document_title: Meek Mill

question_text: when did meek mills new album come out

question_tokens: when did meek mills new album come out

text: Meek Mill

text: Early life

text: Meek Mill was born Robert Rihmeek Williams[2] on May 6, 1987[1] in South Philadelphia, the son of Kathy Williams. He has an older sister, Nasheema Williams. Kathy grew up in poverty and her mother died when she was young. Meek's father was killed when Meek was five years old, apparently during an attempted robbery. His uncle, Robert, described Meek Mill's father as a "black sheep of the family". After her husband's death, Kathy moved with Meek and his sister to North Philadelphia, where they lived in a three-bedroom apartment on Berks Street. Their financial condition was poor and she started cutting hair, doing other jobs some of which were "semi-legal", and shoplifting, to support the family. At home, Meek Mill was shy and rarely spoke. As a kid, he became acquainted with another of his dad’s brothers, Grandmaster Nell, who was a pioneering disc jockey (DJ) in the late-1980s Philadelphia hip-hop scene and influenced Will Smith and DJ Jazzy Jeff. Meek's interest in hip-hop grew. He was also influenced by the independent hip-hop artists Chic Raw and Vodka, whom he used to emulate by watching their DVDs.[3][4]

text: During his early teenage years, Meek Mill often took part in rap battles, under the pseudonym Meek Millz. He’d often stay up well past midnight filling notebooks with phrases and verses that he’d later draw on. Later he and three friends formed the rap group, The Bloodhoundz. They bought blank CDs and jewel cases at Kinko's, encouraging friends to burn them with the group's songs and distribute them. When he was 18, while walking to a corner store armed, Meek Mill was arrested for illegally possessing a firearm and was beaten up by the police. Because of the beating, his lips and both eyes became swollen and one of his braids was ripped out. He was charged with assaulting the police after two black cops gave a statement against him in the case, saying he chased them down with a gun and tried to kill them. He was then put on probation.[3][4][5]

text: Music career

text: 2003–10: Career beginnings

text: The Bloodhoundz lasted long enough to release four mixtapes.[6] In 2008, Mill released his fourth solo mixtape, Flamers 2: Hottest in tha City, which spawned the promotional singles "I'm So Fly," "Prolli," and "Hottest in the City." Flamers 2 caught the attention of Charlie Mack, founder and President of 215 Aphillyated Records. Mack was so impressed with Mill that he immediately signed him to his management company. During that same year, Meek Mill also met the founder and owner of Grand Hustle Records, Atlanta-based rapper and record executive T.I.[7] T.I. was also impressed by Mill and offered him an opportunity to travel, to meet with him and Warner Bros. Records; within a week both record companies offered him a deal. Although he was offered other record deals, Mill felt collaborating with T.I. was "an opportunity of a lifetime" and thus chose his label. However, a setback occurred: Mill was arrested, charged with gun and drug possession, and ordered to serve seven months in prison. He was released in early 2009.[6]

text: Under Grand Hustle, Mill formed a work relationship with the label's resident disc jockey, DJ Drama. Mill and Drama teamed up to release the third edition of Mill's Flamers series. The mixtape, titled Flamers 3: The Wait Is Over, was released on March 12, 2010 and is helmed as a "Gangsta Grillz mixtape".[8][9][10] The mixtape features his promotional single "Rosé Red", which was later remixed with additional verses from fellow American rappers T.I., Rick Ross and Vado.[8] Rick Ross contributed his verse after he was visiting Philadelphia and asked his Twitter followers who he should collaborate with; Meek Mill was the overwhelming response.[8] The remix was included on Mill's following mixtape, Mr. Philadelphia.[11] Due to Mill's and Grand Hustle label-boss T.I.'s respective legal troubles, Mill was never able to release an official album under Grand Hustle and they parted ways in 2010.[12]

text: 2011–12: Dreams & Nightmares

text: In February 2011, Rick Ross announced the signing of Mill along with fellow American rapper Wale to his Maybach Music Group (MMG) label. In March 2011, Mill was included in XXL's "Freshman Class of 2011".[13] Later that year, he released his debut single, "Tupac Back", featuring Rick Ross, from his label's compilation album Self Made Vol. 1 (2011). That same year he released his second single, "Ima Boss", also take from the compilation and featuring Ross. The song was later remixed, featuring T.I., Birdman, Lil Wayne, DJ Khaled, Swizz Beatz and Rick Ross. The remix charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at #51, becoming Mill's most successful single at that time. In August 2011, Mill released Dreamchasers, a well received mixtape featuring his urban hit "House Party" and guest appearances from Rick Ross, Yo Gotti and Beanie Siegel among others.

