document_title: Economy of Canada

question_text: what are canada's four major primary industries

question_tokens: what are canada 's four major primary industries

text: Economy of Canada

text: Overview[edit]

text: With the exception of a few island nations in the Caribbean, Canada is the only major parliamentary democracy in the western hemisphere. As a result, Canada has developed its own social and political institutions, distinct from most other countries in the world.[32] Though the Canadian economy is closely integrated with the American economy, it has developed unique economic institutions.

text: The Canadian economic system generally combines elements of private enterprise and public enterprise. Many aspects of public enterprise, most notably the development of an extensive social welfare system to redress social and economic inequities, were adopted after the end of World War Two in 1945.[32]

text: Canada has a private to public (Crown) property ratio of 60:40 and one of the highest levels of economic freedom in the world. Today Canada closely resembles the U.S. in its market-oriented economic system and pattern of production.[33] According to the Forbes Global 2000 list of the world's largest companies in 2008, Canada has 69 companies in the list, ranking 5th next to France.[34]

text: International trade makes up a large part of the Canadian economy, particularly of its natural resources. In 2009, agriculture, energy, forestry and mining exports accounted for about 58% of Canada's total exports.[35] Machinery, equipment, automotive products and other manufactures accounted for a further 38% of exports in 2009.[35] In 2009, exports accounted for approximately 30% of Canada's GDP. The United States is by far its largest trading partner, accounting for about 73% of exports and 63% of imports as of 2009.[36] Canada's combined exports and imports ranked 8th among all nations in 2006.[37]

text: Approximately 4% of Canadians are directly employed in primary resource fields, and they account for 6.2% of GDP.[38] They are still paramount in many parts of the country. Many, if not most, towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber. Canada is a world leader in the production of many natural resources such as gold, nickel, uranium, diamonds, lead, and in recent years, crude petroleum, which, with the world's second-largest oil reserves, is taking an increasingly prominent position in natural resources extraction. Several of Canada's largest companies are based in natural resource industries, such as EnCana, Cameco, Goldcorp, and Barrick Gold. The vast majority of these products are exported, mainly to the United States. There are also many secondary and service industries that are directly linked to primary ones. For instance one of Canada's largest manufacturing industries is the pulp and paper sector, which is directly linked to the logging business.

text: The reliance on natural resources has several effects on the Canadian economy and Canadian society. While manufacturing and service industries are easy to standardize, natural resources vary greatly by region. This ensures that differing economic structures developed in each region of Canada, contributing to Canada's strong regionalism. At the same time the vast majority of these resources are exported, integrating Canada closely into the international economy. Howlett and Ramesh argue that the inherent instability of such industries also contributes to greater government intervention in the economy, to reduce the social impact of market changes.[39]

text: Natural resource industries also raise important questions of sustainability. Despite many decades as a leading producer, there is little risk of depletion. Large discoveries continue to be made, such as the massive nickel find at Voisey's Bay. Moreover, the far north remains largely undeveloped as producers await higher prices or new technologies as many operations in this region are not yet cost effective. In recent decades Canadians have become less willing to accept the environmental destruction associated with exploiting natural resources. High wages and Aboriginal land claims have also curbed expansion. Instead many Canadian companies have focused their exploration, exploitation and expansion activities overseas where prices are lower and governments more amenable. Canadian companies are increasingly playing important roles in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa.

text: The depletion of renewable resources has raised concerns in recent years. After decades of escalating overutilization the cod fishery all but collapsed in the 1990s, and the Pacific salmon industry also suffered greatly. The logging industry, after many years of activism, has in recent years moved to a more sustainable model, or to other countries.

text: Unemployment rate[edit]

text:
Province
Unemployment rate
percentage of population
as of July 2017[update][40][41][42]

 Newfoundland and Labrador
15.7

 Prince Edward Island
10.0

 Nova Scotia
7.9

 New Brunswick
6.5

 Quebec
5.8

 Ontario
6.1

 Manitoba
5.0

 Saskatchewan
6.6

 Alberta
7.8

 British Columbia
5.3

 Canada (national)
6.3

tag: table

text: Measuring productivity[edit]

text:
Part of a series on the

Economy of Canada

Economic history of Canada

Banking history
Petroleum history
Energy policy of Canada
Canadian dollar

Sectors

Primary sector

Agriculture
Energy

Petroleum
Electricity

Fishing
Forestry

Secondary sector

Automotives
Aerospace

Tertiary sector

Social programs
Transportation
Tourism

Finance

Central Bank
Banking in Canada
Stock exchanges

Companies

Companies listed on the TSX

Economy by province

Alberta
Ontario
Quebec
Saskatchewan
more...

Economy by city

Montreal
Toronto
Vancouver
more...

v
t
e

text: Productivity measures are key indicators of economic performance and a key source of economic growth and competitiveness. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)[notes 1] The OECD Compendium of Productivity Indicators,[43] published annually, presents a broad overview of productivity levels and growth in member nations, highlighting key measurement issues. It analyses the role of "productivity as the main driver of economic growth and convergence" and the "contributions of labour, capital and MFP in driving economic growth."[43] According to the definition above "MFP is often interpreted as the contribution to economic growth made by factors such as technical and organisational innovation" (OECD 2008,11). Measures of productivity include Gross Domestic Product (GDP)(OECD 2008,11) and multifactor productivity.

text: Gross Domestic Product (GDP)[edit]

text: The OECD provides data for example comparing labour productivity levels in the total economy of each member nation. In their 2011 report Canada's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was $CDN 1,720,748 million.[44]

text: In the International Monetary Fund's (IMF) quarterly World Economic Outlook released in April 2015, the IMF forecast that Canada’s real gross domestic product (GDP) would grow 2.2 percent. In the July World Economic Outlook the IMF forecast that Canada's real GDP would grow by 1.5 per cent in 2015.[45]

text: According to CTV News real estate accounts for half of all GDP growth.[46]

text: Multifactor productivity (MFP)[edit]

text: Another productivity measure, used by the OECD, is the long-term trend in multifactor productivity (MFP) also known as total factor productivity (TFP). This indicator assesses an economy’s "underlying productive capacity ("potential output"), itself an important measure of the growth possibilities of economies and of inflationary pressures." MFP measures the residual growth that cannot be explained by the rate of change in the services of labour, capital and intermediate outputs, and is often interpreted as the contribution to economic growth made by factors such as technical and organisational innovation. (OECD 2008,11)

text: According to the OECD's annual economic survey of Canada in June 2012, Canada has experienced weak growth of multi-factor productivity (MFP) and has been declining further since 2002. One of the ways MFP growth is raised is by boosting innovation and Canada's innovation indicators such as business R&D and patenting rates were poor. Raising MFP growth, is "needed to sustain rising living standards, especially as the population ages."[47]

text: Bank of Canada[edit]

text: Inflation targeting[edit]

