document_title: List of Scandal episodes

question_text: when does scandal come back on february 2018

text: List of Scandal episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Nielsen ratings

First aired
Last aired
Rank
Viewers
(in millions)

1
7
April 5, 2012 (2012-04-05)
May 17, 2012 (2012-05-17)
62
8.21[2]

2
22
September 27, 2012 (2012-09-27)
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)
47
8.46[3]

3
18
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
April 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
13
12.00[4]

4
22
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)
8
12.66[5]

5
21
September 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
16
10.68[6]

6
16
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)
30
8.16[7]

7
18
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
TBA
TBA

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2012)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"Sweet Baby"
Paul McGuigan
Shonda Rhimes
April 5, 2012 (2012-04-05)
101
7.33[8]

2
2
"Dirty Little Secrets"
Roxann Dawson
Heather Mitchell
April 12, 2012 (2012-04-12)
102
7.28[9]

3
3
"Hell Hath No Fury"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Matt Byrne
April 19, 2012 (2012-04-19)
103
7.21[10]

4
4
"Enemy of the State"
Michael Katleman
Richard E. Robbins
April 26, 2012 (2012-04-26)
104
6.86[11]

5
5
"Crash and Burn"
Steve Robin
Mark Wilding
May 3, 2012 (2012-05-03)
105
6.69[12]

6
6
"The Trail"
Tom Verica
Jenna Bans
May 10, 2012 (2012-05-10)
106
6.43[13]

7
7
"Grant: For the People"
Roxann Dawson
Shonda Rhimes
May 17, 2012 (2012-05-17)
107
7.33[14]

text: Season 2 (2012–13)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

8
1
"White Hat's Off"
Tom Verica
Jenna Bans
September 27, 2012 (2012-09-27)
201
6.74[15]

9
2
"The Other Woman"
Stephen Cragg
Heather Mitchell
October 4, 2012 (2012-10-04)
202
6.56[16]

10
3
"Hunting Season"
Ron Underwood
Matt Byrne
October 18, 2012 (2012-10-18)
203
6.17[17]

11
4
"Beltway Unbuckled"
Mark Tinker
Mark Fish
October 25, 2012 (2012-10-25)
204
6.11[18]

12
5
"All Roads Lead to Fitz"
Steve Robin
Raamla Mohamed
November 8, 2012 (2012-11-08)
205
6.06[19]

13
6
"Spies Like Us"
Bethany Rooney
Chris Van Dusen
November 15, 2012 (2012-11-15)
206
6.02[20]

14
7
"Defiance"
Tom Verica
Peter Noah
November 29, 2012 (2012-11-29)
207
6.64[21]

15
8
"Happy Birthday, Mr. President"
Oliver Bokelberg
Shonda Rhimes
December 6, 2012 (2012-12-06)
208
7.39[22]

16
9
"Blown Away"
Jessica Yu
Mark Wilding
December 13, 2012 (2012-12-13)
209
7.14[23]

17
10
"One for the Dog"
Steve Robin
Heather Mitchell
January 10, 2013 (2013-01-10)
210
8.37[24]

18
11
"A Criminal, a Whore, an Idiot and a Liar"
Stephen Cragg
Mark Fish
January 17, 2013 (2013-01-17)
211
7.93[25]

19
12
"Truth or Consequences"
Jeannot Szwarc
Peter Noah
January 31, 2013 (2013-01-31)
212
8.09[26]

20
13
"Nobody Likes Babies"
Tom Verica
Mark Wilding
February 7, 2013 (2013-02-07)
213
8.14[27]

21
14
"Whiskey Tango Foxtrot"
Mark Tinker
Matt Byrne
February 14, 2013 (2013-02-14)
214
8.02[28]

22
15
"Boom Goes the Dynamite"
Randy Zisk
Jenna Bans
February 21, 2013 (2013-02-21)
215
7.68[29]

23
16
"Top of the Hour"
Steve Robin
Heather Mitchell
March 21, 2013 (2013-03-21)
216
8.51[30]

24
17
"Snake in the Garden"
Ron Underwood
Raamla Mohamed
March 28, 2013 (2013-03-28)
217
7.97[31]

25
18
"Molly, You in Danger, Girl"
Tom Verica
Chris Van Dusen
April 4, 2013 (2013-04-04)
218
8.04[32]

26
19
"Seven Fifty-Two"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Mark Fish
April 25, 2013 (2013-04-25)
219
7.90[33]

27
20
"A Woman Scorned"
Tony Goldwyn
Zahir McGhee
May 2, 2013 (2013-05-02)
220
8.07[34]

28
21
"Any Questions?"
Mark Tinker
Matt Byrne
May 9, 2013 (2013-05-09)
221
8.87[35]

29
22
"White Hat's Back On"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
May 16, 2013 (2013-05-16)
222
9.12[36]

text: Season 3 (2013–14)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

30
1
"It's Handled"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
301
10.52[37]

31
2
"Guess Who's Coming to Dinner"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Heather Mitchell
October 10, 2013 (2013-10-10)
302
9.01[38]

32
3
"Mrs. Smith Goes to Washington"
Jeannot Szwarc
Matt Byrne
October 17, 2013 (2013-10-17)
303
9.51[39]

33
4
"Say Hello to My Little Friend"
Oliver Bokelberg
Mark Fish
October 24, 2013 (2013-10-24)
304
8.62[40]

34
5
"More Cattle, Less Bull"
Randy Zisk
Jenna Bans
October 31, 2013 (2013-10-31)
305
9.18[41]

35
6
"Icarus"
Julie Anne Robinson
Peter Noah
November 7, 2013 (2013-11-07)
306
8.66[42]

36
7
"Everything's Coming Up Mellie"
Michael Katleman
Peter Nowalk
November 14, 2013 (2013-11-14)
307
9.04[43]

37
8
"Vermont is for Lovers, Too"
Ava DuVernay
Mark Wilding
November 21, 2013 (2013-11-21)
308
8.93[44]

38
9
"YOLO"
Oliver Bokelberg
Chris Van Dusen
December 5, 2013 (2013-12-05)
309
8.27[45]

39
10
"A Door Marked Exit"
Tom Verica
Zahir McGhee
December 12, 2013 (2013-12-12)
310
9.22[46]

40
11
"Ride, Sally, Ride"
Tom Verica
Raamla Mohamed
February 27, 2014 (2014-02-27)
311
9.32[47]

41
12
"We Do Not Touch the First Ladies"
Oliver Bokelberg
Heather Mitchell
March 6, 2014 (2014-03-06)
312
8.53[48]

42
13
"No Sun on the Horizon"
Randy Zisk
Matt Byrne
March 13, 2014 (2014-03-13)
313
8.22[49]

43
14
"Kiss Kiss Bang Bang"
Paul McCrane
Mark Fish
March 20, 2014 (2014-03-20)
314
9.08[50]

44
15
"Mama Said Knock You Out"
Tony Goldwyn
Zahir McGhee
March 27, 2014 (2014-03-27)
315
9.01[51]

45
16
"The Fluffer"
Jeannot Szwarc
Chris Van Dusen & Raamla Mohamed
April 3, 2014 (2014-04-03)
316
9.13[52]

46
17
"Flesh and Blood"
Debbie Allen
Severiano Canales & Miguel Nolla
April 10, 2014 (2014-04-10)
317
9.23[53]

47
18
"The Price of Free and Fair Elections"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding
April 17, 2014 (2014-04-17)
318
10.57[54]

text: Season 4 (2014–15)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

48
1
"Randy, Red, Superfreak and Julia"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
September 25, 2014 (2014-09-25)
401
11.96[55]

49
2
"The State of the Union"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Heather Mitchell
October 2, 2014 (2014-10-02)
402
10.34[56]

50
3
"Inside the Bubble"
Randy Zisk
Matt Byrne
October 9, 2014 (2014-10-09)
403
9.52[57]

51
4
"Like Father, Like Daughter"
Paul McCrane
Mark Fish
October 16, 2014 (2014-10-16)
404A
9.90[58]

52
5
"The Key"
Paul McCrane
Chris Van Dusen
October 23, 2014 (2014-10-23)
404B
9.98[59]

53
6
"An Innocent Man"
Jeannot Szwarc
Zahir McGhee
October 30, 2014 (2014-10-30)
405
9.32[60]

54
7
"Baby Made a Mess"
Oliver Bokelberg
Jenna Bans
November 6, 2014 (2014-11-06)
406
9.82[61]

55
8
"The Last Supper"
Julie Anne Robinson
Allan Heinberg
November 13, 2014 (2014-11-13)
407
10.05[62]

56
9
"Where the Sun Don't Shine"
Tony Goldwyn
Mark Wilding
November 20, 2014 (2014-11-20)
408
10.14[63]

57
10
"Run"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
January 29, 2015 (2015-01-29)
409
10.48[64]

58
11
"Where's the Black Lady?"
Debbie Allen
Raamla Mohamed
February 5, 2015 (2015-02-05)
410
9.58[65]

59
12
"Gladiators Don't Run"
Randy Zisk
Paul Willam Davies
February 12, 2015 (2015-02-12)
411A
9.32[66]

60
13
"No More Blood"
Randy Zisk
Heather Mitchell
February 19, 2015 (2015-02-19)
411B
9.62[67]

61
14
"The Lawn Chair"
Tom Verica
Zahir McGhee
March 5, 2015 (2015-03-05)
412
9.57[68]

62
15
"The Testimony of Diego Muñoz"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Mark Fish
March 12, 2015 (2015-03-12)
413
8.24[69]

63
16
"It's Good to Be Kink"
Paul McCrane
Matt Byrne
March 19, 2015 (2015-03-19)
414
7.79[70]

64
17
"Put a Ring on It"
Regina King
Chris Van Dusen
March 26, 2015 (2015-03-26)
415
8.06[71]

65
18
"Honor Thy Father"
Jeannot Szwarc
Severiano Canales
April 2, 2015 (2015-04-02)
416
7.27[72]

66
19
"I'm Just a Bill"
Debbie Allen
Raamla Mohamed
April 16, 2015 (2015-04-16)
417
7.86[73]

67
20
"First Lady Sings the Blues"
David Rodriguez
Paul William Davies
April 23, 2015 (2015-04-23)
418
7.79[74]