text: In February 2012, MTV listed Meek Mill as the "#7 hottest MC" in their annual "Hottest MCs in the Game" list.[14] On May 7, 2012 Mill released the second installment to his Dreamchasers series.[15] Within six hours of its release on mixtape website DatPiff.com, Dreamchasers 2 was downloaded 1.5 million times.[16] On May 10, it was announced Meek Mill signed with Roc Nation management.[17]

text: On June 19, 2012, "Amen" - originally included on Dreamchasers 2, was released as the lead single from Mill's debut studio album. Before releasing his debut studio album Dreams & Nightmares, Mill received co-signs from both Mariah Carey and Nas, with him appearing on Carey's 2012 single "Triumphant (Get 'Em)" and the latter stating, "I got my eyes on him. He's the next one to take this shit over." The album was released on October 30, 2012.[18] Following an album release party in Philadelphia, Mill was detained by Philadelphia police after a car in which he was riding in was pulled over. No charges were filed, and Mill was released from custody.[19] The album debuted at number 2 on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 165,000 copies.[20] In its second week the album sold 41,000 more copies dropping 6 spots on the chart to number 8.[20]

text: 2013–present: Dreams Worth More Than Money, DC4 and Wins & Losses

text: Mill released the third installment of the Dreamchasers series, Dreamchasers 3.[21] The mixtape featured guest appearances from Rick Ross, Akon, Future, Waka Flocka Flame, Wale, Trina and Jadakiss among others.[21][22] The mixtape was scheduled to be released on May 6, 2013.[23] However, he had announced that it would be pushed back, eventually to be released on September 29, 2013.[24] In November 2013, Mill announced that he was half-way finished with his second studio album. On March 8, 2014, Mill announced that the album would be titled Dreams Worth More Than Money.[25][26] Mill's album, Dreams Worth More Than Money, which was released on June 28, 2015, topped the Billboard 200 as of the issue dated July 18, 2015.

text: Meek Mill posted 6 videos on his Instagram previewing music for his mixtape, DC4.[27] The mixtape was planned to have featured a remix of his enemy, Drake's song, "Back to Back", and a remix to Drake and Future's song, "I'm the Plug", but unfortunately, due to DC4 being released commercially, neither of these two remixes made the final cut.[citation needed][28] On January 16, 2016, Meek Mill dropped songs on his extended play, 4/4, with 4 tracks.[29] On January 30, 2016, Meek Mill released another extended play title 4/4, Pt. 2.[30] Meek Mill spent $50,000 to donate 60,000 water bottles to contribute to the Flint Water Crisis.[31]

text: Meek Mill released DC4 on October 28, 2016.[32]

text: On July 21, 2017, Meek Mill released his third studio album titled Wins & Losses.[33]

text: Dream Chasers Records

text:
Dream Chasers Records

Founded
2012

Founder
Meek Mill (CEO)

Status
Active

Genre
Hip hop

Country of origin
United States

text: On October 26, 2012, Meek Mill announced the launch of his own record label imprint, Dream Chasers Records with the flagship artists Louie V. Gutta, Lee Mazin and Goldie.[34] In early 2013, he also signed 17-year-old Louisiana rapper Lil Snupe moments after hearing his demo.[35] The label has since released mixtapes by Louie V. Gutta and Lil Snupe.[36]

text: On June 20, 2013, Dream Chasers artist Lil Snupe was murdered at an apartment building in Winnfield, Louisiana by two gunshots to the chest.[37][38] A warrant was issued for 36-year-old Tony Holden in connection with the shooting.[39] Holden was on the run from police for four days before turning himself in to authorities.[40]

text: In late 2014, he signed his cousin and rapper Omelly to the imprint.[41]

text: On May 29, 2016, Mill signed producer Papamitrou to the label.[42][43][44][45]

text: Legal issues

text: Mill was arrested for illegally possessing a firearm and assaulting the police when he was 18 years old. He was put on probation. Since then, he has been arrested four times for parole violation. Another violation will result in him being imprisoned.[3][5]

text: In 2008, Mill was convicted of drug dealing and gun possession and was sentenced to 11 to 23 months in prison. Mill was released during the early portion of 2009 under a five-year parole agreement.[3][46][47][48] In December 2012, Mill was found to have violated his probation and the judge revoked Mill's travel permit.[49]

