question_text: where was the movie three billboards outside ebbing missouri filmed at

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the town of Ebbing, Missouri, Mildred Hayes is grieving the rape and murder of her teenage daughter, Angela, seven months earlier. Angry over the lack of progress in the investigation, Mildred rents three abandoned billboards near her home, and posts on them: "Raped While Dying", "Still No Arrests?", and "How Come, Chief Willoughby?" The billboards upset the townspeople, including Chief Bill Willoughby and Officer Jason Dixon, the latter being a racist and a violent alcoholic. The open secret that Willoughby suffers from terminal pancreatic cancer adds to everyone's disapproval. Mildred and her son Robbie are harassed and threatened, but to Robbie's chagrin, she stays firm about keeping the billboards up.

text: While Willoughby is sympathetic to Mildred's frustration, he finds the billboards an unfair attack on his character. Angered by Mildred's lack of respect for his authority, Dixon threatens businessman Red Welby, who rented Mildred the billboards, and he arrests her friend and coworker, Denise, on trivial marijuana possession charges. Mildred is also visited by her abusive ex-husband Charlie, who blames her for their daughter's death.

text: Willoughby brings Mildred in for questioning after she drills a hole in her dentist's thumb when he threatens her. During the interview, Willoughby coughs up blood. He leaves the hospital against medical advice and spends an idyllic day with his wife Anne and their two daughters, then commits suicide due to his illness. He leaves suicide notes for several people, including Mildred, in which he explains that she was not a factor in his suicide and that he secretly paid to keep the billboards up for another month, amused at the trouble this will bring her and hope that they will keep attention on the murder. Dixon reacts to the news of Willoughby's death by assaulting Welby and throwing him out of a window. This is witnessed by Willoughby's replacement, Abercrombie, who fires Dixon. In the meanwhile, Mildred is threatened by a crop-haired stranger in her store.

text: The billboards are destroyed by arson. Mildred retaliates by tossing Molotov cocktails at the police station, which she believes is unoccupied for the night. However, Dixon is there to read Willoughby's letter to him, which advises him to let go of hate and learn to love, as the only way to realize his wish to become a detective. Dixon escapes with Angela's case file but suffers severe burns. Mildred's acquaintance James witnesses the incident and provides Mildred with an alibi, claiming they were on a date. Dixon is treated for his burns, and he is temporarily confined in the same hospital room as Welby, to whom he apologizes.

text: Discharged from the hospital, Dixon overhears the man who threatened Mildred bragging in a bar of an incident similar to Angela's murder. He notes the Idaho license plate number of the man's vehicle, then provokes a fight by scratching the man's face. At home later, he removes a sample of the man's DNA from under his fingernails. Meanwhile, Mildred goes on a date with James to thank him for the alibi. Charlie enters with his 19-year-old girlfriend Penelope and admits to burning the billboards while intoxicated. After accidentally causing James to leave, Mildred tells Charlie to treat Penelope well and leaves.

text: Though commending him, Abercrombie informs Dixon that the DNA sample does not match DNA found on Angela's body, and that the man was overseas on military duty at the time of the murder. Dixon concludes that the man must be guilty of some other rape, and joins Mildred on a trip to Idaho in order to kill him. On the way, Mildred confesses to Dixon that she set the police station on fire. He indicates that he knew already. They express reservations about their mission but agree to decide what to do along the way.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Frances McDormand as Mildred Hayes
Woody Harrelson as William 'Bill' Willoughby
Sam Rockwell as Jason Dixon
Abbie Cornish as Anne Willoughby
John Hawkes as Charlie Hayes
Peter Dinklage as James
Caleb Landry Jones as Red Welby
Kerry Condon as Pamela
Darrell Britt-Gibson as Jerome
Lucas Hedges as Robbie Hayes
Željko Ivanek as Desk Sergeant
Amanda Warren as Denise
Kathryn Newton as Angela Hayes
Samara Weaving as Penelope
Clarke Peters as Chief Abercrombie

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: While traveling through the Southern United States in around 1998, Martin McDonagh came across a couple of accusatory billboards about an unsolved crime, which he described as "raging and painful and tragic [sic]". The billboards highlighted the incompetence of police work and deeply affected McDonagh; he said that the image "stayed in my mind [...] kept gnawing at me" and presumed that they were put up by the victim's mother.[5][a] This incident, combined with his desire to create strong female characters, inspired him to write the story for Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri.[5] McDonagh discussed the creative process, saying that it took him about ten years to "[decide] that it was a mother who had taken these things out. It all became fiction [...] based on a couple of actual billboards".[7][8]

text: Casting and filming[edit]

text: The character of Mildred was written with Frances McDormand in mind, and likewise the character of Dixon was written specifically for Rockwell.[9] McDormand initially felt that she was older than the character as it was written, and suggested that Mildred instead be Angela's grandmother; McDonagh disagreed, feeling that it would change the story too much.[9][10] McDormand's husband Joel Coen persuaded her to take the part regardless.[9] McDormand took inspiration for her character from John Wayne; and Rockwell, wanting to make his character "the exact opposite" of Mildred, took inspiration for his character in part from Wayne's co-star in The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, Lee Marvin.[9]

text: Principal photography began on May 2, 2016, in Sylva, North Carolina,[11] and ran for 33 days.[12] Allison Outdoor Advertising of Sylva built the actual billboards, which were put in a pasture near Black Mountain, North Carolina because that location was better. Most of the time the billboards were covered because people in the area found them upsetting. David Penix of Arden, North Carolina bought the billboards and used the wood for a roof in Douglas Lake in Tennessee, though the messages are no longer in order.[13] Town Pump Tavern in Black Mountain, which had appeared in The World Made Straight, was used as a set and was closed for three days during filming. A pool table and booths were added. The bar's actual sign appeared in the movie.[14]

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score was written by Carter Burwell, who had also supplied the score for McDonagh's films In Bruges and Seven Psychopaths. As well as Burwell's score, the film features songs by ABBA, Joan Baez, The Felice Brothers, the Four Tops, Monsters of Folk and Townes Van Zandt. [15]

text: Release[edit]

text: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri premiered in competition at the 74th Venice International Film Festival on September 4, 2017.[16] It also had screenings at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival,[17] the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival (where it won the Audience Award),[18] the BFI London Film Festival,[19] and the 2017 Zurich Film Festival.[20] It was also screened at the Mar del Plata International Film Festival.[21]

text: In the United States, the film was released, by Fox Searchlight Pictures, on November 10, 2017, beginning with a limited release, before "going wide" on December 1.[4] The film was released on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray and DVD on February 27, 2018.[22] Six Shooter, McDonagh's Academy Award-winning short film, is included as a bonus.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri grossed $54.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $104.1 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $158.6 million.[4]

text: In its limited opening weekend, the film made $322,168 from four theaters for a per-theater average of $80,542, the fourth best of 2017.[23] The film made $1.1 million from 53 theaters in its second weekend and $4.4 million from 614 in its third, finishing a respective 9th and 10th at the box office.[24] In the weekend following its four Golden Globe wins the film was added to 712 theaters (for a total of 1,022) and grossed $2.3 million, and increase of 226% from the previous week's $706,188.[25] The weekend of January 27, 2018, following the announcement of the film's seven Oscar nominations, it made $3.6 million (an increase of 87% over the previous week's $1.9 million), finishing 13th.[26] The weekend of March 9–11, following its two Oscar wins, the film made $705,000, down 45% from the previous week's $1.3 million.[27]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)

tag: table

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 317 reviews, and an average rating of 8.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri deftly balances black comedy against searing drama – and draws unforgettable performances from its veteran cast along the way."[28] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film had a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 50 critics, indicating "universal acclaim."[29] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[30]