text: The Bank of Canada, a federal crown corporation, has the responsibility of Canada's monetary system. During the period that John Crow was Governor of the Bank of Canada—1987 to 1994— there was a worldwide recession and the bank rate rose to around 14% and unemployment topped 11%.[48] In 1991, with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney in office, the federal government and the Bank of Canada announced a new inflation targeting monetary policy that has been the cornerstone of Canada's monetary and fiscal policy ever since.[49][50] Although since that time inflation-targeting has been adopted by "most advanced-world central banks",[51] in 1991 it was innovative and Canada was an early adopter when the then-Finance Minister Michael Wilson approved the Bank of Canada's first inflation-targeting in the 1991 federal budget.[51] The inflation target was set at 2 per cent, which is the midpoint of an inflation range of 1 to 3 per cent. They established a set of inflation-reduction targets in order to keep inflation "low, stable and predictable" and to foster "confidence in the value of money," contribute to Canada's sustained growth, employment gains and improved standard of living.[49] Inflation is measured by the total consumer price index (CPI). In 2011 the Government of Canada and the Bank of Canada extended Canada's inflation-control target to December 31, 2016.[49] The Bank of Canada uses three unconventional instruments to achieve the inflation target: "a conditional statement on the future path of the policy rate," quantitative easing, and credit easing.[52]

text: As a result, interest rates and inflation eventually came down along with the value of the Canadian dollar.[48] From 1991 to 2011 the inflation-targeting regime kept "price gains fairly reliable."[51]

text: Following the Financial crisis of 2007–08 the narrow focus of inflation-targeting as a means of providing stable growth in the Canadian economy, was questioned. By 2011, the then-Bank of Canada Governor Mark Carney argued that the central bank’s mandate would allow for a more flexible inflation-targeting in specific situations where he would consider taking longer "than the typical six to eight quarters to return inflation to 2 per cent."[51]

text: The central bank— the Bank of Canada— issues its rate announcement through its Monetary Policy Report which is released eight times a year.[49] On July 15, 2015 the Bank of Canada announced that it was lowering its target for the overnight rate by another one-quarter percentage point, to 0.5 per cent[53] "to try to stimulate an economy that appears to have failed to rebound meaningfully from the oil shock woes that dragged it into decline in the first quarter."[45] According to the Bank of Canada announcement, in the first quarter of 2015, the total Consumer price index (CPI) inflation was about 1 per cent. This reflects "year-over-year price declines for consumer energy products." Core inflation in the first quarter of 2015 was about 2 per cent with an underlying trend in inflation at about 1.5 to 1.7 per cent.[53]

text: In response to the Bank of Canada's July 15, 2015 rate adjustment, Prime Minister Stephen Harper explained that the Canadian economy was being dragged down by forces beyond Canadian borders such as global oil prices, the European debt crisis, and China's economic slowdown" which has made the global economy "fragile."[54]

text: The Chinese stock market had lost about US$3 trillion of wealth by July 2015 when panicked investors sold stocks, which created declines in the commodities markets, which in turn negatively impacted resource-producing countries like Canada.[55]

text: The Bank's main priority has been to keep inflation at a moderate level.[56] As part of that strategy, interest rates were kept at a low level for almost seven years. Since September 2010, the key interest rate (overnight rate) was 0.5%. In mid 2017, inflation remained below the Bank's 2% target, (at 1.6%)[57] mostly because of reductions in the cost of energy, food and automobiles; as well, the economy was in a continuing spurt with a predicted GDP growth of 2.8 percent by year end.[58][59] Early on 12 July 2017, the bank issued a statement that the benchmark rate would be increased to 0.75%. "The economy can handle very well this move we have today and of course you need to preface that with an acknowledgment that of course interest rates are still very low," Governor Stephen Poloz subsequently said. In its press release, the bank had confirmed that the rate would continue to be evaluated at least partly on the basis of inflation. "Future adjustments to the target for the overnight rate will be guided by incoming data as they inform the bank's inflation outlook, keeping in mind continued uncertainty and financial system vulnerabilities."[60][61] Poloz refused to speculate on the future of the economy but said, "I don't doubt that interest rates will move higher, but there's no predetermined path in mind at this stage".[62]

text: Key industries[edit]

text: In 2012, the Canadian economy had the following relative weighting by industry, as percentage value of GDP:[38]

text:
12.34 Real estate and rental and leasing
10.86 Manufacturing
07.96 Mining, quarrying and oil or gas extraction
07.03 Health care and social assistance
06.90 Public administration
06.55 Finance and insurance
05.41 Wholesale trade
05.41 Retail trade
05.38 Educational services
05.21 Professional scientific and technical services
04.20 Transportation and warehousing
03.31 Information and cultural industries
02.58 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services
02.46 Utilities
02.10 Accommodation and food services
02.04 Other services (except public administration)
01.59 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
00.76 Management of companies and enterprises
00.75 Arts, entertainment and recreation

text: Service sector[edit]

text: The service sector in Canada is vast and multifaceted, employing about three quarters of Canadians and accounting for 70% of GDP.[63] The largest employer is the retail sector, employing almost 12% of Canadians.[64] The retail industry is mainly concentrated in a small number of chain stores clustered together in shopping malls. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of big-box stores, such as Wal-Mart (of the United States), Real Canadian Superstore, and Best Buy (of the United States). This has led to fewer workers in this sector and a migration of retail jobs to the suburbs.

text: The second largest portion of the service sector is the business service and hire only a slightly smaller percentage of the population. This includes the financial services, real estate, and communications industries. This portion of the economy has been rapidly growing in recent years. It is largely concentrated in the major urban centres, especially Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (see Banking in Canada).

text: The education and health sectors are two of Canada's largest, but both are largely under the influence of the government. The health care industry has been quickly growing, and is the third largest in Canada. Its rapid growth has led to problems for governments who must find money to fund it.

text: Canada has an important high tech industry, and a burgeoning film, television, and entertainment industry creating content for local and international consumption (see Media in Canada).[65] Tourism is of ever increasing importance, with the vast majority of international visitors coming from the United States. Though the recent strength of the Canadian Dollar has hurt this sector, other nations such as China have increased tourism to Canada. Casino gaming is currently the fastest-growing component of the Canadian tourism industry, contributing $5 billion in profits for Canadian governments and employing 41,000 Canadians as of 2001.[66]

text: Manufacturing[edit]

text: The general pattern of development for wealthy nations was a transition from a primary industry based economy to a manufacturing based one, and then to a service based economy. Canada did not escape this pattern - at its (abnormally high World War II) peak in 1944, manufacturing accounted for 29% of GDP,[67] declining to 15.6% in 2005. Canada has not suffered as greatly as most other rich, industrialized nations from the pains of the relative decline in the importance of manufacturing since the 1960s.[68] A 2009 study by Statistics Canada also found that, while manufacturing declined as a relative percentage of GDP from 24.3% in the 1960s to 15.6% in 2005, manufacturing volumes between 1961 and 2005 kept pace with the overall growth in the volume index of GDP.[69] Manufacturing in Canada was especially hit hard by the financial crisis of 2007–08. As of 2010, manufacturing accounts for 13% of Canada's GDP,[38] a relative decline of more than 2% of GDP since 2005.

