document_title: List of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta cast members

question_text: shooter from love & hip hop atlanta real name

question_tokens: shooter from love & hip hop atlanta real name

text: List of Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta cast members

text: Main[edit]

text: Cast timeline

text:
Cast member

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Joseline Hernandez

Main

Erica Dixon

Main

Supporting

Rasheeda

Main

K. Michelle

Main

Guest

Main1

Karlie Redd

Main

Mimi Faust

Main

Traci Steele

Main

Cameo

Tammy Rivera

Main

Supporting

Main

Guest

Stevie J

Supporting

Main

Tommie Lee

Cameo

Supporting

Main

Jessica Dime

Supporting

Main

Erica Mena

Main

text: Note:

text: ^ Appears in the opening credits from episode four onwards.

tag: ol

text: Original cast members[edit]

text: Joseline Hernandez[edit]

text: Joseline Hernandez (born November 3, 1986), also known as "The Puerto Rican Princess", is a Latin-American entertainer, originally from Ponce, Puerto Rico.[2][3] She endured a rough childhood within the public housing system of Puerto Rico, being exposed to drugs and prostitution at an early age. She moved to Miami, Florida with her family at the age of six.[4] From the age of sixteen, she began stripping in order to provide for her family. During this time, she was arrested in 2003 and 2007 under the name Shenellica Bettencourt, for lewd and lascivious behavior.[5] She eventually relocated to Atlanta, and was discovered by Stevie J while performing as a stripper at the Onyx Club.

text: Joseline is introduced as an aspiring rapper and recording artist under Stevie's management. It is eventually revealed that the two are sexually involved after Joseline finds herself pregnant, and decides to have an abortion. This revelation breaks up Stevie's relationship with his girlfriend Mimi, igniting a feud between the two women that would last for the rest of series' run. Joseline and Stevie's intense yet volatile relationship deepens in the second season, with Joseline tearfully proposing to Stevie during a trip to Puerto Rico. Stevie accepts but gives a second ring to Mimi, humiliating Joseline and causing her to lash out violently. At the start of the third season, she and Stevie claim to have secretly eloped months prior, much to the skepticism of the other cast members.[6] The fifth season chronicles the couple's break up, after Stevie admits that their marriage was faked for publicity.[7][8] At the fifth season's reunion, Joseline reveals she is pregnant with Stevie's child. The birth of their daughter, Bonnie Bella Jordan, is chronicled in her sixth and final season.

text: Joseline's relationship with the show's producers worsened towards the end of the sixth season, eventually becoming part of the storyline. She dramatically walked off set and quit the show during taping of the sixth season's reunion, amid tensions with executive producer Mona Scott-Young.[9]

text: Joseline is the star of the spin-off show Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and the special Joseline's Special Delivery. She was reported to be making up to $400,000 per season prior to quitting the series.[10]

text: Erica Dixon[edit]

text: Erica Dixon (born October 12, 1984) is the mother of Lil Scrappy's daughter, Emani.[11][12] While she was born in Atlanta, she and her six brothers and three sisters were raised by her aunt and uncle in Hempstead, New York, after her mother lost custody because of her crack cocaine addiction. In early seasons, she was working full time as a medical biller and a coder for a pharmacy, before releasing her own clothing line, Klass6.

text: Erica is introduced on the show as having been in an on-again, off-again relationship with Scrappy for the past twelve years. She is struggling to make amends with her mother, Mingnon, a recovering crack cocaine addict, who has recently come back in her life. Scrappy proposes to Erica onstage at the reunion. In the second season, the two end their engagement after Erica and her mother get into a physical altercation with Momma Dee during an argument. In the third season, she begins dating O'Shea Russell, a model. They have a dramatic break up onscreen due to his financial issues. In the fourth season, she and Scrappy clash over child support payments.

text: Erica quit the show after four seasons, saying in an interview: "I can’t front for the camera. I can’t sacrifice anybody’s character for the camera. There are others who can. They don’t care. They will do anything for any amount of money. I’m not that person."[13] Erica returned as a supporting cast member for two episodes in the show's seventh season, having made peace with Momma Dee and holding no grudges regarding Scrappy and Bambi's recent marriage and pregnancy.[14]

text: Erica's emotional reaction while watching Mimi's sex tape, particularly the lines "I am... disgusted" and "you better talk to her before I do cause I'm gonna hurt her feelings", sparked a popular meme on Vine and stan twitter.

text: Rasheeda[edit]

text: Rasheeda Buckner-Frost (born May 25, 1976),[15] known professionally as Rasheeda, is a rapper.[16][17] She is the self-professed "Georgia peach" and "queen of crunk", who rose to fame with her 2007 single "Got That Good (My Bubble Gum)". She married Kirk Frost in 1999 and has two sons by him, Ky, born October 4, 2000, and Karter, born August 21, 2013. She released six independent albums through her husband's company, D-Lo Entertainment, before retiring from music in 2015.

