document_title: Blackbird (Beatles song)

question_text: what movie was blackbird by the beatles in

text: Blackbird (Beatles song)

text: Origins[edit]

text:
Lute Suite No,. 1 – BWV 996, E Minor – V Bourrée

Performed on a lautenwerck by Martha Goldstein

Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: McCartney explained on Chaos and Creation at Abbey Road, aired in 2005, that the guitar accompaniment for "Blackbird" was inspired by Johann Sebastian Bach's Bourrée in E minor, a well-known lute piece, often played on the classical guitar. As teenagers, he and George Harrison tried to learn Bourrée as a "show off" piece. The Bourrée is distinguished by melody and bass notes played simultaneously on the upper and lower strings. McCartney adapted a segment of the Bourrée (reharmonised into the original's relative major key of G) as the opening of "Blackbird", and carried the musical idea throughout the song.

text: The first night his future wife Linda Eastman stayed at his home, McCartney played "Blackbird" for the fans camped outside his house.[1] The fingerpicking technique that McCartney uses in the song was taught to him by folk singer Donovan.

text: Meaning[edit]

text: Since composing "Blackbird" in 1968, McCartney has given differing, contradictory statements regarding both his inspiration for the song and its meaning.[2] In one of these scenarios, he has said he was inspired by hearing the call of a blackbird one morning when the Beatles were studying Transcendental Meditation in Rishikesh, India.[3] In another, he recalls writing it in Scotland as a response to racial tensions escalating in the United States during the spring of 1968.[4]

text: In May 2002, following a show in Dallas, Texas, McCartney discussed the song with KCRW DJ Chris Douridas, saying:

text: I had been doing some [poetry readings] in the last year or so because I've got a poetry book out called Blackbird Singing, and when I would read "Blackbird", I would always try and think of some explanation to tell the people … So, I was doing explanations, and I actually just remembered why I'd written "Blackbird", you know, that I'd been, I was in Scotland playing on my guitar, and I remembered this whole idea of "you were only waiting for this moment to arise" was about, you know, the black people's struggle in the southern states, and I was using the symbolism of a blackbird. It's not really about a blackbird whose wings are broken, you know, it's a bit more symbolic.[5][6]

text: Before his acoustic guitar set during the same US tour, McCartney explained that "bird" is British slang for girl, making "blackbird" a synonym for "black girl".

text: The lyrics have invited similarly varied interpretations – as a nature song, a message in support of the Black Power movement, or a love song.[7] Writing in the 1990s, Ian MacDonald dismissed the idea that "Blackbird" was intended as "a metaphor for the black civil rights struggle".[8] Noting instead the composition's romantic qualities, MacDonald said that the early-morning bird song "translates … into a succinct metaphor for awakening on a deeper level".[9] However, during an informal rehearsal at EMI Studios on 22 November 1968, before he and Donovan took part in a Mary Hopkin recording session, McCartney played "Blackbird", telling Donovan that he wrote it after having "read something in the paper about the riots" and that he meant the black "bird" to symbolise a black woman.[10]

text: Composition and recording[edit]

text: The song was recorded on 11 June 1968 at EMI's Abbey Road Studios in London,[11] with George Martin as the producer and Geoff Emerick as the audio engineer.[12] It is a solo performance with McCartney playing a Martin D 28 acoustic guitar. The track includes recordings of a male blackbird singing in the background.[12][13]

text: The accompaniment consists of guitar, tapping, and birdsong overdub. The tapping "has been incorrectly identified as a metronome in the past", according to engineer Geoff Emerick, who says it is actually the sound of Paul tapping his foot, which Emerick recalls as being mic'd up separately.[14] Footage included in the bonus content on disc two of the 2009 remaster of the album shows McCartney tapping both his feet alternately while performing the song.

text: The mono version contains bird sounds different from the stereo recording, and was originally issued on a mono incarnation of The Beatles (it has since been issued worldwide as part of The Beatles in Mono CD box set). The song appears on Love with "Yesterday", billed as "Blackbird/Yesterday". "Blackbird" provides an introduction to "Yesterday".

text: Live performances[edit]

text: In 1973, McCartney included the song, along with the Beatles track "Michelle",[15] as part of his acoustic medley in the television special James Paul McCartney.[16] Starting with his 1975–76 world tour with the band Wings, McCartney has performed "Blackbird" on every one of his concert tours.[17] A solo performance of the song, followed by "Yesterday", appears on Wings' 1976 live album Wings Over America.

text: McCartney also included "Blackbird" in his set at the Party at the Palace concert in June 2002. In 2009, McCartney performed the song at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, commenting prior to singing it on how it had been written in response to the Civil Rights Movement, and added, "It's so great to realise so many civil rights issues have been overcome."[18]

text: A live version appears in the multi-CD collection Good Evening New York City, which was released in 2009 and recorded inside the American stadium Citi Field.

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Paul McCartney – double-tracked lead vocal, acoustic guitar, tape loops, foot tapping

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
"Blackbird"

Single by The Dandy Warhols

Released
July 31, 2009 (2009-07-31)

Format
Digital

Length
3:36

Label
Beat the World

Songwriter(s)
Lennon–McCartney

The Dandy Warhols singles chronology

"Horny as a Dandy"
(2006)
"Blackbird"
(2009)
"You Are Killing Me"
(2016)

"Horny as a Dandy"
(2006)
"Blackbird"
(2009)
"You Are Killing Me"
(2016)

text: "Blackbird" is, by one count, one of the top ten most recorded songs of all time.[19] The following artists have recorded "Blackbird" in a variety of styles:

text:
Pop rock/R&B singer Dionne Farris included an acoustic interpretation of the song on her debut album Wild Seed – Wild Flower.
Actor/Pop rock singer Drake Bell has performed Blackbird live on multiple occasions.
"Blackbird" appears on the Crosby, Stills & Nash 1991 box set, having been recorded during the sessions for the album Crosby, Stills & Nash. They performed it often in concert, also at their performance at Woodstock festival 1969 and a live version appeared in 2014 on the CSNY 1974 album.
The Dandy Warhols released a recording of the song in July 2009 following the death of Michael Jackson, fulfilling a promise made in the first and title track of their 2003 album Welcome to the Monkey House ("When Michael Jackson dies, we're coverin' 'Blackbird'").[20] The line was thought to partially reference Jackson's ownership of the Beatles' back catalogue of songs[21] when he bought Associated Television (ATV), which had previously acquired Northern Songs, in the mid-1980s.
Sarah Darling recorded the song in November 2011 for the album Let Us In: Nashville – A Tribute to Linda McCartney, and it was released as a single.[22] Darling's version was later featured in the 200th episode of Criminal Minds.
Neil Diamond interpreted the song for his 2010 album Dreams.
Ara Dinkjian recorded the song with Night Ark.
Justin Hayward recorded the song for his 1994 Classic Blue album.
In 2001, Canadian musician Sarah McLachlan recorded a cover version of "Blackbird" for the I Am Sam movie soundtrack. It also appears on her 2008 compilation album Rarities, B-Sides and Other Stuff Volume 2.
Bobby McFerrin released an a cappella version on his 1984 album The Voice.
Jazz pianist Brad Mehldau recorded what has been described as a "haunting version of the Beatles' classic"[23] for his 1997 album The Art of the Trio Volume One.[24]
Swedish classical mezzo-soprano Anne Sofie von Otter recorded the song in her "Love Songs" album, with Brad Mehldau in 2010.
The Paragons featuring Rosalyn Sweat recorded a ska/rocksteady version in 1973.
Jaco Pastorius recorded the song in 1981.
"Blackbird" is performed by Phish on the band's 1994 Halloween album, Live Phish Volume 13, which includes a rendition of each song on the Beatles' White Album.[25]
The song is sung by various members of the Templeton family in the animated movie The Boss Baby.
In 1972, Billy Preston released a version of the song on his Music Is My Life album.
Carly Simon recorded a version for her 2007 album Into White.
Sylvester included the song on his live Living Proof album in 1979.
Evan Rachel Wood vocalized the song in the 2007 film Across the Universe.
Dave Grohl performed the song during the In Memoriam tribute at the 88th Academy Awards.
Sara Gazarek recorded it as part of a jazz medley with Bye Bye Blackbird on her 2005 album Yours and her 2016 album Dream in the Blue
Jon Batiste performed a version of the song during a taping for The Late Show with Stephen Colbert, in honor of The Beatles' 52nd anniversary of their American television debut at The Ed Sullivan Theatre.[26]
Marillion did a version for their live album Unplugged at the Walls.
Jon Lajoie did a parody version for YouTube depicting the breakup of the Beatles being John and Yoko Ono's fault, Paul McCartney being the star of the group and Paul's life and career post-Beatles.[27]
Petula Clark covered the song on her 2016 album From Now On.[28]