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety praised the film's performances, stating "It's Mildred's glowering refusal to back down that defines her, and McDormand brilliantly spotlights the conflicted humanity beneath the stony façade," and called Rockwell's performance a "revelation."[31] Steve Pond, writing for TheWrap, praised McDonagh's writing, calling it "Very funny, very violent and surprisingly moving."[32]

text: Some criticized the script for McDonagh's insincere or incorrect portrayal of small town America. The New York Times columnist Wesley Morris called McDonagh's portrayal of America a caricature: "a set of postcards from a Martian lured to America by a cable news ticker and by rumors of how easily flattered and provoked we are."[33] Tim Parks in The New Yorker praised the “magnificently photographed images” but wrote that the plot contained “a thousand cheap coincidences”. He concluded that the film is "empty of emotional intelligence" and "devoid of any remotely honest observation of the society it purports to serve." [34] In her review for The New York Times, Manohla Dargis wrote "[McDonagh's] jokes can be uninterestingly glib with tiny, bloodless pricks that are less about challenging the audience than about obscuring the material's clichés and overriding theatricality."[35]

text: The film was also controversial for its insensitive handling of racial themes, particularly surrounding the redemptive arc of Officer Dixon. In The Daily Beast, blogger Ira Madison III called the treatment of Rockwell's character "altogether offensive...McDonagh's attempts to script the black experience in America are often fumbling and backward and full of outdated tropes."[36] Alyssa Rosenberg noted in The Washington Post that "[Dixon's] redemption doesn’t merely defang his previous venomous bigotry; it softens Mildred’s character development."[37]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: At the 75th Golden Globe Awards, Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri won for Best Motion Picture – Drama, Best Actress – Drama (McDormand), Best Supporting Actor (Rockwell), and Best Screenplay, and was nominated for Best Director and Best Original Score.[38] At the 71st British Academy Film Awards, it received nine nominations, including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Actress in a Leading Role (McDormand), and Best Actor in a Supporting Role for both Rockwell and Harrelson.[39][40] It won five awards, including Best Film and Outstanding British Film (making it the only film along with The King's Speech to win both awards since the latter category was reintroduced in 1992)[41] while both McDormand and Rockwell won the Lead Actress and Supporting Actor awards respectively.[42] It was nominated for four awards at the 24th Screen Actors Guild Awards, winning three, including Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. At the 90th Academy Awards it received seven nominations, including Best Picture, Best Actress for Frances McDormand, Best Original Screenplay for Martin McDonagh and two Best Supporting Actor nominations for both Sam Rockwell and Woody Harrelson. McDormand and Rockwell took home their respective awards.

text: It was named one of the top 10 films of the year by the American Film Institute.[43] At the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival,[17] the film won its top prize, the People's Choice Award.[44] At the 2017 San Sebastián International Film Festival, it won the Audience Award.[18]

text: Impact[edit]

text: On February 15, 2018, Justice4Grenfell, an advocacy group created in response to the Grenfell Tower fire, hired three vans with electronic screens in a protest against perceived inaction in response to the fire.[45] The vans were driven around London, and displayed messages in the style of the billboards in the film: '71 Dead', 'And Still No Arrests?', 'How Come?'[46]

text: In response to the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting that took place on February 14, 2018, in Parkland, Florida, activist group Avaaz had three vans circle Florida senator Marco Rubio's offices displaying 'Slaughtered in School', 'And Still No Gun Control?', 'How Come, Marco Rubio?'[47][48]

text: On the night of February 15, 2018, the movement #OccupyJustice set up three billboards and a number of banners in Malta, marking the four-month anniversary of the murder of the journalist Daphne Caruana Galizia. The billboards bore the text 'A Journalist Killed. No Justice.', 'A Country Robbed. No Justice.', and 'No Resignations. No Justice.'[49][50] The authorities removed the billboards the following day,[51] stating that they were illegal.[52] The government was criticized for this move,[53][54] and a day after their removal, activists laid down banners with similar text near Auberge de Castille, the Office of the Prime Minister.[52]

text: Outside the Bristol city centre on February 3, 2018, a mural was erected depicting three billboards reading 'Our NHS is dying', 'And still no more funding', and 'How come, Mrs May'. It was installed by the groups People’s Republic of Stokes Croft and Protect Our NHS in response to the alleged privatization of the National Health Service (NHS) and the death of a 15-year-old girl attributed by some to a purported lack of resources by the NHS.[55]

text: On February 22, 2018, the Union of Medical Care and Relief Organizations, protesting the inaction of the UN's role within the Syrian Civil War, set up three billboards outside the United Nations building in New York that read '500,000 Dead in Syria', 'And still no action?', and 'How come, Security Council'.[56][57]

text: On or around March 1, around the time of the 2018 Oscars, three billboards were taken out in Los Angeles, stating "WE ALL KNEW AND STILL NO ARRESTS", "AND THE OSCAR FOR BIGGEST PEDOPHILE GOES TO..." and "NAME NAMES ON STAGE OR SHUT THE HELL UP!", as an attempt to protest both the Oscars and the #MeToo movement.[58]

text: On March 8, on International Women's Day, three billboards were put in downtown Pristina, Kosovo,[59] to protest the death of two women as a result of domestic violence.[60]

text: Both McDormand and McDonagh have responded positively to the protests, with McDonagh saying "You couldn't ask for anything more than for an angry film to be adopted by protests,"[61][62] and McDormand saying she is “thrilled that activists all over the world have been inspired by the set decoration of the three billboards in Martin’s film.”[63]

text: On March 24, 2018, signs inspired by Three Billboards appeared at March for Our Lives gun safety rallies across the US and around the world.[64][65]

text: Explanatory notes[edit]

text: Jump up ^ The billboards were later found along the Interstate 10, and had been put by James Fulton, whose daughter Kathy Page was assaulted and killed in 1991.[6]

tag: ol


document_title: Hockey India League

question_text: the team won the 3rd edition of hockey india league was

root

text: Hockey India League

text: History[edit]

text: In 2012, the Indian Hockey Federation and Nimbus began World Series Hockey, a professional field hockey league in India.[9] After the success of the league, Hockey India announced the formation of their own franchise-based league, launched in mid-2012, known as the Hockey India League.[10] Inspired by the cricket league, Indian Premier League, the league was approved by the International Hockey Federation, something World Series Hockey lacked.[10] The league was originally planned to have six teams, which would be established after the bidding was done for the twelve proposed cities that would host an HIL team.[11] However, due to lack of interest in a sixth city, the league commenced in 2013 with five teams: Delhi Waveriders, Mumbai Magicians, Punjab Warriors, Ranchi Rhinos, and Uttar Pradesh Wizards.[12] Before the beginning of the season, ESPN STAR Sports was announced as the league's official broadcasting partner on a five-year deal.[13]

tag: p

text: The first match was played on 14 January 2013, as Delhi Waveriders defeated the Punjab Warriors 2–1 at the Dhyan Chand National Stadium.[14] The league had gained some buzz from the marquee signings of India internationals Sardara Singh and Sandeep Singh, as well as the signings of foreign players such as Jamie Dwyer, Moritz Fürste, and Teun de Nooijer.[15] The inaugural season ended with Ranchi Rhinos being the first champions, defeating the Delhi Waveriders 2–1 in the final.[16] The league was considered a success immediately in the years following the inaugural season.[17]

text: Before the beginning of the second season, the Kalinga Lancers were announced as the sixth team in the Hockey India League.[18] However, after the 2014 season, the league suffered its first setback when the Mumbai Magicians disbanded.[19] The team was swiftly replaced though with Dabang Mumbai being launched before the 2015 season.[20] The league though suffered another setback before the 2015 season when Ranchi Rhinos, the inaugural champions, were disbanded after an ownership problem. The team though, like with Mumbai, was quickly replaced with Ranchi Rays.[21]

text: Rules[edit]

text: If there is a tie in any match then there would be extra time. still, if winner is not decided, there would be shoot-out which would be very interesting to watch. and,if still the winner is not decided there would be no option left other than penalty strokes.

text: Teams[edit]

text:
Mumbai

Delhi

Punjab

Uttar Pradesh

Kalinga

Ranchi

Locations of HIL teams

text:
Team
City
Stadium
Joined
Head coach

Dabang Mumbai
Mumbai, Maharashtra
Mahindra Hockey Stadium
2015
 Jay Stacy

Delhi Waveriders
Delhi
Shivaji Hockey Stadium
2013
 Cedric D'Souza

Kalinga Lancers
Bhubaneswar, Odisha
Kalinga Stadium
2014
 Mark Hager

Punjab Warriors
Chandigarh
Sector 42 Stadium
2013
 Barry Dancer

Ranchi Rays
Ranchi, Jharkhand
Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium
2015
 Harendra Singh

Uttar Pradesh Wizards
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Dhyan Chand Astroturf Stadium
2013
 Roger Van Gent

text:
Defunct teams

Team
City
Stadium
Years active

Mumbai Magicians
Mumbai, Maharashtra
Mahindra Hockey Stadium
2013–2014

Ranchi Rhinos
Ranchi, Jharkhand
Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium
2013–2014

text: League championships[edit]

text:
Season
Winner
Final score
Runner-up
Final venue
Number of Teams
Player of the tournament

2013
Ranchi Rhinos
2–1
Delhi Waveriders
Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium
5
Sardar Singh
(Delhi Waveriders)

