Bounty (1962)
Romeo and Juliet (1936), West Side Story (1960)*, Romeo and Juliet (1968). (The plot of another Best Picture winner, Shakespeare in Love, revolves around the original production of Romeo and Juliet)
Les Misérables (1935), Les Misérables (2012)
Pygmalion (1938), My Fair Lady (1964)*
Here Comes Mr. Jordan (1941), Heaven Can Wait (1978)

text: Acting records[edit]

text:
Most awards for leading actress

Katharine Hepburn with 4 awards (1933, 1967, *1968, 1981) (*Tied with Barbra Streisand.)

Most awards for leading actor

Daniel Day-Lewis with 3 awards (1989, 2007, 2012)

Most awards for supporting actor

Walter Brennan with 3 awards (1936, 1938, 1940)

Most consecutive leading actress nominations

Two actresses have been nominated 5 years in a row:

Bette Davis (1938–1942)
Greer Garson (1941–1945)

Most consecutive leading actor nominations

Marlon Brando with four nominations (1951 to 1954)

Actress with most total nominations for acting

Meryl Streep with 20 nominations

Actor with most total nominations for acting

Jack Nicholson with 12 nominations

Most acting nominations without an award

Peter O'Toole with 8 nominations (He received an Honorary Award in 2002)

Most nominations for an actor performing in a foreign language

Marcello Mastroianni with 3 nominations. He was nominated for Best Actor for Divorce, Italian Style (1962); A Special Day (1977) and Dark Eyes (1987), performing in Italian

Longest gap between first and second award

Helen Hayes won in 1932 for The Sin of Madelon Claudet and in 1971 for Airport, a 39-year gap

Longest time span between first and last nomination and between first and last award

Katharine Hepburn: 48 years from Morning Glory (1933, in the 1932/33 awards) until On Golden Pond (1981)

Most acting nominations before first award

Both Geraldine Page and Al Pacino won on their 8th nomination

Most posthumous nominations

James Dean with 2 (1955 for East of Eden and 1956 for Giant)

Shortest performance to win an acting Oscar

Beatrice Straight in Network (1976) – 5 minutes and 2 seconds

Shortest performance to win a lead acting Oscar

Patricia Neal in Hud (1963) – 21 minutes and 51 seconds [19]

Shortest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar

Hermione Baddeley in Room at the Top (1959) – 2 minutes and 19 seconds

Shortest performance to be nominated for a lead acting Oscar

Spencer Tracy in San Francisco (1936) – 14 minutes and 58 seconds

Longest performance to win an acting Oscar

Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind (1939) – 2 hours, 23 minutes and 32 seconds

Longest performance to win a supporting acting Oscar

Tatum O'Neal in Paper Moon (1973) – 1 hour, 6 minutes and 58 seconds

Longest performance to be nominated for an acting Oscar

Vivien Leigh in Gone with the Wind (1939) – 2 hours, 23 minutes and 32 seconds

Longest performance to be nominated for a supporting acting Oscar

Frank Finlay in Othello (1965) – 1 hour, 30 minutes and 43 seconds

Most awards by a black actor

Denzel Washington with 2, winning Best Supporting Actor for Glory (1989) and Best Actor for Training Day (2001)

Most awards for one acting performance

Harold Russell played Homer Parish in The Best Years of Our Lives in 1946. For this role he received 2 Oscars, one for Best Supporting and an honorary award for being an inspiration to all returning veterans.

Most nominations for one acting performance

Barry Fitzgerald was nominated as Best Actor and won for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Father Fitzgibbon in 1944's Going My Way

text: Miscellaneous records[edit]

text:
Most nominations in different decades Six decades – John Williams, Elmer Bernstein[citation needed]
Only people to win both a Nobel Prize and an Oscar

George Bernard Shaw: Won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1925, and an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay in 1938 for the film Pygmalion
Bob Dylan: Won an Oscar for Best Original Song for the song "Things Have Changed" from Wonder Boys in 2000, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016.

Only woman to win Best Actress and Best Original Song

Barbra Streisand: Best Actress (joint) for Funny Girl (1968); Best Original Song for the Love Theme ("Evergreen") from A Star Is Born (1976)

Only person to win an Academy Award for acting and writing

Emma Thompson

Only person nominated for Acting, Writing, Producing, and Directing the same film

Warren Beatty was nominated in the four categories for Heaven Can Wait (1978), and again for Reds (1981).

Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a real Academy Award winner

Cate Blanchett won Best Supporting Actress for portraying Katharine Hepburn in The Aviator

Only actor to win an Academy Award for portraying a fictional Academy Award nominee

Maggie Smith won Best Supporting Actress in California Suite

Most total nominations without a win

Greg P. Russell has earned 16 nominations in the Best Sound Mixing category. (This does not include his nomination at the 89th Academy Awards for 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi, which was revoked the day before the ceremony.)[20]

Most total nominations before receiving an award

Film composer Victor Young was nominated 21 times without winning. He was often nominated multiple times in one year; twice, four times at the same Oscars. He won posthumously for Around the World in 80 Days, alongside yet another nomination (also posthumous).
Sound re-recording mixer Kevin O'Connell comes in at a close second, with 20 unsuccessful nominations from 1983 until 2016, when he finally won for Hacksaw Ridge.

Most nominations for a person

Walt Disney with 59

Most nominations for a living person

Film composer John Williams with 50

Most nominated woman

Edith Head with 35

Highest "perfect score"

Sound editor Mark Berger has four nominations and four wins

Most nominations for directing

William Wyler with 12 nominations

Most wins for producing

Three producers received 3 awards:

Sam Spiegel
Saul Zaentz
Darryl F. Zanuck

Most nominations for producing

Scott Rudin with 9 nominations
Steven Spielberg with 9 nominations

Most nominations for directing in a single year

Two people have received 2 nominations for Best Director in the same year:

Michael Curtiz for Angels with Dirty Faces and Four Daughters in 1938
Steven Soderbergh for Erin Brockovich and Traffic in 2000

Most Best Picture awards for a film series

The Godfather series with 2 (for The Godfather and The Godfather Part II)

Most nominations and awards for a film series

The Middle-earth series with 17 competitive wins out of 37 nominations (for The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit). Additionally, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey received an Academy Scientific and Technical Award, which brings the total number of Oscars received by the series to 18.[21]

Most nominations for Best Original Screenplay

Woody Allen with 16 nominations and 3 wins

Longest time between the release of a film and winning an Oscar

Limelight (1952) is the only film to have won an award twenty years after its official release. Since it was not released in Los Angeles County until 1972, it was not eligible for any Academy Awards until that time.