text: Rasheeda is introduced as an underground rapper, struggling to break into the mainstream hip hop scene with her husband as her manager. While initially portrayed as K. Michelle's friend and confidante, the girls have an emotional falling out after Rasheeda admits that she does not believe K.'s abuse allegations. Their feud continues into season two, with an early episode featuring K. throwing a lit candle in her direction during a heated argument. Rasheeda discovers she is pregnant later in the season, and in what would become of the show's most controversial storylines, Kirk reacts by telling her to get an abortion, before cheating on her with two women on camera. The two get back together in season three, after Kirk hosts an "apology party". Rasheeda announces her retirement from music in season four and opens a boutique store, Pressed, which is featured prominently on the show from season five onwards.

text: Rasheeda's marriage is once again thrown into turmoil in season six when it is discovered that Kirk has fathered a secret baby with Jasmine, a stripper. After a brief separation in season seven, Rasheeda takes Kirk back after the sudden death of his mother.

text: Since 2013, Rasheeda and Kirk Frost have regularly been criticised and accused of fabricating their storylines to stay on the show.[18][19][20] In 2018, Rasheeda was reported to be making up to $25,000 per episode.[10]

text: K. Michelle[edit]

text: Kimberly Michelle Pate, better known as K. Michelle, is a R&B/soul singer and songwriter.[21][22] She was born and raised in Memphis, Tennessee. She has a son, Chase, from a previous relationship. The series chronicled her return to the music industry after several personal struggles, including an abusive relationship with music executive Mickey "Memphitz" Wright.[23] Since the show began airing, she has released three albums through Atlantic Records and starred in her own spin-off K. Michelle: My Life. She leaves the main cast after the second season, after moving to New York to join the cast of Love & Hip Hop: New York. She returns to Atlanta in season five, rejoining the main cast, although she appears infrequently.

text: Karlie Redd[edit]

text: Keisha Karlie Lewis, better known as Karlie Redd, is a rapper, singer, actress and entrepreneur.[24][25] Redd is of Trinidadian ethnicity. She has a daughter, Jasmine, from a previous relationship. The series focuses on her love life, including her romances with cast members Benzino, Yung Joc, Scrapp DeLeon, Lyfe Jennings and Sean Garrett. She has a reputation on the show for being "messy"[26][27] and allegedly lying about her age.[28] Her rivalry with K. Michelle is the focus of the first two seasons, during which she released "Bring It", a diss track aimed at Michelle. The two later reconciled their differences. Subsequent seasons focus on her various business ventures, as an actress, boutique store owner and record label executive, as well as posing for Playboy[29] and hosting a morning show for Playboy radio.[30] In the sixth season, she rekindles her relationship with Joc and begins writing a sex advice book. Her romance with Joc once again fizzles out and Karlie begins dating tattoo artist Ceaser Emmanuel, their relationship serving as a crossover with fellow VH1 reality show Black Ink Crew.

text: In 2018, Karlie was reported to be making up to $50,000 per season.[10]

text: Mimi Faust[edit]

text: Oluremi James, better known as Mimi Faust, is the mother of Stevie J's daughter, Eva.[31][32] The series chronicles her struggles co-parenting with Stevie and her bitter feud with his lover, Joseline. Faust owns a cleaning service and throughout the show has embarked on a career as an entertainment manager, autobiographical author and interior designer. She enters a relationship with Nikko London in the second season. Their allegedly leaked, highly publicised sex tape, distributed by Vivid Entertainment, becomes the main focus of the third and fourth seasons.[33] Although she does not identify as a lesbian or bisexual,[34] she enters a relationship with a trans man, Chris, in the fifth season, and reveals in the fifth season reunion that she has been dating a woman. Additionally, Mimi appears in a supporting role in the spin-off shows Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It To Stevie.

text: In 2018, Mimi was reported to be making up to $100,000 per season.[10]

text: Season 2 additions[edit]

text: Traci Steele[edit]

text: Traci Steele (born November 6, 1978) is a DJ and radio personality, originally from The Bronx, New York City.[35][36] She was in a relationship with DJ Babey Drew for four years before breaking up while she was pregnant. She gave birth to Drew's son, "Little Drew", in 2007.

text: Traci joins the cast in season two. The season chronicles her co-parenting struggles with Drew, including jealously over Drew's taste in women (Traci calls them "popcorn hoes"), and a failed attempt at opening a sneaker boutique together. She briefly dates fitness model DaShaun Johnson, but the two part ways after Drew exposes his criminal past. Traci is initially friends with Shay, however the two have a falling out when Shay turns violent at one of her events, and Traci is caught in the crossfire.

text: Traci and Drew were not well-received by viewers, who dubbed them "boring" compared to the other cast members, and the two were fired from the show.[37][38] She made a cameo appearance in season four, where she is seen attending Rasheeda's store opening.

