document_title: Ark: Survival Evolved

question_text: what does ark mean in ark survival evolved

text: Ark: Survival Evolved

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: Ark: Survival Evolved is an action-adventure survival game set in an open world environment and played either from a third-person or first-person perspective. To survive, players must establish a base, with a fire and weapons; additional activities, such as taming and feeding dinosaurs, require more resources.[1] The game's world, known as the "Ark", is approximately 48 km2 (19 sq mi) in size:[2] there is approximately 36 km2 (14 sq mi) of land with 12 km2 (4.6 sq mi) of ocean.[3]

text: To build a base, players must gain structure components—such as floors, doors and windows built with the resources littered throughout the world—which are earned as they progress and gain levels. These components can be crafted and placed in the world. Players can create any structure, as long as they have the logistics and resources; the structural integrity of the building is compromised when the pillars and foundations are destroyed.[1] Creating structures out of metal make them the most durable; only titanosaurs and explosives can damage metal structures. Players can also craft items in the game, such as weapons, by collecting the resources and technology required for crafting.[4] In addition, players can craft and attach accessories to their weapons, such as a scope or flashlight for a pistol or machine gun.[5] Should players take damage, their health meter will gradually regenerate if they have consumed the necessary food, or if they craft items that regenerate the health meter at a faster pace.[6]

text: There are sixty species of dinosaurs in the game.[7] Dinosaurs in the game can be tamed by feeding them food after they have been rendered unconscious, or by using kibble designed especially for each species. Once a dinosaur is tamed, players can utilize the dinosaur's abilities, such as flight or fast underwater movement, as well as its statistics, such as speed, health and damage.[1] When riding atop certain creatures, players can use their weapons. With the larger dinosaurs, other players can ride on the side with full control of their own weapons.[8] They can also be used to carry items, and players can issue offensive and defensive commands to them; for example, a pack of Utahraptors can be assigned to defend the base, or a group of Triceratops can be ordered to attack an enemy's base.[1] The game also features various other animals, such as the dodo, saber-toothed cat, woolly mammoth, Meganeura, Titanomyrma, and Doedicurus.[3] Every creature in the game has living ecosystems and predator hierarchies.[9]

text: Development[edit]

text: Preliminary work on Ark: Survival Evolved began in October 2014.[10] Studio Wildcard, the Seattle-based team behind the game, co-opted Egypt-based developer Instinct Games to facilitate development.[11] When researching for information about the game's prehistoric species, the development team read "general audience books" and online articles, and sought assistance from friends who studied in the fields in biological sciences.[3] When creating the species and world, the team took creative license for gameplay purposes, although there is an in-game reason that the species have diverged from their historical counterparts.[3]

text: The team added features to the game that would appeal to all players, as opposed to specifically players of the survival genre, such as the ability to simply explore the island and compete against large bosses, as a reward for uncovering secrets of the island.[12] They also added an end-game for players to strive towards, as they felt that most survival games lack a final goal. They wanted to "provide a depth and scope that allows for the world to not just be a means to an end [...] but also a place to explore", said creative director Jesse Rapczak.[1]

text: The game, powered by Unreal Engine 4, contains "tens of thousands" of artificial intelligence entities, according to Rapczak.[9] It also features support for virtual reality (VR) gameplay; Rapczak, who has almost three years of experience with head-mounted displays, described the game as being designed with VR in mind from the beginning.[9]

text: The game was initially released through Steam Early Access for Microsoft Windows on June 2, 2015,[7] for Linux and OS X on July 1, 2015,[11] and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16, 2015;[13] a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6, 2016.[14] The final game will launch in August 2017;[14] it was originally intended for release in June 2016,[11] but was delayed in April.[15] The game will launch with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR,[7] and the Xbox One version will be released via the ID@Xbox program.[11]

text: On March 16, 2016, the Survival of the Fittest game mode was released in early access as a free standalone game with no microtransactions; it was scheduled to fully launch in mid 2016,[15] but was eventually merged back to the main game as the development team did not wish to monetize on its release, and wanted to ensure that modders can apply the development kit of Survival Evolved to create mods for Survival of the Fittest.[16] There will be various eSports tournaments of the game mode, with a prize pool of US $50,000.[17] Players who played Survival of the Fittest before it was merged back into the main game can continue to play the game without paying an extra cost, while new players must pay before getting access to it. It will be available for every player who purchases the main game.[16][18]

text: On September 1, 2016, Studio Wildcard released the paid downloadable content (DLC) Scorched Earth. The expansion includes a new, desert map as well as several desert-themed resources and items. It also features ten new creatures, some of which are fictional, like the Wyvern. The release of paid DLC for a game still in early access caused negative reaction among players of the game, resulting in lots of negative reviews on Steam right after the expansion launch.[19]

text: The game left early access on August 29, 2017, for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. The standard version was released alongside an "Explorer's Edition", which included a season pass with three expansions, and the "Collector's Edition", which included a season pass as well, a necklace, a map, a notebook, a development team poster, a wooden chest packaging, and the game's official soundtrack.[20]

text: Sales[edit]

text: Within a month of its early access release on Steam, Ark had sold over one million digital copies.[21] By August 2016, the game had over 5.5 million sales across both Windows and Xbox, with about 1.5 million from the Xbox One platform.[22]


document_title: Northern hairy-nosed wombat

question_text: what are the northern hairy nosed wombats predators

root

text: Northern hairy-nosed wombat

text: Description[edit]

text: In general, all species of wombat are heavily built, with large heads and short, powerful legs. They have strong claws to dig their burrows, where they live much of the time. It usually takes about a day for an individual to dig a burrow.

tag: p

text: Northern hairy-nosed wombats have bodies covered in soft, grey fur and even have fur on their noses, a trait that sets them apart from the common wombat. They have longer, more pointed ears and a much broader muzzle than the other two species.[5] Individuals can be 35 cm high, up to 1 m long and weigh up to 40 kg. The species exhibits sexual dimorphism, with females being somewhat larger than males due to the presence of an extra layer of fat. They are slightly larger than the common wombat and able to breed somewhat faster (giving birth to two young every three years on average).

text: The northern hairy-nosed wombat's nose is very important in its survival because it has very poor eyesight, so it must detect its food in the dark through smell.

text: Behaviour[edit]

text: The northern hairy-nosed wombat is nocturnal, living underground in networks of burrows. They avoid coming above ground during harsh weather, as their burrows maintain a constant humidity and temperature.[6] They have been known to share burrows with up to 10 individuals, equally divided by sex. Young are usually born during the wet season, between November and April. When rain is abundant, 50-80% of the females in the population will breed, giving birth to one offspring at a time. Juveniles stay in their mothers' pouches for 8 to 9 months, and are weaned at 12 months of age.[7]

text: The fat reserves and low metabolic rate of this species permit northern hairy-nosed wombats to go without food for several days when food is scarce. Even when they do feed every day, it is only for 6 hours a day in the winter and 2 hours in the summer, significantly less than a similar-sized kangaroo, which feeds for at least 18 hours a day. Their diet consists of native grasses: black speargrass (Heteropogon contortus), bottle washer grasses (Enneapogon spp.), golden beard grass (Chrysopogon fallax), and three-awned grass(Aristida spp.), as well as various types of roots. The teeth continue to grow beyond the juvenile period, and are worn down by the abrasive grasses they eat.[citation needed]. Its habitat has become infested with African buffel grass, which outcompetes the native grasses on which the wombat prefers to feed.[8]

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: The genus name Lasiorhinus comes from the Latin words lasios, meaning hairy or shaggy, and rhinus, meaning nose.[9] The widely accepted common name is northern hairy-nosed wombat, based on the historical range of the species, as well as the fur, or "whiskers", on its nose. In some older literature, it is referred to as the Queensland hairy-nosed wombat.[10]

text: Classification[edit]

text: The northern hairy-nosed wombat shares its genus with one other extant species, the southern hairy-nosed wombat, while the common wombat is in the genus Vombatus. Both Lasiorhinus species differ morphologically from the common wombat by their silkier fur, broader hairy noses, and longer ears.[11]

text: The koala is the most closely related marsupial to wombats, and is categorised in the same suborder, Vombatiformes.[12]

text: Conservation[edit]

text: Threats to the northern hairy-nosed wombat include small population size, predation, competition for food, disease, floods, droughts, wildfires, and habitat loss. Its small, highly localised population makes the species especially vulnerable to natural disasters. Wild dogs are the wombat's primary predator. The habitat at Epping Forest National Park is now well-protected for better chances of survival.

text: Due to these threats, the northern hairy-nosed wombat is listed as "endangered" by the Australian Species Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT),[13] and "critically endangered" by the IUCN.[2] Its range is restricted to about 300 ha (750 acres) of the Epping National Forest in east-central Queensland, 120 km northwest of Clermont.

text: To combat the vulnerability of this species, a number of conservation projects have been put into action over recent years. One example was the construction of a two-metre-high, predator-proof fence around 25 km2 of the park in 2000. A second population of wombats has been established at Richard Underwood Nature Refuge at Yarran Downs near St. George in southern Queensland.[14] This second population was established in 2008 and is also in a reserve surrounded by a predator-proof fence.[14] Within Epping Forest National Park, increased attention and funds have been given for wombat research and population monitoring, fire management, maintenance of the predator-proof fence, general management, and control of predators and competitors, and elimination of invasive plant species.[15] In addition, the species recovery plan of 2004 to 2008 included communication and community involvement in saving the species and worked to increase the current population in the wild, established other populations within the wombat's historical range, and worked with zoos to establish a captive husbandry program. Also, a volunteer caretaker program allows volunteers to contribute in monitoring the population and keeping the predator fence in good repair. Finally, DNA fingerprint identification of wombat hairs allows research to be conducted without an invasive trapping or radio-tracking program.[16] Due to the combined efforts of these forces, the northern hairy-nosed wombat population is slowly making a comeback.[17]


document_title: The Dolan Twins

question_text: where did the dolan twins live in nj

question_tokens: where did the dolan twins live in nj

text: The Dolan Twins

text:
The Dolan Twins

Personal information

Born
(1999-12-16) December 16, 1999 (age 18)

Nationality
American

Occupation
Comedian

YouTube information

Years active
2014 - present

Subscribers
5,103,699
(January 4, 2018)

Total views
626,375,929
(January 4, 2018)

Associated acts
Logan Paul

[show]
Play buttons

100,000 subscribers

1,000,000 subscribers

tag: table

text: Ethan and Grayson Dolan[1] (born December 16, 1999[2]), collectively known as The Dolan Twins, are an American comedy duo who rose to prominence in May 2013[3] on the video sharing application Vine. They are currently signed to AwesomenessTV, and have been since 2015.[4][5]

text: The twins are from the Long Valley section of Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey.[6]

text: Since their beginnings, the duo has accumulated over 6.4 million followers on Vine and 4.4 million subscribers on YouTube, and embarked on a world tour titled the "4OU" Tour in 2016.[7] The duo was also involved in a Twitter ad campaign for the social network's new stickers feature.[8] At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards, the duo won the awards for Choice Web Star: Male[9] and Choice YouTuber.

text: Awards and nominations

text:
Year
Nominated
Award
Result

2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Web Star: Male
Won

Choice YouTuber
Won

2017
Choice Comedian
Won

Choice Web Star: Male
Nominated

Choice YouTuber
Nominated

Choice Comedy Web Star
Nominated


document_title: Married at First Sight (Australian TV series)

question_text: how many episodes of married at first sight season 5

text: Season overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

Season premiere
Season finale

1
6
18 May 2015
22 June 2015

2
7
4 April 2016
27 April 2016

3
8
29 August 2016
13 September 2016

4
29
30 January 2017
3 April 2017

5
32
29 January 2018
21 March 2018

6

2019
2019

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text: During the first season, four female contestants were matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Michael & Roni, Clare & Lachlan) met and wed. In the second episode, another two couples (Zoe & Alex, Michelle & James) did the same. They all embarked on married life together for the rest of the season.[8] In the fourth episode, all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences.

