document_title: Mycenaean Greece

question_text: it is thought that the mycenaeans came into power by taking over the

question_tokens: it is thought that the mycenaeans came into power by taking over the

text: Mycenaean Greece

text: Chronology[edit]

text: The Bronze Age in mainland Greece is generally termed as the "Helladic period" by modern archaeologists, after Hellas, the Greek name for Greece. This period is divided into three subperiods: The Early Helladic (EH) period (c. 2900–2000 BC) was a time of prosperity with the use of metals and a growth in technology, economy and social organization. The Middle Helladic (MH) period (ca. 2000–1650 BC) faced a slower pace of development, as well as the evolution of megaron-type dwellings and cist grave burials.[1] Finally, the Late Helladic (LH) period (c. 1650–1050 BC) roughly coincides with Mycenaean Greece.[1]

text: The Late Helladic period is further divided into LHI and LHII, both of which coincide with the early period of Mycenaean Greece (c. 1650–1425 BC), and LHIII (c. 1425–1050 BC), the period of expansion, decline and collapse of the Mycenaean civilization.[1] The transition period from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in Greece is known as Sub-Mycenaean (c. 1050–1000 BC).[1]

text: Identity[edit]

text: The decipherment of the Mycenaean Linear B script, a writing system adapted for the use of the Greek language of the Late Bronze Age,[11] demonstrated the continuity of Greek speech from the second millennium BC into the eighth century BC when a new script emerged. Moreover, it revealed that the bearers of Mycenaean culture were ethnically connected with the populations that resided in the Greek peninsula after the end of this cultural period.[12] Various collective terms for the inhabitants of Mycenaean Greece were used by Homer in his 8th century BC epic, the Iliad, in reference to the Trojan War. The latter was supposed to have happened in the late 13th – early 12th century BC, when a coalition of small Greek states under the king of Mycenae, besieged the walled city of Troy. Homer used the ethnonyms Achaeans, Danaans and Argives, to refer to the besiegers.[13] These names appear to have passed down from the time they were in use to the time when Homer applied them as collective terms in his Iliad.[14] There is an isolated reference to a-ka-wi-ja-de in the Linear B records in Knossos, Crete dated to c. 1400 BC, which most probably refers to a Mycenaean (Achaean) state on the Greek mainland.[15]

text: Egyptian records mention a T(D)-n-j or Danaya (Tanaju) land for the first time in circa 1437 BC, during the reign of Pharaoh Thutmoses III (r. 1479–1425 BC). This land is geographically defined in an inscription from the reign of Amenhotep III (r. circa 1390–1352 BC), where a number of Danaya cities are mentioned, which cover the largest part of southern mainland Greece.[16] Among them, cities such as Mycenae, Nauplion and Thebes have been identified with certainty. Danaya has been equated with the ethnonym Danaoi (Greek: Δαναοί), the name of the mythical dynasty that ruled in the region of Argos, also used as an ethnonym for the Greek people by Homer.[16][17]

text: In the official records of another Bronze Age empire, that of the Hittites in Anatolia, various references from c. 1400 BC to 1220 BC mention a country named Ahhiyawa.[18][19] Recent scholarship, based on textual evidence, new interpretations of the Hittite inscriptions, as well as on recent surveys of archaeological evidence about Mycenaean-Anatolian contacts during this period, concludes that the term Ahhiyawa must have been used in reference to the Mycenaean world (land of the Achaeans), or at least to a part of it.[20][21] This term may have also had broader connotations in some texts, possibly referring to all regions settled by Mycenaeans or regions under direct Mycenaean political control.[18] Another similar ethnonym Ekwesh in twelfth century BC Egyptian inscriptions, has been commonly identified with the Ahhiyawans. These Ekwesh were mentioned as a group of the Sea People.[22]

text: History[edit]

text: Shaft grave era (c. 1600–1450 BC)[edit]

text: Mycenaean civilization originated and evolved from the society and culture of the Early and Middle Helladic period in mainland Greece under influences from Minoan Crete.[24] Towards the end of the Middle Bronze Age (c. 1600 BC) a significant increase in the population and the number of settlements occurred.[25] A number of centers of power emerged in southern mainland Greece dominated by a warrior elite society,[1][24] while the typical dwellings of that era were an early type of megaron buildings. Some more complex structures are classified as forerunners of the later palaces. In a number of sites, defensive walls were also erected.[26]

text: Meanwhile, new types of burials and more imposing ones have been unearthed, which display a great variety of luxurious objects.[25][27] Among the various burial types, the shaft grave became the most common form of elite burial, a feature that gave the name to the early period of Mycenaean Greece.[25] Among the Mycenaean elite, deceased men were usually laid to rest in gold masks and funerary armor, and women in gold crowns and clothes gleaming with gold ornaments.[28] The royal shaft graves next to the acropolis of Mycenae, in particular the Grave Circles A and B signified the elevation of a native Greek-speaking royal dynasty whose economic power depended on long-distance sea trade.[29]

text: During this period, the Mycenaean centers witnessed increased contacts with the outside world and especially with the Cyclades and the Minoan centers in the island of Crete.[1][25] Mycenaean presence appears to be also depicted in a fresco at Akrotiri, on Thera island, which possibly displays many warriors in Boar's tusk helmets, a feature typical of Mycenaean warfare.[30] In the early 15th century, commerce intensified with Mycenaean pottery reaching the western coast of Asia Minor, including Miletus and Troy, Cyprus, Lebanon, Palestine and Egypt.[31]

text: At the end of the Shaft Grave era, a new and more imposing type of elite burial emerged, the Tholos: large circular burial chambers with high vaulted roofs and a straight entry passage lined with stone.[32]

text: Koine era (c. 1450 BC–1250 BC)[edit]

text: The eruption of Thera, which according to archaeological data occurred in c. 1500 BC, resulted in the decline of the Minoan civilization of Crete.[33] This turn of events gave the opportunity to the Mycenaeans to spread their influence throughout the Aegean. Around c. 1450 BC, they were in control of Crete itself, including Knossos, and colonized several other Aegean islands, reaching as far as Rhodes.[34][35] Thus the Mycenaeans became the dominant power of the region, marking the beginning of the Mycenaean 'Koine' era (from Greek: Κοινή, common), a highly uniform culture that spread in mainland Greece and the Aegean.[36]

text: From the early 14th century BC, Mycenaean trade began to take advantage of the new trading opportunities in the Mediterranean after the Minoan collapse.[35] The trade routes were expanded further, reaching Cyprus, Amman in the Near East, Apulia in Italy and Spain.[35] From that time period (c. 1400 BC), the palace of Knossos has yielded the earliest records of the Greek Linear B script, based on the previous Linear A of the Minoans. The use of the new script spread in mainland Greece and offers valuable insight into the administrative network of the palatial centers. However, the unearthed records are too fragmentary for a political reconstruction of Bronze Age Greece.[37]

text: Excavations at Miletus, southwest Asia Minor, indicate the existence of a Mycenaean settlement there already from c. 1450 BC, replacing the previous Minoan installations.[38] This site became a sizable and prosperous Mycenaean center until the 12th century BC.[39] Apart from the archaeological evidence, this is also attested in Hittite records, which indicate that Miletos (Milawata in Hittite) was the most important base for Mycenaean activity in Asia Minor.[40] Mycenaean presence also reached the adjacent sites of Iasus and Ephesus.[41]

text: Meanwhile, imposing palaces were built in the main Mycenaean centers of the mainland. The earliest palace structures were megaron-type buildings, such as the Menelaion in Sparta, Lakonia.[42] Palaces proper are datable from c. 1400 BC, when Cyclopean fortifications were erected at Mycenae and nearby Tiryns.[1] Additional palaces were built in Midea and Pylos in Peloponnese, Athens, Eleusis, Thebes and Orchomenos in Central Greece and Iolcos, in Thessaly, the latter being the northernmost Mycenaean center. Knossos in Crete also became a Mycenaean center, where the former Minoan complex underwent a number of adjustments, including the addition of a throne room.[43] These centers were based on a rigid network of bureaucracy where administrative competencies were classified into various sections and offices according to specialization of work and trades. At the head of this society was the king, known as wanax (Linear B: wa-na-ka) in Mycenaean Greek terms. All powers were vested in him, as the main landlord and spiritual and military leader. At the same time he was an entrepreneur and trader and was aided by a network of high officials.[44]

text: Involvement in Asia Minor[edit]

text: The presence of Ahhiyawa in western Anatolia is mentioned in various Hittite accounts from c. 1400 to c. 1220 BC.[40] Ahhiyawa is generally accepted as a Hittite translation of Mycenaean Greece (Achaeans in Homeric Greek), but a precise geographical definition of the term cannot be drawn from the texts.[45] During this time, the kings of Ahhiyawa were evidently capable of dealing with their Hittite counterparts both on a diplomatic and military level.[46] Moreover, Ahhiyawan activity was to interfere in Anatolian affairs, with the support of anti-Hittite uprisings or through local vassal rulers, which the Ahhiyawan king used as agents for the extension of his influence.[47]

text: In c. 1400 BC, Hittite records mention the military activities of an Ahhiyawan warlord, Attarsiya, a possible Hittite way of writing the Greek name Atreus, who attacked Hittite vassals in western Anatolia.[48] Later, in c. 1315 BC, an anti-Hittite rebellion headed by Arzawa, a Hittite vassal state, received support from Ahhiyawa.[49] Meanwhile, Ahhiyawa appears to be in control of a number of islands in the Aegean, an impression also supported by archaeological evidence.[50] During the reign of the Hittite king Hattusili III (c. 1267–1237 BC), the king of Ahhiyawa is recognized as a "Great King" and of equal status with the other contemporary great Bronze Age rulers: the kings of Egypt, Babylonia and Assyria.[51] At that time, another anti-Hittite movement, led by Piyama-Radu, broke out and was supported by the king of Ahhiyawa.[52] Piyama-Radu caused major unrest in the region of Wilusa and later invaded the island of Lesbos, which then passed into Ahhiyawan control.[53]

