document_title: Anne of Green Gables

question_text: how many anne of green gables books are there

text: Anne of Green Gables

text: Background[edit]

text: In writing the novel, Montgomery was inspired by notes she had made as a young girl about a couple who were mistakenly sent an orphan girl instead of the boy they had requested yet decided to keep her. She drew upon her own childhood experiences in rural Prince Edward Island, Canada. Montgomery used a photograph of Evelyn Nesbit, which she had clipped from New York’s Metropolitan Magazine and put on the wall of her bedroom, as the model for the face of Anne Shirley and a reminder of her "youthful idealism and spirituality."[6]

text: Montgomery was also inspired by the "formula Ann" orphan stories (called such because they followed such a predictable formula) which were popular at the time and distinguished her character by spelling her name with an extra "e".[7][8] She based other characters, such as Gilbert Blythe, in part on people she knew. She said she wrote the novel in the twilight of the day, while sitting at her window and overlooking the fields of Cavendish.[9]

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Anne Shirley, a young orphan from the fictional community of Bolingbroke, Nova Scotia (based upon the real community of New London, Prince Edward Island),[10][11] is sent to live with Marilla and Matthew Cuthbert, siblings in their fifties and sixties, after a childhood spent in strangers' homes and orphanages. Marilla and Matthew had originally decided to adopt a boy from the orphanage to help Matthew run their farm at Green Gables, which is set in the fictional town of Avonlea. Through a misunderstanding, the orphanage sends Anne instead.

text: Anne is highly imaginative, eager to please and quite dramatic at times. However, she is defensive about her appearance, despising her red hair and pale, thin frame. She is often quite talkative, especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams. At first, stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage, but after much observation and considering, along with Matthew's strong liking to Anne, she decides to let her stay.

text: As a child of imagination, Anne takes much joy in life and adapts quickly, thriving in the close-knit farming village. Her imagination and talkativeness soon brighten up Green Gables.

text: The book recounts Anne's adventures in making a home: the country school where she quickly excels in her studies; her friendship with Diana Barry, the girl living next door (her best or "bosom friend" as Anne fondly calls her); her budding literary ambitions; and her rivalry with her classmate Gilbert Blythe, who teases her about her red hair. For that, he earns her instant hatred, although he apologizes many times. As time passes, Anne realizes she no longer hates Gilbert but cannot bring herself to speak to him.

text: The book also follows Anne's adventures with her new-found friends. Episodes include her play-time with her friends Diana, a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good-natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis, and her run-ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black, and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine.

text: At sixteen, Anne goes to Queen's Academy to earn a teaching license, along with Gilbert, Ruby, Josie, Jane, and several other students, excluding Diana much to Anne's dismay. She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English. Her attainment of this scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree at the fictional Redmond College (based on the real Dalhousie University) on the mainland in Nova Scotia.

text: Near the end of the book however, tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla's money has been lost in a bank failure. Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables, Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla, whose eyesight is failing. She plans to teach at the Carmody school, the nearest school available, and return to Green Gables on weekends. In an act of friendship, Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead, knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew's death. After this kind act, Anne and Gilbert's friendship is cemented, and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Green Gables household:

text:
Anne Shirley: An imaginative, talkative, red-headed orphan who comes to live with Matthew Cuthbert and Marilla Cuthbert. Anne is very sensitive and is very insecure about the color of her hair. She exhibits categorical interest in everything romantic.
Marilla Cuthbert: Matthew's sister, she is an austere but fair woman who objects to Anne's imaginative, unusual conduct on the grounds of its being part of the same group of behavioral misconducts that bring about dereliction of responsibility or produce a disrespectful personal image. Life experience with Anne, however, profoundly affects Marilla's ways; in a very early instance, she experiences first-hand how worthless a confession under duress could be. Although conservative and austere, she is fond of Anne and has the glimmerings of a sense of humor.
Matthew Cuthbert: Marilla's brother, he is an overly shy, albeit kind, old man with a lumbering frame and above-average strength. Matthew takes a liking to Anne from the start and the two become fast friends. Because Marilla has primary responsibility for rearing the girl, he has no qualms about "spoiling" her and indulging her in pretty clothes and other frivolities.

text: Anne's schoolmates:

text:
Diana Barry: Anne's bosom friend and a kindred spirit. Anne and Diana become best friends from the moment they meet. She is the only girl of Anne's age who lives close to Green Gables. Anne admires Diana for being pretty and for her amiable disposition. Diana lacks Anne's powerful imagination but is a loyal friend.
Gilbert Blythe: A handsome, smart, witty and chivalrous classmate who has a crush on Anne the moment he sees her. Unaware of Anne's near-pathological sensitivity about her red hair, he tries to get Anne's attention by holding her braid and calling her "Carrots!" Anne's explosively hostile reaction only causes Gilbert to be more smitten. He makes several attempts to apologize, the failure of all of which do not seem to mar his admiration. He attempts to apologize one last time when he saves Anne from drowning; Anne crassly rebuffs this attempt, only to regret it almost immediately. Years later, he gives up his job offer of teaching at the Avonlea school so that Anne may live at Green Gables, upon which the two reconcile and become good friends.
Ruby Gillis: Another of Anne's friends. Having several "grown up" sisters, Ruby loves to share her knowledge of beaus with her friends. Ruby is portrayed as traditionally beautiful with long golden hair. She is hysterical and suffers from consumption (tuberculosis).
Jane Andrews: One of Anne's friends from school, she is plain and sensible. She does well enough academically to join Anne's class at Queen's.
Josie Pye: A classmate generally disliked by the other girls (as are her siblings), Josie is vain, dishonest, and jealous of Anne's popularity.