text: Central Canada is home to branch plants to all the major American and Japanese automobile makers and many parts factories owned by Canadian firms such as Magna International and Linamar Corporation. Central Canada today produces more vehicles each year than the neighbouring U.S. state of Michigan, the heart of the American automobile industry. Manufacturers have been attracted to Canada due to the highly educated population with lower labour costs than the United States.[citation needed] Canada's publicly funded health care system is also an important attraction, as companies are exempt from the high health insurance costs US firms pay, though they are offset by corporate health care taxes.

text: Much of the Canadian manufacturing industry consists of branch plants of United States firms, though there are some important domestic manufacturers, such as Bombardier Inc.. This has raised several concerns for Canadians. Branch plants provide mainly blue collar jobs, with research and executive positions confined to the United States.[citation needed]

text: Energy[edit]

text: Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy - in 2009 net exports of energy products amounted to 2.9% of GDP. Most important are the large oil and gas resources centred in Alberta and the Northern Territories, but also present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast Athabasca oil sands give Canada the world's third largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela according to USGS. In British Columbia and Quebec, as well as Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Labrador region, hydroelectric power is an inexpensive and relatively environmentally friendly source of abundant energy. In part because of this, Canada is also one of the world's highest per capita consumers of energy.[70][71] Cheap energy has enabled the creation of several important industries, such as the large aluminium industries in British Columbia [72] and Quebec.[73]

text: Historically, an important issue in Canadian politics is the interplay between the oil and energy industry in Western Canada and the industrial heartland of Southern Ontario. Foreign investment in Western oil projects has fueled Canada's rising dollar. This has raised the price of Ontario's manufacturing exports and made them less competitive, a problem similar to the decline of the manufacturing sector in the Netherlands.[74][75] Also, Ontario has relatively fewer native sources of power. However, it is cheaper for Alberta to ship its oil to the western United States than to eastern Canada. The eastern Canadian ports thus import significant quantities of oil from overseas, and Ontario makes significant use of nuclear power.[citation needed]

text: The National Energy Policy of the early 1980s attempted to force Alberta to sell low priced oil to eastern Canada. This policy proved deeply divisive, and quickly lost its importance as oil prices collapsed in the mid-1980s. One of the most controversial sections of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement of 1988 was a promise that Canada would never charge the United States more for energy than fellow Canadians.

text: Agriculture[edit]

text: Canada is also one of the world's largest suppliers of agricultural products, particularly of wheat and other grains.[76] Canada is a major exporter of agricultural products, to the United States and Asia. As with all other developed nations the proportion of the population and GDP devoted to agriculture fell dramatically over the 20th century.

text: As with other developed nations, the Canadian agriculture industry receives significant government subsidies and supports. However, Canada has been a strong supporter of reducing market influencing subsidies through the World Trade Organization. In 2000, Canada spent approximately CDN$4.6 billion on supports for the industry. Of this, $2.32 billion was classified under the WTO designation of "green box" support, meaning it did not directly influence the market, such as money for research or disaster relief. All but $848.2 million were subsidies worth less than 5% of the value of the crops they were provided for.

text: Free trade agreements[edit]

text: Free Trade Agreements in force[77][edit]

text:
Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (Signed 12-Oct-1987, entered into force 01-Jan-1989, later superseded by NAFTA)
North American Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Jan-1994, includes Canada, U.S. and Mexico)
Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Jan-1997, modernization ongoing)
Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 05-Jul-1997)
Canada-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Nov-2002, modernization ongoing)
Canada-European Free Trade Association Free Trade Agreement (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein; entered into force 01-Jul-2009)
Canada-Peru Free Trade Agreement (Entered into force 01-Aug-2009)
Canada-Colombia Free Trade Agreement (Signed 21-Nov-2008, entered into force 15-Aug-2011; Canada's ratification of this FTA had been dependent upon Colombia's ratification of the "Agreement Concerning Annual Reports on Human Rights and Free Trade Between Canada and the Republic of Colombia" signed on 27-May-2010)
Canada-Jordan Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 28-June-2009, entered into force 01-Oct-2012)
Canada-Panama Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 14-May-2010, entered into force 01-April-2013)
Canada-South Korea Free Trade Agreement (Signed on 11-March-2014, entered into force 01-January-2015)

text: Free Trade Agreements concluded[78][edit]

text:
Trans-Pacific Partnership (concluded 05-October-2015)
Canada-Ukraine Free Trade Agreement (concluded 14-July-2015)
Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (concluded 05-August-2014)

text: Ongoing Free Trade Agreements Negotiations[78][edit]

text: Canada is negotiating bilateral FTAs with the following countries and trade blocs:

text:
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Guatemala, Nicaragua and El Salvador
Dominican Republic
India
Japan[79]
Morocco
Singapore
Andean Community (FTA's are already in force with Peru and Colombia)

text: Canada has been involved in negotiations to create the following regional trade blocks:

text:
Canada-Central American Free Trade Agreement
Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)

text: Political issues[edit]

text: Relations with the U.S.[edit]

text: Canada and the United States share a common trading relationship. Canada's job market continues to perform well along with the US, reaching a 30-year low in the unemployment rate in December 2006, following 14 consecutive years of employment growth.[80]

text: The United States is by far Canada's largest trading partner, with more than $1.7 billion CAD in trade per day in 2005. In 2009, 73% of Canada's exports went to the United States, and 63% of Canada's imports were from the United States.[81] Trade with Canada makes up 23% of the United States' exports and 17% of its imports.[82] By comparison, in 2005 this was more than U.S. trade with all countries in the European Union combined,[83] and well over twice U.S. trade with all the countries of Latin America combined.[84] Just the two-way trade that crosses the Ambassador Bridge between Michigan and Ontario equals all U.S. exports to Japan. Canada's importance to the United States is not just a border-state phenomenon: Canada is the leading export market for 35 of 50 U.S. states, and is the United States' largest foreign supplier of energy.

text: Bilateral trade increased by 52% between 1989, when the U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA) went into effect, and 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) superseded it.[citation needed] Trade has since increased by 40%. NAFTA continues the FTA's moves toward reducing trade barriers and establishing agreed-upon trade rules. It also resolves some long-standing bilateral irritants and liberalizes rules in several areas, including agriculture, services, energy, financial services, investment, and government procurement. NAFTA forms the largest trading area in the world, embracing the 405 million people of the three North American countries.

text: The largest component of U.S.-Canada trade is in the commodity sector.

text: The U.S. is Canada's largest agricultural export market, taking well over half of all Canadian food exports.[85] Similarly, Canada is the largest market for U.S. agricultural goods, with nearly 20% of American food exports going to its northern neighbour.[citation needed] Nearly two-thirds of Canada's forest products, including pulp and paper, are exported to the United States; 72% of Canada's total newsprint production also is exported to the U.S.

