document_title: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

question_text: when was the last time the detroit lions lost on thanksgiving

text: NFL on Thanksgiving Day

text: History[edit]

text: The concept of American football games being played on Thanksgiving Day dates back to 1876, shortly after the game had been invented, as it was a day that most people had off from work. In that year, the college football teams at Yale and Princeton began an annual tradition of playing each other on Thanksgiving Day.[1] The University of Michigan also made it a tradition to play annual Thanksgiving games, holding 19 such games from 1885 to 1905.[2][3][4][5][6] The Thanksgiving Day games between Michigan and the Chicago Maroons in the 1890s have been cited as "The Beginning of Thanksgiving Day Football."[7] In some areas, high-school teams play on Thanksgiving, usually to wrap-up the regular-season.

text: By the time football had become a professional event, playing on Thanksgiving had already become an institution. Records of pro football being played on Thanksgiving date back to as early as the 1890s, with the first pro–am team, the Allegheny Athletic Association of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1902, the "National" Football League, a Major League Baseball-backed organization based entirely in Pennsylvania and unrelated to the current NFL, attempted to settle its championship over Thanksgiving weekend; after the game ended in a tie, eventually all three teams in the league claimed to have won the title. Members of the Ohio League, during its early years, usually placed their marquee matchups on Thanksgiving Day. For instance, in 1905 and 1906 the Latrobe Athletic Association and Canton Bulldogs, considered at the time to be two of the best teams in professional football (along with the Massillon Tigers), played on Thanksgiving. A rigging scandal with the Tigers leading up to the 1906 game led to severe drops in attendance for the Bulldogs and ultimately led to their suspension of operations. During the 1910s, the Ohio League stopped holding Thanksgiving games because many of its players coached high school teams and were unavailable. This was not the case in other regional circuits: in 1919, the New York Pro Football League featured a Thanksgiving matchup between the Buffalo Prospects and the Rochester Jeffersons. The game ended in a scoreless tie, leading to a rematch the next Sunday for the league championship.

text: Several other NFL teams played regularly on Thanksgiving in the first eighteen years of the league, including the Chicago Bears and Chicago Cardinals (1922–33; the Bears played the Lions from 1934 to 1938 while the Cardinals switched to the Green Bay Packers for 1934 and 1935), Frankford Yellow Jackets, Pottsville Maroons, Buffalo All-Americans, Canton Bulldogs (even after the team moved to Cleveland they played the 1924 Thanksgiving game in Canton), and the New York Giants (1929–38, who always played a crosstown rival). The first owner of the Lions, George A. Richards, started the tradition of the Thanksgiving Day game as a gimmick to get people to go to Lions football games, and to continue a tradition begun by the city's previous NFL teams.[8] What differentiated the Lions' efforts from other teams that played on the holiday was that Richards owned radio station WJR, a major affiliate of the NBC Blue Network; he was able to negotiate an agreement with NBC to carry his Thanksgiving games live across the network.[9]

text: During the Franksgiving controversy in 1939 and 1940, the only two teams to play the game were the Pittsburgh Steelers and Philadelphia Eagles, as both teams were in the same state (Pennsylvania). (At the time, then-president Franklin Roosevelt wanted to move the holiday for economic reasons and many states were resistant to the move; half the states recognized the move and the other half did not. This complicated scheduling for Thanksgiving games. Incidentally, the two teams were also exploring the possibility of a merger at the time.[10]) Because of the looming World War II and the resulting shorter seasons, the NFL did not schedule any Thanksgiving games in 1941, nor did it schedule any in the subsequent years until the war ended in 1945. When the Thanksgiving games resumed in 1945, only the Lions' annual home game would remain on the Thanksgiving holiday. In 1951, the Packers began a thirteen-season run as the perpetual opponent to the Lions each year through 1963.

text: The All-America Football Conference and American Football League, both of which would later be absorbed into the NFL, also held Thanksgiving contests, although neither of those leagues had permanent hosts. Likewise, the AFL of 1926 also played two Thanksgiving games in its lone season of existence, while the AFL of 1936 hosted one in its first season, which featured the Cleveland Rams, a future NFL team, and the 1940–41 incarnation of the American Football League played two games in 1940 on the earlier "Franksgiving" date.

text: In 1966, the Dallas Cowboys, who had been founded six years earlier, adopted the practice of hosting Thanksgiving games. It is widely rumored that the Cowboys sought a guarantee that they would regularly host Thanksgiving games as a condition of their very first one (since games on days other than Sunday were uncommon at the time and thus high attendance was not a certainty).[11] This is only partly true; Dallas had in fact decided to host games on Thanksgiving by their own decision because there was nothing else to do or watch on that day. In 1975 and 1977, at the behest of then-Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the St. Louis Cardinals replaced Dallas as a host team (Dallas then hosted St. Louis in 1976). Although the Cardinals, at the time known as the "Cardiac Cards" due to their propensity for winning very close games, were a modest success at the time, they were nowhere near as popular nationwide as the Cowboys, who were regular Super Bowl contenders during this era. This, combined with St. Louis's consistently weak attendance, a series of ugly Cardinals losses in the three-game stretch, and opposition from the Kirkwood–Webster Groves Turkey Day Game (a local high school football contest) led to Dallas resuming regular hosting duties in 1978; it was then, after Rozelle asked Dallas to resume hosting Thanksgiving games, that the Cowboys requested (and received) an agreement guaranteeing the Cowboys a spot on Thanksgiving Day forever.[12]

text: Notwithstanding the aforementioned St. Louis-hosted games in 1975 and 1977, the two "traditional" Thanksgiving Day pro football games since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger have then been in Detroit and Dallas. Because of TV network commitments in place through the 2013 season, to make sure that both the AFC-carrying network (NBC from the 1970 merger to 1997, and CBS since 1998) and the NFC-carrying network (CBS from the 1970 merger to 1993, and Fox since 1994) got at least one game each, one of these games was between NFC opponents, and one featured AFC-NFC opponents. Thus, the AFC could showcase only one team on Thanksgiving, and the AFC team was always the visiting team.

text: Since 2006, a third NFL game on Thanksgiving has been played at night. It originally aired on the NFL Network as part of its Thursday Night Football package until 2011; NBC began carrying the night game in 2012. The Thanksgiving night game has no fixed opponents or conferences, enabling the league to freely choose whatever marquee match-up to feature on that night. The 2012 changes also allowed both Dallas and Detroit in the future to offer NFC games (one would be played at night), and CBS can offer a game with two AFC teams. In 2014, the NFL added the cross-flex rule, allowing CBS to televise NFC away games, and Fox to broadcast AFC away games, under select circumstances on Sunday afternoons;[13][14] however, this did not cover the Thanksgiving contests.[15] CBS also signed a separate contract to carry Thursday Night Football from the 2014 season onward, which allowed that network to carry games from either conference on Thursdays;[16] from that year through 2016, CBS carried all-NFC contests every year on Thanksgiving, and in 2014 and 2015, no AFC teams played in any of the Thanksgiving games.

text: The NFL's flexible scheduling rule currently does not apply for Thanksgiving games; however, the NFL in theory could in the future apply the rule to change start times and networks for the three games.

text: Throwback uniforms[edit]

text: Since 2001 teams playing on Thanksgiving have worn throwback uniforms on numerous occasions. In some years (namely 2002), it extended to nearly all games of the weekend, and in some cases also involved classic field logos at the respective stadiums.

text: In 2001–2004, and again in 2008, 2010, and 2017 the Detroit Lions have worn throwback uniforms based on their very early years.

text: From 2001 to 2003, Dallas chose to represent the 1990s Cowboys dynasty by wearing the navy "Double-Star" jersey not seen since 1995. In 2004, the team wore uniforms not seen since 1963. In 2009, to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the AFL, both Dallas and Oakland played in a "AFL Legacy Game." In 2013, the Cowboys intended to wear their 1960s throwbacks, but chose not to do so after the NFL adopted a new policy requiring players and teams to utilize only one helmet a season to address the league's new concussion protocol; rather than sport an incomplete throwback look, the Cowboys instead wore their standard blue jerseys at home for the first time since 1963.[17] In 2015, the Cowboys resurrected their 1994 white "Double-Star" jerseys only this time wore them with white pants as part of the league's "Color Rush", a trial run of specially-designed, monochromatic jerseys to be worn during Thursday games.[18]

text: Memorable games[edit]