Most posthumous award wins

William A. Horning won in 1958 for Best Art Direction for Gigi, and for Best Art Direction for Ben-Hur in 1959

Most posthumous award nominations

Howard Ashman with four

Lowest-grossing film to win Best Picture

Cimarron with $1,380,000

Longest film to win Best Picture

Gone with the Wind, 224 minutes (238 with overture, entr'acte, and exit music)

Longest film to win an award

O.J.: Made in America (2016), 467 minutes (Academy Award for Best Documentary)
The longest fictional film to win an award was War and Peace (1968), 431 minutes (Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film)

Shortest film to win Best Picture

Marty, 90 minutes

Most acting awards for a character

Portrayals of Vito Corleone won:

Best Actor for Marlon Brando in The Godfather
Best Supporting Actor for Robert De Niro in The Godfather Part II

Most nominations for a character

3 portrayals of Queen Elizabeth I of England earned nominations for:

Cate Blanchett in Elizabeth and Elizabeth: The Golden Age (Best Actress)
Judi Dench in Shakespeare in Love (winner, Best Supporting Actress)

3 Portrayals of King Henry VIII of England earned nominations for:

Charles Laughton in The Private Life of Henry VIII (winner, Best Actor)
Robert Shaw in A Man for All Seasons (Best Supporting Actor)
Richard Burton in Anne of the Thousand Days (Best Actor)

21 other characters have been nominated twice – (*) = winning portrayal:

Abraham Lincoln – Raymond Massey, Daniel Day-Lewis (*)
Arthur Chipping – Robert Donat (*), Peter O'Toole
Cyrano de Bergerac – Jose Ferrer (*), Gerard Depardieu
Esther Blodgett – Janet Gaynor, Judy Garland
"Fast Eddie" Felson – Paul Newman (*)
Father Chuck O'Malley – Bing Crosby (*)
Father Fitzgibbons – Barry Fitzgerald (*) – nominated for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor for the same performance in Going My Way
Henry Higgins – Leslie Howard, Rex Harrison (*)
Howard Hughes – Jason Robards, Leonardo DiCaprio
Iris Murdoch – Judi Dench, Kate Winslet – portrayals of the same character at different ages in the same film (Iris)
Joe Pendleton – Robert Montgomery, Warren Beatty
King Henry II of England – Peter O'Toole
King Henry V of England – Laurence Olivier, Kenneth Branagh
Leslie Crosbie – Jeanne Eagels, Bette Davis
Max Corkle – James Gleason, Jack Warden
Michael Corleone – Al Pacino
Norman Maine – Fredric March, James Mason
Richard Nixon – Anthony Hopkins, Frank Langella
Rocky Balboa – Sylvester Stallone
Rooster Cogburn – John Wayne (*), Jeff Bridges
Rose DeWitt Bukater – Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart – portray of the same character at different ages in the same film (Titanic)
Vito Corleone – Marlon Brando (*), Robert DeNiro (*)

Most Honorary Awards

Bob Hope received 5 honorary awards – 2 Special, 2 Honorary, and the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award.[22]

text: Oscar speeches[edit]

text:
Longest speech

The longest Oscar speech was that given by Greer Garson at the 15th Academy Awards after she was named Best Actress for 1942 for Mrs. Miniver. Her speech ran for nearly six minutes.[23] It was shortly after this incident that the Academy set forty-five seconds as the allotted time for an acceptance speech and began to cut the winners off after this time limit. When presenting the Best Actor award at the 24th Academy Awards, Garson quipped, "I think I have ten minutes left over from a highly emotional speech I made a few years ago. I'd be glad to give it to them."

Shortest speech

The shortest Oscar speech was that given by Patty Duke at the 35th Academy Awards after she was named Best Supporting Actress for 1962 for The Miracle Worker. Duke, age 16, was the youngest person at that time to receive an Academy Award in a competitive category. Her acceptance speech was, simply, two words – "Thank you" – after which she walked off the stage.[24]

text: Tied winners[edit]

text: There have been six two-way ties:

text:
1931/32: Best Actor – Wallace Beery (The Champ) and Fredric March (Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)
1949: Best Documentary Short – A Chance to Live and So Much for So Little
1968: Best Actress – Katharine Hepburn (The Lion in Winter) and Barbra Streisand (Funny Girl)
1986: Best Documentary – Artie Shaw: Time Is All You've Got and Down and Out in America
1994: Best Short Film (Live Action) – Franz Kafka's It's a Wonderful Life and Trevor
2012: Best Sound Editing – Paul N. J. Ottosson (Zero Dark Thirty) and Per Hallberg and Karen Baker Landers (Skyfall)


document_title: Labor Day

question_text: what day does labor day fall on in 2018

question_tokens: what day does labor day fall on in 2018

root

text: Labor Day

text: History[edit]

text: Origin[edit]

text: Beginning in the late 19th century, as the trade union and labor movements grew, different groups of trade unionists chose a variety of days on which to celebrate labor. In the United States, a September holiday called Labor Day was first proposed in the early 1880s. Alternate stories of the event's origination exist.

tag: p

text: According to one early history of Labor Day, the event originated in connection with a General Assembly of the Knights of Labor convened in New York City in September 1882.[3] In connection with this clandestine Knights assembly, a public parade of various labor organizations was held on September 5 under the auspices of the Central Labor Union (CLU) of New York.[3] Secretary of the CLU Matthew Maguire is credited for first proposing that a national Labor Day holiday subsequently be held on the first Monday of each September in the aftermath of this successful public demonstration.[4]

text: An alternative thesis is maintained that the idea of Labor Day was the brainchild of Peter J. McGuire, a vice president of the American Federation of Labor, who put forward the initial proposal in the spring of 1882.[2] According to McGuire, on May 8, 1882, he made a proposition to the fledgling Central Labor Union in New York City that a day be set aside for a "general holiday for the laboring classes".[5] According to McGuire he further recommended that the event should begin with a street parade as a public demonstration of organized labor's solidarity and strength, with the march followed by a picnic, to which participating local unions could sell tickets as a fundraiser.[5] According to McGuire he suggested the first Monday in September as an ideal date for such a public celebration, owing to optimum weather and the date's place on the calendar, sitting midway between the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving public holidays.[5]

text: Labor Day picnics and other public gatherings frequently featured speeches by prominent labor leaders.

text: In 1909 the American Federation of Labor convention designated the Sunday preceding Labor Day as "Labor Sunday", to be dedicated to the spiritual and educational aspects of the labor movement.[4] This secondary date failed to gain significant traction in popular culture.

text: Legal recognition[edit]

text: In 1887 Oregon became the first state of the United States to make Labor Day an official public holiday. By the time it became an official federal holiday in 1894, thirty U.S. states officially celebrated Labor Day.[2] All U.S. states, the District of Columbia, and the United States territories have subsequently made Labor Day a statutory holiday.