text: The Hittite-Ahhiyawan confrontation in Wilusa, the Hittite name for Troy, may provide the historical foundation for the Trojan War tradition.[54] As a result of this instability, the Hittite king initiated correspondence in order to convince his Ahhiyawan counterpart to restore peace in the region. The Hittite record mentions a certain Tawagalawa, a possible Hittite translation for Greek Eteocles, as brother of the king of Ahhiyawa.[53][55]

text: Collapse (c. 1250–1100 BC)[edit]

text: Initial decline and revival[edit]

text: In c. 1250 BC, the first wave of destruction apparently occurred in various centers of mainland Greece for reasons that cannot be identified by archaeologists. In Boeotia, Thebes was burned to the ground, around that year or slightly later. Nearby Orchomenos shared the same fate, while the Boeotian fortifications of Gla were deserted.[56] In the Peloponnese, a number of buildings surrounding the citadel of Mycenae were attacked and burned.[57]

text: These incidents appear to have prompted the massive strengthening and expansion of the fortifications in various sites. In some cases, arrangements were also made for the creation of subterranean passages which led to underground cisterns. Tiryns, Midea and Athens expanded their defences with new cyclopean-style walls.[58] The extension program in Mycenae almost doubled the fortified area of the citadel. To this phase of extension belongs the impressive Lion Gate, the main entrance into the Mycenaean acropolis.[58]

text: It appears that after this first wave of destruction a short-lived revival of Mycenaean culture followed.[59] Mycenaean Greece continues to be mentioned in international affairs, particularly in Hittite records. In c. 1220 BC, the king of Ahhiyawa is again reported to have been involved in an anti-Hittite uprising in western Anatolia.[60] Another contemporary Hittite account reports that Ahhiyawan ships should avoid Assyrian-controlled harbors, as part of a trade embargo imposed on Assyria.[61] In general, in the second half of 13th century BC, trade was in decline in the Eastern Mediterranean, most probably due to the unstable political environment there.[62]

text: Final collapse[edit]

text: None of the defence measures appear to have prevented the final destruction and collapse of the Mycenaean states. A second destruction struck Mycenae in ca. 1190 BC or shortly thereafter. This event marked the end of Mycenae as a major power. The site was then reoccupied, but on a smaller scale.[57] The palace of Pylos, in the southwestern Peloponnese, was destroyed in c. 1180 BC.[63][64] The Linear B archives found there, preserved by the heat of the fire that destroyed the palace, mention hasty defence preparations due to an imminent attack without giving any detail about the attacking force.[59]

text: As a result of this turmoil, specific regions in mainland Greece witnessed a dramatic population decrease, especially Boeotia, Argolis and Messenia.[59] Mycenaean refugees migrated to Cyprus and the Levantine coast.[64] Nevertheless, other regions on the edge of the Mycenaean world prospered, such as the Ionian islands, the northwestern Peloponnese, parts of Attica and a number of Aegean islands.[59] The acropolis of Athens, oddly, appears to have avoided destruction.[59]

text: Hypotheses for the collapse[edit]

text: The reasons for the end of the Mycenaean culture have been hotly debated among scholars. At present, there is no satisfactory explanation for the collapse of the Mycenaean palace systems. The two most common theories are population movement and internal conflict. The first attributes the destruction of Mycenaean sites to invaders.[65]

text: The hypothesis of a Dorian invasion, known as such in Ancient Greek tradition, that led to the end of Mycenaean Greece, is supported by sporadic archaeological evidence such as new types of burials, in particular cist graves, and the use of a new dialect of Greek, the Doric one. It appears that the Dorians moved southward gradually over a number of years and devastated the territory, until they managed to establish themselves in the Mycenaean centers.[66] A new type of ceramic also appeared, called "Barbarian Ware" because it was attributed to invaders from the north.[59] On the other hand, the collapse of Mycenaean Greece coincides with the activity of the Sea Peoples in the Eastern Mediterranean. They caused widespread destruction in Anatolia and the Levant and were finally defeated by Pharaoh Ramesses III in c. 1175 BC. One of the ethnic groups that comprised these people were the Eqwesh, a name that appears to be linked with the Ahhiyawa of the Hittite inscriptions.[67]

text: Alternative scenarios propose that the fall of Mycenaean Greece was a result of internal disturbances which led to internecine warfare among the Mycenaean states or civil unrest in a number of states, as a result of the strict hierarchical social system and the ideology of the wanax.[68] In general, due to the obscure archaeological picture in 12th-11th century BC Greece, there is a continuing controversy among scholars over whether the impoverished societies that succeeded the Mycenaean palatial states were newcomers or populations that already resided in Mycenaean Greece. Recent archaeological findings tend to favor the latter scenario.[59] Additional theories, concerning natural factors, such as climate change, droughts or earthquakes have also been proposed.[68] The period following the end of Mycenaean Greece, c. 1100-800 BC, is generally termed the "Greek Dark Ages".[69]

text: Political organization[edit]

text: Palatial states[edit]

text: Mycenaean palatial states, or centrally organized palace-operating polities, are recorded in ancient Greek literature and mythology (e.g., Iliad, Catalogue of Ships) and confirmed by discoveries made by modern archaeologists such as Heinrich Schliemann. Each Mycenaean kingdom was governed from the palace, which exercised control over most, if not all, industries within its realm. The palatial territory was divided into several sub-regions, each headed by its provincial center.[70] Each province was further divided in smaller districts, the da-mo.[70] A number of palaces and fortifications appear to be part of a wider kingdom. For instance, Gla, located in the region of Boeotia, belonged to the state of nearby Orchomenos.[56] Moreover, the palace of Mycenae appeared to have ruled over a territory two to three times the size of the other palatial states in Bronze Age Greece. Its territory would have also included adjacent centers, including Tiryns and Nauplion, which could plausibly be ruled by a member of Mycenae's ruling dynasty.[71]

text: The unearthed Linear B texts are too fragmentary for the reconstruction of the political landscape in Mycenaean Greece and they do not support the existence of a larger Mycenaean state.[45][72] On the other hand, contemporary Hittite and Egyptian records suggest the presence of a single state under a "Great King".[73] Alternatively, based on archaeological data, some sort of confederation among a number of palatial states appears to be possible.[45] If some kind of united political entity existed, the dominant center was probably located in Thebes or in Mycenae, with the latter state being the most probable center of power.[74]

text: Society and administration[edit]

text: The Neolithic agrarian village (6000 BC) constituted the foundation of Bronze Age political culture in Greece.[75] The vast majority of the preserved Linear B records deal with administrative issues and give the impression that Mycenaean palatial administration was highly uniform with the use of the same language, terminology, system of taxation and distribution.[37][70] Considering this sense of uniformity, the Pylos archive, which is the best preserved one in the Mycenaean world, is generally taken as a representative one.[37]

text: The state was ruled by a king, the wanax (ϝάναξ), whose role was religious and perhaps also military and judicial.[76] The wanax oversaw virtually all aspects of palatial life, from religious feasting and offerings to the distribution of goods, craftsmen and troops.[77] Under him was the lāwāgetas ("the leader of the people"), whose role appears mainly religious. His activities possibly overlap with the wanax and is usually seen as the second-in-command.[77] Both wanax and lāwāgetas were at the head of a military aristocracy known as the eqeta ("companions" or "followers").[76][78] The land possessed by the wanax is usually the témenos (te-me-no). There is also at least one instance of a person, Enkhelyawon, at Pylos, who appears titleless in the written record but whom modern scholars regard as probably a king.[79]

text: A number of local officials positioned by the wanax appear to be in charge of the districts, such as ko-re-te (koreter, '"governor"), po-ro-ko-re-te (prokoreter, "deputy") and the da-mo-ko-ro (damokoros, "one who takes care of a damos"), the latter probably being appointed to take charge of the commune. A council of elders was chaired, the ke-ro-si-ja (cf. γερουσία, gerousía). The basileus, who in latter Greek society was the name of the king, refers to communal officials.[76]

text: In general, Mycenaean society appears to have been divided into two groups of free men: the king's entourage, who conducted administrative duties at the palace, and the people, da-mo[80] These last were watched over by royal agents and were obliged to perform duties for and pay taxes to the palace.[76] Among those who could be found in the palace were well-to-do high officials, who probably lived in the vast residences found in proximity to Mycenaean palaces, but also others, tied by their work to the palace and not necessarily better off than the members of the da-mo, such as craftsmen, farmers, and perhaps merchants. Occupying a lower rung of the social ladder were the slaves, do-e-ro, (cf. δοῦλος, doúlos).[81] These are recorded in the texts as working either for the palace or for specific deities.[76]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Organization[edit]

text: The Mycenaean economy, given its pre-monetary nature, was focused on the redistribution of goods, commodities and labor by a central administration. The preserved Linear B records in Pylos and Knossos indicate that the palaces were closely monitoring a variety of industries and commodities, the organization of land management and the rations given to the dependent personnel.[82][83] The Mycenaean palaces maintained extensive control of the nondomestic areas of production through careful control and acquisition and distribution in the palace industries, and the tallying of produced goods.[84][85] For instance, the Knossos tablets record c. 80,000-100,000 sheep grazing in central Crete, and the quantity of the expected wool from these sheep and their offspring, as well as how this wool was allocated.[85] The archives of Pylos display a specialized workforce, where each worker belonged to a precise category and was assigned to a specific task in the stages of production, notably in textiles.[86]