text:
1920: An urban legend states that the Chicago Tigers and Decatur Staleys challenged each other to a Thanksgiving duel, in Chicago, in the league's inaugural season, with the loser being relegated out of the league at the end of the season, purportedly explaining why the Tigers were the only NFL team to fold after the 1920 season (no other team would fold until 1921). The claims of it being a duel are unsubstantiated and no evidence exists that the Tigers were ever officially league members; nevertheless, the Tigers, after a 27–0 win over the non-league Thorn Tornadoes the next week, never played football again. The Staleys would move to Chicago during the next season, later renaming themselves the Bears.
1921: In a matchup of two of the league's best teams, the Staleys lose to the Buffalo All-Americans at home. The Staleys demand a rematch, with Buffalo agreeing to a December match only on the terms of it being considered an off-the-record exhibition game. That later match, which Chicago won, ended up counting despite the All-Americans' insistence, controversially handing Chicago the championship.
1952: The Dallas Texans are forced to move their lone remaining home game to the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio as the undercard to a high school football contest. Their opponent for that game, the Chicago Bears, underestimated the then-winless Texans and sent their second string team to the game; the Texans scored a 27–23 upset over the Bears for their only win of their existence.
1962: The Lions handed the 10–0 Green Bay Packers their lone defeat of the season.
1964–65: The 1964 and 1965 AFL contests featured the Buffalo Bills and San Diego Chargers, the two teams that would eventually meet in those years' American Football League Championship Games.
1974: Unknown Cowboys backup quarterback Clint Longley took over for an injured Roger Staubach with the team down 16–3 and rallied them to an improbable victory over Washington on two deep passes.
1976: The Bills offense put forth one of the best and the worst performances in Thanksgiving history. O. J. Simpson set the NFL record for most rushing yards in a single game, with 273. However, Bills backup quarterback Gary Marangi completed only 4 of 21 pass attempts, for 29 yards passing, and a rating of 19.7. The Lions defeated the Bills 27-14.[19]
1980: With the Lions and Bears tied 17-17 at the end of regulation, the game went to overtime, the first Thanksgiving game to do so (overtime was not added to the NFL regular season until 1974), and the first overtime game at the Silverdome. Bears running back Dave Williams returned the fifth-quarter opening kickoff 95 yards for a game-winning touchdown, ending the shortest overtime period in NFL history at the time.
1986: The Lions and the Packers had the highest scoring game in Thanksgiving history. It was the best day of receiver Walter Stanley's career; Stanley netted 207 all-purpose yards and three touchdowns, including an 83-yard punt return to win the game for Green Bay, 44–40. Stanley had an otherwise undistinguished career in the NFL.
1989: Known as the "Bounty Bowl", the Eagles crushed the Cowboys by a score of 27–0. Allegations surfaced that the Eagles had placed a bounty on the Cowboys kicker, thus becoming the first of a string of three bitterly contested games between the two teams, the other two being Bounty Bowl II and the Porkchop Bowl a year later.
1993: In one of the more famous Thanksgiving Day games in recent history, the Cowboys led the Dolphins 14–13 with just seconds remaining in a rare, snow-filled Texas Stadium. Miami's Pete Stoyanovich attempted a game winning 40-yard field goal that was blocked by the Cowboys' Jimmie Jones. Dick Enberg of NBC proclaimed "The Cowboys will win."[20] Indeed, since the kick landed beyond the line of scrimmage, once the ball stopped moving the play would be declared dead and Dallas would gain possession. However, the ball landed and began spinning on its tip, leading Cowboys lineman Leon Lett to try to gain possession. Lett slipped, fell, and knocked the ball forward. By rule, the ball was live and the Dolphins fell on it at the two yard line. With the recovery, Stoyanovich got a second chance to win the game and hit the much shorter field goal. The Dolphins won 16–14.[21]
1994: Troy Aikman was injured and third-string quarterback Jason Garrett was forced to start for Dallas against the Green Bay Packers. The Cowboys won a 42–31 shoot-out against Brett Favre.
1998: In another controversial Thanksgiving Day game, the Steelers and Lions went to overtime tied 16–16. Pittsburgh's Jerome Bettis called the coin toss in the air, but head referee Phil Luckett awarded Detroit the ball after Bettis tried to call both heads and tails at the same time. The Lions went on to kick a field goal on the first possession, winning 19–16. As a result of the fiasco, team captains are now required to call the coin toss before the coin is tossed, and a later rule change now prevents teams from automatically winning a game by scoring a field goal on the first possession. The day also saw a memorable performance by the Minnesota Vikings in a 46–36 win over the Dallas Cowboys as Vikings rookie Randy Moss caught three touchdowns, all of over 50 yards.
2008: The 10–1 Titans routed the 0–11 Lions by a score of 47–10, one of the most lopsided results in history on Thanksgiving. The Lions would go on to finish the season 0–16.
2011: The trio of games[22] was lauded as one of the better Thanksgiving Day slates of games in NFL history.[23] The night game between Baltimore and San Francisco pitted head coaches and brothers John and Jim Harbaugh against each other – a preview of Super Bowl XLVII.
2012: The prime time contest became infamous for the "Butt fumble", an incident in which Jets quarterback Mark Sanchez ran headfirst into the buttocks of his own offensive lineman. He subsequently fumbled the ball; it was recovered by New England, who returned it for a touchdown. In the earlier game, one of the NFL's most infamous rule changes came when former Lions coach Jim Schwartz challenged a play in which Texans running back Justin Forsett's knee clearly touched the ground before sprinting for an 81-yard touchdown. Referee Walt Coleman stated that, by rule, scoring plays are automatically reviewed and the play was not challengeable by a coach. Because of the improper attempted challenge, the review was cancelled and Coleman assessed a 15-yard kickoff penalty for unsportsmanlike conduct. The NFL then passed a new rule that stated that if a coach attempted to challenge a play that is automatically reviewed, the review would continue. It was called the 'Jim Schwartz rule'.

text: Home team controversy[edit]

text: It has remained a tradition for Dallas and Detroit to host the afternoon games dating back several decades. However, in recent years, other teams have expressed interest in hosting Thanksgiving games. Lamar Hunt, the former owner of the Chiefs (who had hosted Thanksgiving games from 1967–69 as an AFL team prior to the merger), lobbied heavily in favor of his team hosting a game on the holiday. When the NFL adopted a third, prime time game, the Chiefs were selected as the first team to host such a contest, but the team was not made a permanent host, and Hunt's death shortly after the 2006 contest ended the lobbying on behalf of that team.

text: The host issue came to a head in 2008, focusing particularly on the winless Lions. Going into the game, Detroit had lost their last four Thanksgiving games, and opinions amongst the media had suggested removing Detroit and replacing them with a more attractive matchup.[24][25] The team also required an extension to prevent a local television blackout.[26] The Lions were routed by Tennessee 47–10, en route to the team's 0–16 season.[27] NFL commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed that the Lions would stay on Thanksgiving for the 2009 season, but kept the issue open to revisit in the future.[28][29]

text: Conversely, the Dallas Cowboys, who typically represent a larger television draw,[30] have had much fewer public calls to be replaced on Thanksgiving. One issue that has been debated is a perceived unfair advantage of playing at home on Thanksgiving.[31] The advantage is given in the form of an extra day of practice for the home team while the road team has to travel to the game site. This is true for most Thursday games, but with the night games, the visitor can travel to the game site after practice and hold the final walk-thru the following morning.

text: With the introduction of the prime time game, which effectively allows all teams in the league an opportunity to play on Thanksgiving, along with the introduction of year-long Thursday Night Football ensuring all teams have one Thursday game during the regular season (thus negating any on-field advantages or disadvantages to being selected for Thanksgiving), the calls for Detroit and Dallas to be removed have curtailed.

text: Game results[edit]

text: (Winning teams are denoted by boldface type; tie games are italicized.)

text:
All three of the generally recognized iterations of the American Football League that played during this era (AFL I in 1926, AFL II in 1936 and AFL III in 1940) played Thanksgiving games, which are also listed as indicated.
Non-NFL team games between league teams and non league teams counted in the 1920 standings. The All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks later joined the league as the Tonawanda Kardex, albeit only for one game.
Thanksgiving fell on the final Thursday in November until 1938 and was held on two conflicting days from 1939 to 1941.

text:
Season
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score

Nov. 25, 1920
Canton Bulldogs
0
Akron Pros
7

Decatur Staleys
6
Chicago Tigers
0

Detroit Heralds
0
Dayton Triangles
28

Columbus Panhandles
0
Elyria Athletics*
0

Hammond Pros
0
Chicago Boosters*
27

All-Tonawanda *
14
Rochester Jeffersons
3

Nov. 24, 1921
Canton Bulldogs
14
Akron Pros
0

Buffalo All-Americans
7
Chicago Staleys
6

Nov. 30, 1922
Buffalo All-Americans
21
Rochester Jeffersons
0

Chicago Bears
0
Chicago Cardinals
6

Milwaukee Badgers
0
Racine Legion
3

Oorang Indians
18
Columbus Panhandles
6

Akron Pros
0
Canton Bulldogs
14

Nov. 29, 1923
Toledo Maroons
0
Canton Bulldogs
28

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
3

Hammond Pros
0
Green Bay Packers
19

Milwaukee Badgers
16
Racine Legion
0

Nov. 27, 1924
Buffalo Bisons
0
Akron Pros
22

Chicago Bears
21
Chicago Cardinals
0

Dayton Triangles
7
Frankford Yellowjackets
32

Milwaukee Badgers
10
Cleveland Bulldogs
(at Canton)
53

Green Bay Packers
17
Kansas City Blues
6

Nov. 26, 1925
Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
0

Kansas City Cowboys
17
Cleveland Bulldogs
(at Hartford)
0

Rock Island Independents
6
Detroit Panthers
3

Green Bay Packers
0
Pottsville Maroons
31

Nov. 25, 1926
New York Giants
17
Brooklyn Lions
0

Los Angeles Buccaneers
9
Detroit Panthers
6

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
0

Green Bay Packers
14
Frankford Yellowjackets
20

Providence Steam Roller
0
Pottsville Maroons
8

Akron Pros
0
Canton Bulldogs
0

(AFL I) Los Angeles Wildcats
0
Chicago Bulls
0

(AFL I) Philadelphia Quakers
13
New York Yankees
10

Nov. 24, 1927
Chicago Cardinals
3
Chicago Bears
0

Providence Steam Roller
0
Pottsville Maroons
6

Green Bay Packers
17
Frankford Yellowjackets
9

Cleveland Bulldogs
30
New York Yankees
19

Season
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score

Nov. 29, 1928
Providence Steam Roller
7
Pottsville Maroons
0

Dayton Triangles
0
Detroit Wolverines
33

Green Bay Packers
0
Frankford Yellow Jackets
2

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
34

Nov. 28, 1929
New York Giants
21
Staten Island Stapletons
7

Green Bay Packers
0
Frankford Yellow Jackets
0

Chicago Cardinals
40
Chicago Bears
6

Nov. 27, 1930
New York Giants
6
Staten Island Stapletons
7

Providence Steam Roller
12
Brooklyn Dodgers
33

Green Bay Packers
25
Frankford Yellowjackets
7

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
6

Nov. 26, 1931
Green Bay Packers
38
Providence Steam Roller
7

New York Giants
6
Staten Island Stapletons
9

Chicago Cardinals
7
Chicago Bears
18

Nov. 24, 1932
Green Bay Packers
7
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

New York Giants
13
Staten Island Stapletons
13

Chicago Cardinals
0
Chicago Bears
24

Nov. 30, 1933
New York Giants
10
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

Chicago Bears
22
Chicago Cardinals
6

Nov. 29, 1934
Green Bay Packers
0
Chicago Cardinals
6

New York Giants
27
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

Chicago Bears
19
Detroit Lions
16

Nov. 28, 1935
Green Bay Packers
7
Chicago Cardinals
9

New York Giants
21
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

Chicago Bears
2
Detroit Lions
14

Nov. 26, 1936
Chicago Bears
7
Detroit Lions
13

New York Giants
14
Brooklyn Dodgers
0

(AFL II) Cleveland Rams
7
Rochester Tigers
6

Nov. 25, 1937
Chicago Bears
13
Detroit Lions
0

New York Giants
13
Brooklyn Dodgers
13

Nov. 24, 1938
Chicago Bears
7
Detroit Lions
14

New York Giants
7
Brooklyn Dodgers
7

Nov. 23, 1939
Pittsburgh Pirates
14
Philadelphia Eagles
17

Nov. 21, 1940
(AFL III) New York Yankees
16
Columbus Bullies
17

(AFL III) Buffalo Tigers
13
Milwaukee Chiefs
30

Nov. 28, 1940
Pittsburgh Steelers
0
Philadelphia Eagles
7

tag: table

text:
No Thanksgiving games were held from 1941 to 1944 due to World War II.
Thanksgiving games were played on the fourth Thursday in November from 1945 onward.
The All-America Football Conference (AAFC) also played Thanksgiving games from 1946 to 1949.