2014
Delhi Waveriders
3–3
(3–1 pen.)
Punjab Warriors
Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium
6

2015
Ranchi Rays
2–2
(3–2 pen.)
Punjab Warriors
Dhyan Chand National Stadium
6

2016
Punjab Warriors
6–1
Kalinga Lancers
Birsa Munda Hockey Stadium
6

2017
Kalinga Lancers
4–1
Dabang Mumbai
Sector 42 Stadium
6
Florian Fuchs
(Dabang Mumbai)

2018

14

text: Tournament Records[edit]

text:
Highest Average goals per match
Highest Average saves per shots on target

Glenn Turner
P. R. Shreejesh

text: Prize Money[edit]

text: It was announced that the winning and losing team in the final is awarded 3 crores INR and 1.5 crores INR.

text: Board[edit]

text: Before the league's first season, Hockey India appointed Steve Catton as competitions director.[22] Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs Rajeev Shukla, leader of the opposition in Rajya Sabha, Arun Jaitley, and media personality Rajat Sharma are the members of the board for the Hockey India League.[23] Along with Steve Catton, Barry Anderson was appointed as the tournament director.[24]

text: Hockey India appointed Todd Faulds as its competitions director for the second edition of the Hockey India League.[25][26] Todd worked as a competitions manager for the FIH 2012 Men's Champions Trophy in Melbourne and 2012 International Super Series in Perth.

text: Bjorn Isberg has been the Hockey India League tournament director since 2014. Isberg had served as tournament director for the 2012 London Olympics field hockey tournament, and three Champions Trophy tournaments (in 2004, 2007, and 2011).[27]


document_title: Ganesh Chaturthi

question_text: which indian leader popularized the celebration of ganesh chaturthi

text: Ganesh Chaturthi

text: History[edit]

text: It is unclear when the festival started, it may have South Indian origins, but historical evidence suggests it became a major social and public event with sponsorship of Shivaji after Mughal-Maratha wars, and again in the 19th century after public appeal by Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak,[13] who championed it as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892.[14][15][8]

text: Ganesha[edit]

text: The earliest mention of Ganapati, now considered equivalent to Ganesha or Vinayaka, is found in the Rigveda. It appears twice in the Rigveda, once in hymn 2.23.1, as well as in hymn 10.112.9.[16][17][18] Both of these hymns imply a role of Ganapati as "the seer among the seers, abounding beyond measure in food presiding among the elders and being the lord of invocation", while the hymn in mandala 10 states that without Ganapati "nothing nearby or afar is performed without thee", according to Michael.[16][19] However, it is uncertain that the Vedic term Ganapati which literally means "guardian of the multitudes", referred specifically to later era Ganesha, nor do the Vedic texts mention Ganesha Chaturthi.[20][17]

text: Ganapati appears in post-Vedic texts such as the Grhya Sutras and thereafter ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Vajasaneyi Samhita, the Yajnavalkya Smriti and the Mahabharata mention Ganapati as Ganesvaras and Vinayakas. Ganesha appears in the medieval Puranas in the form of "god of success, obstacle remover". The Skanda Purana, Narada Purana and the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, in particular, profusely praise him.[21] Beyond textual interpretations, archeological and epigraphical evidence suggest Ganesha had become popular, was revered before the 8th century CE and numerous images of him are traceable to 7th century or earlier. For example, carvings at Hindu, Buddhist and Jain temples such as at the Ellora Caves, dated between the 5th and 8th century show Ganesha reverentially seated with major Hindu goddesses (Shakti).[22]

text: Festival[edit]

text: Although it is unknown when (or how) Ganesha Chaturthi was first observed,[23] the festival has been publicly celebrated in Pune since the era of Shivaji (1630–1680, founder of the Maratha Empire).[23] After the start of the British Raj, the Ganesha festival lost state patronage and became a private family celebration in Maharashtra until its revival by Indian freedom fighter and social reformer Lokmanya Tilak.[23] The festival, along with processions, was already in vogue as a public and a private celebration in Mumbai (then called Bombay) in 1885, according to the eyewitness account by a visiting Italian Sanskrit professor Angelo de Gubernatis:

text:
I followed with the greatest curiosity crowds who carried in procession an infinite number of idols of the god Ganesh. Each little quarter of the town, each family with its adherents, each little street corner I may almost say, organizes a procession of its own, and the poorest may be seen carrying on a simple plank their little idol or of papier mâché... A crowd, more or less numerous, accompanies the idol, clapping hands and raises cries of joy, while a little orchestra generally precedes the idol.
– Angelo de Gubernatis, Bombay Gazette (1886)[24][25]

text: According to others such as Kaur, the festival became a public event later, in 1892 when Bhausaheb Laxman Javale ( also known as Bhau Rangari), installed the first sarvajanik (public) Ganesha idol in Pune.[26] In 1893, the Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak praised the celebration of sarvajanik Ganesha utsav in his newspaper, Kesari, and dedicated his efforts to launch the annual domestic festival into a large, well-organised public event.[27] Tilak recognized Ganesha's appeal as "the god for everybody",[28] and according to Robert Brown, he chose Ganesha as the god that bridged "the gap between Brahmins and non-Brahmins", thereby building a grassroots unity across them to oppose British colonial rule.[29]

text: Other scholars state that the British Empire, after 1870 out of fear of seditious assemblies, had passed a series of ordinances that banned public assembly for social and political purposes of more than 20 people in British India, but exempted religious assembly for Friday mosque prayers under pressure from the Indian Muslim community. Tilak believed that this effectively blocked the public assembly of Hindus whose religion did not mandate daily prayers or weekly gatherings, and he leveraged this religious exemption to make Ganesh Chaturthi to circumvent the British colonial law on large public assembly.[13][14][8] He was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in pavilions in Bombay Presidency, and other celebratory events at the festival.[30][note 1]

text:
God Ganesha: political obstacle remover

Why shouldn't we convert the large religious festivals
into mass political rallies?

—Lokmanya Tilak, Kesari, 8 September 1896[35]

tag: div

text: According to Richard Cashman, Tilak recruited and passionately committed himself to god Ganesha after the 1893 Hindu-Muslim communal violence in Bombay and the Deccan riots, when he felt that the British India government under Lord Harris had repeatedly taken sides and not treated Hindus fairly because Hindus were not well organized.[36] In Tilak's estimate, Ganesha worship and processions were already popular in rural and urban Hindu populations, across social castes and classes in Baroda, Gwalior, Pune and most of the Maratha region in the 18th century.[37] In 1893, Tilak helped expand Ganesh Chaturthi festival into a mass community event and a hidden means for political activism, intellectual discourse, poetry recitals, plays, concerts, and folk dances.[38]

text: In Goa, Ganesha Chaturthi predates the Kadamba era. The Goa Inquisition had banned Hindu festivals, and Hindus who did not convert to Christianity were severely restricted. However, Hindu Goans continued to practice their religion despite the restrictions. Many families worship Ganesha in the form of patri (leaves used for worshiping Ganesha or other gods), a picture drawn on paper or small silver idols. In some households Ganesha idols are hidden, a feature unique to Ganesh Chaturthi in Goa due to a ban on clay Ganesha idols and festivals by the Jesuits as part of the Inquisition.[39]

text: Celebrations[edit]

text: Public preparations for the festivities begin months in advance. Local Mandapa or Pandal's are usually funded either from donations by local residents or hosted by businesses or community organizations. The making of the Murti in Maharashtra usually begins with "Padya pooja" or worshipping the feet of Lord Ganesh. The Murti's are brought to "pandals" on the day or a day before the festival begins. The pandals have elaborate decoration and lighting.

text: At home, the festival preparation includes purchases such as puja items or accessories a few days in advance and booking the ganesh murti as early as a month beforehand (from local artisans). The murti is brought home either a day before or on the day of the ganesh chaturthi itself. Families decorate a small, clean portion of the house with flowers and other colourful items before installing the idol. When the Murti is installed, it and its shrine are decorated with flowers and other materials. On the day of the festival, The ceremonial installation of the clay murti (idol) is done along with chans of holy mantras and pooja including bhajans during a certain auspicious period of the day .

text: In preparation for the festival, artisans create clay models of Ganesha for sale. The Murti's range in size from 3⁄4 inch (1.9 cm) for homes to over 70 ft (21 m) for large community celebrations.[40]

text: The date for the festival is usually decided by the presence of Chaturthi Thithi. The festival is held during "Bhadrapada Madyahanaa Purvabaddha". If the chaturthi thiti begins at night on previous day and gets over by morning on next day then the next day is observed as vinayaka chaturthi. In the consecration ceremony, a priest performs a Prana Pratishtha to invite Ganesha like a guest. This is followed by the 16-step Shodashopachara ritual,[41] (Sanskrit: Shodash, 16; Upachara, process) during which coconut, jaggery, modaks, durva grass and red hibiscus (Jaswand) flowers[42] are offered to the idol. Depending on the region and timezone, the ceremony commences with hymns from the Rigveda[citation needed], the Ganapati Atharvashirsa, the Upanishads[citation needed], and the Ganesha stotra (prayer) from the Narada Purana are chanted. In Maharashtra as well as Goa, Aartis are performed with friends and family, typically in the morning and evening.