text: Season 3 additions[edit]

text: Tammy Rivera[edit]

text: Tammy Rivera (born July 30, 1986) is a fashion designer and stylist, originally from Baltimore, Maryland.[39][40] She came into the public eye through her relationship with rapper Waka Flocka Flame, who she began dating in 2011. Tammy was born in Tappahannock, Virginia, to an African-American mother and a Nicaraguan father, who was incarcerated shortly after she was born. She gave birth to a daughter, Charlie, on July 1, 2005.

text: Tammy joins the cast in season three. The season chronicles her relationship struggles with Waka, including past infidelities and the suicide death of Waka's brother, Kayo Redd. Later in the season, the couple elope. After a violent altercation with Joseline at the third season reunion, Tammy is absent from the show, eventually returning as a supporting cast member for three episodes towards the end of season four.

text: She rejoins the main cast in season five.[41] The season chronicles the launch of her swimwear line, T-Rivera. While searching for models, she is initially interested in hiring trans woman D. Smith, however the two clash over Waka's controversial comments regarding trans people. Later in the season, she reveals that her and Waka have separated due to his infidelity.[42] The couple eventually reunite in season six and Tammy embarks on a music career. Since 2017, Tammy has achieved relative success as a R&B singer, with several of her songs charting on iTunes.[43][44]

text: Tammy left the series to film her own spin-off Meet the Flockas, however she would return for two guest appearances during season seven.

text: Season 4 additions[edit]

text: Stevie J[edit]

text: Steven Adrian Jordan (born November 2, 1973), known professionally as Stevie J, is a Grammy Award-winning record producer, singer and songwriter, originally from Buffalo, New York.[45] Stevie rose to fame in the 1990s as an in-house producer and writer for Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Records. He has six children, Dorian, Sade, Steven Jr., Savannah, Eva (with Mimi) and Bonnie Bella (with Joseline), all who have made appearances on the show.

text: Stevie appears in every episode of the first three seasons as a supporting cast member.

text: Stevie was promoted to the main cast in season four. The season chronicles his legal issues at the time, including a stint in rehab for cocaine addiction.[46]

text: Additionally, Stevie stars in the spin-off shows Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It To Stevie.

text: Season 6 additions[edit]

text: Tommie Lee[edit]

text: Atasha Chizzaah Jefferson Moore (born June 19, 1984), known professionally as Tommie Lee, is an urban model and socialite.[47][48] She has two daughters, Havali and Samaria, from previous relationships. She has had multiple legal issues in the past and gave birth to one of her daughters while incarcerated.

text: Tommie made a cameo appearance in season one, where she is seen attending Rasheeda's listening party. She joins the supporting cast of season five as the girlfriend of rapper Scrapp DeLeon. The season chronicles their turbulent relationship and her violent rivalry with his baby mama Tiara. The couple later part ways after he is jailed for marijuana trafficking. She later ignites an intense feud with Joseline, which culminates in an off-camera incident in which Tommie attempted to run down Joseline with her car.

text: Tommie is promoted to the main cast in season six. The season chronicles the launch of her wine line, Le'Don, which is complicated by her struggle with alcoholism. Her drinking problems continue into season seven, straining her already volatile relationship with her mother Samantha and sister Versace, and threatening to derail a potential career in rap.

text: In 2018, Tommie was reported to be making up to $17,000 per season.[10] She also appears in a supporting role in the spin-off Leave It To Stevie.

text: Season 7 additions[edit]

text: Jessica Dime[edit]

text: Jessica Chatman (born January 27, 1986), known professionally as Jessica Dime or Dimepiece, is a rapper, originally from Memphis, Tennessee.[49][50] She relocated to Atlanta from Miami, where she worked as a stripper at the infamous King of Diamonds Gentleman's Club.[51]

text: Jessica joins the supporting cast of season four as a rival of Joseline, which stems from their stripper days in Miami together.[52] She briefly takes Mimi on as a manager and clashes with Tiffany Foxx. In the fifth season, she briefly dates Lil Scrappy, igniting a feud with Bambi. In the sixth season, she enters a relationship with NBA player Shawne Williams. While vacationing in Jamaica, he proposes and she accepts.

text: Jessica is promoted to the main cast in season seven, although she appears infrequently. Season seven documents her new engagement and her pregnancy with her first child, a daughter who she gives birth to in the season finale. Additionally, Jessica appears in two episodes of K. Michelle: My Life.

text: Erica Mena[edit]

text: Erica Mena (born November 8, 1987) is a former video vixen, socialite and aspiring singer, originally from The Bronx, New York City. She appeared previously on Love & Hip Hop: New York for four seasons.[53]

text: Erica joins the cast in season seven, relocating to Atlanta after her failed engagement to Bow Wow, hoping to kickstart her music career. She reconnects with her old friend Estelita and tries to steer her clear away from Stevie J, who she views as exploitive and manipulative.