text:
Season
League
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score

Nov. 22, 1945
NFL
Cleveland Rams
28
Detroit Lions
21

Nov. 28, 1946
NFL
Boston Yanks
34
Detroit Lions
10

AAFC
New York Yankees
21
Brooklyn Dodgers
7

Nov. 27, 1947
NFL
Chicago Bears
34
Detroit Lions
14

AAFC
Cleveland Browns
27
Los Angeles Dons
17

AAFC
San Francisco 49ers
21
Brooklyn Dodgers
7

Nov. 25, 1948
NFL
Chicago Cardinals
28
Detroit Lions
14

AAFC
Cleveland Browns
31
Los Angeles Dons
14

AAFC
Buffalo Bills
39
Chicago Rockets
35

Nov. 24, 1949
NFL
Chicago Bears
28
Detroit Lions
7

AAFC
New York Yankees
17
Los Angeles Dons
16

AAFC
Cleveland Browns
14
Chicago Hornets
6

Nov. 23, 1950
NFL
New York Yanks
14
Detroit Lions
49

Pittsburgh Steelers
28
Chicago Cardinals
17

Nov. 22, 1951
NFL
Green Bay Packers
35
Detroit Lions
52

Nov. 27, 1952
NFL
Green Bay Packers
24
Detroit Lions
48

Chicago Bears
23
Dallas Texans (at Akron, Ohio)
27

Nov. 26, 1953
NFL
Green Bay Packers
15
Detroit Lions
34

Nov. 25, 1954
NFL
Green Bay Packers
24
Detroit Lions
28

Nov. 24, 1955
NFL
Green Bay Packers
10
Detroit Lions
24

Nov. 22, 1956
NFL
Green Bay Packers
24
Detroit Lions
20

Nov. 28, 1957
NFL
Green Bay Packers
6
Detroit Lions
18

Nov. 27, 1958
NFL
Green Bay Packers
14
Detroit Lions
24

Nov. 26, 1959
NFL
Green Bay Packers
24
Detroit Lions
17

text:
The American Football League (AFL) also played Thanksgiving Day games during this decade.
The Dallas Cowboys started playing their traditional series in 1966.

text:
Season
League
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score

Nov. 24, 1960
NFL
Green Bay Packers
10
Detroit Lions
23

AFL
Dallas Texans
35
New York Titans
41

Nov. 23, 1961
NFL
Green Bay Packers
17
Detroit Lions
9

AFL
Buffalo Bills
14
New York Titans
21

Nov. 22, 1962
NFL
Green Bay Packers
14
Detroit Lions
26

AFL
New York Titans
46
Denver Broncos
45

Nov. 28, 1963
NFL
Green Bay Packers
13
Detroit Lions
13

AFL
Oakland Raiders
26
Denver Broncos
10

Nov. 26, 1964
NFL
Chicago Bears
27
Detroit Lions
24

AFL
Buffalo Bills
27
San Diego Chargers
24

Nov. 25, 1965
NFL
Baltimore Colts
24
Detroit Lions
24

AFL
Buffalo Bills
20
San Diego Chargers
20

Nov. 24, 1966
NFL
San Francisco 49ers
41
Detroit Lions
14

Cleveland Browns
14
Dallas Cowboys
26

AFL
Buffalo Bills
31
Oakland Raiders
10

Nov. 23, 1967
NFL
Los Angeles Rams
31
Detroit Lions
7

St. Louis Cardinals
21
Dallas Cowboys
46

AFL
Oakland Raiders
44
Kansas City Chiefs
22

Denver Broncos
20
San Diego Chargers
24

Nov. 28, 1968
NFL
Philadelphia Eagles
12
Detroit Lions
0

Washington Redskins
20
Dallas Cowboys
29

AFL
Buffalo Bills
10
Oakland Raiders
13

Houston Oilers
10
Kansas City Chiefs
24

Nov. 27, 1969
NFL
Minnesota Vikings
27
Detroit Lions
0

San Francisco 49ers
24
Dallas Cowboys
24

AFL
Denver Broncos
17
Kansas City Chiefs
31

San Diego Chargers
21
Houston Oilers
17

text:
From 1970 to 2005, three NFC teams and one AFC team played each Thanksgiving.
The two afternoon games were held at Detroit (12:30 p.m. EST) and Dallas (4:15 p.m. EST), respectively. Detroit always hosts the "early" game because a 12:30 p.m. EST kick-off at Dallas would be 11:30 a.m. local time (CST), and the NFL avoids starting games before noon locally. The two games rotate annually as intra-conference (NFC vs. NFC) and inter-conference (AFC vs. NFC) games. This is to satisfy the television contract balance between CBS (which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the AFC) and Fox (which broadcasts games in which the visiting team is from the NFC).
The "early" game kicks off at a special time of 12:30 p.m. EST as opposed to the typical afternoon start time of 1 p.m. This provides an additional 30 minutes to prevent overlapping of the "late" game, and also gave the network time for a pregame show and some additional time for an expanded halftime show (selected years). When Fox carries the "early" game, they typically start their pregame coverage (Fox NFL Sunday) at 11:30 a.m. (with the addition of Fox NFL Kickoff to the Fox lineup, its pregame will begin at 10:30 a.m. for 2015). When CBS carries the "early" game, they start their pregame coverage (The NFL Today) at 12:00 p.m., due to the fact that their morning parade coverage runs until noon. The network with the 4:15 "late" game begins pregame coverage at 3:30 p.m. EST.
Dallas was replaced by the St. Louis Cardinals as a host team in 1975 and 1977; Dallas and St. Louis faced each other at Texas Stadium in 1976. Because of the Missouri Turkey Day Game, the long-established Kirkwood–Webster Groves high school football game that takes place on Thanksgiving in St. Louis, weak fan support in St. Louis, and general national preference of the Cowboys over the historically weaker Cardinals, the Cardinals' hosting of the Thanksgiving game was not popular. Dallas returned to hosting the game in 1978 and has hosted since. Likewise, the Rams never played on Thanksgiving while in St. Louis, in part because of the Turkey Day Game and also because the Missouri State High School Activities Association has held its state football championship games on Thanksgiving weekend at The Dome at America's Center since 1996.
Since the time NFL began its current alignment in 2002, no team from the AFC North can play a Thanksgiving Day game against the traditional hosts. This is because under the current rotation, the Cowboys and the Lions each play AFC North teams in years that FOX is scheduled to broadcast its Thanksgiving Day game, requiring an NFC opponent. To date, the last game to feature a team currently in the AFC North was the Lions matchup against the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1998. AFC North teams can play in the prime time game, as the Cincinnati Bengals did in 2010.

text:
Season
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score
OT

Nov. 26, 1970
Oakland Raiders
14
Detroit Lions
28

Green Bay Packers
3
Dallas Cowboys
16

Nov. 25, 1971
Kansas City Chiefs
21
Detroit Lions
32

Los Angeles Rams
21
Dallas Cowboys
28

Nov. 23, 1972
New York Jets
20
Detroit Lions
37

San Francisco 49ers
31
Dallas Cowboys
10

Nov. 22, 1973
Washington Redskins
20
Detroit Lions
0

Miami Dolphins
14
Dallas Cowboys
7

Nov. 28, 1974
Denver Broncos
31
Detroit Lions
27

Washington Redskins
23
Dallas Cowboys
24

Nov. 27, 1975
Los Angeles Rams
20
Detroit Lions
0

Buffalo Bills
32
St. Louis Cardinals
14

Nov. 25, 1976
Buffalo Bills
14
Detroit Lions
27

St. Louis Cardinals
14
Dallas Cowboys
19

Nov. 24, 1977
Chicago Bears
31
Detroit Lions
14

Miami Dolphins
55
St. Louis Cardinals
14

Nov. 23, 1978
Denver Broncos
14
Detroit Lions
17

Washington Redskins
10
Dallas Cowboys
37

Nov. 22, 1979
Chicago Bears
0
Detroit Lions
20

Houston Oilers
30
Dallas Cowboys
24

Nov. 27, 1980
Chicago Bears
23
Detroit Lions
17
(OT)

Seattle Seahawks
7
Dallas Cowboys
51

Nov. 26, 1981
Kansas City Chiefs
10
Detroit Lions
27

Chicago Bears
9
Dallas Cowboys
10

Nov. 25, 1982
New York Giants
13
Detroit Lions
6

Cleveland Browns
14
Dallas Cowboys
31

Nov. 24, 1983
Pittsburgh Steelers
3
Detroit Lions
45

St. Louis Cardinals
17
Dallas Cowboys
35

Nov. 22, 1984
Green Bay Packers
28
Detroit Lions
31

New England Patriots
17
Dallas Cowboys
20

Nov. 28, 1985
New York Jets
20
Detroit Lions
31

St. Louis Cardinals
17
Dallas Cowboys
35

Nov. 27, 1986
Green Bay Packers
44
Detroit Lions
40

Seattle Seahawks
31
Dallas Cowboys
14

Nov. 26, 1987
Kansas City Chiefs
27
Detroit Lions
20

Minnesota Vikings
44
Dallas Cowboys
38
(OT)

Nov. 24, 1988
Minnesota Vikings
23
Detroit Lions
0

Houston Oilers
25
Dallas Cowboys
17

Nov. 23, 1989
Cleveland Browns
10
Detroit Lions
13

Philadelphia Eagles
27
Dallas Cowboys
0

Nov. 22, 1990
Denver Broncos
27
Detroit Lions
40

Washington Redskins
17
Dallas Cowboys
27

Nov. 28, 1991
Chicago Bears
6
Detroit Lions
16

Pittsburgh Steelers
10
Dallas Cowboys
20

Nov. 26, 1992
Houston Oilers
24
Detroit Lions
21

New York Giants
3
Dallas Cowboys
30

Nov. 25, 1993
Chicago Bears
10
Detroit Lions
6

Miami Dolphins
16
Dallas Cowboys
14

Nov. 24, 1994
Buffalo Bills
21
Detroit Lions
35

Green Bay Packers
31
Dallas Cowboys
42

Nov. 23, 1995
Minnesota Vikings
38
Detroit Lions
44

Kansas City Chiefs
12
Dallas Cowboys
24

Nov. 28, 1996
Kansas City Chiefs
28
Detroit Lions
24

Washington Redskins
10
Dallas Cowboys
21

Nov. 27, 1997
Chicago Bears
20
Detroit Lions
55

Tennessee Oilers
27
Dallas Cowboys
14

Nov. 26, 1998
Pittsburgh Steelers
16
Detroit Lions
19
(OT)

