document_title: Alexis Sánchez

question_text: who does sanchez play for in the world cup

text: Alexis Sánchez

text: Club career

text: Cobreloa

text: Born in Tocopilla, Sánchez was a product of C.D. Cobreloa's prolific youth ranks where he was teammate of current Chile national team players such as Charles Aránguiz and Eduardo Vargas.[15] In February 2005, Sánchez was promoted to the senior first team by manager Nelson Acosta.[16][17]

text: Sánchez's made his debut against Deportes Temuco in February[18] and scored his first professional goal in a 2–1 victory over Deportes Concepción on 18 March,[19] allowed him play his first Copa Libertadores game against Once Caldas aged 16, which made him one of the youngest players on debut for the tournament.[20]

text: After an impressive season with Cobreloa, Sánchez caught the attention of Serie A club Udinese, which signed him for a £1.7 million fee, on 21 April 2006.[21] Udinese, however, began a maturation project with Sánchez and immediately loaned him to Chilean giants Colo-Colo in a season-long deal.[22]

text: Colo-Colo

text: Sánchez debuted for Colo-Colo on 23 June 2006 in a 1–1 draw with Antofagasta; he scored his first goal on 29 October during the Chilean football derby against Universidad de Chile in a 4–2 win.[23] His good performances allowed him break into the starting lineup after successfully challenging veteran striker Mario Cáceres, so that began partnering Humberto Suazo in the forward position. On 1 November, he scored a brace in a 4–4 league draw against Deportes La Serena.[24] as well as his first continental goal in a 7–2 thrash over Alajuelense from Costa Rica for the Copa Sudamericana.[25] Nevertheless, Colo-Colo was runner-up of that tournament after losing the final against Pachuca of Mexico.[26] On 23 December 2006, Sánchez won his first professional title after being starter in the Torneo Clausura final against Audax Italiano which his team won 3–2.

text: The next season, on 23 March 2007, he scored his first Copa Libertadores goals against Caracas at Cúcuta[27] where he netted a hat-trick to a 4–0 away win.[28] On 12 May, Sánchez scored his first and only one league goal during a 3–1 home win over Santiago Wanderers,[29] key in the race for title with Universidad Católica which Colo-Colo finally reached after beat Palestino 1–0 at Monumental the last matchday. Noteworthy, it meant the club's 26th league title.[30]

text: After Sánchez's impressive FIFA U-20 World Cup (where Chile achieved the third place with José Sulantay as coach), his loan with Colo-Colo expired and on 15 August 2007, he joined Argentina's River Plate on loan from Udinese.[31]

text: Udinese

text: After a successful season in Argentina, Sánchez left South America in July 2008 to join Udinese, where he would meet up with Chilean compatriot Mauricio Isla. Sánchez made his non-competitive debut in a 3–0 win over Bassano and was named the man of match.[32] On 14 September, he played his first Serie A match in a 1–0 loss with Juventus and four days later, he made his European debut against Borussia Dortmund. On 19 October 2008, Sánchez scored his first league goal against Lecce. After this first goal, Sánchez got into a minor slump, in which he took much criticism. The criticism ended after scoring the winning goal in the 90th minute against Bologna in a 1–0 win, being named the man of match.[citation needed]

text: The next season, Sánchez played an important role for Udinese in the Coppa Italia, being a key player in the team that eliminated Milan, assisting Gökhan Inler for the winning goal.[33] In the semi-final second leg, Sánchez was the man of match after playing a successful game against Roma, including scoring his first Coppa Italia goal in the 81st minute. It was not enough, however, as the aggregate score finished 2–1 in favour of Roma.[34] By the end of this year, Sánchez scored a total of 5 goals (4 at the end of tournament) in 32 appearances.

text: On 27 February 2011, Sánchez scored four of his team's seven goals as Udinese comfortably defeated Palermo 7–0, playing only the first 52 minutes of the game. This event meant he broke the record of goals scored by a Chilean player (in a single match) in Serie A,[35] beating the records set by countrymen Marcelo Salas and Iván Zamorano.

text: During his successful season at Udinese, Sánchez and Italian striker Antonio Di Natale became one of the best scoring duos in Serie A; they tallied 39 goals between them, two goals short of the Alessandro Del Piero–David Trezeguet duo that completed 41 goals in the 2007–08 season. In recognition of his achievements, Sánchez was named the world's most promising youngster of the 2011 season by the users of FIFA.com, where users had to choose between Sánchez, Gareth Bale, Javier Pastore, Ganso and Neymar in a poll.[36] Sánchez ranked 56th in the May 2011 edition of Castrol Performance Index and 24th among the forwards.

text: Barcelona

text: On 20 July 2011, Barcelona confirmed they had agreed to a €26 million fee (including €11.5 million in certain bonuses) with Udinese for the transfer of Sánchez, becoming the first Chilean to play for the club.[37][38][39] "Sánchez is very young," said then-manager Pep Guardiola; "He can play in all three attacking positions, he shows intense defensive skills, he's direct and from what I've been told, he's a very nice kid."[38] The transfer was finalised five days later when he passed a medical and signed a five-year contract.[40][41] "I want to learn from players like Lionel Messi and Xavi Hernández—and I want to help the club win more titles," said Sánchez.[40]

text: Sánchez's debut season for Barcelona was mired with short-term injuries. He made his debut on 14 August 2011 against archrivals Real Madrid in the 2011 Supercopa de España first leg away match, suffering a thigh injury after a challenge by Marcelo.[42] Barcelona won the tie 5–4 on aggregate. He made his return two weeks later as a substitute in the 2011 UEFA Super Cup, won by Barca 2–0. Alexis then started the opening match of La Liga, at home against Villarreal, and scored his first goal in a 5–0 win. A week later, on 10 September, he was stretchered off after 30 minutes following a challenge from Dani Estrada in a domestic league match against Real Sociedad. Sánchez returned on 1 November in an away match against Viktoria Plzeň.[43] On 10 December, he scored Barça's equaliser against Real Madrid in a match they went on to win 1–3 away at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. On 14 February 2012, Sánchez scored the first and second UEFA Champions League goals of his career in Barcelona's 3–1 victory against Bayer Leverkusen.

text: In the 2012–13 campaign, on 2 October 2012 Sánchez scored the first goal for Barcelona in a 0–2 away win against Benfica.[44] On 10 February 2013, then scored his first goal of the Liga season in Barça's 6–1 home win against Getafe.[45] From February onwards, Sánchez scored in matches against Deportivo de La Coruña, Mallorca, Athletic Bilbao, Real Betis, Atlético Madrid and Espanyol to end the season with eight league goals.[46] Barcelona won the league title, ending the season with 100 points.

text: On 26 October 2013, Sánchez scored the winning goal as Barça beat Real Madrid 2–1 at Camp Nou in the first Clásico fixture of the 2013–14 La Liga season.[47] On 5 January 2014, Sánchez scored his first hat-trick for Barcelona in a 4–0 win against Elche.[48] He ended the 2013–14 season with a career-high 21 goals in all competitions,[49] including 19 in La Liga.[50]

text: Arsenal

text: On 10 July 2014, Sánchez signed for Arsenal on a long-term contract for a transfer fee of £31.7 million.[51][52][53] Sánchez was given the squad number 17, previously worn by Nacho Monreal, who took the vacant number 18 instead. In a statement released by the club, Sánchez said that he was "so happy to be joining Arsenal, a club which has a great manager, a fantastic squad of players, huge support around the world and a great stadium in London".[51] Manager Arsène Wenger praised Sánchez, saying that the Chilean international "has consistently produced top-quality performances at the highest level for a number of seasons now and we are all excited to see him integrate into the Arsenal squad."[51] Sánchez made his first appearance for Arsenal on 2 August 2014, as a substitute during a 5–1 win against Benfica in the pre-season Emirates Cup tournament.[54]

text: 2014–15 season

text: Sánchez's first competitive appearance was against Manchester City in the Community Shield, on 10 August, playing in the first half and helping Arsenal to a 3–0 win.[55] On 16 August, he made his Premier League debut against Crystal Palace, assisting Laurent Koscielny's equaliser in a 2–1 home win.[56] He then scored his first goal for Arsenal on 27 August, slotting the ball past Beşiktaş goalkeeper Tolga Zengin in stoppage time of the first half to secure a 1–0 aggregate victory and a spot in the group stage of the 2014–15 Champions League.[57] Following the game, Wenger was full of praise for Sánchez, with the Arsenal manager saying, "He had a good game, not only on the technical side but on the fighting side. He was mobile, dangerous and has shown as well he has great fighting spirit, qualities that will be very important in the Premier League."[2] His first league goal came four days later, netting the opening goal in a 1–1 draw away to newly promoted Leicester City.[58] He then scored his second league goal in as many games against previous season champions Manchester City, demonstrating perfect technique to sidefoot a volley high past goalkeeper Joe Hart in a 2–2 draw at the Emirates Stadium.[59]

text: Sánchez scored his fourth goal for Arsenal, from a free-kick, as the Gunners fell to 2–1 defeat to Southampton in the League Cup.[60] He scored his first goal in the Champions League proper for the Gunners on 1 October, scoring Arsenal's third goal of their 4–1 home win over Galatasaray and also provided assists for two goals by Danny Welbeck.[61] On 18 October, he scored the opening goal and later assisted a late Welbeck equaliser in a 2–2 draw against Hull City at home. The following league fixture saw him scoring a brace against Sunderland after capitalising on errors made by defender Wes Brown and former Arsenal goalkeeper Vito Mannone.[62] On 1 November, Sánchez again scored a brace, this time against Burnley in a 3–0 victory. With that brace, he scored his ninth and tenth goals of the season across all competitions.[63][63] He and Yaya Sanogo scored against Borussia Dortmund in 2–0 win as Arsenal qualified for the knockout stages of the Champions League.[64] On 3 December, he scored the winner against Southampton in the 89th minute to give the Gunners a 1–0 win.[65]