text: Nevertheless, palatial control over resources appears to have been highly selective in spatial terms and in terms of how different industries were managed.[87] Thus, sectors like the production of perfumed oil and bronze materials were directly monitored from the palace, but the production of ceramics was only indirectly monitored.[88] Regional transactions between the palaces are also recorded on a few occasions.[89]

text: Large-scale infrastructure[edit]

text: The palatial centers organized their workforce and resources for the construction of large scale projects in the fields of agriculture and industry.[83] The magnitude of some projects indicates that this was the result of combined efforts from multiple palatial centers. Most notable of them are the drainage system of the Kopais basin in Boeotia, the building of a large dam outside Tiryns, and the drainage of the swamp in the Nemea valley.[90] Also noticeable is the construction of harbors, such as the harbor of Pylos, that were capable of accommodating large Bronze Age era vessels like the one found at Uluburun.[90] The Mycenaean economy also featured large-scale manufacturing as testified by the extent of workshop complexes that have been discovered, the largest known to date being the recent ceramic and hydraulic installations found in Euonymeia, next to Athens, that produced tableware, textiles, sails, and ropes for export and shipbuilding.[91]

text: The most famous project of the Mycenaean era was the network of roads in the Peloponnese.[90] This appears to have facilitated the speedy deployment of troops—for example, the remnants of a Mycenaean road, along with what appears to have been a Mycenaean defensive wall on the Isthmus of Corinth. The Mycenaean era saw the zenith of infrastructure engineering in Greece, and this appears not to have been limited to the Argive plain.[92]

text: Trade[edit]

text: Trade over vast areas of the Mediterranean was essential for the economy of Mycenaean Greece.[83] The Mycenaean palaces imported raw materials, such as metals, ivory and glass, and exported processed commodities and objects made from these materials, in addition to local products: oil, perfume, wine, wool and pottery.[83] International trade of that time was not only conducted by palatial emissaries but also by independent merchants.[93]

text: Based on archaeological findings in the Middle East, in particular physical artifacts, textual references, inscriptions and wall paintings, it appears that Mycenaean Greeks achieved strong commercial and cultural interaction with most of the Bronze Age people living in this region: Canaanites, Kassites, Mitanni, Assyrians, and Egyptians.[93][94][95] The 14th century Uluburun shipwreck, off the coast of southern Anatolia, displays the established trade routes that supplied the Mycenaeans with all the raw materials and items that the economy of Mycenaean Greece needed, such as copper and tin for the production of bronze products.[96] A chief export of the Mycenaeans was olive oil, which was a multi-purpose product.[97]

text: Cyprus appears to be the principal intermediary station between Mycenaean Greece and the Middle East, based on the considerable greater quantities of Mycenaean goods found there.[98] On the other hand, trade with the Hittite lands in central Anatolia appears to have been limited.[93][99] Trade with Troy is also well attested, while Mycenaean trade routes expanded further to the Bosphorus and the shores of the Black Sea.[100] Mycenaean swords have been found as far away as Georgia in the eastern Black Sea coast.[101]

text: Commercial interaction was also intense with the Italian peninsula and the western Mediterranean. Mycenaean products, especially pottery, were exported to southern Italy, Sicily and the Aeolian islands. Mycenaean products also penetrated further into Sardinia,[102][103] as well as southern Spain.[104]

text: Sporadic objects of Mycenaean manufacture were found in various distant locations, like in Central Europe,[105] such as in Bavaria, Germany, where an amber object inscribed with Linear B symbols has been unearthed.[106] Mycenaean bronze double axes and other objects dating from the 13th century BC have been found in Ireland and in Wessex and Cornwall in England.[107][108]

text: Religion[edit]

text: Temples and shrines are strangely rare in the Mycenaean archaeological sites. Monumental cultic structures are absent at all the palatial centers, with the exception of Mycenae. However, the cultic center of Mycenae seems to have been a later (13th century BC) development.[109] Small shrines have been identified in Asine, Berbati, Malthi and Pylos,[110] while a number of sacred enclosures have been located near Mycenae, Delphi and Amyklae.[111] Linear B records mention a number of sanctuaries dedicated to a variety of deities, at least in Pylos and Knossos. They also indicate that there were various religious festivities including offerings.[112] Written Mycenaean records mention various priests and priestesses who were responsible for specific shrines and temples.[113] The latter were prominent figures in society, and the role of Mycenaean women in religious festivities was also important, just as in Minoan Crete.[114]

text: The Mycenaean pantheon already included many divinities that were subsequently encountered in Classical Greece,[115] although it is difficult to determine whether these deities had the characteristics and responsibilities that would be attributed to them in later periods.[116] In general, the same divinities were worshipped throughout the Mycenaean palatial world. There may be some indications for local deities at various sites, in particular in Crete. The uniformity of Mycenaean religion is also reflected in archaeological evidence with the phi- and psi-figurines that have been found all over Late Bronze Age Greece.[109]

text: Poseidon (Linear B: Po-se-da-o) seems to have occupied a place of privilege. He was a chthonic deity, connected with earthquakes (E-ne-si-da-o-ne: Earth-shaker), but it seems that he also represented the river spirit of the underworld.[117] Paean (Pa-ja-wo) is probably the precursor of the Greek physician of the gods in Homer's Iliad. He was the personification of the magic-song which was supposed to "heal" the patient.[118] A number of divinities have been identified in the Mycenaean scripts only by their epithets used during later antiquity. For example, Qo-wi-ja ("cow-eyed") is a standard Homeric ephithet of Hera.[119] Ares appeared under the name Enyalios (assuming that Enyalios is not a separate god).[120] Additional divinities that can be also found in later periods include Hephaestus, Erinya, Artemis (a-te-mi-to and a-ti-mi-te) and Dionysos (Di-wo-nu-so).[121][122][123][124] Zeus also appears in the Mycenaean pantheon, but he was certainly not the chief deity.[116]

text: A collection of "ladies" or "mistresses", Po-ti-ni-ja (Potnia) are named in the Mycenaean scripts. As such, Athena (A-ta-na) appears in an inscription at Knossos as mistress Athena, similar to a later Homeric expression, but in the Pylos tablets she is mentioned without any accompanying word.[125] Si-to po-ti-ni-ja appears to be an agricultural goddess, possibly related to Demeter of later antiquity,[119] while in Knossos there is the "mistress of the Labyrinth".[126] The "two queens and the king" (wa-na-ssoi, wa-na-ka-te) are mentioned in Pylos.[127][128] Goddess Pe-re-swa mentioned may be related to Persephone.[119][125] A number of Mycenaean divinities seem to have no later equivalents, such as Marineus, Diwia and Komawenteia.[116]

text: Architecture[edit]

text: Palaces[edit]

text: The palatial structures at Mycenae, Tiryns and Pylos were erected on the summits of hills or rocky outcrops, dominating the immediate surroundings.[129] The best preserved are found in Pylos and Tiryns, while Mycenae and the Menelaion are only partially preserved. In Central Greece, Thebes and Orchomenos have been only partially exposed. On the other hand, the palace built at the acropolis of Athens has been almost completely destroyed. A substantial building at Dimini in Thessaly, possibly ancient Iolcos,[130] is believed by a number of archaeologists to be a palace.[129] A Mycenaean palace has been also unearthed in Laconia, near the modern village of Xirokambi.[131]

text: The palatial structures of mainland Greece share a number of common features.[132] The focal point of the socio-political aspect of a Mycenaean palace was the megaron, the throne room.[129] It was laid out around a circular hearth surrounded by four columns. The throne was generally found on the right-hand side upon entering the room, while the interior of the megaron was lavishly decorated, flaunting images designed intentionally to demonstrate the political and religious power of the ruler.[133] Access to the megaron was provided through a court, which was reached from a propylon.[132] The iconography of the palatial chambers is remarkably uniform throughout Greece. For instance, in Pylos and Tiryns the paintings are focused on marine motifs, providing depictions of octopi, fish and dolphins.[134] Around the megaron a group of courtyards each opened upon several rooms of different dimensions, such as storerooms and workshops, as well as reception halls and living quarters.[132] In general Mycenaean palaces have yielded a wealth of artifacts and fragmentary frescoes.[132]

text: Additional common features are shared by the palaces of Pylos, Mycenae and Tiryns;[132] a large court with colonnades lies directly in front of the central megaron,[135] while a second, but smaller, megaron is also found inside these structures.[132] The staircases in the palace of Pylos indicate that the palaces had two stories.[136] The private quarters of the members of the royal family were presumably located on the second floor.[137]

text: Fortifications[edit]

text: The construction of defensive structures was closely linked to the establishment of the palaces in mainland Greece. The principal Mycenaean centers were well-fortified and usually situated on an elevated terrain, like on the acropolis of Athens, Tiryns and Mycenae or on coastal plains, in the case of Gla.[138] Mycenaean Greeks in general appreciated the symbolism of war as expressed in defensive architecture, reflected by the visual impressiveness of their fortifications.[138]

text: Cyclopean is the term normally applied to the masonry characteristics of Mycenaean fortification systems and describes walls built of large, unworked boulders more than 8 m (26 ft) thick and weighing several metric tonnes.[139] They were roughly fitted together without the use of mortar or clay to bind them, though smaller hunks of limestone fill the interstices. Their placement formed a polygonal pattern giving the curtain wall an irregular but imposing appearance.[140] At the top it would have been wide enough for a walkway with a narrow protective parapet on the outer edge and with hoop-like crenellations.[140] The term Cyclopean was derived by the latter Greeks of the Classical era who believed that only the mythical giants, the Cyclopes, could have constructed such megalithic structures.[138] On the other hand, cut stone masonry is used only in and around gateways.[140] Another typical feature of Mycenaean megalithic construction was the use of a relieving triangle above a lintel block—an opening, often triangular, designed to reduce the weight over the lintel. The space was filled with some lighter stone.[140]