68
21
"A Few Good Women"
Oliver Bokelberg
Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell
May 7, 2015 (2015-05-07)
419
7.44[75]

69
22
"You Can't Take Command"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding
May 14, 2015 (2015-05-14)
420
8.08[76]

text: Season 5 (2015–16)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

70
1
"Heavy Is the Head"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
September 24, 2015 (2015-09-24)
501
10.25[77]

71
2
"Yes"
Tony Goldwyn
Heather Mitchell
October 1, 2015 (2015-10-01)
502
9.12[78]

72
3
"Paris is Burning"
Jann Turner
Matt Byrne
October 8, 2015 (2015-10-08)
503
8.76[79]

73
4
"Dog-Whistle Politics"
Zetna Fuentes
Mark Fish
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)
504
8.06[80]

74
5
"You Got Served"
Kevin Bray
Zahir McGhee
October 22, 2015 (2015-10-22)
505
8.28[81]

75
6
"Get Out of Jail, Free"
Chandra Wilson
Chris Van Dusen
October 29, 2015 (2015-10-29)
506
7.80[82]

76
7
"Even the Devil Deserves a Second Chance"
Oliver Bokelberg
Raamla Mohamed
November 5, 2015 (2015-11-05)
507
8.03[83]

77
8
"Rasputin"
John Terlesky
Paul William Davies
November 12, 2015 (2015-11-12)
508
7.70[84]

78
9
"Baby, It's Cold Outside"
Tom Verica
Mark Wilding
November 19, 2015 (2015-11-19)
509
8.13[85]

79
10
"It's Hard Out Here for a General"
Tom Verica
Severiano Canales
February 11, 2016 (2016-02-11)
510
6.96[86]

80
11
"The Candidate"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Alison Schapker
February 18, 2016 (2016-02-18)
511A
6.09[87]

81
12
"Wild Card"
Allison Liddi-Brown &
Tom Verica
Mark Fish
February 25, 2016 (2016-02-25)
511B
5.85[88]

82
13
"The Fish Rots from the Head"
Sharat Raju
Heather Mitchell
March 10, 2016 (2016-03-10)
512
5.97[89]

83
14
"I See You"
Paris Barclay
Matt Byrne
March 17, 2016 (2016-03-17)
513
6.31[90]

84
15
"Pencils Down"
Regina King
Chris Van Dusen
March 24, 2016 (2016-03-24)
514
6.15[91]

85
16
"The Miseducation of Susan Ross"
Scott Foley
Raamla Mohamed
March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
516
6.44[92]

86
17
"Thwack!"
Tony Goldwyn
Zahir McGhee
April 7, 2016 (2016-04-07)
517
5.88[93]

87
18
"Till Death Do Us Part"
Steph Green
Paul William Davies
April 21, 2016 (2016-04-21)
518
6.00[94]

88
19
"Buckle Up"
Oliver Bokelberg
Michelle Lirtzman
April 28, 2016 (2016-04-28)
519
6.25[95]

89
20
"Trump Card"
Jann Turner
Severiano Canales & Jess Brownell
May 5, 2016 (2016-05-05)
520
6.06[96]

90
21
"That's My Girl"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes & Mark Wilding
May 12, 2016 (2016-05-12)
521
6.65[97]

text: Season 6 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

91
1
"Survival of the Fittest"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
January 26, 2017 (2017-01-26)
601
7.62[98]

92
2
"Hardball"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Matt Byrne
February 2, 2017 (2017-02-02)
602
6.54[99]

93
3
"Fates Worse Than Death"
Scott Foley
Mark Fish
February 9, 2017 (2017-02-09)
603
6.22[100]

94
4
"The Belt"
Tom Verica
Paul William Davies
February 16, 2017 (2017-02-16)
606
6.06[101]

95
5
"They All Bow Down"
Millicent Shelton
Zahir McGhee
March 9, 2017 (2017-03-09)
604
5.26[102]

96
6
"Extinction"
Tony Goldwyn
Chris Van Dusen
March 16, 2017 (2017-03-16)
605
5.63[103]

97
7
"A Traitor Among Us"
Tom Verica
Alison Schapker
March 23, 2017 (2017-03-23)
607
5.40[104]

98
8
"A Stomach for Blood"
Oliver Bokelberg
Severiano Canales
March 30, 2017 (2017-03-30)
608
6.57[105]

99
9
"Dead in the Water"
Nicole Rubio
Michelle Lirtzman
April 6, 2017 (2017-04-06)
609
5.10[106]

100
10
"The Decision"
Sharat Raju
Johanna Lee
April 13, 2017 (2017-04-13)
610
5.35[107]

101
11
"Trojan Horse"
Jann Turner
Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini
April 20, 2017 (2017-04-20)
611
5.11[108]

102
12
"Mercy"
Nzingha Stewart
Severiano Canales & Ameni Rozsa
April 27, 2017 (2017-04-27)
612
5.29[109]

103
13
"The Box"
Steph Green
Raamla Mohamed & Austin Guzman
May 4, 2017 (2017-05-04)
613
5.15[110]

104
14
"Head Games"
Zetna Fuentes
Chris Van Dusen & Juan Carlos Fernandez
May 11, 2017 (2017-05-11)
614
5.10[111]

105
15
"Tick Tock"
Salli Richardson-Whitfield
Zahir McGhee & Michelle Lirtzman
May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)
615
5.23[112]

106
16
"Transfer of Power"
Tony Goldwyn
Matt Byrne & Mark Fish
May 18, 2017 (2017-05-18)
616
5.23[112]

text: Season 7 (2017–18)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

107
1
"Watch Me"
Jann Turner
Shonda Rhimes
October 5, 2017 (2017-10-05)
701
5.52[113]

108
2
"Pressing the Flesh"
Tony Goldwyn
Matt Byrne
October 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)
702
5.00[114]

109
3
"Day 101"
Scott Foley
Zahir McGhee
October 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)
703
4.70[115]

110
4
"Lost Girls"
Nicole Rubio
Ameni Rozsa & Austin Guzman
October 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)
704
4.88[116]

111
5
"Adventures in Babysitting"
Oliver Bokelberg
Serveriano Canales & Tia Napolitano
November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)
705
4.89[117]

112
6
"Vampires and Bloodsuckers"
Jann Turner
Chris Van Dusen & Tia Napolitano
November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)
706
5.00[118]

113
7
"Something Borrowed"
Sharat Raju
Mark Fish
November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)
707
4.97[119]

114
8
"Robin"
Daryn Okada
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)
709
5.17[120]

115
9
"Good People"
Nzingha Stewart
Shonda Rhimes, Jess Brownell & Nicholas Nardini
January 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)
708
5.19[121]

116
10
"The People v. Olivia Pope"
Kerry Washington
Ameni Rozsa
February 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)
710
5.62[122]

117
11
"Army of One"
Allison Liddi-Brown
Austin Guzman
February 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)
711
4.63[123]

118
12
"Allow Me to Reintroduce Myself"
Tony Goldwyn
Raamla Mohamed
March 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)
712
4.95[124]

119
13
"Air Force Two"
Valerie Weiss
Severiano Canales
March 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)
713
4.67[125]

120
14
"The List"
Greg Evans
Jess Brownell & Juan Carlos Fernandez
March 15, 2018 (2018-03-15)
714
4.74[126]

121
15
"The Noise"
Darby Stanchfield
Raamla Mohamed & Jeremy Gordon
March 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)
715
3.71[127]

122
16
"People Like Me"
Joe Morton
Chris Van Dusen
April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)
716
3.83[128]

123
17
"Standing in the Sun"
Jann Turner
Mark Fish & Matt Byrne
April 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)
717
4.15[129]

124
18
"Over a Cliff"
Tom Verica
Shonda Rhimes
April 19, 2018 (2018-04-19)
718
5.46[130]

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Narrator
Aired between
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
"The Secret is Out"
Joshua Malina as David Rosen
"White Hat's Back On" (season two)
"It's Handled" (season three)
October 3, 2013 (2013-10-03)
5.75[37]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: Gladiator Wanted[edit]

text: A web series debuted prior to the sixth-season premiere and features Guillermo Diaz as Huck, Katie Lowes as Quinn, Cornelius Smith Jr. as Marcus and George Newbern as Charlie. All of the episodes were directed by Darby Stanchfield, who portrays Abby in the show.[131]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"So You Want to Be a Gladiator in a Suit"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

2
2
"A Job to Kill For"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

3
3
"Induction"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

4
4
"Governments Fall"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

5
5
"By Dawn's Early Light"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

6
6
"Exit Interview"
Darby Stanchfield
Juan Carlos Fernandez
January 19, 2017 (2017-01-19)

text: Ratings[edit]


document_title: Daniel Truhitte

question_text: who played rolf in the sound of music

question_tokens: who played rolf in the sound of music

root

text: Daniel Truhitte

text: This  biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification, as it includes attribution to IMDb. IMDb may not be a reliable source for biographical information. Please help by adding additional, reliable sources for verification. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Daniel TruhitteBorn
 (1943-09-10) September 10, 1943 (age 74)Sacramento, CaliforniaYears active
1965-presentSpouse(s)
Gabriele (1966-?) (divorced)Mary (divorced)Tarealia Haney (1992-present)

text: Daniel Lee Truhitte (born September 10, 1943 in Sacramento, California) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Rolfe Gruber, the young Austrian telegraph delivery boy who performed "Sixteen Going on Seventeen", in the film The Sound of Music (1965). Truhitte is a singer, actor, dancer, and teacher of young performers.

tag: p

text: Career[edit]

text: Daniel Truhitte began dance training at the age of 6 and began taking voice lessons at the age of 10. When he was 15 years old, he received a scholarship to The Sacramento Ballet. After high school, Truhitte received a scholarship to the Pasadena Playhouse. He also attended Ambassador College in Pasadena, California. After filming The Sound of Music, he joined the Marine Corps. In 1989, Truhitte moved to Weddington, North Carolina, and then finally to Concord, North Carolina and began teaching young performers. He appeared in an episode of Entertainment Tonight titled "A Day in the Life of Dan Truhitte" on September 10, 1993, after The Old Courthouse Theatre of Concord, North Carolina asked him to play Captain Von Trapp in their production of The Sound of Music. Truhitte portrayed Captain von Trapp once again in the Hudson, North Carolina Dinner Theatre Production of The Sound of Music in October 2013.