document_title: Barney Miller

question_text: who played bass on barney miller theme song

root

text: Barney Miller

text: Premise[edit]

text: Barney Miller takes place almost entirely within the confines of the detectives' squad room and Captain Barney Miller's adjoining office of New York City's fictional 12th Precinct, located in Greenwich Village.[1] A typical episode featured the detectives of the 12th bringing in several complainants and/or suspects to the squad room. Usually, two or three separate subplots are in a given episode, with different officers dealing with different crimes. Once a year, an episode would feature one or more of the detectives outside of the walls of the precinct, either on a stakeout or at one of their homes.

tag: p

text: Primary characters:

text:
Captain Barney Miller (Hal Linden) is the sensible captain of the precinct who tries to retain his sanity while dealing with the foibles of his staff and the unending stream of budget problems and paperwork that make up his job.
Sgt. Philip K. Fish (Abe Vigoda) is the senior detective on the squad. Crotchety, world-weary, and near retirement, he always seems to be suffering through some physical ailment, but his years of experience as a police officer make him a very good detective and mentor to other members of his squad. Frequently, he is on the phone dealing with a minor marital crisis with his wife Bernice. The character was eventually spun off into its own series.
Det. (later Sgt.) Stanley Thaddeus "Wojo" Wojciehowicz (Max Gail) is the naive, gung-ho but goodhearted Catholic Polish-American, who gradually transforms from a macho former Marine into a sensitive character who tries to see things from a decidedly humanitarian point of view, while performing his duties as a detective. He takes and fails the sergeant's examination four times, but finally passes on his fifth try and gets promoted in season four.
Sgt. Ron Nathan Harris (Ron Glass) is an ambitious, intellectual African American, who lives well beyond his means, and who frequently seems more preoccupied with his attire and his career as a writer than with his police work. A long-running plotline about his various attempts to establish a writing career eventually has Harris emerge as a published author, with his lurid memoir Blood on the Badge.
Sgt. Nick Yemana (Jack Soo) is a surrealistically philosophical, wisecracking Japanese American detective. He is noted for his "off the wall" sense of humor and wry observations about life, as well as for his gambling habits, extraordinarily poor paperwork filing skills, and for making extremely bad coffee for the other members of the squad.
Sgt. Miguel "Chano" Amanguale (Gregory Sierra) is a dauntless, beleaguered Puerto Rican detective, who is very emotionally attached to his job.
Sgt. Arthur Dietrich (Steve Landesberg) is an intellectual detective with a calm, unflappable nature and a seemingly endless supply of knowledge on a wide array of subjects.
Deputy Inspector Frank Luger (James Gregory) is Miller's rambling, out-of-touch, and unapologetic old-school superior who frequently drops by the precinct to "chat with" Barney.
Officer Carl Levitt (Ron Carey) is a diminutive and obsequious (but competent and hard-working) uniformed officer who constantly, passive-aggressively badgers Miller about being promoted, and in the last season is promoted to detective.

tag: ul

text: Elizabeth Miller (Barbara Barrie): Barney's wife, a dedicated social worker is intended to be a regular character, and listed in the opening credits during seasons one and two, Liz is seen fairly infrequently; she is, however, often referred to, and Barney is often seen (and heard) on the phone with her.

text: The show's focus was split between the detectives' interactions with each other and with the suspects and witnesses they detained, processed, and interviewed. Some typical conflicts and long-running plotlines included Miller's frustration with red tape and paperwork, his constant efforts to maintain peace, order, and discipline, and his numerous failed attempts to get a promotion; Harris's preoccupation with outside interests, such as his living arrangements but mainly his memoir (Blood on the Badge), and his inability to remain focused on his police work; Fish's age-related health issues, marital problems, and reluctance to retire; Wojciehowicz's impulsive behavior and love life; Luger's nostalgia for the old days with partners Foster, Kleiner, and "Brownie" Brown; Levitt's quest to become a detective (which is eventually successful); the rivalry between the precinct's resident intellectuals, Harris and Dietrich; and continually—but reliably—bad coffee, usually made by Yemana.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Regulars[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons
Notes

Hal Linden
Captain Barney Miller

1–8

Main star and regular character throughout the series' run.

Max Gail (second season billed as Maxwell Gail)
Detective Stan "Wojo" Wojciehowicz

1–8

Regular character throughout the series' run.

Ron Glass
Detective Ron Harris

1–8

Regular character throughout the series' run.

James Gregory
Deputy Inspector Franklin D. Luger

1–8

A regular character throughout the series, usually seen in about a third to a half of any given season's episodes. Gregory was only listed in the opening credits during Season 4, and in the first four episodes and last episode of Season 5; in other seasons, he was listed as a "Special Guest" in the closing credits.

Abe Vigoda
Sergeant Philip K. Fish

1–4, 7

Vigoda was a regular for the first three seasons. Though still in the opening credits, he appeared in only about half of the episodes in the last half of Season 3. (The character was simultaneously seen on the spin-off show Fish at this same time.) Fish "retired" as of Season 4, Episode 2, though he returned for two guest appearances, one later in Season 4 and one in Season 7.

Jack Soo
Sergeant Nick Yemana

1–5

A regular in Seasons 1 to 5, Soo died on January 11, 1979 (midway through Season 5). A special memorial episode was aired, with the actors breaking character and recalling their favorite Yemana scenes. The episode ended with the entire cast raising their coffee cups in tribute.

Barbara Barrie
Elizabeth "Liz" Miller

1–2, 4, 5

Though appearing in only a handful of episodes after the pilot, Barrie received billing in the opening credits of every episode in Seasons 1 and 2. Often mentioned, her character returned for a one-episode guest appearance in Season 4, and a two-part guest appearance and a single episode guest appearance in Season 5.