text: Cyclopean fortifications were typical of Mycenaean walls, especially at the citadels of Mycenae, Tiryns, Argos, Crisa and Athens, while smaller boulders are found in Midea and large limestone slabs are found at Gla.[140] In the Mycenaean settlements found in Epirus and Cyprus, Cyclopean-style walls are also present,[141][142] as well as in western Anatolia.[143] Besides the citadels, isolated forts were also erected on various strategic locations. The fortification systems also incorporated technical refinements such as secret cisterns, galleries, sally ports and projecting bastions for the protection of gateways.[138] On the other hand, the palace of Pylos, although a major center of power, paradoxically appears to have been left without any defensive walls.[144]

text: Other architectural features[edit]

text: Mycenaean domestic architecture originates mainly from earlier Middle Helladic traditions (c. 2000–1650 BC) both in shape, as well as in location of settlement. The observed uniformity in domestic architecture came probably as a result of a shared past among the communities of the Greek mainland rather than as a consequence of cultural expansion of the Mycenaean Koine.[42] Moreover, varying sizes of mudbricks were used in the construction of buildings.[132]

text: Contrary to popular belief, some Mycenaean representative buildings already featured roofs made of fired tiles, as in Gla and Midea.[145]

text: Warfare[edit]

text: The military nature of the Mycenaean Greeks is evident from the numerous weapons unearthed, the use of warrior and combat representations in contemporary art, and the preserved Greek Linear B records.[146][147] The Mycenaeans invested in the development of military infrastructure, with military production and logistics being supervised directly from the palatial centers.[147][148] According to the Linear B records in the palace of Pylos, every rural community (the damos) was obliged to supply a certain number of men who had to serve in the army. Similar service was also performed by the aristocracy.[149]

text: Mycenaean armies were initially based on heavy infantry, equipped with spears, large shields and in some occasion armor.[150] Later in the 13th century BC, Mycenaean warfare underwent major changes both in tactics and weaponry and armed units became more uniform and flexible, while weapons became smaller and lighter.[147] The spear remained the main weapon among Mycenaean warriors, while the sword played a secondary role in combat.[151] Other offensive weapons used were bows, maces, axes, slings and javelins.[151][152] The precise role and contribution of chariots on the battlefield is a matter of dispute due to the lack of sufficient evidence.[153] It appears that chariots were initially used as fighting vehicles during the 16th to 14th centuries BC, while later, in the 13th century BC, their role was limited to battlefield transport.[154]

text: The boar's tusk helmet was the most identifiable piece of Mycenaean armor in use from the beginning to the collapse of Mycenaean culture. It is also known from several depictions in contemporary art in Greece and the Mediterranean.[155][156] A representative piece of Mycenaean armor is the Dendra panoply (c. 1450–1400 BC) which consisted of a cuirass of a complete set of armor made up of several elements of bronze.[157] In general, most features of the later hoplite panoply of classical Greek antiquity, were already known to Mycenaean Greece.[158] "Figure-of-eight" shields were the most common type of Mycenaean shields.[159] During the Late Mycenaean period, smaller types of shields were adopted, either of completely circular shape, or almost circular with a part cut out from their lower edge.[160]

text: Art and craftwork[edit]

text: Vessels[edit]

text: During the Late Mycenaean period (1400–1200 BC), Mycenaean vessels/pottery exhibited similarities spanning a significant area of the Eastern Mediterranean (i.e., from the Levant to Sicily) and possibly reflecting a form of economic and political union centered at Mycenae.[161] However, the pottery of Crete during this time remained distinct indicating a degree of autonomy on the island.[161] The Mycenaean Greeks produced in large quantities a variety of diversely-styled vessels such as stirrup jars, large bowls, alabastron, krater and stemmed cups (or kylikes) resembling champagne glasses.[161]

text: Stirrup jars (Linear B: ka-ra-re-u, khlareus; "oil vessel"), specifically, were first invented on the island of Crete during the 16th century BC and used widely by the Mycenaeans from 1400 BC onward for transporting and storing wine and oil; the jars were usually pear-shaped or globular.[161] As for stemmed cups (or kylikes), they evolved from Ephyraean goblets and a large quantity was discovered at a site called the "Potter's Shop" located in Zygouries.[161] Mycenaean drinking vessels such as the stemmed cups contained single decorative motifs such as a shell, an octopus or a flower painted on the side facing away from the drinker.[161] The Mycenaean Greeks also painted entire scenes (called "Pictorial Style") on their vessels depicting warriors, chariots, horses and deities reminiscent of events described in Homer's Iliad.[162] Other items developed by the Mycenaeans include clay lamps,[163] as well as metallic vessels such as bronze tripod cauldrons (or basins).[164] A few examples of vessels in faience and ivory are also known.[165]

text: Figures and figurines[edit]

text: The Mycenaean period has not yielded sculpture of any great size. The statuary of the period consists for the most part of small terracotta figurines found at almost every Mycenaean site in mainland Greece—in tombs, in settlement debris, and occasionally in cult contexts (Tiryns, Agios Konstantinos on Methana). The majority of these figurines are female and anthropomorphic or zoomorphic. The female figurines can be subdivided into three groups which were popular at different periods: the earliest are the Phi-type, which look like the Greek letter phi and their arms give the upper body of the figurine a rounded shape. The Psi-type looks like the letter Greek psi: these have outstretched upraised arms. The latest (12th century BC) are the Tau-type: these figurines look like the Greek letter tau with folded(?) arms at right angles to the body. Most figurines wear a large 'polos' hat.[166] They are painted with stripes or zigzags in the same manner as the contemporary pottery and presumably made by the same potters. Their purpose is uncertain, but they may have served as both votive objects and toys: some are found in children's graves but the vast majority of fragments are from domestic rubbish deposits.[167] The presence of many of these figurines on sites where worship took place in the Archaic and Classical periods (approximately 200 below the sanctuary of Athena at Delphi, others at the temple of Aphaea on Aegina, at the sanctuary of Apollo Maleatas above Epidauros and at Amyklae near Sparta), suggests both that many were indeed religious in nature, perhaps as votives, but also that later places of worship may well have first been used in the Mycenaean period.[168]

text: Larger male, female or bovine terracotta wheelmade figures are much rarer. An important group was found in the Temple at Mycenae together with coiled clay snakes,[169] while others have been found at Tiryns and in the East and West Shrines at Phylakopi on the island of Melos.[170]

text: Frescoes[edit]

text: The painting of the Mycenaean age was much influenced by that of the Minoan age. Fragments of wall paintings have been found in or around the palaces (Pylos, Mycenae, Tiryns) and in domestic contexts (Zygouries).[171] The largest complete wall painting depicting three female figures, probably goddesses, was found in the so-called "cult center" at Mycenae.[172] Various themes are represented: hunting, bull leaping (tauromachy), battle scenes, processions, etc. Some scenes may be part of mythological narratives, but if so their meaning eludes us. Other frescoes include geometric or stylised motifs, also used on painted pottery (see above).

text: Burial practices[edit]

text: The usual form of burial during this period was inhumation.[173] The earliest Mycenaean burials were mostly in individual graves in the form of a pit or a stone-lined cist and offerings were limited to pottery and occasional items of jewellery.[174] Groups of pit or cist graves containing elite members of the community were sometimes covered by a tumulus (mound) in the manner established since the Middle Helladic.[175] It has been argued that this form dates back to the Kurgan culture;[176] however, Mycenaean burials are in actuality an indigenous development of mainland Greece with the Shaft Graves housing native rulers.[177] Pit and cist graves remained in use for single burials throughout the Mycenaean period alongside more elaborate family graves.[178] The shaft graves at Mycenae within Grave Circles A and B belonging to the same period represent an alternative manner of grouping elite burials. Next to the deceased were found full sets of weapons, ornate staffs as well as gold and silver cups and other valuable objects which point to their social rank.[179]

text: Beginning also in the Late Helladic period are to be seen communal tombs of rectangular form. Nevertheless, it is difficult to establish whether the different forms of burial represent a social hierarchization, as was formerly thought, with the "tholos" being the tombs of the elite rulers, the individual tombs those of the leisure class, and the communal tombs those of the people. Cremations increased in number over the course of the period, becoming quite numerous in the last phase of the Mycenaean era.[180] The tholos was introduced during the early 15th century as the new and more imposing form of elite burial.[181] The most impressive tombs of the Mycenaean era are the monumental royal tombs of Mycenae, undoubtedly intended for the royal family of the city. The most famous is the Treasury of Atreus, a tholos. A total of nine of such tholos tombs are found in the region of Mycenae, while six of them belong to a single period (Late Helladic IIa, c. 1400-1300 BC).[182] It has been argued that different dynasties or factions may have competed through conspicuous burial.[183]

text: Writing[edit]