text: In May 2013, Mill was again found to have violated his probation and was ordered to take etiquette classes. The violation was a failure to report travel plans as required and social media postings that resulted in death threats to the judge, Assistant District Attorney (ADA) and probation officer assigned his case.[47] In requiring the classes and stressing the requirement to report travel, the judge noted, "You need to try to get this right next time."[48] In June 2013, the court noted that Mill continually failed to report his travel plans. The judge established an August deadline for the classes, noting that Mill has "a lot of issues" and that the classes would provide him with a "big-picture perspective" of his personal and professional actions. The judge stated the classes were "more important than any concerts he might have."[50] Of the requirement to provide travel plans to his probation officer, Mill complained, "You just gonna miss money all day." The ADA explained that it was a consequence of being on probation.[51] On July 11, 2014, Mill had his probation revoked and he was sentenced to three to six months in jail.[52] He was released from prison on December 2, 2014.[53]

text: He was found guilty for a parole violation again on December 17, 2015. The judge hearing his case refused to give him another chance and ordered him not to work or perform before his sentencing on February 5, 2016.[54] He was sentenced to 90 days of house arrest on February 5. The sentence became effective from March 1 during which he was not allowed to work and was required to do daily community service with groups serving adults. Additionally, he was also sentenced to six more years of probation.[55] On June 2, 2016, Meek Mill was sentenced to eight additional days of house arrest.[56] His house arrest came to an end in mid-June 2016.[57]

text: On March 11, 2017, Mill was arrested at a local airport in St. Louis, Missouri for assaulting two pedestrians. Shortly after his arrest and court appearance, he was given a court summons.[58][59]

text: Controversies

text: "Amen"

text: Following the release of the lead single for Dreams & Nightmares, entitled "Amen", Philadelphia area pastor Rev. Jomo K. Johnson called for a boycott of Mill due to the lyrical content of "Amen". In a statement, he said that, "As a hip-hop fan, I want to encourage every rap fan in Philadelphia who is a believer in Jesus Christ, to boycott Meek Mill until he acknowledges this blatant disrespect. And being resident of North Philadelphia and pastor, I revoke Meek's 'hood pass' until this happens."[60] On July 17, in an interview on the BET show 106 & Park, Mill stated, "I don't think no preacher or no church approves of any type of rap music—because rap music, period, is a lot of bad stuff said. But at the end of the day, it's real life. And me, I wasn't trying to disrespect no religion or anything like that."[61]

text: Feuds

text: A feud started between Meek Mill and fellow Philadelphia-born rapper Cassidy, when Mill offered to battle several underground rappers including Cassidy. Cassidy would later accept the challenge, adding "if the money was right". They participated in a short social exchange, after which Cassidy released "The Diary of a Hustla", which was originally thought to be a diss track towards Mill. This was later refuted by Cassidy.[62] They both asked $100,000 each for the battle to take place.[63][64] However, after Meek Mill dissed Cassidy's song, "Condom Style" (a remake of Psy's "Gangnam Style"), Cassidy released a formal diss track towards Mill with "Me, Myself & iPhone".[65][66] Afterwards, Meek Mill responded with the diss track "Repo", which Mill later said would be the final diss record he would release against Cassidy.[67]

text: Cassidy later said the feud was not personal, saying it was all in the spirit of hip hop.[68] On January 6, 2013 Cassidy released a 10-minute-long diss response titled "Raid".[69] Eight months later, on September 5, 2013 Meek Mill released another diss record towards Cassidy, titled "Kendrick You Next". This was despite the fact that he said "Repo" would be his final diss record.[70] Three days later, Cassidy released a diss record titled "Catch A Body", as a response.[71] Since then, their feud seemed to have calmed down.[citation needed]

text: In July 2015, Meek Mill publicly criticized Canadian Toronto-based entertainer Drake on Twitter, calling him out for not writing his own lyrics. In a series of tweets, the rapper claimed his counterpart used a ghostwriter for "R.I.C.O.", a song off Mill's second album, Dreams Worth More Than Money.[72] He also admitted that he was upset that Drake didn't promote the album on Twitter, upon its release. “Stop comparing Drake [to me too]. He don't write his own raps. That's why he ain't tweet my album because we found out!”, Meek Mill commented.[73][74] Meek Mill had identified the ghostwriter as Quentin Miller, a local rapper from Atlanta. Meek Mill's claims received support from Funkmaster Flex, an American hip hop DJ on New York City's Hot 97 radio station. Flex released multiple audio recordings of reference tracks featuring Quentin Miller performing the soon-to-be Drake songs, "10 Bands", "Used To", "Know Yourself" and his guest verse on "R.I.C.O."[75] Drake was later supported by his long-time friend, collaborator and co-founder of OVO Sound, award-winning multi-platinum selling producer 40, who claimed that not only does Drake write his own songs, he has also written number-one records for other artists. "No one is as talented as Drake… [there are] countless number ones and songs drake has written for others never mind himself", 40 said on Twitter.[76]