Minnesota Vikings
46
Dallas Cowboys
36

Nov. 25, 1999
Chicago Bears
17
Detroit Lions
21

Miami Dolphins
0
Dallas Cowboys
20

Nov. 23, 2000
New England Patriots
9
Detroit Lions
34

Minnesota Vikings
27
Dallas Cowboys
15

Nov. 22, 2001
Green Bay Packers
29
Detroit Lions
27

Denver Broncos
26
Dallas Cowboys
24

Nov. 28, 2002
New England Patriots
20
Detroit Lions
12

Washington Redskins
20
Dallas Cowboys
27

Nov. 27, 2003
Green Bay Packers
14
Detroit Lions
22

Miami Dolphins
40
Dallas Cowboys
21

Nov. 25, 2004
Indianapolis Colts
41
Detroit Lions
9

Chicago Bears
7
Dallas Cowboys
21

Nov. 24, 2005
Atlanta Falcons
27
Detroit Lions
7

Denver Broncos
24
Dallas Cowboys
21
(OT)

text:
Since 2006, three contests have been played on Thanksgiving. In addition to the traditional Detroit and Dallas home afternoon games, a third game is now played in primetime and televised by NFL Network (2006–2011) or NBC (since 2012). Current plans call for the various NFL teams (other than the Lions and Cowboys) to take turns hosting the night game on a rotation basis.
In 2006, Kansas City hosted the first prime time Thanksgiving game. The game marked a new "Thanksgiving Tripleheader" tradition. The Denver/Kansas City game marked the first time more than two games were played on Thanksgiving (as well as the first all-AFC holiday matchup) since the AFL–NFL merger in 1970.
Rule changes in the 2012–2022 television contracts permit "cross flexing", whereby selected games can be switched between CBS and FOX, effectively allowing CBS to schedule an NFC vs. NFC matchup on Thanksgiving Day rather than an AFC at NFC game. The 2014 season was the first in which all three games feature NFC vs. NFC opponents under these rules; the league again scheduled an all-NFC Thanksgiving for 2015.[32]

text:
Season
Visiting Team
Score
Home Team
Score
OT

Nov. 23, 2006
Miami Dolphins
27
Detroit Lions
10

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
10
Dallas Cowboys
38

Denver Broncos
10
Kansas City Chiefs
19

Nov. 22, 2007
Green Bay Packers
37
Detroit Lions
26

New York Jets
3
Dallas Cowboys
34

Indianapolis Colts
31
Atlanta Falcons
13

Nov. 27, 2008
Tennessee Titans
47
Detroit Lions
10

Seattle Seahawks
9
Dallas Cowboys
34

Arizona Cardinals
20
Philadelphia Eagles
48

Nov. 26, 2009
Green Bay Packers
34
Detroit Lions
12

Oakland Raiders
7
Dallas Cowboys
24

New York Giants
6
Denver Broncos
26

Nov. 25, 2010
New England Patriots
45
Detroit Lions
24

New Orleans Saints
30
Dallas Cowboys
27

Cincinnati Bengals
10
New York Jets
26

Nov. 24, 2011
Green Bay Packers
27
Detroit Lions
15

Miami Dolphins
19
Dallas Cowboys
20

San Francisco 49ers
6
Baltimore Ravens
16

Nov. 22, 2012
Houston Texans
34
Detroit Lions
31
(OT)

Washington Redskins
38
Dallas Cowboys
31

New England Patriots
49
New York Jets
19

Nov. 28, 2013
Green Bay Packers
10
Detroit Lions
40

Oakland Raiders
24
Dallas Cowboys
31

Pittsburgh Steelers
20
Baltimore Ravens
22

Nov. 27, 2014
Chicago Bears
17
Detroit Lions
34

Philadelphia Eagles
33
Dallas Cowboys
10

Seattle Seahawks
19
San Francisco 49ers
3

Nov. 26, 2015
Philadelphia Eagles
14
Detroit Lions
45

Carolina Panthers
33
Dallas Cowboys
14

Chicago Bears
17
Green Bay Packers
13

Nov. 24, 2016
Minnesota Vikings
13
Detroit Lions
16

Washington Redskins
26
Dallas Cowboys
31

Pittsburgh Steelers
28
Indianapolis Colts
7

Nov. 23, 2017
Minnesota Vikings
30
Detroit Lions
23

Los Angeles Chargers
28
Dallas Cowboys
6

New York Giants
10
Washington Redskins
20

text: Thanksgiving Day standings[edit]

text: Of current NFL franchises. This includes American Football League (AFL) games; however, it does not include All-America Football Conference (AAFC) games.

text:
Team
Last Game
Wins
Losses
Ties
Win %
Other names appeared under

Baltimore Ravens
2013
2
0

1.000

Carolina Panthers
2015
1
0

1.000

Houston Texans
2012
1
0

1.000

New Orleans Saints
2010
1
0

1.000

Philadelphia Eagles
2015
7
1

.875

Minnesota Vikings
2017
6
2

.750

Los Angeles Rams
1975
3
1

.750
Cleveland Rams (1937–1945), does not include 1936 AFL's Cleveland Rams

Miami Dolphins
2011
5
2

.714

Tennessee Titans
2008
5
2

.714
Houston Oilers (1960–1996)
Tennessee Oilers (1997–1998)

Indianapolis Colts
2016
2
1
1
.625
Baltimore Colts (1953–1983)

Los Angeles Chargers
2017
3
1
1
.625
San Diego Chargers (1961–2016)

Dallas Cowboys
2017
30
19
1
.622

New York Giants
2017
7
6
3
.607

New England Patriots
2012
3
2

.600

Chicago Bears
2015
17
15
2
.529
Decatur Staleys (1920)
Chicago Staleys (1921)

Kansas City Chiefs
2006
5
5

.500
Dallas Texans (1960–1962), does not include 1–0 record of unrelated NFL Dallas Texans.

New York Jets
2012
4
4

.500
New York Titans (1960–1962)

San Francisco 49ers
2014
2
2
1
.500
Does not include 1–0 record when team was a member of the AAFC.

Seattle Seahawks
2014
2
2

.500

Atlanta Falcons
2007
1
1

.500

Detroit Lions
2017
37
39
2
.494

Buffalo Bills
1994
3
4
1
.438
Does not include 1–0 record of unrelated AAFC team of same name.

Oakland Raiders
2013
3
4

.429

Green Bay Packers
2015
14
20
2
.417

Denver Broncos
2009
4
7

.364

Arizona Cardinals
2008
6
15
2
.304
Chicago Cardinals (1920–1959)
St. Louis Cardinals (1960–1987)
Phoenix Cardinals (1988–1993)

Pittsburgh Steelers
2016
2
6

.250

Washington Redskins
2017
4
7

.364

Cincinnati Bengals
2010
0
1

.000

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
2006
0
1

.000

Cleveland Browns
1989
0
3

.000
Does not include 3–0 record when team was a member of the AAFC.

Jacksonville Jaguars
None
0
0

–
Only active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving.

text: Notable appearance droughts[edit]

text: The last currently active franchise to have never played on Thanksgiving through 2017 is the Jacksonville Jaguars, who joined the league in 1995.

text: An idiosyncrasy in the NFL's current scheduling formula, which has been in effect since 2002 and revised in 2010, effectively prevents teams from the AFC North from playing the Lions or Cowboys on Thanksgiving, as the formula has the AFC North playing in Dallas or Detroit in years when the other team is slated to play the AFC game on Thanksgiving. These teams can, under the 2014 television contracts, play only in the third (night) game; should cross-flex be expanded to Thursdays or Fox win the Thursday Night contract in 2018 (either scenario would allow both Fox and CBS to carry AFC games), this idiosyncrasy will be eliminated.

text: The Los Angeles Rams have the longest active appearance drought of any team, with their last appearance coming in 1975. Among current NFL markets, Cleveland has had the longest wait to have a team from its city play on Thanksgiving; the Browns last appeared in 1989, several years before being suspended in the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy, and have not appeared in the game since rejoining the league as an expansion team.

text: Since 2010, the league has made efforts to end the longest droughts. New Orleans, Cincinnati, Baltimore, Houston, and Carolina all played their first Thanksgiving games during this time frame. San Francisco likewise played their first Thanksgiving game since 1972 in 2011, and the Los Angeles Chargers, who last played on the holiday in 1969 (while the team was still an AFL franchise in San Diego) before actually joining the league, appeared for the first time as an NFL member in 2017.[33]

text: Thanksgiving Day records of defunct teams[edit]

text:
Team
Wins
Losses
Ties
Win Pct.
Other names appeared under

Frankford Yellow Jackets
2
0

1.000
Defunct (1931)

New York Yankees*
2
0

1.000
Defunct (1949)

Pottsville Maroons
2
0

1.000
Defunct (1928)

Boston Yanks
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1948)

Buffalo Bills*
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1949), unrelated to current NFL team with this name

Dallas Texans
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1952), does not count AFL's Dallas Texans, which are now the Kansas City Chiefs

Los Angeles Buccaneers
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1926)

Oorang Indians
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1923)

Rock Island Independents
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1925)

All-Tonawanda Lumberjacks
1
0

1.000
Defunct (1921)

Akron Pros
3
1
1
.700
Defunct (1926)

Buffalo Bisons
1
1
1
.500
Buffalo All-Americans (1920–1923), Defunct (1929)

Canton Bulldogs
1
1
1
.500
Defunct (1926)

Cleveland Bulldogs
1
1

.500
Defunct (1927)

Dayton Triangles
1
1

.500
Defunct (1929)

Kansas City Cowboys
1
1

.500
Kansas City Blues (1924), Defunct (1926)

Milwaukee Badgers
1
1

.500
Defunct (1926)

Brooklyn Lions
0
1

.000
Defunct (1926)

Chicago Tigers
0
1

.000
Defunct (1920)

Detroit Heralds
0
1

.000
Defunct (1920)

New York Yanks
0
1

.000
Defunct (1950)

Providence Steam Roller
0
1

.000
Defunct (1931)

Racine Legion
0
1

.000
Defunct (1926)

Toledo Maroons
0
1

.000
Defunct (1923)

Brooklyn Dodgers*
0
2

.000
Defunct (1949)

Chicago Hornets*
0
2

.000
Chicago Rockets (1946–1948), Defunct (1949)

Columbus Panhandles
0
2

.000
Defunct (1926)

Detroit Panthers
0
2

.000
Defunct (1926)

Hammond Pros
0
2

.000
Defunct (1926)

Rochester Jeffersons
0
2

.000
Defunct (1925)

Los Angeles Dons*
0
3

.000
Defunct (1949)

text: *All-America Football Conference team.

text: Game MVPs[edit]

text: Since 1989, informal and sometimes lighthearted Man of the Match awards have been issued by the networks broadcasting the respective games. Running back Emmitt Smith holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVPs with five (1990, 1992, 1994, 1996 and 2002). Voting on the respective awards is typically done informally by the announcing crew themselves, and criteria are loose. Noteworthy statistical accomplishments weigh heavily, and "group" awards are common. The announcement of the winner(s), and the presentation of the award is normally done immediately following the game, during post-game network coverage.

text: Turkey Leg Award (CBS & FOX)[edit]

text: In 1989, John Madden of CBS awarded the first "Turkey Leg Award", for the game's most valuable player. Pursuant to its name, it was an actual cooked turkey leg, and players typically took a celebratory bite out of the leg for the cameras during post-game interviews. Reggie White of the Eagles was the first recipient. The gesture was seen mostly as a humorous gimmick relating to Madden's famous multi-legged turkey,[34] cooked and delivered by local restaurant owner Joe Pat Fieseler of Harvey's Barbecue (located less than a mile from Texas Stadium). Since then, however, the award has gained subtle notoriety. Madden brought the award to FOX in 1994, and it continued through 2001.