text: In circa 1600 BC, the Mycenaean Greeks borrowed from the Minoan civilization its syllabic writing system (i.e., Linear A) and developed their own syllabic script known as Linear B.[184] The Linear B script was utilized by the Mycenaean palaces in Greece for administrative purposes where economic transactions were recorded on clay tablets and some pottery in the Mycenaean dialect of the Greek language.[184] The Linear B tablets were first discovered in Crete by English archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans c. 1900 and later deciphered by English architect and cryptographer Michael Ventris in 1952.[185][186] Ventris's discovery of an archaic Greek dialect in the Linear B tablets demonstrated that Mycenaean Greek was "the oldest known Greek dialect, elements of which survived in Homer’s language as a result of a long oral tradition of epic poetry."[184]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: In the 8th century BC, after the end of the so-called Greek Dark Ages, Greece emerged with a network of myths and legends, the greatest of all being that of the Trojan Epic Cycle.[187] In general, the Greeks of classical antiquity idealized the Mycenaean period as a glorious period of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth.[188] The legends of Homer's Epics were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that scholars began to question Homer's historicity.[187] At this time, German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann undertook the first modern archaeological excavations in Greece at the site of Mycenae in 1876.[189] Thus, Schliemann set out to prove the historical accuracy of the Iliad by identifying the places described by Homer.[187]

text: As part of the Mycenaean heritage that survived, the names of the gods and goddesses of Mycenaean Greece became major figures of the Olympian Pantheon of later antiquity.[190] Moreover, the language of the Mycenaeans offers the first written evidence of Greek,[191] while a significant part of the Mycenaean vocabulary can also be found in modern English.[192]

text: The Mycenaean Greeks were also pioneers in the field of engineering, launching large-scale projects unmatched in Europe until the Roman period, such as fortifications, bridges, culverts, aqueducts, dams and roads suitable for wheeled traffic. They also made several architectural innovations, such as the relieving triangle.[193] They were also responsible for transmitting a wide range of arts and crafts, especially of Minoan origin. The Mycenaean civilization was in general more advanced compared to the Late Bronze Age cultures of the rest of Europe.[194] Several Mycenaean attributes and achievements were borrowed or held in high regard in later periods; so, it would be no exaggeration to consider Mycenaean Greece as a cradle of civilization.[193]


document_title: Secrets of the Furious Five

question_text: kung fu panda secrets of the furious five viper

root

text: Secrets of the Furious Five

text: Plot[edit]

text: Introduction[edit]

text: Po (Jack Black) is assigned by Master Shifu (Dustin Hoffman) to teach an introduction to Kung Fu class for a group of rambunctious bunny children. Po tries to explain to the kids that combat is not the only part of what Kung Fu is about, while its true meaning is "excellence of self." To illustrate his point, he uses the stories of the Furious Five's individual pasts and the basic philosophical concepts they learned that enabled them to be great Kung Fu masters.

tag: p

text: Mantis[edit]

text: In his youth, Mantis was a petulantly impatient warrior who was prone to jumping to conclusions and making impulsive decisions. When this habit got himself captured by crocodile bandits, the long wait he was forced to endure in his cage allowed him to find the patience to play dead long enough to ambush his captors.

text: Viper[edit]

text: Viper, the daughter of Great Master Viper, was born without venomous fangs. Her father, who relied on his venomous bite to protect the village, was despondent that she could never succeed him as a warrior, making her feel timid. One night during a festival, Great Master Viper encountered a gorilla bandit who wore armor hard enough to shatter his fangs when he tried to bite him. Seeing her father in peril, Viper found the courage to fight the bandit and defeat him with her ribbon dancing skills.

text: Crane[edit]

text: Crane was an unconfident janitor of a Kung Fu academy until the star pupil Mei Ling encouraged him to seek enrollment in the school. Even though his nerve failed him at the tryouts, Crane accidentally stumbled into the intimidating challenge that determined eligibility and suddenly found the confidence to take the challenge, with his skinny body proving to be an asset that enabled him to succeed.

text: Tigress[edit]

text: Tigress was an orphan whose status as an apex predator and her destructive lack of control of her strength left her feared and isolated in the rest of the orphanage where she lived. Master Shifu came to kindly teach her the discipline she desperately needed to control her movements until she could perform delicate tasks with ease enough to allay the concerns of the orphanage and the kids that lived there. When she was again rejected for adoption by the adults who were still scared of her, Master Shifu took her in as his student and foster daughter.

text: Monkey[edit]

text: Monkey was a troublemaker who tormented his village owing to him being publicly humiliated in his youth. He defied all attempts to force him to leave by removing his assailants' belts that held their pants up until Master Oogway confronted him and defeated him in a fight (since he wore no pants), deducing the cause of his anti-social behavior. Rather than making him leave the village as per the challenge, Oogway told him to stay and encouraged him to show compassion to others, as he would want in similar circumstances.

text: Conclusion[edit]

text: At the end, Master Shifu returns to see Po's anticipated lack of progress teaching and he's surprised that he underestimated Po's talents yet again, considering how much Po's students have learned. But when the bunnies ask Po how his first day of Kung Fu was, all the unpleasant memories during the original film flash through his head; he then proudly says, "It was totally awesome!"

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Jack Black as Po
Dustin Hoffman as Shifu
David Cross as Crane
Randall Duk Kim as Oogway
Elizabeth Ann Bennett as Ant / Bunny
Jaycee Chan as Young Monkey
Jim Cummings as Instructor
Jessica DiCicco as Young Viper
John DiMaggio as Crocodile Bandit #1 / Gorilla Bandit
Carol Kane as Sheep
Stephanie Kearin as Crocodile Bandit #2
Max Koch as Young Mantis
Stephanie Lemelin as Mei Ling
Meredith Scott Lynn as Master Viper's Mom
Tom Owens as Ladybug
Eamon Pirruccello as Impatient Bunny
Grace Rolek as Shy Bunny
Will Shadley as Nerdy Bunny
James Sie as Great Master Viper
Tara Strong as Young Tigress

tag: ul

text: Note: Mr Ping didn't appear in the short, only on the DVD cover of the film.

text: Awards[edit]

text: Secrets of the Furious Five has received eight nominations in the "Animated Television Production or Short Form" category at the 36th Annie Awards, of which it received four ("Character Animation," "Character Design," "Music," and "Production Design").

text: Controversy[edit]

text: The individual DVD release has received much criticism from consumers confusing it for a feature-length production. The UK DVD release is described on the packaging as "The Next Kung Fu Panda Adventure", implying that it is a sequel to the first as opposed to a spin-off.[citation needed]


document_title: Safari version history

question_text: what's the latest safari version for mac

question_tokens: what 's the latest safari version for mac

text: Safari version history

text: Version compatibility[edit]

text:
Operating system
Operating system version
Latest Safari version
Support

macOS
Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar
1.0.3 (August 13, 2004)
2003–2005

Mac OS X 10.3 Panther
1.3.2[1] (January 11, 2006)
2003–2007

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger
4.1.3[2] (November 18, 2010)
2005–2010

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard
5.0.6[3] (July 20, 2011)
2007–2011

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard
5.1.10[4] (September 12, 2013)
2009–2013

Mac OS X 10.7 Lion
6.1.6[5] (August 13, 2014)
2011–2014

OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion
6.2.8[6] (August 13, 2015)
2012–2015

OS X 10.9 Mavericks
9.1.3[7] (September 1, 2016)
2013–2016

OS X 10.10 Yosemite
10.1.2[8] (July 19, 2017)
2014-2017

OS X 10.11 El Capitan
11.1[9] (March 29, 2018)
Since 2015

macOS 10.12 Sierra
11.1[9] (March 29, 2018)
Since 2016

macOS 10.13 High Sierra
11.1[9] (March 29, 2018)
Since 2017

Microsoft
Windows
Windows 2000
3.0.3 (August 1, 2007)
Unofficial

Windows XP SP1
4.0.3 (August 11, 2009)
2007–2009

Windows XP SP2, SP3
5.1.7[10] (May 9, 2012)
2007–2012

Windows Vista

Windows 7
2009–2012

Windows 8
2012

Windows 10
None

tag: table

text: Release history[edit]

text:
Legend:
  Obsolete
  Discontinued
  Beta
  Current
  Beta

text: Mac[edit]

text: Safari 1[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 0/1.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

0.8
48
Mac OS X v10.2 - Mac OS X v10.3
January 7, 2003
Public Beta. Initial release at Macworld San Francisco.

0.9
73
April 14, 2003
Public Beta 2. Tabbed browsing, forms and passwords autofill, browser reset (removes cookies, cache, etc.), Netscape and Mozilla bookmarks importing, improved support for web standards, improved AppleScript support, more localizations.

1.0
85
June 23, 2003
First non-beta release. Safari is now default Mac OS X browser, faster autotabs, support for iSync bookmark synchronization, all Mac OS X languages supported, more AppleScripts to control browser, improved support for web standards.

1.0.3
85.8.5
August 13, 2004
Improves the Safari rendering engine to expand third party application support and delivers the latest security enhancements.

1.1
100
Mac OS X v10.3
October 24, 2003
Released with Mac OS X v10.3. Improved speed, improved support for web standards, improved CSS support.

1.2
125
February 2, 2004
Improved compatibility with websites and web applications. Support for personal certificate authentication. Full keyboard access for navigation. Ability to resume interrupted downloads. Sajax and LiveConnect support. XMLHttpRequest support.

1.3
312
April 15, 2005
Released with Mac OS X v10.3.9. Included most of the rendering speed and website compatibility improvements that were developed for 2.0. designMode support.

1.3.1
312.3
August 29, 2005
Improves website compatibility, application stability and support for 3rd party web applications.

1.3.2
312.5
January 11, 2006
Improves website compatibility, application stability and support for 3rd party web applications. Requires 1.3.1 in order to install.

1.3.2
312.6
January 12, 2006
Requires earlier version in order to install.

text: Safari 2[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 2.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

2.0
412
Mac OS X v10.4
April 29, 2005
Dubbed "Safari RSS." Released with Mac OS X v10.4. Improved rendering speed and website compatibility. Integrated RSS and Atom reader. Integrated PDF viewer. Private Browsing mode and Parental Controls. Ability to save complete websites using the proprietary WebArchive format.

