document_title: List of minimum wages by country

question_text: what is the minimum hourly wage in france

root

text: List of minimum wages by country

text: Methodology[edit]

text: The minimum wages listed refer to a gross amount, that is before deduction of taxes and social security contributions, which vary from one country to another. Also excluded from calculations are regulated paid days off, including public holidays, sick pay, annual leave and social insurance contributions paid by the employer.

tag: p

text: For the sake of comparison, an annual wage column is provided in international dollars, a hypothetical unit of currency calculated based on the purchasing power parity of household final consumption expenditure. For calculating the annual wage, the lowest general minimum wage was used.

text: Countries[edit]

text:
Country

Minimum wage

Annual

Workweek  (hours)[2]

Hourly

Percent of  GDP per capita[3]

Effective per

Nominal (US$)[4]

PPP (Int$)[5]

Nominal (US$)[6]

PPP (Int$)[7]

 Afghanistan

5,500 Afghani ($95) per month for non-permanent private sector. The minimum wage for permanent government workers was 6,000 Afghanis ($103) per month. There was no minimum wage for permanent workers in the private sector.[8]

7003104700000000000♠1,047

7003327200000000000♠3,272

40

6999500000000000000♠0.5

7000157000000000000♠1.57

7002168300000000000♠168.3%

2017

 Albania

24,000 Albanian lekë ($226) per month, in private sector and 37,000 lekë ($330) per month in public sector. The law establishes a 40-hour workweek, but the actual workweek is typically set by individual or collective-bargaining agreement.[8][9][10][11]

7003241800000000000♠2,418

7003521800000000000♠5,218

40

7000116000000099999♠1.16

7000250990000099999♠2.51

7001452000000000000♠45.2%

5 May 2017

 Algeria

18,000 Algerian dinars ($155) per month, nationally.[8][12][13]

7003194600000000000♠1,946

7003562200000000000♠5,622

40

6999940000000000000♠0.94

7000270000000000000♠2.7

7001374000000000000♠37.4%

1 January 2012

 Andorra

€1017.47 ($1177) per month, €5.87 ($6) per hour.[14]

7004137960000000000♠13,796

7004106740000000000♠10,674

40

7000663000000000000♠6.63

7000513000000000000♠5.13

7001280000000000000♠28%

1 January 2018

 Angola

15,003 kwanza per month; paid thirteen times a year.[15][16]

7003117600000000000♠1,176

7003147400000000000♠1,474

44

6999510000000000000♠0.51

6999640000000000000♠0.64

7001228000000000000♠22.8%

1 June 2014

 Antigua and Barbuda

EC$8.20 per hour.[8][17][18]

7003631700000000000♠6,317

7003778800000000000♠7,788

40

7000304000000000000♠3.04

7000374000000000000♠3.74

7001344000000000000♠34.4%

1 November 2014

 Argentina

10,000 Argentine pesos ($350) per month for up to 200 hours; paid thirteen times a year.[19]

7003785000000000000♠7,850

7004139510000000000♠13,951

48

7000315000000000000♠3.15

7000559000000000000♠5.59

7001700000000000000♠70%

1 July 2018

 Armenia

55,000 Armenian dram ($107) per month.[8][20][21]

7003136700000000000♠1,367

7003334900000000000♠3,349

40

6999660000000000000♠0.66

7000161000000000000♠1.61

7001379000000000000♠37.9%

1 July 2015

 Australia

Most workers are covered by an award, which may vary by employee age, geographical location and industry. For employees 21+ not covered by an award or agreement, the minimum wages is A$18.93 ($13) per hour, or A$719.20 ($524) per week; set federally by the Fair Work Commission. The figures indicated exclude mandatory employer superannuation contributions of at least 9.5% of the employee's total annual salary and any extra loadings received (e.g. many employees are entitled to an extra 17.5% of their daily income on days where they take annual leave, penalty rates for work undertaken on weekends and public holidays of up to 200% of their base rate, and the entitlement that non-permanent employees be paid at least 15% higher than the base rate of pay).Workers under 21, apprentices and trainees not covered by an award each have a minimum wage level set nationally below the official minimum.[22][23] Minimum wage for workers under 16 is 36.8% of the 21+ minimum wage at A$6.97 ($5) per hour.[24]

7004287680000000000♠28,768

7004233740000000000♠23,374

38

7001145600000000000♠14.56

7001118300000000000♠11.83

7001508000000000000♠50.8%

1 July 2018

 Austria

None; National collective bargaining agreements set minimum wages by job classification for each industry and provide for a minimum wage of €1,200 ($1,289) per month[dubious  – discuss]. Wages where no such collective agreements exist, such as for domestic workers, janitorial staff and au pairs, are regulated by relevant legislation and are generally lower than those covered by collective bargaining. The national minimum wage legislation has lapsed, although is still in force by convention.[25][8]

40

2017

 Azerbaijan

130 Azerbaijani manat ($76) per month.[26][27]

7002907000000000000♠907

7003445700000000000♠4,457

40

6999440000000000000♠0.44

7000214000000000000♠2.14

7001258000000000000♠25.8%

1 January 2018

 The Bahamas

B$5.25 ($5.25) per hour, B$42 ($42) per day, and B$210 ($210) per week.[8][28][29]

7004109200000000000♠10,920

7003957900000000000♠9,579

40

7000525000000000000♠5.25

7000461000000000000♠4.61

7001425000000000000♠42.5%

15 August 2015

 Bahrain

None; 300 BHD ($800) for the public sector workers (only applies to Bahraini nationals).[8]

48

2017

 Bangladesh

1,500 taka ($19) per month for all economic sectors not covered by industry-specific wages; in the garment industry the minimum wage is 5,300 taka ($68) per month. The minimum wage is set nationally every five years by the National Minimum Wage Board in a tripartite forum industry by industry.[8][16][30][31][32]

7002224000000000000♠224

7002564000000000000♠564

48

6998900000000000000♠0.09

6999230000000000000♠0.23

7001158000000000000♠15.8%

1 December 2013

 Barbados

BDS$6.25 ($3.13) per hour for household domestics and shop assistants; the Ministry of Labor recommends all other sectors use this as the de facto minimum wage.[8][33]

7003650000000000000♠6,500

7003528500000000000♠5,285

40

7000313000000000000♠3.13

7000254000000000000♠2.54

7001293000000000000♠29.3%

1 March 2012

 Belarus

305.00 Belarusian rubles ($149) per month.[16]

7003189600000000000♠1,896

7003746900000000000♠7,469

40

6999910000000000000♠0.91

7000359000000000000♠3.59

7001413009999900000♠41.3%

1 January 2018

 Belgium

€1,562.59 ($1,826) per month, €9.49 ($11.09) per hour for workers 21 years of age and over; €1,604.06 ($1,874) per month for workers 21 and a half years of age, with six months of service; €1,622.48 ($1,896) per month for workers 22 years of age, with 12 months of service; coupled with extensive social benefits.[16][34]

7004211410000000000♠21,141

7004213090000000000♠21,309

38

7001107009999900000♠10.7

7001107800000000000♠10.78

7001459000000000000♠45.9%

1 June 2017

 Belize

BZ$3.30 ($1.65) per hour.[8][35][36]

7003386100000000000♠3,861

7003677400000000000♠6,774

45

7000165000000000000♠1.65

7000289000000000000♠2.89

7001801009999900000♠80.1%

26 May 2012

 Benin

40,000 CFA francs ($70) per month; the government set minimum wage scales for a number of occupations.[16][37]

7002825000000000000♠825

7003214900000000000♠2,149

40

6999400000000000000♠0.4

7000103000000000000♠1.03

7001991000000000000♠99.1%

1 April 2014

 Bhutan

3,750 Bhutanese ngultrum per month.[8][38][39]

7002691000000000000♠691

7003202000000000000♠2,020

40

6999330000000000000♠0.33

6999970000000000000♠0.97

7001227000000000000♠22.7%

1 February 2014

 Bolivia

2000 Bolivian bolivianos ($289) per month.[40][41] plus an obligatory Christmas bonus equal to one month's pay, prorated for the amount of time the worker has worked in their present position. Plus a second Christmas Bonus if the government decries the economy grew enough, plus an extra month paid in May if the company made a profit for the previous year.[42][43]

7003376300000000000♠3,763

7003755800000000000♠7,558

48

7000151000000000000♠1.51

7000302990000000000♠3.03

7002104500000000000♠104.5%

1 May 2017

 Bosnia and Herzegovina

406 convertible marks ($240) net per month.[44]

7003220700000000000♠2,207

7003474100000000000♠4,741

40

7000106000000000000♠1.06

7000227990000099999♠2.28

7001389000000000000♠38.9%

2015

 Botswana

5.46 Botswana pula ($0.58) an hour for most full-time labor in the private sector; 3.03 ($.29) Botswana pula per hour for domestic workers or approximately 24.24 pula ($2.28) a day; 620 Botswana pula ($60) per month for workers in the agriculture sector.[8][16]

7002719000000000000♠719

7003140600000000000♠1,406

48

6999289990000000000♠0.29

6999560000000000000♠0.56

7000830000000000000♠8.3%

1 June 2016

 Brazil

954 Brazilian reais per month ($236), paid 13 times a year.[45] The Brazilian minimum wage is adjusted annually by the federal government. Each Brazilian state has its own minimum wage, which cannot be lower than the federal minimum wage. Rio Grande do Sul has the highest minimum wage nationwide, R$ 1,103.66 ($273).[46][47]

7003388800000000000♠3,888

7003566300000000000♠5,663

44

7000170000000000000♠1.7

7000248000000000000♠2.48

7001374000000000000♠37.4%

1 January 2018

 Brunei

None[8]