text: On July 25, 2015, Drake premiered a track, titled "Charged Up" on the Beats 1 OVO Radio Show that is widely seen as a response to Meek Mill's allegations. Drake highlighted Meek Mill's relatively low sales volume and further claimed that the rapper was fading into obscurity.[77][78] Drake also dissed Funkmaster Flex by promoting his rival DJ Clue?. On July 29, Drake released an aggressive diss track, named "Back to Back", that further attacked Meek Mill. The track, streamed over 500,000 times in 4 hours, heavily suggested that Mill's relationship with Nicki Minaj is lopsided in the latter's favor and also further criticized the former for not responding to "Charged Up" and for only relying on Twitter to attack Drake.[79] The track was released for streaming on the OVO SoundCloud account and on Apple Music.[80] The next day, Meek Mill released a track attacking Drake titled "Wanna Know" through Funkmaster Flex on Hot 97.[81] On "Wanna Know", Meek Mill revealed another reference track, ghostwritten by Quentin Miller for Drake, who he criticized for being soft.[82] Meek Mill also dissed AR-Ab on the track[83] and furthermore claimed that Drake was urinated on inside a movie theatre. Mill then removed the song from SoundCloud and said that he was moving on from his feud with Drake.[84][85]

text: On January 30, 2016, Drake released a new diss track aimed at Mill, titled "Summer Sixteen", as the buzz single, used to promote his fourth studio album, Views.[86] Less than fifteen minutes later, Mill released a response track with label mate Omelly called "War Pain".[87] The track references several lines from "Summer Sixteen", including an incident in which Drake played "Back to Back" in a public hotel, in which, he had a room directly above Mill. Four months later, Mill released a remix of Fat Joe and Remy Ma's "All the Way Up" with fellow rappers Fabolous and Jadakiss. Meek directly references Drake in several lines of the song, such as "If you didn't write it, don't record it." He also implied that he was in a relationship with Drake's current love interest, Rihanna.[88]

text: Meek Mill and Drake were both respectively endorsed by Burger King and Whataburger for their feud.[89]

text: On September 16, 2016, The Game released a five-minute freestyle, "92 Bars", which was rumored to be a diss towards Meek Mill.[90][91] Previously, Mill and Game collaborated on 2015's "The Soundtrack".[92] Hours after the release of "92 Bars", Game admitted that the freestyle was specifically a diss towards Mill. The next day, the two rappers ended up in a Instagram exchange, with The Game cyber-flirting with Meek Mill's girlfriend, Nicki Minaj, as well as accusing him of calling the police, informing the authorities about a robbery involving Sean Kingston.[93] On September 23, The Game released another diss track towards Mill, "Pest Control". Ten hours later, Meek Mill released the remix to Young M.A's "OOOUUU".[94][95]

text: A dispute between Meek Mill and fellow Philadelphia-based rapper Beanie Sigel ensued on September 26, 2016, when the latter ridiculed the former's intelligence towards him through a radio interview.[96] Minutes after the interview, Sigel was punched on the back of his head by whoever was believed to have been one of Meek Mill's affiliates.[97] Then, three days later, Mill criticized Sigel through many derogatory messages via Instagram.[98] Later, Mill dissed Sigel, The Game and Drake in a freestyle on Funkmaster Flex's radio show.[99] Sigel responded by releasing a diss track titled “I'm Coming”.[100]

text: In August 2013, Kendrick Lamar dissed Meek Mill, J. Cole, Big K.R.I.T., Wale, Pusha T, ASAP Rocky, Drake, Big Sean, Jay Electronica, Tyler, The Creator and Mac Miller on his guest verse on Big Sean's "Control". Lamar touted himself to becoming the king of both coasts and threatened to "murder" the rappers that he mentioned before, despite being associated with them before.[101] During a performance at a music festival in New York City, Mill sent derogatory messages towards Lamar.[102] On September 9, 2013, Mill later released "Ooh, Kill 'Em", a response to Lamar's verse on "Control".[103][104]

text: In October 2013, Mill ran into a social fight with fellow Maybach Music Group artist Wale, for not backing him up on his feud with Cassidy, hence the fact that the latter dissed Wale and several others, with whom Mill affiliated with. He also criticized Wale for not helping him support his second studio album.[105] Two years later, their dispute reignited after Wale sided with another of Mill's rivals, Drake.[106][107] However, after a long talk with mentor Rick Ross, the three later paired for "Make It Work", which was released on July 8, 2016[108]