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Lachlan McAleer
36
Sydney, New South Wales
Farmer
Yes
Separated

Clare Tamas
37
Sydney, New South Wales
Marketing Manager

2
Roni Azzopardi
32
Melbourne, Victoria
Payroll Manager
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Michael O'Dea
31
Melbourne, Victoria
Event Manager

3
Zoe Hendrix
25
Melbourne, Victoria
Digital Marketing Executive
Yes
Currently Together

Alex Garner
29
Melbourne, Victoria
Plumber

4
Michelle Worsley
34
Sydney, New South Wales
Communications Manager
Yes
Separated

James Webster
36
Sydney, New South Wales
Sign Writer

text: Lachlan & Clare[edit]

text: Lachlan and Clare met and wed in Sydney in the show's first episode. Despite their decision to continue their relationship at the end of the season, Lachlan and Clare revealed they had split but remain good friends.[9] The Nine Network announced on 26 June 2015, that Lachlan would participate in the networks upcoming revival of The Farmer Wants a Wife.[10]

text: Roni & Michael[edit]

text: Roni and Michael met and wed in Melbourne in the show's first episode. By the fifth episode, Roni and Michael found that their relationship was not working for them and they mutually decided to split.[11]

text: Zoe & Alex[edit]

text: Zoe and Alex met and wed in Melbourne in the show's second episode. Following the conclusion of the season, Zoe and Alex are the only couple currently still together. In March 2016, Zoe and Alex revealed that they are planning to get married legally.[12] After suffering a miscarriage in June 2015,[9] Zoe and Alex revealed that they were expecting their first child in October 2016.[13] On November 14, 2016, Zoe gave birth to their baby girl named Harper-Rose Garner.[citation needed]

text: James & Michelle[edit]

text: James and Michelle met and wed in Sydney in the show's second episode. In early June 2015, news reports revealed that James and Michelle had split, with Michelle having remarried to a former boyfriend.[14] It was revealed that the two are no longer in contact with each other.[9]

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text: After airing only one episode, the Nine Network on 19 May 2015, announced that the series had been renewed for a second season which aired on 4 April 2016.[15] During the second season, four female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Erin & Bryce, Christie & Mark) meet and wed. In the second episode, another two couples (Clare & Jono, Simone & Xavier) do the same. They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series. In the fifth episode, all couples meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences.

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Erin Bateman
26
Melbourne, Victoria
Retail Manager
Yes
Currently Together

Bryce Mohr
31
Melbourne, Victoria
Business Analyst

2
Christie Jordee
39
Sydney, New South Wales
Business Owner
Yes
Separated

Mark Hughes
36
Gippsland, Victoria
Farmer

3
Clare Verrall
32
Melbourne, Victoria
Recruitment Consultant
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Jono Pitman
28
Melbourne, Victoria
Tradie

4
Simone Lee Brennan
29
Sydney, New South Wales
Make-Up Artist
No
Separated

Xavier Forsberg
26
Sydney, New South Wales
Sales Manager

text: Erin & Bryce[edit]

text: Erin and Bryce met and wed in Melbourne in the show's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together. They are the only couple currently still together.[16] Since the show ended Erin has started her own fashion label called Boy Is Mine[17] and is writing a fashion lifestyle blog, erinbateman.com.[18]

text: Christie & Mark[edit]

text: Christie and Mark met and wed in Sydney in the show's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together. On 15 June 2016, they announced that they had split up.[18]

text: Clare & Jono[edit]

text: Clare and Jono met and wed in Melbourne in the show's second episode and quickly became the season's most controversial couple. By the fifth episode, Clare decided that their relationship was not working as she felt 'uncomfortable' with Jono's constant aggressive outbursts and she decided to end the relationship prior to the couple's dinner.[19] After the show it was revealed by investigative journalist Siobhan Duck of the Herald Sun that Jono Pitman had previously been arrested and charged with assault after a bar brawl and completed a court ordered anger management course. Jono was then matched with Clare Verrall, who had been open about being attacked on the street by a stranger only months prior to filming[20] and suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder after the incident. A Nine Network spokesperson confirmed they were aware of Jono Pitman's violent history prior to coupling up the pair.[21][22]

text: Simone & Xavier[edit]

text: Simone and Xavier met and wed in Sydney in the show's second episode. In the final decision, Simone decided to walk away from the relationship and they are now separated.[18]

text: Season 3 (2016)[edit]

text: It was announced in February 2016 that show should would return with two seasons, season two & three, there will be a bold casting move this season. This season will be the first to include five couples & is set to include the series' first ever same-sex male couple.[5] During the third season, four female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner & for the first time a male contestant is matched with his 'perfect' male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, two couples (Keller & Nicole, Mark & Monica) met and wed. In the second episode, another two couples (Jess & Dave, Bella & Michael) did the same. In the third episode, one more couple (Craig & Andy) were wed. They all embark on married life together for the rest of the series. In the sixth episode, all couples (bar one) meet each other for the first time and discuss their current experiences.[23]

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Craig Keller
26
Brisbane, Queensland
Mechanical Fitter
Yes
Separated

Nicole Heir
28
Gold Coast, Queensland
Teacher

2
Mark Ellam
30
Sydney, New South Wales
Firefighter
Yes
Separated

Monica Vanderkley
28
Sydney, New South Wales
Project Manager

3
Jess Wardrop
31
Sydney, New South Wales
Bank Officer
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Dave Crisp
28
Melbourne, Victoria
Account Manager

4
Bella Frizza
30
Gold Coast, Queensland
Radio Announcer
Yes
Separated

Michael Hughes
32
Brisbane, Queensland
Fashion Accessories Designer

5
Craig Roach
41
Gold Coast, Queensland
Hairdresser
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Andy Ankers
41
Sydney, New South Wales
Global Account Director

text: Keller & Nicole[edit]

text: Keller and Nicole met and wed in Brisbane in the show's first episode. In the final episode, they both decided to stay together.[24] Since filming, the couple have called it quits.[25]

text: Mark & Monica[edit]

text: Mark and Monica met and wed in Sydney in the show's first episode. In the final episode, they decided to stay in the relationship.[24] Since filming, the couple have decided to break up.[25]

text: Jess & Dave[edit]

text: Jess and Dave met and wed in Sydney in the show's second episode. In the fifth episode, Dave felt their relationship was going nowhere so they broke up.[26]

text: Bella & Michael[edit]

text: Bella and Michael met and wed in Brisbane in the show's second episode. In the final episode, they both agreed to stay together.[24] Since filming, the couple had decided to split up.[25]

text: Craig & Andy[edit]

text: Craig and Andy met and wed in New Zealand in the show's third episode. In the fifth episode, Craig decided to walk away from the relationship during the honeymoon, due to a lack of intimacy.[27]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text: It was announced on 12 September 2016 the season would return in 2017 with an extended series which saw 10 couples being wed.[28] During the fourth season, 10 female contestants were matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts.[29] In the first episode, two couples (Cheryl & Jonathan, Sean & Susan) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne. In the second episode, another two couples (Michael & Scarlett, Nadia & Anthony) met and wed in Sydney. In the third episode, two more couples (Alene & Simon, Andy & Vanessa) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne respectively. In the fourth episode, another two couples (Lauren & Andrew, Deborah & John) met and wed in Sydney. In the fifth episode, the final two couples at the same time (Michelle & Jesse, Sharon & Nick) met and wed in Perth.

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Jonathan Troughton
30
Brisbane, Queensland
Entrepreneur
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Cheryl Maitland
25
Gold Coast, Queensland
Hair Salon Assistant

2
Sean Hollands
35
Maryborough, Queensland
Farmer
No
Separated

Susan Rawlings
37
Perth, Western Australia
Mining Truck Driver

3
Michael Tomic
30
Perth, Western Australia
Data Entry Clerk/Stripper
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Scarlett Cooper
30
Sydney, New South Wales
Aspiring Author

4
Nadia Stamp
36
Brisbane, Queensland
Flight Attendant/Model
No
Separated

Anthony Manton
33
Sydney, New South Wales
Racing Broadcaster

5
Simon McQuillan
36
Ipswich, Queensland
Business Owner
Yes
Separated

Alene Khatcherian
31
Sydney, New South Wales
Registered Nurse

6
Andy Hills
30
Gold Coast, Queensland
Aerodrome Plant Operator
No
Separated

Vanessa Belvedere
31
Melbourne, Victoria
Student

7
Lauren Bran
33
Sydney, New South Wales
Automotive Aftermarket Sales
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Andrew Jones
38
Perth, Western Australia
Firefighter

8
John Robertson
53
Melbourne, Victoria
Business Owner
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Deborah Brosnan
53
Sunshine Coast, Queensland
Ex Model

9
Michelle Marsh
31
Perth, Western Australia
Commercial Cleaner
No
Separated

Jesse Konstantinoff
31
Adelaide, South Australia
Retailer

10
Sharon Marsh
31
Perth, Western Australia
Business Owner
Yes
Separated

Nick Furphy
30
Melbourne, Victoria
Carpenter

11
Cheryl Maitland
25
Gold Coast, Queensland
Hair Salon Assistant
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Andrew Jones
38
Perth, Western Australia
Firefighter

text: Jonathan & Cheryl[edit]

text: Despite having a good start, Jonathan and Cheryl began to develop cracks during their honeymoon in New Zealand. These cracks further deepened at the dinner party which resulted in Jonathan exchanging numbers with Scarlett and the duo spent the night texting. At the first commitment ceremony, Cheryl claimed she didn't wish to continue with Jonathan as "he seemed more interested in someone else". The duo called it quits at the commitment ceremony. Jonathan is now dating someone else.

text: Sean & Susan[edit]

text: Sean and Susan broke up but decided to "stay friends" citing the fact that they lived too far away from one another and Susan could not live on Sean's farm.[30] Since the show ended, Susan has not spoken to Sean and is said to be quite upset with the way the producers portrayed her.

text: Michael & Scarlett[edit]

text: Things started unraveling for the couple when Michael told Scarlett that he would not move to meet her halfway between their current states due to the fact that he was "established" and he thought that because she was less tied down so she could move to him. From that point they really only saw each other as friends and nothing really was going to happen as Scarlett was not Michael's dream girl. After the first commitment ceremony, the couple decided to go different ways and later that night it came out that Scarlett and Jonathan (Cheryl's husband) had sent text messages to each other for hours the night before.

