document_title: List of highest-grossing Indian films

question_text: highest grossing malayalam movies of all time wiki

text: List of highest-grossing Indian films

text: Global gross figures

text: The following list shows India's top 15 highest-grossing films, which include films from all the Indian languages. The figures are not adjusted for inflation.

text:
*
Denotes films still running in theaters

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)/Producers
Language
Worldwide gross

1
Dangal
2016
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
Hindi
₹1,979 crore (US$310 million)[5]

2
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works

Telugu
Tamil

₹1,725 crore (US$270 million)[6]

3
PK
2014
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Rajkumar Hirani Films
Hindi
₹792 crore (US$120 million)[7][8]

4
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
Telugu
Tamil
₹650 crore (US$100 million)[9]

5
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
2015
Kabir Khan
Salman Khan Films
Kabir Khan Films
Hindi
₹626 crore (US$98 million)[7][8]

6
Dhoom 3
2013
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
Hindi
₹585 crore (US$91 million)[10]

7
Sultan
2016
Ali Abbas Zafar
Yash Raj Films
Hindi
₹584 crore (US$91 million)[11]

8
Kabali
2016
Pa. Ranjith
V Creations
Tamil
₹477 crore (US$74 million)[12]–₹499 crore (US$78 million)[13][note 1]

9
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo
2015
Sooraj R. Barjatya
Fox Star Studios
Rajshri Productions
Hindi
₹432 crore (US$67 million)[19]

10
Chennai Express
2013
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
Hindi
₹423 crore (US$66 million)[20]

11
3 Idiots
2009
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Hindi
₹395 crore (US$62 million)[21]

12
Dilwale
2015
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
Rohit Shetty Productions
Hindi
₹394 crore (US$61 million)[20]

13
Bajirao Mastani
2015
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
SLB Films
Hindi
₹358 crore (US$56 million)[20]

14
Kick
2014
Sajid Nadiadwala
Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment
Hindi
₹352 crore (US$55 million)[20]

15
Happy New Year
2014
Farah Khan
Red Chillies Entertainment
Hindi
₹345 crore (US$54 million)[20]

text: Notes:

text: Jump up ^ Box office gross values of ₹6–6.75 billion were reported for Kabali in the first 13 days by several organisations including Financial Express and Indian Express,[14][15] which were more than double the estimates made by other sources.[16] International Business Times (IBT) and Firstpost criticized these estimates as inflated, explaining the discrepancy as due in part to the addition of "pre-release business" figures, such as music and satellite rights sales of ₹2 billion,[17] being factored into the box office sales totals.[16] Firstpost wrote, "More conservative estimates put Kabali’s collections at around Rs [3 billion] from worldwide ticket sales."[17] IBT's analysts estimated the film's worldwide gross total of its first 13 days at around ₹3.5 billion (US$55 million).[18] Figures released in December 2016 by Financial Express indicated an estimated domestic gross of ₹215 crore and an international gross of ₹262 crore, which total ₹477 crore.[12] A figure of USD$77 million released by Forbes in May 2017 converted to approximately ₹493–499 crore.[13]

text: Highest-grossing films by language

text: Bengali cinema was the center of Indian cinema in the 1930s,[22] and accounted for a quarter of India's film output in the 1950s.[23] Cinema in South India accounted for nearly half of India's cinema halls in the 1940s.[2] In 2009, South India accounted for 75% of film revenues in India.[24] As of 2014, Bollywood (Hindi cinema) represents 43% of Indian net box office revenue, while Tamil and Telugu cinema represent 36%, and the rest of the regional cinema constitutes 21%.[25]

text: Bengali

text: Bengali Cinema portal

text: The Bengali language film industry is centered in the Tollygunge neighborhood of the city of Kolkata, West Bengal and has been known by the nickname Tollywood, a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood , since 1932.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Chander Pahar
2013
Kamaleswar Mukherjee
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹20 crore (US$3.1 million)
[26][27]

2
Boss 2: Back to Rule
2017
Baba Yadav
Jeetz Fireworks
Walzen Media Works
Jaaz Multimedia
₹12 crore (US$1.9 million)
[28]

3
Champ
2017
Raj Chakraborty
Dev Entertainment Ventures
Geetsangeet Productions
SVF Entertainment
₹10 crore (US$1.6 million)
[29]

4
Paglu
2011
Rajiv Kumar Biswas
Surinder Films
₹9.92 crore (US$1.5 million)
[30]

5
Saathi
2002
Haranath Chakraborty
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹9.78 crore (US$1.5 million)
[31]

6
Rangbaaz
2013
Raja Chanda
Surinder Films
₹9 crore (US$1.4 million)
[32]

7
Praktan
2016
Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy
Windows
₹8.5 crore (US$1.3 million)
[33]

8
Awara
2012
Rabi Kinagi
Shree Venkatesh Films
₹8.46 crore (US$1.3 million)
[34]

9
Khoka 420
2013
Rajiv Kumar Biswas
Eskay Movies
₹8 crore (US$1.2 million)
[32]

10
Posto
2017
Shiboprosad Mukherjee , Nandita Roy
Windows
₹8 crore (US$1.2 million)
[35][36][37]

text: Bhojpuri

text: The Bhojpuri cinema produces films in the Bhojpuri language. It caters audience from eastern Uttar Pradesh, western Bihar and Nepal.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Sasura Bada Paisawala
2004
Ajay Sinha
Balaji Cinevision Pvt Ltd
₹9 crore (US$1.4 million)
[38]

text: Gujarati

text: The Gujarati cinema produces films in Gujarati language and is primarily focused on the audience in Gujarat and Maharashtra. The film industry is sometimes referred as Dhollywood or Gollywood.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Chhello Divas
2015
Krishnadev Yagnik
Belvedere Films
₹17 crore (US$2.7 million)
[39]

2
Gujjubhai the Great
2015
Ishaan Randeria
Siddharth Randeria Productions
₹15 crore (US$2.3 million)
[40]

3
Desh Re Joya Dada Pardesh Joya
1998
Govindbhai Patel
GN films
₹10 crore (US$1.6 million)
[41]

4
Bey Yaar
2014
Abhishek Jain
CineMan productions
₹8.5 crore (US$1.3 million)
[42]

5
Karsandas Pay & Use
2017
Krishnadev Yagnik
Belvedere Films
₹4 crore (US$620,000)
[43]

text: Hindi

text: The Hindi language film industry, based in Mumbai, India, is frequently known as Bollywood.[44] Bollywood is the largest film producer in India and one of the largest centres of film production in the world.[45][46][47]

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Dangal
2016
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures
₹1,979 crore (US$310 million)
[5]

2
PK
2014
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
Rajkumar Hirani Films
₹792 crore (US$120 million)
[7][8]

3
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
2015
Kabir Khan
Salman Khan Films
Kabir Khan Films
₹626 crore (US$98 million)
[7]

4
Dhoom 3
2013
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
₹585 crore (US$91 million)
[10]

5
Sultan
2016
Ali Abbas Zafar
Yash Raj Films
₹584.15 crore (US$91 million)
[11]

6
Prem Ratan Dhan Payo
2015
Sooraj Barjatya
Fox Star Studios
Rajshri Productions
₹432 crore (US$67 million)
[19][48]

7
Chennai Express
2013
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
₹423 crore (US$66 million)
[49]

8
3 Idiots
2009
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
₹395 crore (US$62 million)
[21]

9
Dilwale
2015
Rohit Shetty
Red Chillies Entertainment
Rohit Shetty Productions
₹394 crore (US$61 million)
[50]

10
Bajirao Mastani
2015
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
SLB Films
₹358 crore (US$56 million)
[20]

text: Kannada

text: Bengaluru is the center for the Kannada cinema, films produced in the Kannada language. It is sometimes known by the nickname "Sandalwood".

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Raajakumara
2017
Santhosh Ananddram
Hombale Productions

₹75 crore (US$12 million)

[51]

2
Mungaru Male
2006
Yogaraj Bhat
E. K. Entertainers
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[52][53]

Kirik Party
2016
Rishab Shetty
Paramvah Studios
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[54]

Mr. and Mrs. Ramachari
2014
Santhosh Ananddram
Jayanna Combines
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[55]

5
Doddmane Hudga
2016
Duniya Soori
Ajay Pictures
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[56]

Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna
2012
Naganna
Sri Sangolli Rayanna Cine Combines
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[57]

Uppi 2
2015
Upendra
Upendra Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[58]

8
Kotigobba 2
2016
K. S. Ravikumar
Rambabu Productions
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)–₹38 crore (US$5.9 million)
[59]

9
Dandupalya
2012
Srinivas Raju
Apple Blossom Creations
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)
[60][61]

Shivalinga
2016
P. Vasu
Jayanna Films
₹35 crore (US$5.5 million)
[59]

text: Malayalam

text: Malayalam cinema is a part of Indian cinema based in Kerala dedicated to the production of motion pictures in the Malayalam language. It is sometimes known by the nickname "Mollywood" by certain media outlets. These are the top 10 highest grossing Malayalam films.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Pulimurugan
2016
Vysakh
Mulakuppadam Films
₹152 crore (US$24 million)
[62][63]