text: Mill's dispute with AR-Ab ensued after the former's rival, Drake, referenced the latter on his song "Back to Back" where he says "I waited four days, nigga, where y'all at? I drove here in the Wraith playin' AR-Ab." AR-Ab later appeared on VladTV in August 2015, saying that he hasn't signed to Drake's OVO Sound and sided with him. He was also disappointed at Mill's response, since he called out AR-Ab on "Wanna Know", the response to Drake's diss track. Mill responded on August 6 during a performance at the BB&T Pavilion in Camden, New Jersey where he said "fuck AR-Ab" and questioned his allegiance to an out-of-town rapper. AR-Ab responded by releasing his own version of "Back to Back" on August 8, which disses Mill and also contained violent lyrics where he threatened to unleash his "shooters" upon Mill.[109][110][111] In response, Meek's cousin and Dream Chasers signee Omelly released his own version of "Back to Back", which dissed AR-Ab. AR-Ab did another interview on VladTV, where he said Mill was too scared to respond himself and Omelly was the "softest one on Dream Chasers". He also told that he won't respond to Omelly's diss because he's a "worker".[112] In January 2016, AR-Ab revealed that he and Mill had talked it out and their feud was now over.[113]

text: On January 25, 2016, Mill dissed his record label boss Rick Ross' long-term nemesis, 50 Cent, through his extended play, 4/4 (not counting the remix to Drake and Future's "I'm the Plug").[114] After hearing the EP, 50 Cent replied with a set of over 22 memes, including one where he said that he should run to his girlfriend at the time, Nicki Minaj and cry to her.[115] With a fact that both Minaj and 50 are based from the same city (Jamaica, Queens, New York), Mill, careless, disparaged 50 unkindly with a direct message, ridiculing his case involving Rick Ross' ex-girlfriend, followed up by his bankruptcy case.[116] On January 30, 2016, Mill dissed 50 again on "War Pain", in the middle of his verse, saying "My Philly boys will creep up on you when you ain't looking, with your little memes."[117] The next day, 50 and many members of his collective G-Unit counter dissed Mill at a concert, parts unknown.[118] The conflict between Meek Mill and 50 Cent also reignited the feud between the latter and Mill's mentor, Rick Ross.[citation needed]

text: On June 30, 2016, Joe Budden dissed Meek Mill and Drake on "Making a Murderer, Pt. 1", a counter diss to the latter's "4PM in Calabasas", as well as his guest verse to French Montana's "No Shopping".[119]

text: Personal life

text: Following his release from his three-to-six month prison sentence for probation violation on December 2, 2014, Mill began dating rapper and singer Nicki Minaj in early 2015; he accompanied her as an opening act on her 2015 world tour.[120][121] On January 2, 2017, it was reported that Meek Mill and Nicki Minaj had ended their two-year relationship.[122][123][124] Their breakup is furthermore detailed on Minaj's 2017 single, "Regret in Your Tears".[125]

text: Discography

text:
Dreams and Nightmares (2012)
Dreams Worth More Than Money (2015)
Wins & Losses (2017)


document_title: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

question_text: who plays harley from stuck in the middle

root

text: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set in Massachusetts,[1] in the fictional town of Marshport, the series tells the story of the Diaz family, specifically focusing on Harley, the middle of the seven children. Harley makes her way using her creativity to deal with living in a large family.

tag: p

text: Characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Harley Diaz (Jenna Ortega) is the middle of seven children and a young engineering prodigy. She is the central character in the series and views herself as an inventor. Some of her known inventions are the Conveyor Belt Table, the Slushinator, the Skate Kite, and a snow machine. In "Stuck in the Sweet Seat", it is revealed it is her 13th birthday. A significant feature is that she tends to break the fourth wall to tell the viewers something about the situation.
Rachel Diaz (Ronni Hawk) is the oldest of the seven children and Harley's vain older sister. In "Stuck with No Rules", it is revealed that she is 16.
Ethan Diaz (Isaak Presley) is Harley's oldest brother and her partner-in-crime; she refers to him as her "best friend in the family". He is an aspiring musician. In "Stuck in the Sweet Seat", it is implied that he is the third oldest of the seven, behind Rachel and Georgie.
Daphne Diaz (Ariana Greenblatt) is the youngest of the seven children and Harley's younger sister. She enjoys having tea time with her dolls. In "Stuck with No Rules", it is revealed that Daphne can easily retaliate against anyone who takes things from her without getting her approval first.
Georgie Diaz (Kayla Maisonet) is one of Harley's older sisters and the second oldest of the seven as implied in "Stuck in the Sweet Seat". She is a basketball player at her school.
Lewie Diaz (Nicolas Bechtel)[Note 1] is one of Harley's two younger brothers and Beast's twin. It is revealed in "Stuck in the Beast-Day Party" that Lewie is older than Beast by five minutes.
Beast Diaz (Malachi Barton)[Note 1] is one of Harley's two younger brothers and Lewie's twin.
Suzy Diaz (Cerina Vincent) is Harley's quirky mother who rarely has any alone time from her children and tends to spend it in the most unlikely places.
Tom Diaz (Joe Nieves) is Harley's father who operates a marina store, called "Tom's Bait and Bite", which sells camping and fishing equipment.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Bethany Peters (Lauren Pritchard) is a neighbor of the Diaz family who regularly criticizes Suzy and Tom's parenting of their children. She is a protective mother to her daughter Ellie whom she never lets have any fun as seen in "Stuck in the Block Party".
Ellie Peters (Lulu Lambros) is Bethany's daughter and Harley's best friend. She is on the same basketball team as Georgie. In "Stuck in Harley's Comet", it is revealed that Ellie is afraid of heights, darkness, and birds.
Cuff (Brett Pierce) is an irresponsible teenager who is Rachel's boyfriend and is disliked by Tom. When Cuff works briefly at "Tom's Bait and Bite" in "Stuck with My Sister's Boyfriend", his real first name is revealed to be Warren. He has only appeared in the first season.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b Malachi Barton is credited before Nicolas Bechtel in the Stuck in the Middle pilot episode, but Bechtel is credited before Barton in all subsequent episodes starting with "Stuck in the Sweet Seat".