text: Nadia & Anthony[edit]

text: As of the last Commitment Ceremony, they decided to stay together and Anthony said that Nadia would have to move in order for him to provide for them both as he was in a "niche market". Nadia turned up to the reunion dinner alone, and when asked where Anthony was she confided that he had dumped her the day after filming had stopped saying that "his feelings weren't progressing"

text: Simon & Alene[edit]

text: As of the Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they had both decided to stay and said that they told everyone that they had feelings for each other. They had decided to stay committed to each other after the experiment. They have since separated.

text: Andy & Vanessa[edit]

text: The Final Commitment Ceremony before the Final Decision they decided to stay, though the fact that they may have to do long distance for a while before they decides what happens may cause contention in the long run. Even though the difference in communication made it hard the couple have decided to stay together after the experiment. Andy and Vanessa broke up because of the difference in communication styles.

text: Lauren & Andrew[edit]

text: On the wedding night Lauren disappeared leaving Andrew unaware of her whereabouts. After a confrontation meeting, Lauren said she wanted to try again, but Andrew decided that he did not wish to continue the experiment with Lauren.[31] Andrew has since re-entered the experiment with Hair Salon Manager Cheryl. A friend of Lauren's has since done an interview in which she said the reason that Lauren ran away is because when she went out to a club with Andrew he started abusing a bouncer who wouldn't let them in because it was past 1am.

text: John & Deborah[edit]

text: After meeting and Deborah's initial disappointment that John was not a Polynesian man or someone with culture, John and Deborah seemed to get on each other's nerves because John was simply everything she hated. During the honeymoon in Samoa they ended up sleeping in separate beds, and John removed his wedding ring which caused further tension between them. At the commitment ceremony Deborah wanted to give it another crack and so they ended up staying, but the next day John left the experiment saying "They wouldn't be anything but friends and that's not what he was there for".

text: Michelle & Jesse[edit]

text: As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they are still together, despite Michelle's doubt on whether she sees Jesse more as a friend than her husband. In their Vow Renewal ceremony, Jesse told Michelle he wants to stay in the relationship but Michelle reveals to him that she wants him in her life forever, but not as her partner, they are now broken up.[32]

text: Sharon & Nick[edit]

text: As of the Final Commitment Ceremony they have decided to stay, Nick even going so far as to say "That he would go where as long as Sharon was by his side". Although the original plan was for Nick to move to Perth because of Sharon's cleaning business, Nick got news that his father has a medical condition so he is unable to leave his family as they would need his help. They have since broken up. Nick was quiet and sweet the complete opposite to his partner

text: Cheryl & Andrew[edit]

text: After Cheryl left the experiment after the Jonathan & Scarlett texting scandal, she spoke to the experts and ask if they could set up a date between Andrew and herself. They went on two dates before they deciding that they would re-enter the experiment together as an unmarried couple, this caused controversy around the table at the dinner party as she was at the dinner the week prior with Jonathan. Even though the couple originally had some sparks, they were thrown into the deep end of the experiment having to jump right into the home stays, tensions started to rise when Andrew met Cheryl's abrasive father for the first time and it didn't go well, Andrew feeling like Cheryl didn't have his back enough against her bullying dad. Andrew chose to leave while Cheryl chose to stay to see if the relationship could be salvaged.

text: When the couples all had a family get together the couple was put into an intense boot camp to see if John the expert could overhaul the bond that they had. They decided to give it another go, but when the boys and girls night came about Andrew spent most of the night bagging out and putting down Cheryl even going as far to say that his runaway bride, Lauren, "was way more fun". Some of the boys took offense to this, namely Sean and Simon, and even silently Andy. Sean and Susan told Cheryl about it the next day but when Cheryl confronted Andrew about it he got snarky and condescending even going so far to start mimicking Cheryl. Andrew and Cheryl chose to leave the experiment at the Final Commitment Ceremony after the video of the boys night was aired to the girls.

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text: In February 2017, the season was renewed for a fifth season which aired on January 29, 2018.[33] On 11 October 2017, the fifth season was officially confirmed at Nine’s upfronts and again will include 11 couples like the previous season. During the fifth season, 11 female contestants are matched with their ‘perfect’ male partner by a panel of experts. In the first episode, the first two couples (Tracey & Dean, Sarah & Telv) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne.[34] In the second episode, another two couples (Jo & Sean, Alycia & Mat) met and wed in Sydney and Melbourne.[35] In the third episode, two more couples (Davina & Ryan, Charlene & Patrick) met and wed in Warrawong and Melbourne.[36] In the fifth episode, two more couples (Ashley & Troy, Melissa & John) met and wed in Gold Coast and Melbourne.[37] In the sixth episode, another two couples (Gabrielle & Nasser, Carly & Justin) met and wed in Sydney.[38] In the seventh episode, the final couple (Blair & Sean) met and wed in Sydney.[39]

text: Couples[edit]

text:
#
Couple
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Final Decision
Status

1
Sarah Roza
38
Melbourne, Victoria
Beauty Specialist
Yes
Separated

Telv Williams
33
Perth, Western Australia
Machinery Technician

2
Dean Wells
39
Sydney, New South Wales
Executive Creative Director
No
Separated

Tracey Jewel
34
Perth, Western Australia
Marketing Consultant

3
Mathew Lockett
32
Melbourne, Victoria
Plumber
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Alycia Galbraith
29
Adelaide, South Australia
Student

4
Jo McPharlin
39
Adelaide, South Australia
Single Mother
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Sean Donnelly
39
Adelaide, South Australia
Pub Manager

5
Davina Rankin
26
Brisbane, Queensland
Personal Trainer/Bikini Model
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Ryan Gallagher
29
Sydney, New South Wales
Tradesman

6
Charlene Perera
33
Melbourne, Victoria
Brand Manager
Yes
Separated

Patrick Miller
34
Melbourne, Victoria
Operations Manager

7
Melissa Walsh
53
Mornington Peninsula, Victoria
Journalist
Yes
Separated

John Robertson
54
Melbourne, Victoria
Business Owner

8
Troy Delmege
35
Sydney, New South Wales
IT Accounts Manager
No
Separated

Ashley Airvin
28
Brisbane, Queensland
Flight Attendant

9
Gabrielle Bartlett
44
Sydney, New South Wales
Marketing Coordinator/Plus Size Model
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Nasser Sultan
50
Sydney, New South Wales
Fitness Instructor

10
Justin Fischer
41
Sydney, New South Wales
Entrepreneur
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Carly Bowyer
32
Melbourne, Victoria
Marketing Manager

11
Sean Thomsen
34
Perth, Western Australia
Railway Technician
Broke up before final decision
Separated

Blair Rachel
31
Sydney, New South Wales
Executive Assistant

text: Sarah & Telv[edit]

text: As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but are now separated.

text: Dean & Tracey[edit]

text: In the first commitment ceremony, Dean chose to leave (which blindsided Tracey), while Tracey decided to stay, meaning that they had to stay another week. When they had a second week he stepped up, but at the same time he started a secret flirtationship with Davina. At the dinner party, Dean hooked up with Davina, and at the end of the night Dean and Tracey decided to be intimate. Dean confessed that he had a thing with Davina and that he wanted to make it work with Tracey. As of the fifth commitment ceremony, they are still together. When it came to the vow renewal, Dean said yes and said that he was falling in love with Tracey, but a bomb was dropped when Tracey said that she could not get past the betrayal and hurt at the first two weeks of the experiment. She ultimately said no, leaving Dean gobsmacked at the 'altar'.

text: Mat & Alycia[edit]

text: They have left the experiment between the first and second commitment ceremonies.

text: Jo & Sean D[edit]

text: Jo and Sean met in the second episode of the weddings and from the start, Sean wasn't very interested. When the first commitment ceremony came about Jo decided to stay while Sean decided to leave so they had to stay. Even though Jo tried Sean had no communication. As of the second commitment, they have both decided to leave.

text: Davina & Ryan[edit]

text: Between the first and second commitment ceremonies, Davina started a secret flirtationship with Dean. At the dinner party, Davina hooked up with Dean, leading her to write leave at the second commitment ceremony. Ryan had written stay, so the couple had to stay another week. As of the third commitment ceremony Davina and Ryan have called it quits after the shock of Davina's cheating scandal.

text: Charlene & Patrick[edit]

text: At their final decision they stated that they would stay together and are still currently together to common knowledge. In March 2018, the couple announced they had split up.[40]

text: Melissa & John[edit]

text: As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment. At the Dinner Party, Melissa had to leave early due to her daughter being in labour, and as of the Commitment Ceremony there was still no baby so John was flying solo. As of the fifth commitment ceremony they were still together but announced their amicable split over social media in March 2018.

text: Troy & Ashley[edit]

text: As of the fifth commitment ceremony they are still in the experiment. However at the altar both Ashley and Troy said the relationship wasn't working out.

text: Gabrielle & Nasser[edit]

text: As of the third commitment ceremony, Gabrielle decided to leave due to a lack of intimacy past the friend stage. Nasser decided to stay, and they came to an impasse at the end meaning that Nasser had a week to turn around. On the wife homestay, Gabrielle rented a apartment so that she wouldn't bring a strange man around her daughter. On the first night the bed broke and Nasser wanted to leave, but he stayed until they got into an argument and he left refusing to meet Gabrielle's friends who were on their way over for drinks and a chat. They finally left in the fifth ceremony, they were at peace with everything that went on

text: Justin & Carly[edit]

text: As of the second commitment ceremony Carly decided to leave where as Justin decided to stay, so they have to stay for another week. As of the third commitment ceremony, they have decided to stay even though they only spent three days at the homestay. After the blow up at the dinner party, Carly got fed up with Justin's lack of trying. They have decided to split up. A few weeks after the experiment she entered a relationship with Troy who originally married Ashley.

text: Sean T & Blair[edit]

text: They both choose to stay at the second commitment ceremony, but during the grooms home-stay, Sean revealed he had no feelings for Blair. He chose to leave at the third commitment ceremony, while Blair wanted to stay. Although obligated to work it out over the next week, Sean refused to go on Blair's home stay, essentially ending their relationship. Sean is now in a relationship with Tracey who was in the experiment with Dean.

text: Season 6 (2019)[edit]

text: Viewership[edit]

text: Season ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Preliminary
Consolidated

Season premiere
Season finale
Average viewers
Average rank
Average viewers
Average rank

1
6
18 May 2015
22 June 2015
1.115
#4
1.195
#3

2
7
4 April 2016
27 April 2016
0.915
#7
0.999
#6

3
8
29 August 2016
13 September 2016
0.880
#7
0.970
#5

4
29
30 January 2017
3 April 2017
1.081
#3
1.186
#2

5
32
29 January 2018
21 March 2018
1.223
#1
1.328
#1

6

2019
2019

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
18 May 2015
1,134,000
5
65,000
2
1,199,000
[41][42]

2
Episode 2
25 May 2015
1,103,000
4
77,000
2
1,180,000
[43][44]

3
Episode 3
1 June 2015
1,116,000
3
84,000
3
1,200,000
[45][46]

4
Episode 4
8 June 2015
971,000
7
99,000
6
1,070,000
[47][48]

5
Episode 5
15 June 2015
1,079,000
3
85,000
2
1,164,000
[49][50]

6
Episode 6
22 June 2015
1,290,000
1
71,000
1
1,361,000
[51][52]

text: Season 2 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
4 April 2016
771,000
13
86,000
9
857,000
[53][54]