48

2017

 Bulgaria

510 Bulgarian lev ($311) per month, 3.07 lev ($1.8) per hour.[48][49][50][51]

7003367000000000000♠3,670

7003851400000000000♠8,514

40

7000176000000000000♠1.76

7000409000000000000♠4.09

7001442000000000000♠44.2%

1 January 2018

 Burkina Faso

34,664 CFA francs ($56) per month.[8][52]

7002715000000000000♠715

7003190500000000000♠1,905

40

6999340000000000000♠0.34

6999920000000000000♠0.92

7002107600000000000♠107.6%

1 April 2012

 Burundi

None; in the past the government set the minimum wage, but during the year the minimum wage was set by market forces.[8][37]

40

2017

 Cambodia

US$170 per month, for the garment and shoe industry.[53][8][16]

48

1 January 2018

 Cameroon

36,270 CFA francs ($75) per month.[8][54]

7002748000000000000♠748

7003181900000000000♠1,819

40

6999360000000000000♠0.36

6999870000000000000♠0.87

7001504000000000000♠50.4%

30 July 2014

 Canada

The minimum wage in Canada is set by each province and territory; ranges from C$10.96 to C$14 ($8-$10 USD) per hour.[8][55][56]

7004175360000000000♠17,536

7004167620000000000♠16,762

40

7000843000000000000♠8.43

7000806000000000000♠8.06

7001374000000000000♠37.4%

1 May 2018

 Cape Verde

13,000 Cape Verdean escudos ($141) per month.[57][58]

7003159500000000000♠1,595

7003341400000000000♠3,414

44

6999700000000000000♠0.7

7000149000000000000♠1.49

7001521000000000000♠52.1%

1 January 2018

 Central African Republic

35,000 CFA francs per month, 218.75 CFA francs per hour.[59][60]

7002782000000000000♠782

7003139200000000000♠1,392

40

6999380000000000000♠0.38

6999670000000000000♠0.67

7002199300000000000♠199.3%

2011

 Chad

59,995 CFA francs ($110) per month, 355 CFA francs ($0.6) per hour.[8][61][62]

7003123700000000000♠1,237

7003348400000000000♠3,484

39

6999610000000000000♠0.61

7000172000000000000♠1.72

7002175000000000000♠175%

18 October 2011

 Chile

276,000 Chilean pesos ($416) per month for workers aged 18–65; or 206,041 pesos ($276) per month for workers younger than 18 and older than 65; and 178,037 pesos ($268) per month for 'non remunerative' purposes.[63]

7003510500000000000♠5,105

7003727800000000000♠7,278

45

7000218000000000000♠2.18

7000311000000000000♠3.11

7001314000000000000♠31.4%

1 January 2018

 China

The minimum wage in China is set locally; ranges from RMB1,000 ($146) per month, or RMB9.50 ($1.39) per hour in Guangxi; to RMB2,190 ($321) per month, or RMB19.00 ($2.78) per hour in Shanghai.[16][64][65][66][66][67][68]

7003177500000000000♠1,775

7003311700000000000♠3,117

40

6999850000000000000♠0.85

7000150000000000000♠1.5

7001201000000000000♠20.1%

12 November 2016

 Colombia

781,242 Colombian pesos ($277) per month[69]

7003317700000000000♠3,177

7003683500000000000♠6,835

48

7000127000000000000♠1.27

7000274000000000000♠2.74

7001483000000000000♠48.3%

24 January 2018

 Comoros

55,000 Comorian francs ($129) per month.[8]

7003151200000000000♠1,512

7003303700000000000♠3,037

40

6999730000000000000♠0.73

7000146000000000000♠1.46

7002199500000000000♠199.5%

2017

 Democratic Republic of the Congo

1,680 Congolese francs ($1.83) per day.[8][70]

7002298000000000000♠298

7002741000000000000♠741

45[71]

6999130000000000000♠0.13

6999320000000000000♠0.32

7001924000000000000♠92.4%

1 January 2009

 Republic of the Congo

90,000 CFA francs ($170) per month in the formal sector.[8]

7003185500000000000♠1,855

7003695800000000000♠6,958

40

6999890000000000000♠0.89

7000335000000000000♠3.35

7002121700000000000♠121.7%

2017

 Costa Rica

Varies for specified industries from ₡10,060.75 ($17) per 8-hour work day for all workers to ₡13,141.39 ($23) per day for specialized workers. All other occupations not explicitly covered fall under the generic scale, which varies from ₡300,255.79 ($528) per month for unskilled workers to ₡644,689.30 ($1134) per month for licentiates.[72][73]

7003460900000000000♠4,609

7003700800000000000♠7,008

48

7000185000000000000♠1.85

7000281000000000000♠2.81

7001422000000000000♠42.2%

1 January 2018

 Côte d'Ivoire

Varies by occupation, with the lowest set to 36,607 CFA franc ($72) per month for the industrial sector; a slightly higher minimum wage rate is applied for construction workers.[8][74][75]

7002755000000000000♠755

7003186800000000000♠1,868

40

6999360000000000000♠0.36

6999900000000000000♠0.9

7001506000000000000♠50.6%

1994

 Croatia

3439.80 Croatian kuna ($544) per month.[16]

7003623500000000000♠6,235

7004103190000000000♠10,319

40

7000300000000000000♠3

7000496000000000000♠4.96

7001441000000000000♠44.1%

1 January 2018

 Cuba

225 Cuban pesos ($9) per month.[8][76] (Note that the exchange rate data and the International dollars conversion data for this row is for 2012, as more current data was not available at the time of data entry) Each citizen is however also given free food to supplement the salary.

7002147000000000000♠147

181

40

6998500000000000000♠0.05

6998800000000000000♠0.08

6999400000000000000♠0.4%

1 May 2005

 Cyprus

None; €870 ($1006) per month for shop assistants, nurses' assistants, clerks, hairdressers, and nursery assistants; it rises to €924 ($1069) after six months' employment. For asylum seekers working as unskilled workers in the agricultural sector, the minimum monthly wage was 425 euros ($570) with accommodation and food provided. For skilled workers in the agricultural sector, the minimum salary was 767 euros ($1040) without accommodation and food.[8]

48

2017

 Czech Republic

12,200.00 Czech koruna ($568) per month, or 73.20 koruna ($3.4) per hour.[77]

7003651200000000000♠6,512

7004106620000000000♠10,662

40

7000313000000000000♠3.13

7000513000000000000♠5.13

7001307000000000000♠30.7%

1 January 2018

 Denmark

None; instead, negotiated between unions and employer associations; the average minimum wage for all private and public sector collective bargaining agreements was approximately DKK 110 (nominally $16) per hour, exclusive of pension benefits.[8][78]

37.5

2017

 Djibouti

None; canceled by the 2006 Labor Code for occupational categories, establishing that wages be set after common agreement between employers and employees. For public sector workers, minimum wage was 35,000 DFJ ($198) per month.[8][79]

48

2017

 Dominica

EC$4.00 ($1.50) per hour.[8][80][81]

7003308100000000000♠3,081

7003422300000000000♠4,223

40

7000148000000000000♠1.48

7000202999999999999♠2.03

7001386000000000000♠38.6%

1 June 2008

 Dominican Republic

8,310Dominican pesos ($166) per month in the FTZs and between 9,412 pesos ($188) and 15,448 pesos ($309) outside the FTZs, depending upon the size of the company; 5,884 pesos ($117) per month for the public sector; 320 pesos ($6) a day for farm workers who are covered by minimum wage regulations based on a 10-hour day, with the exception of sugarcane workers who received 146 pesos based on an eight-hour workday.[8][82][83]

7002878000000000000♠878

7003187200000000000♠1,872

44

6999380000000000000♠0.38

6999820009999900000♠0.82

7001123000000000000♠12.3%

2017

 Ecuador

US$451 per month (for a 12 month average, including 13th and 14th salaries). The minimum wage has been set by the government at $386 per month for the year 2018, but a worker also receives a 13th and a 14th salary.[84]

7003541200000000000♠5,412

7003887200000000000♠8,872

40

7000260000000000000♠2.6

7000426999999999999♠4.27

7001789000000000000♠78.9%

1 January 2018

 Egypt

None; for the public sector the minimum wage is LE1,200 ($68) per month.[8]

48

2017

 El Salvador

The minimum wage was set by the government at $304.17 monthly in 2018.[8][16][85]

7003365000000000000♠3,650

7003701900000000000♠7,019

44

7000160000000000000♠1.6

7000307000000000000♠3.07

7001815000000000000♠81.5%

1 January 2018

 Equatorial Guinea

129,035 CFA franc ($224).[8]

7003266000000000000♠2,660

7003447900000000000♠4,479

48

7000107000000000000♠1.07

7000179000000000000♠1.79

7001172000000000000♠17.2%

2017

 Eritrea

None; 360 Eritrean nakfa ($23.3) per month in the public sector.[8]

44.5

2017

 Estonia

€500 ($581) per month, or €2.97 ($3) per hour.[16][48][86]

7003651900000000000♠6,519

7003947900000000000♠9,479

40

7000313000000000000♠3.13

7000455990000099999♠4.56

7001319000000000000♠31.9%

1 January 2018

 Ethiopia

None; some government institutions and public enterprises set their own minimum wages: public sector employees, the largest group of wage earners, earned a monthly minimum wage of 420 Ethiopian birr ($21); employees in the banking and insurance sector had a minimum monthly wage of 336 birr ($18).[8]

48

2017

 Federated States of Micronesia

None; US$2.65 per hour for employment with the national government; all states have a minimum hourly wage for government workers: $2.00 in Pohnpei, $1.25 in Chuuk, $1.42 in Kosrae, and $1.60 in Yap; $1.75 for private sector workers in Pohnpei.[8]