text: Labor Day vs. May Day[edit]

text: The date of May 1 (an ancient European folk holiday known as May Day) emerged in 1886 as an alternative holiday for the celebration of labor, later becoming known as International Workers' Day. The date had its origins at the 1885 convention of the American Federation of Labor, which passed a resolution calling for adoption of the eight-hour day effective May 1, 1886.[6] While negotiation was envisioned for achievement of the shortened work day, use of the strike to enforce this demand was recognized, with May 1 advocated as a date for coordinated strike action.[6] The proximity of the date to the bloody Haymarket affair of May 4, 1886, further accentuated May First's radical reputation.

text: There was disagreement among labor unions at this time about when a holiday celebrating workers should be, with some advocating for continued emphasis of the September march-and-picnic date while others sought the designation of the more politically-charged date of May 1. Conservative Democratic President Grover Cleveland was one of those concerned that a labor holiday on May 1 would tend to become a commemoration of the Haymarket Affair and would strengthen socialist and anarchist movements that backed the May 1 commemoration around the globe.[7] In 1887, he publicly supported the September Labor Day holiday as a less inflammatory alternative.[8] The date was formally adopted as a United States federal holiday in 1894.

text: Unofficial end of summer[edit]

text: Labor Day is called the "unofficial end of summer"[9] because it marks the end of the cultural summer season.  Many take their two-week vacations during the two weeks ending Labor Day weekend.[10]  Many fall activities, such as school and sports begin about this time.

text: In the United States, many school districts resume classes around the Labor Day holiday weekend (see First day of school). Many begin the week before, making Labor Day weekend the first three-day weekend of the school calendar, while others return the Tuesday following Labor Day, allowing families one final getaway before the school year begins. Many districts across the Midwest are opting to begin school after Labor Day.[11]

text: In the U.S. state of Virginia, the amusement park industry has successfully lobbied for legislation requiring most school districts in the state to have their first day of school after Labor Day, in order to give families another weekend to visit amusement parks in the state. The relevant statute has been nicknamed the "Kings Dominion law" after one such park.[12]

text: In Minnesota the State Fair ends on Labor Day.  Under state law public schools normally do not begin until after the holiday.  Allowing time for school children to show 4-H projects at the Fair has been given as one reason for this timing.[13]

text: In U.S. sports, Labor Day weekend marks the beginning of many fall sports.  National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) teams usually play their first games that weekend and the National Football League (NFL) traditionally play their kickoff game the Thursday following Labor Day. The Southern 500 NASCAR auto race has been held on Labor Day weekend at Darlington Raceway in  Darlington, South Carolina from 1950 to 2003 and since 2015. At Indianapolis Raceway Park, the National Hot Rod Association hold their finals of the NHRA U.S. Nationals drag race that weekend. Labor Day is the middle point between weeks one and two of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships held in Flushing Meadows, New York.

text: In fashion, Labor Day is (or was) considered the last day when it is acceptable to wear white[14] or seersucker.[15][16]

text: In big cities, people try to go outside and enjoy beaches and barbecues over the Labor Day Weekend. There are also numerous events and activities organized in the cities. For example, New York offers fantastic Labor Day Carnival, fireworks over Coney Island, happy hours in restaurants, 12-hour dance parties, and many other fun activities[17]. In Washington, one of the favorites is the Labor Day Concert at the U.S. Capitol featuring the National Symphony Orchestra with free attendance[18].

text: Labor Day sales[edit]

text: To take advantage of large numbers of potential customers with time to shop, Labor Day has become an important weekend for discounts and allowances by many retailers in the United States, especially for back-to-school sales. Some retailers claim it is one of the largest sale dates of the year, second only to the Christmas season's Black Friday.[19]

text: Dates[edit]

text:
Year

Labor Day

1900
1928
1956
1984
2012
2040
2068
2096
September 3

1901
1929
1957
1985
2013
2041
2069
2097
September 2

1902
1930
1958
1986
2014
2042
2070
2098
September 1

1903
1931
1959
1987
2015
2043
2071
2099
September 7

1904
1932
1960
1988
2016
2044
2072
[nb 1]
September 5

1905
1933
1961
1989
2017
2045
2073

September 4

1906
1934
1962
1990
2018
2046
2074

September 3

1907
1935
1963
1991
2019
2047
2075

September 2

1908
1936
1964
1992
2020
2048
2076

September 7

1909
1937
1965
1993
2021
2049
2077

September 6

1910
1938
1966
1994
2022
2050
2078

September 5

1911
1939
1967
1995
2023
2051
2079

September 4

1912
1940
1968
1996
2024
2052
2080

September 2

1913
1941
1969
1997
2025
2053
2081

September 1

1914
1942
1970
1998
2026
2054
2082

September 7

1915
1943
1971
1999
2027
2055
2083

September 6

1916
1944
1972
2000
2028
2056
2084

September 4

1917
1945
1973
2001
2029
2057
2085

September 3

1918
1946
1974
2002
2030
2058
2086

September 2

1919
1947
1975
2003
2031
2059
2087

September 1

1920
1948
1976
2004
2032
2060
2088
2100
September 6

1921
1949
1977
2005
2033
2061
2089
2101
September 5

1922
1950
1978
2006
2034
2062
2090
2102
September 4

1923
1951
1979
2007
2035
2063
2091
2103
September 3

1924
1952
1980
2008
2036
2064
2092
2104
September 1

1925
1953
1981
2009
2037
2065
2093
2105
September 7

1926
1954
1982
2010
2038
2066
2094
2106
September 6

1927
1955
1983
2011
2039
2067
2095
2107
September 5

tag: table


document_title: Storm of the Century

question_text: who played the devil in storm of the century

text: Storm of the Century

text: Plot[edit]

text: A very powerful blizzard hits the fictional small town of Little Tall Island (also the setting of King's novel Dolores Claiborne) off the coast of Maine. The storm is so powerful that all access off the island is blocked, and no one is able to leave the island until the storm is over. While trying to deal with the storm, tragedy strikes when one of the town's residents is brutally murdered by André Linoge (Colm Feore), a menacing stranger who appears to know the town members' darkest secrets, and who gives no hint of his motives other than the cryptic statement "Give me what I want, and I'll go away."

text: Linoge is imprisoned in the town's holding cell by part-time constable Michael Anderson (Timothy Daly), but he uses his various abilities to affect the town, driving people to commit suicides and inflict terrifying dreams. After walking from his cell, Linoge's campaign of terror culminates in an enchantment that places all eight of the town's small children into unconsciousness. While looking for Linoge, Mike notices his name is an anagram for Legion, a collective group of demons mentioned in the Gospel of Mark and Gospel of Luke, having been exorcised by Jesus and cast into a herd of swine. Linoge eventually calls a town meeting, and it is here that Linoge states he desires one of the eight children he has enchanted. He reveals his true form (an impossibly ancient, dying man), explaining that he is not immortal, and needs someone to carry on his "work." He states that he cannot simply take the child he desires, but he can punish. If they refuse, he threatens to force them to march into the sea two-by-two, as he claims to have done at Roanoke Island, North Carolina, centuries before. With his demands set, he leaves them with half an hour to make their decision.