text: Sánchez scored the first goal in Arsenal's 2–1 home win over Queens Park Rangers on 26 December and assisted the second goal for Tomáš Rosický; earlier in the same match, Sánchez had a penalty saved by goalkeeper Robert Green after being brought down by Armand Traoré.[66] On 4 January 2015, Sánchez scored and assisted his first ever FA Cup goals as Arsenal knocked out Hull City, the previous season's runners-up in the third round. Sánchez assisted Per Mertesacker and scored in the 82nd minute, being substituted two minutes later by Chuba Akpom.[67] In Arsenal's next Premier League match, against Stoke City, Sánchez was involved in all the three goals as Arsenal beat the Potters 3–0 at the Emirates. He first assisted Laurent Koscielny and then scored two goals of his own. His performance was praised by Thierry Henry, who called him, "Arsenal's best signing of the last six years."[68]

text: On 4 March, Sánchez ended a run of eight games without a goal by scoring Arsenal's second goal as they beat QPR 2–1 at Loftus Road.[69][70] Sánchez scored Arsenal's third goal on 4 April as they beat Liverpool 4–1 at the Emirates and was chosen as the man of the match.[71]

text: On 18 April, Sánchez scored both of Arsenal's goals in the FA Cup semi-final as Arsenal defeated Reading 2–1 after extra time.[72] Eight days later, he was the only Arsenal player named in the PFA Team of the Year.[73] On 4 May, Sánchez scored another brace, this time against Hull City in a 3–1 away win.[74] On 29 May, he was voted as the 2015 PFA Fans' Player of the Year.[75]

text: Sánchez reached his 25th goal of the season in the 2015 FA Cup Final on 30 May with the second goal in a 4–0 defeat of Aston Villa at Wembley Stadium, a long-range strike. Sánchez, who also headed an assist for Theo Walcott's opening goal, became the first Chilean to score in an FA Cup final since Newcastle United's George Robledo in 1952.[76] He capped off his first season by winning Arsenal's Player of the Year award.[77]

text: 2015–16 season

text: Sánchez made his first appearance of the 2015–16 season as a substitute in Arsenal's 2–0 loss to West Ham United on the opening day of the 2015–16 Premier League. The following week, on his first start of the season, Sánchez had a header deflected into the Crystal Palace net by Damien Delaney to give Arsenal a 2–1 win at Selhurst Park. The goal, however, was later credited as an own goal by the Palace defender.[78]

text: On 26 September 2015, Sánchez ended a run of ten Premier League matches without a goal by scoring his first hat-trick for Arsenal in a 5–2 win at Leicester. This made him the first player to score hat-tricks in each of the Premier League, Serie A and La Liga.[79] Sánchez then scored his first Champions League goal of the season a few days later, in a 3–2 loss to Olympiacos, latching onto a Theo Walcott cross to head beyond Olympiacos goalkeeper Roberto.[80] The following league match, the last match before the international break, Sánchez scored for the third match in a row, scoring a brace in the first 20 minutes as Arsenal defeated Manchester United 3–0 at the Emirates Stadium and moved up to second place in the league.[81] After the international break, Sánchez carried on his fine goalscoring form by netting against Watford at Vicarage Road, through a Mesut Özil assist, in a 3–0 Arsenal win, keeping Arsenal in second-place and grabbing his sixth goal in three Premier League matches for the club.[82][83]

text: Following a brief period on the sidelines due to injury, Sánchez returned to full first-team action on 30 January 2016 in the FA Cup fourth round tie against Burnley, scoring Arsenal's second goal of the game following a low cross from Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain.[84] Sánchez netted his first Premier League goal since October with a goal in the North London derby against rivals Tottenham Hotspur, eqaulising for Arsenal in the 76th minute and keeping the Gunners' title challenge alive.[85] During April 2016, Sánchez scored in four consecutive league matches, with goals against Watford, West Ham, Crystal Palace, and a brace against West Bromwich Albion.[86]

text: 2016–17 season

text:
When launching their new kit for the 2016–17 season, Arsenal announced that Sánchez will change squad number from 17 to 7, which was vacated by the departing Tomáš Rosický.[87] Sánchez scored his first goal of Arsenal's campaign and grabbed his first assist in Arsenal's 3–1 away win over Watford.[88] Sánchez scored his first Champions League goal of the campaign in a 1–1 draw with Paris Saint-Germain on 13 September 2016, latching onto Alex Iwobi's rebounded shot, to secure Arsenal a point in the French capital.[89][90] Sánchez kept up his spectacular run of form throughout September by netting against Hull, then scoring assisting in a 3–0 victory over Chelsea.[91]
[92] He scored a brace in a 1–4 win at Sunderland's Stadium of Light, bringing his total to 50 goals in 106 appearances across all competitions for Arsenal.
[93][94] He also scored a hatrick and provided a assist in a man of the match display in a 5-1 win at West Ham on December 3.[95]  On 22 January 2017, Sánchez scored his first penalty for the club (having missed his previous two) against Burnley in an eventual 2–1 win, which put Arsenal into second place in the Premier League table.[96][97] Sánchez scored his first goal in the season's FA Cup, in a 5–0 quarter-final win over Lincoln City, taking his tally to 21 goals for the season in all competitions.[98] Sánchez scored the winning goal in Arsenal's 2–1 win over Manchester City, to send Arsenal through to their third FA Cup final, in four years.[99][100]

text: On 13 April, Sánchez was included in the six player shortlist for the PFA Player of the Year.[101] He also, in May 2017, won Arsenal's Player of the Season award.[102] Sánchez finished off the season by claiming the man-of-the-match award and scoring Arsenal's opening goal in an eventual 2–1 win over Chelsea in the FA Cup Final, ensuring that Arsenal secured a record 13th FA Cup and that manager Arsène Wenger won a record 7th FA Cup in the process.[103][104] He finished as the club's top goalscorer with 24 Premier League goals, and 30 goals in all competitions, becoming the first player since Robin van Persie in 2011-12 to score more than 20 goals in the league.

text: 2017–18 season

text: Sánchez returned from the 2017 Confederations Cup with an injury, and therefore had to miss the team's victory over Chelsea in the 2017 FA Community Shield and the team's opening 4–3 win over Leicester City. Sánchez' first start of the season came in the 4–0 away defeat to Liverpool.[105] But throughout the transfer window, there was increasing speculation about his future, with a huge amount of reports stating his desire to leave, in order to play in the Champions League.[106] A deadline day move to Manchester City was unsuccessful as Arsenal's deal for Sánchez's replacement Thomas Lemar was rejected.[107] He scored his first goal for the season in Arsenal's 3–1 UEFA Europa League victory over German side Köln, in which he picked the ball up outside the penalty area and curled a shot past goalkeeper Timo Horn, to score the Gunner's second goal of the evening. His performance was praised by Arsène Wenger, who said: "I think Sánchez is still running after his best form. He is a fantastic football player but physically he has just come back. But he has it in his locker to do something special, which he did."[108] Sánchez also played in Arsenal's 1–0 win over Doncaster Rovers in the League Cup, in which Sánchez provided his first assist of the season, by delivering a cross-field pass which Theo Walcott subsequently put past Doncaster goalkeeper, Ian Lawlor.[109] His first Premier League goal of the season was scored in a 5–2 win over Everton, as he also provided an assist for Mesut Özil to put Arsenal ahead.[110] Sánchez followed up this by scoring the second in Arsenal's 2–0 win against Tottenham on November 18,[111] and a week later  up scoring a decisive and controversial injury-time penalty in a 1–0 win against Burnley.[112] Sánchez continued his fine goalscoring form by scoring Arsenal's third goal in a 5–0 rout of Huddersfield Town, with it meaning that Sánchez scored three times in three games.[113] He also scored with a diving header against Liverpool on December 22 in a thrilling 3–3 draw.[114] He scored his last two goals for Arsenal in a 3–2 away win against Crystal Palace on December 28.[115]

text: Manchester United

text:
On 22 January 2018, it was announced that Sánchez had completed a transfer to Manchester United, in a swap deal that saw Henrikh Mkhitaryan move the opposite way. Sánchez was given the number 7 shirt.[116] He made his debut for the club in a 4–0 victory against Yeovil Town in the fourth round of the FA Cup.[117] He became the first Chilean to play a competitive match for United.[118]
He scored his first United goal on 3 February 2018 in a 2–0 home win against Huddersfield Town, after netting in the rebound from his penalty that had been saved by Jonas Lössl.[119]

text: International career

text: Sánchez made his international debut for the Chile national team against New Zealand on 27 April 2006.[120] He was called up by the coach José Sulantay to represent the Chilean under-20 team at the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup held in Canada, where they finished third.[120][121]

text: After his participation in the youth championship, Sánchez scored his first senior international goal in a 2–1 loss against Switzerland on 7 September 2007. He scored three times during La Roja's successful 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification campaign and appeared on every match during the tournament finals.[120] He then participated in the 2011 Copa América, scoring once in a 1–1 group stage draw with Uruguay,[122] as Chile reached the quarter-finals. On 15 November 2013, Sánchez scored both goals as Chile beat England 2–0 at Wembley, repeating the achievement of national team legend Marcelo Salas in 1998.[123]

text: 2014 World Cup

text: Sánchez scored four times in Chile's qualification campaign for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[124]