40

2015

 Fiji

FJ$2.68 per hour.[87][88]

7003323200000000000♠3,232

7003522600000000000♠5,226

48

7000129000000000000♠1.29

7000209009999900000♠2.09

7001574000000000000♠57.4%

30 September 2017

 Finland

None; however, the law requires all employers, including non-unionized ones, to pay minimum wages agreed to in collective bargaining agreements; almost all workers are covered under such arrangements.[8]

40

2017

 France

€1,498.47 ($1734) per month, €9.88 ($11) per hour.[48][89]

7004202720000000000♠20,272

7004206690000000000♠20,669

35

7001111400000000000♠11.14

7001113600000000000♠11.36

7001500000000000000♠50%

1 January 2018

 Gabon

150,000 CFA francs ($255) per month; government workers received an additional monthly allowance of 20,000 CFA francs ($34) per child; government workers also received transportation, housing, and family benefits; the law does not mandate housing or family benefits for private sector workers.[8][90]

7003309200000000000♠3,092

7003486500000000000♠4,865

40

7000149000000000000♠1.49

7000234000000000000♠2.34

7001269000000000000♠26.9%

1 February 2010

 The Gambia

50 dalasi ($1.25) per day.[8]

7002317000000000000♠317

7002958000000000000♠958

48

6999130000000000000♠0.13

6999380000000000000♠0.38

7001571000000000000♠57.1%

2017

 Georgia

20 Georgian lari ($8) per month for private sector workers which has remained unchanged since the early 1990s; 115 lari ($48) per month for public employees.[8]

7001960000000000000♠96

7002282000000000000♠282

40

6998500000000000000♠0.05

6999140000000000000♠0.14

7000280000000099999♠2.8%

2017

 Germany

€8.84 ($10) per hour. A higher minimum wage is often set by collective bargaining agreements and enforceable by law.[16]

7004209890000000000♠20,989

7004224300000000000♠22,430

40.5[91]

7000997000000000000♠9.97

7001106500000000000♠10.65

7001459000000000000♠45.9%

1 January 2017

 Ghana

9.68 Ghanaian cedis ($1.7) per day.[16][8][92]

7002579000000000000♠579

7003176000000000000♠1,760

40

6999280000000000000♠0.28

6999850000000000000♠0.85

7001410000000000000♠41%

1 January 2018

 Greece

€683.76 ($762)per month in 12 payments, €586 ($653) per month in 14 payments, or €4.23 ($4.8) per hour.[48][93]

7003925000000000000♠9,250

7004120660000000000♠12,066

40

7000445000000000000♠4.45

7000580000000000000♠5.8

7001451000000000000♠45.1%

1 January 2013

 Grenada

Minimum wage schedules set pay by occupation; for example, the minimum wage for domestic workers, for example, was EC$4.50 per hour, while that for a security guard was EC$8.00 per hour.[8]

40

2017

 Guatemala

81.87 Guatemalan quetzales ($10.9) per day for agricultural and nonagricultural work and 74.89 quetzales ($10.0) per day for work in export-sector regime factories. Minimum wage earners also are due a mandatory monthly bonus of 250 quetzales ($33), and salaried workers receive two mandatory yearly bonuses (the bono 14 and the Christmas bonus), each equivalent to one month's salary.[8][16]

7003412700000000000♠4,127

7003697400000000000♠6,974

48

7000165000000000000♠1.65

7000279000000000000♠2.79

7001878000000000000♠87.8%

1 January 2016

 Guernsey

£7.20 per hour ($8.79) for those aged 18+  £6.50 per hour ($8.49) for those aged 17–18.[94]

1 January 2017

 Guinea

The labor code allows the government to set a minimum hourly wage; however, the government has not exercised this provision except for setting the minimum wage for domestic workers at 440,000 GNF ($62) per month.[8]

48

2017

 Guinea-Bissau

19,030 CFA francs ($30) per month plus a bag of rice[8]

7002392000000000000♠392

7002935000000000000♠935

45

6999170000000000000♠0.17

6999400000000000000♠0.4

7001581000000000000♠58.1%

2017

 Guyana

G$35,000 ($168 USD) per month, or G$1,616 ($7 USD) per day, or G$202 ($1 USD) per hour.[95]

7003203500000000000♠2,035

7003320400000000000♠3,204

40

6999980000000000000♠0.98

7000154000000000000♠1.54

7001409000000000000♠40.9%

1 July 2013

 Haiti

290 Haitian gourdes per day for servants for an eight-hour workday; 400 Haitian gourdes per day for segment A industries; 350 Haitian gourdes per day for segment B industries; 290 Haitian gourdes per day for segment C industries; 350 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that re-export; and 350 Haitian gourdes per day for companies with piece work that exports.[96][8][97][98][99]

7003142900000000000♠1,429

7003319400000000000♠3,194

48

6999569999999900000♠0.57

7000128000000000000♠1.28

7002179100000000000♠179.1%

1 August 2017

 Honduras

Minimum wages ranged from a low of 6,096.71 Honduran lempiras per month, 25.41 lempiras per hour to 10,698.30 lempiras per month, 44.58 lempiras per hour.[8][16][100]

7003247500000000000♠2,475

7003494800000000000♠4,948

44

7000108000000000000♠1.08

7000216000000000000♠2.16

7002104500000000000♠104.5%

1 January 2018

 Hong Kong

HK$34.50 (US$4.5) per hour is the minimum wage in Hong Kong.[101]

7003924500000000000♠9,245

7004111260000000000♠11,126

40

7000444000000000000♠4.44

7000535000000099999♠5.35

7001190000000000000♠19%

1 May 2017

 Hungary

138,000 HUF ($530) per month for unskilled labor, 180,500 HUF ($695) per month for skilled labor.[16][102][103][104][105]

7003603400000000000♠6,034

7004110850000000000♠11,085

40

7000290000000000000♠2.9

7000533000000000000♠5.33

7001415000000000000♠41.5%

1 January 2018

 Iceland

None; minimum wages are negotiated in various collectively bargained agreements and applied automatically to all employees in those occupations, regardless of union membership; while the agreements can be either industry- or sector-wide, and in some cases firm-specific, the minimum wage levels are occupation-specific.[8][48]

40

2017

 India

Varied from 160 rupees ($2.40) per day in Bihar to 750 rupees ($11.31) per day in Kerala. State governments set a separate minimum wage for agricultural workers.[8] The minimum wages are set according to Minimum Wages Act, 1948.[106]

7002767000000000000♠767

7003249800000000000♠2,498

48

6999310000000000000♠0.31

7000100000000000000♠1

7001380000000000000♠38%

2015

 Indonesia

Established by provincial and district authorities, which vary by province, district, and sector; the lowest minimum wage is in the province of Yogyakarta at rupiah 1,454,154 ($98) per month and the highest is in Jakarta at rupiah 3,648,035 ($248) per month.[16]
[107]

7003130400000000000♠1,304

7003350000000000000♠3,500

40

6999630000000000000♠0.63

7000168000000000000♠1.68

7001301000000000000♠30.1%

1 January 2018

 Iran

1,111,269 Iranian tomans (equal to 11,112,690 rials, and to $266) per month effective on the 2017 Persian New year;[108][109][110] set annually for each industrial sector and region. The standard workweek is 44 hours, and any work over 48 entitles the worker to overtime.[8]

7003401300000000000♠4,013

7004110830000000000♠11,083

44[111]

7000175000000000000♠1.75

7000484000000000000♠4.84

7001556000000000000♠55.6%

21 March 2018

 Iraq

250,000 Iraqi dinars ($214) per month.[8]

7003253400000000000♠2,534

7003522200000000000♠5,222

40

7000122000000000000♠1.22

7000250990000099999♠2.51

7001301000000000000♠30.1%

2014

 Ireland

€9.55 ($11) per hour, with sub-minimal rates for those under 18 (70% of minimum), and for those over 18 in first year of employment (80%), in second year of employment (90%), and in certain types of training (75% to 90%).[112]

7004218350000000000♠21,835

7004193670000000000♠19,367

39[113]

7001107700000000000♠10.77

7000955000000000000♠9.55

7001271000000000000♠27.1%

1 January 2018

 Isle of Man

£7.50 per hour ($9.15) for those aged 21+  £6.85 per hour ($8.36) for those aged 18–20.[114]

1 April 2017

 Israel

₪5,300 Israeli new shekel ($1,472) per month; or ₪29.12 Israeli new shekel ($8.09) per hour.[115]

7004176670000000000♠17,667

7004143890000000000♠14,389

42

7000809000000000000♠8.09

7000659000000000000♠6.59

7001386000000000000♠38.6%

1 April 2018

 Italy

None; instead set through collective bargaining agreements on a sector-by-sector basis.[dubious  – discuss][8]

40

2017

 Jamaica

J$6,200 ($49 USD) per week.[8][116][117]

7003252000000000000♠2,520

7003404300000000000♠4,043

40

7000121000000000000♠1.21

7000194000000000000♠1.94

7001458000000000000♠45.8%

1 March 2016

 Japan

Ranges from 737 – 958 Japanese yen ($6.6–8.6) per hour; set on a prefectural and industry basis.[118][119]

7004136660000000000♠13,666

7004143070000000000♠14,307

40

7000657000000000000♠6.57

7000688000000000000♠6.88

7001338009999900000♠33.8%

14 October 2017

 Jordan

220 Jordanian dinars ($310) per month.[120]

7003371800000000000♠3,718

7003800000000000000♠8,000

48

7000149000000000000♠1.49

7000321000000000000♠3.21

7001884000000000000♠88.4%

12 February 2017

 Kazakhstan

28,284 Kazakhstani tenge ($78) per month.[8][16][121]