2
Episode 2
5 April 2016
905,000
6
91,000
5
996,000
[55][56]

3
Episode 3
11 April 2016
874,000
8
62,000
7
936,000
[57][58]

4
Episode 4
12 April 2016
880,000
8
85,000
6
965,000
[59][60]

5
Episode 5
18 April 2016
899,000
6
122,000
7
1,021,000
[61][62]

6
Episode 6
19 April 2016
831,000
9
93,000
8
924,000
[63][64]

7
Finale
27 April 2016
1,048,000
4
66,000
2
1,114,000
[65][66]

7
Finale - Follow Up
27 April 2016
1,110,000
1
66,000
1
1,176,000
[65][66]

text: Season 3 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
29 August 2016
805,000
11
74,000
7
879,000
[67][68]

2
Episode 2
30 August 2016
810,000
7
60,000
7
870,000
[69][70]

3
Episode 3
31 August 2016
788,000
9
79,000
7
867,000
[71][72]

4
Episode 4
5 September 2016
843,000
8
97,000
6
940,000
[73][74]

5
Episode 5
6 September 2016
919,000
5
93,000
4
1,012,000
[75][76]

6
Episode 6
7 September 2016
974,000
2
117,000
1
1,091,000
[77][78]

7
Episode 7
12 September 2016
814,000
9
100,000
8
914,000
[79][80]

8
Episode 8
13 September 2016
1,083,000
3
101,000
1
1,184,000
[81][82]

text: Season 4 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
30 January 2017
820,000
10
84,000
9
904,000
[83][84]

2
Episode 2
31 January 2017
927,000
5
79,000
5
1,006,000
[85][86]

3
Episode 3
1 February 2017
824,000
6
75,000
5
899,000
[87][88]

4
Episode 4
5 February 2017
909,000
4
90,000
4
999,000
[89][90]

5
Episode 5
6 February 2017
893,000
6
100,000
6
993,000
[91][92]

6
Episode 6
7 February 2017
920,000
6
96,000
2
1,016,000
[93][94]

7
Episode 7
8 February 2017
905,000
6
112,000
3
1,017,000
[95][96]

8
Episode 8
12 February 2017
1,064,000
3
103,000
2
1,167,000
[97][98]

9
Episode 9
13 February 2017
1,107,000
2
108,000
2
1,215,000
[99][100]

10
Episode 10
14 February 2017
1,024,000
1
119,000
2
1,143,000
[101][102]

11
Episode 11
20 February 2017
1,096,000
2
96,000
2
1,192,000
[103][104]

12
Episode 12
21 February 2017
1,062,000
2
152,000
2
1,214,000
[105][106]

13
Episode 13
26 February 2017
1,113,000
1
129,000
1
1,242,000
[107][108]

14
Episode 14
27 February 2017
1,101,000
2
123,000
1
1,224,000
[109][110]

15
Episode 15
28 February 2017
1,092,000
1
144,000
1
1,236,000
[111][112]

16
Episode 16
5 March 2017
1,170,000
1
86,000
1
1,256,000
[113][114]

17
Episode 17
6 March 2017
1,099,000
1
101,000
1
1,200,000
[115][116]

18
Episode 18
7 March 2017
1,122,000
1
117,000
1
1,239,000
[117][118]

19
Episode 19
12 March 2017
1,160,000
1
91,000
1
1,251,000
[119][120]

20
Episode 20
13 March 2017
1,060,000
1
103,000
1
1,163,000
[121][122]

21
Episode 21
14 March 2017
1,148,000
1
104,000
1
1,252,000
[123][124]

22
Episode 22
19 March 2017
1,190,000
1
102,000
1
1,292,000
[125][126]

23
Episode 23
20 March 2017
1,239,000
1
108,000
1
1,347,000
[127][128]

24
Episode 24
21 March 2017
1,194,000
1
93,000
1
1,287,000
[129][130]

25
Episode 25
26 March 2017
1,157,000
1
72,000
1
1,229,000
[131][132]

26
Episode 26
27 March 2017
1,163,000
2
137,000
2
1,300,000
[133][134]

27
Episode 27
28 March 2017
1,034,000
5
112,000
2
1,146,000
[135][136]

28
Finale - Part 1
2 April 2017
1,379,000
1
98,000
1
1,477,000
[137][138]

29
Finale - Part 2
3 April 2017
1,389,000
1
107,000
1
1,496,000
[139][140]

text: Season 5 (2018)[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Overnight ratings
Consolidated ratings
Total
viewers
Ref(s)

Viewers
Rank
Viewers
Rank

1
Episode 1
29 January 2018
912,000
7
102,000
5
1,014,000
[141][142]

2
Episode 2
30 January 2018
907,000
5
101,000
4
1,008,000
[143][144]

3
Episode 3
31 January 2018
929,000
4
81,000
2
1,010,000
[145][146]

4
Episode 4
1 February 2018
995,000
1
96,000
1
1,091,000
[147][148]

5
Episode 5
4 February 2018
835,000
5
102,000
4
937,000
[149][150]

6
Episode 6
5 February 2018
879,000
6
101,000
4
978,000
[151][152]

7
Episode 7
6 February 2018
899,000
7
130,000
3
1,029,000
[153][154]

8
Episode 8
8 February 2018
938,000
1
124,000
1
1,062,000
[155][156]

9
Episode 9
11 February 2018
1,163,000
1
76,000
2
1,239,000
[157][158]

10
Episode 10
12 February 2018
1,158,000
1
89,000
2
1,247,000
[159][160]

11
Episode 11
13 February 2018
1,057,000
1
91,000
2
1,148,000
[161][162]

12
Episode 12
14 February 2018
1,133,000
1
107,000
1
1,240,000
[163][164]

13
Episode 13
18 February 2018
1,351,000
1
101,000
1
1,452,000
[165][166]

14
Episode 14
19 February 2018
1,296,000
1
104,000
1
1,400,000
[167][168]

15
Episode 15
20 February 2018
1,233,000
1
104,000
1
1,337,000
[169][170]

16
Episode 16
21 February 2018
1,341,000
1
132,000
1
1,473,000
[171][172]

17
Episode 17
25 February 2018
1,536,000
1
92,000
1
1,628,000
[173][174]

18
Episode 18
26 February 2018
1,325,000
1
107,000
1
1,432,000
[175][176]

19
Episode 19
27 February 2018
1,253,000
1
102,000
1
1,355,000
[177][178]

20
Episode 20
28 February 2018
1,315,000
1
127,000
1
1,442,000
[179][180]

21
Episode 21
4 March 2018
1,535,000
1
108,000
1
1,643,000
[181][182]

22
Episode 22
5 March 2018
1,271,000
1
98,000
1
1,369,000
[183][184]

23
Episode 23
6 March 2018
1,267,000
1
119,000
1
1,386,000
[185][186]

24
Episode 24
7 March 2018
1,260,000
1
112,000
1
1,372,000
[187][188]

25
Episode 25
11 March 2018
1,342,000
1
107,000
1
1,429,000
[189][190]

26
Episode 26
12 March 2018
1,256,000
1
102,000
1
1,358,000
[191][192]

27
Episode 27
13 March 2017
1,230,000
1
103,000
1
1,333,000
[193][194]

28
Episode 28
14 March 2018
1,188,000
1
132,000
1
1,320,000
[195][196]

29
Episode 29
18 March 2018
1,446,000
1
76,000
1
1,522,000
[197][198]

30
Episode 30
19 March 2018
1,525,000
1
78,000
1
1,603,000
[199][200]

31
Finale - Part 1
20 March 2018
1,623,000
1
127,000
1
1,750,000
[201][202]

32
Finale - Part 2
21 March 2018
1,753,000
1
136,000
1
1,889,000
[203][204]

text: Season 6 (2019)[edit]

text: Controversy and legality[edit]

text: Before the first season went to air, an online petition calling for the series to be axed attracted over 15,000 signatures.[205]

text: There was also criticism that, unlike the original Danish series, such marriages would not be legal under Australian law. Channel 9 admitted that participants would not actually marry. A spokesman said "In order to comply with the Australian Marriage Act (1961) which requires one month and one day notification, a marriage in law was not conducted. Each participant embarked on a commitment ceremony with a wedding celebrant with all due intention to commit fully to this union for the duration of the experiment. At the end of the experiment, they are given the option to continue with the relationship or go their separate ways".[205]

text: Second season participant Simone Lee Brennan described the program as "never [being] portrayed to its full authenticity," suggesting the man she had been paired with, Xavier Forsberg, had been recruited by producers and was seeking a sports-presenting role, rather than an applicant also looking for a relationship.[206]


document_title: ICC Cricket Hall of Fame

question_text: indian cricketer inducted in icc hall of fame

text: ICC Cricket Hall of Fame

text: Hall of Fame members[edit]

text:
Inductee

Team

Induction year

Tests

First Test

Last Test

Ref.

Curtly Ambrose

West Indies

2011

98

1988

2000

[10]

Enid Bakewell

England

2012

12

1968

1979

[11]

Sydney Barnes

England

2009+

27

1901

1914

[12]

Ken Barrington

England

2010

82

1955

1968

[13]

Bishan Singh Bedi

India

2009+

67

1966

1979

[14]

Alec Bedser

England

2009+

51

1946

1955

[15]

Richie Benaud

Australia

2009+

63

1952

1964

[16]

Allan Border

Australia

2009+

156

1978

1994

[17]

Ian Botham

England

2009+

102

1977

1992

[18]

Geoffrey Boycott

England

2009+

108

1964

1982

[19]

Donald Bradman

Australia

2009+

52

1928

1948

[20]

Greg Chappell

Australia

2009+

87

1970

1984

[21]

Ian Chappell

Australia

2009+

75

1964

1980

[22]

Belinda Clark

Australia

2011

15

1991

2005

[23]

Denis Compton

England

2009+

78

1937

1957

[24]

Colin Cowdrey

England

2009+

114

1954

1975

[25]

Martin Crowe

New Zealand

2015

77

1982

1995

[26]

Alan Davidson

Australia

2011

44

1953

1963

[27]

Kapil Dev

India

2009+

131

1979

1994

[28]

Rahul Dravid

India

2018

164

1996

2012

[9]

Joel Garner

West Indies

2010

58

1977

1987

[29]

Sunil Gavaskar

India

2009+

125

1971

1987

[30]

Lance Gibbs

West Indies

2009+

79

1958

1976

[31]

Adam Gilchrist

Australia

2013

96

1999

2008

[32]

Graham Gooch

England

2009+

118

1975

1995

[33]

David Gower

England

2009+

117

1978

1992

[34]

W. G. Grace

England

2009+

22

1880

1899

[35]

Tom Graveney

England

2009+

79

1951

1969

[36]

Gordon Greenidge

West Indies

2009+

108

1974

1991

[37]

Clarrie Grimmett

Australia

2009

37

1925

1936

[38]

Richard Hadlee

New Zealand

2009+

86

1973

1990

[39]

Wes Hall

West Indies

2015

48

1958

1969

[40]

Wally Hammond

England

2009+

85

1927

1947

[41]

Neil Harvey

Australia

2009+

79

1948

1963

[42]

George Headley

West Indies

2009+

22

1930

1954

[43]

Rachael Heyhoe Flint

England

2010

22

1960

1979

[44]

Jack Hobbs

England

2009+

61

1908

1930

[45]

Debbie Hockley

New Zealand

2014

19

1979

1996

[8]