2
Drishyam
2013
Jeethu Joseph
Aashirvad Cinemas
₹75 crore (US$12 million)
[64][65]

3
Oppam
2016
Priyadarshan
Aashirvad Cinemas
₹65 crore (US$10 million)
[66]

4
Premam
2015
Alphonse Puthren
Anwar Rasheed Entertainments
₹60 crore (US$9.4 million)
[67]

5
Two Countries
2015
Shafi
Rejaputhra Visual Media
₹55 crore (US$8.6 million)
[68]

6
Ennu Ninte Moideen
2015
R. S. Vimal
Newton Movies
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[69]

Ezra
2017
Jay K
AVA Productions, E4 Entertainment
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[70]

The Great Father
2017
Haneef Adeni
August Cinema
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[71]

Munthirivallikal Thalirkkumbol
2017
Jibu Jacob
Weekend Blockbusters
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[72]

7
Bangalore Days
2014
Anjali Menon
Anwar Rasheed Entertainments, Weekend Blockbusters
₹49.5 crore (US$7.7 million)
[73]

text: Marathi

text: The Marathi cinema industry produces films in the Marathi language and is based in the state of Maharashtra, India. India's first full-length film, Raja Harishchandra, was released in 1913 in Marathi.[74] It is sometimes known by the nickname "M-town" by media.

text:
#+
Implies that the film is a bilingual and the gross collection figure includes the worldwide collection of the other simultaneously filmed version.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Sairat
2016
Nagraj Manjule
Essel Vision Productions, Aatpat Production
₹110 crore (US$17 million)
[75][76]

2
Sachin: A Billion Dreams
2017
James Erskine
200 NotOut Productions
₹70.87 crore (US$11 million) #+
[77]

3
Natsamrat
2016
Mahesh Manjrekar
Fincraft Media & Entertainment & Great Maratha Entertainment
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[78][79]

4
Katyar Kaljat Ghusali
2015
Subodh Bhave
Essel Vision Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[80]

Timepass 2
2015
Ravi Jadhav
Essel Vision Productions
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[81]

Lai Bhaari
2014
Nishikant Kamath
Mumbai Film Company
₹40 crore (US$6.2 million)
[82]

7
Timepass
2014
Ravi Jadhav
Zee Talkies
₹33 crore (US$5.1 million)
[83]

8
Duniyadari
2013
Sanjay Jadhav
Dreaming 24/7 Productions
₹32 crore (US$5.0 million)
[84]

9
Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy
2009
Santosh Manjrekar
Everest Entertainment
₹25.5 crore (US$4.0 million)
[85]

10
Ventilator
2016
Rajesh Mapuskar
Purple Pebble Pictures
₹25 crore (US$3.9 million)
[86]

text: Punjabi

text: Punjabi cinema, producing films in the Punjabi language is primarily based in the state of Punjab.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide Gross
Source

1
Chaar Sahibzaade
2014
Harry Baweja
Baweja Movies
₹70 crore (US$11 million)
[87]

2
Sardaar Ji
2015
Rohit Jugraj Chauhan
White Hill Production
₹50 crore (US$7.8 million)
[88]

3
Ambarsariya
2016
Mandeep Kumar
Tips Industries Limited
₹21.22 crore (US$3.3 million)
[89][90]

4
Punjab 1984
2014
Anurag Singh
White Hill Production
₹21 crore (US$3.3 million)
[91]

5
Jatt & Juliet 2
2013
Anurag Singh
White Hill Production
₹20 crore (US$3.1 million)
[92]

6
Sardaar Ji 2
2016
Rohit Jugraj Chauhan
White Hill Production
₹19 crore (US$3.0 million)
[93]

7
Angrej
2015
Simerjit Singh
Dara Productions
₹12.45 crore (US$1.9 million)
[94]

8
Chaar Sahibzaade: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur
2016
Harry Baweja
Baweja Movies
₹12 crore (US$1.9 million)
[95][96][97]

text: Tamil

text: Tamil cinema, the Tamil language film industry is based in the Kodambakkam neighbourhood of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. It is sometimes colloquially known as "Kollywood", a portmanteau of Kodambakkam and Hollywood. Worldwide gross figures (including dubbed versions) are given below.

text:
Rank
Movie
Year
Director
Studio
Worldwide gross
Source

1
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹1,700 crore (US$270 million) #+
[6]

2
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹650 crore (US$100 million) #+
[9]

3
Kabali
2016
Pa. Ranjith
V Creations
₹477 crore (US$74 million)[12]–₹499 crore (US$78 million)[13]
[12][13]

4
Enthiran
2010
S. Shankar
Sun Pictures
₹289 crore (US$45 million)
[98]

5
I
2015
S. Shankar
Aascar Films Pvt.Ltd
₹240 crore (US$37 million)
[99]

6
Vishwaroopam
2013
Kamal Haasan
Raaj Kamal Films International
₹220 crore (US$34 million) #+
[100]

7
Dasavathaaram
2008
K. S. Ravikumar
Aascar Films Pvt.Ltd
₹200 crore (US$31 million)
[101][102]

8
Theri
2016
Atlee
V. Creations
₹156.23 crore (US$24 million)
[103]

9
Lingaa
2014
K. S. Ravikumar
Eros International
₹154 crore (US$24 million)
[104]

10
Sivaji
2007
S. Shankar
AVM Productions
₹148 crore (US$23 million)
[105]

text: Telugu

text: Telugu cinema, also known by its nickname "Tollywood" is a part of Indian cinema producing films in the Telugu language, in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and is centered in the Hyderabad neighbourhood of Film Nagar.[106]

text:
Rank
Title
Year
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Ref(s)

1
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
2017
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹1,700 crore (US$270 million) #+
[6]

2
Baahubali: The Beginning
2015
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
₹650 crore (US$100 million) #+
[9]

3
Srimanthudu
2015
Koratala Siva
G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment Pvt. Ltd
Mythri Movie Makers
₹200 crore (US$31 million)
[107][108][109]

4
Khaidi No. 150
2017
V. V. Vinayak
Konidela Production Company
₹164 crore (US$26 million)
[110][111]

5
Gabbar Singh
2012
Harish Shankar
Parameswara Art Productions
₹150 crore (US$23 million)
[112]

Magadheera
2009
S. S. Rajamouli
Geetha Arts
₹150 crore (US$23 million)
[113]

7
Janatha Garage
2016
Koratala Siva
Mythri Movie Makers
₹135 crore (US$21 million)
[114]

8
Attarintiki Daredi
2013
Trivikram Srinivas
Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra
₹131 crore (US$20 million)[115]–₹187 crore (US$29 million)[116]
[115][116]

9
Sarrainodu
2016
Boyapati Srinu
Geetha Arts
₹127.6 crore (US$20 million)
[115]

10
Eega
2012
S. S. Rajamouli
Varahi Chalana Chitram
₹125 crore (US$19 million) #+
[117]

text: Highest-grossing films by year

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: For verifiability, references need to support the claim that each film was the highest-grossing film of the indicated year, not just that the film grossed NNN rupees, since the gross value doesn't tell us whether or not that amount was actually the highest that year. Please help improve this section if you can. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Year
Title
Director
Studio(s)
Worldwide gross
Language
Source

1940
Zindagi
P. C. Barua
New Theatres
0181 ! ₹55 lakh (equivalent to ₹181 crore or US$27 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 2]

1941
Khazanchi
Moti B. Gidwani
Pancholi Art Pictures
0235 ! ₹70 lakh (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$35 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
Punjabi
[n 4]

1942
Basant
Amiya Chakrabarty
Bombay Talkies[123]
0235 ! ₹80 lakh (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$35 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 5]

1943
Kismet
Gyan Mukherjee
Bombay Talkies
0269 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹269 crore or US$40 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 7]

1944
Rattan
M. Sadiq
Gemini Pictures[127]
0275 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹275 crore or US$41 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 9]

1945
Zeenat
Shaukat Hussain Rizvi
Eastern Pictures[130]
0188 ! ₹70 lakh (equivalent to ₹188 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 10]

1946
Anmol Ghadi
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions[132]
0249 ! ₹1 crore (equivalent to ₹249 crore or US$37 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 12]

1947
Jugnu
Shaukat Hussain Rizvi
Shaukat Art Productions
0363 ! ₹50 lakh (equivalent to ₹363 crore or US$54 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 14]

1948
Shaheed
Ramesh Saigal
Filmistan
0336 ! ₹75 lakh (equivalent to ₹336 crore or US$50 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 16]

1949
Barsaat
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0269 ! ₹2 crore (equivalent to ₹269 crore or US$40 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 18]

1950
Samadhi
Ramesh Saigal
N/A
0188 ! ₹1.35 crore (equivalent to ₹188 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 19]

1951
Awaara
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0739 ! ₹5.75 crore (equivalent to ₹739 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 22]

1952
Aan
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions[145]
0356 ! ₹2.8 crore (equivalent to ₹356 crore or US$53 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 23]

1953
Anarkali
Nandlal Jaswantlal
Filmistan
0296 ! ₹2.35 crore (equivalent to ₹296 crore or US$44 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 24]

1954
Nagin
Nandlal Jaswantlal
Filmistan[148]
0363 ! ₹2.9 crore (equivalent to ₹363 crore or US$54 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 25]