text: India[edit]

text: In India, Ganesha Chaturthi is primarily celebrated at home and in public by local community groups in the central and western states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa and the southern states of Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Tamil Nadu and Eastern states of Odisha.

text: At home[edit]

text: At homes in Maharashtra, families install small clay statues for worship during the festival. The Murti is worshiped in the morning and evening with offerings of flowers, durva(strands of young grass), karanji and modaks (jaggery and coconut flakes wrapped in rice flour dumplings).[2][43][44] The worship ends with the singing of an aarti in honour of Ganesha, other Gods and Saints. In Maharashtra the Marathi aarti "Sukhakarta Dukhaharta", composed by the 17th century saint, Samarth Ramdas is sung.[45] Family traditions differ about when to end the celebration. Domestic celebrations end after 1 1⁄2, 3, 5, 7 or 11 days. At that time the Murti is ceremoniously brought to a body of water (such as a lake, river or the sea) for immersion. In Maharashtra, Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals, namely Hartalika and the Gauri festival, the former is observed with a fast by women on the day before Ganesh Chaturthi whilst the latter by the installation of Murti's of Gauris.[46]

text: In Goa, Ganesh Chaturthi is known as Chavath in Konkani and Parab or Parva ("auspicious celebration");[47] it begins on the third day of the lunar month of Bhadrapada. On this day Parvati and Shiva are worshiped by women, who fast.[48] Instruments such as ghumots, Crash cymbals (ताळ(taal) in Konkani ) and pakhavaj (an Indian barrel-shaped, two-headed drum) are played during the rituals.[49] The harvest festival, Navyachi Pancham, is celebrated the next day; freshly harvested paddy is brought home from the fields (or temples) and a puja is conducted. Communities who ordinarily eat seafood refrain from doing so during the festival.[48]

text: In Karnataka the Gowri festival precedes Ganesha Chaturthi, and people across the state wish each other well. In Andhra Pradesh, Ganesha Murti'so of clay (Matti Vinayakudu) and turmeric (Siddhi Vinayakudu) are usually worshiped at home with plaster of Paris Murti's.[citation needed]

text: In public[edit]

text: Public celebrations of the festival are popular, and are organised by local youth groups, neighborhood associations or groups of tradespeople. Funds for the public festival are collected from members of the association arranging the celebration, local residents and businesses.[50] The Ganesha idols and accompanying statues are installed in temporary shelters, known as mandaps or pandals. The festival features cultural activities such as singing, theater and orchestral performances and community activities such as free medical checkups, blood-donation sites and donations to the poor. Ganesh Chaturthi, in addition to its religious aspects, is an important economic activity in Mumbai, Surat, Pune, Hyderabad, Bangalore and Chennai. Many artists, industries, and businesses earn a significant amount of their living from the festival, which is a stage for budding artists. Members of other religions also participate in the celebration.[51][52][53]

text: In Tamil Nadu the festival, also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi or Pillayar Chaturthi, falls on the fourth day after the new moon in the month of Āvaṇi in the Tamil calendar. The idols are usually made of clay or papier-mâché, since plaster of Paris idols have been banned by the state government.[citation needed]. Idols are also made of coconuts and other organic products. They are worshiped for several days in pandals, and immersed in the Bay of Bengal the following Sunday. In Kerala the festival is also known as Lamboodhara Piranalu, which falls in the month of Chingam.[54] In Thiruvananthapuram a procession marches from the Pazhavangadi Ganapathi Temple to Shankumugham Beach, with tall statues of Ganesha made from organic items and milk immersed in the sea.[55]

text: Abroad[edit]

text: Ganesha Chaturthi is celebrated in the UK by British Hindu population living there. The Hindu Culture and Heritage Society, a Southall-based organisation, celebrated Ganesha Chaturthi for the first time in London in 2005 at the Vishwa Hindu Temple; the idol was immersed in the River Thames at Putney Pier[citation needed]. Another celebration, organised by a Gujarati group, has been celebrated in Southend-on-Sea and attracted an estimated 18,000 devotees.[56] Annual celebrations are also held on the River Mersey in Liverpool.[57][58]

text: The Philadelphia Ganesha Festival is one of the most popular celebrations of Ganesha Chaturthi in North America,[59] and it is also celebrated in Canada, Mauritius, Malaysia and Singapore. The Mauritius festival dates back to 1896,[60] and the Mauritian government has made it a public holiday.[61] In Malaysia and Singapore, the festival is more commonly known as Vinayagar Chaturthi because of the large Tamil-speaking Hindu minority.[62]

text: In Metropolitan France, Ganesh Chaturthee remains the main Hindu religious festival[citation needed]. The first Hindu Temple dedicated to Ganesh on Continental France opened in 1985 and the first procession took place in 1995[citation needed]. Since then, every year, the La Chapelle Quarters of Paris are the sight of a major procession with thousands of pilgrims and visitors. The organisation is mainly conducted by the Tamil speaking Sri Lanka community and the pilgrims are mostly Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka and to a lesser extent Hindi-speaking Hindus from [[Mauritius][citation needed]].

text: Foods[edit]

text: The primary sweet dish during the festival is modak (modak in Marathi and Konkani, modakam or kudumu in Telugu, modaka or kadubu in Kannada, kozhakatta or modakkam in Malayalam and kozhukattai or modagam in Tamil). A modak is a dumpling made from rice or wheat flour, stuffed with grated coconut, jaggery, dried fruits and other condiments and steamed or fried. Another popular sweet dish is the karanji (karjikai in Kannada), similar to modak in composition and taste but in a semicircular shape. This sweet meal is called Nevri in Goa and is synonymous with Ganesh festival amongst the Goans and the Konkani diaspora.[63]

text: In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana modak, laddu, vundrallu (steamed, coarsely ground rice-flour balls), panakam (a jaggery-, black pepper- and cardamom-flavored drink), vadapappu (soaked moong lentils) and chalividi (a cooked rice flour and jaggery mixture) are offered to Ganesha. These offerings are known as naivedya, and a plate of modak traditionally holds 21 pieces of the sweet. In Goa, modak and a Goan version of idli (sanna) is popular.[64]

text: Panchakajjaya is an offering made to Lord Ganesha during this festival in parts of Karnataka. It is a mixture of desiccated coconut, roasted Bengal gram powder, sugar, ghee and sesame. Different versions of panchakajjaya are made. Roasted Bengal gram, green gram, roasted chana dal (putani) or aval can be used.[65]

text: Environmental impact[edit]

text: The Madras High Court ruled in 2004 that immersion of Ganesh idols is unlawful because it incorporates chemicals that pollute the sea water.[66] In Goa the sale of plaster-of Paris Ganesha idols has been banned by the state government and celebrants are encouraged to buy traditional, artisan-made clay idols.[67] Recent initiatives to produce traditional clay Ganesha idols in Hyderabad have been sponsored by the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board.[68][69]

text: Due to environmental concerns, a number of families now avoid bodies of water and let the clay statue disintegrate in a barrel of water at home. After a few days, the clay is spread in the home garden. In some cities a public, eco-friendly process is used for the immersion.[70]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Ganesh idol at a public pandal in Hyderabad

A Ganesha idol in a home during the festival

Procession in Mumbai

Procession in Pune

Procession in Surat

Immersion in sea, Chennai

Immersion of idol in Bangalore

tag: ul


document_title: The Walking Dead (season 8)

question_text: the walking dead season 8 episode 3 name

text: The Walking Dead (season 8)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast[edit]

text: The eighth season features twenty series regulars overall. For this season, Katelyn Nacon, Khary Payton, Steven Ogg, and Pollyanna McIntosh were promoted to series regular status, after previously having recurring roles, while Seth Gilliam and Ross Marquand were added to the opening credits.

text: Starring[edit]

text:
Andrew Lincoln as Rick Grimes, the series' protagonist, a former sheriff and the leader of Alexandria, who is leading a new alliance to fight Negan and the Saviors.
Norman Reedus as Daryl Dixon, Rick's right-hand man, the group's primary hunter and a recruiter for Alexandria.
Lauren Cohan as Maggie Rhee, the pregnant widow of Glenn and a leading figure of the Hilltop.
Chandler Riggs as Carl Grimes, Rick's bold and courageous teenage son.
Danai Gurira as Michonne, Rick's katana-wielding girlfriend, who acts as a mother figure to Carl and Judith.
Melissa McBride as Carol Peletier, a fierce survivor who is spurred into fighting the Saviors as revenge for the deaths of her friends.
Lennie James as Morgan Jones, the first survivor Rick had ever encountered, who now resides in the Kingdom and fights for his sanity.
Alanna Masterson as Tara Chambler, a caring, witty member of the group and supply runner for Alexandria who serves as a liaison with Oceanside.
Josh McDermitt as Eugene Porter, a timorous former member of the group whose resourcefulness leads Negan to take him under his wing.
Christian Serratos as Rosita Espinosa, an impulsive member of the group, who is motivated to avenge her ex-boyfriend Spencer and Abraham's death.
Seth Gilliam as Gabriel Stokes, a priest who has become hardened from his experiences with Rick's group.
Ross Marquand as Aaron, an Alexandrian recruiter who brought Rick's group to Alexandria and is currently in the fight against the Saviors.
Jeffrey Dean Morgan as Negan, the sociopathic and charismatic leader of the Saviors who serves as the season's primary antagonist.