text: Supporting[edit]

text: Cast timeline

text:
Cast member

Seasons

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Lil Scrappy

Supporting

Ariane Davis

Supporting

Momma Dee

Supporting

Kirk Frost

Supporting

Shay Johnson

Supporting

Benzino

Supporting

DJ Babey Drew

Supporting

Waka Flocka Flame

Supporting

Supporting

Bambi Benson

Guest

Supporting

Nikko London

Guest

Supporting

Yung Joc

Supporting

Erica Pinkett

Guest

Supporting

Kalenna Harper

Supporting

Dawn Heflin

Guest

Supporting

Guest

Deb Antney

Guest

Supporting

Althea Heart

Supporting

Tony Vick

Supporting

Margeaux Simms

Supporting

Ashley Nicole

Supporting

Khadiyah Lewis

Guest

Supporting

Sina Bina

Supporting

Guest

Tiffany Foxx

Supporting

Ernest Bryant

Supporting

Guest

PreMadonna

Supporting

Karen "KK" King

Supporting

Scrapp DeLeon

Cameo

Supporting

Guest2

Tiarra Becca

Supporting

Supporting

Chris Gould

Supporting

D. Smith

Supporting

Betty Idol

Supporting

Lyfe Jennings

Guest

Supporting

Kelsie Frost

Supporting

Guest

Supporting

Shirleen Harvell

Guest

Supporting

Sas

Supporting

Guest

J-Nicks

Supporting

Amber Priddy

Supporting

Guest

Melissa Scott

Supporting

Jasmine Washington

Supporting

Rod Bullock

Supporting

Keanna Arnold

Supporting

Sierra Gates

Supporting

Moriah Lee

Supporting

Lovely Mimi

Supporting

Tresure Price

Supporting

Shooter Gates

Supporting

Gunplay

Supporting

Estelita Quintero

Supporting

Savannah Jordan

Supporting

Samantha

Supporting

Spice

Guest

Supporting

BK Brasco

Supporting

Tokyo Vanity

Supporting

Tabius Tate

Supporting

Keely Hill

Supporting

Just Brittany

Supporting

Shawne Williams

Guest

Supporting

K. Botchey

Supporting

Sean Garrett

Supporting

Rich Dollaz

Supporting

text: Note:

text: ^ As Scrapp was incarcerated during the filming of these seasons, he makes only minor appearances via phone call.

text: Original cast members[edit]

text: Lil Scrappy[edit]

text: The father of Erica's daughter.[54] Scrappy, real name Darryl Kevin Richardson II, is a rapper and self-professed "Prince of the South", best known for his hit single "Money In The Bank". The series chronicles his love life, including his on-again, off-again relationships with Erica and Bambi. Through the course of the show, he also pursues romances with Shay, Erica Pinkett, Betty Idol and Jessica Dime. The second season focuses on his legal issues, including a stint in rehab for marijuana addiction.[55] He proposes to Bambi in the fifth season finale and the two become engaged. The couple's break up is documented in season six. Additionally, Scrappy appears in a supporting role in the spin-off show Leave It To Stevie & Love & Hip Hop: Miami.

text: In 2018, Scrappy was reported to be making up to $200,000 per season.[10]

text: Ariane Davis[edit]

text: Mimi's best friend and confidante.[56] Davis is a bartender and an aspiring singer from Mississippi.[57] She comes out as a lesbian during the second season and enters a relationship with DJ Toni K.

text: Momma Dee[edit]

text: Lil Scrappy's mother.[58] Dee, real name Deborah Gaither Bryant, is a former pimp and drug dealer who ran a brothel for ten years under the name "Lady Dee".[59][60] In addition to Scrappy, she has a daughter, Jasmine, and is also the cousin of Yung Joc. During the show, she has embarked on a music career, releasing the singles "I Deserve" and "In That Order" in 2014 and 2016 respectively. In the fourth season, she reunites with her ex-husband Ernest and remarries him in the finale.

text: Kirk Frost[edit]

text: Rasheeda's husband and manager.[61] He is the CEO of D-Lo Entertainment. He has seven children, including cast member Kelsie as well as two sons by Rasheeda and a son by Jasmine, along with several grandchildren. In the second season, he was filmed cheating on his (then) pregnant wife with two women, a storyline which attracted controversy and criticism from the media, including from rapper Nicki Minaj.[62] In the sixth season, it is revealed that he has had a secret son with his mistress Jasmine, once again throwing his marriage into turmoil.

text: In 2018, Kirk was reported to be making up to $300,000 per season.[10]

text: Shay Johnson[edit]

text: Lil Scrappy's friend. Johnson is an urban model and reality star who previously appeared as "Buckeey" on the VH1 reality shows Flavor of Love and Charm School. In the first season, Shay and Scrappy develop a "friends-with-benefits" relationship, igniting a feud between her and Erica. She appears as a main cast member in the spin-off Love & Hip Hop: Miami.