1955
Shree 420
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0618 ! ₹4.94 crore (equivalent to ₹618 crore or US$92 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 27]

1956
Jagte Raho
Sombhu Mitra
Amit Maitra
R. K. Films
0477 ! ₹4.44 crore (equivalent to ₹477 crore or US$71 million in 2016)
Hindi
Bengali
[n 30]

1957
Mother India
Mehboob Khan
Mehboob Productions
0961 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹961 crore or US$143 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 31]

1958
Madhumati
Bimal Roy
Bimal Roy Productions
0470 ! ₹4 crore (equivalent to ₹470 crore or US$70 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 32]

1959
Char Dil Char Rahen
Khwaja Ahmad Abbas
Naya Sansar[157]
0591 ! ₹5.27 crore (equivalent to ₹591 crore or US$88 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 34]

1960
Mughal-e-Azam
K. Asif
Sterling Investment Corporation
1256 ! ₹11 crore (equivalent to ₹1,256 crore or US$187 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[n 35]

1961
Gunga Jumna
Nitin Bose
Citizen Films
1250 ! ₹11.27 crore (equivalent to ₹1,250 crore or US$186 million in 2016)
Hindi
Bhojpuri
[n 38]

1962
Bees Saal Baad
Biren Nag
Geetanjali Pictures[164]
0179 ! ₹3 crore (equivalent to ₹179 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[165]

1963
Mere Mehboob
H. S. Rawail
Rahul Theatre[166]
0348 ! ₹6 crore (equivalent to ₹348 crore or US$54 million in 2016)
Hindi/Urdu
[167]

1964
Sangam
Raj Kapoor
Mehboob Studio
0410 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹410 crore or US$64 million in 2016)
Hindi
[168]

1965
Waqt
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0280 ! ₹6 crore (equivalent to ₹280 crore or US$44 million in 2016)
Hindi
[169]

1966
Phool Aur Patthar
O. P. Ralhan
Ralhan Productions
0847 ! ₹17.17 crore (equivalent to ₹847 crore or US$128 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 41]

1967
Hamraaz
B. R. Chopra
United Producers[171]
0759 ! ₹13.33 crore (equivalent to ₹759 crore or US$113 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 44]

1968
Ankhen
Ramanand Sagar
Sagar Art International[173]
0235 ! ₹6.5 crore (equivalent to ₹235 crore or US$37 million in 2016)
Hindi
[174]

1969
Aradhana
Shakti Samanta
United Producers[175]
0805 ! ₹17.85 crore (equivalent to ₹805 crore or US$121 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 48]

1970
Johny Mera Naam
Vijay Anand
Mehboob Studios
0276 ! ₹8 crore (equivalent to ₹276 crore or US$43 million in 2016)
Hindi
[177]

1971
Haathi Mere Saathi
M. A. Thirumugam
Devar Films[178]
0611 ! ₹16.35 crore (equivalent to ₹611 crore or US$92 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 52]

1972
Seeta Aur Geeta
Ramesh Sippy
Sippy Films[180]
0692 ! ₹19.53 crore (equivalent to ₹692 crore or US$103 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 56]

1973
Bobby
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
1155 ! ₹30.24 crore (equivalent to ₹1,155 crore or US$172 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 61]

1974
Roti Kapda Aur Makaan
Manoj Kumar
Filmistan
0304 ! ₹10.5 crore (equivalent to ₹220 crore or US$34 million in 2016)
Hindi
[187]

1975
Sholay
Ramesh Sippy
United Producers
1068 ! ₹30 crore (equivalent to ₹1,068 crore or US$159 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 63]

1976
Barood
Pramod Chakravorty
Jugnu Enterprises[189]
0591 ! ₹19.32 crore (equivalent to ₹591 crore or US$88 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 68]

1977
Amar Akbar Anthony
Manmohan Desai
Hirawat Jain & Co.[191]
0304 ! ₹15.5 crore (equivalent to ₹304 crore or US$47 million in 2016)
Hindi
[192]

1978
Muqaddar Ka Sikandar
Prakash Mehra
Prakash Mehra Productions
0447 ! ₹26.89 crore (equivalent to ₹447 crore or US$69 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 72]

1979
Suhaag
Manmohan Desai
Sharma Cine Associates
0180 ! ₹10 crore (equivalent to ₹180 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[194]

1980
Qurbani
Feroz Khan
F.K. International
0296 ! ₹12 crore (equivalent to ₹296 crore or US$44 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 74]

1981
Kranti
Manoj Kumar
V.I.P. Films[196]
0286 ! ₹20 crore (equivalent to ₹286 crore or US$45 million in 2016)
Hindi
[197]

1982
Disco Dancer
Babbar Subhash
B. Subhash Movie Unit
1240 ! ₹99.12 crore (equivalent to ₹1,240 crore or US$185 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 75]

1983
Coolie
Manmohan Desai
Aasia Films
0213 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹213 crore or US$33 million in 2016)
Hindi
[200]

1984
Jagir
Pramod Chakravorty
Pramod Films[201]
0181 ! ₹15.79 crore (equivalent to ₹181 crore or US$27 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 79]

1985
Ram Teri Ganga Maili
Raj Kapoor
R. K. Films
0197 ! ₹19 crore (equivalent to ₹197 crore or US$31 million in 2016)
Hindi
[203]

1986
Karma
Subhash Ghai
Mukta Arts
0133 ! ₹14 crore (equivalent to ₹133 crore or US$21 million in 2016)
Hindi
[204]

1987
Hukumat
Anil Sharma
N/A
0096 ! ₹11 crore (equivalent to ₹96 crore or US$15 million in 2016)
Hindi
[205]

1988
Tezaab
N. Chandra
N/A
0128 ! ₹16 crore (equivalent to ₹128 crore or US$20 million in 2016)
Hindi
[206]

1989
Maine Pyar Kiya
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
0222 ! ₹28 crore (equivalent to ₹222 crore or US$33 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 80]

1990
Dil
Indra Kumar
Maruti International
0128 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹128 crore or US$19 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 81]

1991
Saajan
Lawrence D'Souza
Eros Entertainment
0109 ! ₹18 crore (equivalent to ₹109 crore or US$17 million in 2016)
Hindi
[209]

1992
Beta
Indra Kumar
Maruti International
0127 ! ₹23.5 crore (equivalent to ₹127 crore or US$20 million in 2016)
Hindi
[210]

1993
Aankhen
David Dhawan
Chiragdeep International
0128 ! ₹25.25 crore (equivalent to ₹128 crore or US$20 million in 2016)
Hindi
[211]

1994
Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
0756 ! ₹135 crore (equivalent to ₹756 crore or US$120 million in 2016)
Hindi
[n 82]

1995
Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge
Aditya Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0509 ! ₹122 crore (equivalent to ₹509 crore or US$79 million in 2016)
Hindi
[212]

1996
Raja Hindustani
Dharmesh Darshan
Cineyug
0390 ! ₹76.34 crore (equivalent to ₹390 crore or US$58 million in 2016)
Hindi
[216][214]

1997
Dil To Pagal Hai
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0257 ! ₹71.87 crore (equivalent to ₹257 crore or US$40 million in 2016)
Hindi
[217]

1998
Kuch Kuch Hota Hai
Karan Johar
Dharma Productions
0337 ! ₹106.74 crore (equivalent to ₹337 crore or US$52 million in 2016)
Hindi
[218]

1999
Hum Saath Saath Hain
Sooraj Barjatya
Rajshri Productions
0246 ! ₹81.71 crore (equivalent to ₹246 crore or US$38 million in 2016)
Hindi
[219]

2000
Mohabbatein
Aditya Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0260 ! ₹90.01 crore (equivalent to ₹260 crore or US$41 million in 2016)
Hindi
[220]

2001
Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham
Karan Johar
Dharma Productions
0378 ! ₹135.53 crore (equivalent to ₹378 crore or US$59 million in 2016)
Hindi
[221]

2002
Devdas
Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Red Chillies Entertainment
0267 ! ₹99.87 crore (equivalent to ₹267 crore or US$42 million in 2016)
Hindi
[222]

2003
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Nikhil Advani
Dharma Productions
0222 ! ₹86.09 crore (equivalent to ₹222 crore or US$35 million in 2016)
Hindi
[223]

2004
Veer-Zaara
Yash Chopra
Yash Raj Films
0242 ! ₹97.64 crore (equivalent to ₹242 crore or US$38 million in 2016)
Hindi
[224]

2005
No Entry
Anees Bazmee
SK Film Entertainment
0176 ! ₹74.14 crore (equivalent to ₹176 crore or US$28 million in 2016)
Hindi
[225]

2006
Dhoom 2
Sanjay Gadhvi
Yash Raj Films
0340 ! ₹151.39 crore (equivalent to ₹340 crore or US$53 million in 2016)
Hindi
[226]

2007
Om Shanti Om
Farah Khan
Red Chillies Entertainment
0317 ! ₹149.87 crore (equivalent to ₹317 crore or US$49 million in 2016)
Hindi
[227]

2008
Ghajini
A. R. Murugadoss
Geetha Arts
0390 ! ₹200 crore (equivalent to ₹390 crore or US$61 million in 2016)
Hindi
[228][229]

2009
3 Idiots
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
0688 ! ₹390.9 crore (equivalent to ₹688 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Hindi
[230]