text: Although Mike begs the town to refuse Linoge's request, appealing to their common decency and the fact that they may be aiding in a great evil, all of the townspeople except him vote to give Linoge what he desires. Linoge has one parent of each child draw one of eight "weirding stones," with Mike's wife Molly drawing the black. Contemptuously thanking the town, Linoge transforms into his true form and suggests that the less they say to the outside world about the events with him, the happier they will be. With a final remark to Molly that Ralph will eventually come to call him "father", Linoge flies off into the night with his new protégé.

text: Most of the film's epilogue is narrated by Mike, as he explains how he leaves Little Tall the following summer. Unable to live with those who sacrificed his child, Mike divorces Molly and settles in San Francisco as a US Marshal. Nine years after the storm, Mike notices an old man and a teenage boy walking by, humming Linoge's favorite tune "I'm a little teapot". He calls out to the boy, realizing it is his son, now corrupted by Linoge. He chases after them into an alley, but they are gone.

text: Mike considers telling Molly about what he saw, but ultimately decides against it, sometimes thinking that was the wrong decision, "but in daylight, I know better."

text: Cast[edit]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Minor roles need to be removed. Please help improve this section if you can. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Tim Daly as Constable Michael "Mike" Anderson
Debrah Farentino as Molly Anderson
Dyllan Christopher as Ralph Emerick "Ralphie" Anderson
Colm Feore as Andre Linoge
Jeffrey DeMunn as Town Manager Robert "Robbie" Beals
Nada Despotovich as Sandra "Sandy" Beals
Spencer Breslin as Donny Beals
Denis Forest as Kirk Freeman
Nicky Guadagni as Jenna Freeman
Julianne Nicholson as Katrina “Kat” Withers
Casey Siemaszko as Alton "Hatch" Hatcher
Soo Garay as Melinda Hatcher
Skye McCole Bartusiak as Pippa Hatcher
Ron Perkins as Peter Godsoe
Becky Ann Baker as Ursula Godsoe
Cayda Rubin as Sally Godsoe
Nancy Beatty as Octavia Godsoe
Richard Fitzpatrick as Jonas Stanhope
Kathleen Chalfant as Joanna Stanhope
Myra Carter as Cora Stanhope
Rita Tuckett as Martha Claredon
Adam Zolotin as Davey Hopewell
Gaylyn Britton as Mary Hopewell
Michael Rhoades as Stan Hopewell
Steve Rankin as Jack Carver
Torri Higginson as Angela Carver
Stephen Joffe as Buster Carver
Adam LeFevre as Ferd Andrews
Peter MacNeill as Sonny Brautigan
Beth Dixon as Tess Merchant
Leif Anderson as Johnny Harriman
Marcia Laskowski as Linda St. Pierre
Harley English-Dixon as Heidi St. Pierre
Richard Blackburn as Andy Robichaux
Jeremy Jordan as William "Billy" Soames
Lynne Griffin as Jane Kingsbury

tag: ul

text: Screenplay[edit]

text: The screenplay for the miniseries was written by Stephen King expressly for television, and was published by Pocket Books just prior to the initial airing of Storm of the Century on ABC, while the mass market edition of the screenplay was published only as a trade paperback. A hardcover edition was published concurrently by the Book of the Month Club. The book contains an introduction in which King describes the genesis of the idea as it occurred to him in late 1996, beginning to write it in December 1996, and debating the format the story should take, either a novel or a screenplay, ending up writing a "novel for television".[1]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Storm of the Century aired on ABC on February 14–18, 1999. It was released on DVD on June 22 the same year.[2]

text: The miniseries was well received by critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes counts six positive out of eight reviews.[3]

text: U.S. Television Ratings:

text:
No.
Title
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions) [4]

1
Storm of the Century, Part 1
February 14, 1999
19.4

2
Storm of the Century, Part 2
February 15, 1999
18.9

3
Storm of the Century, Part 3
February 18, 1999
19.2


document_title: Pam Beesly

question_text: when does pam get back from art school

question_tokens: when does pam get back from art school

text: Pam Beesly

text: Casting and character development[edit]

text: The character was originally created to be very similar to the British counterpart, Dawn Tinsley. Even minute details, such as how Pam wore her hair each day, were considered by executive producer, Greg Daniels.[4]

text: "When I went in for The Office, the casting director said to me, 'Please look normal'," recalls Jenna Fischer. "Don't make yourself all pretty, and dare to bore me with your audition. Those were her words. Dare to bore me."[5]

text: Heeding the advice, Fischer said little during the auditions, during which she was interviewed in character by show producers, in an improvisational format, to imitate the show's documentary premise. "My take on the character of Pam was that she didn't have any media training, so she didn't know how to be a good interview. And also, she didn't care about this interview," she told NPR. "So, I gave very short one-word answers and I tried very hard not to be funny or clever, because I thought that the comedy would come out of just, you know, the real human reactions to the situation...and they liked that take on it."[5]

text: "When I went in to the audition, the first question that they asked me in the character of Pam — they said, 'Do you like working as a receptionist?' I said, 'No.' And that was it. I didn't speak any more than that. And they started laughing."[5]

text: Fischer found herself creating a very elaborate backstory for the character. For the first few seasons, she kept a list of the character history revealed on-screen by the creators, as well as her own imaginative thoughts on Pam's history.[6] She created a rule with the set's hair and make-up department that it couldn't look as though it took Pam more than 30 minutes to do her hair,[7] and she formulated ideas as to who gave Pam each piece of jewelry she wore [8] or where she went to college.[8] Fischer also carefully crafted Pam's quiet persona. "Well, my character of Pam is really stuck," she explained to NPR. "I mean, she's a subordinate in this office. And so, I think that for her, the only way she can express herself is in the silences, but you can say so much by not saying anything."[5]

text: Originally meek and passive, the character grew more assertive as the seasons passed, prompting Fischer to reassess her portrayal. "I have to approach Pam differently [now]," she explained in Season 4, a defining season in which her character finally begins a long-awaited relationship with Jim and is accepted into the Pratt Institute. "She is in a loving relationship, she has found her voice, she has started taking art classes. All of these things must inform the character and we need to see changes in the way she moves, speaks, dresses, etc."[6]

text: Character history[edit]

text: Seasons 1–3[edit]

text: At the beginning of the series, Pam and Roy have been dating for eight years and engaged for three years. Their open-ended engagement has become one of Michael's running gags and a sore spot for Pam.