text: Benzino[edit]

text: Stevie J's best friend.[63] Benzino, real name Raymond Scott, is a rapper and CEO at Hip Hop Weekly Magazine. The series focuses on his love life, including his relationships with Karlie Redd and Althea Heart, who he becomes engaged to during the third season. During the second season, under the name "Zino Grigio", he released "Smashed Da Homie", a diss track aimed at Joseline. During the filming of season three in 2014, Benzino was shot and wounded by his nephew at his mother's funeral.[64] Later, he has a major falling out with both Stevie J and Joseline, leading to a violent altercation at the third season reunion. He was fired after allegedly threatening a producer of the show.[65]

text: Season 2 additions[edit]

text: DJ Babey Drew[edit]

text: Andrew Bisnaught (born July 6, 1980), known professionally as DJ Babey Drew, is a DJ, originally from Queens, New York City.[66][67] He came into the public eye while working as Chris Brown's tour DJ. Traci and Drew were in a relationship for four years before breaking up while she was pregnant with his child. She gave birth to Drew's son, "Little Drew", in 2007. Although not mentioned on the show, he also has a daughter, Autumn Noelle, born in 2013 to singer Mieko Love.

text: Drew joins the cast in season two. The season chronicles his co-parenting struggles with Traci, including jealously over each other's dating lives, and a failed attempt at opening a sneaker boutique together.

text: Traci and Drew were not well-received by viewers, who dubbed them "boring" compared to the other cast members, and the two were fired from the show.[68][69]

text: Season 3 additions[edit]

text: Waka Flocka Flame[edit]

text: Tammy's longtime boyfriend, whom she marries during the course of the show.[70] Waka, real name Juaquin James Malphurs, is a gangsta rapper, best known for the hit single "No Hands" and his collaborations with Gucci Mane. The third season documents his marital struggles and the loss of his brother, Kayo Redd. In the fifth season, his much-publicized comments about transgender people creates tension between Tammy, D. Smith and Betty Idol.[71] He and Tammy separate later in the season, due to his infidelity, and season six chronicles his attempts to win her back.[72]

text: Bambi Benson[edit]

text: Lil Scrappy's girlfriend, who he becomes engaged to during the course of the show.[73][74] Benson, real name Adizia Benson and also known as The Bam, is an urban model, video vixen, aspiring rapper and former cast member of Basketball Wives LA from Compton, California. She appears briefly in the second season as a potential love interest for Benzino, however, most of their early scenes together were cut and released on the show's website as bonus material. Her on-again, off-again relationship with Scrappy sparks rivalries with several of the female cast members, including Erica Dixon, Erica Pinkett, Betty Idol and Jessica Dime.[75]

text: Nikko London[edit]

text: Mimi's boyfriend.[76] London, real name Londell Smith, is a rapper, record producer and personal trainer. During the filming of the third season in 2014, a sex tape featuring Nikko and Mimi was released through Vivid Entertainment. It was initially promoted as a stolen home video, however, the two later admitted that the tape was staged.[77] It is revealed towards the end of season three that Nikko is still legally married. His wife, Margeaux, became a supporting cast member in the show's fourth season. They went on to appear along with Margaux's girlfriend Merike as a "throuple" on WE tv's Marriage Boot Camp.

text: Yung Joc[edit]

text: Karlie Redd's boyfriend.[78] They break up later in season three, when his infidelity with Khadiyah is revealed. Joc, real name Jasiel Amon Robinson, is a Grammy Award-nominated rapper and aspiring stand-up comedian who has eight children to four different women and is still legally married.[79] He is also the cousin of Momma Dee and Lil Scrappy, with whom he co-owns the modeling agency Grustle Girlz. The series chronicles his love life, including his relationship with Khadiyah and her feud with his baby mothers, as well as his later flings with Amber Priddy and Tommie. In the sixth season, he rekindles his relationship with Karlie, although he again has difficulties remaining faithful. Additionally, Joc appears in a supporting role in the spin-off show Leave It To Stevie.

text: Erica Pinkett[edit]

text: Lil Scrappy's friend. She appears briefly in the second season as a flirtatious potential employee at Drew's sneaker store, much to the chagrin of Traci. In season three, her potential romantic interest in Scrappy ignites a feud between her and his girlfriend, Bambi.

text: Kalenna Harper[edit]

text: Rasheeda's friend. Harper is a singer and former member of Dirty Money.[80] She is the wife of Tony Vick and has three children by him, Meshach, Noah and Savannah (who was born after her time on the show). Noah's birth was documented in the fourth season of the show, after which Kalenna suffered from postpartum depression. She identifies as bisexual and her relationship with a woman, Ashley, was featured in season three.[81]

text: Dawn Heflin[edit]

text: Joseline's friend and booking agent. Heflin, also known as Dawn Shuntrice, Safari Heflin or Dawn Drennon, is a publicist and entertainment manager from Miami. She has a dramatic falling out with Joseline and Stevie J in the third season over their alleged marriage, although her and Joseline later rekindle their friendship. In the fifth season, it is revealed that while in prison for drug trafficking, she shared a cell block with KK. Ever since, she has had an uneasy relationship with the King family.