2010
Enthiran
S. Shankar
Sun Pictures
0454 ! ₹289 crore (equivalent to ₹454 crore or US$71 million in 2016)
Tamil
[98]
[better source needed]

2011
Bodyguard
Siddique
Reel Life Productions
0338 ! ₹234.39 crore (equivalent to ₹338 crore or US$53 million in 2016)
Hindi
[231]

2012
Ek Tha Tiger
Kabir Khan
Yash Raj Films
0422 ! ₹320 crore (equivalent to ₹422 crore or US$66 million in 2016)
Hindi
[232]

2013
Dhoom 3
Vijay Krishna Acharya
Yash Raj Films
0696 ! ₹585 crore (equivalent to ₹696 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Hindi
[233]

2014
PK
Rajkumar Hirani
Vinod Chopra Films
0886 ! ₹792 crore (equivalent to ₹886 crore or US$140 million in 2016)
Hindi
[234]

2015
Baahubali: The Beginning
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
0687 ! ₹650 crore (equivalent to ₹687 crore or US$110 million in 2016)
Telugu
Tamil
[9]

2016
Dangal
Nitesh Tiwari
Aamir Khan Productions
UTV Motion Pictures
Walt Disney Studios
1979 ! ₹1,979 crore (US$310 million)
Hindi
[5]

2017
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion
S. S. Rajamouli
Arka Media Works
1905 ! ₹1,700 crore (US$270 million)
Telugu
Tamil
[6]

text: This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is: Needs unique column for Source, as references are bleeding into currency parens. US Currency parentheticals need to be re-thought. Also, it's unclear why we're using US dollars when the rest of the article is in Indian rupees. Please help improve this section if you can. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Krrish film series is the first franchise to gross over ₹100 crores. Baahubali is the only franchise to collect over ₹ 2,000 crores at the box office and the only franchise where its films have grossed more than ₹ 500 crores worldwide.

text:
Highest-grossing franchises and film series[§]
(The films in each franchise can be viewed by selecting "show".)

Rank
Series
Total worldwide box office (in crores)
No. of films
Average of films (in crores)
Highest-grossing film (gross in INR(₹) crores)

1
[show]Baahubali
₹2,555
2
₹1,278
Baahubali 2: The Conclusion (₹1,905)

1
The Conclusion (2017)
₹1,905

2
The Beginning (2015)
₹650

2
[show]Dhoom
₹807.5
3
₹269
Dhoom 3 (₹585[235])

1
Dhoom 3 (2013)
₹585

2
Dhoom 2 (2006)
₹150

3
Dhoom (2004)
₹72.5

3
[show]Krrish
₹511
3
₹170
Krrish 3 (₹291[236])

1
Krrish 3 (2013)
₹291

2
Krrish (2006)
₹117

3
Koi... Mil Gaya (2003)
₹103

4
[show]Housefull
₹500
3
₹167
Housefull 3 (₹195[237])

1
Housefull 3 (2016)
₹195

2
Housefull 2 (2012)
₹186

3
Housefull (2010)
₹119

5
[show]Dabangg
₹464
2
₹232
Dabangg 2 (₹249[238])

1
Dabangg 2 (2012)
₹249

2
Dabangg (2010)
₹215

6
[show]Singham (Hindi)
₹355
2
₹178
Singham Returns (₹215[239])

1
Singham Returns (2014)
₹215

2
Singham (2011)
₹140

7
[show]Golmaal
₹337.9
3
₹113
Golmaal 3 (₹160[240])

1
Golmaal 3 (2010)
₹160

2
Golmaal Returns (2008)
₹108

3
Fun Unlimited (2006)
₹69.9

8
[show]Don
₹321
2
₹161
Don 2 (₹215[241])

1
Don 2 (2011)
₹215

2
Don (2006)
₹106

9
[show]Dulhania
₹301.6
2
₹151
Badrinath Ki Dulhania (₹191.6[242])

1
Badrinath Ki Dulhania (2017)
₹191.6

2
Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania (2014)
₹110

10
[show]Singam (Tamil)
₹300
3
₹100
Singam II (₹125[243])

1
Singam II (2013)
₹125

2
Si3 (2017)
₹110

3
Singam (2010)
₹65

11
[show]Tanu Weds Manu
₹299
2
₹150
Tanu Weds Manu: Returns (₹243[244])

1
Returns (2015)
₹243

2
Tanu Weds Manu (2011)
₹56

12
[show]Race
₹268
2
₹134
Race 2 (₹162[245])

1
Race 2 (2013)
₹162

2
Race (2008)
₹106

13
[show]Welcome
₹256
2
₹128
Welcome Back (₹136[246])

1
Welcome Back (2015)
₹136

2
Welcome (2007)
₹120

14
[show]Gabbar Singh
₹250
2
₹125
Gabbar Singh (₹150[112])

1
Gabbar Singh (2012)
₹150

2
Sardaar Gabbar Singh (2016)
₹100

15
[show]Jolly LLB
₹234.3
2
₹117
Jolly LLB 2 (₹197.3[247])

1
Jolly LLB 2 (2017)
₹197.3

2
Jolly LLB (2013)
₹37

16
[show]Raaz
₹210.6
4
₹53
Raaz 3 (₹97[248])

1
Raaz 3 (2012)
₹97

2
Reboot (2016)
₹42.1

3
Raaz (2002)
₹37

4
The Mystery Continues (2009)
₹34.5

17
[show]ABCD
₹206
2
₹103
ABCD 2 (₹130[249])

1
ABCD 2 (2015)
₹130

2
Any Body Can Dance (2013)
₹76

18
[show]Muni
₹203.7
3
₹68
Kanchana 2 (₹120[250])

1
Kanchana 2 (2015)
₹120

2
Muni 2: Kanchana (2011)
₹68.7

3
Muni (2007)
₹15

19
[show]Baby
₹199.1
2
₹100
Baby (₹143[251])

1
Baby (2015)
₹143

2
Naam Shabana (2017)
₹56.1

20
[show]Masti
₹187.8
3
₹63
Grand Masti (₹142[252])

1
Grand Masti (2013)
₹142

2
Masti (2004)
₹26.8

3
Great Grand Masti (2016)
₹19

21
[show]Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai
₹186.2
2
₹93
Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (₹94.5[253])

1
Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai (2010)
₹94.5

2
Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara! (2013)
₹91.7

22
[show]Dhamaal
₹159.3
2
₹80
Dhamaal (₹88.8[254])

1
Dhamaal (2007)
₹88.8

2
Double Dhamaal (2011)
₹70.5

23
[show]Kahaani
₹158.8
2
₹79
Kahaani (₹104[255][256])

1
Kahaani (2012)
₹104

2
2: Durga Rani Singh (2016)
₹54.8

24
[show]Munna Bhai
₹150.4
2
₹75
Lage Raho Munna Bhai (₹120[257])

1
Lage Raho Munna Bhai (2006)
₹120

2
Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. (2003)
₹30.4

25
[show]Murder
₹147.6
3
₹49
Murder 2 (₹100[254])

1
Murder 2 (2011)
₹100

2
Murder 3 (2013)
₹25.1

3
Murder (2004)
₹22.5


document_title: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

question_text: who plays the sheriff on the show yellowstone

root

text: Yellowstone (U.S. TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: Yellowstone follows "the Dutton family, led by John Dutton, who controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States, under constant attack by those it borders—land developers, an Indian reservation, and America's first National Park. It is an intense study of a violent world far from media scrutiny—where land grabs make developers billions, and politicians are bought and sold by the world's largest oil and lumber corporations. Where drinking water poisoned by fracking wells and unsolved murders are not news: they are a consequence of living in the new frontier. It is the best and worst of America seen through the eyes of a family that represents both."[1]