text: Because of the loose and informal nature of the award, at times it has been awarded to multiple players. On one occasion in 1994, it was given to players of both teams.

text: Galloping Gobbler / Game Ball (FOX)[edit]

text: When John Madden left FOX after 2001, the network introduced a new award starting in 2002, named the "Galloping Gobbler." It was represented by a small figurine of a silver turkey wearing a football helmet[35] striking a Heisman-like pose.[36] Much like Cleatus and Digger, the original Galloping Gobbler trophy reflected Fox's irreverent mascots, and went through several iterations.[35] Unimpressed by its tackiness, 2002 winner Emmitt Smith (who holds the record for most Thanksgiving MVP awards and had won the Turkey Leg Award four previous times) famously threw his in a trash can.[35]

text: In 2007, the kitschy statuette was replaced with a bronze-colored statue of a nondescript turkey holding a football.[36] In 2011, the trophies were discarded altogether and replaced by an attractive plaque. Unlike the aforementioned "Turkey Leg Award", the "Galloping Gobbler" is normally awarded to only one player annually,[37] however in 2016, co-winners were honored.[38]

text: For 2017, the Galloping Gobbler was permanently retired, and replaced with the "Game Ball," an stylish, ornate football-shaped trophy, reminiscent of the tradition where game-used balls are typically awarded to players of the game. No one at Fox seemed to notice the first ball awarded has the stripe markings of a college ball.

text: All-Iron Award (CBS)[edit]

text: When the NFL returned to CBS in 1998, they introduced their own award, the "All-Iron Award", which is, suitably enough, a small silver iron, a reference to Phil Simms' All-Iron team for toughness. The All-Iron winner also receives a skillet of blackberry cobbler made by Simms' mother.

text: Through 2006, the trophy was only awarded to one player annually. Occasionally, it has been issued as a "group award" in addition to a single player award. In 2008, Simms stated it was "too close to call" and named four players to the trophy; he then gave the award to several people every year until 2013, after which he reverted to a single MVP in 2014.

text: Simms was removed from the broadcast booth for the 2017 season and no player of the game was chosen that year.

text: Prime time games (NFLN & NBC)[edit]

text: During the time when NFL Network held the broadcast rights the prime time game, from 2007 to 2011 they gave out the "Pudding Pie Award" for MVPs. The award was an actual pie. In 2009, NFL Network gave Brandon Marshall a pumpkin pie rather than the chocolate pudding pie of the previous two years.

text: NBC, which carried Thanksgiving afternoon games through 1997, did not issue an MVP award during that time. NBC began broadcasting the Thanksgiving prime time game in 2012, at which point the MVP award was added. The award is currently called the Sunday Night Football on Thanksgiving Night Player of the Game, and is typically awarded to multiple players on the winning team.[39] From 2012 to 2015, the NBC award was referred to as the "Madden Thanksgiving Player-of-the-Game", honoring John Madden (who announced NBC games from 2006 to 2008).[40][41] In the first few years, the award specifically went to players on both offense and defense, but in recent years, defensive players have not necessarily been recognized. The winning players are presented with ceremonial game balls and, as a gesture to Madden, a cooked turkey leg.[42]

text: Complete list[edit]

text:
CBS Turkey Leg Award

Year
MVP (Team)

1989
Reggie White (Phi)

1990
Troy Aikman & Emmitt Smith (Dal)

1991
Barry Sanders (Det)

1992
Emmitt Smith & Cowboys Offensive line

1993
Richard Dent (Chi)

CBS All-Iron Award

1998
Stephen Boyd (Det)

1999
Dexter Coakley (Dal)

2000
Charlie Batch (Det)

2001
Mike Anderson (Den)

2002
Troy Brown (NE)

2003
Jay Fiedler & Chris Chambers (Mia)

2004
Peyton Manning & Colts Offensive line

2005
Ron Dayne (Den)

2006
Joey Harrington (Mia)

2007
Tony Romo & Cowboys defense*

2008
Albert Haynesworth (Ten)
Chris Johnson (Ten)
Kevin Mawae (Ten)
LenDale White (Ten)

2009
Miles Austin (Dal)
Tony Romo (Dal)
Jason Witten (Dal)

2010
Tom Brady (NE)

2011
DeMarcus Ware (Dal)

2012
Andre Johnson (Hou)
Matt Schaub (Hou)
J.J. Watt (Hou)

2013
Tony Romo (Dal)
DeMarco Murray (Dal)
Lance Dunbar (Dal)
HM: Matthew McGloin (Oak)

2014
Calvin Johnson (Det)

2015
Luke Kuechly (Car)
Jerricho Cotchery (Car)
Kurt Coleman (Car)
Cam Newton (Car)

2016
Matt Prater (Det)
Darius Slay (Det)
Matthew Stafford (Det)

2017
no award

FOX Turkey Leg Award

Year
MVP (Team)

1994
Emmitt Smith & Jason Garrett (Dal)
Brett Favre & Sterling Sharpe (GB)

1995
Herman Moore (Det)
Brett Perriman (Det)
Johnnie Morton (Det)

1996
Emmitt Smith (Dal)

1997
Luther Ellis (Det)

1998
Randy Moss (Min)

1999
Gus Frerotte (Det)
Greg Hill (Det)
Johnnie Morton (Det)
Robert Porcher (Det)

2000
Robert Smith (Min)
Randy Moss (Min)
Daunte Culpepper (Min)
Cris Carter (Min)

2001
Brett Favre & Ahman Green (GB)

FOX Galloping Gobbler Award

2002
Emmitt Smith (Dal)

2003
Dré Bly (Det)

2004
Julius Jones (Dal)

2005
Michael Vick (Atl)

2006
Tony Romo (Dal)

2007
Brett Favre (GB)

2008
DeMarcus Ware (Dal)

2009
Donald Driver (GB)

2010
Drew Brees (NO)

2011
Aaron Rodgers (GB)

2012
Robert Griffin III (Was)

2013
Reggie Bush (Det)

2014
LeSean McCoy (Phi)

2015
Matthew Stafford (Det)

2016
Dak Prescott & Ezekiel Elliott (Dal)

FOX Game Ball

2017
Case Keenum (Min)

NFLN Pudding Pie Award

Year
MVP (Team)

2006
Not given

2007
Reggie Wayne (Ind)

2008
Donovan McNabb & Brian Westbrook (Phi)

2009
Brandon Marshall (Den)

2010
Brad Smith & Darrelle Revis (NYJ)

2011
Terrell Suggs (Bal)

NBC Player of the Game

2012
Tom Brady (NE)
Vince Wilfork (NE)
Steve Gregory (NE)

2013
Jacoby Jones (Bal)
Justin Tucker (Bal)

2014
Russell Wilson (Sea)
Richard Sherman (Sea)

2015
Jay Cutler (Chi)
Tracy Porter (Chi)

2016
Le'Veon Bell (Pit)
Ben Roethlisberger (Pit)
Antonio Brown (Pit)

2017
Kirk Cousins (Was)
Jamison Crowder (Was)
Ryan Kerrigan (Was)

text:
Of the members of the 2007 Cowboys defense, Chris Canty, DeMarcus Ware, Terence Newman and Greg Ellis were particularly noted.
In 2017 no official CBS award was handed out, though Phillip Rivers (Chargers) was interviewed after the game during post-game coverage.

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: DuMont was the first network to televise Thanksgiving games in 1953; CBS took over in 1956, and in 1965, the first ever color television broadcast of an NFL game was the Thanksgiving match between the Lions and the Baltimore Colts.

text: Starting in 2012, all three broadcast networks with NFL rights will carry one game apiece. The first two games are split between CBS and Fox. These games are rotated annually, with CBS getting the 12:30 p.m. (EST) "early" game, and Fox getting the 4:25 p.m. "late" game in even-numbered years, while Fox likewise gets the "early" game and CBS the "late" game in odd-numbered years. The third game, with a prime time 8:30 p.m. start, is carried by NBC[43]. The NFL may involve the Flexible Scheduling rule in the future to reassign games if the night game has less importance than the Dallas or Detroit game.

text: Westwood One holds national radio broadcast rights to all three games, with Compass Media Networks sharing rights to the Cowboys contest. (Under league rules, only radio stations that carry at least 12 Cowboys games in a season are allowed to carry the Compass broadcast.) The participating teams also air the games on their local flagship stations and regional radio networks.

text: The Cowboys Thanksgiving game has regularly been the most watched NFL regular season telecast each year, with the Lions Thanksgiving game usually in the top five.


document_title: Republic Day (India)

question_text: where is the republic day of india celebrated

root

text: Republic Day (India)

text: History of Republic Day[edit]

text: India achieved independence from British Raj on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful non-violent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations).[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August 1947 as a constitutional monarchy with George VI as head of state and the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947.[3] The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of two years, 11 months and 18 days before adopting the Constitution. After many deliberations and some modifications, the 308 members of the Assembly signed two hand-written copies of the document (one each in Hindi and English) on 24 January 1950. Two days later, it came into effect throughout the whole nation.

tag: p

text: Celebrations[edit]

text: The main Republic Day celebration is held in the national capital, New Delhi, at the Rajpath before the President of India. On this day, ceremonious parades take place at the Rajpath, which are performed as a tribute to India; its unity in diversity and rich cultural heritage.

text: Delhi Republic Day parade[edit]

text: Delhi Republic Day parade is held in the capital, New Delhi. Commencing from the gates of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), Raisina Hill on Rajpath past the India Gate, this event is the main attraction of India's Republic Day Celebrations lasting three days. The parade showcases India's Defence Capability, Cultural and Social Heritage.[4]

text: Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[5]

text: Beating Retreat[edit]

text: The Beating Retreat ceremony is held after officially denoting the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hill and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the North and South block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.[6]

text: The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by the playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army. The Army develops the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[7][8][9]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Buildings on Raisina Hill including Rashtrapati Bhavan, lit up during Republic Day 2008.

Surya Kiran Aerobatics Team displaying tricolor.