text: Also starring[edit]

text:
Austin Amelio as Dwight, a former subordinate of Negan who now works for Rick as a double agent against the Saviors.
Tom Payne as Paul "Jesus" Rovia, a scout for the Hilltop Colony.
Xander Berkeley as Gregory, the selfish and hypocritical leader of the Hilltop Colony whose influence diminished with Maggie's prominence.
Khary Payton as King Ezekiel, the charismatic leader of the Kingdom who allies with Rick against the Saviors.
Steven Ogg as Simon, a former mortgage broker and Negan's ruthless second-in-command.[4]
Katelyn Nacon as Enid, a former member of Alexandria who moved to Hilltop to be with Maggie, and has formed a relationship with Carl.[4]
Pollyanna McIntosh as Jadis, the deceptive leader of the Scavengers who betrayed Rick's group, and maintains a neutral stance in the war.[4]

text: Supporting cast[edit]

text: Alexandria Safe-Zone[edit]

text:
Jason Douglas as Tobin, the foreman of Alexandria's construction crew and member of Rick's militia.
Jordan Woods-Robinson as Eric Raleigh, Aaron's boyfriend and his former recruiting partner, who is now a member of Rick's militia.
Kenric Green as Scott, a supply runner in Alexandria and member of Rick's militia.
Dahlia Legault as Francine, a member of Alexandria's construction crew and member of Rick's militia.
Mandi Christine Kerr as Barbara, resident of Alexandria.
Ted Huckabee as Bruce, resident and member of Alexandria's contruction.

text: The Hilltop Colony[edit]

text:
James Chen as Kal, a guard of the Hilltop Colony.
Peter Zimmerman as Eduardo, a guard of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Karen Ceesay as Bertie, a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Jeremy Palko as Andy, a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
Brett Gentile as Freddie, a resident of the Hilltop Colony and soldier of the Hilltop's militia.
R. Keith Harris as Harlan Carson, is the doctor of the Hilltop colony, who was captured by Simon in the previous season.

text: The Saviors[edit]

text:
Jayson Warner Smith as Gavin, one of Negan's top lieutenants, who leads the weapons base.
Traci Dinwiddie as Regina, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Elizabeth Ludlow as Arat, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Mike Seal as Gary, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Lindsley Register as Laura, one of Negan's top lieutenants.
Juan Pareja as Morales, a survivor from Rick's original Atlanta camp who joined the Saviors.
Joshua Mikel as Jared, Benjamin's killer, and a hostile member of the Saviors who antagonizes Morgan.
Callan McAuliffe as Alden, a member of the Saviors who surrenders to Jesus at the satellite station outpost.
Lindsey Garrett as Mara, a Savior who guards one of many outposts.
Lee Norris as Todd, a timid member of the Saviors who works at the same outpost as Mara.
Whitmer Thomas as Gunther, a member of the Saviors who tortures Ezekiel.
Charles Halford as Yago, a Savior who manages Gavin's weapons base.
Ciera L. Payton as Zia, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse.
Adam Cronan as Leo, a Savior whom Rosita and Michonne encounter at a supply warehouse.
Chloe Aktas as Tanya, one of Negan's wives.
Adam Fristoe as Dean, a savior who tried to kill Jesus.

text: The Kingdom[edit]

text:
Cooper Andrews as Jerry, Ezekiel's loyal and good-natured bodyguard.
Kerry Cahill as Dianne, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers and a skilled archer.
Daniel Newman as Daniel, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Carlos Navarro as Alvaro, one of Ezekiel's top soldiers.
Macsen Lintz as Henry, a resident of the Kingdom and younger brother of the deceased Benjamin.
Jason Burkey as Kevin, a resident of the Kingdom.
Nadine Marissa as Nabila, a resident and gardener of the Kingdom.

text: The Scavengers[edit]

text:
Sabrina Gennarino as Tamiel, a leading member of the Scavengers.
Thomas Francis Murphy as Brion, a leading member of the Scavengers.

text: Miscellaneous[edit]

text: Avi Nash as Siddiq, a mysterious vagabond survivor who befriends Carl.

text: Production[edit]

text: The Walking Dead was renewed by AMC for a 16-episode eighth season on October 16, 2016,[2] and that same month it was reported that Maria Bello would have a role on the show.[5] Production began on April 25, 2017, in Atlanta, Georgia.[6] On July 12, 2017, production was shut down after stuntman John Bernecker was killed, after falling more than 20 feet onto a concrete floor.[7] Production resumed on July 17.[8]

text: The season premiere, which also serves as the series' milestone 100th episode, was directed by executive producer Greg Nicotero.[9]

text: In November 2017, it was announced that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones, would be leaving The Walking Dead after the conclusion of this season, and he will join the cast of the spin-off series Fear the Walking Dead.[10]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

100
1
"Mercy"
Greg Nicotero
Scott M. Gimple
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
11.44[11]

Rick, Maggie, and Ezekiel rally their communities together to take down Negan. Gregory attempts to have the Hilltop residents side with Negan, but they all firmly stand behind Maggie. The group attacks the Sanctuary, taking down it's fences and flooding the compound with walkers. With the Sanctuary defaced, everyone leaves except Gabriel, who reluctantly stays to save Gregory, but is left behind when Gregory abandons him. Surrounded by walkers, Gabriel hides in a trailer, where he is trapped inside with Negan.

101
2
"The Damned"
Rosemary Rodriguez
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
8.92[12]

Rick's forces split into separate parties to attack several of the Saviors' outposts, during which many members of the group are killed; Eric is critically injured and rushed away by Aaron. Jesus stops Tara and Morgan from executing a group of surrendered Saviors. While clearing an outpost with Daryl, Rick is confronted and held at gunpoint by Morales, a survivor he met in the initial Atlanta camp, who is now with the Saviors.

102
3
"Monsters"
Greg Nicotero
Matthew Negrete & Channing Powell
November 5, 2017 (2017-11-05)
8.52[13]

Daryl finds Morales threatening Rick and kills him; the duo then pursue a group of Saviors who are transporting weapons to another outpost. Gregory returns to Hilltop, and after a heated argument, Maggie ultimately allows him back in the community. Eric dies from his injuries, leaving Aaron distraught. Despite Tara and Morgan's objections, Jesus leads the group of surrendered Saviors to Hilltop. Ezekiel's group attacks another Savior compound, during which several Kingdommers are shot while protecting Ezekiel.

103
4
"Some Guy"
Dan Liu
David Leslie Johnson
November 12, 2017 (2017-11-12)
8.69[14]

Ezekiel's group is ambushed by the Saviors; every soldier in the group is killed except for Ezekiel himself and Jerry. Carol clears the inside of the compound, killing all but two Saviors who escape; their getaway is ultimately foiled by Rick and Daryl. As Ezekiel, Jerry, and Carol head back to the Kingdom, they are surrounded by walkers; Shiva sacrifices herself to save them. The trio returns to the Kingdom, where Ezekiel's confidence in himself as a leader has diminished.

104
5
"The Big Scary U"
Michael E. Satrazemis
Story by : Scott M. Gimple & David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
Teleplay by : David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
November 19, 2017 (2017-11-19)
7.85[15]

After confessing their sins to each other, Gabriel and Negan manage to escape from the trailer. Simon and the other lieutenants grow suspicious of each other, knowing that Rick’s forces must have inside information. The workers in the Sanctuary become increasingly frustrated with their living conditions; a riot nearly ensues, until Negan returns and restores order. Gabriel is locked in a cell, where Eugene discovers him sick and suffering. Meanwhile, Rick and Daryl argue over how to take out the Saviors, leading Daryl to abandon Rick.

105
6
"The King, the Widow, and Rick"
John Polson
Angela Kang & Corey Reed
November 26, 2017 (2017-11-26)
8.28[16]

Rick visits Jadis in hopes of convincing her to turn against Negan; Jadis refuses and locks Rick in a shipping container. Carl encounters Siddiq in the woods and recruits him to Alexandria. Daryl and Tara plot to deviate from Rick’s plans by destroying the Sanctuary. Ezekiel isolates himself at the Kingdom, where Carol tries to encourage him to be the leader his people need. Maggie has the group of captured Saviors placed in a holding area and forces Gregory to join them as punishment for betraying Hilltop.