tag: p

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as John Dutton, the 6th generation patriarch of the Dutton family which controls the largest contiguous ranch in the United States. He is confronted with challenge of defending his land from those who would seek to take it from him while also overcoming the recent death of his son and a recent diagnosis of colon cancer. Josh Lucas portrays a young John Dutton in a recurring role.
Luke Grimes as Kayce Dutton, a former US Navy SEAL and one of John and Evelyn's sons. He lives on the local Indian reservation with his wife and son. Rhys Alterman portrays a young Kayce in a recurring role.
Kelly Reilly as Beth Dutton, a financier and the daughter of John and Evelyn. She is educated, highly intelligent, and a master manipulator. She is also, however, very unstable and suffers from a substance abuse problem. Kylie Rogers portrays a young Beth in a recurring role.
Wes Bentley as Jamie Dutton, an attorney, aspiring politician, and one of John and Evelyn's sons. Although completely loyal to his father and family, he is constantly frustrated at the current state of his family. He also has an intense love/hate relationship with his sister Beth. Dalton Baker portrays a young Jamie in a recurring role.
Cole Hauser as Rip Wheeler, the ranch foreman at Yellowstone and John's right-hand man and enforcer. Rip has worked on the ranch for many years since being taken in by a young John Dutton and is therefore fiercely loyal to John. He has an on-again, off-again relationship with Beth. Kyle Red Silverstein portrays a young Rip Wheeler in a guest appearance in the episode "The Unraveling: Pt. 1".
Kelsey Asbille as Monica Dutton, Kayce's Native American wife with whom he lives on the local reservation, where she is a teacher at the school.
Brecken Merrill as Tate Dutton, the son of Kayce and Monica and John's only grandchild.
Jefferson White as Jimmy Hurdstrom, a ranch hand at Yellowstone.
Danny Huston as Dan Jenkins, a land developer with aspirations of building on parts of Yellowstone.
Gil Birmingham as Chief Thomas Rainwater, the chief of the nearby Indian reservation.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Moses Brings Plenty as Rainwater's driver
Ian Bohen as Ryan, a cowboy wrangler
Denim Richards as Colby, a cowboy wrangler
Forrie J. Smith as Lloyd
Wendy Moniz as Governor Lynelle Perry, the Governor of Montana.
Atticus Todd as Ben Waters
Timothy Carhart as A.G. Stewart
Rudy Ramos as Felix Long
Tokala Black Elk as Sam Stands Alone
Michaela Conlin as Sarah Nguyen
Ryan Bingham as Walker
Luke Peckinpah as Fred Meyers
Walter C. Taylor III as Emmett Walsh
Fredric Lehne as Carl Reynolds
Savonna Spracklin as Alice Wahl
Robert Mirabal as Principle Littlefield
Heather Hemmens as Melody Prescott
Katherine Cunningham as Christina
John Aylward as Father Bob
Morningstar Angeline as Samantha Long
Bill Tangradi as Alan Keene
Michael Nouri as Bob Schwartz
Gretchen Mol as Evelyn Dutton, the late wife of John Dutton, mother to Jaime, Beth, Kayce, and stepmother to John's eldest son, Lee.
Barret Swatek as Victoria Jenkins, the wife of Dan Jenkins.
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell
Neal McDonough as Malcolm Beck (season 2)

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Dave Annable as Lee Dutton ("Daybreak")
Jill Hennessy as Senator Huntington ("Daybreak"), an ally of Chief Rainwater.
Jeremiah Bitsui as Robert Long ("Daybreak")
Geno Segers as Danny Trudeau ("No Good Horses")
Taylor Sheridan as Travis Wheatley ("Coming Home")
Tinsel Korey as Emily Sessions ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Mike Faiola as Dr. Fielding ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Brian Unger as Dr. Stafford ("A Monster Is Among Us")
Hugh Dillon as Sheriff Donnie Haskell ("The Unravelling: Pt. 1")
Tanaya Beatty as Avery ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")
James Pickens Jr. as Old Cowboy ("The Unravelling: Pt. 2")

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateU.S. viewers(millions)1"Daybreak"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 20, 2018 (2018-06-20)2.83[2]
2"Kill the Messenger"Taylor SheridanStory by : Taylor Sheridan & John Linson Teleplay by : Taylor SheridanJune 27, 2018 (2018-06-27)2.07[3]
3"No Good Horses"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 11, 2018 (2018-07-11)2.17[4]
4"The Long Black Train"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 18, 2018 (2018-07-18)1.89[5]
5"Coming Home"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanJuly 25, 2018 (2018-07-25)1.95[6]
6"The Remembering"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 1, 2018 (2018-08-01)2.10[7]
7"A Monster Is Among Us"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 8, 2018 (2018-08-08)2.08[8]
8"The Unravelling, Pt. 1"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 15, 2018 (2018-08-15)2.13[9]
9"The Unravelling, Pt. 2"Taylor SheridanTaylor SheridanAugust 22, 2018 (2018-08-22)2.37[10]

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 2013, Taylor Sheridan began work on the series, having recently grown tired of acting and begun writing screenplays. Having lived in the rural parts of states such as Texas and Wyoming, Sheridan purposely set the series in Montana and went about writing the first scripts in Livingston.[11]

text: On May 3, 2017, it was announced that the Paramount Network had greenlit its first scripted series, Yellowstone. Paramount issued a series order for a first season consisting of ten episodes. The series was set to be written, directed, and executive-produced by Sheridan. Other executive producers were to include John Linson, Art Linson, Harvey Weinstein, and David Glasser. Production companies involved with the series were set to consist of Linson Entertainment and The Weinstein Company.[1]

text: On October 12, 2017, it was announced that following reports of sexual abuse allegations against producer Harvey Weinstein, his name would be removed from the series' credits as would The Weinstein Company as well.[12] On January 15, 2018, Kevin Kay, president of Paramount Network, clarified during the annual Television Critics Association's winter press tour that Yellowstone will not have The Weinstein Company's credits or logo on them, even though that company was involved in production. Furthermore, he stated that their intent is to replace Weinstein Television with the company's new name in the show's credits when available.[13] That same day, it was also announced that the series would premiere on June 20, 2018.[14]

text: On July 24, 2018, it was announced that Paramount Network had renewed the series for a second season that was expected to premiere in 2019.[15]

text: Casting[edit]

text: On May 15, 2017, it was announced that Kevin Costner had been cast in the series lead role of John Dutton.[16] In June 2017, it was reported that Luke Grimes, Cole Hauser, Wes Bentley, and Kelly Reilly had joined the cast as series regulars.[17][18] On July 13, 2017, it was announced that Kelsey Asbille had been cast in a main role.[19] In August 2017, it was reported that Dave Annable, Gil Birmingham, and Jefferson White had been added to the main cast while Wendy Moniz, Gretchen Mol, Jill Hennessy, Patrick St. Esprit, Ian Bohen, Denim Richards, and Golden Brooks were joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[20][21][22][23] In November 2017, it was announced that Michaela Conlin and Josh Lucas had been added to the cast in recurring roles.[24][25] On December 19, 2017, it was reported that Heather Hemmens was joining the cast in a recurring capacity.[26] On June 13, 2018, it was announced that Barret Swatek had been cast in a recurring role.[27] On September 14, 2018, it was announced that Neal McDonough was joining the cast of season two in a recurring capacity.[28]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for the series began in August 2017 at the Chief Joseph Ranch in Darby, Montana, which stands in as the home of John Dutton. Filming also took place that month near Park City, Utah. The production used all three soundstages at the Utah Film Studio in Park City, which is a total of 45,000 square feet. The building also houses offices, editing, a huge wardrobe department and construction shops. By November 2017, the series had filmed in more than twenty locations in Utah, including the Salt Flats and Spanish Fork. Additionally, filming also took place at various locations in Montana. Production was reportedly set to last until December 2017.[29][30]

text: Music[edit]

text: The series' score was composed by Brian Tyler who worked with musicians from the London Philharmonia Orchestra and viola, cello, and violin soloists. On August 17, 2018, the soundtrack for the first season was released by Sony Music.[31]

text: Release[edit]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: On February 28, 2018, a teaser trailer for the series was released.[32] On April 26, 2018, the first full trailer was released.[33]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: On June 25, 2018, the series held a screening at Seriesfest, an annual international television festival, at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Denver, Colorado.[34][35]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The series was met with a mixed response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 51% approval rating, with an average rating of 5.86 out of 10 based on 35 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "Yellowstone proves too melodramatic to be taken seriously, diminishing the effects of the talented cast and beautiful backdrops."[36] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 53 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[37]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: The two-hour series premiere of Yellowstone averaged 2.8 million viewers in live + same day and became the most-watched original scripted series telecast ever on Paramount Network (or its predecessor Spike). The premiere audience grows to nearly 4 million when the two encore airings of the premiere are factored in. The premiere audience more than doubled that of Paramount Network's first scripted drama series, Waco and more than tripled the debut viewership of Paramount Network's new comedy series, American Woman.[38] It was later reported that the premiere's Live+3 Nielsen ratings revealed that 4.8 million viewers ultimately watched the premiere after delayed viewing was factored in.[39] By the series' third episode, it was reported that the show had become the second most watched television series on ad-supported cable to air in 2018, only behind AMC's The Walking Dead.[40]

text:
No.

Title

Air date
Rating(18–49)
Viewers(millions)
DVR(18–49)
DVR viewers(millions)
Total(18–49)
Total viewers(millions)

1

"Daybreak"

June 20, 2018
0.4
2.83[2]
0.5
2.48
0.9
5.31[41]

2

"Kill the Messenger"

June 27, 2018
0.3
2.07[3]
0.4
2.22
0.7
4.29[42][a]

3

"No Good Horses"

July 11, 2018
0.4
2.17[4]
0.5
3.05
0.9
5.22[43]

4

"The Long Black Train"

July 18, 2018
0.3
1.89[5]
0.5
2.75
0.8
4.64[44]

5

"Coming Home"

July 25, 2018
0.3
1.95[6]
0.6
3.03
0.9
4.98[45]

6

"The Remembering"

August 1, 2018
0.4
2.10[7]
0.4
2.20
0.8
4.31[46][a]

7

"A Monster Is Among Us"

August 8, 2018
0.4
2.08[8]
0.4
2.35
0.8
4.43[47][a]

8

"The Unravelling, Pt. 1"

August 15, 2018
0.4
2.13[9]
0.6
2.94
1.0
5.07[48]

9

"The Unravelling, Pt. 2"

August 22, 2018
0.4
2.37[10]
0.5
2.44
0.9
4.81[49][a]

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b c d Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.