text: On 13 June 2014, Sánchez scored Chile's opening goal of the 2014 World Cup, and provided an assist, in a 3–1 defeat of Australia in Cuiabá.[125] During the round of 16, Sánchez scored the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw against the hosts Brazil. However, he was one of three Chileans to fail to convert their kicks in the penalty shootout, having his shot saved by Júlio César as Brazil prevailed 3–2.[126]

text: 2015 Copa América

text: Sánchez was a member of Chile's squad as they hosted the 2015 Copa América. He assisted Eduardo Vargas in Chile's 2–0 win over Ecuador in the tournament opener,[127] then scored a header in their final group game, a 5–0 win against Bolivia which sent Chile through as group winners – he and Arturo Vidal were rested by being substituted at half time.[128]

text: Sánchez was named man of the match in Chile's ill-tempered and highly controversial quarter-final win over defending champions Uruguay.[129] In the semi-final against Peru, he created the opening goal for Eduardo Vargas as Chile progressed to the final with a 2–1 victory.[130] On 4 July, Sánchez converted the winning kick in the final as Chile defeated Argentina in a penalty shootout to win their first major title, executing it in the Panenka style.[131]

text: 2018 FIFA World Cup Qualification

text: In Chile's first match of 2018 World Cup qualification on 9 October 2015, Sánchez scored in a 2–0 win over Brazil, Chile's first victory against the opponents since 2000.[132] Four days later, he scored twice in a 4–3 win at rivals Peru.[133]

text: Copa América Centenario

text: In June 2016, Sánchez was part of the Chile squad that defended their Copa América title at the Copa América Centenario in the United States. On 14 June, needing a draw to progress to the knockout rounds, Chile fell 1–0 behind to Panama before both Sánchez and Eduardo Vargas scored twice in a 4–2 win in Philadelphia to qualify for the tournament quarter-finals.[134]

text: Four days later, he scored one goal and registered two assists at Levi's Stadium in a 7–0 rout of Mexico, who were previously on a 22-game unbeaten streak.[135] In Chile's 2–0 semi-final victory over Colombia, he became only the second Chilean – after Claudio Bravo – to reach 100 caps. Sánchez was involved in Chile's second goal when his shot rebounded off the inside of the post and across the goal, presenting a tap-in for José Pedro Fuenzalida.[136]

text: In a repeat of the previous Copa América final, Chile faced Argentina. Both teams had a player sent-off before half-time, and after a 0–0 draw, Chile were victorious via penalty kicks (4–2) to retain their title. Sánchez was awarded the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player.[137]

text: 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup

text: In Chile's opening match of the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup on 18 June, Sánchez, who had been recovering from an ankle injury, came off the bench to set up Arturo Vidal's opening goal in an eventual 2–0 win over Cameroon.[138] On 22 June 2017, Sánchez became Chile's out-right all-time goalscorer when he scored the opening goal in an eventual 1–1 draw against reigning World Cup champions Germany in his team's second group match of the tournament, overtaking Marcelo Salas with his 38th international goal in 112 appearances, and also equalling Claudio Bravo as his nation's joint top appearance holder in the process.[139][140]

text: Style of play

text: Sánchez is a quick, creative and hard-working player with an eye for goal, who is known in particular for his energy, skill and work-rate on the pitch.[141][142][143] Although naturally right-footed, due to his ability with either foot, he is capable of playing anywhere along the front line, on either flank, or through the centre of the pitch: throughout his career, he has been deployed as a supporting striker, as a winger, as a false-9, and even as an attacking midfielder; he has recently also been used in a more advanced, central role, as a main striker.[144][145][146][147][148] A talented forward, Sánchez is gifted with excellent technical ability, agility, flair and acceleration, which enables him to dribble past opponents with feints in one on one situations, create space, and either score goals himself or set-up his teammates.[141][142][149][150][151][152] Being an accurate striker of the ball, he is also effective from set-pieces.[153]

text: Personal life

text: Sánchez had a statue erected in his honour within his native town of Tocopilla in March 2017.[154]

text: In October 2015, Sánchez was named as a brand ambassador for Huawei.[155] He appeared in an advert to the tune of Blondie's "One Way or Another" for Huawei which made its debut in November 2016.[156]

text: In February 2017, Sánchez signed a sponsorship deal with Pepsi.[157]

text: Career statistics

text: Club

text:
Club

Season

League

National Cup

League Cup

Continental[nb 1]

Others[nb 2]

Total

Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

Cobreloa

2005

Primera División

35
3
—
—
3
0
—
38
3

2006

12
9
—
—
—
—
12
9

Total

47
12
—
—
3
0
—
50
12

Colo-Colo

2006

Primera División

18
4
—
—
9
1
—
27
5

2007

14
1
—
—
7
3
—
21
4

Total

32
5
—
—
16
4
—
48
9

River Plate

2007–08

Primera División

23
4
—
—
8
0
—
31
4

Total

23
4
—
—
8
0
—
31
4

Udinese

2008–09

Serie A

32
3
2
0
—
9
0
—
43
3

2009–10

32
5
4
1
—
—
—
36
6

2010–11

31
12
2
0
—
—
—
33
12

Total

95
20
8
1
—
9
0
—
112
21

Barcelona

2011–12

La Liga

25
12
7
1
—
6
2
3
0
41
15

2012–13

29
8
6
2
—
9
1
2
0
46
11

2013–14

34
19
9
2
—
9
0
2
0
54
21

Total

88
39
22
5
—
24
3
7
0
141
47

Arsenal

2014–15

Premier League

35
16
6
4
1
1
9
4
1
0
52
25

2015–16

30
13
3
1
1
0
7
3
0
0
41
17

2016–17

38
24
5
3
0
0
8
3
—
51
30

2017–18

19
7
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
21
8

Total

122
60
14
8
3
1
25
11
1
0
165
80

Manchester United

2017–18

Premier League

12
2
4
1
—
2
0
—
18
3

2018–19

1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
—
1
0

Total

13
2
4
1
0
0
2
0
—
19
3

Career total

420
142
48
15
3
1
87
18
8
0
566
176

text:
Jump up ^ Includes continental competitive competitions, including the Copa Libertadores, Copa Sudamericana, UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League.

Jump up ^ Includes other competitive competitions, including the FIFA Club World Cup, Supercopa de España, Community Shield and UEFA Super Cup.

text: International

text:
Chile national team

Year
Apps
Goals

2006
5
0

2007
4
1

2008
9
2

2009
9
5

2010
7
4

2011
11
2

2012
8
0

2013
11
8

2014
13
4

2015
14
5

2016
15
5

2017
13
3

2018
2
0

Total
121
39

text: Honours

text: Chilean Premiera División: 2006 Clausura, 2007 Apertura

text: River Plate[164]

text: Argentine Primera División: 2008 Clausura

text:
La Liga: 2012–13
Copa del Rey: 2011–12
Supercopa de España: 2011, 2013
UEFA Super Cup: 2011
FIFA Club World Cup: 2011

text:
FA Cup: 2014–15, 2016–17
FA Community Shield: 2014

text: Copa América: 2015, 2016

text: Individual

text:
Serie A Player of the Month: February 2011[166]
PFA Fans' Premier League Player of the Month: October 2014, October 2015[167][168][169]
Arsenal Player of the Season: 2014–15,[77] 2016–17[102]
PFA Team of the Year: 2014–15 Premier League[73]
BBC Goal of the Month: October 2015[170][171]
PFA Fans' Player of the Year: 2015[172]
Football Supporters' Federation Player of the Year: 2015[173]
Facebook FA Premier League Player of the Year: 2015[174]
FIFPro World XI 4th team: 2015, 2016, 2017[175][176][177]
Kids' Choice Awards Favorite UK Footballer: 2015[178]
Copa América Golden Ball: 2016[179]
Copa América Team of the Tournament: 2016[179]
FIFA Confederations Cup Silver Ball: 2017[180]


document_title: American Ninja Warrior: USA vs. The World

question_text: who won usa vs the world anw 2018

question_tokens: who won usa vs the world anw 2018

root

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Special
Air date
Champions
Runner-up
3rd Place
4th Place
Hosts
Sideline reporter

USA vs. Japan
January 13, 2014
Team USA
Team Japan
N/A
N/A
Matt Iseman
Akbar Gbaja-Biamila
Jenn Brown

USA vs. The World
September 15, 2014
Team Europe
Team USA
Team Japan
N/A

January 31, 2016
Team USA
Team Europe
Team Japan
N/A
Kristine Leahy

June 4, 2017
Team USA
Team Europe
Team Latin America
N/A

March 11, 2018
Team Europe
Team USA
Team Latin America
Team Asia

tag: table

text: Specials[edit]

text: USA vs. Japan (January 2014)[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: During the season 5 finale of American Ninja Warrior, NBC announced that a special "USA vs. Japan" matchup would take place, the first-ever team competition in American Ninja Warrior's history.[1] The two-hour special premiered on January 13, 2014, at 8 pm EST on NBC and matched five Japanese Sasuke All-Stars and New Stars - heroes of the original Ninja Warrior - against five American stars representing American Ninja Warrior at the American reconstruction of the Mount Midoriyama course in Las Vegas. At stake was the United States vs. Japan championship; also branded as the first world championship for Sasuke/American Ninja Warrior, and a trophy to match. The special featured American Ninja Warrior's regular broadcasting crew: analysts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila along with sideline reporter Jenn Brown.