text: Avonlea's locals:

text:
Mrs. Rachel Lynde: A neighbour of Matthew and Marilla, Mrs. Lynde is an amalgamation of vices and virtues. She is industrious and helpful, and does work for the church, yet she is famous for being nosy and condescending. Although she and Anne start off the wrong foot, owing to Mrs. Lynde's obnoxious criticism and Anne's lack of tolerance for such, as well as her temper, they soon become quite close. Mrs. Lynde is married and has raised ten children, although her husband, Thomas Lynde, is mentioned briefly and never speaks.
Mr. Phillips: Anne's first teacher at Avonlea, Mr. Phillips is unpopular with students, because of his boring and crude ways. In Anne's case, he continually misspells her name (without the "E") and punishes only her among twelve pupils who arrive late. He is described as lacking discipline, and "courts" one of his pupils openly (this was less frowned upon then as opposed to more contemporary times).
Miss Muriel Stacy: Anne's energetic replacement teacher. Her warm and sympathetic nature appeals to her students, but Avonlea's conservative parents disapprove of her liberal teaching methods. She forms a special relationship with Anne, who views her as a mentor. Miss Stacy encourages Anne to develop her character and intellect and helps prepare her for the entrance exam at Queen's Academy, where she finishes in a tie for first with Gilbert Blythe.
Reverend and Mrs. Allan: The minister and his wife also befriend Anne, with Mrs. Allan becoming particularly close. She is described as pretty.
Mr. & Mrs. Barry: Diana's parents. Mr. Barry farms. Near the end of the book, he offers to rent some tracts to help out Anne and Marilla, after Matthew's passing. Mrs. Barry has a severe personality, expecting her children to follow strict rules. After Anne accidentally gets Diana drunk, Mrs. Barry rejects the girl, forbidding Diana to have anything to do with Anne. This sanction is repealed after Anne saves Minnie May.
Minnie May Barry: Diana's baby sister, whose life is saved by Anne when she comes down with croup.

text: Others:

text:
Miss Josephine Barry: Diana's great-aunt. Initially portrayed in a negative light, she is quickly charmed by Anne's imagination, and eventually invites her and Diana to tea. She refers to Anne as "the Anne-girl" and even sends Anne beaded slippers as a Christmas present.
Mrs Hammond: Anne had lived with her for a portion of her pre-Green-Gables life. She was very mean as a result of her husband′s death. Anne was treated more as a maid in her home than as a daughter or friend.

text: Related works[edit]

text: Based on the popularity of her first book, Montgomery wrote a series of sequels to continue the story of her heroine Anne Shirley. They are listed chronologically below, by Anne's age in each of the novels.

text:
Lucy Maud Montgomery's books on Anne Shirley:

#
Book
Date published
Anne Shirley's age
Timeline year

1
Anne of Green Gables
1908
11—16
1876-1881

2
Anne of Avonlea
1909
16—18
1881-1883

3
Anne of the Island
1915
18—22
1883-1887

4
Anne of Windy Poplars (US & Canada)
Anne of Windy Willows (Other)
1936
22—25
1887-1890

5
Anne's House of Dreams
1917
25—27
1890-1892

6
Anne of Ingleside
1939
34—40
1899-1905

The following books focus on Anne's children, or on other family friends. Anne appears in these volumes, but plays a lesser part.

#
Book
Date published
Anne Shirley's age
Timeline year

7
Rainbow Valley
1919
41—43
1906-1908

8
Rilla of Ingleside
1921
49—53
1914-1918

9
The Blythes Are Quoted
2009
40—75
1905-1940

Anne Shirley features in one story (and is referenced in other stories) in each of the following collections:

#
Book
Date published
Anne Shirley's age
Timeline year

—
Chronicles of Avonlea
1912
approx. 20
1885

—
Further Chronicles of Avonlea
1920
approx. 20
1885

text: The prequel, Before Green Gables (2008), was written by Budge Wilson with authorization of heirs of L. M. Montgomery.

text: Tourism and merchandising[edit]

text: The province and tourist facilities have highlighted the local connections to the internationally popular novels. Anne of Green Gables has been translated into 36 languages.[12][13] "Tourism by Anne fans is an important part of the Island economy".[14] Merchants offer items based on the novels.

text: The Green Gables farmhouse is located in Cavendish, Prince Edward Island. Many tourist attractions on Prince Edward Island have been developed based on the fictional Anne, and provincial licence plates once bore her image.[15] Balsam Hollow, the forest that inspired the Haunted Woods and Campbell Pond, the body of water which inspired The Lake of Shining Waters, both described in the book, are located in the vicinity.[16] In addition, the Confederation Centre of the Arts has featured the wildly successful Anne of Green Gables musical on its mainstage every summer for over five decades.[17] The Anne of Green Gables Museum is located in Park Corner, PEI, in a home that inspired L.M. Montgomery.[18]

text: The novel has been very popular in Japan, where it is known as Red-haired Anne,[19][20] and where it has been included in the national school curriculum since 1952. 'Anne' is revered as "an icon" in Japan, especially since 1979 when this story was broadcast as anime, Anne of Green Gables. Japanese couples travel to Prince Edward Island to have civil wedding ceremonies on the grounds of the Green Gables farm. Some Japanese girls arrive as tourists with red-dyed hair styled in pigtails, to look like Anne.[21] In 2014, Asadora 'Hanako to Anne' (Hanako Muraoka is the first translator in Japan) was broadcast and Anne became popular among old and young alike.

text: A replica of the Green Gables house in Cavendish is located in the theme park Canadian World in Ashibetsu, Hokkaido, Japan. The park was a less expensive alternative for Japanese tourists instead of traveling to P.E.I. The park hosted performances featuring actresses playing Anne and Diana. The theme park is open during the summer season with free admission, though there are no longer staff or interpreters.[22]

text: The Avonlea theme park near Cavendish and the Cavendish Figurines shop have trappings so that tourists may dress like the book's characters for photos.[23] Souvenir shops throughout Prince Edward Island offer numerous foods and products based on details of the 'Anne Shirley' novels. Straw hats for girls with sewn-in red braids are common, as are bottles of raspberry cordial soda.[24] In the first book, Lucy Maud Montgomery established the cordial soda as the favorite beverage of Anne, who declares: "I just love bright red drinks!"