Border Security Force personnel on Republic Day.

tag: ul

text: Republic Day parade chief guest[edit]

text: Since 1950, India has been hosting head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues (like Irwin Stadium, Kingsway, Red Fort and Ramlila Grounds). It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath.[10] The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In 1968 and 1974, India played host to two countries on the same Republic Day.

text:
Year
Guest name
Country
Note

1950
President Sukarno[11]
 Indonesia

1951
King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[12]
   Nepal

1952

1953

1954
King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[13]
 Bhutan

1955
Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[14]
 Pakistan
First guest for parade at Rajpath [15]

1956
Chancellor of the Exchequer R. A. Butler
 United Kingdom
Note[1]
Two guests[16]

Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka
 Japan

1957
Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov [17]
 Soviet Union

1958
Marshall Ye Jianying[18]
 China

1959
Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip [19][20][21]
 United Kingdom
2nd invitation

1960
Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[22]
 Soviet Union
2nd invitation

1961
Queen Elizabeth II[23]
 United Kingdom
3rd invitation, Note[2]

1962
Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[24]
 Denmark
Note[3]

1963
King Norodom Sihanouk[25]
 Cambodia

1964
Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten [26]
 United Kingdom
4th invitation, Note[4]

1965
Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid
 Pakistan
2nd invitation

1966
No invitation
No invitation
Note[5]

1967
King Mohammed Zahir Shah [27]
 Afghanistan
Note[6]

1968
Chairman Alexei Kosygin
 Soviet Union
3rd invitation
Two guests[28]

President Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia

1969
Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[29]
 Bulgaria

1970
King of the Belgians Baudouin[30][31]
 Belgium
Note[7]

1971
President Julius Nyerere[32]
 Tanzania

1972
Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam [33]
 Mauritius

1973
President Mobutu Sese Seko[34]
 Zaire

1974
President Josip Broz Tito
 Yugoslavia
2nd invitation
Two guests [35]

Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike
 Sri Lanka

1975
President Kenneth Kaunda[36]
 Zambia

1976
Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[37]
 France

1977
First Secretary Edward Gierek[38]
 Poland

1978
President Patrick Hillery[39]
 Ireland

1979
Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[40]
 Australia

1980
President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
 France
2nd invitation

1981
President Jose Lopez Portillo[41]
 Mexico

1982
King Juan Carlos I[42]
 Spain

1983
President Shehu Shagari[43]
 Nigeria

1984
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[44]
 Bhutan
2nd invitation

1985
President Raúl Alfonsín[45]
 Argentina

1986
Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[46]
 Greece

1987
President Alan Garcia[47]
 Peru

1988
President J. R. Jayewardene[48]
 Sri Lanka
2nd invitation

1989
General Secretary Nguyen Van Linh[49]
 Vietnam

1990
Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[50]
 Mauritius
2nd invitation

1991
President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[51]
 Maldives

1992
President Mário Soares[51]
 Portugal

1993
Prime Minister John Major[51]
 United Kingdom
5th invitation

1994
Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[51]
 Singapore

1995
President Nelson Mandela[52]
 South Africa

1996
President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[51]
 Brazil

1997
Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[51]
 Trinidad and Tobago

1998
President Jacques Chirac[51]
 France
3rd invitation

1999
King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev[51]
   Nepal
2nd invitation

2000
President Olusegun Obasanjo[51]
 Nigeria
2nd invitation

2001
President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[51]
 Algeria

2002
President Cassam Uteem[51]
 Mauritius
3rd invitation

2003
President Mohammed Khatami[51]
 Iran

2004
President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva [51]
 Brazil
2nd invitation

2005
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[51]
 Bhutan
3rd invitation

2006
King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[51]
 Saudi Arabia

2007
President Vladimir Putin[51]
 Russia
4th invitation

2008
President Nicolas Sarkozy[51]
 France
4th invitation

2009
President Nursultan Nazarbayev[51]
 Kazakhstan

2010
President Lee Myung Bak[53]
 South Korea

2011
President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[54][55]
 Indonesia
2nd invitation

2012
Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[56]
 Thailand

2013
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[57]
 Bhutan
4th invitation

2014
Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[58]
 Japan
2nd invitation

2015
President Barack Obama[59]
 United States

2016
President François Hollande
 France
5th invitation[60]

2017
Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[61]
 United Arab Emirates

2018
Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah
 Brunei

Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[62]

Prime Minister Hun Sen
 Cambodia
2nd invitation

President Joko Widodo
 Indonesia
3rd invitation

Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith
 Laos

Prime Minister Najib Razak
 Malaysia

State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi
 Myanmar

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte
 Philippines

Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong
 Singapore
2nd invitation

Prime Minister Prayuth Chan-ocha
 Thailand
2nd invitation

Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
 Vietnam
2nd invitation

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: The Legend of Korra (video game)

question_text: how long is the legend of korra game

question_tokens: how long is the legend of korra game

text: The Legend of Korra (video game)

text: Gameplay[edit]

text: The Legend of Korra is a third-person action game,[2] supporting single-player play only.[3] Players control Korra, the series' heroine, as she fights villains from the first two seasons of the series[4] with the bending arts, a spiritual and physical practice similar in appearance to Eastern martial arts by which practitioners move and alter the elements of water, earth, fire and air. Korra can switch between four different elements on the fly, each with its own combat styles and special moves.

text: Waterbending is acquired first and specializes in ranged attacks. Earthbending, acquired next, features slow attacks that are very powerful and cannot be blocked. Firebending is a balanced style that once upgraded, features all three forms of attacks: Fast combos, slow but powerful, and ranged. Airbending, acquired late in the game, features fast and powerful attacks that can affect all surrounding targets. Korra also acquires the "avatar state" near the end of the game; it lasts a shorts period, but grants Korra powerful attacks that combine all four elements.

text: The game tries to persuade the player into using counterattacks. The player can initiate a counterattack by blocking an enemy attack just before it connects. Counterattacks are orders of magnitude more powerful than direct attacks. Counterattacking is the only way of defeating bosses in a reasonable amount of time, as defeating them with direct attacks can take hours. Electrical and earth-based attacks cannot be countered.

text: The game takes about four[4] to six hours to play through,[5] but contains "a New Game+ of sorts".[5] These include an endless runner with Naga,[6] and pro-bending matches, where teams of three try to bend each other out of an arena.[7] This mode, which implements the pro-bending rules depicted in the series, is available after completing the game, with the player controlling the "Fire Ferrets" team made up of Korra and her friends Mako and Bolin.[1]

text: Setting and plot[edit]

text: The events of the game occur in the two weeks between what happened in the second and third seasons of the series, which aired in 2013 and 2014 respectively.[7] Korra is opposed by a "chi-blocker" who, at the start of the game, strips Korra of her bending abilities, which she has to regain in the course of the game.[4] The game's main villain, Hundun, is named after a chaotic entity in Chinese mythology. An ancient, evil being previously trapped in the spirit world, he was released into the physical world by Korra's opening of the spirit portals at the end of the second season. The game sees him sow chaos in the world and pursue his grudge against the Avatar.[8]

text: Development[edit]

text: The Legend of Korra, the animated drama TV series[9] on which the game is based, aired on Nickelodeon and online from 2012 to 2014 as a sequel to the series Avatar: The Last Airbender. It received critical acclaim, and was commissioned to run for four seasons and a total of 52 episodes.

text: The game based on the series was announced in June 2014. It was developed by PlatinumGames, known for the Bayonetta series of action games among others, and published by Activision.[7] The game is scripted by Tim Hedrick, a writer of the TV series, who collaborated with series creators Bryan Konietzko and Michael Dante DiMartino on the plot and main villain. The cutscenes are animated by Titmouse, Inc., and the cover art (chosen by public vote) is by series character designer Christie Tseng.[10] The game made use of the voice actors and the music of the TV series.[4]

text: Robert Conkey of Activision explained that they chose Platinum on account of their record of developing action games, which he described as having a "very smooth, very flashy, and very cool" style.[6] Platinum producer Atsushi Kurooka said that Platinum chose to adapt The Legend of Korra, a series unknown in Japan, after watching it with the aid of translated scripts, and being impressed by the series's blend of "interesting action, a really good story, comedy, and romance".[5] According to Kurooka, the studio aimed to make the game emulate the look and feel of the television series as closely as possible, including its visual and sound direction: Kurooka said that screenshots of the game were indistinguishable from those of the series.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
(PC) 64/100[11]
(PS4) 54/100[12]
(XONE) 49/100[13]

Review scores

Publication
Score

CVG
2/10[14]

Destructoid
7/10[15]

Eurogamer
4/10[16]

Game Informer
5.5/10[17]

GameSpot
3/10[18]

GameTrailers
6.5/10[19]

IGN
4.2/10[20]

PC Gamer (US)
63/100[21]

Polygon
5/10[22]

Hardcore Gamer
3/5[23]

text: Pre-release[edit]

text: Appraisals of the game during development were positive. After playing an alpha build of the game in June 2014, Destructoid described the game as a "pretty solid action brawler". The reviewer praised the thorough implementation of the various bending styles, the detailed and fluid combat system, and the cel-shaded art style.[4] GameSpot's reporter was "encouraged by the art style and some aspects of the combat", but uncertain whether the developers would be able to balance the demands of faithfulness to a franchise and the expectations of quality combat gameplay raised by their previous titles.[3] IGN described the early version as having "all the depth I’d expect to see from this developer bundled with a faithful artistic interpretation" of the source material, noting the "surprisingly deep" combat system and the "tastefully re-created animations" from the series.[24]

text: Post-release[edit]

text: The Legend of Korra received "mixed or average" reviews, according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.[11][12][13] It was panned by Dan Stapleton of IGN as a "poorly made tie-in that can’t even stand up as a competent third-person action game". The reviewer noted the game's simplistic combat, the absence of the series' wit and charm, and the low-quality cutscenes.[20] Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot was also highly critical of the game, writing that it "tries its best to boot M. Night Shyamalan's The Last Airbender film out of its rightful position as 'worst Avatar-related thing yet produced.'"[18] Chris Carter at Destructoid summed up the game as a "nice but brief romp" with no real narrative that "plays out like a 'light' version of Platinum's previous games".[15] At Polygon, Philip Kollar described the game as a "shallow, short experience full of segments that feel poorly designed and ill-considered", with frustrating mechanics and annoying mini-games.[22] Paul Tassi of Forbes, noting the "scathing" reviews the game received, wrote that, like other adaptations of the series, it showed "a fundamental misunderstanding of the source material, all but completely devoid of a plot and other characters outside Korra herself".[25] For Eurogamer's Simon Parkin, the game's shortcomings were the "hallmarks of a work-for-hire project rushed to meet a Christmas deadline", and he considered the game "a misfire that means Platinum's name no longer guarantees quality".[16]


document_title: The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland

question_text: who plays the bad guy in elmo in grouchland

text: The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland

text: Plot

text: Elmo is playing with his blanket in his house. After he bumps his blanket on a juice cup, he dries off his blanket at the laundromat. On the way home, Elmo sees Zoe feeling depressed because her father cannot take her to the zoo, so he decides to make Zoe happy again by imitating zoo animals. When Zoe sees his blanket, Elmo refuses to share, resulting in a tug of war that rips Elmo's blanket. Elmo is upset and declares that Zoe is no longer his friend. Suddenly, Telly Monster inadvertently takes away the blanket while rollerskating out of control. They go around Finders Keepers and knock over a tray of glasses that Ruthie is carrying. Telly hits Cookie Monster at the revolving door of Furry Arms hotel. The blanket accidentally lands in the hands of Oscar the Grouch, who drops it in his trash can after sneezing on it. Elmo drops into the bottom of Oscar's trash can, where he finds the blanket snagged on a door. While attempting to retrieve it, they are both teleported to Grouchland USA, a world filled with Grouches where a manipulative and greedy man named Huxley (Mandy Patinkin) steals anything he can grab including Elmo's blanket. Elmo is determined to find his blanket and begins a journey through Grouchland. A kind Grouch girl named Grizzy tells Elmo that his blanket is in Huxley's castle at the top of the faraway Mount Pickanose, and Elmo begins a journey to get his blanket back.