Michael Holding

West Indies

2009+

60

1975

1987

[46]

Leonard Hutton

England

2009+

79

1937

1955

[47]

Rohan Kanhai

West Indies

2009+

79

1957

1974

[48]

 Imran Khan

Pakistan

2009+

88

1971

1992

[49]

Alan Knott

England

2009+

95

1967

1981

[50]

Anil   Kumble

India

2015

132

1990

2008

[51]

Jim Laker

England

2009+

46

1948

1959

[52]

Brian Lara

West Indies

2012

131

1990

2006

[53]

Harold Larwood

England

2009+

21

1926

1933

[54]

Dennis Lillee

Australia

2009+

70

1971

1984

[55]

Ray Lindwall

Australia

2009+

61

1946

1960

[56]

Clive Lloyd

West Indies

2009+

110

1966

1984

[57]

George Lohmann

England

2016

18

1886

1896

[58]

Rod Marsh

Australia

2009+

96

1970

1984

[59]

Malcolm Marshall

West Indies

2009+

81

1978

1991

[60]

Peter May

England

2009+

66

1951

1961

[61]

Glenn McGrath

Australia

2012

124

1993

2007

[62]

 Javed Miandad

Pakistan

2009+

124

1976

1993

[63]

Keith Miller

Australia

2009+

55

1946

1956

[64]

 Hanif Mohammad

Pakistan

2009+

55

1952

1969

[65]

Arthur Morris

Australia

2016

46

1946

1955

[66]

Muttiah Muralitharan

Sri Lanka

2016

133

1992

2010

[67]

Bill O'Reilly

Australia

2009+

27

1932

1946

[68]

Graeme Pollock

South Africa

2009+

23

1963

1970

[69]

Ricky Ponting

Australia

2018

168

1995

2012

[9]

Wilfred Rhodes

England

2009+

58

1899

1930

[70]

Barry Richards

South Africa

2009+

4

1970

1970

[71]

Viv Richards

West Indies

2009+

121

1974

1991

[72]

Andy Roberts

West Indies

2009+

47

1974

1983

[73]

Karen Rolton

Australia

2016

14

1995

2009

[74]

Bob Simpson

Australia

2014

62

1957

1978

[8]

Garfield Sobers

West Indies

2009+

93

1954

1974

[75]

Fred Spofforth

Australia

2011

18

1877

1887

[76]

Brian Statham

England

2009+

70

1951

1965

[77]

Herbert Sutcliffe

England

2009

54

1924

1935

[78]

Claire Taylor

England

2018

15

1999

2009

[9]

Fred Trueman

England

2009+

67

1952

1965

[79]

Victor Trumper

Australia

2009

48

1899

1912

[80]

Derek Underwood

England

2009+

86

1966

1982

[81]

Clyde Walcott

West Indies

2009+

44

1948

1960

[82]

Courtney Walsh

West Indies

2010

132

1984

2001

[83]

Shane Warne

Australia

2013

145

1992

2007

[84]

Wasim Akram

Pakistan

2009

104

1984

2003

[85]

Steve Waugh

Australia

2009

168

1985

2004

[86]

Everton Weekes

West Indies

2009+

48

1948

1958

[87]

Betty Wilson

Australia

2015

11

1948

1958

[88]

Frank Woolley

England

2009+

64

1909

1934

[89]

Frank Worrell

West Indies

2009+

51

1948

1963

[90]

Waqar Younis

Pakistan

2013

87

1989

2003

[91]

text: + Inaugural member inducted in January 2009.[2]

text: By team[edit]

text:
Number ofmembers

Team

Span[92]

28

England

1877–present

25

Australia

1877–present

18

West Indies

1928–present

5

India

1932–present

5

Pakistan

1952–present

3

New Zealand

1930–present

2

South Africa

1889–present

1

Sri Lanka

1982–present

87

Total


document_title: Insurance policy

question_text: insurance policies may be classified as contracts of

text: Insurance policy

text: General features[edit]

text: The insurance contract or agreement is a contract whereby the insurer promises to pay benefits to the insured or on their behalf to a third party if certain defined events occur. Subject to the "fortuity principle", the event must be uncertain. The uncertainty can be either as to when the event will happen (e.g. in a life insurance policy, the time of the insured's death is uncertain) or as to if it will happen at all (e.g. in a fire insurance policy, whether or not a fire will occur at all).[4]

text:
Insurance contracts are generally considered contracts of adhesion because the insurer draws up the contract and the insured has little or no ability to make material changes to it. This is interpreted to mean that the insurer bears the burden if there is any ambiguity in any terms of the contract. Insurance policies are sold without the policyholder even seeing a copy of the contract.[2]:27 In 1970 Robert Keeton suggested that many courts were actually applying 'reasonable expectations' rather than interpreting ambiguities, which he called the 'reasonable expectations doctrine'. This doctrine has been controversial, with some courts adopting it and others explicitly rejecting it.[5] In several jurisdictions, including California, Wyoming, and Pennsylvania, the insured is bound by clear and conspicuous terms in the contract even if the evidence suggests that the insured did not read or understand them.[6][7][8]
Insurance contracts are aleatory in that the amounts exchanged by the insured and insurer are unequal and depend upon uncertain future events.[9][10] In contrast, ordinary non-insurance contracts are commutative in that the amounts (or values) exchanged are usually intended by the parties to be roughly equal.[9][10] This distinction is particularly important in the context of exotic products like finite risk insurance which contain "commutation" provisions.
Insurance contracts are unilateral, meaning that only the insurer makes legally enforceable promises in the contract. The insured is not required to pay the premiums, but the insurer is required to pay the benefits under the contract if the insured has paid the premiums and met certain other basic provisions.[11]
Insurance contracts are governed by the principle of utmost good faith (uberrima fides) which requires both parties of the insurance contract to deal in good faith and in particular it imparts on the insured a duty to disclose all material facts which relate to the risk to be covered.[12] This contrasts with the legal doctrine that covers most other types of contracts, caveat emptor (let the buyer beware). In the United States, the insured can sue an insurer in tort for acting in bad faith.

tag: ul

text: Structure[edit]

text: Insurance contracts were traditionally written on the basis of every single type of risk (where risks were defined extremely narrowly), and a separate premium was calculated and charged for each. Only those individual risks expressly described or "scheduled" in the policy were covered; hence, those policies are now described as "individual" or "schedule" policies.[13] This system of "named perils"[14] or "specific perils"[15] coverage proved to be unsustainable in the context of the Second Industrial Revolution, in that a typical large conglomerate might have dozens of types of risks to insure against. For example, in 1926, an insurance industry spokesman noted that a bakery would have to buy a separate policy for each of the following risks: manufacturing operations, elevators, teamsters, product liability, contractual liability (for a spur track connecting the bakery to a nearby railroad), premises liability (for a retail store), and owners' protective liability (for negligence of contractors hired to make any building modifications).[13]

text: In 1941, the insurance industry began to shift to the current system where covered risks are initially defined broadly in an "all risk"[16] or "all sums"[17] insuring agreement on a general policy form (e.g., "We will pay all sums that the insured becomes legally obligated to pay as damages..."), then narrowed down by subsequent exclusion clauses (e.g., "This insurance does not apply to...").[18] If the insured desires coverage for a risk taken out by an exclusion on the standard form, the insured can sometimes pay an additional premium for an endorsement to the policy that overrides the exclusion.

text: Insurers have been criticized in some quarters for the development of complex policies with layers of interactions between coverage clauses, conditions, exclusions, and exceptions to exclusions. In a case interpreting one ancestor of the modern "products-completed operations hazard" clause,[19] the Supreme Court of California complained:

text:
“
The instant case presents yet another illustration of the dangers of the present complex structuring of insurance policies. Unfortunately the insurance industry has become addicted to the practice of building into policies one condition or exception upon another in the shape of a linguistic Tower of Babel. We join other courts in decrying a trend which both plunges the insured into a state of uncertainty and burdens the judiciary with the task of resolving it. We reiterate our plea for clarity and simplicity in policies that fulfill so important a public service. [20]
”

text: Parts of an insurance contract[edit]

text:
Declarations - identifies who is an insured, the insured's address, the insuring company, what risks or property are covered, the policy limits (amount of insurance), any applicable deductibles, the policy period and premium amount.[21][22] These are usually provided on a form that is filled out by the insurer based on the insured's application and attached on top of or inserted within the first few pages of the policy.
Definitions - Defines important terms used in the rest of the policy.[23]
Insuring agreement - Describes the covered perils, or risks assumed, or nature of coverage. This is where the insurance company makes one or more express promises to indemnify the insured.[24][25]
Exclusions - Takes coverage away from the insuring agreement by describing property, perils, hazards or losses arising from specific causes which are not covered by the policy.
Conditions - These are specific provisions, rules of conduct, duties, and obligations which the insured must comply with in order for coverage to incept, or must remain in compliance with in order to keep coverage in effect. If policy conditions are not met, the insurer can deny the claim.[26][23]
Policy form - The definitions, insuring agreement, exclusions, and conditions are typically combined into a single integrated document called a policy form, coverage form, or coverage part. When multiple coverage forms are packaged into a single policy, the declarations will state as much, and then there may be additional declarations specific to each coverage form. Traditionally, policy forms have been so rigidly standardized that they have no blank spaces to be filled in. Instead, they always expressly refer to terms or amounts stated in the declarations. If the policy needs to be customized beyond what is possible with the declarations, then the underwriter attaches endorsements or riders.
Endorsements - Additional forms attached to the policy that modify it in some way, either unconditionally or upon the existence of some condition.[27][28] Endorsements can make policies difficult to read for nonlawyers; they may revise, expand, or delete clauses located many pages earlier in one or more coverage forms, or even modify each other. Because it is very risky to allow nonlawyer underwriters to directly rewrite policy forms with word processors, insurers usually direct underwriters to modify them by attaching endorsements preapproved by counsel for various common modifications.
Riders - A rider is used to convey the terms of a policy amendment and the amendment thereby becomes part of the policy. Riders are dated and numbered so that both insurer and policyholder can determine provisions and the benefit level. Common riders to group medical plans involve name changes, change to eligible classes of employees, change in level of benefits, or the addition of a managed care arrangement such as a Health Maintenance Organization or Preferred Provider Organization (PPO).[29]
Jackets - The term has several distinct and confusing meanings. In general, it refers to some set of standard boilerplate provisions which accompanies all policies at the time of delivery. Some insurers refer to a package of standard documents shared across an entire family of policies as a "jacket." Some insurers extend this to include policy forms, so that the only parts of the policy not part of the jacket are the declarations, endorsements, and riders. Other insurers use the term "jacket" in a manner closer to its ordinary meaning: a binder, envelope, or presentation folder with pockets in which the policy may be delivered, or a cover sheet to which the policy forms are stapled or which is stapled on top of the policy. The standard boilerplate provisions are then printed on the jacket itself.

text: Industry standard forms[edit]

text: In the United States, property and casualty insurers typically use similar or even identical language in their standard insurance policies, which are drafted by advisory organizations such as the Insurance Services Office and the American Association of Insurance Services.[30] This reduces the regulatory burden for insurers as policy forms must be approved by states; it also allows consumers to more readily compare policies, albeit at the expense of consumer choice.[30] In addition, as policy forms are reviewed by courts, the interpretations become more predictable as courts elaborate upon the interpretation of the same clauses in the same policy forms, rather than different policies from different insurers.[31]

text: In recent years, however, insurers have increasingly modified the standard forms in company-specific ways or declined to adopt changes[32] to standard forms. For example, a review of home insurance policies found substantial differences in various provisions.[33] In some areas such as directors and officers liability insurance[34] and personal umbrella insurance[35] there is little industry-wide standardization.