tag: ol


document_title: The Last of the Mohicans (soundtrack)

question_text: who wrote the music for last of the mohicans

text: The Last of the Mohicans (soundtrack)

text: Credits[edit]

text:
Composers: Trevor Jones and Randy Edelman
Conductor: Daniel A. Carlin and Randy Edelman
Manufacturer: Morgan Creek

text: Background[edit]

text: Director Michael Mann initially asked Trevor Jones to provide an electronic score for the film, but late in the game, it was decided an orchestral score would be more appropriate for this historic epic. Jones hurried to re-fashion the score for orchestra in the limited time left, while the constant re-cutting of the film meant music cues sometimes had to be rewritten several times to keep up with the new timings.

text: Finally, with the release date looming, composer Randy Edelman was called in to score some minor scenes which Jones did not have time to do. Jones and Edelman received co-credit on the film (thus making the score ineligible for Oscar consideration).

text: The main theme of the movie is the tune "The Gael" by Scottish singer-songwriter Dougie MacLean from his 1990 album The Search.

text: Rerecording in 2000[edit]

text: The score was re-recorded and re-released in 2000 to address some perceived problems with its original incarnation. The tracks were reordered into their onscreen chronology (the original album separated the Jones material from that composed by Edelman), some additional cues were added, and Clannad's "I Will Find You" was no longer included.

text: Commercial usage[edit]

text: Music from the track "Promontory" was used for a fall 2007 Nike television commercial featuring NFL players Shawne Merriman and Steven Jackson, also directed by Michael Mann.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Tracks 1–9 are composed by Trevor Jones except for the main theme which is composed by Dougie MacLean; tracks 10–15 are by Randy Edelman.

text:
"Main Title" – 1:44
"Elk Hunt" – 1:49
"The Kiss" – 2:47
"The Glade Part II" – 2:34
"Fort Battle" – 4:22
"Promentory" – 6:15
"Munro's Office/Stockade" – 2:30
"Massacre/Canoes" – 6:52
"Top of the World" – 2:43
"The Courier" – 2:27
"Cora" – 2:30
"River Walk and Discovery" – 5:30
"Parlay" – 3:46
"The British Arrival" – 2:00
"Pieces of a Story" – 4:58
"I Will Find You" (performed by Clannad) – 1:42

text: Note: Clannad did a full version of ¨I Will Find You¨ on their album ¨Banba¨

text:
"Main Title" – 1:52
"Elk Hunt" – 1:50
"Bridge at Lacrosse" – 1:23
"Garden Scene" – 3:20
"Ambush" – 2:35
"The Glade" – 3:16
"Fort Battle" – 4:18
"The Courier" – 2:30
"The Kiss" – 2:49
"Stockade" – 2:47
"Massacre" – 6:54
"Ascent / Pursuit" – 3:06
"Promontory" – 5:38
"Top of the World" – 3:01


document_title: Two-party system

question_text: which term is used in us politics for a significant party outside the two dominant parties

text: Two-party system

text: Examples[edit]

text: Commonwealth countries[edit]

text: In countries such as Britain, two major parties emerge which have strong influence and tend to elect most of the candidates, but a multitude of lesser parties exist with varying degrees of influence, and sometimes these lesser parties are able to elect officials who participate in the legislature. In political systems based on the Westminster system, which is a particular style of parliamentary democracy based on the British model and found in many commonwealth countries, a majority party will form the government and the minority party will form the opposition, and coalitions of lesser parties are possible; in the rare circumstance in which neither party is the majority, a hung parliament arises. Sometimes these systems are described as two-party systems but they are usually referred to as multi-party systems. There is not always a sharp boundary between a two-party system and a multi-party system.

text: Generally, a two-party system becomes a dichotomous division of the political spectrum with an ostensibly right-wing and left-wing party: the Nationalist Party vs. the Labour Party in Malta, Liberal/National Coalition vs. Labor  in Australia, Republicans vs. Democrats in the United States and the Conservative Party vs. the Labour Party in the United Kingdom.

text: Other parties in these countries may have seen candidates elected to local or subnational office, however. Historian John Hicks claims that the United States has never possessed for any considerable period of time the two party system in its pure and undefiled form.[14]

text: In some governments, certain chambers may resemble a two-party system and others a multi-party system. For example, the politics of Australia are largely two-party (the Liberal/National Coalition is often considered a single party at a national level due to their long-standing alliance in forming government and additionally rarely compete for the same seat) for the Australian House of Representatives, which is elected by instant-runoff voting, known within Australia as preferential voting. However, third parties are more common in the Australian Senate, which uses a proportional voting system more amenable to minor parties.

text: In the politics of Canada, while having a multiparty system federally and in the largest provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Manitoba as well as the smaller Newfoundland And Labrador, Nova Scotia and Yukon Territory many of the provinces have effectively become two-party systems in which only two parties regularly get members elected. Examples include British Columbia (where the battles are between the New Democratic Party and the BC Liberals), Alberta (between the Alberta New Democratic Party and United Conservative Party), Saskatchewan (between the Saskatchewan Party and New Democratic Party), New Brunswick (between the Liberals and the Progressive Conservatives) and Prince Edward Island (between Liberals and Progressive Conservatives).

text: The English speaking countries of the Caribbean while inheriting their basic political system from Great Britain have become two party systems. The politics of Jamaica are between the People's National Party and the Jamaica Labour Party. The politics of Guyana are between the People's Progressive Party and APNU which is actually a coalition of smaller parties. The politics of Trinidad and Tobago are between the People's National Movement and the People's Partnership which is also a coalition. The Politics of Belize are between the United Democratic Party and the People's United Party. The Politics of the Bahamas are between the Progressive Liberal Party and the Free National Movement. The politics of Barbados are between the Democratic Labour Party and the Barbados Labour Party.

text: The politics of Zimbabwe are effectively a two party system between the Robert Mugabe founded Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front and the opposition coalition Movement for Democratic Change.

text: India[edit]

text: India has a multi-party system but also shows characteristics of a two party system with the United Progressive Alliance (UPA)[15] and National Democratic Alliance (NDA)[16] as the two main players. It is to be noted that both UPA and NDA are not two political parties but alliances of several smaller parties. Other smaller parties not aligned with either NDA or UPA exist,[17] and overall command about 20% of the 2009 seats in the Lok Sabha and had further increased to 28% in 2014 general elections

text: Latin America[edit]

text: Most Latin American countries also have presidential systems very similar to the US often with winner takes all systems. Due to the common accumulation of power in the Presidential office both the official party and the main opposition became important political protagonists causing historically two-party systems.[18] Some of the first manifestations of this particularity was with the liberals and conservatives that often fought for power in all Latin America causing the first two-party systems in most Latin American countries which often lead to civil wars in places like Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Venezuela, the Central American Republic and Peru, with fights focusing specially on opposing/defending the privileges of the Catholic Church and the creole aristocracy. Other examples of primitive two-party systems included the Pelucones vs Pipiolos in Chile, Federalists vs Unitarians in Argentina, Colorados vs Liberals in Paraguay and Colorados vs Nationals in Uruguay.[19]

text: However, as in other regions, the original rivalry between liberals and conservatives was overtaken by a rivalry between center-left (often social-democratic) parties vs center-right liberal conservative parties, focusing more in economic differences than in cultural and religious differences as it was common during the liberal vs conservative period. Examples of this include National Liberation Party vs Social Christian Unity Party in Costa Rica, the peronista Justicialist Party vs Radical Civic Union in Argentina, Democratic Action vs COPEI in Venezuela, the Colombian Liberal Party (despite the name, a democratic socialist party) vs the Colombian Conservative Party in Colombia, Democratic Revolutionary Party vs Panameñista Party in Panama and Liberal Party vs National Party in Honduras.[20]  After the democratization of Central America following the end of the Central American crisis in the 90s former far-left guerrillas and former right-wing authoritarian parties, now in peace, make some similar two-party systems in countries like Nicaragua between the Sandinista National Liberation Front and the Liberals and in El Salvador between the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front and the Nationalist Republican Alliance.

text: The traditional two-party dynamic started to broke after a while, especially in early 2000s; alternative parties won elections breaking the traditional two-party systems including Rafael Caldera's (National Convergence) victory in Venezuela in 1993, Álvaro Uribe (Colombia First) victory in 2002, Tabaré Vázquez (Broad Front) victory in Uruguay in 2004, Ricardo Martinelli (Democratic Change) victory in 2009 in Panama, Luis Guillermo Solís (Citizens' Action Party ) victory in 2014 in Costa Rica and Mauricio Macri (Republican Proposal) victory in 2015 in Argentina, all of them from non-traditional third parties in their respective countries.[20] In some countries like Chile and Venezuela the political system is now split in two large multy-party alliances or blocs, one on the left and one on the right of the spectrum[19] (Concertación/New Majority vs Alliance in Chile, Democratic Unity Roundtable vs Great Patriotic Pole in Venezuela).