2.0.2
416.11
October 31, 2005
Safari passes the Web Standards Project Acid2 test.

2.0.4
419.3
January 10, 2006
Most widely distributed version of Safari 2, available only as part of Mac OS X Update 10.4.4.[11] Last stable version released before version 3.0. Last Mac OS X-exclusive version.

text: Safari 3[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 3.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

3.0
522.11
Mac OS X v10.4
June 11, 2007
Public beta. Initial release at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. Version for Mac OS X v10.4.9 and later. Improved searching within web pages. Drag and drop tabs, and the ability to save a group of tabs as a single bookmark. Live resizing of text input fields. Bonjour support for bookmarks. Initial SVG support.

3.0.2
522.12
June 22, 2007
Public beta.

3.0.3
522.12.1
July 31, 2007
Public beta. Latest security updates.

3.0.4
523.10
Mac OS X v10.4 - 10.5
October 26, 2007
Officially released with Mac OS X v10.5 out of beta. Includes the ability to re-arrange tabs by dragging, improved web standards support, the ability to display SVG images, and integration with the Dashboard, allowing users to create widgets from ordinary web pages. For web developers, Safari 3 includes a new "Web Inspector" similar to the DOM Inspector extension for Mozilla Firefox.

November 14, 2007
Officially released for Mac OS X v10.4.11.

3.1
525.13
March 18, 2008
Introduces support for CSS Web fonts and animations and improves support for SVG and HTML5 media. Performance improvements.

3.1.1
525.17
April 16, 2008
Improved stability and added security updates.

525.20
May 28, 2008
Officially released with Mac OS X v10.5.3.

3.1.2
525.21
June 30, 2008
Officially released with Mac OS X v10.5.4.

3.2
525.26
November 13, 2008
Added phishing detection, Extended Validation Certificate support, security fixes.

3.2.1
525.27
November 24, 2008
Stability improvements.

3.2.3
525.28
May 12, 2009
Officially released with Mac OS X v10.5.7.

text: Safari 4[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 4.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

4.0 Beta
526.11.2
Mac OS X v10.4 - 10.5
June 11, 2008
First developer seed. Includes SquirrelFish JavaScript interpreter. Adds ability to save webpages as standalone web applications. Passes Acid3 test.

528.16
February 24, 2009
Version 4 Public Beta. Added features include a "Top Sites" tool that tracks the user's most recently viewed pages, and notifies the user of content updates; Cover Flow support for history and bookmarks; and full history search. A new, radically redesigned UI, with the tabs now on top, has been implemented. The new Nitro engine (previously code named SquirrelFish Extreme) renders JavaScript 4.2 times faster than the previous release of Safari according to Apple test reports. A newly redesigned set of Developer Tools, Auto-Detect of Google searches and websites, and full page zooming have also been added.[12] The "save page as standalone web applications" feature from the first developer preview of Safari 4 has been removed. The full feature list on Apple's website describes the other 150 new features of Safari 4.[13]

528.17
May 12, 2009
Public beta. Latest security updates.

4.0
530.17
June 8, 2009
Stable release, officially released at WWDC. Tabs, which were located in the title bar in 4.0 beta releases, have been returned to their original location under the bookmarks bar.

4.0.1
530.18
June 17, 2009
Improved compatibility with iPhoto '09.

4.0.2
530.19
July 8, 2009
Improves stability of Nitro JavaScript engine and includes the latest compatibility and security fixes. Officially released with Mac OS X 10.5.8 on August 5, 2009.

4.0.3
531.9
Mac OS X v10.4 - 10.6
August 11, 2009
Stability improvements for webpages that use the HTML5 video tag. Fixes an issue that prevented some users from logging into iWork.com. Fixes an issue that could cause web content to be displayed in greyscale instead of color.

4.0.4
531.21.10
November 11, 2009
Improves JavaScript and Full History Search performance. Improves stability of third-party plug-ins, search field, and Yahoo! Mail. Adds latest security fixes.

4.0.5
531.22.7
March 11, 2010
Improves Top Sites performance. Improves stability for third-party plug-ins and websites with online forms and Scalable Vector Graphics. Fixes issues that prevented Safari from changing settings on some Linksys routers and prevented some iWork.com users from commenting on documents.

4.1
533.16
Mac OS X v10.4
June 7, 2010
Improves performance of JavaScript, Top Sites, and trackpad pinch gestures. Adds faster page loading with DNS prefetching and improved page caching, and Bing search option in the Search Field. Improves support for HTML5, auto-complete in the Smart Address Field, tabbed browsing, Full History Search, Private Browsing, protection from cross-site scripting with XSS auditing, support for web applications that use JavaScript Object Notation, and developer tools. Improves performance and stability when pasting text into text fields in webpages, auto-complete functions, PDF handling, and transferring images from Safari to iPhoto, when using Facebook and eMusic. Improves reliability of authentication to Windows IIS. Fixes an issue that prevented some users from dragging files when logged into etrade.com.

4.1.1
533.17.8
July 28, 2010
More accurate Top Hit results in the Address Field and timing for CSS animations. Adds better stability when scrolling through MobileMe Mail. Fixes an issue that prevented Google Wave and other websites using JavaScript encryption libraries from working correctly on 32-bit systems, an issue that prevented Safari from launching on systems with network home directories, an issue that could cause borders on YouTube thumbnails to disappear when hovering over the thumbnail image, an issue that could cause Flash content to overlap with other content on Facebook, Crate and Barrel, and other sites when using Flash 10.1, an issue that prevented boarding passes from American Airlines from printing correctly, an issue that could cause DNS prefetching requests to overburden certain routers, and an issue that could cause VoiceOver to misidentify elements of webpages.

4.1.2
533.18.5
September 7, 2010
Fixes an issue that could prevent users from submitting web forms.

4.1.3
533.19.4
November 18, 2010
Improves accuracy of Top Sites and Top Hit results in the address bar. Fixes an issue with Flash 10.1 that caused overlapping of webpage content. Improves reliability of pop-up blocking. Improves stability of typing in text fields on netflix.com and facebook.com. Improves stability of VoiceOver.

text: Safari 5[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 5.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

5.0
533.16
Mac OS X v10.5 - 10.6
June 7, 2010
Added new features including Safari Reader, Bing Search, and Safari Development Tools. Improves JavaScript performance, page caching, and DNS prefetching. Improves support for HTML5. Other improvements and features include smarter address field, tabs settings, search history with date, Top Sites/history button, private browsing icon, XSS auditor, and the return of the address bar loading status indicator. Included in the Mac OS X v10.6.4 update.

5.0.1
533.17.8
July 28, 2010
Added a new feature: Safari Extensions. Provides more accurate Top Hit results in the Address Field and timing for CSS animations. Adds better stability when using the Safari Reader keyboard shortcut and scrolling through MobileMe Mail. Fixes display of multipage articles from Rolling Stone in Safari Reader. Fixes an issue that prevented Google Wave and other websites using JavaScript encryption libraries from working correctly on 32-bit systems, an issue that prevented Safari from launching on Leopard systems with network home directories, an issue that could cause borders on YouTube thumbnails to disappear when hovering over the thumbnail image, an issue that could cause Flash content to overlap with other content on Facebook, Crate and Barrel, and other sites when using Flash 10.1, an issue that prevented boarding passes from American Airlines from printing correctly, an issue that could cause DNS prefetching requests to overburden certain routers, and an issue that could cause VoiceOver to misidentify elements of webpages.

5.0.2
533.18.5
September 7, 2010
Fixes issues that prevented submission of web forms, fixes issues that caused incorrect displaying of content in Google Images with Flash Player 10.1 installed, and establishes encrypted and authenticated connection to Safari Extensions Gallery.

5.0.3
533.19.4
November 18, 2010
Improves accuracy of Top Sites, and Top Hit results in address bar. Fixes an issue with Flash 10.1 that caused overlapping of webpage content. Improves reliability of pop-up blocking. Improves stability of typing in text fields on Netflix and Facebook. Improves stability of JavaScript extensions. Improves stability of VoiceOver.

5.0.4
533.20.27
March 9, 2011
Improves stability for webpages with multiple plug-in content. Improves compatibility with webpages with image reflections and transition effects. Fixes an issue that caused webpages to print with incorrect layouts. Fixes an issue that caused webpages with plug-in content to display incorrectly. Fixes an issue that caused the screen saver to appear while a video is playing. Improves compatibility with VoiceOver on webpages with text input areas and lists with selectable items. Improves stability when using VoiceOver.

5.0.5
533.21.1
April 14, 2011
Security update.

5.0.6
533.22.3
Mac OS X v10.5
July 20, 2011
Stability improvements for web applications that use WebSocket with certain proxy configurations. Improvements to the appearance and layout of text with HTML5 ruby annotations. A fix for an issue that could cause elements in frames to appear in the wrong place on Pandora.com and other websites.

5.1
534.48.3
Mac OS X v10.6 - 10.7
Bundled with Mac OS X v10.7. New features include Reading List for managing webpages and links, new process architecture for improved stability and responsiveness, Resume for launching windows from a previous browsing session, improved privacy settings, Private AutoFill, additional text search controls, and the ability to drag and drop items from the Downloads window. Introduces support for full-screen webpages, media caching with the HTML5 application cache, MathML, Web Open Font Format, CSS3 auto-hyphenation, CSS3 vertical text, CSS3 text emphasis, Window.onError, and formatted XML files. Adds new Extensions APIs, including support for popovers, menus, new event classes, and interaction with Safari Reader.

5.1.1
534.51.22
October 12, 2011
Bundled with Mac OS X v10.7.2. Adds support for iCloud syncing of bookmarks and Reading List. Improves JavaScript performance. Contains improvements to performance, stability, usability, compatibility, accessibility, and security.