text: Legacy and honours[edit]

text: The popularity of the books and subsequent film adaptations is credited with inspiring the design and naming of buildings "Green Gables". An example still standing is an apartment block called "Green Gables" built in the 1930s, in New Farm, Queensland, Australia.[25]

text: Bala's Museum, located in Bala, Ontario, Canada, is a house museum established in 1992 and dedicated to Lucy M. Montgomery information and heritage. The house was a tourist home owned by Fanny Pike when Montgomery and her family stayed there on a summer vacation in 1922. That visit to the region inspired the novel The Blue Castle (1926).[26] The town is named Deerwood in the novel; this was Montgomery's only narrative setting outside Atlantic Canada.[citation needed]

text:
On May 15, 1975, Canada Post issued Lucy Maud Montgomery, Anne of Green Gables designed by Peter Swan and typographed by Bernard N.J. Reilander. The 8¢ stamps are perforated 13 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Limited.[27]
In 2008, Canada Post issued two postage stamps and a souvenir sheet honouring Anne and the "Green Gables" house.[28]

text:
In 2003, Anne of Green Gables was ranked number 41 in The Big Read, a survey of the British public by BBC to determine the "nation's best-loved novel" (not children's novel).[29]
In 2012, it was ranked number nine among all-time children's novels in a survey published by School Library Journal, a monthly with primarily U.S. audience.[30]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: Films[edit]

text:
Anne of Green Gables (1919), a silent film adapted to the screen by Frances Marion, directed by William Desmond Taylor, and starring Mary Miles Minter as Anne; this is considered a lost film.
Anne of Green Gables (1934), black & white "talkie" directed by George Nichols Jr. and starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley; after filming, O'Day changed her screen name to "Anne Shirley".
Anne of Windy Poplars (1940) – directed by Jack Hively, is a black & white "talkie" starring Dawn O'Day as Anne Shirley, now billed as "Anne Shirley".
Anne of Green Gables (as of 2017), an upcoming feature film version of Anne of Green Gables: The Musical.[31]

text: Literature[edit]

text: Ana of California: A Novel (2015), by Andi Teran, is a “contemporary spin on Anne of Green Gables. The lead character of Anne Shirley has been adapted to Ana Cortez, a 15-year-old orphan who “can’t tell a tomato plant from a blackberry bush” when she leaves East Los Angeles for the Northern California farm of Emmett and Abbie Garber.[32]

text: Radio productions[edit]

text:
Anne of Green Gables (1941), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic, adapted into four parts by Muriel Levy, and starring Cherry Cottrell as Anne.[4]
Anne of Green Gables (1944), a recreation of the 1941 BBC Radio drama, produced and broadcast by BBC Home Service Basic.[citation needed]
Anne of Green Gables (1954), a Canadian radio drama produced and broadcast by CBC Radio, adapted into 13 parts by Andrew Allen and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne.[33]
Anna zo Zeleného domu (1966), a Slovak radio drama produced and broadcast by Czechoslovak Radio, starring Anna Bučinská as Anne.[citation needed]
Anne of Green Gables (1971), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4, adapted into 13 parts by Cristina Sellors, and read by Ann Murray.[citation needed]
Anne of Green Gables (1997), a British radio drama produced and broadcast by BBC Radio 4, dramatized into five parts by Marcy Kahan and starred Barbara Barnes as Anne.[citation needed]

text: Stage productions[edit]

text:
Anne of Green Gables: The Musical, performed annually in the summer, at Charlottetown Festival, since 1965, this is Canada's longest-running main stage musical production, and has had a total audience of more than 2 million.[citation needed] Anne of Green Gables – The Musical was composed by Canadians Don Harron and Norman Campbell, with lyrics by Elaine Campbell and Mavor Moore. The production has been performed before Queen Elizabeth II and it has toured across Canada, the United States, and Europe. In 1969, it had a run in London's West End. The Charlottetown Festival production performed at the 1970 World's Fair in Osaka, Japan. Walter Learning directed and organized a successful national tour of the musical in Japan in 1991.[citation needed]
The Guild in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, hosts Anne and Gilbert, The Musical. Written by Nancy White, Bob Johnston, and Jeff Hochhauser, the production is based on Montgomery's sequels featuring Anne Shirley.[citation needed]
The Nine Lives of L.M. Montgomery, a musical adapted from Montgomery's novel and her life, opened at Kings Playhouse in Georgetown, Prince Edward Island on June 20, 2008, the 100th anniversary of the book's publication. With book and lyrics by Adam-Michael James and music by Emmy-nominated composer Leo Marchildon, the musical depicts events from Montgomery’s life and features as characters heroines from all of her novels. Anne figures prominently, and is shown from age 12 into her 40s. Gilbert Blythe also appears. The show’s second production was at the Carrefour Theatre in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island and opened July 11, 2009. Both years, the musical was nominated for The Prince Edward Island Museum and Heritage Foundation's Wendell Boyle Award. In July 2010, a concert version of the show toured Prince Edward Island, with four performances at Green Gables.[34]
Theatreworks USA, a New York-based children's theatre company, produced an Anne of Green Gables musical in 2006 at the Lucille Lortel Theatre. A revived production, with musical contributions from Gretchen Cryer, is planned to tour grade-schools.[citation needed]
The Peterborough Players, based in Peterborough, New Hampshire, staged an adaptation by Joseph Robinette of Anne of Green Gables in August 2009.[35]
Anne and Gilbert is a musical adaptation of the books Anne of Avonlea and Anne of the Island. It depicts the relationship of Anne and Gilbert during their years as teachers and college students, as well as their return to Avonlea.[citation needed]

text: Television movies[edit]