7003104100000000000♠1,041

7003298700000000000♠2,987

40

6999500000000000000♠0.5

7000144000000000000♠1.44

7001118000000000000♠11.8%

1 January 2018

 Kenya

Set by the government by location, age and skill level; the lowest agricultural minimum wage for unskilled employees was 6,415.55 Kenyan shillings per month, 269.40 per day, excluding housing allowance.[8][16][122][123]

7002745000000000000♠745

7003165600000000000♠1,656

52

6999280000000000000♠0.28

6999610000000000000♠0.61

7001525000000000000♠52.5%

1 May 2017

 Kiribati

AUD$1.30 per hour for local businesses and companies, while the minimum wage for overseas-funded projects is AUD$3.00 an hour[8][124]

7003208000000000000♠2,080

7003238900000000000♠2,389

40

7000100000000000000♠1

7000115000000099999♠1.15

7002113300000000000♠113.3%

1 November 2016

 North Korea

Averaging 5,000 – 10,000 North Korean won ($5.5 – $11.1) per day.[125]

2014

 South Korea

7,530 won ($6) per hour,[126] although the effective comparable minimum wage is higher at 9,200 won ($8) per hour[127] due to a mandatory weekly paid holiday for people that work more than 15 hours per week, a law that is absent in other developed countries.[128] The law applies equally to foreign, temporary or young  workers covering all industries and regions nationwide and is scheduled to increase to 8,350 won ($7) per hour, or 10,020 won ($9) per hour if weekly paid holidays are included.[129] As of 1 January 2019.[130]

7004138550000000000♠13,855

7004156040000000000♠15,604

40

7000666000000000000♠6.66

7000750000000000000♠7.5

7001427000000000000♠42.7%

1 January 2018

 Kosovo

€170 ($224) per month for workers between 35 and 65 years of age; €130 ($150) for workers under 35 years of age.[8][131]

7003230000000000000♠2,300

7003622000000000000♠6,220

40

7000111000000000000♠1.11

7000299000000000000♠2.99

7001618000000000000♠61.8%

17 August 2011

 Kuwait

60 Kuwaiti dinars ($216) per month.[8][132]

7003240000000000000♠2,400

7003360000000000000♠3,600

48

6999960000000000000♠0.96

7000144000000000000♠1.44

7000480000000000000♠4.8%

14 April 2010

 Kyrgyzstan

1140 Kyrgyzstani som ($14) per month, nominally; used for administrative purpose.[8][133][134][135]

7002199000000000000♠199

7002661000000000000♠661

40

6999100000000000000♠0.1

6999320000000000000♠0.32

7001186000000000000♠18.6%

1 January 2017

 Laos

800,000 Lao kip ($100) per month; additionally, employers were required to pay a 30,000-kip ($3.74) meal allowance per day. The minimum wage for civil servants and state enterprise employees was last increased to 1,400,000 kip ($170) per month.[8][136][137]

7003201200000000000♠2,012

7003518000000000000♠5,180

48

6999810000000000000♠0.81

7000208000000000000♠2.08

7001791009999900000♠79.1%

2014

 Latvia

€430 ($513) per month.[138]

7003581700000000000♠5,817

7003905300000000000♠9,053

40

7000280000000099999♠2.8

7000435000000099999♠4.35

7001354000000000000♠35.4%

1 January 2018

 Lebanon

675,000 pounds ($446) per month, or 30,000 pounds ($19) per day.[8][139]

7003537300000000000♠5,373

7003894700000000000♠8,947

48

7000215000000000000♠2.15

7000358000000000000♠3.58

7001625000000000000♠62.5%

1 February 2012

 Lesotho

1,178 maloti ($102) per month to 1,285 maloti ($112) per month; varied by sector.[8]

7003106000000000000♠1,060

7003302700000000000♠3,027

45

6999450000000000000♠0.45

7000129000000000000♠1.29

7002102600000000000♠102.6%

2014

 Liberia

15 Liberian dollars ($0.31) per hour not exceeding 8 hours per day, excluding benefits, for unskilled laborers; 5,600 LD ($114) per month for civil servants.[8]

7002332000000000000♠332

7002474000000000000♠474

48

6999130000000000000♠0.13

6999190000000000000♠0.19

7001583000000000000♠58.3%

2014

 Libya

450 Libyan dinars ($325) per month; the government heavily subsidizes rent and utilities.[8][140][141][142]

7003388500000000000♠3,885

7003777000000000000♠7,770

40

7000187000000000000♠1.87

7000374000000000000♠3.74

7002133900000000000♠133.9%

1 March 2011

 Liechtenstein

None[8]

48

2014

 Lithuania

€400 ($462) per month, €2.45 ($2.8) per hour.[143]

7003574500000000000♠5,745

7003999200000000000♠9,992

40

7000275990000099999♠2.76

7000480000000000000♠4.8

7001335000000000000♠33.5%

1 January 2018

 Luxembourg

€1,998.59 ($2312) per month, €11.5525 ($13) per hour for unskilled workers over 18; increased by 20% for a skilled employee; decreased by 20% to 25% in the case of an adolescent worker.[16][48][144][145]

7004270900000000000♠27,090

7004237910000000000♠23,791

40

7001130200000000000♠13.02

7001114400000000000♠11.44

7001232000000000000♠23.2%

1 January 2018

 Republic of Macedonia

10,500 Macedonian denars ($182) per month.[93][146][147]

7003230500000000000♠2,305

7003548800000000000♠5,488

40

7000111000000000000♠1.11

7000264000000000000♠2.64

7001367000000000000♠36.7%

1 March 2016

 Madagascar

133,013.40 Malagasy ariary per month, 767.40 ariary per hour for non-agricultural workers; 134,920.00 ariary per month, 674.60 ariary per hour for agricultural workers.[8][16]

7002462000000000000♠462

7003160100000000000♠1,601

41[148]

6999220000000000000♠0.22

6999750000000000000♠0.75

7002106300000000000♠106.3%

1 January 2015

 Malawi

MK 687.70 per day.[8][16][149]

7002294000000000000♠294

7003103500000000000♠1,035

48

6999120000000000000♠0.12

6999410009999900000♠0.41

7001886000000000000♠88.6%

1 January 2016

 Malaysia

RM1000 ($244) per month, or RM4.81 ($1.1) per hour on the peninsula; and RM920 ($224) per month, or RM4.42 ($1.0) per hour for the states of Sabah, Sarawak, and Labuan.[150][151] To be fully enforced on July 1, 2016.

7003223500000000000♠2,235

7003578900000000000♠5,789

48[8]

6999900000000000000♠0.9

7000232000000099999♠2.32

7001209009999900000♠20.9%

1 July 2016

 Maldives

None; 3,100 Maldivian rufiyaa ($242) per month in the government sector.[8]

48

2014

 Mali

28,465 CFA francs ($57), supplemented by a required package of benefits, including social security and health care.[8]

7002587000000000000♠587

7003156000000000000♠1,560

48[152]

6999240000000000000♠0.24

6999620000000000000♠0.62

7001734000000000000♠73.4%

2014

 Malta

€778.34 ($905) per month, or €169.76 ($197) per week; combined with an annual mandatory bonus of €270.20 ($314) and a €242.32 ($281) annual cost of living increase, automatically adjusted for inflation.[153][154]

7004105300000000000♠10,530

7004141520000000000♠14,152

40

7000505990000099999♠5.06

7000680000000000000♠6.8

7001373009999900000♠37.3%

1 January 2017

 Marshall Islands

US$2.00 per hour for government and private sector employees.[8][155]

7003416000000000000♠4,160

7003390200000000000♠3,902

40[156]

7000200000000000000♠2

7000188000000000000♠1.88

7001970000000000000♠97%

6 March 1986

 Mauritania

3,000 Mauritanian Ouguiya (30,000 Old Ouguiya, $83.8 in 2017 terms) per month for adults.[157][158]

7003100600000000000♠1,006

7002295000000000000♠295

40

6999480000000000000♠0.48

6999140000000000000♠0.14

7000770000000000000♠7.7%

2011

 Mauritius

607 Mauritian rupees ($20) per week for an unskilled worker in the Export Processing Zone(EPZ); 794 rupees ($26) per week for an unskilled factory worker outside the EPZ; set by the government by sector, and increased each year based on the inflation rate.[8]

7002915000000000000♠915

7003162200000000000♠1,622

45

6999390000000000000♠0.39

6999690009999900000♠0.69

7000770000000000000♠7.7%

2014

 Mexico

80.04 Mexican pesos ($3.94) per day.[16][159]

7003120400000000000♠1,204

7003225400000000000♠2,254

48

6999480000000000000♠0.48

6999900000000000000♠0.9

7001130000000000000♠13%

1 January 2016

 Moldova

1900 Moldovan lei ($96) per month in the private sector; 1000 lei ($50) per month in the public sector.[8][160][161][162]

7002649000000000000♠649

7003174900000000000♠1,749

40

6999310000000000000♠0.31

6999840000000000000♠0.84

7001328009999900000♠32.8%

1 May 2015

 Monaco

€1,753.21 ($2039) per month, or €10.37 ($12) per hour; same as the French minimum wage, plus a 5% adjustment.[163]

7004234870000000000♠23,487

39

7001117200000000000♠11.72

17%[164]

1 January 2018

 Mongolia

240,000 Mongolian tögrög ($98) per month.[8][165]

7003118000000000000♠1,180

7003346700000000000♠3,467

40

6999569999999900000♠0.57

7000167000000000000♠1.67

7001283000000000000♠28.3%

1 January 2017

 Montenegro

€193 ($215) per month.[8][166]

7003260200000000000♠2,602

7003538600000000000♠5,386

40

7000125000000000000♠1.25

7000259000000000000♠2.59

7001305000000000000♠30.5%

1 May 2013

 Morocco

3 000 MADs ($310) per month[167] in public sector, 2 570.86 MAD ($265) per month in private sector,[168] 69,73 MAD ($7) per day for agricultural workers.[169]