text: Malta[edit]

text: Malta is somewhat unusual in that while the electoral system is single transferable vote (STV), traditionally associated with proportional representation, minor parties have not earned much success. Politics is dominated between the centre-left Labour Party and the centre-right Nationalist Party, with no third parties winning seats in Parliament between 1962 and 2017.[21]

text: United States[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: There is general agreement that the United States has a two-party system; historically, there have been few instances in which third party candidates won an election. In the First Party System, only Alexander Hamilton's Federalist Party and Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party were significant political parties. Toward the end of the First Party System, the Republicans dominated a one-party system (primarily under the Presidency of James Monroe). Under the Second Party System, the Democratic-Republican Party split during the election of 1824 into Adams' Men and Jackson's Men. In 1828, the modern Democratic Party formed in support of Andrew Jackson. The National Republicans were formed in support of John Quincy Adams. After the National Republicans collapsed, the Whig Party and the Free Soil Party quickly formed and collapsed. In 1854, the modern Republican Party formed from a loose coalition of former Whigs, Free Soilers and other anti-slavery activists. Abraham Lincoln became the first Republican president in 1860.

text: During the Third Party System, the Republican Party was the dominant political faction, but the Democrats held a strong, loyal coalition in the Solid South. During the Fourth Party System, the Republicans remained the dominant Presidential party, although Democrats Grover Cleveland and Woodrow Wilson were both elected to two terms. In 1932, at the onset of the Fifth Party System, Democrats took firm control of national politics with the landslide victories of Franklin D. Roosevelt in four consecutive elections. Other than the two terms of Republican Dwight Eisenhower from 1953 to 1961, Democrats retained firm control of the Presidency until the mid-1960s. Since the mid-1960s, despite a number of landslides (such as Richard Nixon carrying 49 states and 61% of the popular vote over George McGovern in 1972; Ronald Reagan carrying 49 states and 58% of the popular vote over Walter Mondale in 1984), Presidential elections have been competitive between the predominant Republican and Democratic parties and no one party has been able to hold the Presidency for more than three consecutive terms, except for the elections from 1932 through 1948 when FDR won 4 elections and Truman one, both as Democrats. In the election of 2012, only 4% separated the popular vote between Barack Obama (51%) and Mitt Romney (47%), although Obama won the electoral vote by a landslide (332–206).

text: Throughout every American party system, no third party has won a Presidential election or majorities in either house of Congress. Despite that, third parties and third party candidates have gained traction and support. In the election of 1912, Theodore Roosevelt won 27% of the popular vote and 88 electoral votes running as a Progressive. In the 1992 Presidential election, Ross Perot won 19% of the popular vote but no electoral votes running as an Independent.

text: Other examples[edit]

text: South Korea has a multi-party system[22] that has sometimes been described as having characteristics of a two-party system.[23]

text: Furthermore, the Lebanese Parliament is mainly made up of two bipartisan alliances.  Although both alliances are made up of several political parties on both ends of the political spectrum the two way political situation has mainly arisen due to strong ideological differences in the electorate.[24]  Once again this can mainly be attributed to the winner takes all thesis.

text: Historically, Brazil had a two-party system for most of its military dictatorship (1964–1985): the military junta banned all existing parties when it took power and created a pro-government party, the National Renewal Alliance and an official opposition party, the Brazilian Democratic Movement. The two parties were dissolved in 1979, when the regime allowed other parties to form.[25]

text: A report in The Christian Science Monitor in 2008 suggested that Spain was moving towards a "greater two-party system" while acknowledging that Spain has "many small parties".[26] However a 2015 article published by WashingtonPost.com written by academic Fernando Casal Bértoa noted the decline in support for the two main parties, the People's Party (PP) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in recent years, with these two parties winning only 52 percent of the votes in that year's regional and local elections. He explained this as being due to the Spanish economic crisis, a series of political corruption scandals and broken campaign promises. He argued that the emergence of the new Citizens and Podemos parties would mean the political system would evolve into a two-bloc system, with an alliance of the PP and Citizens on the right facing a leftist coalition of PSOE, Podemos and the United Left.[27]

text: Comparisons with other party systems[edit]

text: Two-party systems can be contrasted with:

text:
Multi-party systems. In these, the effective number of parties is greater than two but usually fewer than five; in a two-party system, the effective number of parties is two (according to one analysis, the actual average number of parties varies between 1.7 and 2.1.)[28] The parties in a multi-party system can control government separately or as a coalition; in a two-party system, however, coalition governments rarely form. Examples of nations with multi-party systems include Brazil, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Mexico, Nepal, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Taiwan.
One-party systems or dominant-party systems happen in nations where no more than one party is codified in law and/or officially recognized, or where alternate parties are restricted by the dominant party which wields power. Examples include rule by the Communist Party of China and the People's Action Party of Singapore.

text: Causes[edit]

text: There are several reasons why, in some systems, two major parties dominate the political landscape. There has been speculation that a two-party system arose in the United States from early political battling between the federalists and anti-federalists in the first few decades after the ratification of the Constitution, according to several views.[2][29] In addition, there has been more speculation that the winner-takes-all electoral system as well as particular state and federal laws regarding voting procedures helped to cause a two-party system.[2]

text: Political scientists such as Maurice Duverger[30] and William H. Riker claim that there are strong correlations between voting rules and type of party system. Jeffrey D. Sachs agreed that there was a link between voting arrangements and the effective number of parties. Sachs explained how the first-past-the-post voting arrangement tended to promote a two-party system:

text: The main reason for America's majoritarian character is the electoral system for Congress. Members of Congress are elected in single-member districts according to the "first-past-the-post" (FPTP) principle, meaning that the candidate with the plurality of votes is the winner of the congressional seat. The losing party or parties win no representation at all. The first-past-the-post election tends to produce a small number of major parties, perhaps just two, a principle known in political science as Duverger's Law. Smaller parties are trampled in first-past-the-post elections.

text: Consider a system in which voters can vote for any candidate from any one of many parties. Suppose further that if a party gets 15% of votes, then that party will win 15% of the seats in the legislature. This is termed proportional representation or more accurately as party-proportional representation. Political scientists speculate that proportional representation leads logically to multi-party systems, since it allows new parties to build a niche in the legislature:

text: Because even a minor party may still obtain at least a few seats in the legislature, smaller parties have a greater incentive to organize under such electoral systems than they do in the United States.

text: In contrast, a voting system that allows only a single winner for each possible legislative seat is sometimes termed a plurality voting system or single-winner voting system and is usually described under the heading of a winner-takes-all arrangement. Each voter can cast a single vote for any candidate within any given legislative district, but the candidate with the most votes wins the seat, although variants, such as requiring a majority, are sometimes used. What happens is that in a general election, a party that consistently comes in third in every district is unlikely to win any legislative seats even if there is a significant proportion of the electorate favoring its positions. This arrangement strongly favors large and well–organized political parties that are able to appeal to voters in many districts and hence win many seats, and discourages smaller or regional parties. Politically oriented people consider their only realistic way to capture political power is to run under the auspices of the two dominant parties.[2]

text: In the U.S., forty-eight states have a standard winner-takes-all electoral system for amassing presidential votes in the Electoral College system.[32] The winner-takes-all principle applies in presidential elections, since if a presidential candidate gets the most votes in any particular state, all of the electoral votes from that state are awarded. In all but two states, Maine and Nebraska, the presidential candidate winning a plurality of votes wins all of the electoral votes, a practice called the unit rule.[2]

text: Duverger concluded that "plurality election single-ballot procedures are likely to produce two-party systems, whereas proportional representation and runoff designs encourage multipartyism."[30] He suggested there were two reasons why winner-takes-all systems leads to a two-party system. First, the weaker parties are pressured to form an alliance, sometimes called a fusion, to try to become big enough to challenge a large dominant party and, in so doing, gain political clout in the legislature. Second, voters learn, over time, not to vote for candidates outside of one of the two large parties since their votes for third party candidates are usually ineffectual.[2] As a result, weaker parties are eliminated by voters over time. Duverger pointed to statistics and tactics to suggest that voters tended to gravitate towards one of the two main parties, a phenomenon which he called polarization, and tend to shun third parties.[6] For example, some analysts suggest that the Electoral College system in the United States, by favoring a system of winner-takes-all in presidential elections, is a structural choice favoring only two major parties.[33]

text: Gary Cox suggested that America's two-party system was highly related with economic prosperity in the country:

text: The bounty of the American economy, the fluidity of American society, the remarkable unity of the American people, and, most important, the success of the American experiment have all mitigated against the emergence of large dissenting groups that would seek satisfaction of their special needs through the formation of political parties.

text: An effort in 2012 by centrist groups to promote ballot access by Third Party candidates called Americans Elect spent $15 million to get ballot access but failed to elect any candidates.[34] The lack of choice in a two-party model in politics has often been compared to the variety of choices in the marketplace.

text: Politics has lagged our social and business evolution ... There are 30 brands of Pringles in our local grocery store. How is it that Americans have so much selection for potato chips and only two brands—and not very good ones—for political parties?