Gregory Sierra
Sergeant Miguel "Chano" Amangual

1–2

Regular character for seasons 1 and 2, then left the show. No explanation is given for his character's absence at the start of Season 3. In Season 4, Officer Roslyn Licori is brought in as his replacement two years after the official request was made (with no satisfactory explanation from the Personnel Department as to why the request took so long to be filled).

Steve Landesberg
Detective Arthur Dietrich

2–8

Landesberg was first seen as a one-shot character, a priest (Father Paul), in Season 2 Episode 1 – "Doomsday". Later that season, he first appeared as Dietrich in the twelfth episode, "Fish". Dietrich was a transfer from the 33rd when budget cuts closed that precinct. He became a semi-regular in Season 3 and a full-time cast member from Season 4 onwards (essentially replacing the retired Det. Fish)

Ron Carey
Officer Carl Levitt

3–8

Carey first appeared as a perp, Angelo "The Mole" Molinari, in the last episode of Season 2. He began his role as a recurring character, Officer Levitt, in Season 3, becoming a full-time cast member by Season 4 (his character would finally make detective in the series' final episode).

tag: table

text: With the 2016 deaths of Abe Vigoda and Ron Glass, Hal Linden and Max Gail are the only living full-time cast members. Although Gregory Sierra is still living, he left the show after Season 2. Barbara Barrie became a recurring character as Barney's wife Liz.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: Other officers and staff[edit]

text:
Actor
Character
Seasons
Notes

Milt Kogan
Officer Kogan

1–2

Though not seen after season 2, Kogan (the downstairs desk sergeant) was frequently referred to throughout the series' run.

Paul Lichtman
Mr. Beckman, the building repairman

1–3

George Murdock ‡
Lt. Ben Scanlon, Internal Affairs

2, 4–8

A member of the Internal Affairs Department, the eternally suspicious Scanlon was not attached to the 12th Precinct. His visits from headquarters involved trying to find corruption inside the precinct, especially in the detective squad.

Linda Lavin
Detective Janice Wentworth

1, 2

An extremely dedicated and enthusiastic (sometimes overly so) member of the squad who developed a romantic relationship with Wojo. After a short run as a regular guest on Barney Miller (beginning with episode 8 of the first season, "Ms. Cop"), Lavin left the series to star in Alice. Wentworth's name can still be seen on the staff duty roster through most of Season 3 and a flashback scene of her was used in the final episode.

June Gable
Detective Maria Battista

3

Short-lived addition to the 12th Precinct's detective room, lasting two episodes.

Mari Gorman ‡
Officer Roslyn Licori

4

Gorman made a guest appearance (season 4, episode 3) as an amateur prostitute housewife, and then, after a three-episode run as Licori in season 4, she played another recurring role during season 8, as Mrs. Binder, wife of frequent precinct visitor Bruno Binder.

Dino Natali
Officer Zatelli

4–7

A gay officer. Particularly loathed by the homophobic Lt. Scanlon, who desperately wants to find a reason to fire him; after he was outed by a careless remark by Wojo, he was promoted to a position as Administrative Assistant at Police Headquarters.

Paul Lieber ‡
Detective Eric Dorsey

7

Another three-episode detective, who came in with a cynical attitude toward the squad that Levitt took as a good sign that the newcomer would not fit in. Dorsey straightened out, but was reassigned regardless.

text: ‡ Murdock, Gorman, Dullaghan, and Leiber all made guest appearances in other roles in addition to their regularly recurring series roles.

text: Barney Miller had a stock company of character actors who made frequent appearances in different roles, among them Phil Leeds, Kay Medford, Bruce Kirby, Kenneth Tigar, Arny Freeman, Don Calfa, Walter Janowitz, Peggy Pope, Nehemiah Persoff, Rosana Soto (Rosanna DeSoto), Todd Susman, Leonard Stone, Philip Sterling, Sal Viscuso, Rod Colbin, Martin Garner, and Jack Kruschen.

text: 12th Precinct regulars[edit]

text: The 12th Precinct had a number of regular complainants, habitués of the holding cell, or other people who often dropped by. Characters seen on three or more episodes included:

text:
Actor
Character
# of appearances
Seasons
Notes

Jack DeLeon
Marty Morrison

8

1–8

Marty, a gay man, is arrested for snatching purses in the series' second episode. Later he is occasionally brought in as a suspect, other times as a complainant.

Alex Henteloff ‡
Arnold Ripner

7

1–8

An ambulance-chasing attorney, Ripner visits the precinct whenever he has a client to defend. His first appearance is in the series' second episode as Marty Morrison's lawyer. (He also sometimes visits just to try to drum up business amongst those in the holding cell.) Ripner later sues Harris for Harris' depiction of him in his novel Blood on the Badge, winning a $320,000 judgment.

Stanley Brock ‡
Bruno Binder

7

4–8

The owner of a sporting goods store and would-be vigilante frequently in trouble for his overzealous ways to get rid of what he considered undesirable elements.

Jack Somack
Mr. Cotterman

6

1–5, 7

Owner of the frequently-robbed Cotterman's Liquor Store. In the second part of the season 7 episode "Homicide", the squad learns that he was shot in the head and killed by two would-be extortionists.

Ray Stewart
Darryl Driscoll

5

2–8

Marty's somewhat more sensible and grounded lover, who lends Marty moral support during his visits to the precinct; formerly married with a young son.

John Dullaghan ‡
Ray Brewer

5

5–8

A lonely transient, Ray stops by the precinct during open houses to talk and sample the coffee. Later joins the Salvation Army.

J.J. Barry ‡
Arthur Duncan

4

7–8

A small-time crook who is frequently arrested.

Ralph Manza ‡
Leon Roth

4

3–8

A blind man who is first arrested for shoplifting, Mr. Roth returned later as both arrestee and complainant.

Doris Roberts ‡
Harriet Brauer

3

4–7

A frequent complainant (against her husband).

Peter Hobbs
Phillip Brauer

3

4–7

A middle-aged married man whose attempts to spice up his married life often end disastrously.

Paula Shaw
Paula Capshaw

3

3–4

A cynical prostitute who is a frequent arrestee.

text: ‡ cast in several different roles over the series' run

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Herbert Edelman
Todd Bridges
Billy Barty
Barney Martin
Marla Gibbs
Danny Dayton
Roscoe Lee Browne
David Wayne
Dick O'Neill
David Lander
Queenie Smith
Jack Dodson
Charlotte Rae
Florence Halop
Denise Miller
Brett Somers
James Cromwell
Michael Tucci
Peggy Pope
Larry B. Scott
Christopher Lloyd
Ed Peck
Ben Piazza
Jeffrey Tambor

text: Fish's family[edit]

text: Fish's wife Bernice made an appearance from time to time in Seasons 1 to 4. In Seasons 1, 3 and 4 she was played by Florence Stanley (in a total of seven appearances); in Bernice's only Season 2 appearance she was portrayed by Doris Belack. In that episode, Fish also had a grown daughter named Beverly played by Emily Levine. Also seen as recurring characters in Season 3 were group home children Jilly (Denise Miller) and Victor (John Cassisi), who would eventually become Fish's foster children. In 1977, the Fishes were spun off into their own show, Fish.

text: Barney's family[edit]

text: In addition to Barney's wife Liz, Barney's son David (Michael Tessier) and daughter Rachel (Anne Wyndham) appeared in the pilot. Barney's son was written out of the show after the first episode (though his daughter appeared once more, in The Courtesans), while his wife made appearances through the second season. Wyndham also reprised her role in two later episodes.