text:
Anne of Green Gables (1956), a made-for-television musical version directed by Norman Campbell and starring Toby Tarnow as Anne.
Anne de Green Gables (1957), a French-Canadian television film directed by Jacques Gauthier, starring Mireille Lachance as Anne Shirley.
Anne of Green Gables (1958), a recreation of the 1956 film directed by Don Harron, starring Kathy Willard as Anne.
Anne of Green Gables (1972), a British made-for-television 5-part mini-series directed by Joan Craft, starring Kim Braden as Anne.
Anne of Avonlea (1975), a British made-for-television 4-part mini-series directed by Joan Craft, starring Kim Braden as Anne.
Anne of Green Gables (1985), a CBC 4-hour television mini series directed by Kevin Sullivan with Megan Follows as Anne.
Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel (1987), a sequel to the 1985 miniseries which aired on CBC and the Disney Channel as Anne of Avonlea: The Continuing Story of Anne of Green Gables.
Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story (2000), a television miniseries inaccurately[neutrality is disputed] based upon the novels.
Anne: Journey to Green Gables (2005), an animated video film produced by Sullivan Entertainment and the prequel to Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2001–2002)
Anne of Green Gables: A New Beginning (2008), a television miniseries whose script is not based on the novels.
L.M. Montgomery's Anne of Green Gables (2016), a 90-minute made-for-television adaptation of the book by Breakthrough Films & Television, which began filming in Toronto in May 2015.[36][37] Casting was held in February 2015.[38] (This replaces the previously announced 13-part series that had been set to film in 2013).[39] It was adapted by Susan Coyne, directed by John Kent Harrison, and stars Ella Ballentine as Anne.[40] The world premiere of the film, advertised under the abbreviated title Anne of Green Gables, on February 15, 2016 on YTV.
Anne of Green Gables: The Good Stars aired on YTV on February 20, 2017.
Anne of Green Gables: Fire & Dew, aired July 1, 2017 on YTV.

text: Television series[edit]

text:
Anne of Green Gables (1952), a BBC television series starring Carole Lorimer as Anne.[41]
Akage no An (1979; Red-Haired Anne), an animated television series, part of Nippon Animation's World Masterpiece Theater, produced in Japan and directed by Isao Takahata.
Road to Avonlea (1990–1996) shown on CBC, a live-action television series produced by Kevin Sullivan, based upon characters and episodes from several of L.M. Montgomery's books, excluding Anne Shirley. Gilbert Blythe, Marilla Cuthbert, Rachel Lynde and other characters from the Anne books are included, and the series is set within the same continuity as Sullivan's 1980s miniseries.
Anne of Green Gables: The Animated Series (2000), a PBS Kids animated series for older children ages eight to twelve, created by Sullivan Entertainment Inc.
Kon'nichiwa Anne: Before Green Gables (2009), part of the World Masterpiece Theater, this prequel to Akage no An is based on Budge Wilson's authorized prequel Before Green Gables (2008).
Anne (2017), an eight-part TV series produced and broadcast by CBC in Canada and Netflix worldwide (under the title "Anne with an E").[42][43]

text: Web productions[edit]

text:
Green Gables Fables (2014–2016), an American-Canadian web series which conveys the story in the form of Tumblr posts, tweets, vlogs, and other social media. It is a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables and Anne of the Island, with many of its elements changed to better suit 21st-century culture. Mandy Harmon portrays the main character, Anne Shirley.[44]
Project Green Gables (2015–2016), a Finnish web series and a modern adaptation of Anne of Green Gables, which conveys the story in the form of vlogs. Laura Eklund Nhaga plays Anne Shirley.[45]

text: Parodies[edit]

text: As one of the most familiar characters in Canadian literature, Anne of Green Gables has been parodied by several Canadian comedy troupes, including CODCO (Anne of Green Gut) and The Frantics (Fran of the Fundy).


document_title: Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union

question_text: when was free movement in the eu introduced

root

text: History[edit]

text: The Treaty of Paris (1951)[4] establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to free movement for workers in these industries and the Treaty of Rome (1957)[5] provided a right for the free movement of workers within the European Economic Community. The Directive 2004/38/EC on the right to move and reside freely assembles the different aspects of the right of movement in one document, replacing inter alia the directive 1968/360/EEC. It also clarifies procedural issues, and it strengthens the rights of family members of European citizens using the freedom of movement. According to the official site of the European Parliament, the explanation of the freedom of workers goes as follows:

tag: p

text: Freedom of movement and residence for persons in the EU is the cornerstone of Union citizenship, which was established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992. Its practical implementation in EU law, however, has not been straightforward. It first involved the gradual phasing out, of internal borders under the Schengen agreements, initially in just a handful of Member States. Today, the provisions governing the free movement of persons are laid down in Directive 2004/38/EC on the right of EU citizens and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States. However, the implementation of this directive continues to face many obstacles.[6]

text: Definition of "worker"[edit]

text: The meaning of 'worker' is a matter of European Union law.[7] "The essential feature of an employment relationship, however, is that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration."[8]

text:
Purpose: under the European Court of Justice caselaw, the rights of free movement of workers applies regardless of the worker's purpose in taking up employment abroad,[9] so long as the work is not solely provided as a means of rehabilitation or reintegration of the workers concerned into society.[10]
Time commitment: the right of free movement applies to both part-time and full-time work, so long as the work is effective and genuine[9] and not of such small scale, irregular nature or limited duration to be purely marginal and ancillary.[9][11]
Remuneration: a wage is a necessary precondition for activity to constitute work, but the amount is not important. The right to free movement applies whether or not the worker required additional financial assistance from the Member State into which he moves.[12] Remuneration may be indirect quid pro quo (e.g. board and lodging) rather than strict consideration for work.[13]
Direction of another: where a person is self-employed, he can avail himself of the freedom to provide services and freedom of establishment.