text: Third parties[edit]

text: Third parties, meaning a party other than one of the two dominant parties, are possible in two-party systems, but they are often unlikely to exert much influence by gaining control of legislatures or by winning elections.[2] While there are occasional opinions in the media expressed about the possibility of third parties emerging in the United States, for example, political insiders such as the 1980 presidential candidate John Anderson think the chances of one appearing in the early twenty-first century is remote.[35] A report in The Guardian suggested that American politics has been "stuck in a two-way fight between Republicans and Democrats" since the Civil War, and that third-party runs had little meaningful success.[36]

text: Third parties in a two-party system can be:

text:
Built around a particular ideology or interest group
Split off from one of the major parties or
Focused on a charismatic individual.[35]

text: When third parties are built around an ideology which is at odds with the majority mindset, many members belong to such a party not for the purpose of expecting electoral success but rather for personal or psychological reasons.[2] In the U.S., third parties include older ones such as the Libertarian Party and the Green Party and newer ones such as the Pirate Party.[2][37] Many believe that third parties don't affect American politics by winning elections, but they can act as "spoilers" by taking votes from one of the two major parties.[2] They act like barometers of change in the political mood since they push the major parties to consider their demands.[2] An analysis in New York Magazine by Ryan Lizza in 2006 suggested that third parties arose from time to time in the nineteenth century around single-issue movements such as abolition, women's suffrage, and the direct election of senators, but were less prominent in the twentieth century.[38]

text: A so-called third party in the United Kingdom are the Liberal Democrats. In the 2010 election, the Liberal Democrats received 23% of the votes but only 9% of the seats in the House of Commons. While electoral results do not necessarily translate into legislative seats, the Liberal Democrats can exert influence if there is a situation such as a hung parliament. In this instance, neither of the two main parties (at present, the Conservative Party and the Labour Party) have sufficient authority to run the government. Accordingly, the Liberal Democrats can in theory exert tremendous influence in such a situation since they can ally with one of the two main parties to form a coalition. This happened in the Coalition government of 2010.  Yet in that more than 13% of the seats in the British House of Commons are held in 2011 by representatives of political parties other than the two leading political parties of that nation, contemporary Britain is considered by some to be a multi-party system, and not a two-party system.[39] The two party system in the United Kingdom allows for other parties to exist, although the main two parties tend to dominate politics; in this arrangement, other parties are not excluded and can win seats in Parliament. In contrast, the two party system in the United States has been described as a duopoly or an enforced two-party system, such that politics is almost entirely dominated by either the Republicans or Democrats, and third parties rarely win seats in Congress.[40]

text: Advantages[edit]

text: Some historians have suggested that two-party systems promote centrism and encourage political parties to find common positions which appeal to wide swaths of the electorate. It can lead to political stability[4][not in citation given] which leads, in turn, to economic growth. Historian Patrick Allitt of the Teaching Company suggested that it is difficult to overestimate the long term economic benefits of political stability. Sometimes two-party systems have been seen as preferable to multi-party systems because they are simpler to govern, with less fractiousness and greater harmony, since it discourages radical minor parties,[4] while multi-party systems can sometimes lead to hung parliaments.[41] Italy, with a multi-party system, has had years of divisive politics since 2000, although analyst Silvia Aloisi suggested in 2008 that the nation may be moving closer to a two-party arrangement.[42] The two-party has been identified as simpler since there are fewer voting choices.[4] One analyst suggested the two-party system, in contrast with proportional representation, prevented excessive government interference with economic policy.[8]

text: Disadvantages[edit]

text: Two-party systems have been criticized for downplaying alternative views,[4][5] being less competitive,[8] encouraging voter apathy since there is a perception of fewer choices,[4] and putting a damper on debate[5] within a nation. In a proportional representation system, lesser parties can moderate policy since they are not usually eliminated from government.[4] One analyst suggested the two-party approach may not promote inter-party compromise but may encourage partisanship.[5] In The Tyranny of the Two-party system, Lisa Jane Disch criticizes two-party systems for failing to provide enough options since only two choices are permitted on the ballot. She wrote:

text: Herein lies the central tension of the two–party doctrine. It identifies popular sovereignty with choice, and then limits choice to one party or the other. If there is any truth to Schattschneider's analogy between elections and markets, America's faith in the two–party system begs the following question: Why do voters accept as the ultimate in political freedom a binary option they would surely protest as consumers? ... This is the tyranny of the two–party system, the construct that persuades United States citizens to accept two–party contests as a condition of electoral democracy.

text: There have been arguments that the winner-take-all mechanism discourages independent or third-party candidates from running for office or promulgating their views.[8][44] Ross Perot's former campaign manager wrote that the problem with having only two parties is that the nation loses "the ability for things to bubble up from the body politic and give voice to things that aren't being voiced by the major parties."[35] One analyst suggested that parliamentary systems, which typically are multi-party in nature, lead to a better "centralization of policy expertise" in government.[45] Multi-party governments permit wider and more diverse viewpoints in government, and encourage dominant parties to make deals with weaker parties to form winning coalitions.[46] Analyst Chris Weigant of the Huffington Post wrote that "the parliamentary system is inherently much more open to minority parties getting much better representation than third parties do in the American system".[46] After an election in which the party changes, there can be a "polar shift in policy-making" when voters react to changes.[4]

text: Political analyst A. G. Roderick, writing in his book Two Tyrants, argued that the two American parties, the Republicans and Democrats, are highly unpopular in 2015, and are not part of the political framework of state governments, and do not represent 47% of the electorate who identify themselves as "independents".[47] He makes a case that the American president should be elected on a non-partisan basis,[48][47][49] and asserts that both political parties are "cut from the same cloth of corruption and corporate influence."[50]

text: History[edit]

text: Beginnings of parties in Britain[edit]

text: The two-party system, in the sense of the looser definition, where two parties dominate politics but in which third parties can elect members and gain some representation in the legislature, can be traced to the development of political parties in the United Kingdom. There was a division in English politics at the time of the Civil War and Glorious Revolution in the late 17th century.[51] The Whigs supported Protestant constitutional monarchy against absolute rule and the Tories, originating in the Royalist (or "Cavalier") faction of the English Civil War, were conservative royalist supporters of a strong monarchy as a counterbalance to the republican tendencies of Parliament.[52] In the following century, the Whig party's support base widened to include emerging industrial interests and wealthy merchants.

text: The basic matters of principle that defined the struggle between the two factions, were concerning the nature of constitutional monarchy, the desirability of a Catholic king,[53][page needed] the extension of religious toleration to nonconformist Protestants, and other issues that had been put on the liberal agenda through the political concepts propounded by John Locke,[54] Algernon Sidney and others.[55]

text: Vigorous struggle between the two factions characterised the period from the Glorious Revolution to the 1715 Hanoverian succession, over the legacy of the overthrow of the Stuart dynasty and the nature of the new constitutional state. This proto two-party system fell into relative abeyance after the accession to the throne of George I and the consequent period of Whig supremacy under Robert Walpole, during which the Tories were systematically purged from high positions in government. However, although the Tories were dismissed from office for half a century, they still retained a measure of party cohesion under William Wyndham and acted as a united, though unavailing, opposition to Whig corruption and scandals. At times they cooperated with the "Opposition Whigs", Whigs who were in opposition to the Whig government; however, the ideological gap between the Tories and the Opposition Whigs prevented them from coalescing as a single party.

text: Emergence of the two-party system in Britain[edit]

text: The old Whig leadership dissolved in the 1760s into a decade of factional chaos with distinct "Grenvillite", "Bedfordite", "Rockinghamite", and "Chathamite" factions successively in power, and all referring to themselves as "Whigs". Out of this chaos, the first distinctive parties emerged. The first such party was the Rockingham Whigs[56] under the leadership of Charles Watson-Wentworth and the intellectual guidance of the political philosopher Edmund Burke. Burke laid out a philosophy that described the basic framework of the political party as "a body of men united for promoting by their joint endeavours the national interest, upon some particular principle in which they are all agreed". As opposed to the instability of the earlier factions, which were often tied to a particular leader and could disintegrate if removed from power, the two party system was centred on a set of core principles held by both sides and that allowed the party out of power to remain as the Loyal Opposition to the governing party.[57]

text: A genuine two-party system began to emerge,[58] with the accession to power of William Pitt the Younger in 1783 leading the new Tories, against a reconstituted "Whig" party led by the radical politician Charles James Fox.[59][60][61]

text: The two party system matured in the early 19th century era of political reform, when the franchise was widened and politics entered into the basic divide between conservatism and liberalism that has fundamentally endured up to the present. The modern Conservative Party was created out of the "Pittite" Tories by Robert Peel, who issued the Tamworth Manifesto in 1834 which set out the basic principles of Conservatism; - the necessity in specific cases of reform in order to survive, but an opposition to unnecessary change, that could lead to "a perpetual vortex of agitation". Meanwhile, the Whigs, along with free trade Tory followers of Robert Peel, and independent Radicals, formed the Liberal Party under Lord Palmerston in 1859, and transformed into a party of the growing urban middle-class, under the long leadership of William Ewart Gladstone. The two party system had come of age at the time of Gladstone and his Conservative rival Benjamin Disraeli after the 1867 Reform Act.[62]

text: History of American political parties[edit]

text: Although the Founding Fathers of the United States did not originally intend for American politics to be partisan,[63] early political controversies in the 1790s saw the emergence of a two-party political system, the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party, centred on the differing views on federal government powers of Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.[64][65] However, a consensus reached on these issues ended party politics in 1816 for a decade, a period commonly known as the Era of Good Feelings.[66]

text: Partisan politics revived in 1829 with the split of the Democratic-Republican Party into the Jacksonian Democrats led by Andrew Jackson, and the Whig Party, led by Henry Clay. The former evolved into the modern Democratic Party and the latter was replaced with the Republican Party as one of the two main parties in the 1850s.