text: Meanwhile, the Sesame Street residents are informed of Elmo's absence and go to Grouchland to find him, with help from Oscar. When Big Bird and Zoe find a Grouch Police Officer and ask him for help, the entire group ends up arrested and put in jail as the police officer informs them that it is against the law to ask for help in Grouchland.

text: Meanwhile, Huxley's sidekick Bug and the Pesties trap Elmo in a tunnel using a trap door. However, he gets out with the help of fireflies. Then, he meets the Queen of Trash (Vanessa Williams) in a garbage dump. At first she thinks that Elmo might be in league with Huxley. Elmo says he is not, but then realizes that he refused to share his blanket with Zoe and feels ashamed. The Queen gives him a test by asking him to blow 100 raspberries in 30 seconds. Elmo succeeds and continues his journey to Huxley's castle. Elmo is later confronted by Huxley's humongous chicken and gets tossed far away. Resting on a rock, he realizes that night has come, and becomes discouraged.

text: Grizzy visits the jail and tells Elmo's friends that he went to Huxley's castle. Oscar is convinced to help set things right as well as admitting that Elmo is his friend. He then convinces the Grouch Police Officer and all the Grouches of Grouchland that even though Grouches hate cooperation, the only way they can finally stop Huxley from stealing any more of their trash once and for all, is if they swallow their pride and work together just for once. The Grouch Police Officer releases the Sesame Street residents and the Grouches aid them to go to Huxley's castle to fight for their trash and rescue Elmo.

text: A caterpillar wakes up Elmo the next morning on the rock. He gives Elmo advice to look inside himself and he'll see that he has what it takes be brave. He then makes it to Huxley's before he could make Elmo's blanket "his" blanket. However, Huxley prevents Elmo from escaping by grabbing him with a claw and deciding to label them "MINE". Just as Elmo is about to face the fate of never seeing his friends again, the Sesame Street and Grouchland citizens appear in time to rescue Elmo and the Pesties flee. Bug takes Elmo's blanket from Huxley and turns against him as Elmo catapults a basket over his shoulders. Bug then gives Elmo his blanket back. Elmo is hailed a hero by the Sesame Street and Grouchland citizens and Huxley unanimously tries to change his mind about his selfishness but fails. Elmo is happy to get his blanket back, He goes with his friends back to Sesame Street and apologizes to Zoe for not sharing his blanket and hurting her feelings. He gives his blanket to her and she happily accepts for being kind by sharing with her. Elmo says goodbye to the audience when Ernie and Bert head home as the film ends, but Bert stays to look at the credits.

text: Cast

text: Main characters

text:
Kevin Clash as Elmo, Pestie, Grouch Jailer, Grouch Taxicab Driver
Mandy Patinkin as Huxley
Vanessa Williams as the Queen of Trash
Caroll Spinney as Big Bird, Oscar the Grouch
Jerry Nelson as Count von Count, Grouch Mayor, Grouch Cop, Mr. Johnson, Pestie
Frank Oz as Cookie Monster, Bert, Grover
Steve Whitmire as Ernie, Football Stenchman
Dave Goelz as Humongous Chicken
Martin P. Robinson as Telly Monster, Pestie
Fran Brill as Zoe, Pestie
Joey Mazzarino as Bug
Stephanie D'Abruzzo as Grizzy, Pestie
David Rudman as Caterpillar, Pestie, Collander Stenchman

text: Humans of Sesame Street

text:
Roscoe Orman as Gordon
Sonia Manzano as Maria
Alison Bartlett-O'Reilly as Gina
Ruth Buzzi as Ruthie
Emilio Delgado as Luis
Loretta Long as Susan
Bob McGrath as Bob

text: Muppet performers

text:
Jim Martin, Pam Arciero, Peter Linz, Noel MacNeal, Alice Dinnean, Bryant Young, John Tartaglia, Rick Lyon, Alison Mork, Jim Kroupa as Various Grouches
Matt Vogel as Big Bird (puppetry in some scenes where Big Bird and Oscar are together)
Carmen Osbahr as Rosita

text: Soundtrack

text:
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland

Soundtrack album by Sesame Street

Released
1999

Genre
Soundtrack

Label
Sony

Sesame Street chronology

Elmo Saves Christmas
(1998)Elmo Saves Christmas1998
The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland
(1999)
CinderElmo
(2000)CinderElmo2000

text: This album, released in 1999, is the soundtrack to The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland.

text: This album won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Album for Children in 2000.

text: Track listing

text:
1. Welcome to Grouchland - The Grouchland Ensemble
2. Together Forever - Elmo
3. Take the First Step - Stuckweed
4. I See a Kingdom - Vanessa Williams
5. Precious Wings - Tatyana Ali
6. Elmo Tells His Grouchland Story (Spoken Word)
7. The Grouch Song - Elmo / Grizzy / Oscar the Grouch
8. There's a Big Heap of Trash at the End of the Rainbow - The Stenchman
9. I Love Trash - Steven Tyler

text: Reception

text: The film has a rating of 77% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 43 reviews. The film's consensus states, "This fun and moral tale entertains both first-time Sesame Street watchers and seasoned veterans."[3] On Metacritic, which uses an average of critics' reviews, the film holds a 59/100, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[4]

text: Box office

text: The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland was the only family film playing in most theaters at the time of its release. Sony had planned a scaled-back release[citation needed], making it difficult to make its money back. The film opened at #8, with a weekend gross of $3,255,033 from 1,210 theaters, averaging $2,690 per venue. In total, The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland earned back less than half its $26 million budget, grossing $11,683,047 during its two-and-a-half-month theatrical run.[2] It is currently the lowest-grossing Muppet film to date.[citation needed]

text: Home media

text: The movie was released on VHS and DVD on December 21, 1999.

text: Book series

text: The film inspired a trilogy of children's books, published in 1999: Happy Grouchy Day, The Grouchiest Lovey and Unwelcome to Grouchland. The book series was written by Suzanne Weyn and illustrated by Tom Brannon.


document_title: Epiphyseal plate

question_text: where is longitudinal growth occurring in long bones

text: Epiphyseal plate

text: Structure[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Endochondral ossification is responsible for the initial bone development from cartilage in utero and infants and the longitudinal growth of long bones in the epiphyseal plate. The plate's chondrocytes are under constant division by mitosis. These daughter cells stack facing the epiphysis while the older cells are pushed towards the diaphysis. As the older chondrocytes degenerate, osteoblasts ossify the remains to form new bone. In puberty increasing levels of estrogen, in both females and males, leads to increased apoptosis of chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate.[2] Depletion of chondrocytes due to apoptosis leads to less ossification and growth slows down and later stops when the entire cartilage have become replaced by bone, leaving only a thin epiphyseal scar which later disappears.[3]

text: Histology[edit]

text: The growth plate has a very specific morphology in having a zonal arrangement as follows:[4]

text:
Epiphyseal plate zone (from epiphysis to diaphysis)
Description

Zone of reserve
Quiescent chondrocytes are found at the epiphyseal end

Zone of proliferation
Chondrocytes undergo rapid mitosis under influence of growth hormone

Zone of maturation and hypertrophy
Chondrocytes stop mitosis, and begin to hypertrophy by accumulating glycogen, lipids, and alkaline phosphatase

Zone of calcification
Chondrocytes undergo apoptosis. Cartilagenous matrix begins to calcify.

Zone of ossification
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts from the diaphyseal side break down the calcified cartilage and replace with mineralized bone tissue.

text: A mnemonic for remembering the names of the epiphyseal plate growth zones is "Real People Have Career Options," standing for: Resting zone, Proliferative zone, Hypertrophic cartilage zone, Calcified cartilage zone, Ossification zone.[5]  The growth plate is clinically relevant in that it is often the primary site for infection, metastasis, fractures and the effects of endocrine bone disorders.[citation needed]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Defects in the development and continued division of epiphyseal plates can lead to growth disorders. The most common defect is achondroplasia, where there is a defect in cartilage formation. Achondroplasia is the most common cause of dwarfism.

text: Salter–Harris fractures are fractures involving epiphyseal plates and hence tend to interfere with growth, height or physiologic functions.[6]

text: Osgood-Schlatter disease results from stress on the epiphyseal plate in the tibia, leading to excess bone growth and a painful lump at the knee.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: John Hunter studied growing chickens. He observed bones grew at the ends and thus demonstrated the existence of the epiphyseal plates. Hunter is considered the "father of the growth plate".[7]


question_text: who has won back to back champions league

text: List of finals[edit]

text:
Key

Match was won during extra time

*

Match was won on a penalty shoot-out

&

Match was won after a replay

text:
The "Season" column refers to the season the competition was held, and wikilinks to the article about that season.
The wikilinks in the "Score" column point to the article about that season's final game.

text:
List of European Cup and UEFA Champions League finals

#

Season

Nation

Winners

Score

Runners-up

Nation

Venue

Att.[11]

1

1955–56

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–3

Reims

 France

 Parc des Princes, Paris

38,239

2

1956–57

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–0

Fiorentina

 Italy

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

124,000

3

1957–58

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–2

Milan

 Italy

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

67,000

4

1958–59

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–0

Reims

 France

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart

72,000

5

1959–60

 Spain

Real Madrid

7–3

Eintracht Frankfurt

 West Germany

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

127,621

6

1960–61

 Portugal

Benfica

3–2

Barcelona

 Spain

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern

26,732

7

1961–62

 Portugal

Benfica

5–3

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam

61,257

8

1962–63

 Italy

Milan

2–1

Benfica

 Portugal

 Wembley Stadium, London

45,715

9

1963–64

 Italy

Internazionale

3–1

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

71,333

10

1964–65

 Italy

Internazionale

1–0

Benfica

 Portugal

 San Siro, Milan

89,000

11

1965–66

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–1

Partizan

 Yugoslavia

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

46,745

12

1966–67

 Scotland

Celtic

2–1

Internazionale

 Italy

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon

45,000

13

1967–68

 England

Manchester United

4–1

Benfica

 Portugal

 Wembley Stadium, London

92,225

14

1968–69

 Italy

Milan

4–1

Ajax

 Netherlands

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

31,782

15

1969–70

 Netherlands

Feyenoord

2–1

Celtic

 Scotland

 San Siro, Milan

53,187

16

1970–71

 Netherlands

Ajax

2–0

Panathinaikos

 Greece

 Wembley Stadium, London

83,179

17

1971–72

 Netherlands

Ajax

2–0

Internazionale

 Italy

 De Kuip, Rotterdam

61,354

18

1972–73

 Netherlands

Ajax

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade

89,484

19

1973–74

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

4–0&[A]