text: Pilot[edit]

text: The series was born out of an unsold television pilot, The Life and Times of Captain Barney Miller, that aired on August 22, 1974, as part of an ABC summer anthology series, Just for Laughs. Linden and Vigoda were cast in their series roles; no other eventual cast members were present. Abby Dalton played Barney Miller's wife, Liz, while Val Bisoglio, Rod Perry, and a pre-Hill Street Blues Charles Haid rounded out the cast of the pilot. Guest stars included Mike Moore, Chu Chu Mulave, Henry Beckman, Buddy Lester, Michael Tessier and Anne Wyndham.[2]

text: The pilot script was later largely reused in the debut episode Ramon. For this reworked episode, Bisoglio's lines were more or less evenly split between the new characters of Yemana and Chano, while Haid's character of Kazinski became Max Gail's Wojciehowicz. Rod Perry's character, Sgt. Wilson, was replaced by Harris in the reworked episode, although Wilson would reappear one more time in the first-season episode Experience before disappearing from the series entirely. Abby Dalton was replaced by Barbara Barrie as Liz, and Henry Beckman's character of Uncle Charlie was dropped entirely. The rest of the guest cast (Moore, Malave, Lester, Tessier and Wyndham) reprised their roles in the debut episode.[3]

text: Unlike the remainder of the series, the pilot was shot on film at CBS Studio Center, where the sets of the 12th Precinct and the Miller apartment were originally built.[2] When the show went into regular production in late 1974, it was recorded on videotape. The sets were moved to the ABC Television Center in Hollywood, where they remained until production ended in 1982.[3]

text: The pilot was never broadcast in syndication. It was released in 2011 as part of Shout Factory's complete series set on DVD.

text: Opening theme[edit]

text: The show's instrumental jazz fusion theme music, written by Jack Elliott and Allyn Ferguson, opens with a distinctive bass line performed by studio musician Chuck Berghofer. The bass line was improvised by Berghofer at the request of producer Dominik Hauser: "Can you do something on the bass? This guy is a cop in New York. Can we just start it out with the bass?"[4] The theme song was ranked #23 and #27, respectively, by Complex and Paste magazines, in their lists of "best TV theme songs".[5][6]

text: The theme plays over the Manhattan skyline, followed by shots of the characters and opening credits. Season 1 opened and closed with a shot of Midtown Manhattan as seen from Weehawken, New Jersey. Season 2 onward opened with a shot of Lower Manhattan as seen from Brooklyn Heights, with a barge being towed in the foreground, and closed with a shot of the Midtown Manhattan skyline as seen from Long Island City. Several versions of the theme were used during different seasons, with minor variations in composition and performance.

text: Production[edit]

text: Production of Barney Miller deliberately resembled a theatrical play; scenes rarely strayed from the precinct station's squadroom, with its prominent open-barred holding cell, and Miller's adjoining office. Characters came and went, but always within the confines of the precinct. Barney Miller tended to obey two of the three classical unities of drama: unity of place and unity of time. The third unity, unity of action, was not followed, since each episode had multiple subplots.

text: Barney Miller was notorious for its marathon taping sessions.[7] Early seasons were recorded before a live studio audience and used a laugh track for sweetening reactions during post-production. Creator and executive producer Danny Arnold would then rewrite and restage entire scenes after the audience departed, actively looking for quieter, subtler moments that would not play well before a crowd; a taping session that began in the afternoon or early evening would then continue into the early morning hours. Max Gail referred to this in the Jack Soo retrospective episode aired on May 17, 1979, remarking that one of the clips shown was a scene that "we finished around 2:30 in the morning." In a 1977 blooper, a crew member mentions it being 3:15 a.m.

text: Writer Tom Reeder described working on the show:

text: Danny Arnold was the creator of the show, and especially in the early years, he was a marvel. When he was "on", he could spin out entire scenes, ad-libbing dialogue—and great jokes—for every character. By the time those scenes got to script form, though, he obsessively rewrote them.

text: That's true of a lot of showrunners, but Danny couldn't seem to stop himself. Sometime during season 2 (or maybe it was 3) the show was no longer taped in front of an audience, partly because the script was rarely done by show night. When one season began, six pages were in print. Not six scripts—six pages of one script.

text: This meant that on the day the show was taped, the actors would hang around on the stage, waiting for pages to be sent down. Then—sometimes at 2 a.m.—they would have to learn new scenes. Ron Carey (Officer Levitt) would get his fairly quickly: "Here's your mail, Captain." On the other hand, poor Steve Landesberg (Dietrich) might have to memorize long speeches explaining how nuclear fission works.

text: In the early years, Danny benefited from the heroic writing efforts of Chris Hayward, who was a veteran writer, and rookies Tony Sheehan and Reinhold Weege who, like me, didn't know any better. They were the Barney Miller writing staff. My agent wisely turned down Danny's annual offers of staff jobs, negotiating freelance assignments (so-called "multiple deals") for me instead. Even so, the pace was frantic—on one assignment I was given 3 hours to write the story outline. On another occasion, a friend came into my office at ABC-Vine Street and said, "Hey, Reeder, want to go get some lunch?" I pointed to the paper in my typewriter and said, "This script is on the stage—thanks anyway."[8]

text: Employing a live audience became impractical as lengthy reshoots became commonplace. By Season 4, only a quiet laugh track was used when necessary.[9]

text: Marty and Darryl were among the earliest recurring gay characters on American television. Danny Arnold worked closely with the Gay Media Task Force, an activist group that worked on LGBT representation in media, in developing the characters.[10] Initially both characters were presented in a stereotypically effeminate manner but in later appearances Darryl began dressing and speaking in a more mainstream fashion.[11] Officer Zitelli's coming out was the first gay story arc on American television, occurring across the series' sixth and seventh seasons.

text: The series took a while to become a hit, but ABC supported it anyway.[12] Danny Arnold ended production of Barney Miller in 1982 after eight seasons for fear of repeating storylines; the show was not cancelled by the network.

text: Reception by police[edit]

text: Barney Miller retains a devoted following among real-life police officers, who appreciate the show's emphasis on dialog and believably quirky characters, and its low-key portrayal of cops going about their jobs. In a 2005 op-ed for the New York Times, real-life New York police detective Lucas Miller wrote:

text: Real cops are not usually fans of cop shows. [...] Many police officers maintain that the most realistic police show in the history of television was the sitcom Barney Miller, [...] The action was mostly off screen, the squad room the only set, and the guys were a motley bunch of character actors who were in no danger of being picked for the N.Y.P.D. pin-up calendar. But they worked hard, made jokes, got hurt and answered to their straight-man commander. For real detectives, most of the action does happen off screen, and we spend a lot of time back in the squad room writing reports about it. Like Barney Miller's squad, we crack jokes at one another, at the cases that come in, and at the crazy suspect locked in the holding cell six feet from the new guy's desk. Life really is more like Barney Miller than NYPD Blue, but our jokes aren't nearly as funny.[13]

text: Similarly, during his appearance on Jon Favreau's Independent Film Channel talk show Dinner for Five, Dennis Farina, who worked as a Chicago police officer before turning to acting, called Barney Miller the most realistic cop show ever seen on television.[14]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Barney Miller won a DGA Award from the Directors Guild of America in 1981. The series won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series in 1982, after it ended. It received six other nominations in that category, from 1976 to 1981. The series won Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series in 1980 (in addition to nominations in 1976, 1977 and 1982), Outstanding Directing in a Comedy or Comedy-Variety or Music Series in 1979, and was nominated for a number of others.[15] It won Golden Globe Awards for Best Television Comedy or Musical Series in 1976 and 1977 (from a total of seven nominations),[16] and won a Peabody Award in 1978.[17] In 2013, TV Guide ranked Barney Miller at #46 on its list of the 60 best series of all time.[18]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released the first three seasons of Barney Miller on DVD in Region 1. Season 1 was released on January 20, 2004, to slow sales, and Sony decided not to release any more seasons. However, the decision was later reversed and Season 2 was released in 2008 (four years after the release of Season 1), followed by Season 3 in 2009.