tag: ul

text: Extent of the right[edit]

text: The right to free movement applies where the legal relationship of employment is entered into in or shall take effect within the territory of the European Community.[14][15] The precise legal scope of the right to free movement for workers has been shaped by the European Court of Justice and by directives and regulations. Underlying these developments is a tension "between the image of the Community worker as a mobile unit of production, contributing to the creation of a single market and to the economic prosperity of Europe" and the "image of the worker as a human being, exercising a personal right to live in another state and to take up employment there without discrimination, to improve the standard of living of his or her family".[16]

text: Discrimination and market access[edit]

text:
Case 379/87 Groener v Minister for Education [1989] ECR 3967[17]
Cases 267 & 268/91 Keck and Mithouard [1993] ECR I-6097[18]
Case 18/95 F.C. Terhoeve v Inspecteur van de Belastingdienst Particulieren/Ondernemingen Buitenland [1999] ECR I-345[19]

text: Public service exception[edit]

text:
Case 149/79 Commission v Belgium [1980] ECR 3881
Case 152/73 Sotigiu v Deutsche Bundespost [1974] ECR 153

text: Directives and regulations[edit]

text:
Directive 68/360/EEC[20]
Case 48/75 Royer [1976] ECR 497
Case 118/75Watson and Belmann [1976] ECR 1185
Case C-292/89 Antonissen [1991] ECR I-745
EU Regulation 1612/68[21] repealed and replaced by Regulation 492/2011[22]
Case C-207/78 Ministere Public v Even and ONPTS [1979] ECR 2019
Case C-267/83 Diatta v Land Berlin [1985] ECR 567
Case C-370/90 R v Immigration Appeal Tribunal and Surinder Singh, ex parte Secretary of State for the Home Department [1991] ECR I-4265

text: Social rights[edit]

text:
Case 293/83 Gravier v City of Liege [1985] ECR 593
Case C-85/96 Maria Martinez Sala v Freistaat Bayern [1998] ECR I-2691
Case C-184/99 Rudy Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve (CPAS) [2001] ECR I-6193

text: Transitional provisions in new member states[edit]

text: In both the Treaty of Accession 2003 and the Treaty of Accession 2005, there is a clause about a transition period before workers from the new member states can be employed on an equal, non-discriminatory terms in the old member states. The old member states have the right to impose such transitional period for 2 years, then to decide to extend it for additional 3 years, and then, if there is serious proof that labour from new member states would be disruptive to the market in the old member states then the period can be extended for the last time for 2 more years.[23]

text: According to the principle of reciprocity, new member states have the right to impose restrictions for all the countries that introduced restrictions and transitional periods to their citizens. Croatia has decided to apply this rule.[24]

text: Freedom of movement in the European Economic Area[edit]

text: The citizens of the member states of the European Economic Area (which includes the EU) have the same right of freedom of movement in the EEA as do EU citizens do within the Union. Additionally, the European Union and Switzerland have concluded a bilateral agreement with the same meaning. The EEA member states outside the EU (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) and Switzerland are treated as "old member states" in regard to the Treaty of Accession of the new EU members, so they can impose such 2+3+2 transitional periods.

text: Switzerland initially granted freedom of movement to EEA citizens in 2005-2011. It briefly reimposed restrictions in 2012-2013, but lifted them again in 2014. A 2014 Referendum directed the Swiss government to impose permanent quotas on residence/work permits for citizens of all EEA countries except Liechtenstein, starting from 2017 at the latest.[25][26][27] However, on 22 December 2016, Switzerland and the EU concluded an agreement that a new Swiss law (in response to the referendum) may require Swiss employers to give priority to Swiss-based job seekers (Swiss nationals and foreigners registered in Swiss job agencies) but does not limit the free movement of EU workers to Switzerland.[28]

text: Liechtenstein imposes a permanent quota for all EEA citizens (issuing 56 residence permits per year)[29][30] and a separate quota for Swiss citizens (a further 12 residence permits per year).[29]

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Establishment of rights of nationals of each EEA member state to work in each other member state

The citizens of →
can be employed in ↓
starting ↘
European Union members
Other EEA
members

The citizens of ←
can be employed in ↓
starting ∠

Portugal

1986
1986
1986
1986
1986
1994
1986
1986
1986
1986
1994
1986
1986
1994
2004
2004
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2009
2009
2013
1994
1994
1995
2004
Portugal

Spain
1986

1986
1986
1986
1986
1994
1986
1986
1986
1986
1994
1986
1986
1994
2004
2004
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2009
2014
2015
1994
1994
1995
2004
Spain

Italy
1986
1986

1981
1958
1958
1994
1958
1958
1958
1973
1994
1973
1973
1994
2004
2004
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2012
2012
2015
1994
1994
1995
2004
Italy

Greece
1986
1986
1981

1981
1981
1994
1981
1981
1981
1981
1994
1981
1981
1994
2004
2004
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2009
2009
2015
1994
1994
1995
2004
Greece

France
1986
1986
1958
1981

1958
1994
1958
1958
1958
1973
1994
1973
1973
1994
2004
2004
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2014
2014
2015
1994
1994
1995
2004
France

Germany
1986
1986
1958
1981
1958

1994
1958
1958
1958
1973
1994
1973
1973
1994
2004
2004
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2014
2014
2015
1994
1994
1995
2004
Germany

Austria
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994

1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
2004
2004
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2014
2014
(2018)
1994
1994
1995
2004
Austria

Belgium
1986
1986
1958
1981
1958
1958
1994

1958
1958
1973
1994
1973
1973
1994
2004
2004
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2014
2014
2015
1994
1994
1995
2004
Belgium

Netherlands[31]
1986
1986
1958
1981
1958
1958
1994
1958

1958
1973
1994
1973
1973
1994
2004
2004
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2014
2014
(2018)
1994
1994
1995
2004
Netherlands

Luxembourg
1986
1986
1958
1981
1958
1958
1994
1958
1958

1973
1994
1973
1973
1994
2004
2004
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2014
2014
2015
1994
1994
1995
2004
Luxembourg

Denmark[a]
1986
1986
1973
1981
1973
1973
1994
1973
1973
1973

1954
1973
1973
1954
2004
2004
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2013
1954
1954
1995
2004
Denmark

Finland[a]
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1954

1994
1994
1954
2004
2004
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2007
2007
2013
1954
1954
1995
2004
Finland

Ireland[b]
1986
1986
1973
1981
1973
1973
1994
1973
1973
1973
1973
1994

1973
1994
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2012
2012
2013
1994
1994
1995
2004
Ireland