106
7
"Time for After"
Larry Teng
Matthew Negrete & Corey Reed
December 3, 2017 (2017-12-03)
7.47[17]

After learning of Dwight's association with Rick's group, Eugene affirms his loyalty to Negan and outlines a plan to get rid of the walkers surrounding the Sanctuary. With help from Morgan and Tara, Daryl drives a truck through the Sanctuary’s walls, flooding its interior with walkers, who kill many Saviors. Rick finally convinces Jadis and the Scavengers to align with him, and they plan to have the Saviors surrender. However, when they arrive at the Sanctuary, Rick is horrified to see the breached walls and no sign of the walker herd.

107
8
"How It's Gotta Be"
Michael E. Satrazemis
David Leslie Johnson & Angela Kang
December 10, 2017 (2017-12-10)
7.89[18]

Eugene's plan allows the Saviors to escape, and separately, the Saviors waylay the Alexandria, Hilltop, and Kingdom forces. The Scavengers abandon Rick, leading him to return to Alexandria. Ezekiel ensures that the Kingdom residents are able to escape before locking himself in the community with the Saviors. Negan attacks Alexandria, but Carl devises a plan to allow the Alexandria residents escape into the sewers. Carl reveals that he had been bitten while escorting Siddiq to Alexandria.

text: Release[edit]

text: The first trailer for the season was released on July 21, 2017, at San Diego Comic-Con.[19]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The eighth season of The Walking Dead has received mostly positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season holds a score of 69% with an average rating of 6.86 out of 10, based on 14 reviews, and an average episode score of 67%. The site's critical consensus reads: "The Walking Dead's eighth season energizes its characters with some much-needed angst and action, though it's still occasionally choppy and lacking forward-moving plot progression."[20]

text:
The Walking Dead (season 8): Critical reception by episode

Season 8 (2017–18): Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes[20]

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Air date
Rating/share
(18–49)
Viewers
(millions)
DVR
(18–49)
DVR viewers
(millions)
Total
(18–49)
Total viewers
(millions)

1
"Mercy"
October 22, 2017
5.0
11.44[11]
2.2
4.28
7.2
15.74[21]

2
"The Damned"
October 29, 2017
4.0
8.92[12]
2.0
4.16
6.0
13.10[22]

3
"Monsters"
November 5, 2017
3.8
8.52[13]
2.2
4.47
6.0
13.01[23]

4
"Some Guy"
November 12, 2017
3.9
8.69[14]
1.8
3.66
5.7
12.36[24]1

5
"The Big Scary U"
November 19, 2017
3.4
7.85[15]
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

6
"The King, the Widow, and Rick"
November 26, 2017
3.6
8.28[16]
2.1
4.44
5.7
12.73[25]

7
"Time for After"
December 3, 2017
3.3
7.47[17]
1.9
4.15
5.2
11.63[26]

8
"How It's Gotta Be"
December 10, 2017
3.4
7.89[18]
TBD
TBD
TBD
TBD

text: ^1 Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.


document_title: The Rachel Maddow Show

question_text: where is the rachel maddow show broadcast from

text: The Rachel Maddow Show

text: Background[edit]

text: Keith Olbermann, then host of MSNBC's Countdown with Keith Olbermann, was Maddow's first guest on her debut show,[3] and has been given credit for pushing for Maddow to get her own show.[4] Prior to getting her own show, Maddow had served as regular guest host for Countdown when Olbermann was absent. The Rachel Maddow Show replaced Verdict with Dan Abrams.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: The Rachel Maddow Show is broadcast from Studio 3-A at the NBC Studios, 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York.[citation needed] Each broadcast is repeated three hours later, at 12:00 am ET; in addition, the Friday broadcast is repeated at 7:00 pm ET on Saturday.

text: The broadcast is available on many platforms besides MSNBC, including msnbc.com,[6] audio podcast,[7] video podcast,[8] text transcript,[9] YouTube,[10] and weblog.[11]

text: The series has occasionally aired in front of theatre audiences, including the 92nd Street Y in New York City on December 20–22, 2010;[12] the Free State Brewery in Lawrence, Kansas, on February 23, 2011;[13] and the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, on February 5, 2010 (to mark the impending Super Bowl XLIV game featuring the New Orleans Saints under the name "The Rachel Maddeaux Sheaux").[14]

text: Guest hosts[edit]

text:
Ana Marie Cox – September 4, 2009
Howard Dean – November 24, 2009
Melissa Harris-Perry – regular guest host prior to the launch of Melissa Harris-Perry.
Chris Hayes – regular guest host prior to the launch of Up with Chris Hayes (Hayes now precedes Maddow's show with All In with Chris Hayes)
Arianna Huffington[1] – November 17, 2008
Ezra Klein – frequent guest host throughout 2012
Lawrence O'Donnell – November 23, 2009
Andrea Mitchell – April 2, 2009
David Shuster – October 12, 2009
Steve Kornacki – frequent guest host since 2013
Alison Stewart[15] – November 18–19, 2008; February 23, 2009; June 29–30/July 1, 2009; August 24–25, 2009; October 13–14, 2009
Bill Wolff – December 30, 2010
Joy-Ann Reid – frequent guest host in 2016 and 2017
Ari Melber – frequent guest host in 2016 and 2017

text: Ratings and reviews[edit]

text: The Rachel Maddow Show debuted on September 8, 2008, with 1,543,000 viewers (483,000 of whom were in the 25–54 demographic).[16] Early reviews for her show were mostly positive. Los Angeles Times journalist Matea Gold stated that Maddow "finds the right formula on MSNBC",[17] while The Guardian wrote that Maddow has become the "star of America's cable news".[18] Associated Press columnist David Bauder called her Keith Olbermann's "political soul mate" and referred to the Olbermann/Maddow shows as a two-hour "liberal...block".[19] New York Times writer Alessandra Stanley opined: "Her program adds a good-humored female face to a cable news channel whose prime time is dominated by unruly, often squabbling schoolboys; Ms. Maddow's deep, modulated voice is reassuringly calm after so much shrill emotionalism and catfights among the channel's aging, white male divas".[20]

text: On September 16, 2008, the show drew 1,801,000 viewers (with 534,000 in the 25–54 demographic), beating Larry King Live and becoming the highest-rated MSNBC show of the night.[21] Maddow's ratings success on September 16 prompted many of her MSNBC colleagues on Morning Joe to congratulate her on the air, including Joe Scarborough, who said it was "just one of those times where good people do well".[22] In the month of March 2009 the average number of viewers dropped to 1.1 million, part of a general trend in the ratings decline for cable news programs.[23] During the third quarter of 2009, the show was ranked in third place behind Fox News's Hannity and CNN's Larry King Live. The average total number of viewers for the show's airtimes during this period was 992,000.[24]

text: During the first quarter of 2010, Maddow's show pulled well ahead of Larry King Live, regularly beating the show in overall and primetime ratings,[25] becoming the second-highest rated program in its time slot, behind only Fox News's Hannity.[26] The show continued its lead during the second quarter of 2010, staying well ahead of CNN's Larry King Live for the third consecutive quarter, and topping the show in both primetime and overall ratings.[27]

text: In September 2012, Maddow viewership in the 25–54 demographic topped that of Hannity on Monday and Tuesday and in the demographic's daily average for the week,[28] though not in the week's cumulative viewership for the time slot.[29] The week was MSNBC's strongest since February 2009.[28] At the time, the network regularly ranked "a distant second" to Fox News viewership.[30]

text: In May 2013, the show delivered its lowest-rated month since it debuted in September 2008 (717,000 total viewers) and its second-lowest with adults 25–54 (210,000). Maddow was topped by both FNC's Hannity and CNN's Piers Morgan Tonight.[31]

text: In November 2013, during the off-year election coverage, Maddow was "up significantly, averaging second place in both measures with 1.267 million viewers and 313,000 adults 25–54". This placed the Maddow Show second, running behind Fox News' Megyn Kelly, but ahead of CNN's Piers Morgan Live.[32]

text: For the week beginning February 13, 2017, Maddow’s 9 pm ET show averaged 2.5 million total viewers, giving the host her best single week since just before the 2008 election, when the program pulled in an average of 2.6 million. This also gives the show its second best week ever.[33] In February TRMS was watched by the most viewers in the show's nine-year history.[34]