document_title: The Silence of the Lambs (film)

question_text: who won an oscar in silence of the lambs

text: The Silence of the Lambs (film)

text: Plot

text: FBI trainee Clarice Starling, is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia by Jack Crawford of the Bureau's Behavioral Science Unit. He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter, a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer, whose insight might prove useful in the pursuit of a serial killer nicknamed "Buffalo Bill", who skins his female victims' corpses.

text: Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, where she is led by Frederick Chilton to Lecter's solitary quarters. Although initially pleasant and courteous, Lecter grows impatient with Starling's attempts at "dissecting" him and rebuffs her. As she is leaving, one of the prisoners flicks semen at her. Lecter, who considers this act "unspeakably ugly", calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his. This leads her to a storage shed, where she discovers a man's severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat. She returns to Lecter, who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill. He offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he may be transferred away from Chilton, whom he detests.

text: Buffalo Bill abducts a Senator's daughter, Catherine Martin. Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal, promising a prison transfer if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill and rescue Catherine. Instead, Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling, offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information. Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old. Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starling's deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chilton's own making. Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis, where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin, and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill, including the name "Louis Friend".

text: Starling notices that "Louis Friend" is an anagram of "iron sulfide"–fool's gold. She visits Lecter, who is now being held in a cage-like cell in a Tennessee courthouse, and asks for the truth. Lecter tells her that all the information she needs is contained in the case file. Rather than give her the real name, he insists that they continue their quid pro quo and she recounts a traumatic childhood incident where she was awakened by the sound of spring lambs being slaughtered on a relative's farm in Montana. Starling admits that she still sometimes wakes thinking she can hear lambs screaming, and Lecter speculates that she is motivated to save Catherine in the hope that it will end the nightmares. Lecter gives her back the case files on Buffalo Bill after their conversation is interrupted by Chilton and the police, who escort her from the building. Later that evening, Lecter kills his guards, escapes from his cell, and disappears.

text: Starling analyzes Lecter's annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally. Starling travels to the victim's hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor, with dresses and dress patterns identical to the patches of skin removed from each of his victims. She telephones Crawford to inform him that Buffalo Bill is trying to form a "woman suit" out of real skin, but Crawford is already en route to make an arrest, having cross-referenced Lecter's notes with hospital archives and finding a transsexual woman named Jame Gumb, who once applied unsuccessfully for a sex-change operation. Starling continues interviewing friends of Buffalo Bill's first victim in Ohio, while Crawford leads an FBI HRT team to Gumb's address in Illinois. The house in Illinois is empty, and Starling is led to the house of "Jack Gordon", who she realizes is actually Jame Gumb, again by finding a sphinx moth. She pursues him into his multi-room basement, where she discovers that Catherine is still alive, but trapped in a dry well. After turning off the basement lights, Gumb stalks Starling in the dark with night-vision goggles, but gives his position away when he cocks his revolver. Starling reacts just in time and fires all of her rounds at Gumb, killing him.

text: Sometime later, at the FBI Academy graduation party, Starling receives a phone call from Lecter, who is at an airport in Bimini. He assures her that he does not plan to pursue her and asks her to return the favor, which she says she cannot do. Lecter then hangs up the phone, saying that he is "having an old friend for dinner", and starts following a newly arrived Chilton before disappearing into the crowd.

text: Cast

text:
Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling
Masha Skorobogatov as young Clarice
Anthony Hopkins as Dr. Hannibal Lecter
Scott Glenn as Jack Crawford
Ted Levine as Jame "Buffalo Bill" Gumb
Anthony Heald as Dr. Frederick Chilton
Brooke Smith as Catherine Martin
Diane Baker as U.S. Senator Ruth Martin
Kasi Lemmons as Ardelia Mapp
Frankie Faison as Barney Matthews
Tracey Walter as Lamar
Charles Napier as Lt. Boyle
Danny Darst as Sgt. Tate
Alex Coleman as Sgt. Jim Pembry
Dan Butler as Roden
Paul Lazar as Pilcher
Ron Vawter as Paul Krendler
Roger Corman as FBI Director Hayden Burke
Chris Isaak as SWAT Commander
Harry Northup as Mr. Bimmel

tag: ul

text: Production

text: Development

text: The Silence of the Lambs is based on Thomas Harris' 1988 novel of the same name and is the second film to feature the character Hannibal Lecter following the 1986 film Manhunter. Prior to the novel's release, Orion Pictures partnered with Gene Hackman to bring the novel to the big screen. With Hackman set to direct and possibly star in the role of Crawford, negotiations were made to split the $500,000 cost of rights between Hackman and the studio.[8] In addition to securing the rights to the novel, producers also had to acquire the rights to the name "Hannibal Lecter", which were owned by Manhunter producer Dino De Laurentiis. Owing to the financial failure of the earlier film, De Laurentiis lent the character rights to Orion Pictures for free.[9]

text: In November 1987, Ted Tally was brought on to write the adaptation;[10] Tally had previously crossed paths with Harris many times, with his interest in adapting The Silence of the Lambs originating from receiving an advance copy of the book from Harris himself.[11] When Tally was about halfway through with the first draft, Hackman withdrew from the project and financing fell through. However, Orion Pictures co-founder Mike Medavoy assured Tally to keep writing as the studio itself took care of financing and searched for a replacement director.[12] As a result, Orion Pictures sought director Jonathan Demme to helm the project. With the screenplay not yet completed, Demme signed on after reading the novel.[13] From there, the project quickly took off, as Tally explained, "[Demme] read my first draft not long after it was finished, and we met, then I was just startled by the speed of things. We met in May 1989 and were shooting in November. I don't remember any big revisions."[14]

text: Casting

text:
Jodie Foster was interested in playing the role of Clarice Starling immediately after reading the novel. However, in spite of the fact that Foster had just won an Academy Award for her performance in the 1988 film The Accused, Demme was not convinced that she was right for the part.[15][16] Having just collaborated on Married to the Mob, Demme's first choice for the role of Starling was Michelle Pfeiffer, who turned it down, later saying, "It was a difficult decision, but I got nervous about the subject matter".[17]
Still not convinced, he went to Meg Ryan who rejected it as well for its gruesome themes and then to Laura Dern, of whom the studio was skeptical as not being a bankable choice.[18]
As a result, Foster was awarded the role due to her passion towards the character.[19]

text: For the role of Dr. Hannibal Lecter, Demme originally approached Sean Connery. After the actor turned it down, Anthony Hopkins was then offered the part based on his performance in The Elephant Man.[20] Other actors considered for the role included Al Pacino,[21] Robert De Niro,[21] Dustin Hoffman,[21] Derek Jacobi[22] and Daniel Day-Lewis.[22]

text: Gene Hackman was originally going to play Jack Crawford, the Agent-in-Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico, Virginia but he found the script "too violent."[21] Scott Glenn was then cast in the role. To prepare for the role, Glenn met with John E. Douglas, after whom the character is modeled. Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16-year-old girl.[23][24] According to Douglas, Glenn wept as he experienced the recordings and even changed his liberal stance on the death penalty.[25]

text: Filming

text: Principal photography for The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15, 1989 and concluded on March 1, 1990.[26] Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia.[27] The home of Buffalo Bill used for exterior scenes was in Layton, Pennsylvania.[28][29] The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg, Pennsylvania served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane.[30] In what was a rare act of cooperation at the time, the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts.[31][32]

text: Music

text:
The Silence of the Lambs: The Original Motion Picture ScoreFilm score by Howard ShoreReleased
February 5, 1991Recorded
August, 1990 in MunichLength
57:09Label
MCA RecordsProducer
Howard ShoreHoward Shore chronology

Big(1988)

The Silence of the Lambs: The Original Motion Picture Score(1991)

Naked Lunch(1991)

Hannibal Lecter chronology

Manhunter(1986) Manhunter1986

The Silence of the Lambs(1991) The Silence of the Lambs1991

Hannibal(2001) Hannibal2001

text: Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicFilmtracks.com

text: The musical score for The Silence of the Lambs was composed by Howard Shore, who would also go on to collaborate with Demme on Philadelphia. Recorded in Munich during the latter half of the summer of 1990, the score was performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra.[33] "I tried to write in a way that goes right into the fabric of the movie," explained Shore on his approach. "I tried to make the music just fit in. When you watch the movie you are not aware of the music. You get your feelings from all elements simultaneously, lighting, cinematography, costumes, acting, music. Jonathan Demme was very specific about the music."[34] A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records on February 5, 1991.[35] Music from the film was later used in the trailers for its 2001 sequel, Hannibal.[36]

text: The Silence of the Lambs: The Original Motion Picture ScoreNo.TitleLength1."Main Title"5:042."The Asylum"3:533."Clarice"3:034."Return to the Asylum"2:355."The Abduction"3:016."Quid Pro Quo"4:417."Lecter in Memphis"5:418."Lambs Screaming"5:349."Lecter Escapes"5:0610."Belvedere, Ohio"3:3211."The Moth"2:2012."The Cellar"7:0213."Finale"4:50Total length:57:09

text: Release

text: The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14, 1991, grossing $14 million during its opening weekend. At the time it closed on October 10, 1991, the film had grossed $131 million domestically with a total worldwide gross of $273 million.[37] It was the 5th-highest grossing film of 1991 worldwide.[38]

text: Critical reception

text: The Silence of the Lambs was a sleeper hit that gradually gained widespread success and critical acclaim.[39] Foster, Hopkins, and Levine garnered much acclaim for their performances. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95% of 86 film critics have given the film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Director Jonathan Demme's smart, taut thriller teeters on the edge between psychological study and all-out horror, and benefits greatly from stellar performances by Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Foster."[40] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 85 out of 100, based on 19 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[41] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A-" on an A+ to F scale.[42]

text: Roger Ebert, of Chicago Sun-Times, specifically mentioned the "terrifying qualities" of Hannibal Lecter.[43] Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies, recognizing the film as a "horror masterpiece" alongside such classics as Nosferatu, Psycho, and Halloween.[44] However, the film is also notable for being one of two multi-Academy Award winners (the other being Unforgiven) disapproved of by Ebert's colleague, Gene Siskel. Writing for Chicago Tribune, Siskel said, "Foster's character, who is appealing, is dwarfed by the monsters she is after. I'd rather see her work on another case."[45]

text: Accolades

text:
Academy Awards record

Best Picture, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ronald M. Bozman