tag: ol

text: Production[edit]

text: Production on the series began in November 2015.[2] A preview of Stuck in the Middle aired on Disney Channel on February 14, 2016.[3] Additional episodes began airing on March 11, 2016.

text: Disney Channel renewed Stuck in the Middle for a second season on June 15, 2016.[4] The second season premiered on February 3, 2017. The series was renewed for a third season by Disney Channel on August 31, 2017.[5]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
17
February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)

2
TBA
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
TBA

tag: table

text: Ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
First aired
Last aired
Avg. viewers
(millions)

Date
Viewers
(millions)
Date
Viewers
(millions)

1
17
February 14, 2016 (2016-02-14)
2.81[6]
July 22, 2016 (2016-07-22)
2.06[7]
1.60

2
14
February 3, 2017 (2017-02-03)
2.13[8]
TBA
TBD
1.20

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series first premiered 15 minutes before the first airing in the U.S. on Disney Channel in Canada as a special on February 14, 2016. The series premiered on Watch Disney Channel and Disney Channel on Demand on February 15, 2016. The series began airing regularly on March 11, 2016, airing at the same time as the United States.[9]


document_title: Eye for an eye

question_text: where is an eye for an eye found in the bible

text: Eye for an eye

text: Definition and methods[edit]

text: The term lex talionis does not always and only refer to literal eye-for-an-eye codes of justice (see rather mirror punishment) but applies to the broader class of legal systems that specify formulate penalties for specific crimes, which are thought to be fitting in their severity. Some propose that this was at least in part intended to prevent excessive punishment at the hands of either an avenging private party or the state.[4]  The most common expression of lex talionis is "an eye for an eye", but other interpretations have been given as well. Legal codes following the principle of lex talionis have one thing in common: prescribed 'fitting' counter punishment for a felony. In the famous legal code written by Hammurabi, the principle of exact reciprocity is very clearly used. For example, if a person caused the death of another person, the killer would be put to death.[5]

text: The simplest example is the "eye for an eye" principle.  In that case, the rule was that punishment must be exactly equal to the crime. Conversely, the twelve tables of Rome merely prescribed particular penalties for particular crimes. The Anglo-Saxon legal code substituted payment of wergild for direct retribution: a particular person's life had a fixed value, derived from his social position; any homicide was compensated by paying the appropriate wergild, regardless of intent. Under the British Common Law, successful plaintiffs were entitled to repayment equal to their loss (in monetary terms). In the modern tort law system, this has been extended to translate non-economic losses into money as well.  The meaning of the principle Eye for an Eye is that a person who has been injured by another person returns the offending action to the originator in compensation, or that an authority does so on behalf of the injured person. The exact Latin (lex talionis) to English translation of this phrase is "The law of retaliation." The root principle of this law is to provide equitable retribution.

text: Antecedents[edit]

text: Various ideas regarding the origins of lex talionis exist, but a common one is that it developed as early civilizations grew and a less well-established system for retribution of wrongs, feuds and vendettas, threatened the social fabric. Despite having been replaced with newer modes of legal theory, lex talionis systems served a critical purpose in the development of social systems—the establishment of a body whose purpose was to enact the retaliation and ensure that this was the only punishment. This body was the state in one of its earliest forms.

text: The principle is found in Babylonian Law.[6][7] If it is surmised that in societies not bound by the rule of law, if a person was hurt, then the injured person (or their relative) would take vengeful retribution on the person who caused the injury. The retribution might be worse than the crime, perhaps even death. Babylonian law put a limit on such actions, restricting the retribution to be no worse than the crime, as long as victim and offender occupied the same status in society.  As with blasphemy or lèse-majesté (crimes against a god or a monarch), crimes against one's social betters were punished more severely.