7003370900000000000♠3,709

7003855600000000000♠8,556

44[170]

7000162000000000000♠1.62

7000374000000000000♠3.74

7002108900000000000♠108.9%

1 July 2015

 Mozambique

Set for nine different economic sectors; ranges from 3,002 Mozambican meticias ($51) per month in the public sector, to 7,465 meticias ($129) per month in the financial sector.[8][16]

7002567000000000000♠567

7003181800000000000♠1,818

40

6999270000000000000♠0.27

6999870000000000000♠0.87

7002149400000000000♠149.4%

1 May 2014

 Myanmar

3,600 Myanmar kyat per day, 450 Myanmar kyat per hour.[8][171][172]

7002757000000000000♠757

7003301100000000000♠3,011

44

6999330000000000000♠0.33

7000132000000000000♠1.32

7001526000000000000♠52.6%

1 September 2015

 Namibia

None; the mining, construction, security and agricultural sectors set basic levels of pay through collective bargaining.[8]

45

2014

 Nauru

None; there is a graduated salary system for public service officers and employees, none for private-sector workers.[8]

40[173]

2014

   Nepal

8,000 Nepalese rupees ($74) per month.[8][174]

7002919000000000000♠919

7003262000000000000♠2,620

48

6999370000000000000♠0.37

7000105000000000000♠1.05

7002105700000000000♠105.7%

10 June 2013

 Netherlands

€1,578.00 ($1826) per month, €364.15 ($421) per week, €72.83 ($84) per day, and €9.11 ($10) per hour for persons 22 and older (in a 40-hours work week, a work week with less hours has a higher minimum wage per hour); between 30–85% of this amount for persons aged 15–22.[175][176]

7004213480000000000♠21,348

7004212760000000000♠21,276

40[177]

7001102600000000000♠10.26

7001102300000000000♠10.23

7001421000000000000♠42.1%

1 January 2018

 New Zealand

NZ$16.50 ($11) per hour for workers 18 years old or older, and NZ$13.20 ($8) per hour for those aged 16 or 17 or in training; there is no statutory minimum wage for employees who are under 16 years old.[178]

7004255210000000000♠25,521

7004219410000000000♠21,941

40

7001122700000000000♠12.27

7001105500000000000♠10.55

7001569000000000000♠56.9%

1 April 2018

 Nicaragua

Set for nine different economic sectors; ranges from 3,187.43 Nicaraguan córdobas per month in the agricultural sector to 7,133.44 córdobas per month in the financial sector.[16]

7003127300000000000♠1,273

7003339700000000000♠3,397

48

6999510000000000000♠0.51

7000136000000000000♠1.36

7001613000000000000♠61.3%

1 September 2015

 Niger

30,047 CFA francs ($60) per month.[8][16]

7002619000000000000♠619

7003163300000000000♠1,633

40

6999300000000000000♠0.3

6999780000000000000♠0.78

7002165500000000000♠165.5%

17 August 2012

 Nigeria

18,000 naira per month (was $115 but following the recent devaluation of the naira has fallen to $58, or $38 using the parallel market rate).[8][179]

7002708000000000000♠708

7003174700000000000♠1,747

40

6999340000000000000♠0.34

6999840000000000000♠0.84

7001298000000000000♠29.8%

1 January 2011

 Northern Cyprus

2365 Turkish lira ($506) per month (gross minimum wage).[180]

6600

40

1 March 2018

 Norway

None; wages normally fall within a national scale negotiated by labor, employers, and local governments.[8]

37.5

2014

 Oman

225 Omani rials ($592) per month plus allowances of 100 rials ($263) per month for citizens; does not apply to foreign workers.[8][181]

7004102630000000000♠10,263

7004195000000000000♠19,500

45

7000439000000099999♠4.39

7000833000000000000♠8.33

7001425000000000000♠42.5%

1 July 2013

 Pakistan

15000 Pakistani rupees ($158) per month.[8][16][37]

7003170700000000000♠1,707

7003561100000000000♠5,611

48

6999680000000000000♠0.68

7000225000000000000♠2.25

7002107200000000000♠107.2%

1 June 2016

 Palau

US$3.00 per hour; does not include foreign workers.[8][182]

7003624000000000000♠6,240

7003663800000000000♠6,638

40[183]

7000300000000000000♠3

7000319000000000000♠3.19

7001407000000000000♠40.7%

1 October 2014

 Palestine

₪1,450 ($384) per month;[184][185][186]

7003483300000000000♠4,833

45

7000207009999999999♠2.07

2014

 Panama

1.53 to 4.45 balboas ($1.53 – $4.45 USD) per hour, depending on region and sector. Food and the use of housing facilities were considered part of the salary for some workers, such as domestic and agricultural workers. Salaries for domestic workers ranged from 250 to 275 balboas ($250-$275 USD) per month. The agricultural and construction sectors received the lowest and highest minimum wages, respectively.[8][187][188]

7003381900000000000♠3,819

7003647300000000000♠6,473

48

7000153000000000000♠1.53

7000259000000000000♠2.59

7001281000000000000♠28.1%

1 January 2018

 Papua New Guinea

3.20 Papua New Guinean kina ($1) per hour.[8][189]

7003229500000000000♠2,295

7003279500000000000♠2,795

44[190]

7000100000000000000♠1

7000122000000000000♠1.22

7001668000000000000♠66.8%

1 August 2014

 Paraguay

1,964,507 Paraguayan guaraníes ($348) per month; The law discriminates against domestic workers, who are legally entitled to only 40 percent of the minimum wage. The law mandates that housing and food be counted towards domestic worker's salary.[8][16][191][192]

7003389600000000000♠3,896

7003842600000000000♠8,426

48

7000156000000000000♠1.56

7000338000000000000♠3.38

7001881000000000000♠88.1%

1 March 2014

 Peru

850 Peruvian nuevos soles ($294) per month.[8][16]

7003312900000000000♠3,129

7003586200000000000♠5,862

48

7000125000000000000♠1.25

7000235000000000000♠2.35

7001450000000000000♠45%

1 June 2012

 Philippines

Ranges from 243 PhP ($4.8) daily non-plantation agricultural wage in Ilocos Region, to 512 PhP ($10) daily non-agricultural wage in Metro Manila.[193]

7003125400000000000♠1,254

7003312800000000000♠3,128

48[194]

6999500000000000000♠0.5

7000125000000000000♠1.25

7001401000000000000♠40.1%

5 October 2017

 Poland

2,100 PLN ($620) monthly. 13.7 PLN ($4) per hour.[195][16]

7003666700000000000♠6,667

7004134040000000000♠13,404

40

7000321000000000000♠3.21

7000644000000000000♠6.44

7001490000000000000♠49%

1 January 2018

 Portugal

€677 per month ($791) in 12 payments; €580 per month ($699) in 14 payments for full-time workers, rural workers, and domestic employees ages 18 and older.[196]

7003784700000000000♠7,847

7004102350000000000♠10,235

40

7000377000000000000♠3.77

7000492000000000000♠4.92

7001334000000000000♠33.4%

1 January 2018

 Qatar

None; the labor law provides the emir with authority to set a minimum wage, but he did not do so.[8]

48

2013

 Romania

1900 lei ($502.11) per month; else 11.4 lei ($3.01) per hour for a full-time schedule of 168 hours per month. See Minimum wage in Romania.[197]

7003563000000000000♠5,630

7004120630000000000♠12,063

40

7000271000000000000♠2.71

7000580000000000000♠5.8

7001524000000000000♠52.4%

1 January 2018

 Russia

11163 ruble ($178) per month.{)[16][198]

7003127600000000000♠1,276

7003299200000000000♠2,992

40

6999610000000000000♠0.61

7000144000000000000♠1.44

7001121000000000000♠12.1%

1 May 2018

 Rwanda

None; ranges from 500 to 1,000 Rwandan francs ($0.83 to $1.66) per day in the tea industry and 1500 to 5000 francs ($2.50 to $8.30) per day in the construction industry.[8]

45

2013

 Saint Kitts and Nevis

EC$9.00 per hour.[8][199][200]

7003693300000000000♠6,933

7003908700000000000♠9,087

40[201]

7000333000000000000♠3.33

7000437000000000000♠4.37

7001344000000000000♠34.4%

1 November 2014

 Saint Lucia

Minimum wage for some sectors; EC$300 ($111) per month for office clerks; EC$200 ($74) for shop assistants; EC$160 ($59) for messengers.[8]

40

2013

 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Set sector by sector; for example, EC$56 ($20.74) per day for agriculture workers (shelter not provided); EC$40 ($14.81) per day for industrial workers; and EC$25 per day for household domestic workers.[8][202][203]

7003240700000000000♠2,407

7003335100000000000♠3,351

40

7000116000000099999♠1.16

7000161000000000000♠1.61

7001292000000000000♠29.2%

1 July 2008

 Samoa

WST$2.00 ($0.89) per hour for the private sector; WST$2.65 ($1.18) for the public sector.[8]

7003164400000000000♠1,644

7003223700000000000♠2,237

40

6999790000000000000♠0.79

7000108000000000000♠1.08

7001351000000000000♠35.1%

2012

 San Marino

€1501.49 ($1735) per month; or €9.24 ($10) per hour for the lowest paying industry[204][8][205]

7004202450000000000♠20,245

7004234000000000000♠23,400

37.5[206]

7001103800000000000♠10.38

7001120000000000000♠12

7001384000000000000♠38.4%

1 January 2017

 São Tomé and Príncipe

None; 750,000 São Tomé and Príncipe dobras ($40) per month for civil servants[79]