tag: p

text: Rosters[edit]

text:
Team USA

Brian Arnold
Brent Steffensen
Paul Kasemir
James McGrath
Travis Rosen

text:
Team Japan

Hitoshi Kanno
Kazuma Asa
Ryo Matachi
Yuuji Urushihara
Shingo Yamamoto

text: Overview[edit]

text: The teams faced off on each stage in turn, with each stage hosting its own round of five one-on-one matches and no competitor allowed to run the same stage twice. The first national team to win three matches out of five earned the point(s) for that stage. Stage One was worth one point, while Stage Two was worth two points and Stage Three was worth three. In the event of a 3-3 tie after the first three stages, the tiebreaker would be a one-off showdown where each country would pick one team member for a race to the top of the Final Stage.

text: Results[edit]

text: Final Score: Americans: 6, Japan: 0.

text: The winners of the special were the Americans over Japan.

text: USA vs. the World (September 2014)[edit]

text: During the Season 6 finale, NBC announced that another special entitled "USA vs. the World" matchup would take place in Las Vegas under a new format. On September 15, Team USA competed against a returning Team Japan, and a new team, Team Europe. This was the "Second Annual International Competition" that pitted top competitors from the United States American Ninja Warrior, Japan Ninja Warrior (Sasuke), and also European All Stars.[2] The three-hour special aired on September 15, 2014, on NBC with an encore airing September 16, 2014, on Esquire. The special once again was hosted by hosts Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja-Biamila as well as sideline reporter Jenn Brown.

text: Rosters[edit]

text:
Team USA

Brian Arnold
Elet Hall
Paul Kasemir
Joe Moravsky
Travis Rosen

text:
Team Japan

Hitoshi Kanno
Kazuma Asa
Ryo Matachi
Yusuke Morimoto
Shingo Yamamoto

text:
Team Europe

Sean McColl
Tim Shieff
Stefano Ghisolfi
Miska Sutela
Vadym Kuvakin

text: Overview[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (March 2018)

text: Results[edit]

text: Joe Moravsky beat Brent Steffenson's record (from ANW 4) for the fastest time in Stage 1, beating Steffenson's time of 1:14.53 with a time of 1:12.72. However, Tim Shieff beat Moravsky's time in a subsequent heat by finishing in 1:02.70 - the fastest time ever on Stage 1 in ANW history.

text: Travis Rosen achieved the fastest time by an American on Stage 2 with 1:48.00, but Sean McColl finished with a time of 1:46.51, the fastest of the season. All three Americans (Travis Rosen, Elet Hall, and Brian Arnold) completed Stage 2, with Sean McColl also completing it for Team Europe.

text: Yusuke Morimoto made ANW history by becoming the first athlete to ever finish Stage 3 with a time of 5:38.91. Stefano Ghisolfi also completed Stage 3 in the same heat, beating Morimoto's time finishing in 4:46.89. Ryo Matachi followed by becoming the third athlete to complete Stage 3 with a time of 5:04.67. In the last run of Stage 3, Brian Arnold became the second American athlete to complete the stage (after Kane Kosugi did it in Sasuke 8) with a time of 4:39.90, the fastest time of the four finishers. Arnold's finish moved USA into a tie with Team Europe, forcing a deciding tie-break on Stage 4.

text: For the first time in ANW history, the athletes competed on Stage 4. Travis Rosen was selected as the first competitor on ANW to attempt the final stage and he made it all the way up Midoriyama's 90-foot tower with a 77-foot rope with a time of 0:35.77. However, Sean McColl beat Rosen's time by 3/10th of a second (0:00.31), winning the competition for Team Europe as they became the World Champions of ANW. Rosen missed on his first attempt at hitting the buzzer at the end of the rope climb.

text: Final Score: Europe: 10, USA: 9, Japan: 0

text: The winners of the special were the Europeans, winning over America and Japan.

text: USA vs. the World (January 2016)[edit]

text: NBC announced that another USA vs. the World matchup would again take place in Las Vegas. It was the second such worldwide special to unite ANW alumni, Sasuke all-stars, and European competitors for the season 7 finale. The 3-hour special aired on January 31, 2016, on NBC. It was hosted by the current American Ninja Warrior hosts, Matt Iseman, Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, and co-host Kristine Leahy.[3]

text: Rosters[edit]

text:
Team USA

Isaac Caldiero
Geoff Britten
Kevin Bull
Joe Moravsky
Ian Dory
Drew Drechsel

text:
Team Japan

Kenji Takahashi
Masahi Hioki
Ryo Matachi
Yusuke Morimoto
Tomohiro Kawaguchi

text:
Team Europe

Sean McColl
Tim Shieff
Stefano Ghisolfi
Tim Champion
Alexander Mars

text: Note: *Britten was unable to compete due to flu-like symptoms with a fever of 103 and was replaced by alternate Joe Moravsky who was standing by.

text: Overview[edit]

text: Results[edit]

text: On Stage 1, Drew Drechsel gets the fastest time of the season with a time of 1:18.61, beating Tim Shieff's time of 1:25.33.

text: On Stage 2, Sean McColl edged out both Drew Drechsel's time of 1:34.46, and Joe Moravsky's time of 1:23.69, beating them with a speedy time of 1:19.86, the fastest of the ANW season.

text: On Stage 3, in the last heat, Yusuke Morimoto was the only member of Team Japan to finish this stage with a time of 6:29.38. However, Sean McColl got a faster time with 5:42.25, putting Team Europe in the lead. Isaac Caldiero was the last to compete and needed the 3-point win in order to put Team USA on top. Caldiero brought his team to victory with an impressive time of 4:28.84, the fastest of the season.

text: Final Score: USA: 10, Europe:8, Japan: 0

text: The winners of the special were the Americans, winning over Europe and Japan.

text: USA vs. The World (June 2017)[edit]

text: The 3-hour special episode aired on June 4, 2017; it was unofficially the first episode of season 9. Once again, it was hosted by the current American Ninja Warrior hosts, Matt Iseman, Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, and co-host Kristine Leahy. This year, Team USA and Team Europe faced a new challenger; Team Latin America.

text: Rosters[edit]

text:
Team USA

Jessie Graff
Daniel Gil
Jake Murray
Brian Arnold
Josh Levin
Drew Drechsel

text:
Team Europe

Sean McColl
Stefano Ghisolfi
Tim Shieff
Owen McKenzie
Alexander Mars
Bjarke Tonnesen

text:
Team Latin America

Danee Marmolejo
Wid Eriksen
Diego Gonzales
David Saikin
Santiago De Alba
Karl Fow

text: Overview[edit]

text: Results[edit]

text: Jessie Graff became the first woman in ANW history, and to compete and successfully finish, Stage 2 in Las Vegas. This was the POM Wonderful "Run of the Night".[4][5] She was also the first woman representing the United States in the USA vs. The World competition.[5] Josh Levin and Drew Drechsel both completed Stage 3, putting them on a list of only a handful of athletes to do so.

text: Final Score: Team USA: 10, Team Europe: 7, Team Latin America: 1.

text: USA vs. The World (March 2018)[edit]

text: A fifth USA vs. The World special aired for 3 hours on March 11, 2018. Returning are the current American Ninja Warrior hosts, Matt Iseman, Akbar Gbaja-Biamila, and sideline reporter Kristine Leahy. This year, Team USA (blue), Team Europe (green) and Team Latin America (yellow) faced a new challenger; Team Asia (red).

text: Rosters[edit]

text: Names in italics represent a named Team Captain.

text:
Team USA

Joe Moravsky
Drew Drechsel
Sean Bryan
Najee Richardson

text: Team USA members wore blue T-shirts and shorts. Competitors included 3-time USA vs. The World veterans Joe Moravsky, the "Last Ninja Standing" in season 9, and Drew Drechsel, who had the fastest time in Stage One that season. Also on Team USA were the two other competitors besides Moravsky to make it to Stage Three in season 9, Sean Bryan and Najee Richardson, both competing for the first time on USA vs. The World.[6]

text:
Team Europe

Sean McColl
Alexander Mars
Øssur Eiriksfoss
Sergio Verdasco

text: Team Europe members wore green T-shirts and shorts. Competitors included Sean McColl, who returned for his 4th USA vs. The World appearance, and Alexander Mars, the "Last Ninja Standing" on Ninja Warrior Sweden, who returned for his 3rd appearance on the NBC special. Øssur Eiriksfoss, a Team Ninja Warrior Denmark record-holder, and Sergio Verdasco, who achieved "Total Victory" on Ninja Warrior Spain, were first-time competitors.[7]

text:
Team Latin America

Danee Marmolejo
Karl Fow
Marco Jubes
Sebastian Prieto

text: Team Latin America members wore yellow T-shirts and shorts. Competitors included freerunners Danee Marmolejo and Karl Fow, who returned for their second appearance, as well as professional rock climbers, Marco Jubes and Sebastian Prieto, who made their first appearance on the NBC special.[8]

text:
Team Asia

Tomohiro Kawaguchi
Yusuke Morimoto
Yosua Zalukhu
Thuc Le

text: Team Asia competed for the first time, with members wearing red T-shirts and shorts. Competitors included Yusuke Morimoto, who returned for his 3rd appearance, and first under the Team Asia banner. He had twice competed for Team Japan in late 2014 and 2016. Another returning Team Japan member was Tomohiro Kawaguchi, who returned for his 2nd appearance. He had previously competed for Team Japan in 2016. A first-time appearance was also made by Yosua Zalukhu, the "Last Ninja Standing" on Ninja Warrior Indonesia, making it to Stage Four. Thuc Le also made his first USA vs. The World appearance, having achieved "Total Victory" on Ninja Warrior Vietnam.[9]

text: Overview[edit]