United Kingdom[b]
1986
1986
1973
1981
1973
1973
1994
1973
1973
1973
1973
1994
1973

1994
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2014
2014
2018
1994
1994
1995
2004
United Kingdom

Sweden[a]
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1954
1954
1994
1994

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2007
2007
2013
1954
1954
1995
2004
Sweden

Cyprus
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2007
2007
2015
2004
2004
2004
2005
Cyprus

Malta
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2014
2014
2018
2004
2004
2004
2005
Malta

Estonia
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2007
2007
2013
2004
2004
2004
2005
Estonia

Latvia
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2007
2007
2013
2004
2004
2004
2005
Latvia

Lithuania
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2007
2007
2013
2004
2004
2004
2005
Lithuania

Poland
2006
2006
2006
2006
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2006
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2004
2004
2004
2007
2007
2013
2006
2006
2007
2007
Poland

Hungary
2006
2006
2006
2006
2008
2009
2009
2009
2007
2007
2009
2006
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2004
2004
2009
2009
2013
2006
2006
2009
2009
Hungary

Czech Republic
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2004
2007
2007
2013
2004
2004
2004
2005
Czech Republic

Slovakia
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2004
2007
2007
2013
2004
2004
2004
2005
Slovakia

Slovenia
2006
2006
2006
2006
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2006
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004

2007
2007
(2018)
2006
2006
2007
2007
Slovenia

Bulgaria
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007

2007
2013
2007
2007
2007
2007
Bulgaria

Romania
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007

2013
2007
2007
2007
2007
Romania

Croatia[32][33][34]
2013
2015
2015
2015
2015
2015
(2018)
2015
(2018)
2015
2013
2013
2013
2018
2013
2015
2018
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
2013
(2018)
2013
2013

2014
2015
(2018)
(2024)
Croatia

Norway[a]
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1954
1954
1994
1994
1954
2004
2004
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2012
2012
2014

1954
1995
2004
Norway

Iceland[a]
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1954
1954
1994
1994
1954
2004
2004
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2012
2012
2015
1954

1995
2004
Iceland

Liechtenstein
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
2004
2004
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2014
2014
(2018)
1995
1995

2005
Liechtenstein

Switzerland[c]
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2011
2016
2016
(2024)
2007
2007
2005

Switzerland

  no restriction on freedom of movement of workers; year of initial lifting of restrictions
  restricted movement of workers; earliest date for lifting of the restrictions for Croatian citizens is 1 July 2018 (1 January 2024 in case of Switzerland[35])
  Liechtenstein imposes a permanent annual quota on residence permits issued, for all EEA citizens and (separately) Swiss citizens[29]

Notes

^ Jump up to: a b c d e See also the parallel, concurrent Nordic Passport Union between the Kingdom of Denmark (for Denmark and the Faroe Islands), Sweden, Norway, Iceland and Finland.
^ Jump up to: a b Date of applicability as member states of the EEC. See also the parallel, concurrent Common Travel Area between the United Kingdom and Islands and the Republic of Ireland (Great Britain and Islands and all of the island of Ireland).
Jump up ^ For the countries that joined the EU before 2004, plus Cyprus and Malta, restrictions on freedom of movement were initially lifted on 1 June 2007, but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 June 2013 to 31 May 2014 under a safeguard clause. Similarly, for the countries that joined the EU in 2004, except Cyprus and Malta, restrictions on freedom of movement were initially lifted on 1 May 2011, but Switzerland decided to reimpose them from 1 May 2012 to 30 April 2014 under a safeguard clause. Also, according to the Protocol to the Agreement between the European Community and Switzerland regarding the participation of Bulgaria and Romania, Switzerland applied the 2+3+2 transitional period formula to these two countries starting from 1 June 2009, an may enforce some exclusions for an additional 3 years, until 31 May 2019.

tag: table


document_title: Hand, foot, and mouth disease

question_text: when did hand foot and mouth disease begin

text: Hand, foot, and mouth disease

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Common constitutional signs and symptoms of the HFMD include fever, nausea, vomiting, feeling tired, generalized discomfort, loss of appetite, and irritability in infants and toddlers. Skin lesions frequently develop in the form of a rash of flat discolored spots and bumps which may be followed by vesicular sores with blisters on palms of the hands, soles of the feet, buttocks, and sometimes on the lips.[16] The rash is rarely itchy for children,[4] but can be extremely itchy for adults. Painful facial ulcers, blisters, or lesions may also develop in or around the nose or mouth.[1][17][18] HFMD usually resolves on its own after 7–10 days.[17] Most cases of the disease are relatively harmless, but complications including encephalitis, meningitis, and paralysis that mimics the neurological symptoms of polio can occur.[19]

text:
Rash on palms of the hands.

Rash on hand and feet of a 36-year-old man

Rash on the soles of a child's feet

text: Cause[edit]

text: The viruses that cause the disease are of the Picornaviridae family. Coxsackievirus A16 is the most common cause of HFMD.[6] Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is the second-most common cause.[6] Many other strains of coxsackievirus and enterovirus can also be responsible.[6][12]

text: Transmission[edit]

text: HFMD is highly contagious and is transmitted by nasopharyngeal secretions such as saliva or nasal mucus, by direct contact, or by fecal-oral transmission.

