document_title: Red blood cell

question_text: number of hemoglobin molecules in a red blood cell

question_tokens: number of hemoglobin molecules in a red blood cell

text: Red blood cell

text: Structure

text: Vertebrates

text: Almost all vertebrates, including all mammals and humans, have red blood cells. Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen. The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish (family Channichthyidae); they live in very oxygen-rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood.[8] While they no longer use hemoglobin, remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome.[9]

text: Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin, a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules (O2) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body. Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell's cell membrane. Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues; most waste carbon dioxide, however, is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate (HCO3−) dissolved in the blood plasma. Myoglobin, a compound related to hemoglobin, acts to store oxygen in muscle cells.[10]

text: The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin. The blood plasma alone is straw-colored, but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin: when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet, and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color. However, blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin.[11] Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques. Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide, forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color. Flushed, confused patients with a saturation reading of 100% on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning.

text: Having oxygen-carrying proteins inside specialized cells (as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood, higher concentrations of oxygen, and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues. The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species; red blood cell width is on average about 25% larger than capillary diameter, and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues.[12]

text: Mammals

text: The red blood cells of mammals are typically shaped as biconcave disks: flattened and depressed in the center, with a dumbbell-shaped cross section, and a torus-shaped rim on the edge of the disk. This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels, such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter, which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels.[13] Moreover, this shape allows for a high surface-area-to-volume (SA/V) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases.[14] However, there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order (even-toed ungulates including cattle, deer, and their relatives), which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies: small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels (family Camelidae), tiny spherical cells in mouse deer (family Tragulidae), and cells which assume fusiform, lanceolate, crescentic, and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti (family Cervidae). Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm.[7][15] Overall, mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries, as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape, where they efficiently release their oxygen load.[16]

text: Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature. Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis, but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin.  The red blood cells without nuclei, called reticulocytes, go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum.

text: The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells, but this effect is somewhat limited in humans. In some other mammals such as dogs and horses, the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress, yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity.

text: Human

text: A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2–8.2 µm[17] and a thickness at the thickest point of 2–2.5 µm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8–1 µm, being much smaller than most other human cells. These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL[18] with a surface of about 136 μm2, and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL, without membrane distension.

text: Adult humans have roughly 20–30 trillion red blood cells at any given time, constituting approximately 70% of all cells by number.[19] Women have about 4–5 million red blood cells per microliter (cubic millimeter) of blood and men about 5–6 million; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more. Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles: there are about 4,000–11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000–400,000 platelets per microliter.

text: Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation.[4][6][20]

text: The blood's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin. Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million[citation needed] of these hemoglobin molecules. Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume. Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98% of the oxygen in the body (the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma). The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron, representing about 65% of the total iron contained in the body.[21][22]

text: Microstructure

text: Nucleus

text: Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature, meaning that they lack a cell nucleus. In comparison, the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the genus Batrachoseps and fish of the genus Maurolicus.[23][24]

text: The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome.[25] The argument runs as follows: Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries, and this constrains their size. In the absence of nuclear elimination, the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus, which increases with genome size.

text: Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms: normoblasts, which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells, and megaloblasts, which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias.

text: Membrane composition

text: Red blood cells are deformable, flexible, are able to adhere to other cells, and are able to interface with immune cells. Their membrane plays many roles in this. These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition. The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers: the glycocalyx on the exterior, which is rich in carbohydrates; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins, besides its lipidic main constituents; and the membrane skeleton, a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer. Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins.  The other half are lipids, namely phospholipids and cholesterol.[26]

text: Membrane lipids

text: The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer, similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells. Simply put, this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight. The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity. Additionally, the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer.

text: Unlike cholesterol, which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets, the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed, as shown below:

text: Outer monolayer

text:
Phosphatidylcholine (PC);
Sphingomyelin (SM).

text: Inner monolayer

text:
Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE);
Phosphoinositol (PI) (small amounts).
Phosphatidylserine (PS);

text: This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy-dependent and energy-independent phospholipid transport proteins. Proteins called “Flippases” move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer, while others called “floppases” do the opposite operation, against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner. Additionally, there are also “scramblase” proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time, down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner. There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane.