text: Shout! Factory acquired the rights to the series in 2011 and subsequently released a complete series set on October 25, 2011. The 25-disc set features all 168 episodes of the series as well as bonus features and the first season of the Abe Vigoda spin-off, Fish.[19]

text: In 2014, Shout! began releasing individual season sets, season 4 was released on January 7, 2014,[20] season 5 on May 13, 2014.[21] Season 6 on December 9, 2014.[22] and Season 7 on April 7, 2015,[23] followed by the eighth and final season on July 7, 2015.[24]

text: Season 1 was released on DVD in Region 4 on December 20, 2006.

text:
DVD Name
Ep #
Release Date

The First Season
13
January 20, 2004

The Complete Second Season
22
January 22, 2008

The Complete Third Season
22
March 17, 2009

The Complete Fourth Season
23
January 7, 2014

The Complete Fifth Season
24
May 13, 2014

The Complete Sixth Season
22
December 9, 2014

The Complete Seventh Season
22
April 7, 2015

The Complete Eighth Season
22
July 7, 2015

The Complete Series
168
October 25, 2011


document_title: Military budget of the United States

question_text: where does funding for the military come from

question_tokens: where does funding for the military come from

text: Military budget of the United States

text: Budget by Year[edit]

text: The following is historical spending on defense from 1996-2015, spending for 2014-15 is estimated.[1] The Defense Budget is shown in billions of dollars and total budget in trillions of dollars. The percentage of the total U.S. budget spent on defense is indicated in the third row, and change in defense spending from the previous year in the final row.

text:
1990s
2000s
2010s

96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15

Defense Budget (Billions)
266
270
271
292
304
335
362
456
491
506
556
625
696
698
721
717
681
610
614
637

Total Budget (Trillions)
1.58
1.64
1.69
1.78
1.82
1.96
2.09
2.27
2.41
2.58
2.78
2.86
3.32
4.08
3.48
3.51
3.58
3.48
3.64
3.97

Defense Budget %
16.8
16.5
16.0
16.4
16.7
17.1
17.3
20.1
20.4
19.6
20.0
21.9
20.9
17.1
20.7
20.4
19.1
17.5
16.8
16.0

Defense Spending % Change
-0.1
+1.6
+0.2
+7.8
+4.0
+10.1
+8.2
+26.0
+7.6
+3.1
+10.0
+12.5
+11.3
+0.2
+3.4
-0.6
-5.0
-10.5
+0.6
+3.8

text: Budget for 2011[edit]

text: For the 2011 fiscal year, the president's base budget for the Department of Defense and spending on "overseas contingency operations" combine to bring the sum to US$664.84 billion.[2][3]

text: When the budget was signed into law on 28 October 2009, the final size of the Department of Defense's budget was $680 billion, $16 billion more than President Obama had requested.[4] An additional $37 billion supplemental bill to support the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan was expected to pass in the spring of 2010, but has been delayed by the House of Representatives after passing the Senate.[5][6]

text: Emergency and supplemental spending[edit]

text: The recent invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan were largely funded through supplementary spending bills outside the federal budget, which are not included in the military budget figures listed below.[7] However, the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan were categorized as "overseas contingency operations" in the starting of the fiscal year 2010, and the budget is included in the federal budget.[citation needed]

text: By the end of 2008, the U.S. had spent approximately $900 billion in direct costs on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The government also incurred indirect costs, which include interests on additional debt and incremental costs, financed by the Veterans Administration, of caring for more than 33,000 wounded. Some experts estimate the indirect costs will eventually exceed the direct costs.[8] As of June 2011, the total cost of the wars was approximately $1.3 trillion.[9]

text: By title[edit]

text: The federally budgeted (see below) military expenditure of the United States Department of Defense for fiscal year 2013 are as follows. While data is provided from the 2015 budget, data for 2014 and 2015 is estimated, and thus data is shown for the last year for which definite data exists (2013).[1]

text:
Components
Funding
Change, 2012 to 2013

Operations and maintenance
$258.277 billion
-9.9%

Military Personnel
$153.531 billion
-3.0%

Procurement
$97.757 billion
-17.4%

Research, Development, Testing & Evaluation
$63.347 billion
-12.1%

Military Construction
$8.069 billion
-29.0%

Family Housing
$1.483 billion
-12.2%

Other Miscellaneous Costs
$2.775 billion
-59.5%

Atomic energy defense activities
$17.424 billion
-4.8%

Defense-related activities
$7.433 billion
-3.8%

Total Spending
$610.096 billion
-10.5%

text: By entity[edit]

text:
Entity
2010 Budget request[10]
Percentage of Total
Notes

Army
$244.8 billion
31.8%

Marine Corps
$40.6 billion
4%
Total Budget taken allotted from Department of Navy

Navy
$379.8 billion
43.4%
excluding Marine Corps

Air Force
$170.6 billion
22%

Defense Intelligence
$80.1 billion[11]
3.3%
Because of classified nature, budget is an estimate and may not be the actual figure

Defense Wide Joint Activities
$118.7 billion
15.5%

text: Programs spending more than $1.5 billion[edit]

text: The Department of Defense's FY 2011 $137.5 billion procurement and $77.2 billion RDT&E budget requests included several programs with more than $1.5 billion.

text:
Program
2011 Budget request[12]
Change, 2010 to 2011

F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
$11.4 billion
+2.1%

Ballistic Missile Defense (Aegis, THAAD, PAC-3)
$9.9 billion
+7.3%

Virginia class submarine
$5.4 billion
+28.0%

Brigade Combat Team Modernization
$3.2 billion
+21.8%

DDG 51 Burke-class Aegis Destroyer
$3.0 billion
+19.6%

P–8A Poseidon
$2.9 billion
−1.6%

V-22 Osprey
$2.8 billion
−6.5%

Carrier Replacement Program
$2.7 billion
+95.8%

F/A-18E/F Hornet
$2.0 billion
+17.4%

Predator and Reaper Unmanned Aerial System
$1.9 billion
+57.8%

Littoral combat ship
$1.8 billion
+12.5%

CVN Refueling and Complex Overhaul
$1.7 billion
−6.0%

Chemical Demilitarization
$1.6 billion
−7.0%

RQ-4 Global Hawk
$1.5 billion
+6.7%

Space-Based Infrared System
$1.5 billion
+54.0%

text: Other military-related expenditures[edit]

text: This does not include many military-related items that are outside of the Defense Department budget, such as nuclear weapons research, maintenance, cleanup, and production, which are in the Atomic Energy Defense Activities section,[15] Veterans Affairs, the Treasury Department's payments in pensions to military retirees and widows and their families, interest on debt incurred in past wars, or State Department financing of foreign arms sales and militarily-related development assistance. Neither does it include defense spending that is not military in nature, such as the Department of Homeland Security, counter-terrorism spending by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and intelligence-gathering spending by NSA.