text: At $73.6 billion in 2004, U.S.-Canada trade in energy is the largest U.S. energy trading relationship, with the overwhelming majority ($66.7 billion) being exports from Canada. The primary components of U.S. energy trade with Canada are petroleum, natural gas, and electricity. Canada is the United States' largest oil supplier and the fifth-largest energy producing country in the world. Canada provides about 16% of U.S. oil imports and 14% of total U.S. consumption of natural gas. The United States and Canada's national electricity grids are linked, and both countries share hydropower facilities on the western borders.

text: While most of U.S.-Canada trade flows smoothly, there are occasionally bilateral trade disputes, particularly in the agricultural and cultural fields.[citation needed] Usually these issues are resolved through bilateral consultative forums or referral to World Trade Organization (WTO) or NAFTA dispute resolution.[citation needed] In May 1999, the U.S. and Canadian governments negotiated an agreement on magazines that provides increased access for the U.S. publishing industry to the Canadian market. The United States and Canada also have resolved several major issues involving fisheries. By common agreement, the two countries submitted a Gulf of Maine boundary dispute to the International Court of Justice in 1981; both accepted the court's 12 October 1984 ruling which demarcated the territorial sea boundary. A current issue between the United States and Canada is the ongoing softwood lumber dispute, as the U.S. alleges that Canada unfairly subsidizes its forestry industry.[citation needed]

text: In 1990, the United States and Canada signed a bilateral Fisheries Enforcement Agreement, which has served to deter illegal fishing activity and reduce the risk of injury during fisheries enforcement incidents. The U.S. and Canada signed a Pacific Salmon Agreement in June 1999 that settled differences over implementation of the 1985 Pacific Salmon Treaty for the next decade.[86]

text: Canada and the United States signed an aviation agreement during Bill Clinton's visit to Canada in February 1995, and air traffic between the two countries has increased dramatically as a result. The two countries also share in operation of the St. Lawrence Seaway, connecting the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean.[87]

text: The U.S. is Canada's largest foreign investor and the most popular destination for Canadian foreign investments; at the end of 2007, the stock of U.S. direct investment in Canada was estimated at $293 billion, while Canadian direct investment (stock) in the United States was valued at $213 billion.[88][89] U.S. FDI accounts for 59.5% of total foreign direct investment in Canada while Canadian FDI in the U.S. accounts for 10% (5th largest foreign investor).[90] US investments are primarily directed at Canada's mining and smelting industries, petroleum, chemicals, the manufacture of machinery and transportation equipment, and finance, while Canadian investment in the United States is concentrated in manufacturing, wholesale trade, real estate, petroleum, finance, and insurance and other services.[91]

text: Debt issue[edit]

text: Central Government Debt[edit]

text: The OECD reports the Central Government Debt as percentage of the GDP. In 2000 Canada's was 40.9 percent, in 2007 it was 25.2 percent, in 2008 it was 28.6 percent and by 2010 it was 36.1 percent.[92] The OECD reports net financial liabilities measure used by the OECD, reports the net number at 25.2%, as of 2008,[92] making Canada’s total government debt burden as the lowest in the G8. The gross number was 68% in 2011.[93]

text: The CIA World Factbook, updated weekly, measures financial liabilities by using gross general government debt, as opposed to net federal debt used by the OECD and the Canadian federal government. Gross general government debt includes both "intragovernmental debt and the debt of public entities at the sub-national level." For example, the CIA measured Canada's public debt as 84.1% of GDP in 2012 and 87.4% of GDP in 2011 making it 22nd in the world.[94]

text: Household Debt[edit]

text: In March 2015 the International Monetary Fund reported that Canada's high household debt was one of two vulnerable domestic areas in Canada's economy; the second is its overheated housing market.[95]

text: According to a July 2015 report by Laura Cooper, an economist with the RBC—the largest financial institution in Canada— "outstanding household credit balances" had reached $1.83 trillion.[96] Canadian household credit growth had reached a peak in 2009 then plummeted to a cycle-low in late 2013.[96] There was a quickened pace of growth in household debt in December 2012 and another in April and May 2015.[96][97]

text: Household debt in 2013[edit]

text: According to the August 2013 third annual Ipsos Reid Debt Poll only 24 per cent of Canadians were debt free in 2013 compared to 26 per cent in 2012. The average personal non-mortgage debt in 2013 was $15,920 up from $13,141 in 2012. According to an IPSOS chart produced in 2013 debt levels increased "a staggering 35 per cent" in Western Canada compared to 10 per cent in Eastern Canada since 2012 even before the Alberta floods.[98] In Alberta in 2013 household debt rose 63 per cent to $24,271 per household from 2012 after the 2013 Alberta floods.[99] In 2013 the average personal debt load in British Columbia was "up 38 per cent to $15,549;" in "Manitoba and Saskatchewan, up 32 per cent to $16,145;" in Ontario, "up 13 per cent to $17,416," in Quebec up "3 per cent to $10,458;" and in Atlantic Canada, "up 12 per cent to $15,243."

text: Household debt in 2014[edit]

text: Statistics Canada announced in December 2014 that Canada's household debt-to-income ratio "hit a record high in the third quarter of 2014, climbing to 162.6 percent from 161.5 percent in the second quarter." However "household assets and net worth increased much faster than debt,"[100] with the national net worth at C$8.12 trillion in the third quarter of 2014, a increase of 2.8 percent from the second quarter.[101][102] Also through the inflation-targeting policy of the Bank of Canada, interest rates are kept low improving the ability of households to service their debt. "The debt-service ratio, or interest paid as a proportion of disposable income, fell to a record low 6.8 percent in the third quarter."[101]

text: Household debt in 2015[edit]

text: By 2015 according to the Globe and Mail, "The total debt owed by all Canadians at the end of March 2015 was a record $1.8-trillion with mortgage debt making up $1.29-trillion."[103]

text: According to Philip Cross of the Fraser Institute, in May 2015, while the Canadian household debt-to-income ratio is similar to that in the US, however lending standards in Canada are tighter than those in the United States to protect against high-risk borrowers taking out unsustainable debt.[100]

text: Household debt, the amount of money that all adults in the household owe financial institutions, includes consumer debt and mortgage loans. Paul Krugman argued that by 2007 household debt in the United States, prior to the financial crisis, had reached 130 percent of household income. Krugman distinguished between the total domestic non-financial debt (public plus private) relative to GDP which is "money we owe to ourselves" and net foreign debt.[104][105] Statistics Canada reported in March 2013 that "credit-market debt such as mortgages rose to 165% of disposable income, compared with 164.7% in the prior three-month period" in 2013[106] According to the IMF in 2012, "Housing-related debt (mortgages) comprises about 70 percent of gross household debt in advanced economies. The remainder consists mainly of credit card debt and auto loans."[107]

text: Royal Bank of Canada 2016 report[edit]

text: As shown in the table below—based on the RBC Economic and Financial Market Outlook March 11, 2016 report—in Canada in 2015—while business investments decreased—consumption, housing and government spending along with net exports contributed to a real GDP increase at a subpar 1.2% pace.[108]:4 In December 2015 export volumes reached $1.2 billion—the sixth time since 2010 with sales growing by such a large amount[108]:5-evidence that the Canadian economy is transitioning. In November and December 2015, with the weakening in the Canadian dollar, manufacturing sales and exports increased and employment rose.[108] Job losses in construction, mining, oil and gas were countered by gains in the service sector.[108]