Best Director, Jonathan Demme

Best Actor, Anthony Hopkins

Best Actress, Jodie Foster

Best Adapted Screenplay, Ted Tally

Golden Globe Awards record

Best Actress, Jodie Foster

British Academy Film Awards record

Best Actor, Anthony Hopkins

Best Actress, Jodie Foster

text: The film won the Big Five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director (Demme), Best Actor (Hopkins), Best Actress (Foster), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Ted Tally), making it only the third film in history to accomplish that feat.[46] It was also nominated for Best Sound (Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman) and Best Film Editing, but lost to Terminator 2: Judgment Day and JFK, respectively.[47]

text: Other awards include being named Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, CHI Awards and PEO Awards. Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival[48] and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director. The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Film. Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast, with Vincent Price presenting the award to the film's executive producer Gary Goetzman.[49]

text: In 1998, the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest films in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute.[50] In 2006, at the Key Art Awards, the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster "of the past 35 years".[51] The Silence of the Lambs placed seventh on Bravo's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for Lecter's escape scene. The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter (as portrayed by Hopkins) the number one film villain of all time[52] and Clarice Starling (as portrayed by Foster) the sixth-greatest film hero of all time.[52] In 2011, ABC aired a prime-time special, Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time, that counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People  magazine. The Silence of the Lambs was selected as the No. 1 Best Suspense/Thriller and Dr. Hannibal Lecter was selected as the No. 4 Greatest Film Character.

text: The film and its characters have appeared in the following AFI "100 Years" lists:

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies—#65
AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills—#5
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains:
Clarice Starling—#6 Hero
Hannibal Lecter—#1 Villain
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
"A census taker once tried to test me. I ate his liver with some fava beans and a nice Chianti."—#21
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition)—#74

text: In 2015, Entertainment Weekly's 25th anniversary year, it included The Silence of the Lambs in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine's beginning.[53]

text:
Organization/Association

Award

Actor/Crew

Outcome

Remarks

64th Academy Awards

Best Picture

Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt, Ron Bozman

Won

Best Director

Jonathan Demme

Won

Best Actor

Anthony Hopkins

Won

Best Actress

Jodie Foster

Won

Best Adapted Screenplay

Ted Tally

Won

Adapted from The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris

Best Film Editing

Craig McKay

Nominated

Best Sound

Tom Fleischman, Christopher Newman

Nominated

49th Golden Globe Awards

Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama

Jodie Foster

Won

Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama

Anthony Hopkins

Nominated

Best Director

Jonathan Demme

Nominated

Best Motion Picture – Drama

Kenneth Utt

Nominated

Best Screenplay

Ted Tally

Nominated

45th British Academy Film Awards

Best Actor in a Leading Role

Anthony Hopkins

Won

Best Actress in a Leading Role

Jodie Foster

Won

Best Adapted Screenplay

Ted Tally

Nominated

Best Cinematography

Tak Fujimoto

Nominated

Best Direction

Jonathan Demme

Nominated

Best Editing

Craig McKay

Nominated

Best Film

Ron Bozman, Edward Saxon, Kenneth Utt

Nominated

Best Film Music

Howard Shore

Nominated

Best Sound

Skip Lievsay, Christopher Newman, Tom Fleischman

Nominated

text: Accusations of homophobia, transphobia and sexism

text: Upon its release, The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transsexual. In response to the critiques, Demme replied that Buffalo Bill "wasn't a gay character. He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be." Demme added that he "came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies".[54] Much of the criticism was directed towards Foster, whom the critics alleged was herself a lesbian.[55]

text: In a 1992 interview with Playboy magazine, notable feminist and women's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated, "I thought it was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four  [sic] Oscars. […] I'm not saying that the movie shouldn't have been shown. I'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph, but it was about the evisceration, the skinning alive of women. That is what I find offensive. Not the Playboy centerfold."[56]


document_title: Shortland Street

question_text: what channel is shortland street on in australia

text: Shortland Street

text: History[edit]

text: After the cancellation of Gloss, Television New Zealand noticed the lack of New Zealand content on their channel and in 1990 set about creating a local equivalent of the Australian soap Neighbours.[7] Greg McGee at South Pacific Pictures wanted to do a series about the new private clinics emerging under New Zealand's Labour government, and suggested the idea to scriptwriter Dean Parker, who declined due to a dislike of private medicine, so TV2 and South Pacific Pictures purchased a formula from Grundy Television, who get a royalty cheque for every broadcast.[8] $10 million was given for an initial 230 episodes.[9] Caterina De Nave was hired as the show's producer and subsequently travelled to Australia to work with Grundy Television to work out an idea for the five times a week soap.[7] TV2 programmer Bettina Hollings suggested the setting of a hospital after reading an article detailing ideal locations of a drama, which included a hospital, a police station and a school.[7] De Nave worked with several storyliners including Jason Daniel and they worked out an outline of the show.

text: De Nave noticed Neighbours and Home and Away had a generally straightforward Australian cast and wished for the cast of her show to be culturally diverse to reflect New Zealand.[7] She also wanted the cast to have strong female characters to attract the necessary female audience.[7] Daniel created the character of Kirsty while De Nave created Meredith and Ken Catran created Hone.[7] The character of Stuart was originally planned to be gay but the plans made TVNZ nervous and were scrapped.[9] De Nave also wished to counter-stereotype races and made Polynesian Sam Aleni a paramedic as there was only one paramedic of Polynesian descent throughout New Zealand.[7] De Nave decided to make the setting that of a private hospital as it reflected New Zealand medicine at the time.[7]

text: The working title was The Shortland Street Project after its planned filming location in a TVNZ-owned studio at 74 Shortland Street in Auckland Central. However, the studio was found to be too small for the required sets, and the production studio was moved to a warehouse in Browns Bay. After running through many name options, the original working-title was chosen and subsequently truncated to simply Shortland Street.[10] The name subsequently is a homage to the Shortland Street studios, which were home to New Zealand's first regular television broadcast in 1960, and were home to TVNZ and its predecessors' Auckland operations until TVNZ moved to its new purpose-built television centre on Victoria Street West in 1990.

text: Shortland Street's first episode aired on 25 May 1992 to mixed reviews.[11] Ratings were originally high after a successful marketing campaign but fell steadily throughout the year until 1993 when they rose dramatically.[7] The show would have been cancelled in the first year if it was not for the fact TVNZ ordered a year's worth of episodes.[7]

text: With high public interest in the show and a viewing figure of a constant 600,000, Shortland Street received more sets and the nursing uniform which was considered outdated was redone.[7] In 2000 an Australian consultant drastically changed the show so that it would suit the 21st century tone of New Zealand.[12] This included transitioning the hospital to a public hospital, bringing in low income families and writing off 14 characters.[12] Michael Galvin and Angela Bloomfield were brought back as their characters Chris Warner and Rachel McKenna and the show received a new producer.[12]

text: The show reached huge ratings in 2007 when a serial killer storyline was introduced, with five characters meeting their demise.[13] Episode 4000 saw the return of series original Dr. Hone Ropata for a six-week stint in 2008.

text: Shortland Street aired its first ever 90 minute episode on 2 August 2010. The episode featured Chris discovering he had a son with series original Alison Raynor in 1996, and the conclusion to the three-year Kieran Mitchell storyline which saw the shows second highest ever ratings. Shortland Street has since made the 90-minute episode an annual feature. On 18 April 2011, Shortland Street screened its first episode in high definition.

text: In July 2011, Shortland Street achieved a New Zealand first when it made its 2011 feature-length episode available to purchase via Facebook, becoming the second ever TV show in the world to use this technology.[14] In August 2011 All Blacks Keven Mealamu, Anthony Boric and Jerome Kaino filmed a scene that aired on the opening night of the 2011 Rugby World Cup on 9 September.[15][16] The show added short transition scenes in which two characters in the hospital elevator discussed the wins or losses (the latter never actually happening) the All Blacks endured during the tournament.[17][18]

text: On the 15th December 2016, Shortland Street released a charity single featuring Lionel Wellington and J.J. Fong to raise money for Starship Children's Health hospital.[19]

text: On 25 May 2017, Shortland Street celebrated 25 years on New Zealand television.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Shortland Street stars an ensemble cast. Most of the characters either work at Shortland Street Hospital, or are relations to employees of the hospital.

text: Since 1992 many notable faces have appeared on the soap.[20] Only one character remains from the original cast: Chris Warner Though taking a 4-year break, Chris has featured in the show the longest of the current cast, outstaying all of his family, who either died or left. Rachel McKenna, another long-standing character as of 2014[update], first appeared in the soap in 1993 and has made regular appearances since. Nick Harrison, another long-running character, disappeared from the show in 2005.

text: Characters on the show attribute and portray several different demographics found in New Zealand. These range from the rich and well-off (such as Chris Warner) to the struggling and poor (Wendy Cooper). Other areas covered include different ethnicities, with Asian, Polynesian, Romanian people and even Zimbabwean characters appearing on the show. In the first year of the show, it was decided[by whom?] that CEO Michael McKenna's personal assistant, Jenny, should be a solo mother to help draw in that demographic, who statistically would be watching TV at 7 pm. The show has also had a long string of families, such as the Warners, McKennas, Harrisons, Crombies, Hudsons, Jeffries, Valentines, McKays, Coopers, Avia-Levis, and Hannahs, and various teenagers, helping young audiences and families relate to the show.