text: Roman law moved toward monetary compensation as a substitute for vengeance.  In cases of assault, fixed penalties were set for various injuries, although talio was still permitted if one person broke another's limb.[8]

text: In religion[edit]

text: The principle was first referenced in the Code of Hammurabi, which predates the Hebrew bible.  In the Hebrew Law, the "eye for eye" was to restrict compensation to the value of the loss. Thus, it might be better read 'only one eye for one eye'.[3]  The idiomatic biblical phrase "an eye for an eye" in Exodus and Leviticus (עין תחת עין, ayin tachat ayin) literally means 'an eye under/(in place of) an eye' while a slightly different phrase (עַיִן בְּעַיִן שֵׁן בְּשֵׁן, literally  "eye for an eye; tooth for a tooth") is used in another passage (Deuteronomy) in the context of possible reciprocal court sentences for failed false witnesses.[9][10][11] The passage in Leviticus states, "And a man who injures his countryman – as he has done, so it shall be done to him [namely,] fracture under/for fracture, eye under/for eye, tooth under/for tooth. Just as another person has received injury from him, so it will be given to him." (Lev. 24:19–21)[9]. For an example of תחת being used in its regular sense of under, see Lev. 22:27 "A bull, sheep or goat, when it is born shall remain under its mother, and from the eighth day..."

text: Judaism[edit]

text: Isaac Kalimi explains that the "lex talionis was humanized by the Rabbis who interpreted "an eye for an eye" to mean reasonable pecuniary compensation. As in the case of the Babylonian 'lex talionis', ethical Judaism and humane Jewish jurisprudence replaces the peshat (literal meaning) of the written Torah.[12] Pasachoff and Littman point to the reinterpretation of the lex talionis as an example of the ability of Pharisaic Judaism to "adapt to changing social and intellectual ideas."[13]

text: Talmud[edit]

text: The Talmud[14] interprets the verses referring to "an eye for an eye" and similar expressions as mandating monetary compensation in tort cases and argues against the interpretations by Sadducees that the Bible verses refer to physical retaliation in kind, using the argument that such an interpretation would be inapplicable to blind or eyeless offenders. Since the Torah requires that penalties be universally applicable, the phrase cannot be interpreted in this manner.

text: The Oral Law explains, based upon the biblical verses, that the Bible mandates a sophisticated five-part monetary form of compensation, consisting of payment for "Damages, Pain, Medical Expenses, Incapacitation, and Mental Anguish" — which underlies many modern legal codes. Some rabbinic literature explains, moreover, that the expression, "An eye for an eye, etc." suggests that the perpetrator deserves to lose his own eye, but that biblical law treats him leniently. − Paraphrased from the Union of Orthodox Congregations.[15]

text: However, the Torah also discusses a form of direct reciprocal justice, where the phrase ayin tachat ayin makes another appearance.[16] Here, the Torah discusses false witnesses who conspire to testify against another person. The Torah requires the court to "do to him as he had conspired to do to his brother".[17] Assuming the fulfillment of certain technical criteria (such as the sentencing of the accused whose punishment was not yet executed), wherever it is possible to punish the conspirators with exactly the same punishment through which they had planned to harm their fellow, the court carries out this direct reciprocal justice (including when the punishment constitutes the death penalty). Otherwise, the offenders receive lashes.[18][19]

text: Since there is no form of punishment in the Torah that calls for the maiming of an offender (punitary amputation) there is no case where a conspiratorial false witness could possibly be punished by the court injuring to his eye, tooth, hand, or foot.  There is one case where the Torah states "…and you shall cut off her hand…"[20]  The sages of the Talmud understood the literal meaning of this verse as referring to a case where the woman is attacking a man in potentially lethal manner.  This verse teaches that, although one must intervene to save the victim, one may not kill a lethal attacker if it is possible to neutralize that attacker through non-lethal injury.[21][22][23] Regardless, there is no verse that even appears to mandate injury to the eye, tooth, or foot.

text: Numbers 35:9–30 discusses the only form of remotely reciprocal justice not carried out directly by the court, where, under very limited circumstances, someone found guilty of negligent manslaughter may be killed by a relative of the deceased who takes on the role of "redeemer of blood". In such cases, the court requires the guilty party to flee to a designated city of refuge. While the guilty party is there, the "redeemer of blood" may not kill him.  If, however, the guilty party illegally forgoes his exile, the "redeemer of blood", as an accessory of the court, may kill the guilty party. Nevertheless, the provision of the "redeemer of blood" does not serve as true reciprocal justice, because the redeemer only acts to penalize a negligent killer who forgoes his exile. Furthermore, intentional killing does not parallel negligent killing and thus cannot serve directly as a reciprocal punishment for manslaughter, but as a penalty for escaping punishment.[24]  According to traditional Jewish Law, application of these laws requires the presence and maintenance of the biblically designated cities of refuge, as well as a conviction in an eligible court of 23 judges as delineated by the Torah and Talmud.  The latter condition is also applicable for any capital punishment. These circumstances have not existed for approximately 2,000 years.