text: The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer (such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons:

text:
Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface. Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system, especially in the spleen.
Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer.
An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells, effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature. Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation.
Both PS and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) can regulate membrane mechanical function, due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability. PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3, and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton.

text: The presence of specialized structures named "lipid rafts" in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies. These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins, namely flotillins, stomatins (band 7), G-proteins, and β-adrenergic receptors. Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2-adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels, and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells.[27][28]

text: Membrane proteins

text: The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability, flexibility and durability of the red blood cell, enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell (7–8 μm) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces, in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber.

text: There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins, which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell. Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens, such as the A, B and Rh antigens, among many others. These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions, such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane, adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells, as signaling receptors, as well as other currently unknown functions. The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells. Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders, such as hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary stomatocytosis, and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.[26][27]

text: The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function:

text: Transport

text:
Band 3 – Anion transporter, also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane, makes up to 25% of the cell membrane surface, each red cell contains approximately one million copies. Defines the Diego Blood Group;[30]
Aquaporin 1 – water transporter, defines the Colton Blood Group;
Glut1 – glucose and L-dehydroascorbic acid transporter;
Kidd antigen protein – urea transporter;
RhAG – gas transporter, probably of carbon dioxide, defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rhnull;
Na+/K+ – ATPase;
Ca2+ – ATPase;
Na+ K+ 2Cl− – cotransporter;
Na+-Cl− – cotransporter;
Na-H exchanger;
K-Cl – cotransporter;
Gardos Channel.

text: Cell adhesion

text:
ICAM-4 – interacts with integrins;
BCAM  – a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin-binding protein.

text: Structural role – The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton, likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing (vesiculating).

text:
Ankyrin-based macromolecular complex – proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin.
Band 3 – also assembles various glycolytic enzymes, the presumptive CO2 transporter, and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a "metabolon," which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function);
RhAG – also involved in transport, defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rhmod.
Protein 4.1R-based macromolecular complex – proteins interacting with Protein 4.1R.
Protein 4.1R – weak expression of Gerbich antigens;
Glycophorin C and D – glycoprotein, defines Gerbich Blood Group;
XK – defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype (lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens);
RhD/RhCE – defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rhnull;
Duffy protein – has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance;[31]
Adducin – interaction with band 3;
Dematin- interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter.

text: Surface electrostatic potential

text: The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell. The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is −15.7 millivolts (mV).[32] Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane: their removal results in zeta potential of −6.06 mV.

text: Function

text: Secondary functions

text: When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels, they release ATP, which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow.[33]

text: When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated, red blood cells release S-nitrosothiols, which also act to dilate blood vessels,[34] thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen.

text: Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically, using L-arginine as substrate, as do endothelial cells.[35] Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide,[36] which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus.

text: Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide, a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls. It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide.[37]

text: Red blood cells also play a part in the body's immune response: when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria, their hemoglobin releases free radicals, which break down the pathogen's cell wall and membrane, killing it.[38][39]

text: Cellular processes

text: As a result of not containing mitochondria, red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate.[40][41] Furthermore, the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells; see glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more.

text: As red blood cells contain no nucleus, protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells.

text: Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA, and consequently cannot divide and have limited repair capabilities.[42]  The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells.[43]  However, infection with parvoviruses (such as human parvovirus B19) can affect erythroid precursors, as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies, thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia.[44]

text: Life cycle

text: Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis, developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days. When matured, in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days (and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant).[45] At the end of their lifespan, they are removed from circulation. In many chronic diseases, the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced.

text: Creation

text: Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced; it lasts about 7 days. Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones. (In the embryo, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production.) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), synthesised by the kidney. Just before and after leaving the bone marrow, the developing cells are known as reticulocytes; these constitute about 1% of circulating red blood cells.