text: Deb Antney[edit]

text: Waka Flocka Flame's mother. Antney, full name Debra Antney, is CEO of Mizay Entertainment and acts as an mentor to the other women. The third season documents the death of her son, Kayo Redd, which inspires her advocacy for suicide prevention and anti-bullying. Antney previously appeared in a minor supporting role in the spin-off show Chrissy & Mr. Jones.

text: Althea Heart[edit]

text: Benzino's girlfriend, with whom he gets engaged to during the course of the series. Heart, real name Althea Eaton and also known as Thi Thi, is an aspiring singer and songwriter. During the third season, it is revealed that she previously dated Stevie J and Nikko. Later, she and Benzino have a major falling out with Stevie J and Joseline, leading to a violent altercation at the third season reunion.[65]

text: Tony Vick[edit]

text: Kaleena's husband. Vick is a record producer and club promoter with nine kids to seven baby mothers, along with at least three grandchildren.[82] After his time on the show, he had his tenth child with Kaleena.

text: Season 4 additions[edit]

text: Margeaux Simms[edit]

text: Nikko's wife.[83][84] Simms is a singer, songwriter and visual artist. The fourth season chronicles her attempts to start a career in Atlanta, but because of her connection with Nikko, she ends up clashing with Mimi, Stevie J and Joseline. Later in the season, she reveals her bisexuality and begins dating model Merike Palmiste.[85] She went on to appear with Merike and Nikko as a "throuple" on WE tv's Marriage Boot Camp.

text: Ashley Nicole[edit]

text: A singer under Kirk Frost's management.[86] She clashes with Rasheeda, who suspects her of sleeping with her husband. It is later revealed that she is a lesbian with a girlfriend.[87]

text: Khadiyah Lewis[edit]

text: Yung Joc's assistant and real estate agent.[88][89] During season three, it is revealed that she is dating Joc behind Karlie's back. In season four, she becomes his official girlfriend, igniting a rivalry with his four baby mothers.

text: Sina Bina[edit]

text: One of Yung Joc's baby mothers.[90][91][92] She becomes the main rival to Khadiyah throughout the fourth season. She returns in the sixth season, once again, involving herself in Joc's dating life.

text: Tiffany Foxx[edit]

text: Mimi's potential client.[93][94] Foxx is a rapper, known as Lil' Kim's protege.[95] She is briefly managed by Mimi, igniting a rivalry with Jessica Dime.

text: Ernest Bryant[edit]

text: Momma Dee's ex-husband. She accidentally sent him away to prison for seven years when he was caught with drugs after she called the cops on him for stealing money from Scrappy. After being released from prison, the two rekindle their romance and remarry in the fourth season finale.

text: PreMadonna[edit]

text: A fashion designer and entrepreneur.[96] She is the owner of the Waist Gang Society waist trainers, popularised by Kim Kardashian and Blac Chyna.[97] She later appears with her husband Buck Thomas in the ninth season of WE tv's Marriage Boot Camp.

text: Season 5 additions[edit]

text: Karen "KK" King[edit]

text: Karen Lynn King (born March 9, 1961), known as KK, is the mother and manager of rappers Scrapp DeLeon and Sas.[98] [99] She is a longtime family friend of Stevie J and her sons call him "uncle". In 2009, her nephew Dolla was shot and killed.[100] In 2012, she and her sons were accused of the kidnapping, assault and attempted murder of her ex-husband. She went on the run and was featured in an episode of America's Most Wanted. KK was later cleared of all charges. While in jail, she shared a cell block with Dawn.[101]

text: The fifth season chronicles her struggles to keep her family together, amid tensions with Scrapp's baby mama Tiarra. During filming of the fifth season in 2016, she was arrested for financial identity fraud, theft and first degree forgery.[102]

text: In the sixth season, she attempts to help Tommie overcome her alcoholism and repair her relationship with her mother. This eventually backfires and the two have a falling out.

text: In the seventh season, she finds love with a younger man and is working hard to get Scrapp out of jail.

text: Scrapp DeLeon[edit]

text: Will Cortez Robinson (born March 12, 1988), known professionally as Scrapp DeLeon, is a rapper.[103] He drew fame at a young age as a member of the rap group Da Razkalz Cru, with his brother Sas and his cousin Dolla. In 2009, he witnessed the shooting death of Dolla. In 2012, he was accused of the kidnapping, assault and attempted murder of his stepfather. He, along with his mother and brother, were later cleared of all charges. He is a practising Muslim.

text: The fifth season chronicles the love triangle between him, Tommie and his baby's mother Tiarra. He later has a fling with Karlie. During filming, Scrapp surrendered himself into custody for a marijuana trafficking charge and as of 2018, he is incarcerated.[104] He makes appearances via phone call in seasons six and seven.