5.1.2
534.52.7
November 29, 2011
Improves stability. Addresses issues with hangs, excessive memory usage, and white flashes within webpages. Allows PDFs to be displayed within web content.

5.1.3
534.53.10
February 1, 2012
Bundled with Mac OS X v10.7.3.

5.1.4
534.54.16
March 12, 2012
Improved Javascript performance. Improve responsiveness when typing into the search field after changing network configurations, or with an intermittent network connection. Address an issue that could cause webpages to flash white when switching between Safari windows. Address issues that prevented printing U.S. Postal Service shipping labels and embedded PDFs. Preserve links in PDFs saved from webpages. Fix an issue that could make Flash content appear incomplete after using gesture zooming. Fix an issue that could cause the screen to dim while watching HTML5 video. Improve stability, compatibility, and startup time when using extensions. Allow cookies set during regular browsing to be available after using Private Browsing. Fix an issue that could cause some data to be left behind after pressing the “Remove All Website Data” button.[14]

5.1.5
534.55.3
March 26, 2012
Contains a fix for an issue that could affect website usability when running Safari in 32-bit mode; other stability improvements.[15]

5.1.6
534.56.5
Mac OS X v10.7
May 9, 2012
Bundled with Mac OS X v10.7.4, contains stability improvements.

5.1.7
534.57.2
Mac OS X v10.6 - 10.7
May 9, 2012
Improve the browser's responsiveness when the system is low on memory. Fix an issue that could prevent webpages from responding after using a pinch to zoom gesture. Fix an issue that could affect websites using forms to authenticate users. Disable versions of Adobe Flash Player that do not include the latest security updates and provide the option to get the current version from Adobe's website.

5.1.8
534.58.2
Mac OS X v10.6
March 14, 2013
Security updates [16]

5.1.9
534.59.8
April 16, 2013
Security updates [17]

5.1.10
534.59.10
September 12, 2013
Security updates [18]

text: Safari 6[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 6.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

6.0
536.25
OS X v10.7 - 10.8
July 25, 2012
Improved Javascript performance. Website URL and Search are now in one bar. iCloud integration added. Twitter integration added. Overall faster performance. More HTML5 support.

6.0.1
536.26
September 21, 2012
Bundled with OS X 10.8.2. Adds SSL support for Google searches from the Smart Search Field in Safari.

6.0.2
536.26.17
November 1, 2012
Security fixes only.

6.0.3
536.28.10
March 14, 2013
Contains fixes that improve performance, stability, and security. [1]

6.0.4
536.29.13
April 16, 2013
Security updates [17]

6.0.5
536.30.1
June 5, 2013

6.1
537.43.58
June 11, 2013
New Sidebar with Shared Links, Bookmarks and Reading List. Redesigned Top Sites. Power-saving technologies.

6.1.1
537.73.11
December 16, 2013
Security update.[19]

6.1.2

February 25, 2014
Security update.[20]

6.1.3

April 1, 2014
Security update.[21]

6.1.4

May 21, 2014
Security update.[22]

6.1.5

June 30, 2014
Security update.[23]

6.1.6
537.78.2[24]
August 13, 2014
Security update.[25]

6.2

OS X 10.8
September 18, 2014
Security update.[26]

6.2.1

December 4, 2014
Security update.[27]

6.2.2

December 11, 2014
Security update.[28]

6.2.3

January 27, 2015
Security update.[29]

6.2.4

March 17, 2015
Security update.[30]

6.2.5

April 8, 2015
Security update.[31]

6.2.6

May 6, 2015
Security update.[32]

6.2.7

June 30, 2015
Security update.[33]

6.2.8
537.85.17
August 13, 2015
Security update.[6]

text: Safari 7[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 7.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

7.0
537.71
OS X 10.9
October 22, 2013
Bundled with OS X 10.9 Developer Preview 1.New Sidebar with Shared Links, Bookmarks and Reading List. Redesigned Top Sites. Nitro Tiered JIT, Fast Start and power-saving technologies.[34]

7.0.1
537.73.11
December 16, 2013
Security update.[19] Bundled with OS X 10.9.1[35]

7.0.2

February 25, 2014
Security update.[20]

7.0.3
537.75.14
April 1, 2014
Security update.[21] Bundled with OS X 10.9.3[36]

7.0.4
537.76.4
May 21, 2014
Security update.[22]

7.0.5
537.77.4
June 30, 2014
Security update.[23] Bundled with OS X 10.9.4[37]

7.0.6
537.78.2
August 13, 2014
Security update.[25] Bundled with OS X 10.9.5[38]

7.1

September 18, 2014
Security update.[26]

7.1.1

December 4, 2014
Security update.[27]

7.1.2

December 11, 2014
Security update.[28]

7.1.3

January 27, 2015
Security update.[29]

7.1.4

March 17, 2015
Security update.[30]

7.1.5

April 8, 2015
Security update.[31]

7.1.6

May 6, 2015
Security update.[32]

7.1.7

June 30, 2015
Security update.[33]

7.1.8
537.85.17
August 13, 2015
Security update.[6]

text: Safari 8[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 8.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

8.0
538.35.8
OS X 10.10
October 16, 2014
Bundled with OS X 10.10. Browser gets first new logo in 11 years, similar in style to iOS 7-onwards.[39] Support for APNG was added.[40]

8.0.1

December 4, 2014
Security update.[27]

8.0.2

December 11, 2014
Security update.[28]

8.0.3

January 27, 2015
Security update.[29]

8.0.4

March 17, 2015
Security update.[30]

8.0.5

April 8, 2015
Security update.[31]

8.0.6
600.6.3
May 6, 2015
Security update.[32]

8.0.7
600.7.12
June 30, 2015
Security update.[33]

8.0.8

August 13, 2015
Security update.[6]

text: Safari 9[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 9.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

9.0
601.1.56
OS X 10.9 - 10.11
September 30, 2015
Bundled with 10.11.[41]

9.0.1
601.2.7
October 21, 2015
Security update.[42]

9.0.2
601.3.9
December 8, 2015
Security update.[43]

9.0.3
601.4.4
January 15, 2016
Security update.[44]

9.1
601.5.17
March 21, 2016
Adds support for <picture> element, iOS gesture events, CSS variables, CSS font features.[45]

9.1.1
601.6.17
May 17, 2016
Security updates and improved memory handling.[46]

9.1.2
601.7.1
July 18, 2016
Security and stability update[47]

9.1.3
601.7.8
September 1, 2016
Security and stability update[48]

text: Safari 10[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 10.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

10.0
602.1.50
OS X 10.10 - macOS 10.12
September 20, 2016
Launched with macOS 10.12 Sierra.

Safari Extensions such as 1Password, Save to Pocket, and DuckDuckGo[49]
New Bookmarks sidebar, including double-click to focus in on a folder[49]
Redesigned Bookmarks and History views[49]
Site-specific zoom: Safari remembers and re-applies your zoom level to websites[49]
Improved AutoFill from Contacts card[49]
Reader improvements, including in-line sub-headlines, bylines, and publish dates[49]
Legacy plug-ins are turned off by default in favor of HTML5 versions of websites[49]
Allow reopening of recently closed tabs through the History menu, holding the "+" button in the tab bar, or using Shift-Command-T[49]
When a link opens in a new tab, it is now possible to hit the back button or swipe to close it and go back to the original tab[49]
Improved ranking of Frequently Visited Sites[49]
Web Inspector Timelines Tab[49]
Debugging using Web Inspector[49]

10.0.1
602.2.14
October 24, 2016
Security and stability update[50]

10.0.2
602.3.12
December 13, 2016
Security and stability update[51]

10.0.3
602.4.8
January 23, 2017
Security and stability update[52]

10.1
603.1.30
March 27, 2017
New web technology additions and improvements such as Fetch API, CSS Grid Layout, ECMAScript 2016 & ECMAScript 2017, IndexedDB 2.0, Custom Elements, Gamepad API, Pointer Lock API, interactive form validation, input events, HTML5 download attribute support, HTML Media Capture, improved fixed and sticky element positioning, improved Web Inspector debugging, CSS wide-gamut colors support, reduced motion media query, and more.[53][54] Also includes security fixes.[55]

10.1.1
603.2.4
May 15, 2017
Security and stability update[56]

10.1.2
603.3.8
July 19, 2017
Security and stability update[8]

text: Safari 11[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 11.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

11.0

OS X 10.11 - macOS 10.13
September 19, 2017
Bundled with macOS 10.13 High Sierra.[57]

Stops audio from automatically playing on most websites
Includes Intelligent Tracking Prevention that identifies trackers on webpages and prevent them from gathering data about you[58]
Configure Reader, content blockers, page zoom, and auto-play settings on a per-website basis, or for all websites
Includes updated media controls for HTML5 video and audio
Adds support for new web technologies such as WebRTC, Media Capture API, Resource Timing API, WebAssembly, variable fonts, CSS strokes and more.[59]
Security fixes[60]

11.0.1
October 31, 2017
Security update[61]

11.0.2
December 6, 2017
Security update[62]

11.0.3
January 23, 2018
Security update[63]

11.1
March 29, 2018
Bundled with macOS High Sierra 10.13.4.[64]

Adds support for new web technologies such as Service Workers, Payment Request API, Beacon API, Subresource Integrity, improved ECMAScript 2018 support and more.[65]
Helps protect privacy by only AutoFilling usernames and passwords after selecting them in a web form field[66]
Displays warnings in the Smart Search Field when interacting with password or credit card forms on non-encrypted web pages[66]
Security fixes[9]

text: Windows[edit]

text: Safari 3[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 3.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

3.0
522.11.3
Windows XP, Vista
June 11, 2007
Public beta, first release for Windows XP and Windows Vista (not officially supported on Windows 2000). Announced at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference. Feature parity with Mac OS X version.