2013

 Saudi Arabia

3,000 Saudi riyals ($800) per month for public sector; does not apply to foreign workers. There are no minimum wage in private sector.[8][207]

7003960000000000000♠9,600

7004185570000000000♠18,557

48

7000385000000000000♠3.85

7000743000000000000♠7.43

7001341000000000000♠34.1%

2 February 2013

 Senegal

209.10 CFA francs ($0.42) per hour for general workers and 182.95 CFA francs ($0.37) per hour for agricultural workers.[8][16][208]

7002654000000000000♠654

7003161700000000000♠1,617

40

6999310000000000000♠0.31

6999780000000000000♠0.78

7001630000000000000♠63%

1 January 1996

 Serbia

22,620 Serbian dinars ($223) net monthly. Also, 130 Serbian dinars ($1.1) per hour net, and 175 Serbian dinars ($1.5) per hour gross.[8][209][210]

7003337800000000000♠3,378

7003739500000000000♠7,395

40

7000162000000000000♠1.62

7000356000000000000♠3.56

7001509000000000000♠50.9%

1 January 2017

 Seychelles

SR26.70 ($1.9) per hour for all workers other than casual workers; SR30.78 ($2.1) per hour for casual workers.[8][211][212]

7003406900000000000♠4,069

7003643500000000000♠6,435

40[213]

7000196000000000000♠1.96

7000309000000000000♠3.09

7001227000000000000♠22.7%

1 January 2014

 Sierra Leone

500,000 Sierra Leonean leones ($57) per month.[8][214][215][216]

7003118100000000000♠1,181

7003260200000000000♠2,602

40

6999569999999900000♠0.57

7000125000000000000♠1.25

7002176200000000000♠176.2%

1 January 2015

 Singapore

None.[8] However, two exceptions were made recently: 1) Cleaner jobs to have a minimum wage of 1,000 Singapore dollars ($729) per month effective January 2014.[217] 2) Security guards to have a minimum wage of 1,100 SGD ($802) per month effective September 2016.[218]

44

2013

 Slovakia

€480 ($577) per month, or €2.75 ($3.3) per hour.[16][219]

7003644900000000000♠6,449

7004104000000000000♠10,400

40

7000310000000000000♠3.1

7000500000000000000♠5

7001341000000000000♠34.1%

1 January 2018

 Slovenia

€842.79 ($1,050) per month.[16][48][220]

7004108900000000000♠10,890

7004144170000000000♠14,417

40

7000524000000000000♠5.24

7000693000000000000♠6.93

7001441000000000000♠44.1%

27 January 2018

 Solomon Islands

SI$4.00 ($0.55) per hour for all workers except those in the fishing and agricultural sectors, who received SI$3.20 per hour.[8]

7002949000000000000♠949

7002955000000000000♠955

45

6999410009999900000♠0.41

6999410009999900000♠0.41

7001427000000000000♠42.7%

1 May 2008

 Somalia

None.[8]

48

2013

 South Africa

Not mandatory, but recommended minimum wage in private sector is 2,474 rand ($155)[221] per month except domestic and farm works' wages 1,500 rand ($95),.[8][222]

45

2013

 South Sudan

None.[223]

2011

 Spain

€858.55 ($1051) per month in 12 payments, €735.90 ($901) per month in 14 payments.[48][224]

7004116150000000000♠11,615

7004139220000000000♠13,922

40

7000558000000000000♠5.58

7000669000000000000♠6.69

7001383009999900000♠38.3%

1 January 2018

 Sri Lanka

10,000 rupees (US$70.75) per month.[16]

7002787000000000000♠787

7003241400000000000♠2,414

45

6999340000000000000♠0.34

7000103000000000000♠1.03

7001196000000000000♠19.6%

1 January 2016

 Sudan

425 Sudanese pounds ($70) per month.[125]

7002763000000000000♠763

7003108700000000000♠1,087

40

6999370000000000000♠0.37

6999520000000000000♠0.52

7001230000000000000♠23%

2008

 Suriname

None; SRD 600 ($180) per month is the lowest wage for civil servants.[8]

45

2013

 Swaziland

531.6 Swazi emalangeni ($76.50) per month for a domestic worker; 420 emalangeni ($60.50) a month for an unskilled worker; 600 emalangeni ($86.50) a month for a skilled worker.[79]

7002694000000000000♠694

7003112800000000000♠1,128

48

6999330000000000000♠0.33

6999540000000000000♠0.54

7001190000000000000♠19%

2011

 Sweden

None; in Sweden the law provides for the right of workers to form and join independent unions to bargain wages collectively, and it prohibits antiunion discrimination.[8]

40

2017

  Switzerland

20 Swiss francs ($20.18) per hour in Canton Jura and Neuchâtel, the rest of the country has no minimum wage.[225] There are a minority of the voluntary General Labour Contracts (GLC, collective labour agreements), reached on a sector-by-sector basis,[226] contain minimum compensation clauses, which provide for compensation ranging from CHF 2,200 to 4,200 ($2,363 to $4,511) per month for unskilled workers and CHF 2,800 to 5,300 ($3,010 to $5,693) per month for skilled employees.[8] On 18 May 2014, Swiss voters rejected a federalinitiative (by 76.3%) that would have enforced GLCs for every sector and set the hourly minimum wage at CHF 22 ($24.65) or (PPP-adjusted: $12.55).[227][228]

41.7[229][230]

2014

 Syria

9,765 to 14,760 Syrian pounds ($176–$266) per month, plus benefits, including compensation for meals, uniforms, and transportation.[79]

7003211200000000000♠2,112

7003285000000000000♠2,850

40

7000102000000000000♠1.02

7000137000000000000♠1.37

7001540000000000000♠54%

2013

 Taiwan

The minimum wage in Taiwan is NT$22,000 ($741.84 USD) per month; NT$140 ($4.7 USD) per hour.[231][232]

7003836600000000000♠8,366

7004182720000000000♠18,272

40

7000401999999999999♠4.02

7000878000000099999♠8.78

7001380000000000000♠38%

1 January 2018

 Tajikistan

250 Tajikistani somoni ($31) per month, plus certain government subsidies for workers and their families.[79][233]

7002351000000000000♠351

7003128800000000000♠1,288

40

6999170000000000000♠0.17

6999620000000000000♠0.62

7001432000000000000♠43.2%

1 September 2013

 Tanzania

Varies by sector from 40,000 Tanzanian shillings ($17) per month, to 400,000 shillings ($174) per month.[8][16]

7002215000000000000♠215

7002593000000000000♠593

45[234]

6998900000000000000♠0.09

6999250000000000000♠0.25

7001213000000000000♠21.3%

1 July 2013

 Thailand

Ranges from 300 Thai baht ($8) per day and up, depending on the cost of living in various provinces; set by provincial tripartite wage committees that sometimes include only employer representatives.[235][236][237]

7003275800000000000♠2,758

7003730100000000000♠7,301

48

7000110000000000000♠1.1

7000293000000000000♠2.93

7001432000000000000♠43.2%

1 January 2013

 Timor-Leste

US$115 per month.[8][238]

7003138000000000000♠1,380

7003212300000000000♠2,123

44

6999600000000000000♠0.6

6999930000000000000♠0.93

7001992000000000000♠99.2%

22 June 2012

 Togo

35,000 ($70) CFA francs per month.[8][16]

7002722000000000000♠722

7003179600000000000♠1,796

40

6999350000000000000♠0.35

6999860000000000000♠0.86

7002120500000000000♠120.5%

1 January 2012

 Tonga

None[8]

40

2013

 Trinidad and Tobago

TT$15.00 ($2.36) per hour.[239]

7003460200000000000♠4,602

7003550300000000000♠5,503

40

7000221000000000000♠2.21

7000265000000000000♠2.65

7001167000000000000♠16.7%

1 January 2015

 Tunisia

For the industrial sector: 340 Tunisian dinars ($140) per month for a 48-hour workweek and 290 dinars ($120) per month for a 40‑hour workweek; 9 dinars ($3.70) to 14 dinars ($5.7) per day for agricultural workers; supplemented with transportation and family allowances.[79]

7003103100000000000♠1,031

7003300700000000000♠3,007

48

6999410009999900000♠0.41

7000120000000000000♠1.2

7001259000000000000♠25.9%

2011

 Turkey

2029.50 Turkish lira per month (gross minimum wage). Net minimum wage after taxes is 1603.12 Turkish lira per month. Employer pays 2384.66 Turkish Lira per month including taxes and health insurance.[240]

7003667200000000000♠6,672

7004152210000000000♠15,221

45

7000285000000000000♠2.85

7000650000000000000♠6.5

7001603000000000000♠60.3%

1 January 2018

 Turkmenistan

535 Turkmenistani manat ($156) per month.[8][241]

7003183400000000000♠1,834

7003484200000000000♠4,842

40

6999880000000000000♠0.88

7000233000000000000♠2.33

7001287000000000000♠28.7%

1 January 2015

 Tuvalu

None; the minimum annual salary in the public sector was approximately A$3,000 to A$4,000 ($3,120 to $4,160).[8]

2013

 Uganda

6,000 Ugandan shillings ($1.7) per month.[8][16][37]

7001200000000000000♠20

7001600000000000000♠60

40

6998100000000000000♠0.01

6998300000000000000♠0.03

7000330000000000000♠3.3%

1 January 1984

 Ukraine

₴3723 (UAH) ($142.67) per month, 22.41 hryvnias ($0.86) per hour.[16][242]

7003168000000000000♠1,680

7003755900000000000♠7,559

40

6999810000000000000♠0.81

7000363000000000000♠3.63

7001914000000000000♠91.4%

1 January 2018

 United Arab Emirates

None.[8]