text: Objective of reciprocal justice in Judaism[edit]

text: The Talmud discusses the concept of justice as measure-for-measure retribution (middah k'neged middah) in the context of divinely implemented justice. Regarding reciprocal justice by court, however, the Torah states that punishments serve to remove dangerous elements from society ("…and you shall eliminate the evil from your midst"[17]) and to deter potential criminals from violating the law ("And the rest shall hear and be daunted, and they shall no longer commit anything like this evil deed in your midst"[25]). Additionally, reciprocal justice in tort cases serves to compensate the victim (see above).

text: The ideal of vengeance for the sake of assuaging the distress of the victim plays no role in the Torah's conception of court justice, as victims are cautioned against even hating or bearing a grudge against those who have harmed them. The Torah makes no distinction between whether the potential object of hatred or a grudge has been brought to justice, and all people are taught to love their fellow Israelites.[26]

text: Social hierarchy and reciprocal justice[edit]

text: In Exodus 21, as in the Code of Hammurabi, the concept of reciprocal justice seemingly applies to social equals; the statement of reciprocal justice "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe"[27] is followed by an example of a different law: if a slave-owner blinds the eye or knocks out the tooth of a slave, the slave is freed but the owner pays no other consequence. On the other hand, the slave would probably be put to death for the injury of the eye of the slave-owner.[28]

text: However the reciprocal justice applies across social boundaries: the "eye for eye" principle is directly followed by the proclamation "You are to have one law for the alien and the citizen."[29]  This shows a much more meaningful principle for social justice, in that the marginalized in society were given the same rights under the social structure. In this context, the reciprocal justice in an ideal functioning setting, according to Michael Coogan,[who?] "to prevent people from taking the law into their own hands and exacting disproportionate vengeance for offenses committed against them."[28]

text: Christianity[edit]

text: In the Sermon on the Mount, Jesus urges his followers to turn the other cheek:

text: You have heard that it was said, "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth." But I say to you, Do not resist the one who is evil. But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.

text: Some interpret this as an admonition not to seek legal steps for any compensation that corresponds in kind and degree to the injury.[2] Others interpret it as Jesus simply teaching his followers not to take personal vengeance, rather than commenting on any legal practice.[30][better source needed]

text: Christian interpretation of the Biblical passage has been heavily influenced by the Church father Augustine of Hippo. He already discussed in his Contra Faustum, Book XIX, the points of 'fulfilment or destruction' of the Jewish law.[31] George Robinson characterizes the passage of Exodus ("an eye for an eye") as one of the "most controversial in the Bible". According to Robinson, some have pointed to this passage as evidence of the vengeful nature of justice in the Hebrew Bible.[32] Similarly, Abraham Bloch speculates that the "lex talionis has been singled out as a classical example of biblical harshness."[33]  Harry S. Lewis points to Lamech, Gideon and Samson as Biblical heroes who were renowned for "their prowess in executing blood revenge upon their public and private enemies." Lewis asserts that this "right of 'wild' justice was gradually limited."[34]  Stephen Wylen asserts that the lex talionis is "proof of the unique value of each individual" and that it teaches "equality of all human beings for law."[35]

text: Islam[edit]

text: The Qur'an mentions the "eye for an eye" concept as being ordained for the Children of Israel.[36] The principle of Lex talionis in Islam is Qiṣāṣ (Arabic: قصاص) as mentioned in Qur'an, 2:178 : "O you who have believed, prescribed for you is legal retribution (Qisas) for those murdered – the free for the free, the slave for the slave, and the female for the female.  But whoever overlooks from his brother anything, then there should be a suitable follow-up and payment to him with good conduct. This is an alleviation from your Lord and a mercy.  But whoever transgresses after that will have a painful punishment."   Shi'ite countries that use Islamic Sharia law, such as Iran,  apply the "eye for an eye" rule literally.[37][38]

text: In the Torah We prescribed for them a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, an equal wound for a wound: if anyone forgoes this out of charity, it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds. Those who do not judge according to what God has revealed are doing grave wrong. (Qurʾān, 5:45 )

text: Notable criticisms[edit]

text: Martin Luther King, Jr. later used this phrase in the context of racial violence: "The old law of an eye for an eye leaves everyone blind."[39]