text: Manuscript policies and endorsements[edit]

text: For the vast majority of insurance policies, the only page that is heavily custom-written to the insured's needs is the declarations page. All other pages are standard forms that refer back to terms defined in the declarations as needed. However, certain types of insurance, such as media insurance, are written as manuscript policies, which are either custom-drafted from scratch or written from a mix of standard and nonstandard forms.[36][37] By analogy, policy endorsements which are not written on standard forms or whose language is custom-written to fit the insured's particular circumstances are known as manuscript endorsements.


document_title: Car Wash (film)

question_text: who played the cashier in the movie car wash

text: Car Wash (film)

text: Overview[edit]

text: Originally conceived as a musical, Car Wash deals with the exploits of a close-knit, multiracial group of employees at a Los Angeles car wash. In an episodic fashion, the film covers a full day, during which all manner of strange visitors make cameo appearances, including Lorraine Gary as a hysterical wealthy woman from Beverly Hills dealing with a carsick son. Richard Pryor also appears in a cameo as a money-hungry evangelist named 'Daddy Rich' who preaches a pseudo-gospel of prosperity theology; The Pointer Sisters play the parts of his loyal (and singing) entourage, The Wilson Sisters.

text: One main character is Abdullah, formerly Duane (Bill Duke), a Black Muslim revolutionary. Among his other misadventures in the film, he must deal with a man ("Professor" Irwin Corey) who fits the profile of the notorious "pop bottle bomber" being sought that day by the police. It causes employees, customers, and the owner of the car wash, Mr. B (Sully Boyar), to fear for their lives, but the strange man's "bomb" is simply a urine sample he is taking to the hospital.

text: Mr. B's son Irwin (Richard Brestoff), a left-wing college student who smokes pot in the men's restroom and carries around a copy of Quotations from Chairman Mao, insists on spending a day with the "working class" employees, since he considers them "brothers" in the "struggle". As he gets ready to go to work, he sets off motion sensors that give him the first "human car wash", which he takes in a good-natured (if pot-induced) stride.

text: George Carlin appears as a taxi driver searching fruitlessly for a prostitute who stiffed him for a fare. The prostitute, Marleen, has her own hopes shattered as a customer with whom she apparently has fallen in love with has given her a false telephone number.

text: Ex-con Lonnie (Ivan Dixon) is the foreman of the car wash who tries to mentor Abdullah while struggling to raise two young children and fend off his parole officer (Jason Bernard). Abdullah confronts Lindy (Antonio Fargas) and sharply criticizes his cross-dressing, to which Lindy coolly replies, "I'm more man than you'll ever be and more woman than you'll ever get".

text: T.C. (Franklin Ajaye) is another young employee who is determined to win a radio call-in contest to win tickets for a rock concert and to convince his estranged girlfriend Mona, who works as a waitress in a diner across the street, to accompany him.

text: Floyd and Lloyd are musicians who have an audition for an agent at the end of their shift and spend the entire movie doing their jazz-blues dance moves in front of bewildered customers.

text: Justin clashes with his girlfriend, Loretta, who wants him to go back to college, but he refuses out of the feeling that a black man like him will not get anywhere in the world with any kind of education. Justin's elderly grandfather, Snapper, works as the shoe shine man at the car wash and is a follower of Daddy Rich.

text: Other employees include womanizer Geronimo; Scruggs (Jack Kehoe), a cowboy who works as the gas pump operator; Hippo, an overweight employee who briefly hooks up with Marleen the prostitute; Chuco, a scheming Latino employee; Goody, a Native American employee; Charlie, a scruffy middle-aged employee; Sly (Garrett Morris), a con artist employee and bookie who later gets arrested right at the car wash for a series of unpaid parking tickets; and Earl, who has the attitude of being superior to his colleagues because he doesn't get wet, he would appear to think that he is the supervisor at the car wash.

text: Among everything, Mr. B constantly makes passes against the receptionist Marsha (Melanie Mayron) as an escape from his troubled home life. Mr. B is constantly tense and worried throughout the film as he fears about his car wash going out of business due to a competitor a few miles down the street. Lonnie, on the other hand, is full of ideas on how to save the car wash that he cannot get Mr. B or anyone else to listen to, mostly due to Mr. B being a cheapskate.

text: Later at the end of the movie, Abdullah, after being fired by Mr. B for his unexplained absences, appears in the office with a gun while Lonnie is closing up, intending to rob the business. Lonnie talks him out of it, and the two commiserate at the status society has imposed on them: two proud men forced to work at a meaningless job for meager pay. It's a melancholy ending to the day as they all go their separate ways, knowing that they'll be back tomorrow to do it all over again.

text: Cast (in alphabetical order)[edit]

text:
Franklyn Ajaye as T.C.
Sully Boyar as Leon 'Mr B.' Barrow
Richard Brestoff as Irwin Barrow
George Carlin as the Taxi Driver
Irwin Corey as The Mad Bomber
Ivan Dixon as Lonnie
Bill Duke as Duane - Abdullah
Antonio Fargas as Lindy
Lauren Jones as Marleen
Michael Fennell as Calvin
Arthur French as Charlie
Lorraine Gary as the Hysterical Lady
Darrow Igus as Floyd
Leonard Jackson as Earl
DeWayne Jessie (a.k.a. Otis Day) as Lloyd
Jack Kehoe as Scruggs
Henry Kingi as Goody
Melanie Mayron as Marsha
Garrett Morris as Slide
Clarence Muse as Snapper
Leon Pinkney as Justin
The Pointer Sisters as The Wilson Sisters
Richard Pryor as Daddy Rich
Tracy Reed as Mona
Pepe Serna as Chuco
James Spinks as Hippo
Ray Vitte as Geronimo
Renn Woods as Loretta
Brooke Adams as Terry
Antonie Becker as Charlene
Danny DeVito as Joe
Antar Mubarak as Sonny Fredericks
Otis Sistrunk as Otis
Tim Thomerson as Ken

text: Other actors[edit]

text: Danny DeVito and Brooke Adams appeared in the movie as Joe and Terry, the owners of a food stand called 'Big Joe's Dog House' which is located next to the car wash. Though they had speaking roles, nearly all of their scenes were deleted from the theatrical version and they are only seen in the background. Their scenes were restored for the edited television version.

text: The film also featured the speaking voices of local L.A. disc jockeys Jay Butler, J.J. Jackson, Rod McGrew, Sarina C. Grant, and Cleveland's Billy Bass, all heard in the background of the film on the fictional "KGYS" radio station.

text: Production[edit]

text: Originally the project was intended as a stage production, which would feature a replicate car wash on stage.[1]  The hope was that, if successful, the project could be adapted as a movie.  Upon telling the idea to then head of Universal Ned Tanen, the producers were persuaded to make the film version instead.[1] Joel Schumacher was chosen to write based on his work writing "Sparkle"[1]

text: Unusual for film production, the sound track was recorded prior to filming of the movie.[2] The director wanted the actors to actually listen to the same music that would later be added in Post Production while filming the scenes.[3]

text: Reception[edit]

text: When the film was originally released, it received mediocre reviews (though Roger Ebert praised the film, calling it "a wash-and-wax M*A*S*H") and was not considered a major success. Since its initial release, it has had a small but constant following as a cult film, some notable disciples including Michael Bay and Sandford Bay.[citation needed] The film won the Best Music Award and the Technical Grand Prize at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival plus a nomination for Golden Palm.[4] In the same year it was nominated for Golden Globe, plus it won a Grammy for Best Album of Original Score written for a Motion Picture or Television Special.

text: Gay film historian Vito Russo cites the character Lindy, played by Antonio Fargas, as being both funny and challenging through his gay militancy. Russo deems Lindy's response to the militant Abdullah as being potentially revolutionary had it not been placed strictly within a comedic context.[5] African American cultural critic Angela Nelson identifies Lindy as a "sophisticated sissy."[6] The "sophisticated sissy" characterization is often used as an easy contrast to the "appropriate" masculine behaviour that heterosexual black male characters are expected to display.

text: Music[edit]

text: Car Wash, recorded by Rose Royce, was a major success, yielding three Billboard R&B Top Ten singles: "Car Wash", "I Wanna Get Next to You", and "I'm Going Down". The title track, written and produced by Norman Whitfield, was a #1 hit and was one of the biggest hit singles of the disco era.  Meanwhile, The Pointer Sisters' "You Gotta Believe" -- which the group performed during their cameo in the film -- was a Top Twenty R&B hit. The Car Wash soundtrack won a 1977 Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album.[7]

text: Versions[edit]

text: Car Wash had its network television premiere on NBC Monday Night at the Movies in 1978. Along with the standard dubbing of strong language, many scenes that included the gay character Lindy (Fargas) were trimmed or deleted. To replace these shortened scenes, and therefore shortened film, a subplot of a diner owner (Danny DeVito) (scenes shot for the theatrical version but cut prior to release) were re-inserted. As of 2013, commercially available versions of the movie were of the original theatrical release, not the revised TV version.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Rabin, Nathan. "Joel Schumacher". Avclub. Retrieved 10 January 2018.

Jump up ^ Rose Royce bio

Jump up ^ "Liner notes". Car Wash, motion picture soundtrack. 1976.

Jump up ^ "Festival de Cannes: Car Wash". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-24. Retrieved 2009-05-10.