48

2013

 United Kingdom

£7.83 per hour ($11.03) for those aged 25+  £7.38 per hour ($10.39) for those aged 21–24, £5.90 per hour ($8.31) for those aged 18–20, £4.20 per hour ($5.92) for under 18, £3.70 per hour ($5.21) for apprentices aged 16 to 18 and those aged 19 or over who are in their first year.[243]

7004218130000000000♠21,813

7004212680000000000♠21,268

40

7001104900000000000♠10.49

7001102300000000000♠10.23

7001499000000000000♠49.9%

1 April 2018

 United States

The federal nationwide minimum wage in the United States is US$7.25 per hour.[244] States may also set a minimum, in which case the higher of the two is controlling; some territories are exempt and have lower rates.[245] The lowest minimum wage in the country is in Wyoming and Georgia state at $5.15 per hour.[246][247] Since January 1, 2017, Seattle, Washington, has the highest minimum wage in the United States at $15 an hour.[248]

7004150800000000000♠15,080

7004150800000000000♠15,080

40

7000725000000000000♠7.25

7000725000000000000♠7.25

7001262000000000000♠26.2%

24 July 2009

 Uruguay

10,000 Uruguayan pesos ($349) per month. 500 pesos ($17) per day. 50 pesos ($1.7) per hour.[8][249][250]

7003435100000000000♠4,351

7003532700000000000♠5,327

48

7000174000000000000♠1.74

7000213000000000000♠2.13

7001246000000000000♠24.6%

1 January 2015

 Uzbekistan

107,635 Uzbekistani som ($35) per month.[8][251]

7002503000000000000♠503

7003134800000000000♠1,348

40

6999240000000000000♠0.24

6999650000000000000♠0.65

7001207000000000000♠20.7%

1 September 2014

 Vanuatu

30,000 Vanuatu vatu ($323) per month, 170 vatu per hour.[8][252]

7003333100000000000♠3,331

7003304100000000000♠3,041

40

7000160000000000000♠1.6

7000146000000000000♠1.46

7001987000000000000♠98.7%

20 August 2012

 Venezuela

392,646.46 Venezuelan bolívares (BsF) per month, with a pension of 915,000 BsF.[253] 392,647 and 915,000 BsF BsF are $1.77 and $4.06 at the open market exchange rate, which the government considers illegal, or $10.70 and $24.95 at the individually inaccessible for the citizens government exchange rate of 36,677.00 (exchange rate known as SIMADI or DICOM).[254]

7001200000000000000♠20

7000300000000000000♠3

40

6998100000000000000♠0.01

5000000000000000000♠0

5000000000000000000♠0%

1 November 2017

 Vietnam

Varies by region; Region I: VND 3,980,000 per month; Region II: VND 3,530,000 per month; Region III: VND 3,090,000 per month and Region IV: VND 2,760,000 per month.[8][16]

7003152600000000000♠1,526

7003367600000000000♠3,676

40

6999730000000000000♠0.73

7000177000000000000♠1.77

7001584000000000000♠58.4%

1 January 2018

 Yemen

None; the minimum civil service wage was 21,000 rials ($100) per month.

48

2013

 Zambia

Varies by sector; 522,400 Zambian kwacha per month for domestic workers, K1,132,400 per month for shopkeepers, and between K1,132,400 and K2,101,039 for general workers' in categories one to five – which includes receptionists and clerks, among others (wages are inclusive transportation, lunch, and housing allowances).[255][256] Note that the references seem to refer to the old kwacha, which was replaced by the new kwacha in 2012 at the rate 1 new kwacha = 1000 old kwacha.

7002658000000000000♠658

7003167200000000000♠1,672

48

6999260000000000000♠0.26

6999670000000000000♠0.67

7001425000000000000♠42.5%

4 July 2012

 Zimbabwe

None, except for agricultural and domestic workers; government regulations for each of the 22 industrial sectors specify minimum wages. The minimum wage for all mine workers is currently pegged at $227 per month.[125]

2012

tag: table


document_title: Potions in Harry Potter

question_text: what potion did harry potter take to get slughorn's memories

question_tokens: what potion did harry potter take to get slughorn 's memories

text: Potions in Harry Potter

text: List of potions[edit]

text: Amortentia[edit]

text: Amortentia is a love potion[1] that does not create actual love, but gives the drinker a powerful obsession and infatuation with the giver of the potion. It is usually either forced upon someone or covertly given. As a rule of thumb the longer a love potion awaits consumption, the stronger the effects will be, as seen in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince when Ron Weasley mistakenly eats a box of Chocolate Cauldrons spiked with the intense love potion intended for Harry previously bought from Weasley's Wizard Wheezes. The potion's aroma is unique to each person who consumes it, as it smells like whatever attracts each individual, e.g. Hermione Granger says that she smells spearmint toothpaste, freshly cut grass and a piece of fresh parchment in the movies. In the books, she does not say spearmint toothpaste as the third aroma but instead blushes. (she smelled Ron's hair according to later clarification by the author). It can also be identified by its characteristic spirals of steam and its mother-of-pearl sheen, as noted by Hermione. Unless constantly administered, its effects eventually wear off.

text: Confusing Concoction[edit]

text: A Confusing Concoction will cause the drinker to become confused, distracted[2] and sick. During potions in his third year in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry has to brew this potion but cannot manage to thicken it. Harry sees Severus Snape scribble something on a clipboard that "looks suspiciously like a zero."

text: Draught of Living Death[edit]

text: When a person drinks the Draught of Living Death, they go into a deep sleep so strong that they appear to be dead,[1][3] hence the name. It is made from powdered root of asphodel which is added to an infusion of wormwood, and was first mentioned in Harry's first potions lesson with Snape in Harry Potter and the Philosophers Stone. It was later mentioned in his first Potions lesson with Horace Slughorn in Half-Blood Prince when Harry receives top marks in Horace Slughorn's first NEWT (Nastily Exhausting Wizarding Tests) Potions class for brewing this potion so well, having used the handwritten advice in the Half-Blood Prince's book. He is then awarded a small bottle of the potion Felix Felicis as a prize. This potion is described as changing in colour during the process of being made. It has a texture and consistency akin to that of clear water. A process of examining the potency of the potion is to drop a new or fresh leaf in it – the leaf is instantaneously reduced to ashes.

text: Draught of Peace[edit]

text: The Draught of Peace provides personal comfort,[1] calms anxiety and soothes agitation. In Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Snape sets the potion as one of his lessons. It is a very difficult potion to make as the ingredients have to be added in a very specific order, the mixture has to be stirred exactly the right number of times and the heat of the flames on which it is simmering has to be lowered to exactly the right level for the right number of minutes before the final ingredient is added. Hannah Abbott had to have this potion in Order of the Phoenix to reduce her anxiety over the upcoming Ordinary Wizarding Levels (O.W.L.s).

text: Felix Felicis[edit]

text: Felix Felicis, more commonly known as Liquid Luck, grants whoever drinks it unusually good luck.[1] The time span of this luck depends on the amount imbibed. Liquid Luck is one of the hardest potions to make, as noted by Horace Slughorn; "It has to be cooked for 6 months on an extremely complicated formula, and if you make a tiniest mistake, the consequences are severe". Because of its properties, it is banned in all sporting events, competitions and examinations. In Rowling's original narrative, the potion looks akin to liquid gold. However, in the movie adaptation it is clear and water-like. Slughorn also noted that excessive consumption results in side effects that include giddiness and overzealousness, among other effects that are related to overconfidence. In Half-Blood Prince, Harry pretends to give some to Ron so that he will do well at Quidditch. Ron's luck turns for the better, with the confidence working as a placebo. Harry does use most of it later in the same novel in order to extract the true memory about Tom Riddle and Horcruxes from Slughorn (though it also has the pleasant side effect of causing Dean Thomas and Ginny Weasley to end their relationship), and the rest is shared between Ron, Hermione, Neville Longbottom and Ginny the night Death Eaters break into Hogwarts.

text: Hiccoughing Potion[edit]

text: Hiccoughing Potion (Hiccuping Potion in the American edition) is a simple potion and one of the first that Snape instructs his first-years to brew in The Philosopher's Stone. The potion, referred to by name, stops excessive hiccoughing in a matter of seconds.

text: Pepperup Potion[edit]

text: A Pepperup Potion is designed to improve health,[1] relieve coughs and colds, though it does have one major side effect: it causes steam to dribble from the patient's ears for several hours afterward. It is also used to quickly elevate body temperature, as shown after the second task in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and mentioned in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets.

text: Polyjuice Potion[edit]

text: The Polyjuice Potion allows the drinker to assume the appearance of someone else[4] for an hour or more depending on the quantity. The potion only causes a physical transformation of the drinker, but clothing and voice is not affected. Its ingredients include fluxweed, knotgrass, lacewing flies, leeches, powdered Bicorn horn, and shredded Boomslang skin. The final component is a bit of the individual to be impersonated; strands of hair are most often used for this purpose.

text: Its taste and appearance depends on the person's good character that is being impersonated (for example, the potion becomes golden for Harry but grey and clumpy for Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle, and as for Harry, the potion is delicious, but when Harry and Ron drink to impersonate Crabbe and Goyle, Goyle's tasted like overcooked cabbage). It is first used in Chamber of Secrets to allow Harry and Ron to transform into Crabbe and Goyle so that they can question Draco Malfoy about the Heir of Slytherin. The potion is one of the complicated ones, as it needs a month to be cooked.

text: In Goblet of Fire, Barty Crouch, Jr. uses it to disguise himself as Mad-Eye Moody all year long, keeping a flask of the potion on him at all times.

text: In Half-Blood Prince, Crabbe and Goyle use the potion multiple times to disguise themselves as young girls while guarding the Room of Requirement.