text: Pam does not want her current job to become permanent, remarking that "I don't think it's many little girls' dream to be a receptionist." Pam is apathetic toward her work, evidenced by her frequent games of FreeCell on her office computer. However, in the pilot episode, she breaks down crying when Michael pulls an ill-advised prank by telling her that she will be fired.

text: Michael has criticized Pam for simply forwarding calls to voice mail without answering and (in a deleted scene) for not sounding enthusiastic enough when speaking on the telephone. Pam is usually happy to abandon her work if asked to do something else by Jim.  She will do extra, unnecessary work (such as making a casket for a dead bird or paper doves for the Office Olympics) to make other people happy.

text: Despite the abuse she takes from Michael, she never goes any further than calling him a jerk in the pilot. In later seasons, however, she becomes more honest and forward with Michael and will often make sarcastic comments toward him.

text: While engaged to Roy, Pam denies, or is in denial about, having any romantic feelings for Jim. When Jim confesses his love for her at the Dunder Mifflin "Casino Night" she turns him down. She later talks to her mom on the phone and says Jim is her best friend (though she doesn't say his name), and says "Yeah, I think I am" to an unheard question. She is interrupted by Jim, who enters and kisses her; she responds by kissing back.

text: Season three marks a turning point for Pam's character: she gains self-confidence and appears less passive and more self-assured as the season progresses. In "Gay Witch Hunt," the season's opener, it is revealed that Pam got cold feet before her wedding and did not marry Roy after all, and that Jim transferred to a different Dunder Mifflin branch, in Stamford, shortly after Pam rejected him a second time, after their kiss. Pam moves into her own apartment,  begins taking art classes, a pursuit that Roy had previously dismissed as a waste of time, and buys a new car, a blue Toyota Yaris. Jim returns to Scranton later on as a result of "The Merger", and brings along a female co-worker, Karen Filippelli, whom he begins dating. Jim and Pam appeared to have ended all communication after Jim transfers to the Stamford branch (aside from an episode in which Jim accidentally calls Pam at the end of the work day), and their episodes together following the branch merge are tense, despite both admitting to still harboring feelings for the other during the presence of the documentary cameras.

text: Meanwhile, Roy vows to win Pam back.  Roy's efforts to improve his relationship with Pam are quite successful, but once Pam and Roy are back together, he falls back into old habits almost immediately. When Roy and Pam attend an after work get-together at a local bar with their co-workers, Pam, feeling that she should be more honest with Roy, tells him about Jim kissing her at "Casino Night." Roy yells, smashes a mirror, and trashes the bar. Pam, frightened and embarrassed by his reaction, breaks up with Roy immediately. Roy vows to kill Jim and in "The Negotiation", Roy unsuccessfully tries to attack Jim at work (Jim is saved by Dwight's intervention), and is subsequently fired. Pam later reluctantly agrees to meet Roy for coffee at his request, and after the polite but brief meeting, it appears that their relationship has ended amicably with Roy encouraging Pam to pursue Jim.

text: Pam participates in an art show, but few people attend. Her co-worker, Oscar, brings his partner along who, not knowing that Pam is standing behind him, criticizes her work by proclaiming that "real art requires courage." Oscar then goes on to say that courage isn't one of Pam's strong points. Affected by this statement, Pam tells the documentary crew that she is going to be more honest, culminating in a dramatic coal walk during the next-to-last episode of the season, "Beach Games", and a seemingly sincere speech to Jim in front of the entire office about their relationship. Michael also comes to the art show and reveals his erratically kind heart and loyalty by buying, framing and hanging Pam's drawing of the Dunder Mifflin building in the office. In the season finale, "The Job," she leaves a friendly note in Jim's briefcase and an old memento depicting the 'gold medal' yogurt lid from the Office Olympics, which he sees during an interview for a job at Corporate in New York City. While he is asked how he "would function here in New York", Jim is shown to have his mind back in Scranton, still distracted by the thought of Pam. Jim withdraws his name from consideration and drives back to the office, where he interrupts a talking head Pam is doing for the documentary crew by asking her out for dinner. She happily accepts, visibly moved, abandoning a train of thought about how she would be fine if Jim got the job and never came back to Scranton. Karen quits soon after, becoming the regional manager at Dunder Mifflin's Utica branch.

text: Seasons 4–6[edit]

text: In Season 4, Pam retains the assertiveness she developed in the third season. She wears her hair down and has updated her old dowdy wardrobe.

text: In the season 4 premiere, "Fun Run", Jim and Pam confess that they have started dating after the camera crew catches them kissing. The office ultimately learns of their relationship in "Dunder Mifflin Infinity". In "Chair Model", after teasing Pam about his impending proposal, Jim tells the documentary crew he is not kidding around about an engagement and shows them a ring he bought a week after he and Pam started dating. In the next few episodes, Jim fake-proposes to Pam multiple times. In "Goodbye, Toby", Pam discovers she's been accepted at Pratt Institute, an art and design school in Brooklyn . In an interview later in the episode, Jim announces that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night.

text: In the Season 5 premiere, "Weight Loss", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he "can't wait". In "Business Trip", Pam learns that she is failing one of her classes and will have to remain in New York another three months to retake it. Although Jim is supportive and tells her he will wait for her to come back "the right way", she ultimately makes the decision to return home, saying that she realized she hated graphic design and missed Scranton. A deleted scene for the episode shows Jim looking through Pam's graphic design projects, which he thinks are "cool", as well as a notebook filled with pencil sketches, which he finds a lot more impressive than her graphic design projects, implying her talents lie in hand-drawn works. In "Two Weeks", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In "Company Picnic", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, "Gossip".

text: Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, "Niagara". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance.[9] Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with Pam's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during "Double Date", an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions.

text: In "The Delivery" of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece.[10]

text: Season 7[edit]

text: In "Counseling", Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In "China", Pam tries to use her authority as office administrator to force building manager Dwight to stop his annoying cost-cutting measures. Pam threatens to move the office to a new building, which Dwight discovers doesn't exist. Pam saves face, however, when Dwight secretly has his assistant provide her with a book on building regulations that proves Dwight's measures were not allowed. The episode is another example of Dwight's covert protectiveness and fondness for Pam (as previously demonstrated in "The Injury", "Back from Vacation", "The Job" and "Diwali"); Mindy Kaling said during an online Q&A session that Dwight has a soft spot for her that he does not extend to anyone else at the office. She also uses her position to buy Erin Hannon an expensive desktop computer to replace the terrible one she had to use for years, as well as discreetly giving Andy a new computer, and giving Daryll three sick days. At the end of the episode she proudly says that she is, "Full on corrupt."

text: In "Goodbye, Michael", Pam almost misses saying good-bye to Michael, as she spends most of the day out of the office trying to price shredders. Jim figures out Michael's plan to leave early and tells her by text. Pam reaches the airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves.