text: There were two heats during Stage One and Two in which one athlete from each team would run. The runner who went the furthest the fastest won 3 points for their team, 2nd place won 2 points, and 3rd place won 1 point. Last place received 0 points. The 3 highest-scoring teams at the end of the two stages advanced to Stage Three, while the team with the least amount of points was eliminated. While there was a time limit for Stage One, there was no time limit for Stage Two.[10]

text: The scoreboard was reset at the beginning of Stage Three, which also included two heats. The runner who went the furthest the fastest won their team 2 points, while 2nd place won their team 1 point. Last place received 0 points. The 2 highest-scoring teams at the end of Stage Three would move on to Stage Four, while the team with the least amount of points was eliminated.[10]

text:
Obstacles

Stage One
Stage Two
Stage Three
Stage Four

Snake Run
Giant Ring Swing
Floating Boards
80-foot rope climb

Propeller Bar
Criss Cross Salmon Ladder
Key Lock Hang

Double Dipper
Wave Runner
Nail Clipper

Jumping Spider
Swing Surfer
Ultimate Cliffhanger

Parkour Run
Wingnut Alley
Curved Body Prop

Warped Wall
Wall Flip
Peg Cloud

Domino Pipes
N/A
Time Bomb

Flying Squirrel
N/A
Flying Bar

text: Results[edit]

text: During Heat 1 of Stage One, Team USA was represented by Joe Moravsky, Team Europe by Ossur Eiriksfoss, Team Latin America by Karl Fow, and Team Asia by Thuc Le. Moravsky fell on the Domino Pipes, while Eiriksfoss fell on the Spider Jump, and Le fell on the Double Dipper. Fow was the only one to complete the course. Team Latin America won the heat. During Heat 2 of Stage One, Team USA was represented by Drew Drechsel, Team Europe by Sergio Verdasco, Team Latin America by Danee Marmolejo, and Team Asia by Tomohiro Kawaguchi. Drechsel, Verdasco, and Marmolejo all finished the course while Kawaguchi fell on the Domino Pipes. Team USA won the heat. At the end of both heats, the points totals were added.[10]

text: During Heat 1 of Stage Two, Team USA was represented by Sean Bryan, Team Europe by Alexander Mars, Team Latin America by Marco Jubes, and Team Asia by Yusuke Morimoto. Bryan fell at Wingnut Alley, while Mars fell at the Wave Runner. Jubes and Morimoto both fell at the Swing Surfer. Team USA won the heat. During Heat 2 of Stage Two, Team USA was represented by Najee Richardson, Team Europe by Sean McColl, Team Latin America by Sebastian Prieto, and Team Asia by Yosua Zalukhu. Richardson and McColl both completed the course, while Prieto fell on the Criss Cross Salmon Ladder and Zalukhu on the Wave Runner. As McColl finished fastest, Team Europe won the heat. At the end of both heats, points totals from Stage One and Two were combined, with Team USA leading with 10 points, Team Europe with 6 points, and Team Latin America with 5 points. Team Asia had the least amount of points and was eliminated.[10]

text: During Heat 1 of Stage Three, Team USA was represented by Drew Drechsel, Team Europe by Sergio Verdasco, and Team Latin America by Marco Rubes. Drechsel and Verdasco both fell on the Ultimate Cliffhanger, while Rubes fell on the first obstacle, the Floating Boards. Team Europe won the heat, as Verdasco made it to the Ultimate Cliffhanger faster than Team USA's Drechsel. During Heat 2 of Stage Three, Team USA was represented by Joe Moravsky, Team Europe by Alexander Mars, and Team Latin America by Sebastian Prieto. All 3 fell on the Ultimate Cliffhanger. However, Team USA won the heat as Moravsky made it to the obstacle faster than Team Europe's Mars. At the end of both heats, the points totals were combined, with Team USA and Team Europe tied with 3 points. Team Latin America had 0 points and was eliminated.[10]

text: During Stage Four, Team USA was represented by Sean Bryan, while Team Europe was represented by Sean McColl. In an 80-foot rope climb race to the top of Mount Midoriyama, McColl edged out Bryan with a time of 25:93, just faster than Bryan's 26:79. Team Europe was then declared champions, earning their second USA vs. The World trophy. McColl's run was also named the "POM Wonderful Run of the Night".[11]

text: U.S. Nielsen ratings[edit]

text:
Special
Time slot (ET)
Air date
Viewership
(millions)
18-49
Source

Rating
Share

USA vs. Japan
Monday 8:00 pm
January 13, 2014
5.57
1.9
5
[12]

USA vs. The World
September 15, 2014

Sunday 8:00 pm
January 31, 2016
4.55
1.4
5
[13]

June 4, 2017
4.22
1.1
4
[14]

March 11, 2018
3.57
0.9
3
[15]


document_title: Islamic views on sin

question_text: what is the first major sin in islam

question_tokens: what is the first major sin in islam

text: Islamic views on sin

text: Terminology[edit]

text: A number of different words for sin are used in the Islamic tradition.

text: According to A.J. Wensinck's entry in the Encyclopedia of Islam, Islamic terms for sin include dhanb and khaṭīʾa, which are synonymous and refer to intentional sins; khiṭʾ, which means simply a sin; and ithm, which is used for grave sins.[2]

text: According to Cyril Glasse, Islam recognizes two kinds of sin (khati'ah): dhanb, a fault or shortcoming which is to be sanctioned; and ithm, a willful transgression which is to be punished.[3]

text: Semantic analysis of terminology in the Qur'an[edit]

text: Several different words are used in the Quran to describe sin—1) Dhanb 2) Ithm 3) Khati’ah 4) Jurm 5) Junah/Haraj. By examining the choice of words in Quranic verses used in connection with these terms, scholars have attempted to determine which sins are associated with which terms.[4]

text: Dhanb[edit]

text: Dhanb (plural dhunub) is frequently applied to heinous sins committed against God. One of the main examples of Dhanb in the Quran is of “crying lies of God’s signs”, or having excessive pride that prevents an individual from believing the signs of God.[4]

text: For in God's sight are (all) his servants, (namely), those who say: 'Our Lord, we have indeed believed: forgive us, then, our sins ("dhunub"), and save us from the agony of the Fire.'

text: This use of dhanb in the Quran exemplifies that this type of sin is punishable in the afterlife. In fact, dhanb is considered a ‘great’ sin and is often used in the Quran to contrast with sayyi’a, which denotes a ‘smaller’ sin.[4] The Quran states that if you avoid these great sins, your lesser evil deeds or sayyi’at will be forgiven.

text: If you avoid great sins (kaba’ir or dhanb) which are forbidden you, We will remit from you your evil deeds (sayyi’a).

text: Ithm[edit]

text: Some scholars believe the basic meaning of ithm to be an unlawful deed that is committed intentionally. This contrasts to dhanb in that dhanb can be both intentional and unintentional. However, this definition is somewhat nebulous and the best description of the word is based on the contextual situations.[4] In the Quran, ithm is found quite frequently in legislative descriptions. For example, falsely accusing your own wife in order to gain money is constituted as an ithm (Quran 4: 24/20). However, ithm is also used in connection with haram, or committing an unlawful deed, a taboo, such as consuming food or drink that is forbidden by God:

text: They will ask thee about wine and maysir. Say, ‘In both of them there is great sin (ithm) and also some uses for men, but their sin is greater than their usefulness.’

text: Ithm is also associated with what is considered the worst sin of all, shirk.[4] Shirk signifies the accepting of a presence of other divinities at the side of God.[6] The Quran states that:

text: He who associates with God has surely forged a great sin (ithm).

text: This association with shirk is noteworthy for shirk is considered unforgivable if not repented of.

text: God forgiveth not (the sin of) joining other gods to Him; but He forgiveth whom He pleaseth other sins that this: one who joins other gods with God hath strayed far, far away.

text: Khati’ah[edit]

text: Khati’ah is considered by many scholars to be a “moral lapse” or a “mistake” [7][not specific enough to verify] This interpretation has led some scholars to believe that Khati’ah is a lesser sin than ithm; however, the word Khati’ah is frequently used in conjunction with ithm in the Quran.[4]

text: Whoso, having committed a khati’ah or an ithm, throws it upon the innocent, has burdened himself with calumny and an obvious sin (ithm).

text: This Quranic verse indicates that khati’ah is considered an ithm, a grave sin. In fact, the word khati’ah is associated with some of the most heinous religious sins in the Quran.[4] In one Quranic verse this word is used to describe the sin of slaying one’s own children for fear of poverty. (Quran 17:33/31). Scholars believe that dhanb or ithm could be used in place of khati’ah in this instance;[4] however, the word choice indicates that khati’ah is more than just a moral lapse or mistake and is punishable.

text: Jurm[edit]

text: The word Jurum is often considered to be a synonym of dhanb for it is used to describe some of the same sins: crying lies of God and not believing the signs of God.[4] In the Quran, the word mostly appears in the form of mujrim, one who commits a jurm. These individuals are described in the Quran as having arrogance towards the believers.

text: Behold, those who commit jurm used to laugh at those who believed, winking one at another when they passed them by, and when they went back to their own fold, they returned jesting, and when they saw them they used to say, ‘Lo, these have indeed gone astray!

text: Junah/Haraj[edit]

text: Junah and Haraj have a similar meaning to that of ithm, a sin that warrants a punishment. In fact, these words are used almost interchangeably with ithm in the same chapters in the Quran. Like ithm, these words are found frequently in legislative portions of the Quran, particularly relating to regulations regarding marriage and divorce.[4]

text: It is no sin (junah) for you that you offer proposal of marriage to women or keep it secret.