text: Between early December, 2015 and mid-January the price of oil unexpectedly dropped 24%.[108]:1 RBC economists argued that fear not fundamentals led the shift in financial conditions.:1 Risk adverse investors contributed to a global double-digit decline in the first six weeks of 2016. In Canada, the US, UK and Euro-area yields on long-term government bonds reached an all-time low.[108]:1 As financial market volatility continued in March 2016 the Bank of Canada and Bank of England held their policy rate at 0.5%.[108]:6

text:
RBC Economic Forecast March 2016[108]:8

Type
2014 YR
2015 YR
Q1 2015
Q2 2015
Q3 2015
Q4 2015

Household consumption
2.6
1.9
0.6
1.9
2.2
1.0

* Durables
4.3
3.3
-5.6
5.1
10.3
1.7

* Semi-Durables
3.1
2.4
0.2
3.0
1.2
2.6

* Non-durables
2.4
0.7
2.7
-2.9
1.7
-1.0

* Services
2.3
2.1
1.2
3.3
0.8
1.5

NPISH consumption
0.2
1.4
-5.3
6.7
-0.9
-0.1

Government expenditures
0.3
1.4
3.8
2.4
0.1
1.5

Government Fixed investment
2.1
2.6
2.8
0.5
-1.8
-5.1

Residential investment
2.5
3.9
5.9
1.3
2.7
1.8

Non-residential investment
0.0
-8.8
-19.4
-13.0
-10.1
-12.4

* Non-residential structures
-0.4
-12.7
-27.7
-12.8
-11.7
-14.6

* Machinery and equipment
1.0
-1.3
-2.1
-13.4
-7.5
-9.0

Intellectual property
-4.2
-12.6
-32.4
-12.5
-6.4
-4.7

Final domestic demand
1.6
0.5
-1.5
0.1
10.8
-2.2

Exports
5.3
3.0
-0.6
-0.1
10.8
-2.2

Imports
1.8
0.1
0.5
-1.7
-2.4
-8.9

Inventories (change in $b)
9.9
4.5
12.7
8.4
1.1
-4.0

Real gross domestic product
2.5
1.2
-0.9
-0.4
2.4
0.8


document_title: Lilith (Supernatural)

question_text: who plays lilith as a little girl in supernatural

root

text: Lilith (Supernatural)

text: Plot[edit]

text: According to series creator Eric Kripke, the archangel Lucifer "twisted and mutilated" the human Lilith's soul into the first demon "to prove a point to God...that human souls were...inferior to God and the angels".[1] Having been freed from Hell in the second season finale "All Hell Breaks Loose: Part Two",[2] Lilith (Rachel Pattee) debuts in the final moments of the third season episode "Jus in Bello" as the current leader of an army of demons also unleashed from Hell; the first half of the season had established that after the death of the army general[3] and previous series antagonist Azazel created a power vacuum, leading to power struggles between demonic factions,[4] which is resolved when Lilith ultimately emerges as the victor. In her "Jus in Bello" appearance, she searches a police station for the series protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester, brothers who hunt supernatural creatures.[5] Having just missed them, she proceeds to torture everyone in the station for nearly an hour[6] after destroying the station in a massive explosion. The Winchesters' demonic ally Ruby explains that Lilith sees Sam as a rival, as he has demonic abilities and was intended—but unwilling—to lead Azazel's demon army.[5] Lilith orders Sam's death in order to secure her position as the army's general,[5][7] even tricking the thief Bela Talbot into making a failed attempt on Sam's life with the promise of releasing Bela from her Faustian deal, only to go back on her word and let Bela get dragged into Hell.[8]

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text: With Dean having also sold his soul as part of a Faustian deal—one he made to save Sam's life[2]—the brothers spend part of the season searching for the entity that holds the contract to Dean's soul and eventually learn from Bela that the demon in question is Lilith, who holds the contracts to all deals.[8] In the third season finale "No Rest for the Wicked", the Winchesters track her down in New Harmony, Indiana, where she is holding a family hostage in the guise of their daughter (Sierra McCormick). Before Sam and Dean can attack her, Lilith secretly takes over Ruby's host body (Katie Cassidy) in order to catch the brothers off-guard.[9] She has a hellhound kill Dean and bring his soul to Hell to be tortured by Hell's chief torturer Alastair as part of her plan to begin breaking the 66 mystical seals keeping Lucifer imprisoned in Hell.[10] Lilith then tries to kill Sam as well by blasting him with destructive white energy, only to find that she is powerless against him. Horrified, she escapes before he can retaliate with Ruby's demon-killing knife.[9]

text: Throughout the fourth season, Lilith orchestrates the attacks by the forces of Hell on the 66 seals.[6][11] They are opposed by angels, who resurrect Dean to assist them.[6][12] Lilith eventually finds out that her death is the final seal that needs to be broken to free Lucifer.[13][14] Reluctant to sacrifice herself, Lilith (Katherine Boecher) proposes a deal to Sam in "The Monster at the End of This Book": she will stop breaking the seals in exchange for his and Dean's lives. He rejects the deal and tries to kill her instead. She quickly overpowers him, but is forced to flee before she can do anymore when Dean tricks an archangel into coming to the location.[13] In the season finale "Lucifer Rising", Sam kills Lilith under the impression that her death will prevent the final seal from breaking, and in doing so inadvertently breaks the final seal, releasing Lucifer.[14]

text: Characterization[edit]

text:
"I see Lilith...and a lot of the characters who play our most powerful roles as a little cult of demonic true believers. Lilith really believes that the purpose of all of their work, the way the universe should be, is for Lucifer to be in control. Ultimately she's a true Satanist."

 — Co-executive producer Ben Edlund[15]

text: Series creator Eric Kripke noted that Lilith is "a combination of all myths concerning Lilith", and posited that the show would in particular explore her two main mythological roles of "destroyer of children and seducer of men".[16] The former characteristic is demonstrated through her possession of children in her early appearances, which writer Sera Gamble considered "creepy and kind of molesty".[17] Actress Katherine Boecher supposes that aspect to be "part of the mischievous side of her", feeling that "maybe there are a lot of demons out there that wouldn't go that far to take over a child".[18] Kripke revealed that another legend about Lilith influencing their portrayal of the show's character was the traditional story of her origins, explaining that "she is generally esteemed as one of the first demons, certainly the first female demon, so we're kind of holding to that; we keep in our heads that that's really what she is, that she very well might have been Adam's first wife and was banished to become a demon."[19]

text: Nicholas Knight, author of various Supernatural supplementary books, acknowledged that Lilith is evil but also revealed that she is capable of feeling love, stating that she "loves her creator (Lucifer) so completely that she willingly sacrifices herself, allowing Sam to kill her [to free Lucifer]".[20] The show's writers set out to make Lilith's motivations "as logical as possible", with Kripke explaining that "everyone sets out thinking they're doing the right thing". He noted that in "Lucifer Rising", "There's a private moment with Lilith when she says to her minion, 'Don't be afraid... we're going to save the world,'" and he believes in her sincerity.[21] Boecher, too, thinks that the character is "super-confident in what she's doing" and feels that "she really believes that she's going to fix things in her own way and that she has to take it into her own hands to do so".[18]