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

72,047

20

1974–75

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

2–0

Leeds United

 England

 Parc des Princes, Paris

48,374

21

1975–76

 West Germany

Bayern Munich

1–0

Saint-Étienne

 France

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

54,864

22

1976–77

 England

Liverpool

3–1

Borussia Mönchengladbach

 West Germany

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

57,000

23

1977–78

 England

Liverpool

1–0

Club Brugge

 Belgium

 Wembley Stadium, London

92,500

24

1978–79

 England

Nottingham Forest

1–0

Malmö FF

 Sweden

 Olympiastadion, Munich

57,500

25

1979–80

 England

Nottingham Forest

1–0

Hamburg

 West Germany

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

51,000

26

1980–81

 England

Liverpool

1–0

Real Madrid

 Spain

 Parc des Princes, Paris

48,360

27

1981–82

 England

Aston Villa

1–0

Bayern Munich

 West Germany

 De Kuip, Rotterdam

46,000

28

1982–83

 West Germany

Hamburg

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

73,500

29

1983–84

 England

Liverpool

1–1*[B]

Roma

 Italy

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

69,693

30

1984–85

 Italy

Juventus

1–0

Liverpool

 England

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels

58,000

31

1985–86

 Romania

Steaua București

0–0*[C]

Barcelona

 Spain

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville

70,000

32

1986–87

 Portugal

Porto

2–1

Bayern Munich

 West Germany

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

57,500

33

1987–88

 Netherlands

PSV Eindhoven

0–0*[D]

Benfica

 Portugal

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart

68,000

34

1988–89

 Italy

Milan

4–0

Steaua București

 Romania

 Camp Nou, Barcelona

97,000

35

1989–90

 Italy

Milan

1–0

Benfica

 Portugal

 Prater Stadium, Vienna

57,558

36

1990–91

 Yugoslavia

Red Star Belgrade

0–0*[E]

Marseille

 France

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari

56,000

37

1991–92

 Spain

Barcelona

1–0

Sampdoria

 Italy

 Wembley Stadium, London

70,827

38

1992–93

 France

Marseille

1–0

Milan

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Munich

64,400

39

1993–94

 Italy

Milan

4–0

Barcelona

 Spain

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

70,000

40

1994–95

 Netherlands

Ajax

1–0

Milan

 Italy

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna

49,730

41

1995–96

 Italy

Juventus

1–1*[F]

Ajax

 Netherlands

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

70,000

42

1996–97

 Germany

Borussia Dortmund

3–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Munich

59,000

43

1997–98

 Spain

Real Madrid

1–0

Juventus

 Italy

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam

48,500

44

1998–99

 England

Manchester United

2–1

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Camp Nou, Barcelona

90,245

45

1999–00

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–0

Valencia

 Spain

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis

80,000

46

2000–01

 Germany

Bayern Munich

1–1*[G]

Valencia

 Spain

 San Siro, Milan

71,500

47

2001–02

 Spain

Real Madrid

2–1

Bayer Leverkusen

 Germany

 Hampden Park, Glasgow

50,499

48

2002–03

 Italy

Milan

0–0*[H]

Juventus

 Italy

 Old Trafford, Manchester

62,315

49

2003–04

 Portugal

Porto

3–0

Monaco

 France

 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen

53,053

50

2004–05

 England

Liverpool

3–3*[I]

Milan

 Italy

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul

69,000

51

2005–06

 Spain

Barcelona

2–1

Arsenal

 England

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis

79,610

52

2006–07

 Italy

Milan

2–1

Liverpool

 England

 Olympic Stadium, Athens

63,000

53

2007–08

 England

Manchester United

1–1*[J]

Chelsea

 England

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow

67,310

54

2008–09

 Spain

Barcelona

2–0

Manchester United

 England

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome

62,467

55

2009–10

 Italy

Internazionale

2–0

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid

73,490

56

2010–11

 Spain

Barcelona

3–1

Manchester United

 England

 Wembley Stadium, London

87,695

57

2011–12

 England

Chelsea

1–1*[K]

Bayern Munich

 Germany

 Allianz Arena, Munich

62,500

58

2012–13

 Germany

Bayern Munich

2–1

Borussia Dortmund

 Germany

 Wembley Stadium, London

86,298

59

2013–14

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–1

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon

60,976

60

2014–15

 Spain

Barcelona

3–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Olympiastadion, Berlin

70,442

61

2015–16

 Spain

Real Madrid

1–1*[L]

Atlético Madrid

 Spain

 San Siro, Milan

71,942

62

2016–17

 Spain

Real Madrid

4–1

Juventus

 Italy

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff

65,842

63

2017–18

 Spain

Real Madrid

3–1

Liverpool

 England

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev

61,561

Upcoming finals

#

Season

Nation

Finalist

Match

Finalist

Nation

Venue

64

2018–19

v

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid

65

2019–20

v

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul

text: Performances[edit]

text: By club[edit]

text:
Performance in the European Cup and UEFA Champions League by club

vte Club

Winners

Runners-up

Years won

Years runner-up

 Real Madrid

13

3

1956, 1957, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018

1962, 1964, 1981

 Milan

7

4

1963, 1969, 1989, 1990, 1994, 2003, 2007

1958, 1993, 1995, 2005

 Bayern Munich

5

5

1974, 1975, 1976, 2001, 2013

1982, 1987, 1999, 2010, 2012

 Liverpool

5

3

1977, 1978, 1981, 1984, 2005

1985, 2007, 2018

 Barcelona

5

3

1992, 2006, 2009, 2011, 2015

1961, 1986, 1994

 Ajax

4

2

1971, 1972, 1973, 1995

1969, 1996

 Manchester United

3

2

1968, 1999, 2008

2009, 2011

 Internazionale

3

2

1964, 1965, 2010

1967, 1972

 Juventus

2

7

1985, 1996

1973, 1983, 1997, 1998, 2003, 2015, 2017

 Benfica

2

5

1961, 1962

1963, 1965, 1968, 1988, 1990

 Nottingham Forest

2

0

1979, 1980

—

 Porto

2

0

1987, 2004

—

 Celtic

1

1

1967

1970

 Hamburg

1

1

1983

1980

 Steaua București

1

1

1986

1989

 Marseille

1

1

1993

1991

 Borussia Dortmund

1

1

1997

2013

 Chelsea

1

1

2012

2008

 Feyenoord

1

0

1970

—

 Aston Villa

1

0

1982

—

 PSV Eindhoven

1

0

1988

—

 Red Star Belgrade

1

0

1991

—

 Atlético Madrid

0

3

—

1974, 2014, 2016

 Reims

0

2

—

1956, 1959

 Valencia

0

2

—

2000, 2001

 Fiorentina

0

1

—

1957

 Eintracht Frankfurt

0

1

—

1960

 Partizan

0

1

—

1966

 Panathinaikos

0

1

—

1971

 Leeds United

0

1

—

1975

 Saint-Étienne

0

1

—

1976

 Borussia Mönchengladbach

0

1

—

1977

 Club Brugge

0

1

—

1978

 Malmö FF

0

1

—

1979

 Roma

0

1

—

1984

 Sampdoria

0

1

—

1992

 Bayer Leverkusen

0

1

—

2002

 Monaco

0

1

—

2004

 Arsenal

0

1

—

2006

text: By nation[edit]

text: Ten different nations have won the Champions League, and thirteen nations have sent a team to the finals. Since the 1996–97 season, however (other than Porto's win in 2003–04) the winners have come from one of only four nations — Spain (11), England (4), Italy (3), and Germany (3) — and (other than Monaco's performance in 2003–04) the runners up have all come from the same four nations.

text:
Performance by nation

Nation

Winners

Runners-up

 Spain

18

11

 Italy

12

16

 England

12

8

 Germany

7

10

 Netherlands

6

2

 Portugal

4

5

 France

1

5

 Romania

1

1

 Scotland

1

1

 Yugoslavia

1

1

 Belgium

0

1

 Greece

0

1

 Sweden

0

1

text: Venues[edit]

text:
European Cup and UEFA Champions League final venues

Ground

Hosts

Years

 Wembley Stadium, London
7
1963, 1968, 1971, 1978, 1992, 2011, 2013

 Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid
4
1957, 1969, 1980, 2010

 Heysel Stadium, Brussels
4
1958, 1966, 1974, 1985

 Ernst-Happel-Stadion, Vienna
4
1964, 1987, 1990, 1995

 San Siro, Milan
4
1965, 1970, 2001, 2016

 Stadio Olimpico, Rome
4
1977, 1984, 1996, 2009

 Parc des Princes, Paris
3
1956, 1975, 1981

 Hampden Park, Glasgow
3
1960, 1976, 2002

 Olympiastadion, Munich
3
1979, 1993, 1997

 Olympic Stadium, Athens
3
1983, 1994, 2007

 Neckarstadion, Stuttgart
2
1959, 1988

 De Kuip, Rotterdam
2
1972, 1982

 Camp Nou, Barcelona
2
1989, 1999

 Stade de France, Saint-Denis
2
2000, 2006

 Atatürk Olympic Stadium, Istanbul
1
2005

 Wankdorf Stadium, Bern
1
1961

 Olympisch Stadion, Amsterdam
1
1962

 Estádio Nacional, Lisbon
1
1967

 Red Star Stadium, Belgrade
1
1973

 Estadio Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán, Seville
1
1986

 Stadio San Nicola, Bari
1
1991

 Amsterdam Arena, Amsterdam
1
1998

 Old Trafford, Manchester
1
2003

 Arena AufSchalke, Gelsenkirchen
1
2004

 Luzhniki Stadium, Moscow
1
2008

 Allianz Arena, Munich
1
2012

 Estádio da Luz, Lisbon
1
2014

 Olympiastadion, Berlin
1
2015

 Millennium Stadium, Cardiff
1
2017

 NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium, Kiev
1
2018

 Wanda Metropolitano, Madrid
1
2019

text: Notes[edit]

text: A. ^  The first final, played two days earlier, ended 1–1 after extra time.[12]

text: B. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[13]

text: C. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Steaua București won the penalty shoot-out 2–0.[14]

text: D. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. PSV Eindhoven won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[15]

text: E. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Red Star Belgrade won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[16]

text: F. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Juventus won the penalty shoot-out 4–2.[17]

text: G. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Bayern Munich won the penalty shoot-out 5–4.[18]

text: H. ^  Score was 0–0 after 90 minutes and extra time. Milan won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[19]

text: I. ^  Score was 3–3 after 90 minutes and extra time. Liverpool won the penalty shoot-out 3–2.[20]

text: J. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Manchester United won the penalty shoot-out 6–5.[21]

text: K. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Chelsea won the penalty shoot-out 4–3.[22]

text: L. ^  Score was 1–1 after 90 minutes and extra time. Real Madrid won the penalty shoot-out 5–3.[23]