Jump up ^ Russo, pp. 228—29

Jump up ^ Means Coleman, p. 142

Jump up ^ allmusic Biography

tag: ol


document_title: (I'd Be) A Legend in My Time

question_text: who sang i'd be a legend in my time

question_tokens: who sang i 'd be a legend in my time

text: (I'd Be) A Legend in My Time

text:
"(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time"

Single by Ronnie Milsap

from the album A Legend in My Time

B-side
"The Biggest Lie"

Released
November 30, 1974

Genre
Country

Length
2:55

Label
RCA

Songwriter(s)
Don Gibson

Producer(s)
Tom Collins, Jack D. Johnson

Ronnie Milsap singles chronology

"Please Don't Tell Me How the Story Ends"
(1974)
"(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time"
(1974)
"Too Late to Worry, Too Blue to Cry"
(1975)

"Please Don't Tell Me How the Story Ends"
(1974)
"(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time"
(1974)
"Too Late to Worry, Too Blue to Cry"
(1975)

text: "(I'd Be) A Legend in My Time" is a song written and recorded by Don Gibson in 1960. It appeared as the B-side of his hit "Far Far Away", from the album Sweet Dreams. Gibson re-recorded the song on the 1972 album Country Green.

text: Frequently covered, the song is usually titled without the parenthetical lead. Versions have been recorded by Connie Francis, Johnny Cash (on the album American V: A Hundred Highways), B. B. King, Timi Yuro, and Frank Ifield, among others.

text: Roy Orbison covered the track for his 1961 album Lonely and Blue, and recorded a second later version which was featured on his 1967 tribute album to Gibson, Roy Orbison Sings Don Gibson.

text: The song was recorded by Ronnie Milsap and released in November 1974 as the lead single from his album A Legend in My Time. This was Milsap's sixth country hit and his third number one. The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of ten weeks within the top 40.[1] Milsap's recording altered the song from its original 3/4 time signature to a 4/4 time signature.[2]

text: Chart performance[edit]

text:
Chart (1974-1975)
Peak
position

US Hot Country Songs (Billboard)[3]
1

Canadian RPM Country Tracks
1


document_title: Mackenzie River

question_text: where does the mackenzie river start and end

text: Mackenzie River

text: Course[edit]

text: Rising out of the marshy western end of Great Slave Lake, the Mackenzie River flows generally west-northwest for about 300 km (190 mi), passing the hamlet of Fort Providence. At Fort Simpson it is joined by the Liard River, its largest tributary, then swings towards the Arctic, paralleling the Franklin Mountains as it receives the North Nahanni River. The Keele River enters from the left about 100 km (62 mi) above Tulita, where the Great Bear River joins the Mackenzie. Just before crossing the Arctic Circle, the river passes Norman Wells, then continues northwest to merge with the Arctic Red and Peel rivers. It finally empties into the Beaufort Sea, part of the Arctic Ocean, through the vast Mackenzie Delta.[2][5][6]

text: Most of the Mackenzie River is a broad, slow-moving waterway; its elevation drops just 156 metres (512 ft) from source to mouth.[7] It is a braided river for much of its length, characterized by numerous sandbars and side channels. The river ranges from 2 to 5 km (1.2 to 3.1 mi) wide and 8 to 9 m (26 to 30 ft) deep in most parts, and is thus easily navigable except when it freezes over in the winter. However, there are several spots where the river narrows to less than half a kilometre (0.3 mi) and flows quickly, such as at the Sans Sault Rapids at the confluence of the Mountain River and "The Ramparts", a 40 m (130 ft) deep canyon south of Fort Good Hope.[8][9]

text: Watershed[edit]

text: At 1,805,200 square kilometres (697,000 sq mi), the Mackenzie River's watershed or drainage basin is the largest in Canada, encompassing nearly 20% of the country.[1] From its farthest headwaters at Thutade Lake in the Omineca Mountains to its mouth, the Mackenzie stretches for 4,241 km (2,635 mi) across western Canada, making it the longest river system in the nation and the thirteenth longest in the world.[1][citation needed] The river discharges more than 325 cubic kilometres (78 cu mi) of water each year, accounting for roughly 11% of the total river flow into the Arctic Ocean.[10][11] The Mackenzie's outflow holds a major role in the local climate above the Arctic Ocean with large amounts of warmer fresh water mixing with the cold seawater.[2]

text: Many major watersheds of North America border on the drainage of the Mackenzie River. Much of the western edge of the Mackenzie basin runs along the Continental Divide. The divide separates the Mackenzie watershed from that of the Yukon River and its headstreams the Pelly and Stewart rivers, which flow to the Bering Strait; and the Fraser River and Columbia River systems, both of which run to the Pacific Ocean.[12] Lowland divides in the north distinguish the Mackenzie basin from those of the Anderson, Horton, Coppermine and Back Rivers – all of which empty into the Arctic. Eastern watersheds bordering on that of the Mackenzie include those of the Thelon and Churchill Rivers, both of which flow into Hudson Bay. On the south, the Mackenzie watershed borders that of the North Saskatchewan River, part of the Nelson River system, which empties into Hudson Bay after draining much of south-central Canada.[5][12]

text: Through its many tributaries, the Mackenzie River basin covers portions of five Canadian provinces and territories – British Columbia (BC), Alberta, Saskatchewan, Yukon, and Northwest Territories. The two largest headwaters forks, the Peace and Athabasca Rivers,[13] drain much of the central Alberta prairie and the Rocky Mountains in northern BC then combine into the Slave River at the Peace-Athabasca Delta near Lake Athabasca, which also receives runoff from northwestern Saskatchewan.[14] The Slave is the primary feeder of Great Slave Lake (contributing about 77% of the water); other inflows include the Taltson, Lockhart and Hay Rivers, the latter of which also extends into Alberta and BC.[15] Direct tributaries of the Mackenzie from the west such as the Liard and Peel Rivers carry runoff from the mountains of the eastern Yukon.[16]

text: The eastern portion of the Mackenzie basin is dominated by vast reaches of lake-studded boreal forest and includes many of the largest lakes in North America. By both volume and surface area, Great Bear Lake is the biggest in the watershed and third largest on the continent, with a surface area of 31,153 km2 (12,028 sq mi) and a volume of 2,236 km3 (536 cu mi).[17] Great Slave Lake is slightly smaller, with an area of 28,568 km2 (11,030 sq mi) and containing 2,088 km3 (501 cu mi) of water, although it is significantly deeper than Great Bear.[15] The third major lake, Athabasca, is less than a third that size with an area of 7,800 km2 (3,000 sq mi).[14] Six other lakes in the watershed cover more than 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi), including the Williston Lake reservoir, the second-largest artificial lake in North America, on the Peace River.[2]

text: With an average annual flow of 9,910 m3/s (350,000 cu ft/s), the Mackenzie River has a smaller discharge than the St Lawrence but is the fourteenth largest in the world in this respect.[18] About 60% of the water comes from the western half of the basin, which includes the Rocky, Selwyn, and Mackenzie mountain ranges out of which spring major tributaries such as the Peace and Liard Rivers, which contribute 23% and 27% of the total flow, respectively. In contrast the eastern half, despite being dominated by marshland and large lakes, provides only about 25% of the Mackenzie's discharge.[19] During peak flow in the spring, the difference in discharge between the two halves of the watershed becomes even more marked. While large amounts of snow and glacial melt dramatically drive up water levels in the Mackenzie's western tributaries, large lakes in the eastern basin retard springtime discharges. Breakup of ice jams caused by sudden rises in temperature – a phenomenon especially pronounced on the Mackenzie – further exacerbate flood peaks. In full flood, the Peace River can carry so much water that it inundates its delta and backs upstream into Lake Athabasca, and the excess water can only flow out after the Peace has receded.[20]

text: Geology[edit]

text: As recently as the end of the last glacial period eleven thousand years ago the majority of northern Canada was buried under the enormous continental Laurentide ice sheet. The tremendous erosive powers of the Laurentide and its predecessors, at maximum extent, completely buried the Mackenzie River valley under thousands of meters of ice and flattened the eastern portions of the Mackenzie watershed. When the ice sheet receded for the last time, it left a 1,100 km (680 mi)-long postglacial lake called Lake McConnell, of which Great Bear, Great Slave and Athabasca Lakes are remnants.[17][21] Significant evidence exists that roughly 13,000 years ago, the channel of the Mackenzie was scoured by one or more massive glacial lake outburst floods unleashed from Lake Agassiz, formed by melting ice west of the present-day Great Lakes. At its peak, Agassiz had a greater volume than all present-day freshwater lakes combined.[22] This is believed to have disrupted currents in the Arctic Ocean and led to an abrupt 1,300-year-long cold temperature shift called the Younger Dryas.[23]

text: Ecology[edit]

text: The Mackenzie River's watershed is considered one of the largest and most intact ecosystems in North America, especially in the north. Approximately 63% of the basin – 1,137,000 km2 (439,000 sq mi) – is covered by forest, mostly boreal, and wetlands comprise some 18% of the watershed – about 324,900 km2 (125,400 sq mi). More than 93% of the wooded areas in the watershed are virgin forest. There are fifty-three fish species in the basin, none of them endemic.[24] Most of the aquatic species in the Mackenzie River are descendants of those of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. This anomaly is believed to have been caused by hydrologic connection of the two river systems during the Ice Ages by meltwater lakes and channels.[25]

text: Fish in the Mackenzie River proper include the northern pike, some minnows, and lake whitefish, and the river's shores are lined with sparse vegetation like dwarf birch and willows, as well as numerous peat bogs. Further south the tundra vegetation transitions to black spruce, aspen and poplar forest. Overall, the northern watershed is not very diverse ecologically, due to its cold climate – permafrost underlies about three-quarters of the watershed, reaching up to 100 m (330 ft) deep in the delta region[2] – and meager to moderate rainfall, amounting to about 410 millimetres (16 in) over the basin as a whole.[26] The southern half of the basin, in contrast, includes larger reaches of temperate and alpine forests as well as fertile floodplain and riparian habitat, but is actually home to fewer fish species due to large rapids on the Slave River preventing upstream migration of aquatic species.[27]

text: Migratory birds use the two major deltas in the Mackenzie River basin – the Mackenzie Delta and the inland Peace-Athabasca Delta – as important resting and breeding areas. The latter is located at the convergence of four major North American migratory routes, or flyways.[28] As recently as the mid-twentieth century, more than 400,000 birds passed through during the spring and up to a million in autumn. Some 215 bird species in total have been catalogued in the delta, including endangered species such as the whooping crane, peregrine falcon and bald eagle. The construction of the W.A.C. Bennett Dam on the Peace River has reduced the seasonal variations of water levels in the delta, causing damage to its ecosystems. Populations of migratory birds in the area have steadily declined since the 1960s.[29]

text: Water mammals such as muskrats breed in the Mackenzie Delta during the spring.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2011)

text: The Mackenzie (previously Disappointment) River was named after Scottish explorer Alexander Mackenzie, who travelled the river in the hope it would lead to the Pacific Ocean, but instead reached its mouth on the Arctic Ocean on 14 July 1789. No European reached its mouth again until Sir John Franklin on 16 August 1825. The following year he traced the coast west until blocked by ice while John Richardson followed the coast east to the Coppermine River. In 1849 William Pullen reached the Mackenzie from the Bering Strait.

text: The Royal Canadian Mint honoured the 200th anniversary of the naming of the Mackenzie River with the issue of a silver commemorative dollar in 1989.