text: On March 14, 2017, Maddow revealed the first two pages of Donald Trump's 2005 federal tax return on her show. The documents were originally obtained by journalist David Cay Johnston, who was a guest on her show that night.[34] Before the program aired, the White House released a statement acknowledging that Trump paid $38 million in federal income taxes that year.[35] The White House also accused MSNBC of "violating the law".[36]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
2017 Emmy Award in the Outstanding Live Interview category for the segment "One-on-One with Kellyanne Conway".[37]
2017 Emmy Award in the Outstanding News Discussion & Analysis category for story "An American Disaster: The Crisis in Flint".[38]
2011 News and Documentary Emmy in the Outstanding News Discussion & Analysis category for the "Good Morning, Landlocked Central Asia" series of shows broadcast from Afghanistan.[39]
In March 2010, Maddow won at the 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards in the category, Outstanding TV Journalism—Newsmagazine for her segment, "Uganda Be Kidding Me" about the Uganda Anti-Homosexuality Bill.[40]
The Rachel Maddow Show has been nominated for a Television Critics Award twice in the "Outstanding Achievement in News & Information" category.
Maddow received the Interfaith Alliance's 2010 Walter Cronkite Faith & Freedom Award for her "passionate coverage of the intersection of religion and politics" that "exhibits a strong personal intellect coupled with constitutional sensitivity to the proper boundaries between religion and government."[41][42][43]
The show received one of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America's 2010 Maggie Awards for Media Excellence "for its coverage of the health care reform debate, the murder of Dr. George Tiller and the anti-abortion movement."[44]
In 2012, The Rachel Maddow Show was nominated for News and Documentary Emmy in the Outstanding News Discussion and Analysis category for the "Know Nukes" segment.[45]


document_title: History of the roller coaster

question_text: when was the first metal roller coaster built

question_tokens: when was the first metal roller coaster built

text: History of the roller coaster

text: History

text: Beginnings

text: The world's oldest roller coasters descended from the "Russian Mountains," which were specially constructed hills of snow [1] located in the gardens of palaces around the Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, in the 18th century. This attraction was called a Katalnaya Gorka or "sliding mountain" in Russian. The slides were built to a height of between 70 feet (21 m) and 80 feet (24 m), had a 50 degree drop, and were reinforced by wooden supports. Sometimes wheeled carts were used instead of sleds. These slides became popular with the Russian upper class, and with Catherine II of Russia herself, who had such mountains built in the gardens of the Oranienbaum Palace near St. Petersburg, with a pavilion next to it for drinking tea after the sliding. "Russian mountains" remains the term for roller coasters in many languages, such as Spanish (la montaña rusa), Italian (montagne russe), and French (les montagnes russes). Ironically, the Russian term for roller coaster, американские горки (amerikanskie gorki), translates literally as "American mountains."[2]

text: Russian soldiers occupying Paris from 1815 through 1816, after the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo, may have introduced the Russian amusement of sledding down steep hills.[3] In July 1817, a French banker named Nicolas Beaujon opened the Parc Beaujon, an amusement park on the Champs Elysees. Its most famous feature was the Promenades Aériennes or "Aerial Strolls." [4] It featured wheeled cars securely locked to the track, guide rails to keep them on course, and higher speeds. [5] The three-wheel carts were towed to the top of a tower, and then released to descend two curving tracks on either side. King Louis XVIII of France came to see the park, but it is not recorded if he tried the ride. Before long there were seven similar rides in Paris: Les Montagnes françaises (The French Mountains), le Delta, les Montagnes de Belleville (The Mountains of Belleville), les Montagnes américaines (the American Mountains), Les Montages lilliputiennes, (The miniature mountains), Les Montagnes susses (The Swiss mountains) and Les Montagnes égyptiennes (The Egyptian mountains).[3]

text: In the beginning, these attractions were primarily for the upper classes. In 1845 a new amusement park opened in Copenhagen, Tivoli, which was designed for the middle class. These new parks featured roller coasters as permanent attractions. The first permanent loop track was probably also built in Paris from an English design in 1846, with a single-person wheeled sled running through a 13-foot (4 m) diameter vertical loop. These early single loop designs were called Centrifugal Railways. In 1887, a French entrepreneur, Joseph Oller, the owner of the Moulin Rouge music hall, built Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville (The Russian Mountains of Belleville) a permanent roller coaster with a length of two hundred meters in the form of a double-eight, later enlarged to four figure-eight-shaped loops.[3]

text: Scenic railways

text: In the 1850s, a mining company in Summit Hill, Pennsylvania constructed the Mauch Chunk gravity railroad, a brakeman-controlled, 8.7 mile (14 km) downhill track used to deliver coal to Mauch Chunk (now known as Jim Thorpe), Pennsylvania.[6] By 1872, the "Gravity Road" (as it became known) was selling rides to thrill seekers. Railway companies used similar tracks to provide amusement on days when ridership was low.

text: Using this idea as a basis, LaMarcus Adna Thompson began work on a gravity Switchback Railway that opened at Coney Island in Brooklyn, New York in 1884.[7] Passengers climbed to the top of a platform and rode a bench-like car down the 600 ft (180 m) track up to the top of another tower where the vehicle was switched to a return track and the passengers took the return trip.[8] This track design was soon replaced with an oval complete circuit.[9] In 1885, Phillip Hinkle introduced the first complete-circuit coaster with a lift hill, the Gravity Pleasure Road, which became the most popular attraction at Coney Island.[9] Not to be outdone, in 1886 LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented his design for a roller coaster that included dark tunnels with painted scenery. "Scenic Railways" were soon found in amusement parks across the county,[9] with Frederick Ingersoll's construction company building many of them in the first two decades of the 20th century.

text: Growing popularity and innovations

text: As it grew in popularity, experimentation in coaster dynamics took off. In the 1880s the concept of a vertical loop was again explored by Lina Beecher, and in 1895 the concept came into fruition with the Flip Flap Railway, located at Sea Lion Park in Brooklyn, and shortly afterward with Loop the Loop at Olentangy Park near Columbus, Ohio as well as similar coasters in Atlantic City and Coney Island. The rides were incredibly dangerous, and many passengers suffered whiplash. Both were soon dismantled, and looping coasters had to wait for over a half century before making a reappearance.

text: By 1919, the first underfriction roller coaster had been developed by John Miller.[10] Soon, roller coasters spread to amusement parks all around the world. Perhaps the best known historical roller coaster, The Cyclone, was opened at Coney Island in 1927. Like The Cyclone, all early roller coasters were made of wood. Many old wooden roller coasters are still operational, at parks such as Kennywood near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and Pleasure Beach Blackpool, England. The oldest operating roller coaster is Leap-The-Dips at Lakemont Park in Pennsylvania, a side friction roller coaster built in 1902. The oldest wooden roller coaster in the United Kingdom is the Scenic Railway at Dreamland Amusement Park in Margate, Kent and features a system where the brakeman rides the car with wheels. It was severely damaged by fire on April 7, 2008, but was subsequently restored and reopened to the public in 2015.[11] Scenic Railway at Melbourne's Luna Park built in 1912, is the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster, and it also still features a system where the brakeman rides the car with wheels. One of only 13 remaining examples of John Miller's work worldwide is the wooden roller coaster at Lagoon in Utah. The coaster opened in 1921 and is the 6th oldest coaster in the world.[12]

text: The Great Depression marked the end of the golden age of roller coasters, as amusement parks generally went into a decline that resulted in less demand for new coasters. This lasted until 1972, when The Racer opened at Kings Island amusement park located in what was then a part of Deerfield Township in Warren County, Ohio. Designed by John C. Allen, the instant success of The Racer helped to ignite a renaissance for roller coasters, reviving worldwide interest throughout the industry.

text: The rise of steel

text: In 1959, the Disneyland theme park introduced a new design breakthrough in roller coasters with the Matterhorn Bobsleds. This was the first roller coaster to use a tubular steel track. Unlike conventional wooden rails, which are generally formed using steel strips mounted on laminated wood, tubular steel can be bent in any direction, which allows designers to incorporate loops, corkscrews, and many other maneuvers into their designs. Most modern roller coasters are made of steel, although wooden roller coasters are still being built along with hybrids of steel and wood.

text: In 1975 the first modern-day roller coaster to perform an inverting element opened: Corkscrew, located at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. In 1976 the vertical loop made a permanent comeback with the Great American Revolution at Magic Mountain in Valencia, California.

text: Timeline of notable roller coasters

text: The roller coasters mentioned here are significant for their role in the amusement industry. They were notable for specific reasons, including:

text:
First roller coaster of a specific kind, style, manufacturing material or unique technology; ground-breaking
First time a particular record-breaking threshold was crossed
Historical significance

text: 1800 to 1899

text:
First roller coaster featuring cars that locked onto track: Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville (Russian Mountains of Belleville), Paris, France.
First roller coaster to feature two cars racing each other: Les Montagnes Russes à Belleville.
First complete-circuit roller coaster: Promenades Aériennes (The Aerial Walk), Paris.