text: Notable alumni[edit]

text: Several past cast-members have made a name for themselves on the international scene:

text:
Temuera Morrison (who portrayed Dr. Hone Ropata from 1992 to 1995 and who made a guest appearance in 2008) appeared in several Hollywood films and played Jango Fett in Star Wars as well as Jake Heke in Once Were Warriors.
Martin Henderson, who portrayed Stuart Neilson from 1992 to 1995, went on to star in The Ring and starred alongside James Franco in Flyboys and alongside Cate Blanchett in Little Fish. He returned in 2017 for the 25 year anniversary episode.
Robyn Malcolm, who portrayed Nurse Ellen Crozier from 1994 to 1999 who went on to star in many Australian television productions such as Upper Middle Bogan and The Code and has also appeared on American and British television with the programme Top of the Lake. Although she is probably best known to this day for her role as Cheryl West on the widely popular New Zealand programme Outrageous Fortune.
Karl Urban, who portrayed the recurring role of gay paramedic Jamie Forrest, went on to play Dr. Leonard "Bones" McCoy in the 2009 Star Trek remake, the TV programme Xena: Warrior Princess and Hercules: The Legendary Journeys, Éomer in The Lord of the Rings trilogy, Vaako in the Riddick film series, and played the title role of Judge Dredd in the movie Dredd.[21]
Marton Csokas, who played Leonard Rossi-Dodds from 1993 to 1994 and then again from late 1994 to 1995, went on to star in films such as The Bourne Supremacy (alongside the previously mentioned Karl Urban) and Alice in Wonderland
Kieren Hutchison, who played the recurring role of Jonathon McKenna from 1993 to 1996 and again in 2011, went on to star as Andy Hargrove on One Tree Hill, as Kerry Connelly on Wildfire and as Jake Preston on Monarch Cove (2006)
Kimberley Crossman, who played Sophie McKay from 2006 to 2011, has also become famous both nationally in New Zealand and internationally with her work in America as a journalist, interviewing stars such as Selena Gomez, and featuring as Lauren Shiba/Red Samurai Ranger in Power Rangers Samurai (2012)
Danielle Cormack, who played Alison Raynor from 1992–1993, played the leading role of Bea Smith in the critically acclaimed and internationally successful Australian TV programme Wentworth.
Sally Martin, who plays HOD of Nursing Nicole Kruse-Miller, played the role of Tori Hanson/Blue Wind Ninja Storm Ranger on Power Rangers Ninja Storm.
K.J. Apa (who portrayed Kane Jenkins from 2013 to 2015), has now found fame as the series lead of the popular American television programme Riverdale.
Craig Parker who played Guy Warner from 1992, 1993-1996, and 2007-2008 gained international fame for being in The Lord of the Rings films in the role of Haldir. As well as the television programmes Legend of the Seeker, Reign, and Spartacus.
Manu Bennett portrayed the recurring character Jack Hewitt from 2001 to 2002 found fame internationally for the American television programmes Spartacus, Arrow and The Shannara Chronicles. Although he is especially known for The Hobbit films.
Anna Hutchison who portrayed Delphi Greenlaw from 2002 to 2004 has became famous internationally for the television programmes Power Rangers Jungle Fury, Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities, Spartacus: War of the Damned, Anger Management and the film The Cabin in the Woods.
Robbie Magasiva who played the character Dr. Maxwell Avia from 2009 to 2012 and 2015, is now a regular on the popular Australian TV programme Wentworth.
Pua Magasiva who portrays Vinnie Kruse played the lead role of Shane Clarke/Red Wind Ninja Storm Ranger on Power Rangers Ninja Storm.
Rose McIver who portrayed Holly from 1992 to 1993 has gone on to find success with the film The Lovely Bones and roles on the TV programmes Power Rangers RPM, Masters of Sex, Once Upon a Time and as the lead in iZombie.
Dean O'Gorman who played Nurse Harry Martin in 1996 is known for the role of Fíli in the Hobbit trilogy and his roles in The Almighty Johnsons and McLeod's Daughters.
Antony Starr who portrayed Stratford Wilson from 2000 to 2002, He was the leading actor of the American TV programme Banshee.

text: Production[edit]

text: Shortland Street is produced by South Pacific Pictures, with assistance from FremantleMedia and Television New Zealand. In the first few years, the production was also assisted by New Zealand On Air.

text: Today, most of the filming for Shortland Street occurs at South Pacific Pictures Waitakere City studios, with Ferndale High School scenes being filmed at the nearby Waitakere College.[citation needed] The exterior shots of the Hospital are filmed on location at the Waitakere Studios at an existing section of a building dressed up to appear as the facade of a hospital entrance. Location scenes are filmed in Auckland, but other locations, including Fiji, Mt Ruapehu, Rotorua and Rarotonga have been used.

text: Originally, Shortland Street was filmed in North Shore City at South Pacific Pictures Browns Bay studios until their relocation to purpose built studios in Waitakere City in 2000. The original Ferndale High School was played by a North Shore college until the studio relocated. When cast members are hired their contracts are either 4 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 6 months or a year.

text: High definition production of Shortland Street started in early 2011, with the first HD episode broadcast on 18 April 2011 on the Freeview HD and Sky platforms.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The show has had a reputation for being raunchy and controversial with the very first episode of the show featuring a sex scene between resident "Dr. Love" Chris Warner and his aerobics instructor. Another early controversy was that of a lesbian kiss between Meredith Fleming and Annie Flynn with several complaints made to the Broadcasting Standards Authority (BSA) but it went no further. It was not until 2008 that the show received its first ever BSA warning, when it featured an oral sex scene in mid-2008 between sexually confused Gerald and a fellow man.[22] A few months later, the show received a second warning for an episode in August 2008 depicting the brutal murder of Craig Valentine, who was beaten unconscious, then set alight in his car.[23] Again, a few months later, the show received yet another warning about a scene in January 2009 where Tania Jeffries hit a gang leader in the head with a hammer.[24]

text: Scenes aired in April 2010 sparked criticism when Leanne Miller and her daughter Nicole stated that the city of Tauranga was not "gay friendly".[25]

text: The show caused controversy in August 2010 when the character of Sophie McKay was shown to be being stalked by her university lecturer who she had been dating.[26] This upset the family of murdered girl Sophie Elliott who was killed by her university tutor, Clayton Weatherston, who she had been dating. The similarities upset the families with producer Steven Zanoski saying: "the storyline was a classic and not inspired by real events."[27]

text: The show's production department received several complaints following the lesbian love storyline involving Maia Jeffries and Jennifer Mason.[28]

text: A storyline aired in April 2011 which featured the Cooper Family try to go to the beach, but they get confronted by a group of Maori who demand money. This sparked criticism with some saying it was discrimination against Maori people.[29] Maori adviser Ngamaru Raerino stated that viewers shouldn't have jumped to conclusions and should have let the storyline completely unfold which reveals the group of Maori are protesting against a corrupt camp owner who had been polluting the beach.[30]

text: In September 2011, Shortland Street was identified as one of the main influences to people who self-harm, airing two storylines involving suicide attempts.[31]

text: International[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text: In Australia, it airs on Foxtel's Arena channel weekdays at 11.30 am. Episodes are six weeks behind New Zealand.[32] Free-to-air digital channel 7TWO was airing episodes about three years behind however no longer airs episodes as of August 2015. Previous Australian broadcasters include: ABC1 2010–2011, UKTV 1997–2000, and SBS TV briefly between 1994–1995.[33]

text: Ireland[edit]

text: In Ireland, it airs on RTÉ One weekdays at around noon and 03:00 am. Episodes are four years behind current New Zealand episodes. RTÉ has broadcast Shortland Street since 1996.

text: Pacific[edit]

text: In Fiji, the show has been on air since 1994 screening weekdays on Fiji One usually around 8:30 pm weekdays. It is one of the most popular shows in Fiji.The show is screened on Cook Island Television at 8.00 pm weekdays. It is one of the most popular shows in the Cook Islands.

text: UK[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, the series was originally screened on various regions of the ITV network from 1993 to 2003. From 29 March 1993, Central Television were the first ITV region to screen the soap, beginning in an afternoon timeslot, 1520–1550. From April 1994 to 2000, it was shown in an early evening timeslot, at either 1710–1740 and, later at 1730–1800. Eventually the serial was moved to a lunchtime slot, 1300–1330 from 12 June 2000 and it remained here for over two years.

text: Meridian become the second region to start the series in mid 1993 around early afternoons until late 2002. Anglia start in April 1994 and followed central pattern, of the 17.10 slot, dropped the series around 2000.

text: From May 1994, Border, Granada started showing the series as a replacement for A Country Practice, broadcast in the afternoons, at the own piece, although did use the early-evening example. In January 1995, Tyne tees and Yorkshire started the series as a replacement for The Young Doctors. By 1999, Granada, Yorkshire Television and Tyne tees dropped the series entirely, opting for local programming instead, while Border switched the series to 17.10 slot by 2001 it was back in the afternoon slot until it dropped in the summer of 2003.

text: Grampian Television also started the series in 1994 but it was dropped in late 1998. Scottish Television have never shown Shortland Street. HTV started the series in August 1994, showing the series in the afternoons, at the own piece, including early-evening example for a short time. The series was dropped in early 2000 but reappeared in by May 2000.

text: From January 2003, the Carlton-owned ITV regions including Central Television, Westcountry, HTV and Carlton-London networked Shortland Street in an afternoon slot, 1430–1500, Monday to Wednesday, with a Thursday episode added a few months later. A special programme was aired (presented by Michael Galvin and Angela Bloomfield) introducing new viewers from Westcountry and Carlton-London to the show. However, Shortland Street failed to attract a significant audience in its new afternoon slot and it was axed completely by ITV and was last shown on 28 August 2003, finishing at episode 2367.[34] Central had shown the serial consecutively for over 10 years.