text: Functional lifetime

text: The functional lifetime of a red blood cell is about 100–120 days, during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push (in arteries), pull (in veins) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries. They are also recycled in the bone marrow.[46]

text: Senescence

text: The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane, making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system (spleen, liver and lymph nodes), thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood. This process is termed eryptosis, red blood cell programmed cell death.[47] This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis, balancing the total circulating red blood cell count. Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis, haemolytic uremic syndrome, malaria, sickle cell anemia, beta-thalassemia, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, phosphate depletion, iron deficiency and Wilson's disease. Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock, oxidative stress, energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics. Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP-dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP-activated protein kinase AMPK. Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin, nitric oxide, catecholamines and high concentrations of urea.

text: Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body. The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron (Fe3+) and biliverdin. The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin, which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin.  The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin.  Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze. Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin, which is not excreted by the kidney.[48]

text: Clinical significance

text: Disease

text: Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include:

text: Anemias (or anaemias) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood, because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin.

text: Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient, and hemoglobin, which contains iron, cannot be formed

text: Sickle-cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules. When these release their oxygen load in the tissues, they become insoluble, leading to mis-shaped red blood cells. These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage, pain, strokes, and other tissue damage.

text: Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits.

text: Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell's cell membrane, causing the cells to be small, sphere-shaped, and fragile instead of donut-shaped and flexible. These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen. Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known.[49]

text: Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor, required to absorb vitamin B12 from food. Vitamin B12 is needed for the production of hemoglobin.

text: Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells.

text: Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells.

text: Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells. It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia.

text: The malaria parasite spends part of its life-cycle in red blood cells, feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart, causing fever. Both sickle-cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas, because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite.

text: Polycythemias (or erythrocytoses) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells. The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms.

text: In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow.

text: Several microangiopathic diseases, including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies, present with pathognomonic (diagnostic) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes. These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus.

text: Transfusion

text: Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion. Blood may be donated from another person, or stored by the recipient at an earlier date. Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood-borne diseases, or will not suffer themselves by giving blood. Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood-borne diseases including Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV. The blood type (A, B, AB, or O) or the blood product is identified. This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell's surface. After this process, the blood is stored, and within a short duration is used. Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells.

text: Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia, active bleeding, or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss, such as prior to an operation. Before blood is given, a small sample of the recipient's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching. In addition to the transmission of infection, certain types of transfusion reaction.

text: In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab. The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow. It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions.[50]

text: Tests

text: Several blood tests involve red blood cells. These include a RBC count (the number of red blood cells per volume of blood), calculation of the hematocrit (percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells), and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation.

text: Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film (or peripheral blood smear), where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide. This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form. When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack, flat side next to flat side. This is known as rouleaux formation, and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated, as for instance during inflammation.

text: Separation and blood doping

text: Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation, which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation. Packed red blood cells, which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed, are used in transfusion medicine.[51] During plasma donation, the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected.

text: Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping: first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted, then the red blood cells are isolated, frozen and stored, to be reinjected shortly before the competition. (Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at −79 °C or −110 °F) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity. Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells.  Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency.

text: History

text: The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam, who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog.[52] Unaware of this work, Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674, this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells, even approximating their size, "25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand".

text: In 1901, Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups—A, B, and C (which he later renamed to O). Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells, thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups. A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli, two colleagues of Landsteiner, identified a fourth blood group—AB.

text: In 1959, by use of X-ray crystallography, Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin, the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen.[53]

text: The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman, a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE. These cells were discovered in May 2012.[54]


document_title: Big Ten Conference Men's Basketball Tournament

question_text: when is the big 10 mens basketball tournament

root

text: Host[edit]

text: The Big Ten Men's Basketball tournaments have been held at neutral sites every year. The first four tournaments were held at United Center in Chicago, Illinois. Beginning in 2002, the tournament alternated between United Center and Conseco Fieldhouse (later known as Bankers Life Fieldhouse) in Indianapolis, Indiana. In 2008, the tournament began a five-year residence in Indianapolis.[1]