text: Season 8[edit]

text: At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after "Gettysburg". Pam returns in "Jury Duty", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both "Tallahassee" and "Test the Store" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy.

text: Season 9[edit]

text: Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a Sports Marketing business, Athlead, in Philadelphia but he keeps it a secret from Pam until the third episode "Andy's Ancestry". Although Pam is happy for his decision, she is concerned about the fact that he had kept it a secret from her and she is later disturbed to hear about just how much of their money he had invested.  Jim begins spending part of each work week in Philadelphia, but in "Customer Loyalty", the strain of this on Pam is evident when she breaks down in tears, and is comforted by Brian, the boom mic operator of the film crew.

text: In "Moving On", Pam interviews for a job in Philadelphia to be closer to Jim, but she is turned off by the idea when her prospective new boss bears a striking resemblance in behavior to Michael Scott. Over dinner, Pam reveals to Jim that she doesn't really want to move to Philadelphia after all. However, in "Livin' the Dream", when Athlead is bought out and Jim is offered a large sum of money for 3 months to pitch the company across the country, Pam overhears Jim refuse the opportunity because of her and appears to have mixed feelings about this decision. In "A.A.R.M.", Pam tells Jim that she's afraid that he will resent her for making him stay and that she might not be enough for him. Jim asks the camera crew to compile documentary footage of the two of them to show her. When she finishes the montage, which shows Jim taking back a letter he intended to give her with his teapot gift during Christmas; Jim finally gives her that letter, and she reads it, visibly moved. In the series finale, which takes place a year later, she reveals to Jim that she secretly put the house on the market, so that they can move to Austin, Texas, and take his job back at Athlead (now Athleap).

text: Coworker relations[edit]

text: From her years working the front desk, Pam  has become well-acquainted with the Dunder-Mifflin staff and is consistently shown to have a thorough understanding of her coworkers' personalities, including the more eccentric individuals Dwight Schrute and Michael Scott. She uses this familiarity to manipulate them, often for their and the company's best interests (such as her giving the staff elaborate instructions on how to handle a heartbroken Michael in "The Chump") but also occasionally for her own. This familiarity plays a large part in her efficiency as office administrator and was crucial to her being promoted to the previously non-existent position.

text: Jim Halpert[edit]

text: The "will they or won't they" tension between Jim and Pam is a strong storyline in the early episodes of The Office, encompassing much of Seasons 1 to 3. In the opener of Season 4, the two characters are revealed to be dating, and as such, other character romances, such as the romance between fellow co-workers Dwight Schrute and Angela Martin, begin to move more toward the forefront of episodes. In Season 6, Jim and Pam are married in the season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture.[11] Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, "The Delivery". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job.

text: Roy Anderson[edit]

text: When the series begins, Pam is engaged to her high school sweetheart Roy Anderson; this engagement is revealed to be three years old and running. They finally set a date, but Pam calls off the wedding at the last minute. They get back together once, briefly, but Pam is much more assertive, and finally breaks up with him after he has a violent outburst. Roy is deeply flawed - he is overbearing, neglectful, dismissive of her desire to be an artist, and offers her sex as a gift on Valentine's Day. Jim comments in Season 2 that Pam does not like to "bother" Roy with her "thoughts or feelings". He tells the camera crew that the only two problems in Pam's life seemed to be Roy and her job at Dunder Mifflin.

text: In the early seasons, there is a great deal of tension between Jim and Roy, with Roy often acting threateningly towards Jim. In "Basketball", when Jim starts to impress Pam with his basketball skills, Roy elbows Jim in the nose. In season 2, when Jim encourages Pam to pursue a graphic arts internship offered by Dunder Mifflin, Roy objects to the opportunity and eventually convinces her that the idea is foolish. Pam ultimately calls off her wedding to Roy, but they remain friendly and he is determined to win her back by being less of a jerk. She reconciles with Roy at Phyllis's wedding as a response to watching Jim date Karen. In an attempt at a fresh start with Roy, Pam comes clean about Jim kissing her during "Casino Night". Roy flies into a violent rage and Pam ends the relationship on the spot. The next day, Roy attempts to attack Jim in the office but is stopped by Dwight's pepper spray and is summarily fired. After losing his job, Roy meets Pam for coffee and says that even though Jim is dating Karen, she should at least make an effort to date him (inasmuch as she called off the wedding because of him).

text: In season 5, Jim and Roy run into each other at a bar and Roy learns that Jim and Pam are engaged. The mood is somewhat awkward, but Roy is congratulatory, but then makes a somewhat passive-aggressive comment, seemingly meant to make Jim feel insecure about his current role in Pam's life, which tempts him to drive to Pratt, where she is attending art classes. Jim gets on the freeway, but changes his mind and remembers that he trusts Pam. Jim didn't want to treat Pam the same way Roy treated her.

text: Michael Scott[edit]

text: In the series pilot, Michael is overtly rude to Pam and at one point fakes her firing, leaving her in tears. He often makes suggestive if harmless remarks about her beauty and general appearance, and at one point lies to the camera that they used to date (inspiring a horrified "WHAT???" from Pam when an interviewer relays the message to her). However, his impulsive attempt to kiss her during Diwali is shot down and marked the end of any romantic dreams for Michael with Pam. Over time, the combination of Michael being supportive of her goals, her transition from a bad relationship with Roy to a great one with Jim as well as her finding a job she not only enjoys but is effective at in the office administrator position and Michael finding his own soulmate in Holly Flax made Pam soften her stance towards Michael, and the experience at the Michael Scott Paper Company further bonded them (as did Michael's decision to choose Pam instead of Ryan Howard as the only MSPC salesman to keep that job when Michael returned as Branch Manager). Pam was furious at Michael for dating her mom Helene, and excoriated him at length during "The Lover" before eventually slapping him in "Double Date", but they once again were able to be civil to each other afterward. Pam does set up boundaries around her personal life that Michael can't cross, like telling him that he wasn't Cece's godfather. By Season 7, Pam acts as something of a guardian angel for Michael, steering him away from (numerous) bad ideas and towards his (fewer but real) good ones, such as his successful efforts to propose to Holly. In Michael's finale "Goodbye, Michael", Pam spends the whole day looking for a shredder, believing that the next day Michael was leaving. As Michael takes off his microphone and heads down the airport concourse, Pam runs to him with no shoes and hugs him as he kisses her cheek. The two have a nice moment and he walks off, leaving her holding her shoes. She then tells the camera that he was happy, wanting to be an advanced rewards member, and was glad to be going home to see Holly. She then is there to watch Michael's plane take off. In a deleted scene from "The Inner Circle", we learn Pam is flattered that Michael named his new puppy "Pamela Beagsley", and in "The List" she playfully teases Jim by calling their second child "Little Michael Scott", further proving that the two have developed a genuine friendship.