text: In 1997, a cultural landscape along the section of the Mackenzie River at Tsiigehtchic was designated the Nagwichoonjik (Mackenzie River) National Historic Site of Canada due to its cultural, social and spiritual significance to the Gwichya Gwich'in.[30]

text: In 2008, Canadian and Japanese researchers extracted a constant stream of natural gas from a test project at the Mallik methane hydrate field in the Mackenzie Delta. This was the second such drilling at Mallik: the first took place in 2002 and used heat to release methane. In the 2008 experiment, researchers were able to extract gas by lowering the pressure, without heating, requiring significantly less energy.[31] The Mallik gas hydrate field was first discovered by Imperial Oil in 1971–1972.[32]

text: Human use[edit]

text: As of 2001, approximately 397,000 people lived in the Mackenzie River basin – representing only 1% of Canada's population. Ninety percent of these people lived in the Peace and Athabasca River drainage areas, and mainly in Alberta. The cold northern permafrost regions beyond the Arctic Circle are very sparsely populated, mainly by indigenous peoples.[2] As a result, much of the Mackenzie watershed consists of unbroken wilderness and human activities presently have little influence on water quality or quantity in the basin's major rivers.[33] Perhaps the heaviest use of the watershed is in resource extraction – oil and gas in central Alberta, lumber in the Peace River headwaters, uranium in Saskatchewan, gold in the Great Slave Lake area and tungsten in the Yukon. In the agricultural market, the Mackenzie River is filled with a variety of fish species.[34] Especially in the case of oil, these activities are beginning to pose a threat to riverine ecology in the headwaters of the Mackenzie River, by beginning the process of melting some of the permafrost and creating the destabilization of the soil through erosion.[34][2][35]

text: During the ice-free season, the Mackenzie is a major transportation link through the vast wilderness of northern Canada, linking the numerous scattered and isolated communities along its course. Canada's northernmost major railhead is located at the town of Hay River, on the south shore of Great Slave Lake. Goods shipped there by train and truck are loaded onto barges of the Inuit-owned Northern Transportation Company.[36] Barge traffic travels the entire length of the Mackenzie in long "trains" of up to fifteen vessels pulled by tugboats, with the sole exception being in a few of the river's narrows, where the barges are uncoupled and towed one by one through difficult stretches. Goods are shipped as far as the town of Tuktoyaktuk on the eastern end of the Mackenzie Delta. From there they are further distributed among communities along Canada's Arctic coast and the numerous islands north of it.[37] During the winter, the frozen channel of the Mackenzie River, especially in the delta region, is crisscrossed with ice roads served by dogsleds and snowmobiles.[38]

text: Although the entire main stem of the Mackenzie River is undammed, many of its tributaries and headwaters have been developed for hydroelectricity production, flood control and agricultural purposes. The W.A.C. Bennett Dam and Peace Canyon Dam on the upper Peace River were completed in 1968 and 1980 for power generation purposes. The two dams, both owned by BC Hydro, have a combined capacity of more than 3,650 megawatts (MW).[39][40] The reservoir of W.A.C. Bennett – Williston Lake – is the largest body of fresh water in BC and the ninth largest man-made lake in the world, with a volume of 70.3 km3 (57,000,000 acre·ft).[41] Williston's additional purpose of flood control has led to reduced flooding in the Peace River valley, the Peace-Athabasca Delta, and the Slave River, which while providing for better farming conditions, has had significant impacts on wildlife and riparian communities. The decrease in annual flow fluctuations has had impacts as far downstream as the main stem of the Mackenzie because it slows down the spread of essential nutrients which builds up in the form of sediments thus causing the river to become more polluted.[34][42][43]

text: Agriculture in the Mackenzie River basin is mainly concentrated in the southern portion of the watershed, namely the valleys of the Peace and Athabasca Rivers. The valley of the former river is considered to be some of the best northern farmland in Canada, due to the high concentration of minerals found in the soil.[34] These conditions are expected to be improved even more by recent trends in climate change, such as warmer temperatures and a longer growing season.[44][45] It is even said that "there is enough agricultural capability in the Peace River Valley to provide vegetables to all of northern Canada".[46] However, reaches of the Peace River Valley are threatened with flooding by the proposed Site C Dam, which would generate enough electricity to power about 460,000 households. Site C has been the center of a protracted and ongoing environmental battle since the 1970s, and a decision has not yet been reached as to whether or not to build the dam.[46][47]

text: Site C is not the only proposed water project in the Mackenzie basin. A potential US$1 billion run-of-the-river hydroelectricity station on the Slave River would generate at least 1,350 MW of power.[48][49] Some tentative proposals have gone as far as to include dams on the main stem of the Mackenzie itself.[50] By far the largest engineering project ever slated for the Mackenzie River was the North American Water and Power Alliance (NAWAPA), a vast series of dams, tunnels and reservoirs designed to move 150 km3 (120,000,000 acre·ft) of Arctic meltwater to southern Canada, the western United States and Mexico. The system would involve building massive dams on the Liard, Mackenzie, Peace, Columbia, and Fraser rivers, then pumping water into a 650 km (400 mi) long reservoir in the Rocky Mountain Trench. The water would then flow by gravity to irrigate more than 220,000 km2 (85,000 sq mi) in the three countries and generate more than 50,000 MW of surplus energy.[51] First proposed in the 1950s, the project's estimated cost has since risen to over $200 billion. Because of its massive cost and environmental impacts, it is considered unlikely ever to be implemented.[52] The extraction of oil and gas in Alberta along the Mackenzie River is detrimental to its ecosystems because it involves the oil companies to remove large amounts of vegetation in order to make way for all of the equipment that they use to extract the oil from the ground. When the vegetation on the banks get and by removing these plants it destabilizes the soil and with the currents causes the river banks to erode, thus causing the accumulation of sediments in the river. In the event of a pipeline being constructed, the risks of pollution of the Mackenzie River are very high due to the destruction of the environment around it and the chance of an accidental oil spill that could destroy the ecosystems found inside the river. Not only do oil and gas extractions in the north are damaging to the Mackenzie River, they also have detrimental effects on the people who live on the banks of this river because they rely on the water to supply them with the necessary things that they need in order to survive: food, water, and transportation.[53]

text: Tributaries[edit]

text: Largest[edit]

text:
Tributary
Length
Watershed
Discharge

km
mi
km2
sq mi
m3/s
cu ft/s

Liard River
1,115
693
277,100
106,989
2,434
85,960

North Nahanni River
200
124

Root River
220
138

Redstone River
289
180
16,400
6,332
417
14,726

Keele River
410
255
19,000
7,340
600
21,200

Great Bear River
113
70
156,500
60,425
528
18,646

Mountain River
370
230
13,500
5,212
123
4,344

Arctic Red River
500
311
22,000
8,494
161
5,690

Peel River
580
360
28,400
10,965
689
24,332

text: Full list[edit]

text:
Tributary
Coordinates

Great Slave Lake
61°12′00″N 116°40′56″W / 61.19994°N 116.68219°W / 61.19994; -116.68219 (Great Slave Lake)

Kakisa River
61°04′08″N 117°10′04″W / 61.06888°N 117.16782°W / 61.06888; -117.16782 (Kakisa River)

Horn River
61°28′37″N 118°04′56″W / 61.47689°N 118.08234°W / 61.47689; -118.08234 (Horn River)

Bouvier River
61°13′56″N 119°02′09″W / 61.23230°N 119.03584°W / 61.23230; -119.03584 (Bouvier River)

Redknife River
61°13′28″N 119°22′08″W / 61.22446°N 119.36891°W / 61.22446; -119.36891 (Redknife River)

Trout River
61°18′15″N 119°50′40″W / 61.30423°N 119.84453°W / 61.30423; -119.84453 (Trout River)

Jean Marie River
61°31′58″N 120°38′05″W / 61.53288°N 120.63469°W / 61.53288; -120.63469 (Jean Marie River)

Spence River
61°34′48″N 120°40′24″W / 61.58009°N 120.67331°W / 61.58009; -120.67331 (Spence River)

Rabbitskin River
61°46′56″N 120°41′51″W / 61.78209°N 120.69758°W / 61.78209; -120.69758 (Rabbitskin River)

Liard River
61°51′01″N 121°18′07″W / 61.85037°N 121.30185°W / 61.85037; -121.30185 (Liard River)

Harris River
61°52′22″N 121°19′33″W / 61.87277°N 121.32580°W / 61.87277; -121.32580 (Harris River)

Martin River
61°55′35″N 121°34′41″W / 61.92633°N 121.57814°W / 61.92633; -121.57814 (Martin River)

Trail River
62°06′00″N 122°11′34″W / 62.10005°N 122.19286°W / 62.10005; -122.19286 (Trail River)

North Nahanni River
62°14′44″N 123°19′43″W / 62.24562°N 123.32874°W / 62.24562; -123.32874 (North Nahanni River)

Root River
62°26′13″N 123°18′37″W / 62.43685°N 123.31020°W / 62.43685; -123.31020 (Root River)

Willowlake River
62°41′55″N 123°06′53″W / 62.69863°N 123.1148°W / 62.69863; -123.1148 (Willowlake River)

River Between Two Mountains
62°56′12″N 123°12′39″W / 62.93655°N 123.21081°W / 62.93655; -123.21081 (River Between Two Mountains)

Wrigley River
63°14′39″N 123°35′13″W / 63.24410°N 123.58691°W / 63.24410; -123.58691 (Wrigley River)

Ochre River
63°28′05″N 123°41′23″W / 63.46801°N 123.68962°W / 63.46801; -123.68962 (Ochre River)

Johnson River
63°42′53″N 123°54′45″W / 63.71486°N 123.91245°W / 63.71486; -123.91245 (Johnson River)

Blackwater River
63°56′38″N 124°10′19″W / 63.94386°N 124.17194°W / 63.94386; -124.17194 (Blackwater River)

Dahadinni River
63°59′05″N 124°22′26″W / 63.98472°N 124.37399°W / 63.98472; -124.37399 (Dahadinni River)

Saline River
64°17′39″N 124°29′58″W / 64.29422°N 124.49947°W / 64.29422; -124.49947 (Saline River)

Redstone River
64°17′13″N 124°33′18″W / 64.28701°N 124.55492°W / 64.28701; -124.55492 (Redstone River)

Keele River
64°25′00″N 124°48′00″W / 64.41662°N 124.80005°W / 64.41662; -124.80005 (Keele River)

Great Bear River
64°54′24″N 125°36′01″W / 64.90671°N 125.60034°W / 64.90671; -125.60034 (Great Bear River)

Little Bear River
64°54′57″N 125°54′16″W / 64.91581°N 125.90435°W / 64.91581; -125.90435 (Little Bear River)

Carcajou River
65°37′28″N 128°43′01″W / 65.62446°N 128.71682°W / 65.62446; -128.71682 (Carcajou River)

Mountain River
65°40′27″N 128°50′19″W / 65.67409°N 128.83856°W / 65.67409; -128.83856 (Mountain River)

Donnelly River
65°49′34″N 128°50′55″W / 65.82613°N 128.84869°W / 65.82613; -128.84869 (Donnelly River)

Tsintu River
66°07′55″N 129°02′28″W / 66.13182°N 129.04099°W / 66.13182; -129.04099 (Tsintu River)

Hare Indian River
66°17′38″N 128°37′26″W / 66.29391°N 128.62381°W / 66.29391; -128.62381 (Hare Indian River)

Loon River
66°28′11″N 128°58′15″W / 66.46969°N 128.97091°W / 66.46969; -128.97091 (Loon River)

Tieda River
66°37′44″N 129°19′34″W / 66.62877°N 129.32616°W / 66.62877; -129.32616 (Tieda River)

Gillis River
66°43′45″N 129°47′26″W / 66.72907°N 129.79042°W / 66.72907; -129.79042 (Gillis River)

Gossage River
66°59′33″N 130°16′02″W / 66.99237°N 130.26712°W / 66.99237; -130.26712 (Gossage River)

Thunder River
67°28′41″N 130°54′24″W / 67.47803°N 130.90673°W / 67.47803; -130.90673 (Thunder River)

Tree River
67°15′11″N 132°34′13″W / 67.25315°N 132.57030°W / 67.25315; -132.57030 (Tree River)

Rabbit Hay River
67°13′29″N 132°45′40″W / 67.22483°N 132.76102°W / 67.22483; -132.76102 (Rabbit Hay River)

Arctic Red River
67°26′49″N 133°44′51″W / 67.44700°N 133.74743°W / 67.44700; -133.74743 (Arctic Red River)

Peel River
67°41′48″N 134°31′52″W / 67.69665°N 134.53102°W / 67.69665; -134.53102 (Peel River)

Rengleng River
67°48′17″N 134°04′17″W / 67.80485°N 134.07145°W / 67.80485; -134.07145 (Rengleng River)