text: Definition in Hadith[edit]

text: Sin is discussed extensively in the hadith, (the collection of Muhammad's sayings). It is reported by An-Nawwas bin Sam'an:

text: "The Prophet (Muhammad) said, "Piety is good manner,and sin is that which creates doubt and you do not like people to know it.""

text: Wabisah bin Ma’bad reported:

text: “I went to Messenger of Allah (SAWS) and he asked me: “Have you come to inquire about piety?” I replied in the affirmative. Then he said: “Ask your heart regarding it. Piety is that which contents the soul and comforts the heart, and sin is that which causes doubts and perturbs the heart, even if people pronounce it lawful and give you verdicts on such matters again and again.”

text: In Sunan al-Tirmidhi, a Hadith is narrated:

text: Allah's apostle said, "Every son of Adam sins, the best of the sinners are those who repent."

text: In Sahih Muslim, Abu Ayyub al-Ansari and Abu Huraira narrated:

text: Allah's apostle said," By Him in Whose Hand is my life, if you were not to commit sin, Allah would sweep you out of existence and He would replace (you by) those people who would commit sin and seek forgiveness from Allah, and He would have pardoned them."

text: Effects of sin[edit]

text: This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this section to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (January 2018)

text: The effects of sins are so many to the extent that if we are to count, its uncountable. Yet we shall made mention some of them as thus:

text:
Sin pollutes and darken human’s heart.[9]
Sin causes various types of Corruption in the land.[10]
Disobedience ceased favours and blessing from Allah (both spirituals and materials) .[11]
Also in this regard Imam Ali said: “Even if Allah had not threatened for disobeying Him, people must not disobey Him in order to be grateful to His blessings.” [12]
Disobedience of Allah increased heart's diseases.[13]
Qur'an refers to the sinners as "the greatest loser". {Qur'an, 18:103-105}
It brings about displeasure of God and his messenger, as quoted by Imam as-Sadiq when he addressed a group of people and inquired why they annoyed the Messenger of Allah. Someone asked Imam (‘a) how they did so, and he (‘a) said: "Do you not know that your deeds are reported to him (S)? When he (S) observes a sin against Allah among them, he becomes displeased. Therefore do not hurt the Messenger of Allah but do please him." [14]
Sins bring about hard-hearted in a man.[15]
Disobedience weakens human’s body and reduces life span .[16]

tag: ul

text: Consequences of some sins[edit]

text: There are some sins which its ill-consequences were stated in the Qur'an and hadith, we shall quote some of them here:

text: Imam al-Baqir, quoted the Holy Prophet been stated seven consequences for different sins as thus:

text:
"When adultery appears (abundantly in a society) the (number of) sudden deaths increases;
when there is fraud, Allah takes them in expensiveness and loss. When people stop giving alms tax, the earth holds back its blessings from plants (crops), fruits, mines, and all such things.
When they act unjustly according to (divine) ordinances, they have helped injustice and aggression.
When they breach (their) promises, the Lord will set their enemies as absolute masters over them.
When they break off connections with their kindred, possession of properties will be put in the hands of the wicked. And,
When they do not perform enjoining right and forbidding wrong and, also, do not follow the chosen ones of my Ahlul Bayt, Allah will set their vicious ones over them and, in this condition, their good doers utter invocations but they are not responded to."[17]

tag: ol

text:
The holy Qur'an,chapter 4 verse 10 said in this regard as thus: “(As for) those who swallow the property of the orphans unjustly, surely they only swallow fire into their bellies and they shall enter burning fire.”[18]
Concealing part of the holy book is among the sin which its consequences were stated in the Qur'an;as it was said in Qur'an 2:174-175:“Surely those who conceal any part of the Book that Allah has revealed and take for it a small price, they eat nothing but fire into their bellies, and Allah will not speak to them on the day of resurrection, nor will He purify them, and they shall have a painful chastisement. These are they who buy error for the right direction and chastisement for forgiveness ; how bold they are to encounter fire!” [19]
Imam Zaynol Aabideen stated some sins ant their consequences as thus:

text:
“The sins that remove blessings are: oppressing people, giving up doing good and favor, being ungrateful for blessings and giving up thanking Allah.
The sins that cause regret are: killing innocent ones, breaking off relations with the kin until they feel in no need of each other, not offering prayer until its time elapses, being inadvertent to wills and to wronged people, not giving zakat until death comes.
The sins that bring calamities are: disobedience of a knowing one by oppressing people, being rude to them and mocking them.
The sins that keep blessings away are: pretending poverty, sleeping until after dawn and until the time of Fajr Prayer elapses, scorning blessings and complaining against Allah the Almighty." [20]

text: Also he stated:

text:
"The sins that disgrace honors are: drinking wine, gambling, joking and talking nonsense, mentioning the defects of people and accompanying sinful and bad people.
The sins that bring calamities are: refraining from helping needy people, refraining from supporting oppressed people, not enjoining what is right and not forbidding what is wrong.
The sins that cause the enemies to prevail are: doing injustice openly, spreading debauchery, violating prohibited matters, disobeying good people and submitting to evil people.
The sins that hasten perishment are: cutting communications with one’s kin, false oath, lying, adultery, blocking the ways of the Muslims and pretending to be an Imam falsely.
The sins that dispel hope are: being desperate of the mercy of Allah, relying on other than Allah and disbelieving in the Promise of Allah.
The sins that darken the space are: magic, divination, believing in stars, disbelieving in fate and being undutiful to one’s parents. #The sins that uncover the curtain (of the unseen) are: borrowing with no intention of repaying, exceeding in spending on impermissible things, being stingy with one’s family, children and relatives, impoliteness, impatience, laziness and making little of religious people." [20]

text: The follows are some other sins with their consequences :

text:
"The sins that reject supplication are: malevolence, ill-intention, hypocrisy with brothers, disbelieving in responding to supplication, delaying obligatory prayers until their prescribed times elapse, giving up approaching Allah via doing good and paying charities, and using bad and obscene sayings.
The sins that prevent the rain of the heaven are: the injustice of rulers in judgments, perjury, concealing true witnesses, preventing zakat, preventing loan and helping the needy, hard-Heartedness towards the poor and the needy, being unjust to orphans and widows, chiding the beggars them.” [21]

text: Repentance of sin[edit]

text: According to Islam, one can be forgiven of sins through genuine tawbah (repentance) which literally means "to return."

text: Ask your Lord for forgiveness, then turn back to Him.

text: Unlike the Catholic concept of atonement, tawbah does not entail formal, eccelesiastical confession to a religious leader.[23] Like Protestantism, Islam allows followers to repent directly to God. In addition, while Christianity and Islam considers humans as prone to sin, Islam ultimately views them as responsible for their actions and refutes the Christian concept of original sin.

text: For man's very soul incites him to evil unless my Lord shows mercy.

text: More so, in Islam Muslims are discouraged from confessing their sins and sharing the wrongdoings of others. [25]

text: Also, according to Islam, Blood sacrifice cannot add to Divine Grace nor replace the necessity of repentance. However, sacrifice is done to help the poor and to remember Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son at God's command.

text: It is not their meat nor their blood that reaches Allah. it is your piety that reaches Him..."

text: When a human has violated another human’s rights, ḥuqūq al-ʿibād, compensation is necessary in order to show that one has made amends.

text: When a human has offended or disobeyed God, ḥuqūq Allāh, penitence, remorse, and resolution are necessary in order to show that one is sincere, and will not repeat the wrongdoing in the future.

text: According to Shaddad ibn Aws:

text: Shall I not how to seek forgiveness? O Allah, You are my Lord, there is no God but You; for You created me and I am Your servant; and I am upon Your covenant and Your promise as much as I am able; I seek refuge in You from the evil of what I have done; I acknowledge Your favors upon me and I recognize my sins, so forgive my sins; verily, none can forgive sins but You.

text: From a traditionalist perspective, sin is applied to an individual’s actions. Through belief and good works, an individual can remove his/her sin and attain God’s good favor. Classical legal scholar Muhammad al-Shafi'i (767 – 820) derived this understanding from Quranic passages such as:[23]

text: But He will overlook the bad deeds of those who have faith, do good deeds, and believe in what has been sent down to Muhammad —the truth from their Lord —and He will put them into a good state.

text: From a modernist perspective, sin has also been applied to a group or community’s collective behavior. Through public acknowledgement of wrongdoing, people can take responsibility for the lack of morality within their society and enact social reform. Egyptian reformer Muḥammad ʿAbduh (1849–1905) and his disciple Muḥammad Rashīd Ridā (1865–1935) derived this understanding from Quranic passages such as:[23]

text: Unless they repent, make amends, and declare the truth. I will certainly accept their repentance.

text: Other modern reformers, such as Sayyid Qutb, held that repentance involved a renewed, holistic commitment to Islam, rather than admission of sin for the sake of being pardoned of punishment. This understanding draws from classical Sufi thought, whereby one experiences a personality transformation and his/her sinful impulses are replaced by virtue.[23] Qutb derived this understanding from Quranic passages such as:

text: Those who repent, believe, and do good deeds: God will change the evil deeds of such people into good ones.

text: Repentance for sin can be accomplished through acts such as, “fasting, giving charity, sacrificing an animal, and freeing a slave.”[31] In addition, going on the hajj can serve as a form of repentance.

text: According to Shaddad ibn Aws:

text: The Messenger of Allah, peace be upon him, said, “The lesser pilgrimage unto the lesser pilgrimage will expiate whatever sins were committed between them; and the accepted pilgrimage has no reward other than Paradise.