text: Toby Flenderson[edit]

text: Toby, the Human Resources Representative for Dunder Mifflin in the Scranton branch, has a secret crush on Pam. In "A Benihana Christmas" she gives him her Dunder-Mifflin bathrobe, a display of friendly affection, after he spent the day feeling bad that Dwight took his. In Dunder Mifflin Infinity, Toby witnesses Pam kissing Jim Halpert in the break room, which prompts him to issue a memo about public displays of affection in the workplace. Later, when Jim and Pam admit they are dating and ask to fill out a disclosure form, he hesitates to give them a form saying they should wait and see. In "Night Out", Toby awkwardly rubs her knee while they share a laugh (and while Jim sits just on her other side), and the rest of the office watches in horror. In his mortification, Toby immediately announces that he is moving to Costa Rica before jumping over the locked gate and fleeing. In "Goodbye, Toby", Toby purchases a DSLR camera just to get a picture with Pam. On the eve of his departure, Pam confesses to the cameras that she always thought Toby was "kind of cute". In "Niagara", Pam and Jim are late for their wedding and he is visibly excited at the prospect that the wedding might not happen. In "Finale", Pam and Toby dance with each other at Dwight's wedding, with Toby beginning to cry as Pam comforts him. When she asks, "is it me?", he replies that "it's everything!".

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Pam Halpert has appeared in every episode with the exceptions of "Business Ethics" (except for the deleted scenes), "St. Patrick's Day", and "New Leads" in which only her voice is heard, and several season 8 episodes from "Mrs. California" to "Pool Party", where she did not appear at all as Fischer was on maternity leave.[12]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Pam Beesly's full name is Pamela Morgan Beesly (later Pamela Morgan Halpert). In "The Lover" Michael says to Pam, "Pamela Morgan Beesly, you need to apologize to your mother right now."[2] In "Did I Stutter?" Jim says to Pam, "You know what would energize me? If you, Pamela Morgan Beesly..."[3]

tag: ol


document_title: Rotator cuff

question_text: where is the rotator cuff located on the human body

text: Rotator cuff

text: Structure[edit]

text: Muscles composing rotator cuff[edit]

text:
Muscle
Origin on scapula
Attachment on humerus
Function
Innervation

Supraspinatus muscle
supraspinous fossa
superior[2] facet of the greater tubercle
abducts the humerus
Suprascapular nerve (C5)

Infraspinatus muscle
infraspinous fossa
middle facet of the greater tubercle
externally rotates the humerus
Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6)

Teres minor muscle
middle half of lateral border
inferior facet of the greater tubercle
externally rotates the humerus
Axillary nerve (C5)

Subscapularis muscle
subscapular fossa
lesser tubercle
internally rotates the humerus
Upper and Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C6)

text: The supraspinatus muscle spreads out in a horizontal band to insert on the superior and middle facets of the greater tubercle.  The greater tubercle projects as the most lateral structure of the humeral head. Medial to this, in turn, is the lesser tuberosity of the humeral head. The subscapularis muscle origin is divided from the remainder of the rotator cuff origins as it is deep to the scapula.

text: The four tendons of these muscles converge to form the rotator cuff tendon.  These tendinous insertions along with the articular capsule, the coracohumeral ligament, and the glenohumeral ligament complex, blend into a confluent sheet before insertion into the humeral tuberosities.[3]  The insertion site of the rotator cuff tendon at the greater tuberosity is often referred to as the footprint. The infraspinatus and teres minor fuse near their musculotendinous junctions, while the supraspinatus and subscapularis tendons join as a sheath that surrounds the biceps tendon at the entrance of the bicipital groove.[3] The supraspinatus is most commonly involved in a rotator cuff tear.

text: Function[edit]

text: The rotator cuff muscles are important in shoulder movements and in maintaining glenohumeral joint (shoulder joint) stability.[4] These muscles arise from the scapula and connect to the head of the humerus, forming a cuff at the shoulder joint. They hold the head of the humerus in the small and shallow glenoid fossa of the scapula. The glenohumeral joint has been analogously described as a golf ball (head of the humerus) sitting on a golf tee (glenoid fossa).[5]

text: During abduction of the arm, moving it outward and away from the trunk, the rotator cuff compresses the glenohumeral joint, an action known as concavity compression, in order to allow the large deltoid muscle to further elevate the arm.  In other words, without the rotator cuff, the humeral head would ride up partially out of the glenoid fossa, lessening the efficiency of the deltoid muscle.  The anterior and posterior directions of the glenoid fossa are more susceptible to shear force perturbations as the glenoid fossa is not as deep relative to the superior and inferior directions. The rotator cuff's contributions to concavity compression and stability vary according to their stiffness and the direction of the force they apply upon the joint.

text: In addition to stabilizing the glenohumeral joint and controlling humeral head translation, the rotator cuff muscles also perform multiple functions, including abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation of the shoulder. The infraspinatus and subscapularis have significant roles in scapular plane shoulder abduction (scaption), generating forces that are two to three times greater than the force produced by the supraspinatus muscle.[6] However, the supraspinatus is more effective for general shoulder abduction because of its moment arm.[7] The anterior portion of the supraspinatus tendon is submitted to significantly greater load and stress, and performs its mainfunctional role.[8]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Rotator cuff tear[edit]

text: The tendons at the ends of the rotator cuff muscles can become torn, leading to pain and restricted movement of the arm.  A torn rotator cuff can occur following a trauma to the shoulder or it can occur through the "wear and tear" on tendons, most commonly the supraspinatus tendon found under the acromion.

text: Rotator cuff injuries are commonly associated with motions that require repeated overhead motions or forceful pulling motions. Such injuries are frequently sustained by athletes whose actions include making repetitive throws, athletes such as baseball pitchers, softball pitchers, American football players (especially quarterbacks), cheerleaders, weightlifters (especially powerlifters due to extreme weights used in the bench press), rugby players, volleyball players (due to their swinging motions),[citation needed] water polo players, rodeo team ropers, shot put throwers (due to using poor technique),[citation needed] swimmers, boxers, kayakers, western martial artists, fast bowlers in cricket, tennis players (due to their service motion)[citation needed] and tenpin bowlers due to the repetitive swinging motion of the arm with the weight of a bowling ball. This type of injury also commonly affects orchestra conductors, choral conductors, and drummers (due, again,  to swinging motions).