text: Audit of 2011 budget[edit]

text: Again in 2011, the GAO could not "render an opinion on the 2011 consolidated financial statements of the federal government", with a major obstacle again being "serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense (DOD) that made its financial statements unauditable".[16]

text: In December 2011, the GAO found that "neither the Navy nor the Marine Corps have implemented effective processes for reconciling their FBWT." According to the GAO, "An agency’s FBWT account is similar in concept to a corporate bank account. The difference is that instead of a cash balance, FBWT represents unexpended spending authority in appropriations." In addition, "As of April 2011, there were more than $22 billion unmatched disbursements and collections affecting more than 10,000 lines of accounting."[17]

text: Audit of implementation of budget for 2010[edit]

text: The US Government Accountability Office (GAO) was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the US Government because of 'widespread material internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations'.[18] The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion 'serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable'.[18]

text: In FY 2010, six out of thirty-three DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.[19]

text: Chief financial officer and Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise-wide problems with systems and processes,[20] while the DoD's Inspector General reported 'material internal control weaknesses ... that affect the safeguarding of assets, proper use of funds, and impair the prevention and identification of fraud, waste, and abuse'.[21] Further management discussion in the FY 2010 DoD Financial Report states 'it is not feasible to deploy a vast number of accountants to manually reconcile our books' and concludes that 'although the financial statements are not auditable for FY 2010, the Department's financial managers are meeting warfighter needs'.[22]

text: Budget for 2016[edit]

text: On February 9, 2016, the US Department of Defense under President Obama released a statement outlining the proposed 2016 and 2017 defense spending budgets that "[reflect] the priorities necessary for our force today and in the future to best serve and protect our nation in a rapidly changing security environment."[23]

text:
Budget by Appropriation[23]

Components
Dollars In Billions

Military Personnel
138.6

Operation and Maintenance
244.4

Procurement
118.9

RDT&E
69.0

Revolving and Management Funds
1.3

Military Construction
6.9

Family Housing
1.3

Total
580.3

text:
Budget by Military Departments[23]

Departments
Dollars in Billions

Army
146.9

Navy
168.8

Air Force
161.8

Defense Wide
102.8

Total
580.3

text: Budget request for FY2018[edit]

text: On March 16, 2017 President Trump submitted his request to Congress for $639 billion in military spending—$54 billion—which represents a 10 percent increase—for FY 2018 as well as $30 billion for FY2017 which ends in September. With a total federal budget of $3.9 trillion for FY2018, the increase in military spending would result in deep cuts to many other federal agencies and domestic programs, as well as the State Department.[24][24][25][26][27][28] Trump had pledged to "rebuild" the military as part of his 2016 Presidential campaign.[29]

text: In April 2017, journalist Scot J. Paltrow raised concerns about the increase in spending with the Pentagon's history of "faulty accounting".[30]

text: On the 14th of July, H.R. 2810 the National Defense Authorization Act 2018 was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives 344 - 8, with 8 not voting. 60% of Democrats voted for this bill, which represented an 18% increase in defense spending. The Congress increased the budget to total 696 billion dollars.

text: Budget request for FY2017[edit]

text: The currently available budget request for 2017 was filed on February 9, 2016,[23][31] under now former-President Barack Obama.

text: The press release of the proposal specifies the structure and goals for the Fiscal Year (FY) 2017 budget:

text: The FY 2017 budget reflects recent strategic threats and changes that have taken place in Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Russian aggression, terrorism by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and others, and China’s island building and claims of sovereignty in international waters all necessitate changes in our strategic outlook and in our operational commitments. Threats and actions originating in Iran and North Korea negatively affect our interests and our allies. These challenges have sharpened the focus of our planning and budgeting.[23]

text: The proposal also includes a comparison of the 2016 and the proposed 2017 request amounts, a summary of acquisitions requested for 2017 and enacted in 2016, and provides in detail a breakdown of specific programs to be funded.

text: Investments[edit]

text:
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change

Aircraft and Related Systems
50.6
45.3
-5.3

C4I Systems
7.1
7.4
0.3

Ground Systems
9.9
9.8
-0.1

Missile Defense Programs
9.1
8.5
-0.6

Missiles and Munitions
12.7
13.9
1.2

Mission Support
52.9
52.4
-0.5

Science & Technology (S&T)
13.0
12.5
-0.5

Shipbuilding and Maritime Systems
27.5
27.0
-0.5

Space-Based Systems
7.0
7.1
0.1

Rescissions
-1.8
-
+1.8

Total
188
183.9
-4.1

text: Amounts are in $ billions.

text: Major Acquisition Programs[edit]

text: These are the top 25 DoD weapon programs described in detail:

text:
FY 2016
FY 2017

Qty
$
Qty
$

Aircraft

F-35
Joint Strike Fighter
68
11.6
63
10.5

KC-46A
Tanker
12
3.0
15
3.3

P-8A
Poseidon
17
3.4
11
2.2

V-22
Osprey
20
1.6
16
1.5

E-2D AHE
Advanced Hawkeye
5
1.2
6
1.4

AH-64E
Apache Helicopter
64
1.4
52
1.1

C/HC/MC-130J
Hercules
29
2.4
14
1.3

UH-60
Black Hawk Helicopter
107
1.8
36
1.0

CH-53K
King Stallion Helicopter
--
0.6
2
0.8

MQ-4C
Triton
4
1.0
2
0.8

H-1 Upgrades
Bell Helicopter
29
0.9
24
0.8

NGJ
Next Generation Jammer Increment 1
--
0.4
--
0.6

CH-47F
Chinook Helicopter
39
1.1
22
0.7

Missile Defense/Missiles

BMDS
Ballistic Missile Defense
--
7.7
--
6.9

Trident II
Trident II Missile Modifications
--
1.2
--
1.2

AMRAAM
Advanced Medium Range Air to Air Missile
429
0.7
419
0.7

Ships

SSN 774
VIRGINIA Submarine
2
5.7
2
5.3

DDG 51
AEGIS Destroyer
2
4.4
2
3.5

CVN 78
FORD Aircraft Carrier
--
2.8
--
2.8

ORR
Ohio Replacement
--
1.4
--
1.9

LHA-6
Amphibious Assault Ship
--
0.5
1
1.6

LCS
Littoral Combat Ship
3
1.8
2
1.6

Space

AEHF
Advanced Extremely High Frequency Satellite
--
0.6
--
0.9

EELV
Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle
4
1.5
5
1.8

Trucks

JLTV
Joint Light Tactical Vehicle
804
0.4
2,020
0.7

text: $ in billions, Qty being the number of items requested.