tag: p

text: On June 5, 2011, the Big Ten announced that the tournament would revert to alternating between Indianapolis and Chicago. The 2013 and 2015 tournaments were played at United Center in Chicago and the 2014 and 2016 tournaments were played at Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis.[2]

text: The 2017 Tournament was held at Verizon Center in Washington, D.C.[3][4] The 2018 Tournament was held at Madison Square Garden in New York and held a week earlier than usual due to the Big East Tournament, ending on March 4, 2018, one week before Selection Sunday.[5][6][7] The 2019 through 2022 Tournaments will return to alternating between United Center in Chicago and Bankers Life Fieldhouse in Indianapolis.[8]

text: Vacated results[edit]

text: Due to various rulings against participating programs, some of the results of the Big Ten Tournament have been vacated or voided. Here is a compiled list of sanctions imposed that have affected the results and records of the tournament since its inception. The information in this article does not include results of the teams in which records were vacated.

text:
Because of the Minnesota academic scandal, the NCAA has vacated the postseason tournament records for the Minnesota basketball team from the 1993–94 season through the 1998–99 season.[9] Minnesota had a record of 2–1 in the 1998 Tournament and went 0–1 in 1999.
Because of the Michigan basketball scandal, the NCAA vacated the records for the Michigan basketball team from the 1995–96 season through the 1998–99 season, including the 1998 and 1999 Big Ten Tournaments.[10] Michigan had won the Tournament championship in 1998 with a 3–0 record, and had a record of 1–1 in 1999.
The NCAA has vacated the NCAA records for the Ohio State basketball team from the 1998–99 season through the 2001–02 season.[11] Ohio State had a record of 1–1 in the 1999 Tournament, went 0–1 in 2000 and 2001, and had won the championship in 2002.

tag: ul

text: Results and records[edit]

text: Results by year[edit]

text:
Year
Champion
Seed
Score
Runner-up
Seed
Most Valuable Player
Site

1998
Michigan (vacated) [note 1]
4
76–67
Purdue
3
Robert Traylor, Michigan [note 1]
United Center, Chicago

1999
Michigan State
1
67–50
Illinois
11
Mateen Cleaves, Michigan State
United Center, Chicago

2000
Michigan State
2
76–61
Illinois
4
Morris Peterson, Michigan State
United Center, Chicago

2001
Iowa
6
63–61
Indiana
4
Reggie Evans, Iowa
United Center, Chicago

2002
Ohio State (vacated) [note 2]
2
81–64
Iowa
9
Boban Savovic, Ohio State [note 2]
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2003
Illinois
2
72–59
Ohio State
8
Brian Cook, Illinois
United Center, Chicago

2004
Wisconsin
2
70–53
Illinois
1
Devin Harris, Wisconsin
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2005
Illinois
1
54–43
Wisconsin
2
James Augustine, Illinois
United Center, Chicago

2006
Iowa
2
67–60
Ohio State
1
Jeff Horner, Iowa
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2007
Ohio State
1
66–49
Wisconsin
2
Mike Conley Jr., Ohio State
United Center, Chicago

2008
Wisconsin
1
61–48
Illinois
10
Marcus Landry, Wisconsin
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2009
Purdue
3
65–61
Ohio State
5
Robbie Hummel, Purdue
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2010
Ohio State
1
90–61
Minnesota
6
Evan Turner, Ohio State
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2011
Ohio State
1
71–60
Penn State
6
Jared Sullinger, Ohio State
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2012
Michigan State
1
68–64
Ohio State
3
Draymond Green, Michigan State
Conseco Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2013
Ohio State
2
50–43
Wisconsin
4
Aaron Craft, Ohio State
United Center, Chicago

2014
Michigan State
3
69–55
Michigan
1
Branden Dawson, Michigan State
Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2015
Wisconsin
1
80–69OT
Michigan State
3
Frank Kaminsky, Wisconsin
United Center, Chicago

2016
Michigan State
2
66–62
Purdue
4
Denzel Valentine, Michigan State
Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2017
Michigan
8
71–56
Wisconsin
2
Derrick Walton, Michigan
Verizon Center, Washington, D.C.