text: First scenic gravity railroad (inspiration for first American roller coasters): Mauch Chunk Switchback Gravity Railroad, Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania, United States.[9]

text: First looping roller coaster (non-circuit): Centrifugal Railway, Frascati Garden, Paris.[13]

text: First use of powered chainlift: Gravity Pleasure, Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York.[9]

text: 1900 to 1969

text:
Leap-The-Dips opens at Lakemont Park, Altoona, Pennsylvania. It is today the world's oldest operating wooden roller coaster (it was closed from 1985 until 1999).[9]
Cannon Coaster opens at Coney Island. The designer first attempts to "leap-the-gap" and create a roller coaster which has its cars jump over a gap in the track. Safety testing fails, and the idea is scrapped.[9]

text: First use of lapbar: Drop the Dip, Coney Island.[14]

text: Scenic Railway opens at Luna Park, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Today it is the world's oldest continually-operating roller coaster.

text: First roller coaster with a Möbius-style track: Derby Racer, Euclid Beach Park, Cleveland, Ohio, United States.

text: First roller coaster to utilize up-stop wheels: Jack Rabbit, Kennywood, West Mifflin, Pennsylvania, United States.

text: First roller coaster to reach 100 feet: Cyclone, Revere Beach, Revere, Massachusetts, United States.

text: Montaña Suiza opens at Parque de Atracciones Monte Igueldo, at San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, Basque Country, Spain. It is the world's oldest operating steel roller coaster.

text: First junior steel roller coaster: Little Dipper, Memphis Kiddie Park, Brooklyn, Ohio, United States. It is the world's oldest operating junior steel roller coaster.

text: First tubular steel roller coaster: Matterhorn Bobsleds, Disneyland, Anaheim, California, United States. Today it is the world's oldest operating tubular steel roller coaster.[9]

text: First roller coaster to feature an underwater tunnel: Mine Train, Six Flags Over Texas.

text: 1970 to 1979

text: First enclosed roller coaster: Fire In The Hole, Silver Dollar City, Branson, Missouri, United States.

text: First "modern" roller coaster with inversions (two): Corkscrew, Knott's Berry Farm, Buena Park, California.[13]

text: First "modern" roller coaster with a vertical loop: Revolution, Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California.[13]

text: First roller coaster with three inversions: Corkscrew, Cedar Point, Sandusky, Ohio, United States.[13]

text: First shuttle roller coaster: although six opened the same year, White Lightnin', at Carowinds, is likely to have opened first, given the park's southern location and longer operating season.

text: First roller coaster with interlocking loops: Loch Ness Monster, Busch Gardens Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States

text: The Beast: opened as the tallest, fastest and longest wooden roller coaster. Today it is still the longest wooden roller coaster in the world.

text: 1980 to 1989

text: First roller coaster with four inversions: Carolina Cyclone, Carowinds, North Carolina and South Carolina, United States.[13]

text:
First roller coaster manufactured by Vekoma: Python, Efteling, Kaatsheuvel, Netherlands.
First modern suspended roller coaster: The Bat, Kings Island, Mason, Ohio, United States.

text: First roller coaster with five inversions: Viper, Darien Lake, Darien, New York.[13]

text:
First roller coaster to operate vehicles in reverse: Racer, Kings Island.
First roller coaster to run stand-up trains: Dangai, Thrill Valley, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan.

text: First alpine roller coaster: Ice Mountain Bobsleds, Enchanted Forest, Turner, Oregon, United States.

text: First Boomerang roller coaster: "Boomerang", Bellewaerde Park, Belgium (it was the second to be built, but the first to open to the public.)[15]

text: First roller coaster with a heartline roll: Ultra Twister, Nagashima Spa Land, Mie Prefecture, Japan.[16]

text: First roller coaster with six inversions: Vortex, Kings Island.[13]

text: First roller coaster with seven inversions: Shockwave, Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois, United States.[13]

text: First complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed 200 feet (61 m) in height: Magnum XL-200, Cedar Point.

text: 1990 to 1999

text: First roller coaster designed by Bolliger & Mabillard: Iron Wolf, Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois, United States.

text:
First inverted roller coaster: Batman: The Ride, Six Flags Great America.
First roller coaster with a cutback inversion: Drachen Fire, Busch Gardens Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States.

text:
First roller coaster with eight inversions: Dragon Khan, PortAventura, Salou and Vilaseca, Tarragona, Spain.[13]
First use of on-board audio: Space Mountain, Disneyland Park, Paris.

text: First roller coasters to use a linear motor electromagnetic propulsion system: Flight of Fear, at both Kings Island and Kings Dominion.

text:
First roller coaster to reach 100 miles per hour (160 km/h): Tower of Terror II, Dreamworld, Australia.
First roller coaster (non-complete circuit) over 400 feet (120 m) tall: Superman: Escape From Krypton, Six Flags Magic Mountain, California.
First flying roller coaster: Skytrak Total, Granada Studios, Manchester, United Kingdom.

text:
First dive coaster: Oblivion, Alton Towers, Alton, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
First linear motor launched inverted roller coaster: Volcano, The Blast Coaster, Kings Dominion.
First linear motor launched dueling roller coaster: Batman & Robin: The Chiller, Six Flags Great Adventure, Jackson Township, New Jersey, United States.

text:
First floorless roller coaster: Medusa, Six Flags Great Adventure.
First tire-propelled launch system: The Incredible Hulk, Universal's Islands of Adventure, Orlando, Florida, United States.
First inverted dueling roller coaster: Dragon Challenge, Universal's Islands of Adventure.

text: 2000 to 2009

text:
First complete-circuit roler coaster to exceed 300 feet (91 m) in height: Millennium Force, Cedar Point.
First roller coaster to use an elevator cable lift system: Millennium Force.
First modern wooden roller coaster with a vertical loop: "Son of Beast", Kings Island. (Note: after an accident on July 9, 2006 the loop was removed.[13])
First wooden roller coaster over 200 feet (60.96 m) tall: Son of Beast.
First large-scale flying roller coaster, Nighthawk, California's Great America

text:
First roller coaster with a 90° vertical drop: Dodonpa, Fuji-Q Highland, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan. (Note: it was changed for a vertical loop in 2017)
First roller coaster to use pneumatic propulsion system: Hypersonic XLC, Kings Dominion.
First roller coaster to feature both a lift hill and propulsion system: California Screamin', Disney California Adventure Park, Anaheim, California, United States.

text:
First roller coaster to use a hydraulic propulsion system: Xcelerator, Knott's Berry Farm.
First roller coaster with ten inversions: Colossus, Thorpe Park, Chertsey, Surrey, United Kingdom.[13]
First roller coaster with seats that rotate on a horizontal axis (4th dimension roller coaster): X², Six Flags Magic Mountain.

text:
First complete-circuit roller coaster to exceed 400 feet (120 m) in height: Top Thrill Dragster, Cedar Point.
First roller coaster with a more than 90° vertical drop (97°): Vild-Svinet, BonBon-Land, Zealand, Denmark.
First roller coaster to utilize a vertical lift (not considered an elevator lift): Vild-Svinet, BonBon-Land.

text: First coaster with a "fly-through" station: Thunderhead, Dollywood, Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, United States.

text: Kingda Ka opens as the tallest roller coaster in the world.

text: Expedition Everest opened at Disney's Animal Kingdom. It is listed in the 2011 Guinness Book of World Records as the most expensive roller coaster in the world; a record which still holds.

text: First wing roller coaster: Furius Baco, PortAventura Park, Salou and Vilaseca, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain

text: First roller coaster with a "ferris wheel"-style lift hill: Maximum RPM!, Freestyle Music Park, Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, United States.

text: First roller coaster with a 100° free-fall drop: Saw: The Ride, Thorpe Park, Surrey, United Kingdom

text: 2010 to 2014

text:
First roller coaster with a vertical freefall drop element: Th13teen, Alton Towers, Staffordshire, United Kingdom
Formula Rossa opens as the fastest roller coaster in the world.

text:
First Boomerang roller coaster without any inversions: Ben 10 – Ultimate Mission, Drayton Manor Theme Park, Tamworth, Staffordshire, England
Takabisha, Fuji-Q Highland, Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi, Japan opens as the roller coaster with a steepest drop in the world (121°).

text:
First wooden roller coaster with three inversions: Outlaw Run, Silver Dollar City, Branson, Missouri, United States.
First roller coaster with 14 inversions: The Smiler, Alton Towers, Staffordshire, United Kingdom.
First roller coaster with a top hat attached onto the loop: Full Throttle, Six Flags Magic Mountain, Valencia, California, United States.