text: Science and Technology Program[edit]

text: This program's purpose is to "invest in and develop capabilities that advance the technical superiority of the U.S. Military to counter new and emerging threats.".[31] It has a budget of $12.5 billion, but is apart from the overall Research, Development, Test, and Evaluation (RDT&E) portfolio, which compromises $71.8 billion. Efforts funded apply to the Obama administration's refocusing of the US military to Asia, identifying investments to "sustain and advance [the] DoD's military dominance for the 21st century", counter the "technological advances of U.S. foes",[31] and support Manufacturing Initiative institutes. A breakdown of the amounts provided, by tier of research, is provided:

text:
Program
FY 2016 Request
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change (FY16 Enacted - FY17 Request)

Basic Research
2.1
2.3
2.1
-0.2

Applied Research
4.7
5.0
4.8
-0.2

Advanced Technology Development
5.5
5.7
5.6
-0.1

Total
12.3
13.0
12.5
0.5

text: Total Budget by Department[edit]

text:
Total Budget
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change

Army
146,928,044
148,033,950
+1,105,906

Navy
168,786,798
164,861,078
-3,925,720

Air Force
161,783,330
166,879,239
+5,095,909

Defense-Wide
102,801,512
102,927,320
+125,808

Total
580,299,684
582,701,587
+2,401,903

text: Amounts in Thousands of $USD

text: Total Budget of Military[edit]

text:
Total Budget
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request
Change

Military Personnel
138,552,886
138,831,498
+278,612

Operation and Maintenance
244,434,932
250,894,310
+6,459,378

Procurement
118,866,320
112,081,088
-6,785,232

RDT&E*
69,009,764
71,765,940
+2,756,176

Revolving and Management Funds
1,264,782
1,512,246
+247,464

Military Construction
6,909,712
6,296,653
-613,059

Family Housing
1,261,288
1,319,852
+58,564

Total
580,299,684
582,701,587
+2,401,903

text: *Research, Development, Test and Evaluation

text: Amounts in thousands of $USD

text: Funding of payments and benefits[edit]

text: This portion of the military budget comprises roughly one third to one half of the total defense budget, considering only military personnel or additionally including civilian personnel, respectively. These expenditures "will likely always be, the single largest expense category for the Department." Since 2001, military pay and benefits have increased by 85%, but remained roughly one third of the total budget due to an overall increased budget. Military pay remains at about the 70th percentile compared to the private sector to attract sufficient amounts of qualified personnel.[32]

text:
Military Pay and Benefits Funding
FY 2016 Enacted
FY 2017 Request

Military Personnel Appropriations
128.7
128.9

Medicare-Eligible Retiree Health Care Accruals
6.6
6.4

Defense Health Program
32.9
33.8

DoD Education Activity
3.1
2.9

Family Housing
1.3
1.3

Commissary Subsidy
1.4
1.2

Other Benefit Programs
3.5
3.4

Military Pay and Benefits Funding
177.5
177.9

Civilian Pay and Benefits Funding
71.8
72.9

Total Pay and Benefits Funding
249.3
250.8

DoD Base Budget Authority
521.7
523.9

Military Pay and Benefits as % of Budget
34.0%
34.0%

Total Pay and Benefits as % of Budget
47.8%
47.9%

text: Funding the military health system[edit]

text: The request for 2017 amounts to $48.8 billion. The system has 9.4 million beneficiaries, including active, retired, and eligible Reserve Component military personnel and their families, and dependent survivors.[32]

text:
Program
FY 2017 Request

Defense Health (DHP)
33.5

Military Personnel
8.6

Military Construction
0.3

Health Care Accrual
6.4

Unified Medical Budget
48.8

text: Support service contractors[edit]

text: The role of support service contractors has increased since 2001 and in 2007 payments for contractor services exceeded investments in equipment for the armed forces for the first time.[33] In the 2010 budget, the support service contractors will be reduced from the current 39 percent of the workforce down to the pre-2001 level of 26 percent.[34] In a Pentagon review of January 2011, service contractors were found to be "increasingly unaffordable."[35]

text: Military budget and total US federal spending[edit]

text: The U.S. Department of Defense budget accounted in fiscal year 2010 for about 19% of the United States federal budgeted expenditures and 28% of estimated tax revenues. Including non-DOD expenditures, military spending was approximately 28–38% of budgeted expenditures and 42–57% of estimated tax revenues.[citation needed] According to the Congressional Budget Office, defense spending grew 9% annually on average from fiscal year 2000–2009.[36]

text: Because of constitutional limitations, military funding is appropriated in a discretionary spending account. (Such accounts permit government planners to have more flexibility to change spending each year, as opposed to mandatory spending accounts that mandate spending on programs in accordance with the law, outside of the budgetary process.) In recent years, discretionary spending as a whole has amounted to about one-third of total federal outlays.[37] Department of Defense spending's share of discretionary spending was 50.5% in 2003, and has risen to between 53% and 54% in recent years.[38]

text: For FY 2010, Department of Defense spending amounts to 4.7% of GDP.[39] Because the U.S. GDP has grown over time, the military budget can rise in absolute terms while shrinking as a percentage of the GDP. For example, the Department of Defense budget is slated to be $664 billion in 2010 (including the cost of operations in Iraq and Afghanistan previously funded through supplementary budget legislation[40][41]), higher than at any other point in American history, but still 1.1–1.4% lower as a percentage of GDP than the amount spent on military during the peak of Cold-War military spending in the late 1980s.[39] Admiral Mike Mullen, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, has called four percent an "absolute floor".[42] This calculation does not take into account some other military-related non-DOD spending, such as Veterans Affairs, Homeland Security, and interest paid on debt incurred in past wars, which has increased even as a percentage of the national GDP.

text: In 2015, Pentagon and related spending totaled $598 billion. Military expenditures exceed the total amount of funds allocated to support social security, transportation, unemployment, labor, science, energy and the environment, international affairs, housing, veteran’s benefits, medicare, education.

text: In addition, the United States will spend at least $179 billion over the fiscal years of 2010-2018 on its nuclear arsenal, averaging $20 billion per year. Despite President Barack Obama’s attempts in the media to reduce the scope of the current nuclear arms race, the U.S. intends to spend an additional $1 trillion over the next 30 years modernizing its nuclear arsenal.

text: Federal waste[edit]

text: As of September 2014, the Department of Defense was estimated to have “$857 million in excess parts and supplies”.[43] This figure has risen over the past years and of the Pentagon waste that has been calculated, two figures that are especially worth mentioning is the expenditure of “$150 million on private villas for a handful of Pentagon employees in Afghanistan and the procurement of the JLENS air-defense balloon” which, throughout the program’s development over the past two decades, is estimated to have cost $2.7 billion.[43] Also, it is important to note that the JLENS air-balloon still does not function properly.

text: Comparison with other countries[edit]

text: The United States spends more on their defense budget than China, Saudi Arabia, Russia, the United Kingdom, India, France, and Japan combined.[45] The 2009 U.S. military budget accounts for approximately 40% of global arms spending. The 2012 budget is 6–7 times larger than the $106 billion military budget of China. The United States and its close allies are responsible for two-thirds to three-quarters of the world's military spending (of which, in turn, the U.S. is responsible for the majority).[46][47][48] The US also maintains the largest number of military bases on foreign soil across the world.[49] While there are no freestanding foreign bases permanently located in the United States, there are now around 800 U.S. bases in foreign countries. Military spending makes up nearly 16% percent of entire federal spending and approximately half of discretionary spending. In a general sense discretionary spending (defense and non-defense spending) makes up one-third of the annual federal budget.[50]

text: In 2015, out of its budget of 1.11 trillion, the United States spent $598 billion on military. U.S. defense spending is equivalent to the next seven largest military budgets—India, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Saudi Arabia, Russia, and China—combined.