text: Shortland Street returned to British screens on 23 August 2010, when Living began airing two episodes a day from the 2007 season with episodes 3736/3737 which originally aired in New Zealand on 21/22 May 2007 beginning on 23 August 2010 at 15.00–16.00 (and repeated at 10.00 the following morning). However four weeks into its run, the morning repeats were dropped by Living, and as of Monday 20 September moving from 15.00–16.00 and 12.00–13.00. As from Monday 27 September 2010, it was shown on Living Loves from 18.00–19.00 Monday to Friday with five repeat episodes shown on Saturday and Sunday mornings. After just over two months on-air, it was cancelled by Sky with the final episode shown on 29 October 2010.[35]

text: South Africa[edit]

text: In previous years South Pacific Pictures publicity has claimed the show was sold to the South African black homeland of Bophuthatswana, which journalists have used to demonstrate Shortland Street's interracial appeal.[36][37]

text: Ukraine[edit]

text: A licensed version of the show started production in Ukraine in 2016 called "Central Hospital" (ЦЕНТРАЛЬНА ЛІКАРНЯ) with an initial run of 60 episodes.[38]


document_title: National Open University of Nigeria

question_text: where is national open university located in abuja

text: National Open University of Nigeria

text: History[edit]

text: The National Open University was initially established on 22 July 1983 as springboard for open and distance learning in Nigeria. It was suspended by the government on 25 April 1984. However, its resuscitation was begun on 12 April 2001 by the former President of Nigeria, Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo. At take off of the university, pioneer student enrollment stood at 32,400.[5]

text: Organisation[edit]

text: In 2011, NOUN had about 57,759 students.[3] The Vice Chancellor at the time was Prof. Vincent Tenebe .[2] The university was for years operating from its Administrative Headquarters in Victoria Island, Lagos, before its current VC, Professor Abdalla Uba Adamu, moved it to its permanent headquarters in Jabi, Abuja, in 2016. It has over 75 Study Centres throughout the country.[5] It offers over 50 programmes and 750 courses.[5]

text: By its nature as an ODL institution, NOUN does not provide lectures to students in normal classrooms except some certain study centres. The study centre in Lagos for instance provides lectures to all its Law undergraduates and supplies necessary course materials to all students after the payment of tuition fees. All the courses being offered by the university have been accredited by the National Universities Commission (NUC).

text: The Registrar serves as the Secretary to Council and Senate bodies. The Registry Department’s primary responsibility is to provide support services in the General Administration of the university with emphasis on Council affairs, Senate matters, recruitment of staff, students’ admission/welfare, staff welfare and other related activities. The current Registrar is Mr. Felix Edoka.[6]

text: Faculties and courses[edit]

text: Faculties of Science and Technology[edit]

text: Postgraduate Programmes

text: -Information Technology

text: -Digital Communication

text: -Mobile (Wireless) Communication Technology

text: -HIV/AIDS

text: -Agriculture and Extension

text: Undergraduate Programs

text: -Mathematics

text: -Computer and Mathematics (Combined Hons)

text: -Computer Science

text: -Data Management

text: -Communications Technology

text: -Agricultural Extension and Management

text: -Nursing Science

text: -Community Health

text: -Environmental Science and Resource Management (ESM)

text: -Financial Mathematics

text: -Physics

text: -Chemistry

text: -Biology

text: Faculties of Health Science[edit]

text: -Nursing

text: -Public Health

text: Faculties of Arts and Social Sciences[edit]

text: -French And International Studies

text: -Mass Communication

text: -Peace, Conflict and Resolution

text: -English Language

text: -Economics

text: -Political Science -Criminology and security studies

text: Faculties of Education[edit]

text: Undergraduate programmes:

text: -Agriculture Science

text: -Biology

text: -Chemistry

text: -Computer Science

text: -Physics

text: -Integrated Science

text: -Mathematics

text: -Business Education

text: -Primary Education

text: -Early Childhood Education

text: -English

text: -French

text: Masters Programmes

text: -Admin and Planning

text: -Science Education

text: -Education Technology

text: Faculty of Management Sciences[edit]

text: Undergraduate Courses

text: - Marketing

text: -Entrepreneurial and Business Management

text: -Accounting in collaboration with the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria

text: Postgraduate courses

text: -Financial Management

text: -Business Administration

text: -Public Administration

text: -Master of Business Administration

text: -Public Administration

text: -Public Sector Management

text: Centre for Life-Long Learning and Workplace Training[edit]

text: Diploma Programmes

text: Business Communication

text: Medical Office Practice

text: Entrepreneurship

text: Financial Management

text: Marketing

text: Academic Certificate Programmes[edit]

text: Dental Office Practice

text: Computer Literacy

text: Returning Students

text: Medical Office Practice

text: Financial Management

text: Entrepreneurship

text: Marketing [7]

text: Students[edit]

text: Requirements[edit]

text: A diverse range of students from all walks of life are attracted to the National Open University of Nigeria just like other prominent Open Universities such as the Open University of United Kingdom (OU); for most courses there are no stringent entry requirements other than the ability to study at an appropriate level such as the West African Examination, and other National Diplomas to qualify for a Direct entry admission. Though most postgraduate courses require evidence of previous study and/or equivalent life experience. This fundamental open admissions policy makes undergraduate university study accessible to all.[8]

text: Undergraduates[edit]

text: While most of those studying are mature students, an increasingly large proportion of new undergraduates are aged between 17 and 25, the reduction in financial support for those attending traditional universities, coupled with the use of technologies such as and YouTube that appeal to this demographic, is believed to be behind this growth.[citation needed]

text: Immunity to strikes[edit]

text: Another reason is the Act of Parliament which established the University prohibiting any form of union either within staff or students. This has made the NOUN to be unaffected by strikes such as the ASUU strikes (which lasted for eight months) in Nigeria which ultimately extends students course duration in school unnecessarily. NOUN students have always and will continue to be immune to any form of strike.[9]

text: National Youths Service Corps Stand.

text: The NOUN made efforts to ensure its graduates below age 30 (the maximum age limit) participate in the National Youth Service Corps and Law graduates[10] proceed to the Nigerian Law School.

text: However, efforts have of recent, materialized. The University released a statement where it affirmed that students of NOUN can now enroll and be part of the NYSC program.[11]

text: Rankings and achievements[edit]

text: Latest results of University Rankings released by Ranking Web of Universities (popularly known as Webometrics) revealed another list of 100 Best Universities in Nigeria for 2015. Just as done in every other web ranking, webometrics ranking 2015 adopted search queries from search engines to rank the top universities which the National Open University ranked 23rd.[12] See: List of Nigerian Universities

text: Convocated prison inmates[edit]

text: The decision of the management and senate of National Open University Nigeria(NOUN) to establish study centres in some of the nation’s prisons has started yielding fruits as three inmates were among the over 7,000 that recently graduated from the 13-year-old institute. At its 4th convocation held in the Main Exhibition Hall of the National Theatre, Iganmu, Lagos, and witnessed by the representative of President, Goodluck Jonathan many Vice Chancellors governing council and Senates members and key stakeholders, the two inmates from the Kirikiri Maximum Prisons ended up as star attraction aside the two First-Class graduates produced by the institute for the first time.

text: But attempts by Education Review to speak with them (inmates) were strongly resisted by a female prison official. However, the Deputy Controller in charge of Kirikiri Maximum told Education Review that one of the inmates, is serving life imprisonment while the second inmate whom he could not give his name was released two weeks ago after serving his jail term. Oladapo and the other inmates just discharged were awarded BSc in Peace and Conflict Resolution, the same course the best overall student, Mrs. Anthonia Okoye (a 43-year-old mother who is one of the first two graduates to graduate with a First-Class degree at the institution) studied.[13]

text: Technological platforms[edit]

text: NOUNiLearn[edit]

text: The National Open University of Nigeria in its effort to take education to the doorstep of the Nigerian populace irrespective of their social status and the developing Economy of Nigeria has deployed and implemented iLearn portal technology to enhance student’s learning experience. The NOUN iLearn platform has been created to ease access to excellent quality education. The platform provides amongst many, the following:

text: Online class discussions organized by NOUN facilitators thereby creating a virtual classroom environment.

text: Facility for students to get answers to any questions or areas of difficulty pertaining to their course of study.

text: Networking and collaboration tools to help in community of interaction among students, facilitators, academic staff and faculty members.

text: Better study tools such as the Smart e-Book Digitized lecture video and audio materials for an enhanced student’ learning experience available on the platform.

text: Access to assignments, quizzes and self-study assessment tools.[14]

text: Examination[edit]

text: The university administers the Computer-Based-Test (CBT) form of examination to its students in their first and second years. However, Law undergraduates participate in the standard Pen-On-Paper examinations (POP) beginning from their first year of admission, with LAW111-Legal Methods in First Semester of the first year.

text: Other undergraduates also participate in the CBT system of examination in their first and second years and commence the POP examinations from their third year till the end of their respective course durations. The POP examination system applies to Post Graduate students also.

text: The CBT system of examination has however been criticised by some of the students. The CBT examination is in two categories; the multiple choice questions and fill in the gap - which is the most dreaded examination type by students all around the world.

text: The CBT system requires students to most times, memorize their textbooks in accordance with the programmed answers stored on the school's server in order to obtain full marks as computers will reject answers that do not match its programmed content.[15]

text: Assessment[edit]

text: Tutor-Marked Assignments (TMAs) are continuous assessments in form of Tutor Marked Assignment and it accounts for 30% of student's total score. Students are expected to answer at least four TMAs, three of which must be answered and submitted before students sit for the end of course examination

text: Final examination and grading[edit]

text: With examinations written successfully, The ‘end of course examinations’ would earn students 70% which would be added to their TMA score (30%). The time for this examination is always communicated to students.

text: Facilities[edit]

text: E-library[edit]

text: The NOUN operates an e-library at the headquarters situated at Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria which all students have access to after providing a valid student's identity card. Students have access to both Internet facilities, books, journals, projects, thesis of past students and other educational materials.

text: Radio station[edit]

text: The radio station broadcasts at the frequency 105.9 NOUN FM.[16] Mass Communication students also have the opportunity to intern at the studio which broadcasts on all working days.[citation needed]

text: E-courseware[edit]

text: The NOUN also provides a platform for students that needs to access its database of educational materials NOUN e-Courseware Free Download strictly for educational purposes rather than financial or commercial purposes. Books can be downloaded in PDF formats at no cost.

text: Scholarships[edit]

text: In May 2014, Ini Edo, one of the stars in the Nigerian movie industry, Nollywood made headlines when she was offered a scholarship to study Law at the National Open University. More Nollywood actresses and actors including Desmond Elliot [17] have also been offered scholarships. Chioma Chukwuka-Akpotha, Francis Duru, Doris Simeon and Sani Danja were announced as ambassadors for the NOUN. All four were presented by the Vice Chancellor Prof. Vincent A. Tenebe, with scholarships to study their courses of choice.[18] is for Candidates who are looking to apply for admission into the Institution.