text: Tiarra Becca[edit]

text: Tiarra Rebecca Gwynne (born September 26, 1985), known as Tiarra Becca or Tia, is the mother of Scrapp DeLeon's son King, originally from Dayton, Ohio.[105][106] She has four other children to different fathers.

text: In the fifth season, she is struggling to co-parent with Scrapp, amid feuds with his mother KK and his girlfriend Tommie. Later in the season, she begins dating J-Nicks, igniting a feud with his girlfriend Amber Priddy. In the fifth season reunion, she reveals she is pregnant with her fifth child and has recently married. She returns in seventh season, now single.

text: Chris Gould[edit]

text: Christian Gould (born October 14, 1983) is introduced as Mimi's significant other. While Mimi introduces Chris repeatedly as her girlfriend and the other cast members refer to him as "she", Chris identifies as genderqueer (specifically a "touch-me-not") and prefers male pronouns.[107]

text: In the fifth season, he breaks up with Mimi halfway through the fifth season, unable to deal with the drama in her life.[108] Chris returns later in the season, revealing his desire to fully transition to male and pursue top surgery.

text: D. Smith[edit]

text: Dreshan Nikel Smith (born 1975) is a Grammy Award-winning record producer, recording artist and fashion model.[109][110] She is a trans woman.[111]

text: In the fifth season, she clashes with Tammy over Waka Flocka Flame's comments about transgender people and later ignites feuds with Deb, Bambi and Scrappy. She quit the show shortly before the reunion taping, unhappy with her portrayal on the show.

text: Betty Idol[edit]

text: Betty Idol (born June 17, 1989) is a singer, originally from Houston, Texas.[112] She is of Colombian and African American ethnicity, mostly known for singing the hook on Rick Ross' single "Thug Cry".

text: In the fifth season, she appears as D. Smith's best friend and confidante. She pursues a romance with Scrappy and clashes with Bambi and Tammy.

text: Lyfe Jennings[edit]

text: Chester Jermaine Jennings (born June 3, 1978), professionally known as Lyfe Jennings, is an R&B/soul, singer and songwriter.

text: In the fifth season, he is dating Karlie. They break up later in season five, allegedly due to her infidelity with Scrapp. It is later revealed that he got another woman pregnant and then got married to a third woman behind her back while they were together.[113][114]

text: Kelsie Frost[edit]

text: Kelsie Frost (born April 25, 1995) is an aspiring rapper. She is Kirk's daughter, and works as Rasheeda's employee at her boutique store.

text: The fifth season chronicles her struggles to be taken seriously as an artist by her father and stepmother.

text: Shirleen Harvell[edit]

text: Shirleen Harvell is Rasheeda's mother.

text: She makes guest appearances during the second, third and fourth seasons. She has a strained relationship with her son-in-law Kirk, at one point even running over his motorcycle with her car after finding out he cheated on Rasheeda.

text: In the fifth season, she starts working at Rasheeda's boutique store and clashes with Momma Dee.

text: Sas[edit]

text: KK's son and Scrapp's younger brother. Sas, real name Lyndon Ahlik Smith, is a rapper and member of the rap group Da Razkalz Cru. He is Muslim. In 2012, he was accused of the kidnapping, assault and attempted murder of his father. He, along with his mother and brother, were later cleared of all charges. After filming of the fifth season in 2016, he survived a gun shot to the back of the head.[115]

text: J-Nicks[edit]

text: Yung Joc's friend. He is a DJ and radio personality who rose to fame as a host of BET's Rap City. He works as a weekday radio DJ for Hot 107.9. In the fifth season, he pursues a romance with Tiarra, despite being in a relationship with Amber.[116]

text: Amber Priddy[edit]

text: J-Nicks' girlfriend. She is a stripper and urban model from North Carolina. In the fifth season, she pursues a romance with Yung Joc behind J-Nicks' back.[117]

text: Season 6 additions[edit]

text: Melissa Scott[edit]

text: Melissa Scott (born August 23, 1975), also known as DJ M, is a promoter, LGBT events manager and bar owner.[118]

text: In the sixth season, she attempts to act as a peacemaker between Mimi and Joseline, having had a friendship with both of them over the years. It is revealed later in the season that she had a fling with Mimi the summer before, and had a "friends-with-benefits" relationship with Ariane several years earlier. In the seventh season, she clashes with Mimi's girlfriend Ty.

text: Jasmine Washington[edit]

text: Jasmine Washington (born September 14, 1989), also known as Jasmine Bleu, is a former stripper, originally from White Plains, New York.[119] She met Kirk while working as a stripper in 2016. The two became sexually involved, leading to the birth of a son, Kannon Mekhi.

text: In the sixth season, she reveals her secret to the world, throwing Kirk and Rasheeda's marriage into turmoil. During this time, she is living in a polyamorous relationship with Rod and Keanna.[120] In the seventh season, she attempts to reach out to Rasheeda's family to get closure.