text: Lilith is said to be "older and more powerful than Yellow Eyes (Azazel)" and thus holds higher status than Azazel,[19] on which Kripke commented, "You don't get much higher than her until you start digging into Lucifer territory."[16] Knight provided more information on the character's importance in Hell and in the story, explaining that she is a demonic chief of staff in Hell's hierarchy,[20] ruler over witches,[19] and "Queen of the Crossroads" for whom "all Crossroads Demons make deals, which is why she ultimately holds sway over Dean Winchester's soul."[20] Knight also noted in-universe rumors that Lilith may be "Queen of Vampires" as well as the mother of Lucifer-fathered djinn.[19]

text: Development[edit]

text: The writing team for Supernatural's third season had "always" planned to introduce a new demon antagonist at some point in the season for that character to fulfill Azazel's role in the series as the lead villain.[22] When Kripke felt that the season's initial format—that of the Winchesters fighting small, independent groups of demons, an attempt by the writers to reflect terrorist cells[23]—was not successful,[23][24] the writers chose to introduce this antagonist as the demons' new leader halfway through the season in order to stabilize the demon storyline.[25][22] Although the character had the working title of Zarqawi during the planning stages, Gamble insisted that the demon be female.[26] She eventually suggested the mythological Lilith,[26] who the writers had previously learned was in part the basis for the Bloody Mary legend in conducting their research for the first season episode "Bloody Mary".[1]

text: Writer Jeremy Carver said that the debate about what form Lilith would take quickly ended when the writers realized that a little girl "would be the most powerful representation of evil",[1] which Kripke supported, saying, "I think it's just something about the innocence of a child saying truly awful, horror [sic] things."[1] Much of Lilith's actions in "No Rest for the Wicked" served as a homage to the Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life", in which a powerful child terrorizes his town.[27] Kripke enjoyed writing Lilith's scenes in the episode and found them to be among the easiest of the season finale to write,[27][28] stating his view that she was "a really effective villain."[17] Gamble, too, liked the way that Lilith was used that season; she found the decision to have the character be "a demon that likes to possess little girls" to be "interesting", and called Lilith "a cool demon to do."[17] When Lilith temporarily takes over Ruby's host, executive producer Kim Manners was impressed by the performance that Ruby's actress Katie Cassidy gave, describing Cassidy's transition between the characters as "just astounding".[17] Upon realizing that they could not depict Sam killing a child, the writers decided to have Lilith possess adult hosts in future appearances.[29]

text: The writers initially intended for Sam to develop his demonic abilities in order to use them against Lilith in the third season. How the confrontation would have ended at that stage was uncertain, with Kripke stating that "when they (the Winchesters) went up against Lilith, maybe they would've survived and maybe they wouldn't have."[30] However, the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike prevented them from fleshing out Sam's abilities until the fourth season, and so Lilith and Sam's battle was pushed back.[31] Lilith is "very active behind the scenes" for much of the fourth season, with the writers planning for her to make her on-screen return later on.[32][33] Boecher received the part of Lilith for "The Monster at the End of This Book", with Kripke feeling that she fulfilled Lilith's myth of being a "seducer of men" by bringing "a sexuality and a menace to the role".[29] Boecher still attempted to maintain some childlike quality for the character to "bring out more sides of Lilith".[34] Although demons typically rotate through their hosts, production asked her to return for "Lucifer Rising". Kripke admitted the benefit of having a familiar face return for the finale, but furthermore said that the production team "really liked what [Boecher] did, and [...] thought she had such a fascinating look. She's beautiful, but there's something really menacing in her performance as well, and the camera just loves her."[35] The opportunity to reprise the role both surprised and excited Boecher.[34]

text: Lilith is the first demon in Supernatural to be depicted with all-white eyes. When creating the character, it was decided that her demonic eye color should set her apart from previous demons in the series in order to illustrate her power. Inspired by his viewing of the horror film I Walked with a Zombie the previous year, Kripke was excited by the opportunity Lilith presented to introduce white-eyed demons into the show's mythos because he had found a white-eyed creature shown in I Walked with a Zombie to be "really disturbing".[19] Unlike actors portraying Azazel in previous seasons who had had to wear contact lenses, Boecher's eyes were colored white using visual effects.[18]

text: Reception[edit]

text: BuddyTV's senior writer John Kubieck was shocked by Lilith's debut in "Jus in Bello", specifically by the revelation that she appears as a little girl.[36] Tina Charles of TV Guide opined that the decision to portray Lilith as a child played to the show's strength of "creating kids that are freakin' scary", but was surprised by the departure from the normal demonic eye color in Lilith's white eyes, wondering at its implications for the character. Overall, she deemed Lilith's introduction one of the highlights of the episode.[37] Despite the change in actresses between Rachel Pattee and Sierra McCormick from "Jus in Bello" to "No Rest for the Wicked", Charles felt that "the results were still as creepy".[38] Sandrine Sahakians, Editor-in-Chief for TV Equals, agreed, writing that, "the scene where she comes out with her dress all full of blood...was one of the freakiest scenes ever."[39] In her review of "The Monster at the End of the Book", Sahakians was very surprised by how frightened Lilith seemed to be of her fate, musing that the character was "not as invincible as we once thought." She also found it "interesting" that, while Lilith was immune to Sam's powers, Sam was immune to Lilith's.[40]

text: Regarding Lilith's depiction in "No Rest for the Wicked", Don Williams of BuddyTV deemed her "one extremely scary little girl".[41] He wrote, "As sad as I was to see [Ruby] taken over by Lilith, it was yet another chilling demonstration of how powerful the new demon leader is. Watching the little girl snap her grandpa's neck just for kicks was creepy enough, but seeing her take over Ruby's body was truly frightening. It's one of the many disturbing moments in 'No Rest for the Wicked' that helps to make it so unforgettable", concluding that, "By the end of the episode, it's obvious that the Winchesters have never faced any demon as powerful as adorable little Lilith."[42] Karla Peterson of the San Diego Union-Tribune also remarked on Lilith's possession of Ruby's host, when she noted that Katie Cassidy did a "terrific job of acting like a completely different character is inside her body".[43] Likewise, Diana Steenbergen of IGN found it "nice to see Katie Cassidy have a chance to act so differently", and believed that "Lilith and her little girl mannerisms in Ruby's body were far more chilling, and interesting, than Ruby's tough chick persona ever has been".[44] On McCormick's reprisal of her role as Lilith in "Yellow Fever", Steenbergen was similarly positive towards Lilith's characterization, writing that, "Lillith [sic] as a little girl in a cute pink dress being the embodiment of evil is still creepy."[45] She felt that the revelation in "When the Levee Breaks" that Lilith eats babies detracted from an otherwise well-written episode, as she believed that Lilith's evil had already been so firmly established that adding in a scene implying the murder of infants was "pointless".[46]