document_title: The Time Traveler's Wife (film)

question_text: who plays alba in the time traveler's wife

question_tokens: who plays alba in the time traveler 's wife

text: The Time Traveler's Wife (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the early 1970s, Henry DeTamble is in a car accident that kills his mother but which he survives by inadvertently time traveling back two weeks. Moments later, Henry is helped by an older version of himself who has also traveled back. Unable to control the timing or destinations of his traveling, Henry finds himself drawn to significant people, places, and events in his life but is incapable of changing events beyond the minor differences his presence creates.

text: In 1991, Henry meets Clare Abshire in the library where he works. She is overjoyed to see him although he is actually meeting her for the first time. Clare explains that she met Henry's future self when she was a child, and that he informed her then that they would meet in the future, which is happening at the moment. Since childhood, Henry has been Clare's best friend and has visited her. As a child, Clare develops a crush on Henry, and she is upset to learn that he is married. When Clare turns 18, two years before their meeting at the library, the older Henry kisses her, leading her to realize that he is her husband in the future. They begin a relationship, which is challenged by Henry's disorder. His sporadic time traveling is further complicated by the fact that he arrives at his destinations completely naked. From an early age, he had learned how to pick locks and to steal clothing to endure his travels. Among his getaways are many visits to young Clare. From present-day Clare's diary, he gets a list of dates when he visited her, and gives those to young Clare so that she can be waiting for him with clothes. Falling in love, Henry and Clare eventually marry, though he actually time travels away before the ceremony and a visibly older version of himself arrives in time to step in, slightly confusing the guests.

text: Henry's disappearances allow him to win the lottery by having the numbers in advance, but his disorder takes a toll on his relationship with Clare. It also makes having a child with Clare seemingly impossible, as Henry's genes cause their unborn fetuses to time travel. They seek a renowned doctor's help, but after numerous similar miscarriages, Henry has a secret vasectomy to end their suffering. However, soon after, Clare gets pregnant one last time—by a visiting younger version of Henry—and carries the baby to full term. Before the child is born, Henry travels forward in time and happily meets their pre-teen daughter, Alba. She tells him that she is a time traveler, too, but has increasing control over when and where she travels. Alba tells Henry that he will die when she is five years old, a fact that Henry subsequently hides from Clare. Alba's pre-teen self, who ultimately tries to prepare her younger self for Henry's death, visits young Alba sporadically. Clare is devastated to discover Henry's impending death. Later, Henry time travels and is accidentally shot by Clare's father, who is hunting elk. Henry returns in time to die in Clare's arms. Some years later, a younger Henry visits Alba and Clare, giving Clare hope that he will visit again, though he tells her not to spend her life waiting for him, hoping this encounter would provide a proper closure for both Clare and Alba.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Eric Bana as Henry DeTamble, a Chicago librarian[3]

Alex Ferris as Henry at Six

Rachel McAdams as Clare Abshire DeTamble, an artist[3]

Brooklynn Proulx as Clare at Six and Eight

Ron Livingston as Gomez, Henry and Clare's friend and Charisse's boyfriend[8]
Jane McLean as Charisse, Clare's best friend and roommate[9]
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Kendrick
Arliss Howard as Richard DeTamble, Henry's father, a professional violinist
Hailey McCann as Alba DeTamble at Nine and Ten, Henry and Clare's daughter

Tatum McCann as Alba at Four and Five

Michelle Nolden as Annette DeTamble, Henry's mother[10]
Maggie Castle as Alicia Abshire, Clare's younger sister
Fiona Reid as Lucille Abshire, Clare's mother
Philip Craig as Philip Abshire, Clare's father
Brian Bisson as Mark Abshire, Clare's brother

text: Production[edit]

text: The film rights for Audrey Niffenegger's 2003 novel The Time Traveler's Wife were optioned by Jennifer Aniston and Brad Pitt's production company Plan B Entertainment, in association with New Line Cinema, before the work was even published.[11][12] Niffenegger stated in an interview that as she was writing the book, she had thoughts of how a film version of the book would appear.[13] When asked about the prospect of her novel being turned into a film, Niffenegger said, "I've got my little movie that runs in my head. And I'm kind of afraid that will be changed or wiped out by what somebody else might do with it. And it is sort of thrilling and creepy, because now the characters have an existence apart from me."[14]

text: In September 2003, the studio hired screenwriter Jeremy Leven to write an adapted screenplay of the novel.[15] Directors Steven Spielberg and David Fincher briefly expressed interest in the project, though no negotiations took place.[16] In March 2005, director Gus Van Sant entered negotiations with the studio to helm the project.[17] The negotiations did not hold, and in November 2006, director Robert Schwentke was instead hired to take over the project.[16]

text: In January 2007, New Line hired screenwriter Bruce Joel Rubin to rewrite Leven's script.[12] Eric Bana and Rachel McAdams were cast in April 2007.[3] Filming began in Toronto on September 10, 2007.[18] It was also shot in Hamilton, Ontario.[19] The film was originally planned for a fall 2008 release, but it was postponed with no official explanation from the studio.[4] When asked about the delay, McAdams said, "We wound up doing a reshoot, and Eric was the holdup … He had to shave his head for a different role, for Star Trek, I think … We did an additional scene in the meadow, so we were also waiting on the meadow to look the way it did [the first time we shot]. So we were waiting on the seasons. Basically we were waiting on nature and Eric's hair."[5] The film was released by Warner Bros. on August 14, 2009.[7][20]

text: Music[edit]

text: The score to The Time Traveler's Wife was composed by Mychael Danna, who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Ocean Way Studios during the fall of 2008.[21] The movie repeatedly features the musical theme of an old German hymn, "Es ist ein Ros entsprungen", whose familiar harmonization was written by German composer Michael Praetorius. This is heard just prior to the early car accident, is played at holiday gatherings, and is otherwise interwoven into the score. The trailer featured the song "Broken", by Lifehouse, which is in the film and the promotional music video. A television commercial for the film featured the song "Show Me What I'm Looking For", by Carolina Liar, although it was not included within the soundtrack. The film also features a cover of Joy Division's "Love Will Tear Us Apart", performed by Canadian indie rock band Broken Social Scene.

text: The official motion picture soundtrack was released as a download on August 11, 2009 by New Line Records. A CD version was released by Decca Records, but is generally only available from vendors outside the United States.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Time Traveler's Wife (Music from the Motion Picture)

Soundtrack album (Digital download) by Mychael Danna

Released
August 11, 2009

Length
55:02

Label
New Line Records

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

Filmtracks.com
[22]

text: All music composed by Mychael Danna.

text:
The Time Traveler's Wife (Music From the Motion Picture)

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Original artist(s)
Length

1.
"Es ist ein Ros entsprungen" (performed by Isabel Bayrakdarian)

0:51

2.
"I'm You Henry"

2:30

3.
"Meadow"

3:19

4.
"How Does It Feel?"

1:59

5.
"Diary"

1:21

6.
"Train"

1:43

7.
"I Don't Feel Alone Anymore"

2:22

8.
"Love Will Tear Us Apart"

Ian Curtis
Peter Hook
Stephen Morris
Bernard Sumner

Broken Social Scene
4:44

9.
"Married to Me"

1:04

10.
"Home"

1:36

11.
"Do You Know When?"

2:09

12.
"Testing"

1:04

13.
"Alba"

2:33

14.
"I Never Had a Choice"

2:58

15.
"Who Would Want That"

2:29

16.
"I Left Him Sleeping"

1:30

17.
"It's a Girl"

2:58

18.
"Five Years"

2:03

19.
"Try to Stay"

1:40

20.
"New Year's Eve"

1:55

21.
"No Tracks in the Snow"

1:48

22.
"See You Again"

5:42

23.
"Broken"
Jason Wade
Lifehouse
4:47

Total length:
55:02

text: Additional songs[edit]

text: There were three songs appearing in the film, but not included with the release of the soundtrack.

text:
"Show Me What I'm Looking For" – Performed by Carolina Liar – 4:00
"Clocks" – Performed by Coldplay – 5:07
"Gone to Earth" – Performed by The American Analog Set – 7:03

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film has received mixed reviews from critics for the same reasons as the novel, praising the characterization of the couple, applauding their emotional depth; others criticized the melodramatic style and the plot as emotionally trite.[23] Based on 157 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, The Time Traveler's Wife has a 38% approval rating from critics, with an average score of 5.1/10 saying, "Though it may satisfy fans of the novel, The Time Traveler's Wife's plot's contrivances and illogical narrative hamper its big screen effectiveness".[24] Metacritic, another review aggregator which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, gives the film an average score of 47 based on 31 reviews.[23]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened third behind District 9 and G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra, grossing $19.2 million on its opening weekend.[25] Grossing $101,229,792 worldwide (over $63,000,000 of which was grossed in the United States) on a $39,000,000 budget, the film was a financial success.[1]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 9, 2010.[26]


document_title: Fixation (histology)

question_text: commonly used as a preservative for tissue specimens

text: Fixation (histology)

text: Purposes[edit]

text: In performing their protective role, fixatives denature proteins by coagulation, by forming additive compounds, or by a combination of coagulation and additive processes. A compound that adds chemically to macromolecules stabilizes structure most effectively if it is able to combine with parts of two different macromolecules, an effect known as cross-linking. Fixation of tissue is done for several reasons. One reason is to kill the tissue so that postmortem decay (autolysis and putrefaction) is prevented.[1] Fixation preserves a sample of biological material (tissue or cells) as close to its natural state as possible in the process of preparing tissue for examination. To achieve this, several conditions usually must be met.

text: First, a fixative usually acts to disable intrinsic biomolecules—particularly proteolytic enzymes—which otherwise digest or damage the sample.

text: Second, a fixative typically protects a sample from extrinsic damage. Fixatives are toxic to most common microorganisms (bacteria in particular) that might exist in a tissue sample or which might otherwise colonize the fixed tissue. In addition, many fixatives chemically alter the fixed material to make it less palatable (either indigestible or toxic) to opportunistic microorganisms.

text: Finally, fixatives often alter the cells or tissues on a molecular level to increase their mechanical strength or stability. This increased strength and rigidity can help preserve the morphology (shape and structure) of the sample as it is processed for further analysis.