text: In 2017, the U.S. military budget is 773.5 billion and is estimated to increase in the upcoming years.

text: In 2005, the United States spent 4.06% of its GDP on its military (considering only basic Department of Defense budget spending), more than France's 2.6% and less than Saudi Arabia's 10%.[51]information 2006 This is historically low for the United States since it peaked in 1944 at 37.8% of GDP (it reached the lowest point of 3.0% in 1999–2001). Even during the peak of the Vietnam War the percentage reached a high of 9.4% in 1968.[52]

text: The US Military’s budget has plateaued in 2009, but is still considerably larger than any other military power.

text: Past commentary on military budget[edit]

text: In 2009, Secretary of Defense Robert Gates wrote that the U.S. should adjust its priorities and spending to address the changing nature of threats in the world: "What all these potential adversaries—from terrorist cells to rogue nations to rising powers—have in common is that they have learned that it is unwise to confront the United States directly on conventional military terms. The United States cannot take its current dominance for granted and needs to invest in the programs, platforms, and personnel that will ensure that dominance's persistence. But it is also important to keep some perspective. As much as the U.S. Navy has shrunk since the end of the Cold War, for example, in terms of tonnage, its battle fleet is still larger than the next 13 navies combined—and 11 of those 13 navies are U.S. allies or partners."[53] Secretary Gates announced some of his budget recommendations in April 2009.[54]

text: According to a 2009 Congressional Research Service there was a discrepancy between a budget that is declining as a percentage of GDP while the responsibilities of the DoD have not decreased and additional pressures on the military budget have arisen due to broader missions in the post-9/11 world, dramatic increases in personnel and operating costs, and new requirements resulting from wartime lessons in the Iraq War and Operation Enduring Freedom.[55]

text: In 2012, four billion dollars of the five billion dollars in budget cuts mandated by the Congress in the 2013 budget were achieved by declaring that nearly 65 thousand troops were now temporary and no longer part of the permanent forces and so their costs were shifted to the Afghanistan war budget.[56]

text: In May 2012, as part of Obama's East Asia "pivot", his 2013 national military request moved funding from the Army and Marines to favor the Navy, but the Congress has resisted this.[57]

text: Reports emerged in February 2014 that Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel was planning to trim the defense budget by billions of dollars. The secretary in his first defense budget planned to limit pay rises, increase fees for healthcare benefits, freeze the pay of senior officers, and reduce military housing allowances. A reduction in the number of soldiers serving in the U.S. Army would reduce the size of the force to levels not seen since prior to the start of World War II.[58]

text: In July 2014, American Enterprise Institute scholar Michael Auslin opined in the National Review that the Air Force needs to be fully funded as a priority, due to the air superiority, global airlift, and long-range strike capabilities it provides.[59]

text: In January 2015 Defense Department published its internal study on how to save $125 billion on its military budget from 2016 to 2020 by renegotiating vendor contracts and pushing for stronger deals, and by offering workers early retirement and retraining.[60]

text: 2012 fiscal cliff[edit]

text: On 5 December 2012, the Department of Defense announced it was planning for automatic spending cuts, which include $500 billion and an additional $487 billion due to the 2011 Budget Control Act, due to the fiscal cliff.[61][62][63][64][65] According to Politico, the Department of Defense declined to explain to the House of Representatives Appropriations Committee, which controls federal spending, what its plans were regarding the fiscal cliff planning.[66]

text: This was after half a dozen defense experts either resigned from Congress or lost their reelection fights.[67]

text: Lawrence Korb has noted that given recent trends military entitlements and personnel costs will take up the entire defense budget by 2039.[68]

text: GAO audits[edit]

text: The Government Accountability Office was unable to provide an audit opinion on the 2010 financial statements of the U.S. government due to "widespread material internal control weaknesses, significant uncertainties, and other limitations."[69] The GAO cited as the principal obstacle to its provision of an audit opinion "serious financial management problems at the Department of Defense that made its financial statements unauditable."[70]

text: In Fiscal Year (FY) 2011, seven out of 33 DoD reporting entities received unqualified audit opinions.[71] Under Secretary of Defense Robert F. Hale acknowledged enterprise-wide weaknesses with controls and systems.[72] Further management discussion in the FY 2011 DoD Financial Report states "we are not able to deploy the vast numbers of accountants that would be required to reconcile our books manually".[71] Congress has established a deadline of FY 2017 for the DoD to achieve audit readiness.[73]

text: For FYs 1998-2010 the Department of Defense's financial statements were either unauditable or such that no audit opinion could be expressed.[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85]

text: Reform[edit]

text: In a statement of 6 January 2011 Defense Secretary Robert M. Gates stated: "This department simply cannot risk continuing down the same path – where our investment priorities, bureaucratic habits and lax attitude towards costs are increasingly divorced from the real threats of today, the growing perils of tomorrow and the nation's grim financial outlook." Gates has proposed a budget that, if approved by Congress, would reduce the costs of many DOD programs and policies, including reports, the IT infrastructure, fuel, weapon programs, DOD bureaucracies, and personnel.[86]

text: The 2015 expenditure for Army research, development and acquisition changed from $32 billion projected in 2012 for FY15, to $21 billion for FY15 expected in 2014.[87]


document_title: Stand by Me

question_text: what movie was the song stand by me in

question_tokens: what movie was the song stand by me in

text: Stand by Me

text: Music[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text:
Stand by Me (Ernest Tubb album), 1966
Stand by Me (Whatcha See Is Whatcha Get), a 1971 album by Bernard Purdie
Stand by Me: The Ultimate Collection, 1987 compilation album by Ben E. King
Stand by Me, a 2002 album by Ernie Haase & Signature Sound
Stand by Me, a 2007 album by Ray Brown, Jr.

text: Songs[edit]

text:
"Stand by Me" (Ben E. King song), a 1961 hit by Ben E. King
"Stand by Me" (Atomic Rooster song), 1972 single hit in Europe
"Stand by Me" (Charles Albert Tindley song), a 1905 gospel song
"Stand by Me" (Oasis song), a 1997 single
"Stand by Me" (Shayne Ward song), a 2006 single
"Train in Vain" ("Train in Vain (Stand by Me)" in the US), a 1980 single by The Clash
"Stand by Me", a 1972 song by Golden Earring
"Stand by Me", a 2007 song by The Brilliant Green
"Stand by Me", a 2009 song by SHINee for the Boys Over Flowers OST

text: Film and television[edit]

text:
Stand by Me (film), a 1986 American drama film directed by Rob Reiner, based on the novella The Body by Stephen King
Stand by Me Doraemon, a 2014 3D CGI-Animated Japanese film based on the manga series Doraemon by Fujiko Fujio
Stand by Me (TV series), a 1998 Singaporean Mandarin drama series
"Stand by Me", a 1992 episode of the TV series My Little Pony Tales
"Stand By Me (Grey's Anatomy)", a 2009 season five episode of the TV series Grey's Anatomy

text: Books[edit]

text:
Stand by Me, a 2010 novel by Sheila O'Flanagan
Stand by Me, an autobiographical book on depression by John Kirwan (rugby)