text: However, regardless of one's outward deeds, God does not accept the forgiveness of those who are insincere in their repentance and only do so in order to avoid jahannam.

text: It is not true repentance when people continue to do evil until death confronts them and then say, ‘Now I repent.

text: Major sins: Al-Kabirah[edit]

text: The most heinous sins in Islam are known as Al-Kabirah (Persian: گناه کبیره) which translates to the great or major one. Some authors use the term enormity. While every sin is seen as an offense to Allah, the al-Kaba'ir are the gravest of the offenses.[1] Allah’s power is thought to be only eclipsed by his mercy and thus small sins are tacitly understood to be forgiven after repentance. Not every sin is equal however and some are thought to be more spiritually damning than others. The greatest of the sins described as al-Kaba'ir is the association of others with Allah or Shirk.[34] Scholar differ as to how many major sins there are. In contrasting major sins with minor sins (al-sagha'ir), the eighth-century Shafi'i scholar Al-Dhahabi found the hadith collections of Sahih al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj listed seven major sins, while the tradition from Abd Allah ibn Abbas stated that there were closer to seventy major sins. [35]

text: Some of the major or al-Kaba'ir sins in Islam are as follows:[36]

text:
Shirk (associating anything with Allah)
Despair of Allah's mercy
Disobeying parents
Zina (adultery)
Sodomy
Theft
Drinking alcoholic beverage
Gambling
Backbiting (saying bad things about a person who is not there)
Leaving daily prayer
Zakat evasion
Witchcraft
Killing one whom Allah has declared inviolate without a just case
Consuming the property of an orphan
Devouring usury
Turning back when the army advances
False accusation of chaste women who are believers but indiscreet

text: It should be noted that these are only the opinion of particular scholars and do not wholly represent Islam.

text: Although many of the ideas for what is unacceptable overlap, the seven major sins of Islam differs from the seven deadly sins of Christianity. The Islamic sins refer more to specific undesirable behavior rather than to the general negative characteristics or actions of the cardinal Christian sins. Despite the similar names, the seven main sins in Islam are more comparable to the Ten Commandments rather than the seven deadly sins. They both provide the bottom line for believers in terms of what is acceptable behavior in the faith. The actions themselves differ most of the major crimes in Islam relate to subservience to Allah. Any form of polytheism is seen to be the most severe offense in the religion and all of the other transgressions are in some form of association with Allah. Witchcraft, for example, is the taking on of supernatural powers in order to make the practitioner a being above the normal human. This challenges the power of Allah as the person in question has superseded their mortal position to become something greater and akin to a god. The same can be said of murder, as ultimately the power to decide who shall live and die is believed to belong solely to Allah. Life is thought to be a gift from Allah and the unjust taking of life is a severe spiritual offense, as it is not only seen as morally wrong but also as an affront to God.

text: In addition to what Muslim scholars agree are the principal seven sins, the idea exists that the major sins extend far past the seven. These additional transgressions, potentially up to seventy, are not universally settled upon nor are they explicitly stated in the Qur'an, however they are thought to be implied by the text.[36] The supplementary sins as a whole lack the spiritual gravity of the original seven and include things such as drinking alcohol and eavesdropping.


document_title: Human iron metabolism

question_text: where is iron absorbed in the small intestine

text: Human iron metabolism

text: Importance of iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron is an essential bioelement for most forms of life, from bacteria to mammals. Its importance lies in its ability to mediate electron transfer. In the ferrous state, iron acts as an electron donor, while in the ferric state it acts as an acceptor. Thus, iron plays a vital role in the catalysis of enzymatic reactions that involve electron transfer (reduction and oxidation, redox). Proteins can contain iron as part of different cofactors, such as iron-sulfur clusters (Fe-S) and heme groups, both of which are assembled in mitochondria.

text: Cellular respiration[edit]

text: Human cells require iron in order to obtain energy as ATP from a multi-step process known as cellular respiration, more specifically from oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondrial cristae. Iron is present in the iron-sulfur clusters and heme groups of the electron transport chain proteins that generate a proton gradient that allows ATP synthase to synthesize ATP (chemiosmosis).

text: Heme groups are part of hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells that serves to transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Heme groups are also present in myoglobin to store and diffuse oxygen in muscle cells.

text: Oxygen transport[edit]

text: The human body needs iron for oxygen transport. Oxygen (O2) is required for the functioning and survival of nearly all cell types. Oxygen is transported from the lungs to the rest of the body bound to the heme group of hemoglobin in erythrocytes. In muscles cells, iron binds myoglobin, which regulates its release.

text: Toxicity[edit]

text: Iron is also potentially toxic. Its ability to donate and accept electrons means that it can catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into free radicals. Free radicals can cause damage to a wide variety of cellular structures, and ultimately kill the cell.[1]

text: Iron bound to proteins or cofactors such as heme is safe. Also, there are virtually no truly free iron ions in the cell, since they readily form complexes with organic molecules. However, some of the intracellular iron is bound to low-affinity complexes, and is termed labile iron or "free" iron. Iron in such complexes can cause damage as described above.[2]

text: To prevent that kind of damage, all life forms that use iron bind the iron atoms to proteins. This binding allows cells to benefit from iron while also limiting its ability to do harm.[1][3] Typical intracellular labile iron concentrations in bacteria are 10-20 micromolar,[4] though they can be 10-fold higher in anaerobic environment,[5] where free radicals and reactive oxygen species are scarcer. In mammalian cells, intracellular labile iron concentrations are typically smaller than 1 micromolar, less than 5 percent of total cellular iron.[2]

text: Bacterial protection[edit]

text: In response to a systemic bacterial infection, the immune system initiates a process known as iron withholding. If bacteria are to survive, then they must obtain iron from their environment. Disease-causing bacteria do this in many ways, including releasing iron-binding molecules called siderophores and then reabsorbing them to recover iron, or scavenging iron from hemoglobin and transferrin. The harder they have to work to get iron, the greater a metabolic price they must pay. That means that iron-deprived bacteria reproduce more slowly. So our control of iron levels appears to be an important defense against most bacterial infections; there are some exceptions however. TB causing bacterium can reside within macrophages which are an iron rich environment and Borrelia burgdorferi utilises manganese in place of iron. People with increased amounts of iron, like people with hemochromatosis, are more susceptible to some bacterial infection.[6]

text: Although this mechanism is an elegant response to short-term bacterial infection, it can cause problems when inflammation goes on for longer. Since the liver produces hepcidin in response to inflammatory cytokines, hepcidin levels can increase as the result of non-bacterial sources of inflammation, like viral infection, cancer, auto-immune diseases or other chronic diseases. When this occurs, the sequestration of iron appears to be the major cause of the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease, in which not enough iron is available to produce enough hemoglobin-containing red blood cells.[3]

text: Body iron stores[edit]

text: Most well-nourished people in industrialized countries have 4 to 5 grams of iron in their bodies (∼38 mg iron/kg body weight for women and ∼50 mg iron/kg body for men).[7] Of this, about 6997250000000000000♠2.5 g is contained in the hemoglobin needed to carry oxygen through the blood, and most of the rest (approximately 2 grams in adult men, and somewhat less in women of childbearing age) is contained in ferritin complexes that are present in all cells, but most common in bone marrow, liver, and spleen. The liver's stores of ferritin are the primary physiologic source of reserve iron in the body. The reserves of iron in industrialized countries tend to be lower in children and women of child-bearing age than in men and in the elderly. Women who must use their stores to compensate for iron lost through menstruation, pregnancy or lactation have lower non-hemoglobin body stores, which may consist of 6996500000000000000♠500 mg, or even less.

text: Of the body's total iron content, about 6996399999999999999♠400 mg is devoted to cellular proteins that use iron for important cellular processes like storing oxygen (myoglobin) or performing energy-producing redox reactions (cytochromes). A relatively small amount (3–4 mg) circulates through the plasma, bound to transferrin.[8] Because of its toxicity, free soluble iron is kept in low concentration in the body.

text: Iron deficiency first affects the storage iron in the body, and depletion of these stores is thought to be relatively non-symptomatic, although some vague and non-specific symptoms have been associated with it. Since iron is primarily required for hemoglobin, iron deficiency anemia is the primary clinical manifestation of iron deficiency. Iron-deficient people will suffer or die from organ damage well before cells run out of the iron needed for intracellular processes like electron transport.

text: Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system store iron as part of the process of breaking down and processing hemoglobin from engulfed red blood cells. Iron is also stored as a pigment called hemosiderin which is an ill-defined deposit of protein and iron, created by macrophages where excess iron is present, either locally or systemically for example among people with iron overload due to frequent blood cell destruction and transfusions. If the systemic iron overload is corrected, over time the hemosiderin is slowly resorbed by macrophages.

text: Mechanisms of iron regulation[edit]

text: Human iron homeostasis is regulated at two different levels. Systemic iron levels are balanced by the controlled absorption of dietary iron by enterocytes, the cells that line the interior of the intestines, and the uncontrolled loss of iron from epithelial sloughing, sweat, injuries and blood loss. In addition, systemic iron is continuously recycled. Cellular iron levels are controlled differently by different cell types due to the expression of particular iron regulatory and transport proteins.

text: Systemic iron regulation[edit]

text: Dietary iron uptake[edit]

text: The absorption of dietary iron is a variable and dynamic process. The amount of iron absorbed compared to the amount ingested is typically low, but may range from 5% to as much as 35% depending on circumstances and type of iron. The efficiency with which iron is absorbed varies depending on the source. Generally the best-absorbed forms of iron come from animal products. Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form (as in most supplements) varies somewhat according to the body’s need for iron, and is usually between 10% and 20% of iron intake. Absorption of iron from animal products, and some plant products, is in the form of heme iron, and is more efficient, allowing absorption of from 15% to 35% of intake. Heme iron in animals is from blood and heme-containing proteins in meat and mitochondria, whereas in plants, heme iron is present in mitochondria in all cells that use oxygen for respiration.