text: Even the most careful fixation does alter the sample and introduce artifacts that can interfere with interpretation of cellular ultrastructure. A prominent example is the bacterial mesosome, which was thought to be an organelle in gram-positive bacteria in the 1970s, but was later shown by new techniques developed for electron microscopy to be simply an artifact of chemical fixation.[2][3] Standardization of fixation and other tissue processing procedures takes this introduction of artifacts into account, by establishing what procedures introduce which kinds of artifacts. Researchers who know what types of artifacts to expect with each tissue type and processing technique can accurately interpret sections with artifacts, or choose techniques that minimize artifacts in areas of interest.

text: Process[edit]

text: Fixation is usually the first stage in a multistep process to prepare a sample of biological material for microscopy or other analysis. Therefore, the choice of fixative and fixation protocol may depend on the additional processing steps and final analyses that are planned. For example, immunohistochemistry uses antibodies that bind to a specific protein target. Prolonged fixation can chemically mask these targets and prevent antibody binding. In these cases, a 'quick fix' method using cold formalin for around 24 hours is typically used. Methanol (100%) can also be used for quick fixation, and that time can vary depending on the biological material. For example, MDA-MB 231 human breast cancer cells can be fixed for only 3 minutes with cold methanol (-20 °C). For enzyme localization studies, the tissues should either be pre-fixed lightly only, or post-fixed after the enzyme activity product has formed.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

text: Types[edit]

text: There are generally three types of fixation processes depending on the initial specimen:

text: Heat fixation: After a smear has dried at room temperature, the slide is gripped by tongs or a clothespin and passed through the flame of a Bunsen burner several times to heat-kill and adhere the organism to the slide. Routinely used with bacteria and archaea. Heat fixation generally preserves overall morphology but not internal structures. Heat denatures the proteolytic enzyme and prevents autolysis. Heat fixation cannot be used in the capsular stain method as heat fixation will shrink or destroy the capsule (glycocalyx) and cannot be seen in stains.

text: Immersion: The sample of tissue is immersed in fixative solution of volume at a minimum of 20 times greater than the volume of the tissue to be fixed. The fixative must diffuse through the tissue to fix, so tissue size and density, as well as type of fixative must be considered. This is a common technique for cellular applications. Using a larger sample means it takes longer for the fixative to reach the deeper tissue.

text: Perfusion: Fixation via blood flow. The fixative is injected into the heart with the injection volume matching cardiac output. The fixative spreads through the entire body, and the tissue doesn't die until it is fixed. This has the advantage of preserving perfect morphology, but the disadvantages are that the subject dies and the cost of the volume of fixative needed for larger organisms is high.

text: Chemical fixation[edit]

text: In both immersion and perfusion fixation processes, chemical fixatives are used to preserve structures in a state (both chemically and structurally) as close to living tissue as possible. This requires a chemical fixative.

text: Types of chemical fixatives[edit]

text: Crosslinking fixatives - aldehydes[edit]

text: Crosslinking fixatives act by creating covalent chemical bonds between proteins in tissue. This anchors soluble proteins to the cytoskeleton, and lends additional rigidity to the tissue.

text: By far the most commonly used fixative in histology is formaldehyde. It is usually used as a 10% neutral buffered formalin (NBF), that is approx. 3.7%-4.0% formaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline. Because formaldehyde is a gas at room temperature, formalin-formaldehyde gas dissolved in water (~37% w/v) is used when making the former fixative. Paraformaldehyde is a polymerized form of formaldehyde, usually obtained as a fine white powder, which depolymerises back to formalin when heated. Formaldehyde fixes tissue by cross-linking the proteins, primarily the residues of the basic amino acid lysine. Its effects are reversible by excess water and it avoids formalin pigmentation. Other benefits include: Long term storage and good tissue penetration. It is particularly good for immunohistochemistry techniques. Also the formaldehyde vapor can be used as a fixative for cell smears.

text: Another popular aldehyde for fixation is glutaraldehyde. It operates in a similar way to formaldehyde by causing deformation of the alpha-helix structures in proteins. However glutaraldehyde is a larger molecule, and so its rate of diffusion across membranes is slower than formaldehyde. Consequently, glutaraldehyde fixation on thicker tissue samples may be hampered, but this problem can be overcome by reducing the size of the tissue sample. One of the advantages of glutaraldehyde fixation is that it may offer a more rigid or tightly linked fixed product—its greater length and two aldehyde groups allow it to 'bridge' and link more distant pairs of protein molecules. It causes rapid and irreversible changes, fixes quickly, is well suited for electron microscopy, fixes well at 4 oC, and gives best overall cytoplasmic and nuclear detail. However it is not ideal for immunohistochemistry staining.

text: Some fixation protocols call for a combination of formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde so that their respective strengths complement one another.

text: These crosslinking fixatives–especially formaldehyde–tend to preserve the secondary structure of proteins and may protect significant amounts of tertiary structure as well.

text: Precipitating fixatives - alcohols[edit]

text: Precipitating (or denaturing) fixatives act by reducing the solubility of protein molecules and (often) by disrupting the hydrophobic interactions that give many proteins their tertiary structure. The precipitation and aggregation of proteins is a very different process from the crosslinking that occurs with the aldehyde fixatives.

text: The most common precipitating fixatives are ethanol and methanol. They are commonly used to fix frozen sections and smears. Acetone is also used and has been shown to produce better histological preservation than frozen sections when employed in the Acetone Methylbenzoate Xylene (AMEX) technique.

text: The protein denaturants - methanol, ethanol and acetone - are rarely used alone for fixing blocks unless studying nucleic acids.

text: Acetic acid is a denaturant that is sometimes used in combination with the other precipitating fixatives, such as Davidson's AFA.[4] The alcohols, by themselves, are known to cause considerable shrinkage and hardening of tissue during fixation while acetic acid alone is associated with tissue swelling; combining the two may result in better preservation of tissue morphology.

text: Oxidizing agents[edit]

text: The oxidizing fixatives can react with various side chains of proteins and other biomolecules, allowing formation of crosslinks that stabilize tissue structure. However they cause extensive denaturation despite preserving fine cell structure and are used mainly as secondary fixatives.

text: Osmium tetroxide is often used as a secondary fixative when samples are prepared for electron microscopy. (It is not used for light microscopy as it penetrates thick sections of tissue very poorly.)

text: Potassium dichromate, chromic acid, and potassium permanganate all find use in certain specific histological preparations.

text: Mercurials[edit]

text: Mercurials such as B-5 and Zenker's fixative have an unknown mechanism that increases staining brightness and give excellent nuclear detail. Despite being fast, mercurials penetrate poorly and produce tissue shrinkage. Their best application is for fixation of hematopoietic and reticuloendothelial tissues. Also note that since they contain mercury care must be taken with disposal.

text: Picrates[edit]

text: Picrates penetrate tissue well to react with histones and basic proteins to form crystalline picrates with amino acids and precipitate all proteins. It is a good fixative for connective tissue, preserves glycogen well, and extracts lipids to give superior results to formaldehyde in immunostaining of biogenic and polypeptide hormones However, it causes a loss of basophils unless the specimen is thoroughly washed following fixation.

text: HOPE fixative[edit]

text: Hepes-glutamic acid buffer-mediated organic solvent protection effect (HOPE) gives formalin-like morphology, excellent preservation of protein antigens for immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry, good RNA and DNA yields and absence of crosslinking proteins.

text: Frozen sections[edit]

text: Small pieces of tissue (5×5×3mm) are placed in a cryoprotective embedding medium—OCT, TBS, or cryogel—then snap frozen in isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen. Tissue is then sectioned in a freezing microtome or cryostat and sections are fixed in one of the following fixatives:

text:
absolute acetone for 10–15 seconds
95% ethanol for 10–15 seconds
absolute acetone 10 seconds followed by 95% ethanol for 10 seconds.

text: Advantages[edit]

text:
Better preservation of antigenicity
Minimal exposure to fixative
Not exposed to the organic solvents
Much faster than other forms of fixations

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text:
Lack of morphological detail
Potential biohazard

text: Target and chemical fixative do's and don'ts[edit]

text: This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards. You can help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (September 2013)

text:
Target
Fixative of choice
Fixative to avoid

Proteins
Neutral buffered formalin, paraformaldehyde
Osmium tetroxide

Enzymes
Frozen sections
Chemical fixatives

Lipids
Frozen sections*, glutaraldehyde/osmium tetroxide
Alcoholic fixatives, neutral buffered formalin

Nucleic acids
Alcoholic fixatives, HOPE
Aldehyde fixatives

Mucopolysaccharides
Frozen sections
Chemical fixatives

Biogenic amines
Bouin solution, neutral buffered formalin

Glycogen
Alcoholic based fixatives
Osmium tetroxide

text: Frozen sections preserve RNA and Lipids despite poor morphology. Compare to paraffin sections, synonymous to chemical fixatives in the table, which destroy RNA and affect some antigens BUT give good morphology.

text: ~ A picrate

text: Factors affecting fixation[edit]

text: Acidity or basicity[edit]

text: Should be kept in the physiological range, between pH 4-9. The pH for the ultrastructure preservation should be buffered between 7.2 to 7.4

text: Osmolarity[edit]

text: Hypertonic solutions give rise to cell shrinkage.

text: Hypotonic solutions result in cell swelling and poor fixation.

text: 10% neutral buffer formalin is 4% formaldehyde (1.33 osmolar) in PBS buffer (0.3 osmolar) sums to 1.63 osmolar. This is a very hypertonic solution yet it has worked well as a general tissue fixation condition for many years in pathology labs. The size of tissue can also affect the fixation process.

text: Size of the specimen[edit]

text: 1–4 mm thickness [0.5 cm]

text: Volume of the fixative[edit]

text: At least 15-20 times greater than tissue volume

text: Temperature[edit]

text: Increasing the temperature increases speed of fixation. However, care is required to avoid cooking the specimen. Fixation is routinely carried out at room temperature.

text: Duration[edit]

text: As a general rule, 1 hour per millimetre of tissue paraformaldehyde (PFA) must penetrate. So if we have a three-dimensional tissue block, it is the shortest dimension that determines fixation time.

text: Time from removal to fixation[edit]

text: Fixation is a chemical process, and time must be allowed for the process to complete. Although "over fixation" can be detrimental, under-fixation has recently been appreciated as a significant problem and may be responsible for inappropriate results for some assays.