3.0.1
522.12.2
June 13, 2007
Public beta, second release for Windows XP and Windows Vista. Major security updates.

3.0.2
522.13.1
June 22, 2007
Public beta, third release for Windows XP and Windows Vista. Security updates.

3.0.3
522.15.5
August 1, 2007
Public beta, fourth Windows release. Includes major stability enhancements, including a fix for a memory leak.

3.0.4
523.12.9
November 14, 2007
Public beta, fifth Windows release. Fixes many UI behavior issues, though issues still remain. Ends unofficial support for Windows 2000 (will not run). Added many keyboard shortcut functions found in most major browsers (for example, switching tabs).

523.13
December 17, 2007
Safari 3 Beta 3.0.4 Security Update: A security update meant to prevent cross-site scripting attacks was applied to the existing release of Safari.[67]

523.15
December 21, 2007
Safari 3 Beta 3.0.4 Security Update v1.1: This update fixes an issue introduced with the previous security update "that may cause Safari to unexpectedly quit when browsing certain websites."

3.1
525.13
March 18, 2008
First stable release of Safari for Windows. Introduces support for CSS Web fonts and animations and improves support for SVG and HTML5 media. Performance improvements. Added automatic spell checker for searches.

3.1.1
525.17
April 16, 2008
Improved stability and added security updates.

3.1.2
525.21
June 19, 2008
Improved stability and added security updates.

3.2
525.26.13
November 13, 2008
Added phishing detection, Extended Validation Certificate support, security fixes.

3.2.1
525.27.1
November 24, 2008
Stability improvements.

3.2.2
525.28.1
February 12, 2009
Security updates.

3.2.3
525.29.1
May 12, 2009
Security updates.

text: Safari 4[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 4.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

4.0
526.12.2
Windows XP, Vista, 7
June 11, 2008
First developer seed. Includes SquirrelFish JavaScript interpreter. Adds ability to save webpages as standalone web applications. Passes Acid3 test. Added optional Windows native font rendering.

528.1.1
August 22, 2008
Second developer seed. New developer menu, redesigned Web Inspector, and JavaScript developer tools. Also includes elements from the new Webkit versions, such as support for new CSS features, as well as improved support for HTML5 in general.[68]

528.16
February 24, 2009
Version 4 Public Beta. Added features include a "Top Sites" tool that tracks the user's most recently viewed pages, and notifies the user of content updates; Cover Flow support for history and bookmarks; and full history search. A new, radically redesigned UI, with the tabs now on top, has been implemented. The new Nitro engine (previously code named SquirrelFish Extreme) renders JavaScript 4.2 times faster than the previous release of Safari according to Apple test reports. A newly redesigned set of Developer Tools, Auto-Detect of Google searches and websites, and full page zooming have also been added. The "save page as standalone web applications" feature from the first developer preview of Safari 4 has been removed. Look and feel more native to the Windows UI. Apple font smoothing is now an option; Safari can be configured to adhere to the default Windows system font smoothing setting. The full feature list on Apple's website describes the other 150 new features of Safari 4.

528.17
May 12, 2009
Public beta. Latest security updates.

4.0.1
530.17
June 8, 2009
Stable release, officially released at WWDC. Tabs, which were located in the title bar in 4.0 beta releases, have been returned to their original location under the bookmarks bar.

4.0.2
530.19.1
July 8, 2009
Improves stability of Nitro JavaScript engine and includes the latest compatibility and security fixes.

4.0.3
531.9.1
August 11, 2009
Stability improvements for webpages that use the HTML5 video tag. Fixes an issue that prevented some users from logging into iWork.com. Fixes an issue that could cause web content to be displayed in greyscale instead of color.

4.0.4
531.21.10
November 11, 2009
Improves JavaScript and Full History Search performance. Improves stability of third-party plug-ins, search field, and Yahoo! Mail. Adds latest security fixes.

4.0.5
531.22.7
March 11, 2010
Improves Top Sites performance. Improves stability for third-party plug-ins and websites with online forms and Scalable Vector Graphics. Fixes issues that prevented Safari from changing settings on some Linksys routers and prevented some iWork.com users from commenting on documents.

text: Safari 5[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 5.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Operating System
Release date
Features

5.0
533.16
Windows XP, Vista, 7
June 7, 2010
Added new features including Safari Reader, Bing Search, and Safari Development Tools. Improves JavaScript performance, page caching, and DNS prefetching. Improves support for HTML5. Other improvements and features include smarter address field, tabs settings, search history with date, Top Sites/history button, private browsing icon, XSS auditor, and hardware acceleration.

5.0.1
533.17.8
July 28, 2010
Added a new feature: Safari Extensions. Provides more accurate Top Hit results in the Address Field and timing for CSS animations. Adds better stability when using the Safari Reader keyboard shortcut and scrolling through MobileMe Mail. Fixes display of multipage articles from Rolling Stone in Safari Reader. Fixes an issue that prevented Google Wave and other websites using JavaScript encryption libraries from working correctly on 32-bit systems, an issue that could cause borders on YouTube thumbnails to disappear when hovering over the thumbnail image, an issue that could cause Flash content to overlap with other content on Facebook, Crate and Barrel, and other sites when using Flash 10.1, an issue that prevented boarding passes from American Airlines from printing correctly, and an issue that could cause DNS prefetching requests to overburden certain routers.

5.0.2
533.18.5
September 7, 2010
Fixes issues that prevented submission of web forms, fixes issues that caused incorrect displaying of content in Google Images with Flash Player 10.1 installed, and establishes encrypted and authenticated connection to Safari Extensions Gallery.

5.0.3
533.19.4
November 18, 2010
Improves accuracy of Top Sites, and Top Hit results in address bar. Fixes an issue with Flash 10.1 that caused overlapping webpage content. Improves reliability of pop-up blocking. Fixes an issue affecting playback of videos with rotations or flips. Improves reliability when typing into text fields on Netflix and Facebook. Improves stability with JavaScript extensions and using screen readers.

5.0.4
533.20.27
March 9, 2011
Improves compatibility with webpages with transition effects. Fixes an issue that caused webpages to print with incorrect layouts. Fixes an issue that prevented HTML5 video from playing on YouTube. Fixes an issue that caused content to display incorrectly on webpages with plug-ins.

5.0.5
533.21.1
April 14, 2011
Security update.

5.1
534.50
July 20, 2011
Introduces support for full-screen webpages, media caching, MathML, Web Open Font Format, CSS3 Auto-hyphenation, CSS3 Vertical Text, and CSS3 Text Emphasis. Extension support for popovers, menus, new event classes, and Reader interaction.

5.1.1
534.51.22
October 12, 2011
Adds support for iCloud syncing of bookmarks and Reading List. Improves JavaScript performance. Contains improvements to performance, stability, usability, compatibility, accessibility, and security.

5.1.2
534.52.7
November 29, 2011
Improves stability. Addresses issues with hangs, excessive memory usage, and white flashes within webpages. Allows PDFs to be displayed within web content.

5.1.4
534.54.16
March 12, 2012
Improved Javascript performance. Improve responsiveness when typing into the search field after changing network configurations, or with an intermittent network connection. Address an issue that could cause webpages to flash white when switching between Safari windows. Preserve links in PDFs saved from webpages. Fix an issue that could cause the screen to dim while watching HTML5 video. Improve stability, compatibility, and startup time when using extensions. Allow cookies set during regular browsing to be available after using Private Browsing.

5.1.5
534.55.3
March 26, 2012
Stability improvements.[15]

5.1.7
534.57.2
May 9, 2012
Improve the browser's responsiveness when the system is low on memory. Fix an issue that could affect websites using forms to authenticate users.

Last version to support Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7.

text: iOS[edit]

text: This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2017)

text: Safari 3[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 3.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Safari version
iOS version
Release date
Features

3.0
420+
419.3
1.0
29 June 2007
Initial release.

1.0.1–1.1.2
31 July 2007
Security update.

420.1
1.1.3–1.1.5
15 January 2008
Web Clips can be added to and removed from the Home Screen.

3.1.1
525.18.1
525.20
2.0
11 July 2008
Pictures can be saved to Photos app. Support for YouTube videos.

2.0.1–2.0.2
4 August 2008
Performance when switching to landscape mode is improved.

2.1
12 September 2008
Performance when scrolling webpages is improved.

2.2–2.2.1
21 November 2008
The Google search button is now a search bar. The refresh button is now inside the address bar. Stability and performance are improved.

text: Safari 4[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 4.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Safari version
iOS version
Release date
Features

4.0
528.18
528.16
3.0–3.0.1
17 June 2009
Adds AutoFill and anti-phishing. Additional options to open/copy a link. Support for RSS feeds. Browser and JavaScript speed improvements. Adds support for HTML5.

3.1–3.1.3
9 September 2009
Fraud protection and anti-phishing support.

531.21.10
3.2–3.2.2
3 April 2010
Support for iPad. Thumbnail view supports up to nine pages.

4.0.5
532.9
6531.22.7
4.0–4.1
21 June 2010
Bing added to search engines. Suggestions and recent searches are displayed below the search bar. Top Hit when searching. Audio support in-page.

text: Safari 5[edit]

text:
showTable of versions: Safari 5.x

Minor version
WebKit version
Safari version
iOS version
Release date
Features

5.0.2
533.17.9
6533.18.5
4.2.1–4.2.8
22 November 2010
Support for URLs in Chinese.

4.3–4.3.3
9 March 2011
Nitro JavaScript Engine and VoiceOver support.