text: Treatment for a rotator cuff tear can include rest, ice, physical therapy, and/or surgery.[9] A published review of 14 trials involving 829 patients found that there is insufficient evidence to demonstrate whether surgery is any better than non-surgical options.[10] A review of manual therapy and exercise treatments found inconclusive evidence as to whether these treatments were any better than placebo, however "High quality evidence from one trial suggested that manual therapy and exercise improved function only slightly more than placebo at 22 weeks, was little or no different to placebo in terms of other patient-important outcomes (e.g. overall pain), and was associated with relatively more frequent but mild adverse events."[11]

text: Surgery is often recommended for patients with an acute, traumatic rotator cuff tear resulting in substantial weakness. Surgery can be performed open or arthroscopically, although the arthroscopic approach has become much more popular. If a surgical option is selected, the rehabilitation of the rotator cuff is necessary in order to regain maximum strength and range of motion within the shoulder joint.[12] Physical therapy progresses through four stages, increasing movement throughout each phase. The tempo and intensity of the stages are solely reliant on the extent of the injury and the patient’s activity necessities.[13] The first stage requires immobilization of the shoulder joint. The shoulder that is injured is placed in a sling and shoulder flexion or abduction of the arm is avoided for 4 to 6 weeks after surgery (Brewster, 1993). Avoiding movement of the shoulder joint allows the torn tendon to fully heal.[12] Once the tendon is entirely recovered, passive exercises can be implemented. Passive exercises of the shoulder are movements in which a physical therapist maintains the arm in a particular position, manipulating the rotator cuff without any effort by the patient.[14] These exercises are used to increase stability, strength and range of motion of the Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Teres minor muscles within the rotator cuff.[14] Passive exercises include internal and external rotation of the shoulder joint, as well as flexion and extension of the shoulder.[14]

text: As progression increases after 4–6 weeks, active exercises are now implemented into the rehabilitation process. Active exercises allow an increase in strength and further range of motion by permitting the movement of the shoulder joint without the support of a physical therapist.[15] Active exercises include the Pendulum exercise (as shown in Image 2), which is used to strengthen the Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and Subscapularis.[15] External rotation of the shoulder with the arm at a 90-degree angle is an additional exercise done to increase control and range of motion of the Infraspinatus and Teres minor muscles. Various active exercises are done for an additional 3–6 weeks as progress is based on an individual case by case basis.[15] At 8–12 weeks, strength training intensity will increase as free-weights and resistance bands will be implemented within the exercise prescription.[6]

text: Rotator cuff impingement[edit]

text: A systematic review of relevant research found that the accuracy of the physical examination is low.[16] The Hawkins-Kennedy test[17][18] has a sensitivity of approximately 80% to 90% for detecting impingement. The infraspinatus and supraspinatus[19] tests have a specificity of 80% to 90%.[16]

text: A common cause of shoulder pain in rotator cuff impingement syndrome is Tendinosis, which is an age related and most often self limited condition.[20]

text: Rotator interval inflammation and fibrosis[edit]

text: The rotator interval is a triangular space in the shoulder that is functionally reinforced externally by the coracohumeral ligament and internally by the superior glenohumeral ligament, and traversed by the intra-articular biceps tendon. On imaging, it is defined by the coracoid process at its base, the supraspinatus tendon superiorly and the subscapularis tendon inferiorly. Changes of adhesive capsulitis can be seen at this interval as edema and fibrosis. Pathology at the interval is also associated with glenohumeral and biceps instability.[21]

text: Pain management[edit]

text: The rotator cuff includes muscles such as the supraspinatus muscle, the infraspinatus muscle, the teres minor muscle and the subscapularis muscle. The upper arm consists of the deltoids, biceps, as well as the triceps. Steps must be taken and precautions need to be made in order for the rotator cuffs to heal properly following surgery while still maintaining function to prevent any deteriorating effects on the muscles. In the immediate postoperative period (within one week following surgery), pain can be treated with a standard ice wrap. There are also commercial devices available which not only cool the shoulder but also exert pressure on the shoulder ("compressive cryotherapy"). However, one study has shown no significant difference in postoperative pain when comparing these devices to a standard ice wrap.[22]

text: Continuous passive motion[edit]

text: Physiotherapy can help manage the pain, but utilizing a program that involves continuous passive motion will reduce the pain even further. Assisted passive motion at a low intensity allows the tissues to be stretched slightly without damaging them[23] Continuous passive motion improves the shoulder range and enables the subject to expand their range of motion without experiencing additional pain. Easing into the motions will allow the person to continue working those muscles to keep them from undergoing atrophy, while also still maintaining that minimum level of function where daily function is allowed. Doing these exercises will also prevent tears in the muscles that will impair daily function further.[23] Since injuries of the rotator cuff often tend to inhibit motion without first experience discomfort and pain, other methods can be done to help accommodate that.

text: Capsular release[edit]

text: A surgery procedure exists where the joint of the injured area will be freed in order to achieve a full range of motion without too much pain and discomfort, speeding up recovery time and allowing the person to better perform optimally. A study conducted by Jin-Young Park investigated the benefits of using capsular release to help relieve the stiffness of the shoulders that usually come whenever there is an injury in the rotator cuff. Some of the subjects had diabetes mellitus, which can also cause shoulder stiffness, impeding external rotation of the shoulders. Of the 49 subjects recruited for this trial, 21 went through only manipulation to relieve stiffness, while the other 28 underwent a capsular release surgery along with the manipulation to treat shoulder stiffness. Although, overall, no improvement in outcome was seen with regards to external rotation between the control and treatment group, the subjects that had diabetes mellitus benefited from the treatment that included the capsular release surgery.[24] Their rotator cuff function improved significantly in both forward flexion and external rotation compared to the subjects that were not diagnosed with diabetes mellitus.

text: Orthotherapy exercises[edit]

text:
Patients that suffer from pain in the rotator cuff may consider utilizing orthotherapy into their daily lives. Orthotherapy is an exercise program that aims to restore the motion and strength of the shoulder muscles.[25] Patients can go through the three phases of orthotherapy to help manage pain and also recover their full range of motion in the rotator cuff. The first phase involves gentle stretches and passive all around movements, and people are advised not to go above 70 degrees of elevation to prevent any kind of further pain.[25] The second phase of this regimen requires patients to implement exercises to strengthen the muscles that are surrounding the rotator cuff muscles, combined with the passive exercises done in the first phase to keep on stretching the tissues without overexerting them. Exercises include pushups and shoulder shrugs, and after a couple of weeks of this, daily activities are gradually added to the patient’s routine. This program does not require any sort of medication or surgery and can serve as a good alternative.
The rotator cuff and the upper muscles are responsible for many daily tasks that people do in their lives. A proper recovery needs to be maintained and achieved to prevent limiting movement, and can be done through simple movements.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Human shoulder joint, front view

Human shoulder joint, back view

Muscles on the dorsum of the scapula, and the triceps brachii.

The scapular and circumflex arteries (posterior view).

Suprascapular and axillary nerves of right side, seen from behind.

The suprascapular, axillary, and radial nerves.