text: Child care settings are the most common places for HMFD to be contracted because of the bathroom training, diaper changes, and that children often put their hands into their mouths.[18] Children who do not attend a preschool or kindergarten were found to be more susceptible to the disease.[20] HFMD is contracted through nose and throat secretions such as saliva, sputum, nasal mucus and as well as fluid in blisters, and stool.[20]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: A diagnosis usually can be made by the presenting signs and symptoms alone.[17] If the diagnosis is unclear, a throat swab or stool specimen may be taken to identify the virus by culture.[17] The common incubation period (the time between infection and onset of symptoms) ranges from three to six days.[4] Early detection of HFMD is important in preventing an outbreak in the pediatric population.[21]

text: Prevention[edit]

text: Preventive measures include avoiding direct contact with infected individuals (including keeping infected children home from school), proper cleaning of shared utensils, disinfecting contaminated surfaces, and proper hand hygiene. These measures have been shown to be effective in decreasing the transmission of the viruses responsible for HFMD.[17][22]

text: Protective habits include hand washing and disinfecting surfaces in play areas.[20] Breast-feeding has also shown to decrease rates of severe HFMD, though does not reduce the risk for the infection of the disease.[20]

text: Vaccine[edit]

text: A vaccine known as the EV71 vaccine is available to prevent HFMD in China as of December 2015.[23]  No vaccine is currently available in the United States.[22]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: Medications are usually not needed as hand, foot, and mouth disease is a viral disease that typically resolves on its own. Currently, there is no specific curative treatment for hand, foot and mouth disease.[17] Disease management typically focuses on achieving symptomatic relief.  Pain from the sores may be eased with the use of analgesic medications. Infection in older children, adolescents, and adults is typically mild and lasts approximately 1 week, but may occasionally run a longer course. Fever reducers and lukewarm baths can help decrease body temperature.

text: A minority of individuals with hand, foot and mouth disease may require hospital admission due to complications such as inflammation of the brain, inflammation of the meninges, or acute flaccid paralysis.[12] Non-neurologic complications such as inflammation of the heart, fluid in the lungs, or bleeding into the lungs may also occur.[12]

text: Complications[edit]

text: Complications from the viral infections that cause HFMD are rare, but require immediate medical treatment if present. HFMD infections caused by Enterovirus 71 tend to be more severe and are more likely to have neurologic or cardiac complications including death than infections caused by Coxsackievirus A16.[17] Viral or aseptic meningitis can occur with HFMD in rare cases and is characterized by fever, headache, stiff neck, or back pain.[12][17]  The condition is usually mild and clears without treatment; however, hospitalization for a short time may be needed. Other serious complications of HFMD include encephalitis (swelling of the brain), or flaccid paralysis in rare circumstances.[16][17]

text: Fingernail and toenail loss have been reported in children 4–8 weeks after having HFMD.[4] The relationship between HFMD and the reported nail loss is unclear; however, it is temporary and nail growth resumes without treatment.[4][24]

text: Minor complications due to symptoms can occur such as dehydration, due to mouth sores causing discomfort with intake of foods and fluid.[25]

text: Epidemiology[edit]

text: Hand, foot and mouth disease most commonly occurs in children under the age of 10.[4][17] It tends to occur in outbreaks during the spring, summer, and autumn seasons.[6] This is believed to be due to heat and humidity improving spread.[20] HFMD is more common in rural areas than urban areas; however, socioeconomic status and hygiene levels need to considered.[26] Poor hygiene is a risk factor for HFMD.[27]

text: Outbreaks have occurred in China, Japan, Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam.[20] HFMD most commonly affects young children under the age of 10 and more often under the age of 5, but can also affect adults with varying symptoms.[18]

text: Since 1997 there have been 71 large enterovirus outbreaks reported, mostly in East and South East Asia, primarily affecting children.[20] From the years 2008 to 2014, more than 1 million HFMD cases have been reported in China each year.[28]

text: Outbreaks[edit]

text:
In 1998, there was an outbreak in Taiwan, affecting mainly children.[29] There were 405 severe complications, and 78 children died.[30] The total number of cases in that epidemic is estimated to have been 1.5 million.[6]
In 2008 an outbreak in China, beginning in March in Fuyang, Anhui, led to 25,000 infections, and 42 deaths, by May 13.[6] Similar outbreaks were reported in Singapore (more than 2,600 cases as of April 20, 2008),[31] Vietnam (2,300 cases, 11 deaths),[32] Mongolia (1,600 cases),[33] and Brunei (1053 cases from June–August 2008)[34]
In 2009 17 children died in an outbreak during March and April 2009 in China's eastern Shandong Province, and 18 children died in the neighboring Henan Province.[35] Out of 115,000 reported cases in China from January to April, 773 were severe and 50 were fatal.[36]
In 2010 in China, an outbreak occurred in southern China's Guangxi Autonomous Region as well as Guangdong, Henan, Hebei and Shandong provinces. Until March 70,756 children were infected and 40 died from the disease. By June, the peak season for the disease, 537 had died.[37]
The World Health Organization reporting between January to October 2011 (1,340,259) states the number of cases in China had dropped by approx 300,000 from 2010 (1,654,866) cases, with new cases peaking in June. There were 437 deaths, down from 2010 (537 deaths).[38]
In December 2011, the California Department of Public Health identified a strong form of the virus, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), where nail loss in children is common.[39]
In 2012 in Alabama, United States there was an outbreak of an unusual type of the disease. It occurred in a season when it is not usually seen and affected teenagers and older adults.  There were some hospitalizations due to the disease but no reported deaths.[40]
In 2012 in Cambodia, 52 of 59 reviewed cases of children reportedly[41] dead (as of July 9, 2012) due to a mysterious disease were diagnosed to be caused by a virulent form of HFMD.[42] Although a significant degree of uncertainty exists with reference to the diagnosis, the WHO report states, "Based on the latest laboratory results, a significant proportion of the samples tested positive for enterovirus 71 (EV-71), which causes hand foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The EV-71 virus has been known to generally cause severe complications amongst some patients."[43]
HFMD infected 1,520,274 people with up to 431 deaths reported at the end of July in 2012 in China.[44]

text: History[edit]

text: HFMD cases were first described clinically in Canada and New Zealand in 1957.[17] The disease was termed "Hand Foot and Mouth Disease", by Thomas Henry Flewett, after a similar outbreak in 1960.[45] [46]

text: Research[edit]

text: Novel antiviral agents to prevent and treat infection with the viruses responsible for HFMD are currently under development. Preliminary studies have shown inhibitors of the EV-71 viral capsid to have potent antiviral activity.[13]