text: In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, it is first used to transform members of the Order into Harry look-alikes, creating decoys for Lord Voldemort and the Death Eaters. Fleur Delacour, Hermione, Fred Weasley, George Weasley, Ron, and Mundungus Fletcher serve as the doppelgangers. Later, Harry uses some hair from a local Muggle boy in Ottery St. Catchpole to disguise himself at Bill Weasley and Fleur's wedding as a fictitious Weasley relative named "Barny Weasley." Harry, Ron, and Hermione use it to infiltrate the Ministry of Magic by disguising themselves as Ministry officials: Harry poses as Albert Runcorn, an investigator of Muggle-borns; Ron poses as Reginald Cattermole, a worker at the Magical Maintenance Department whose wife is being put on trial by Dolores Umbridge; and Hermione poses as Mafalda Hopkirk, Umbridge's secretary. While visiting Godric's Hollow, Harry and Hermione disguise themselves as a middle-aged Muggle couple; it is last seen when Hermione disguises herself as Bellatrix Lestrange to break into her vault at Gringotts (However, the potion wears off due to the magic waterfall known as the "Thief's Downfall" in Gringotts that washes every spell or potion that is active, as well as Hermione's disguise).

text: Polyjuice Potion only works correctly when done on human-to-human transfiguration, as Hermione discovers in Chamber of Secrets when she inadvertently takes a dose containing cat hair, giving her the furry face and tail of a cat. Such a transformation is always incomplete and occasionally irreversible.

text: In the books, the potion changes the drinker's voice to match that of the target, as well as any disabilities such as poor eyesight or amputations. The films contradict this point, probably for the sake of character clarity: Harry and Ron retain their own voices after using the potion in Chamber of Secrets; the same is true in Deathly Hallows – Part 1 during the scene of the seven Potters and while infiltrating the Ministry.

text: Skele-Gro[edit]

text: Skele-Gro is a medicinal potion that can regrow missing or removed bones,[5] though it tastes terrible and the process is very slow and extremely painful. In Chamber of Secrets, the Bludger breaks Harry's arm while he plays Quidditch and Gilderoy Lockhart, the incompetent Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher, accidentally removes his bones instead of mending them. As a result, Harry takes a dose of the potion and spends the night in the hospital wing.

text: In Deathly Hallows, the goblin Griphook's legs are broken in the escape from Malfoy Manor. Luna Lovegood uses Skele-Gro to repair them.

text: Sleekeazy's Hair Potion[edit]

text: Sleekeazy's Hair Potion is a beauty treatment used by witches to smooth and straighten hair.[6] Hermione uses it during the Yule Ball in Goblet of Fire before meeting Viktor Krum. This is part of her three-hour beauty regimen to prepare for the ball; although it is very effective, Hermione later confesses to Harry that using the potion is "way too much bother" for daily use. According to Pottermore, the potion was created by Harry's grandfather, Fleamont Potter.[7]

text: Veritaserum[edit]

text: Veritaserum is a very powerful truth potion.[8][9] The name "Veritaserum" derives from the Latin word Veritas, meaning truth. Three drops of this potion are all that is needed to force anyone to respond to any question with the truth. It is first used on Barty Crouch Jr. in Goblet of Fire, in Order of the Phoenix, Umbridge demands the potion to use it while interrogating Harry about who he contacted, but is thwarted by Snape who claims he has none left having given her an entire bottle earlier in the book (although that bottle was a placebo). In Half-Blood Prince, Harry considers using the potion to get Slughorn to reveal his memories about Voldemort, but thinks better of it; and in Deathly Hallows Rita Skeeter uses the potion to extract the story of Dumbledore's childhood from Bathilda Bagshot. Rowling has revealed on her fansite that Veritaserum can be fooled using Occlumency and is hence not usually accepted in general practice in wizard courts.

text: Wolfsbane[edit]

text: In Prisoner of Azkaban, Severus Snape brews this for Remus Lupin to help him retain his sanity when he changes into a werewolf. It causes a werewolf in wolf form to act like that of a tired wolf.


document_title: Orbital spaceflight

question_text: speed a rocket has to be accelerated to in order to launch a satellite into orbit of the earth

text: Orbital spaceflight

text: Orbital launch[edit]

text:
Orbital human spaceflight

Name
Debut
Launches

Vostok
1961
6

Mercury
1962
4

Voskhod
1964
2

Gemini
1965
10

Soyuz
1967
147

Apollo
1968
21

Shuttle
1981
135

Shenzhou
2003
4

text: Orbital spaceflight from Earth has only been achieved by launch vehicles that use rocket engines for propulsion. To reach orbit, the rocket must impart to the payload a delta-v of about 9.3–10 km/s. This figure is mainly (~7.8 km/s) for horizontal acceleration needed to reach orbital speed, but allows for atmospheric drag (approximately 300 m/s with the ballistic coefficient of a 20 m long dense fueled vehicle), gravity losses (depending on burn time and details of the trajectory and launch vehicle), and gaining altitude.

text: The main proven technique involves launching nearly vertically for a few kilometers while performing a gravity turn, and then progressively flattening the trajectory out at an altitude of 170+ km and accelerating on a horizontal trajectory (with the rocket angled upwards to fight gravity and maintain altitude) for a 5-8 minute burn until orbital velocity is achieved. Currently, 2-4 stages are needed to achieve the required delta-v. Most launches are by expendable launch systems.

text: The Pegasus rocket for small satellites instead launches from an aircraft at an altitude of 12 km.

text: There have been many proposed methods for achieving orbital spaceflight that have the potential of being much more affordable than rockets. Some of these ideas such as the space elevator, and rotovator, require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Other proposed ideas include ground accelerators such as launch loops, rocket assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as Reaction Engines Skylon, scramjet powered spaceplanes, and RBCC powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.

text: From 2015 SpaceX have demonstrated significant progress in their more incremental approach to reducing the cost of orbital spaceflight. Their potential for cost reduction comes mainly from pioneering propulsive landing with their reusable rocket booster stage as well as their Dragon capsule, but also includes reuse of the other components such as the payload fairings and the use of 3D printing of a superalloy to construct more efficient rocket engines, such as their SuperDraco. The initial stages of these improvements could reduce the cost of an orbital launch by an order of magnitude.[1]

text: Stability[edit]

text: An object in orbit at an altitude of less than roughly 200 km is considered unstable due to atmospheric drag. For a satellite to be in a stable orbit (i.e. sustainable for more than a few months), 350 km is a more standard altitude for low Earth orbit. For example, on 1958-02-01 the Explorer 1 satellite was launched into an orbit with a perigee of 358 kilometers (222 mi).[2] It remained in orbit for more than 12 years before its atmospheric reentry over the Pacific Ocean on 1970-03-31.

text: However, the exact behaviour of objects in orbit depends on altitude, their ballistic coefficient, and details of space weather which can affect the height of the upper atmosphere.

text: Orbits[edit]

text: There are three main 'bands' of orbit around the Earth: low Earth orbit (LEO), medium Earth orbit (MEO) and geostationary orbit (GEO).

text: Due to Orbital mechanics orbits are in a particular, largely fixed plane around the Earth, which coincides with the center of the Earth, and may be tilted with respect to the equator. The Earth rotates about its axis within this orbit, and the relative motion of the spacecraft and the movement of the Earths surface determines the position that the spacecraft appears in the sky from the ground, and which parts of the Earth are visible from the spacecraft.

text: By dropping a vertical down to the Earth's surface it is possible to calculate a ground track which shows which part of the Earth a spacecraft is immediately above, and this is useful for helping to visualise the orbit.

text: Orbital maneuver[edit]

text: In spaceflight, an orbital maneuver is the use of propulsion systems to change the orbit of a spacecraft. For spacecraft far from Earth—for example those in orbits around the Sun—an orbital maneuver is called a deep-space maneuver (DSM).

text: Deorbit and re-entry[edit]

text: Returning spacecraft (including all potentially manned craft) have to find a way of slowing down as much as possible while still in higher atmospheric layers and avoid hitting the ground (lithobraking) or burning up. For many orbital space flights, initial deceleration is provided by the retrofiring of the craft's rocket engines, perturbing the orbit (by lowering perigee down into the atmosphere) onto a suborbital trajectory. Many spacecraft in low-Earth orbit (e.g., nanosatellites or spacecraft that have run out of station keeping fuel or are otherwise non-functional) solve the problem of deceleration from orbital speeds through using atmospheric drag (aerobraking) to provide initial deceleration. In all cases, once initial deceleration has lowered the orbital perigee into the mesosphere, all spacecraft lose most of the remaining speed, and therefore kinetic energy, through the atmospheric drag effect of aerobraking.

text: Intentional aerobraking is achieved by orienting the returning space craft so as to present the heat shields forward toward the atmosphere to protect against the high temperatures generated by atmospheric compression and friction caused by passing through the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds. The thermal energy is dissipated mainly by compression heating the air in a shockwave ahead of the vehicle using a blunt heat shield shape, with the aim of minimising the heat entering the vehicle.

text: Sub-orbital space flights, being at a much lower speed, do not generate anywhere near as much heat upon re-entry.

text: Even if the orbiting objects are expendable, most space authorities are pushing toward controlled re-entries to minimize hazard to lives and property on the planet.

text: History[edit]

text:
Sputnik 1 was the first human-made object to achieve orbital spaceflight. It was launched on 4 October 1957 by the Soviet Union.
Vostok 1, launched by the Soviet Union on 12 April 1961, carrying Yuri Gagarin, was the first successful human spaceflight to reach Earth orbit.
Vostok 6, launched by the Soviet Union on 16 June 1963, carrying Valentina Tereshkova, was the first successful woman carrying out a spaceflight to reach Earth orbit.

tag: ul