2018
Michigan
5
75–66
Purdue
3
Moritz Wagner, Michigan
Madison Square Garden, New York City

2019

United Center, Chicago

2020

Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

2021

United Center, Chicago

2022

Bankers Life Fieldhouse, Indianapolis

tag: table

text: Most conference tournament championships[edit]

text:
School
Titles
Years

Michigan State
5
1999, 2000, 2012, 2014, 2016

Ohio State^
4
2007, 2010, 2011, 2013

Wisconsin
3
2004, 2008, 2015

Illinois
2
2003, 2005

Iowa
2
2001, 2006

Michigan*
2
2017, 2018

Purdue
1
2009

Minnesota
0

Indiana
0

Penn State
0

Northwestern
0

Nebraska
0

Maryland
0

Rutgers
0

text:
* 1998 championship vacated by Michigan.
^ 2002 championship vacated by Ohio State.

text: Most consecutive championships[edit]

text: 2 – Michigan State (1999, 2000), Ohio State (2010, 2011), Michigan (2017, 2018)

text: Records all-time by team[edit]

text:
School
Record
Winning pct
Championships
Runners-up

Ohio State
26–14[note 2]
.650
4
4

Michigan State
29–16
.644
5
1

Illinois
27–19
.587
2
4

Wisconsin
24–18
.571
3
3

Michigan
22–17[note 1]
.564
2
1

Iowa
16–19
.457
2
1

Rutgers
3–4
.429
0
0

Minnesota
14–19[note 3]
.424
0
1

Purdue
14–20
.412
1
3

Penn State
14–21
.400
0
1

Indiana
12–21
.364
0
1

Maryland
2–4
.333
0
0

Nebraska
3–7
.300
0
0

Northwestern
9–21
.300
0
0

text: Records all-time by seed[edit]

text:
Seed
Record
Winning pct
Championships
Runners-up

1
34–12
.739
8
3

2
26–12[note 2]
.684
5*
2

3
20–17[note 2]
.541
2
4

4
14–19[note 1]
.424
0*
3

5
15–19
.441
1
1

6
28–18[note 3]
.609
1
2

7
15–20
.429
0
0

8
15–19[note 3]
.441
1
1

9
9–20
.310
0
1

10
10–19[note 1]
.345
0
1

11
7–20
.259
0
1

12
3–6
.333
0
0

13
2–3
.400
0
0

14
3–4
.429
0
0

text: * Does not include vacated wins by Michigan (1998) and Ohio State (2002)

text: Records by coaches[edit]

text: Through 2018 tournament

text:
Coach
School
Record
Winning pct.
Championships

Thad Matta
Ohio State
23–9
.719
4

Bill Self
Illinois
5–2
.714
1

Steve Alford
Iowa
13–6
.684
2

John Beilein
Michigan
19–9
.679
2

Lon Kruger
Illinois
6–3
.667
0

Tom Izzo
Michigan State
29–16
.644
5

Bo Ryan
Wisconsin
17–11
.607
3

Bruce Weber
Illinois
12–8
.600
1

Mike Davis
Indiana
7–6
.538
0

Tubby Smith
Minnesota
7–6
.538
0

Matt Painter
Purdue
11–12
.478
1

Pat Chambers
Penn State
5–7
.417
0

Ed DeChellis
Penn State
5–8
.385
0

Bill Carmody
Northwestern
5–13
.278
0

text: Note: Current coaches at school in bold. Minimum of five wins.[12]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Due to NCAA sanctions, Michigan has vacated the records from the 1992 Final Four, the 1992–93, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, and 1998–99 seasons. See above section Vacated results
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Due to NCAA sanctions, Ohio State has vacated the records of 34 games in 1998–99, 16 games in 1999–00 and the entire 2000–01 and 2001–02 seasons. See above section Vacated results
^ Jump up to: a b c Due to NCAA sanctions, Minnesota has vacated the records from the 1993–94, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, and 1998–99 seasons. See above section Vacated results

tag: ol

text: Television coverage[edit]