text: Brett Love of TV Squad gave a mixed review on how the character was used in "No Rest for the Wicked". He enjoyed Lilith's storyline and that she "served as the catalyst for some great Ruby bits" throughout the season, but felt that the shortened season did not allow the proper build up for her character. He also did not like the change in Lilith's host, explaining, "each [body jump] takes away a little bit from the character...Especially if the demon in question keeps jumping into cute little girls". Although McCormick impressed him, he posited that "when it comes to menacing and scary, she's no Fredric Lehne" (Azazel). Overall, he felt "a little disappointed".[47]

text: Fans have responded positively to Lilith. In 2009, she was voted the third-greatest Supernatural villain in an online poll conducted by BuddyTV, placing her below fellow demons Azazel (the winner of the poll) and Alastair.[48]


document_title: Jug Rock

question_text: what is another name for a table rock formation like jug rock

text: Jug Rock

text: Jug Rock is a natural geological formation located outside of Shoals, Indiana, in the valley of the East Fork of the White River. It is composed of sandstone, and is the largest free-standing table rock formation (also called a "tea table") in the United States east of the Mississippi River. It is part of the Mansfield formation, laid down in the Pennsylvanian geological epoch, roughly 325 to 286 million years ago. Erosion along fracture lines separated it from a nearby cliff. A companion feature, House Rock, stands opposite Jug Rock.

text: References Geological Publication[edit]

text: In the Second Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, published in 1871, State Geologist E. T. Cox wrote: One of the most interesting spots to visit, for obtaining a view of this character of scenery, is near the town of Shoals, on the road to the Indian Sulphur Springs. A high ridge of millstone grit, here, terminates within a few yards of the East Fork of White river, from the top of which, there is a projecting mass of conglomerate sandstone, called the "Pinnacle," which stands one hundred and seventy feet above the level of the stream. Cyclopean blocks, that have broken off, lie around the foot of the ridge, in every conceivable position. On the north side of this ridge, the conglomerate has been cut through by disintegrating forces, which left, at some distance from the main ledge, a tall mass of rock, which has received the name of "Jug Rock," from the fancied resemblance which it bears to a jug. It is forty-two feet high and supports, on its top, a flat projecting layer, which is called the "stopper." Just above the bulge of the jug are irregular lines of stratification, known as false bedding. The lower part is thickly set with quartz pebbles. The frontispiece to this volume presents a view of the "Jug Rock" which was copied from a photograph taken by D. Allbright. For this faithful representative of a highly interesting geological scene, I am indebted to B. F. Devol, and D. Allbright, of Shoals.

text: Jug Rock is currently part of a nature preserve owned by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources.

text: This unusual rock feature gives its name to the team of nearby Shoals High School, "Shoals Jug Rox." The Jug Rock- named "Roxer Boxer," is the school's mascot.


document_title: Pluto (Disney)

question_text: mickey is a mouse pluto is a dog what is goofy

text: Pluto (Disney)

text: Origin[edit]

text: Pluto first appeared as a nameless bloodhound tracking the escaped convict Mickey in the film The Chain Gang (September 1930).[11] A month and a half later, Pluto appeared as Minnie Mouse's dog named Rover who comes along with her and Mickey on a picnic. By his third appearance, in The Moose Hunt (1931), Pluto is Mickey's pet, now named "Pluto".[3]

text: Several months had passed between the naming of what was believed to be the ninth planet, Pluto, on March 24, 1930, and the attachment of that name to the dog character. Venetia Burney (later Venetia Phair), who as an eleven-year-old British schoolgirl had suggested the name Pluto for the planet, remarked in 2006: "The name had nothing to do with the Disney cartoon. Mickey Mouse's dog was named after the planet, not the other way around."[12] Although it has been claimed that Disney named the dog after the planet, rather than after the mythical god of the underworld, this has not been verified. Disney animator Ben Sharpsteen said "We thought the name [Rover] was too common, so we had to look for something else. ... We changed it to Pluto the Pup ... but I don't honestly remember why."[13] Disney says they have no documents to support or refute the connection.[14][not in citation given] Unofficially, even Disney's animators believed that Walt Disney chose the name to capitalize on the sensation of the newly named planet.[15]

text: Pluto was initially a minor character until 1934 when Disney animator Norm Ferguson gave the dog a key role in the cartoon Playful Pluto. Pluto becomes entangled with a sticky piece of flypaper, and Ferguson expanded the sequence significantly. The segment became a classic, demonstrating how Disney artists can take a simple circumstance and build humor through a character.[16]

text: Characterization[edit]

text: Unlike Mickey's other animal friends, such as Goofy (who is also a dog), Pluto is a normal animal. Pluto does not speak, walk upright, or wear clothing. A significant departure from this was his speaking role in The Moose Hunt (1931), which was produced before Pluto's characterization had been clearly defined. As Pluto made more appearances, it became common that he would not speak, but only vocalize in barks and grunts. Other ways of communicating Pluto's thoughts occur through his facial expressions, and sometimes through the use of a shoulder angel/devil who speak directly to Pluto. (Mickey's Elephant, Lend a Paw).

text: Pluto is generally a cheerful and adventurous dog, although he can be given to sheer panic when confronted with something unknown. Common themes in Pluto's stories involve him becoming jealous of Mickey getting another pet (Mickey's Elephant, Lend a Paw, Mickey and the Seal), Pluto accidentally and unwittingly swallowing something and panicking when he realizes it (Playful Pluto, Donald and Pluto), Pluto getting entangled with something inanimate, or Pluto being pestered by a smaller animal (Private Pluto, Squatter's Rights). In many of his appearances with Mickey, Pluto will get himself into trouble and cause Mickey to get angry at him. Mickey, however, often cheers up quickly; often telling Pluto "I can't be mad at ya."

text: Pluto sometimes appears with other regular animal characters. His friends include Fifi the Peke, Dinah the Dachshund, and Ronnie the St. Bernard Puppy. Other animals he is less friendly with include Salty the Seal, Butch the Bulldog, Figaro the Kitten, Chip 'n Dale, Spike the Bee, Bent-Tail the Coyote, Milton the cat and other characters. In Disney's 1937 animated short Pluto's Quin-Puplets, Pluto has a son who is simply referred to as "Pluto Junior." In the 1946 animated short Pluto's Kid Brother, Pluto has a younger brother named K.B.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Pluto first and most often appears in the Mickey Mouse series of cartoons. On rare occasions, he is paired with Donald Duck ("Donald and Pluto", "Beach Picnic", "Window Cleaners", "The Eyes Have It", "Donald's Dog Laundry", & "Put Put Troubles").

text: The first cartoons to feature Pluto as a solo star were two Silly Symphonies, Just Dogs (1932) and Mother Pluto (1936). In 1937, Pluto appeared in Pluto's Quin-Puplets which was the first installment of his own film series, then headlined Pluto the Pup. However, they were not produced on a regular basis until 1940, by which time the name of the series was shortened to Pluto.