document_title: Tourism in Nepal

question_text: how much money does tourism bring to nepal

text: Tourism in Nepal

text: Overview[edit]

text: Mount Everest, the highest mountain peak in the world, is located in Nepal. Mountaineering and other types of adventure tourism and ecotourism are important attractions for visitors. The world heritage site Lumbini, birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is located in the south of the West region of Nepal (which despite the name is located in the centre of the country) and there are other important religious pilgrimage sites throughout the country. The tourist industry is seen as a way to alleviate poverty and achieve greater social equity in the country. Tourism brings $471m a year to Nepal.[2]

text: According to statistics of 2012, there was a slow growth rate of 9.8%.[out of date] According to statistics from Nepal Tourism Board (NTB), a total of 598,204 foreign tourists entered the country via aerial route in 2012. The government of Nepal declared 2011 to be Nepal Tourism Year, and hoped to attract one million foreign tourists to the country during that year.[3] The government of Nepal has also declared Lumbini Tourism Year 2012 to promote Lumbini.

text: Tourism in Nepal was badly affected, at least temporarily, by the series of earthquakes in 2015.

text: Statistics[edit]

text: In 2007-, the number of international tourists visiting Nepal was 526,705, which was an increase of 37.2% compared to the previous year. In 2008, the number of tourists decreased by 5% to 500,277.

text: In 2008, 55.9% of the foreign visitors came from Asia (18.2% from India), while Western Europeans accounted for 27.5%, 7.6% were from North America, 3.2% from Australia and the Pacific Region, 2.6% from Eastern Europe, 1.5% from Central and South America, 0.3% from Africa and 1.4% from other countries.

text: Foreign tourists visiting Nepal in 2008 stayed in the country for an average of 11.78 days.[4][5]

text: Arrivals[edit]

text: This statistic shows the number of international tourist arrivals by year, 1993–2016:[6]

text:
Year
Number of international touristsarriving in Nepal
% change from  previous year

1993
293,567
-12.2%

1994
326,531
+11.2%

1995
363,395
+11.3%

1996
393,613
+8.3%

1997
421,857
+7.2%

1998
463,684
+9.9%

1999
491,504
+6.0%

2000
463,646
-5.7%

2001
361,237
-22.1%

2002
275,468
-23.7

2003
338,132
+22.7%

2004
385,297
+13.9%

2005
375,398
-2.6%

2006
383,926
+2.3%

2007
526,705
+37.3%

2008
500,277
-5.0%

2009
509,956
+1.9%

2010
602,867
+18.2%

2011
736,215
+22.1%

2012
803,092
+9.1%

2013
797,616
-0.7%

2014
790,118
-0.9%

2015
538,970
-31%

2016
753,002
+40%

2017
940,218
+24.8%

text: Arrivals by country[edit]

text: Most tourists arriving to Nepal on short term basis were from the following countries of nationality:[7][8]

text:
Rank

Country

2017

2016

2015

2014

2013

1
 India
160,832
118,249
75,124
135,343
180,974

2
 China
104,664
104,005
66,984
123,805
113,173

3
 United States
79,146
53,645
42,687
498,30
47,355

4
 United Kingdom
51,058
46,295
29,730
36,759
35,688

5
 Sri Lanka
45,361
57,521
44,367
37,546
32,736

6
 Thailand
39,154
26,722
32,338
33,422
40,969

7
 South Korea
34,301
25,171
18,112
23,205
19,714

8
 Australia
33,371
25,507
16,619
24,516
20,469

9
 Myanmar
30,852
25,769
21,631
N/A
N/A

10
 Germany
29,918
23,812
16,405
18,028
22,263

11
 Bangladesh
29,060
23,440
14,831
21,851
22,410

12
 Japan
27,326
22,979
17,613
25,892
26,694

13
 France
26,140
20,863
16,405
24,097
21,842

14
 Malaysia
18,284
13,669
9,855
18,915
18,842

15
 Spain
15,953
12,255
6,741
13,110
10,412

16
 Canada
15,105
12,491
8,398
11,610
12,132

17
 Netherlands
13,393
11,453
7,515
12,320
10,516

Total Foreigner
940,218
753,002
538,970
790,118
797,616

text: Wilderness tourism[edit]

text:
Chitwan National Park
IUCN category II (national park)
Elephant safari with rhinos

text: According to Nepal's Ministry of Tourism, major tourist activities include wilderness and adventure activities such as mountain biking, bungee jumping, rock climbing and mountain climbing, trekking, hiking,[9] bird watching, flights, paragliding and hot air ballooning over the mountains of Himalaya, exploring the waterways by raft, kayak or canoe and jungle safaris especially in the Terai region.[10]

text:
Ilam, tea capital of Nepal and one of the tourism hotpots in eastern Nepal

The only international elephant polo in Chitwan National Park

text: Religious sites[edit]

text: The major religion in Nepal is Hinduism, and the Pashupatinath Temple, the world's largest temple of Shiva, located in Kathmandu, attracts many pilgrims and tourists. Other Hindu pilgrimage sites include the temple complex in Swargadwari in the Pyuthan district; Janaki Mandir in Janakpurdham in Mithila region; Lake Gosainkunda near Dhunche; the temples at Devghat; Manakamana temple in the Gorkha District; Pathibhara near Phungling; and Mahamrityunjaya Shivasan Nepal in Palpa District where the biggest metallic idol of Lord Shiva is located.

text: Buddhism is the largest minority religion. The World Heritage site at Lumbini, which is traditionally considered to be the birthplace of Gautama Buddha, is an important pilgrimage site. Another prominent Buddhist site is Swayambhunath, the Monkey Temple, in Kathmandu.

text: Dang valley is a sacred place for Hindus as well as other religions. Kalika and Malika Devi in Chhillikot hill, Ambekeshawori temple, Krishna temple, Dharapani temple are among the sacred places in Dang district. Chillikot hill is also a good place for sightseeing and also an ancient palace of a king.

text: Muktinath is a sacred place for Hindus as well as Buddhists. The site is located in Muktinath Valley, Mustang district.