text: Like most mineral nutrients, the majority of the iron absorbed from digested food or supplements is absorbed in the duodenum by enterocytes of the duodenal lining. These cells have special molecules that allow them to move iron into the body. To be absorbed, dietary iron can be absorbed as part of a protein such as heme protein or iron must be in its ferrous Fe2+ form. A ferric reductase enzyme on the enterocytes’ brush border, duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb), reduces ferric Fe3+ to Fe2+.[9] A protein called divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1), which can transport several divalent metals across the plasma membrane, then transports iron across the enterocyte’s cell membrane into the cell.

text: These intestinal lining cells can then either store the iron as ferritin, which is accomplished by Fe3+ binding to apoferritin (in which case the iron will leave the body when the cell dies and is sloughed off into feces), or the cell can release it into the body via the only known iron exporter in mammals, ferroportin. Hephaestin, a ferroxidase that can oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ and is found mainly in the small intestine, helps ferroportin transfer iron across the basolateral end of the intestine cells. In contrast, ferroportin is post-translationally repressed by hepcidin, a 25-amino acid peptide hormone. The body regulates iron levels by regulating each of these steps. For instance, enterocytes synthesize more Dcytb, DMT1 and ferroportin in response to iron deficiency anemia.[10] Iron absorption from diet is enhanced in the presence of vitamin C and diminished by excess calcium, zinc, or manganese.[11][citation needed]

text: The human body’s rate of iron absorption appears to respond to a variety of interdependent factors, including total iron stores, the extent to which the bone marrow is producing new red blood cells, the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, and the oxygen content of the blood. The body also absorbs less iron during times of inflammation, in order to deprive bacteria of iron. Recent discoveries demonstrate that hepcidin regulation of ferroportin is responsible for the syndrome of anemia of chronic disease.

text: Iron recycling and loss[edit]

text: Most of the iron in the body is hoarded and recycled by the reticuloendothelial system, which breaks down aged red blood cells. In contrast to iron uptake and recycling, there is no physiologic regulatory mechanism for excreting iron. People lose a small but steady amount by gastrointestinal blood loss, sweating and by shedding cells of the skin and the mucosal lining of the gastrointestinal tract. The total amount of loss for healthy people in the developed world amounts to an estimated average of 6994100000000000000♠1 mg a day for men, and 1.5–2 mg a day for women with regular menstrual periods.[citation needed] People with gastrointestinal parasitic infections, more commonly found in developing countries, often lose more.[1] Those who cannot regulate absorption well enough get disorders of iron overload. In these diseases, the toxicity of iron starts overwhelming the body's ability to bind and store it.[12]

text: Cellular iron regulation[edit]

text: Iron import[edit]

text: Most cell types take up iron primarily through receptor-mediated endocytosis via transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1), transferrin receptor 2 (TFR2) and GAPDH. TFR1 has a 30-fold higher affinity for transferrin-bound iron than TFR2 and thus is the main player in this process.[13][14] The higher order multifunctional glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) also acts as a transferrin receptor.[15][16] Transferrin-bound ferric iron is recognized by these transferrin receptors, triggering a conformational change that causes endocytosis. Iron then enters the cytoplasm from the endosome via importer DMT1 after being reduced to its ferrous state by a STEAP family reductase.[17]

text: Alternatively, iron can enter the cell directly via plasma membrane divalent cation importers such as DMT1 and ZIP14 (Zrt-Irt-like protein 14).[18] Again, iron enters the cytoplasm in the ferrous state after being reduced in the extracellular space by a reductase such as STEAP2, STEAP3 (in erythrocytes), Dcytb (in enterocytes) and SDR2.[17]

text: The labile iron pool[edit]

text: In the cytoplasm, ferrous iron is found in a soluble, chelatable state which constitutes the labile iron pool (~0.001 mM).[19] In this pool, iron is thought to be bound to low-mass compounds such as peptides, carboxylates and phosphates, although some might be in a free, hydrated form (aqua ions).[19] Alternatively, iron ions might be bound to specialized proteins known as metallochaperones.[20] Specifically, poly-r(C)-binding proteins (PCBPs) appear to mediate transfer of free iron to ferritin (for storage) and non-heme iron enzymes (for use in catalysis).[18][21] The labile iron pool is potentially toxic due to iron's ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Iron from this pool can be taken up by mitochondria via mitoferrin to synthesize Fe-S clusters and heme groups.[17]

text: The storage iron pool[edit]

text: Iron can be stored in ferritin as ferric iron due to the ferroxidase activity of the ferritin heavy chain.[22] Dysfunctional ferritin may accumulate as hemosiderin, which can be problematic in cases of iron overload.[23] The ferritin storage iron pool is much larger than the labile iron pool, ranging in concentration from 0.7 mM to 3.6 mM.[19]

text: Iron export[edit]

text: Iron export occurs in a variety of cell types, including neurons, erythrocytes, macrophages and enterocytes. The latter two are especially important since systemic iron levels depend upon them. There is only one known iron exporter, ferroportin.[24] It transports ferrous iron out of the cell, generally aided by ceruloplasmin and/or hephaestin (mostly in enterocytes), which oxidize iron to its ferric state so it can bind ferritin in the extracellular medium.[17] Hepcidin causes the internalization of ferroportin, decreasing iron export. Besides, hepcidin seems to downregulate both TFR1 and DMT1 through an unknown mechanism.[25] Another player assisting ferroportin in effecting cellular iron export is GAPDH.[26] A specific post translationally modified isoform of GAPDH is recruited to the surface of iron loaded cells where it recruits apo-transferrin in close proximity to ferroportin so as to rapidly chelate the iron extruded.[27]

text: The expression of hepcidin, which only occurs in certain cell types such as hepatocytes, is tightly controlled at the transcriptional level and it represents the link between cellular and systemic iron homeostasis due to hepcidin's role as "gatekeeper" of iron release from enterocytes into the rest of the body.[17] Erythroblasts produce erythroferrone, a hormone which inhibits hepcidin and so increases the availability of iron needed for hemoglobin synthesis.[28]

text: Translational control of cellular iron[edit]

text: Although some control exists at the transcriptional level, the regulation of cellular iron levels is ultimately controlled at the translational level by iron-responsive element-binding proteins IRP1 and especially IRP2.[29] When iron levels are low, these proteins are able to bind to iron-responsive elements (IREs). IREs are stem loop structures in the untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNA.[17]

text: Both ferritin and ferroportin contain an IRE in their 5' UTRs, so that under iron deficiency their translation is repressed by IRP2, preventing the unnecessary synthesis of storage protein and the detrimental export of iron. In contrast, TFR1 and some DMT1 variants contain 3' UTR IREs, which bind IRP2 under iron deficiency, stabilizing the mRNA, which guarantees the synthesis of iron importers.[17]

text: Iron-related pathology[edit]

text: Iron deficiency[edit]

text: Functional or actual iron deficiency can result from a variety of causes. These causes can be grouped into several categories:

text:
Increased demand for iron, which the diet cannot accommodate.
Increased loss of iron (usually through loss of blood).
Nutritional deficiency. This can result due to a lack of dietary iron or consumption of foods that inhibit iron absorption, including calcium, phytates and tannins. Black tea steeped for long has high tannins.
Inability to absorb iron: A common cause of iron deficiency is the widespread use of acid reducing medications, the strongest of which are proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) such as omeprazole.[citation needed]
Damage to the intestinal lining. Examples of causes of this kind of damage include surgery involving the duodenum, or diseases like Crohn's or celiac sprue which severely reduce the surface area available for absorption.
Inflammation leading to hepcidin-induced restriction on iron release from enterocytes (see above).

text: Iron overload[edit]

text: The body is able to substantially reduce the amount of iron it absorbs across the mucosa. It does not seem to be able to entirely shut down the iron transport process. Also, in situations where excess iron damages the intestinal lining itself (for instance, when children eat a large quantity of iron tablets produced for adult consumption), even more iron can enter the bloodstream and cause a potentially deadly syndrome of iron overload. Large amounts of free iron in the circulation will cause damage to critical cells in the liver, the heart and other metabolically active organs.

text: Iron toxicity results when the amount of circulating iron exceeds the amount of transferrin available to bind it, but the body is able to vigorously regulate its iron uptake. Thus, iron toxicity from ingestion is usually the result of extraordinary circumstances like iron tablet over-consumption[1][30] rather than variations in diet. The type of acute toxicity from iron ingestion causes severe mucosal damage in the gastrointestinal tract, among other problems.

text: Chronic iron toxicity is usually the result of more chronic iron overload syndromes associated with genetic diseases, repeated transfusions or other causes. In such cases the iron stores of an adult may reach 50 grams (10 times normal total body iron) or more. Classic examples of genetic iron overload includes hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) and the more severe disease juvenile hemochromatosis (JH) caused by mutations in either the gene RGMc gene, a member of a three gene repulsive guidance molecule family,[31] (also called hemojuvelin (HJV), and HFE2), Hemojuvelin, or the HAMP gene that encodes (an iron regulatory peptide). The exact mechanisms of most of the various forms of adult hemochromatosis, which make up most of the genetic iron overload disorders, remain unsolved. So while researchers have been able to identify genetic mutations causing several adult variants of hemochromatosis, they now must turn their attention to the normal function of these mutated genes.