text: His first comics appearance was in the Mickey Mouse daily strips in 1931 two months after the release of The Moose Hunt. Pluto Saves the Ship, a comic book published in 1942, was one of the first Disney comics prepared for publication outside newspaper strips. However, not counting a few cereal giveaway mini-comics in 1947 and 1951, he did not have his own comics title until 1952.

text: In 1936 Pluto got an early title feature in a picture book under title "Mickey Mouse and Pluto the Pup" by Whitman Publishing.

text: Pluto runs his own neighborhood in Disney's Toontown Online. It's called the Brrrgh and it's always snowing there except during Halloween. During April Toons Week, a weekly event that is very silly, Pluto switches playgrounds with Minnie (all other characters do this as well). Pluto actually talks in Minnie's Melodyland.

text: Pluto has also appeared in the television series Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2002), Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), the new Mickey Mouse shorts ( 2013–present), and Mickey & the Roadster Racers (2017–present). Curiously enough, however, Pluto was the only standard Disney character not included when the whole gang was reunited for the 1983 featurette Mickey's Christmas Carol, although he did return in The Prince and the Pauper (1990) and Runaway Brain (1995). He also had a cameo in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988). In 1996, he made a cameo in the Quack Pack episode "The Really Mighty Ducks".

text: Short films[edit]

text: The following is a list of short films starring Pluto in the Silly Symphonies, Pluto the Pup and Pluto series. It is not a complete filmography for Pluto as he has also appeared extensively in Mickey Mouse or Donald Duck films. Although some of such cartoons are labeled as Mickey cartoons, they are actually officially placed under Pluto's filmography.

text:
The Chain Gang (1930)
Building a Building (1933)
Mickey's Garden (1935)
Pluto's Judgement Day (1935)
On Ice (1935)
Donald and Pluto (1936)
Mickey's Elephant (1936)
Mother Pluto (1936)
Hawaiian Holiday (1937)
Pluto's Quin-Puplets (1937)
Mickey's Parrot (1938)
Society Dog Show (1939)
Mickey's Surprise Party (1939)
The Pointer (1939)
Beach Picnic (1939)
Donald's Dog Laundry (1940)
Put-Put Troubles (1940)
Bone Trouble (1940)
Window Cleaners (1940)
Pluto's Dream House (1940)
Mr. Mouse Takes a Trip (1940)
Pantry Pirate (1940)
Pluto's Playmate (1941)
A Gentleman's Gentleman (1941)
Baggage Buster (1941)

Canine Caddy (1941)
Lend a Paw (1941)
Pluto, Junior (1942)
The Army Mascot (1942)
The Sleepwalker (1942)
T-Bone For Two (1942)
Pluto At The Zoo (1942)
Pluto and the Armadillo (1943)
Private Pluto (1943)
Victory Vehicles (1943)
Springtime for Pluto (1944)
First Aiders (1944)
Dog Watch (1945)
The Eyes Have It (1945)
Canine Casanova (1945)
The Legend of Coyote Rock (1945)
Canine Patrol (1945)
Pluto's Kid Brother (1946)
In Dutch (1946)
Squatter's Rights (1946)
The Purloined Pup (1946)
Pluto's Housewarming (1947)
Rescue Dog (1947)
Mail Dog (1947)

Pluto's Blue Note (1947)
Bone Bandit (1948)
Pluto's Purchase (1948)
Cat Nap Pluto (1948)
Pluto's Fledgling (1948)
Pueblo Pluto (1949)
Pluto's Surprise Package (1949)
Pluto's Sweater (1949)
Bubble Bee (1949)
Sheep Dog (1949)
Pluto's Heart Throb (1950)
Pluto and the Gopher (1950)
Wonder Dog (1950)
Primitive Pluto (1950)
Puss Cafe (1950)
Pests of the West (1950)
Food For Feudin' (1950)
Camp Dog (1950)
Cold Storage (1951)
Plutopia (1951)
Cold Turkey (1951)
Pluto's Party (1952)
Pluto's Christmas Tree (1952)
The Simple Things (1953)

text: Feature films[edit]

text:
The Prince and the Pauper
Totally Minnie
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988, cameo)
Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas
Mickey's House of Villains
Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse
Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers
Mickey's Twice Upon a Christmas

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text: Video games[edit]

text: Pluto appeared as a non-playable character in Mickey Mania (1994).

text: In the Kingdom Hearts video game series, Pluto is still Mickey's pet and acts as somewhat of a messenger, assisting in his master's plans. For most of Kingdom Hearts II, Pluto stays by Kairi's side (even when she has been kidnapped), as he has apparently taken a liking to her. Strangely, throughout the series, Pluto appears and disappears at random moments.

text: Disney parks[edit]

text: In the various Disney theme park resorts around the world, Pluto is a meetable character just like many of his film co-stars.[17] Pluto, however, uncharacteristically walks on two legs in this capacity out of necessity. Adults and children are able to meet, play with, and get autographs and pictures with Pluto and his friends at all Disney parks.

text: Confusion concerning Pluto and Goofy[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Disney has needed to deal with a certain amount of confusion concerning the fact that Pluto (an ordinary dog) is treated as a household pet while the anthropomorphic Goofy is treated as a human despite being of the same species. On their web site, it stated that "Goofy was originally created as Dippy Dawg" and "was created as a human character, as opposed to Pluto who was a pet, so [Goofy] walked upright and had a speaking voice".

text: This problem was humorously illustrated in the film Stand By Me in which one of the boys ponders, "Mickey's a mouse, Donald's a duck, and Pluto's a dog. What's Goofy?" Also in the series Funniest Pets & People a dog "mentions" why he couldn't have pants because Goofy was a dog and had pants. There is also an episode of the Disney Channel series Even Stevens called "Scrub Day" wherein Louis' rallying-the-troops speech he wonders why Goofy got to walk and talk and Pluto has to eat from a dog bowl. This confusion is also mentioned in the French movie La Cité de la peur. In the Disney's Toontown Online event "April Toons Week," characters switch playgrounds and everything is silly. Pluto switches places with Minnie Mouse, and he speaks. A brief gag in an episode of House of Mouse also acknowledges this. Hades asks Goofy, "Are you a man, are you a dog, are you a man-dog . . . what are you?". Goofy simply replies, "I'm just Goofy." The confusion between Goofy and Pluto is also mentioned in an episode of Full House by Dave Coulier's character, Joey.

text: Tina Fey used the term "Goofy Pluto" to refer to seemingly disparate roles for guest stars on 30 Rock, namely the mismatch between Jennifer Aniston playing a character in the show in the same episode in which the cast of Night Court appears as themselves in the episode titled "The One with the Cast of Night Court."[18]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Pluto spoke once in his early career; saying "Kiss me!" in "The Moose Hunt (1931)". (Youtube.com).
Jump up ^ Pluto also appears in the Academy Award-nominated films Building a Building (1933) and Runaway Brain (1995), but does not play a significant role in either.

tag: ol