text: Rod Bullock[edit]

text: Rodney Bullock (born March 5, 1979) is a music manager, originally from Indianapolis, Indiana.[121] His bio claims that he was instrumental in discovering Yung Joc's music career. He also shares a past with Mimi, having dated her prior to her relationship with Stevie. It ended badly, with Mimi claiming he is a scammer and con artist.

text: In the sixth season, he has recently been released from prison for money laundering and is living in a polyamorous relationship with both Jasmine and Keanna.

text: Keanna Arnold[edit]

text: Keanna Arnold (born August 22, 1985) is a former stripper.[122]

text: In the sixth season, she is living in a polyamorous relationship with both Jasmine and Rod. She reveals to have also slept with Kirk around the same time as Jasmine.

text: Sierra Gates[edit]

text: Sierra Gates (born May 24, 1989) is a beauty entrepreneur who owns The Glam Shop, a hair, nail and beauty salon which employs Moriah and Lovely Mimi.[123] She has two children with her husband Shooter.

text: In the sixth season, she discovers that Shooter has been having an affair with her assistant Moriah. In the seventh season, she has separated from Shooter, and began dating BK Brasco.

text: Moriah Lee[edit]

text: Moriah Lee (born July 21, 1993) is an aspiring business owner, who works as Sierra's marketing assistant.[124]

text: In the sixth season, it is revealed that she has been having an affair with Sierra's husband, Shooter.

text: Lovely Mimi[edit]

text: Miyha Thi Luong (born August 20, 1990), known professionally as Lovely Mimi, is a Vietnamese nail artist and social media personality, originally from the DMV, where she owns a salon. She has three children to her husband Remy Skinner.

text: In the sixth season, she works briefly at Sierra's salon, before the two have a violent falling out. She later forms a friendship with Tommie and the other girls.

text: Tresure P.[edit]

text: Tresure Price (born November 20, 1992), known professionally as Tresure P., is an aspiring DJ and radio personality, originally from Houston, Texas. She is a former stripper.

text: In the sixth season, she sparks a violent rivalry with Tommie after revealing she is in a relationship with a married man. She also has a friendship with Joc's baby mama Sina, and works as an intern at Joc's radio station.

text: Shooter Gates[edit]

text: Rodricous Gates (born January 17, 1979), known professionally as Shooter, has two children with Sierra.[125]

text: In the sixth season, he is revealed to be secretly dating and financially supporting Moriah behind his wife's back. In the seventh season, he has separated from Sierra, and dealing with the sudden death of his son, Rodricous Jr., who was murdered in a shooting.

text: Gunplay[edit]

text: Richard Morales Jr. (born July 18, 1979), known professionally as Gunplay, is a rapper, originally from Miami, Florida.

text: In the sixth season, he appears in one episode, convincing his friend Scrappy to move to Miami with him. His appearance served as a teaser for the then-upcoming spin-off Love & Hip Hop: Miami.[126]

text: Estelita Quintero[edit]

text: Estelita Quintero (born July 13, 1981), known as the Panamanian Goddess, is an urban model and singer, originally from Colón, Panama.[127][128] She endured a rough childhood as the youngest daughter of twenty brothers and sisters. She was sexually molested by her father from five years old, he died when she was nine. She fled to America after she was gang raped by five men. By the age of fourteen, she was working as a stripper in Miami. She later lost her mother to cancer, which lead her to attempt suicide twice. She is also a domestic violence survivor, having survived an abusive relationship for many years prior to the show.[129]

text: In the sixth season, she joins Stevie's roster of artists, and clashes with Karlie. In the seventh season, she is reunited with former friend Erica Mena and attempts to gain control of her career.

text: Savannah Jordan[edit]

text: Savannah Jordan (born November 24, 1998) is Stevie J's daughter. She previously appeared as a supporting cast member on the spin-offs Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It to Stevie.

text: In the sixth season, her strained relationship with Joseline causes problems between her and Stevie. In the seventh season, she is devoted to learn that her father may have to serve jail time for not paying child support.

text: Samantha[edit]

text: Samantha, also known as Finesse Lee, is Tommie's mother. She has at least four other children, including Duby, Yani, Rayjasha and Versace, who all have appeared on the show.

text: In the sixth season, she tries to salvage her relationship with her daughter. In the seventh season, she attempts to act as a peacemaker between Tommie and her sister Versace.

text: Season 7 additions[edit]

text: Spice[edit]

text: Grace Latoya Hamilton (born August 6, 1982), known professionally as Spice, is a Jamaican dancehall recording artist, singer and songwriter.[130][131]

text: BK Brasco[edit]

text: Romel Cummings (born November 12, 1978), known professionally as BK Brasco, is a rapper, originally from Brownsville, Brooklyn.[132][133]

text: In the seventh season, he is dating Sierra.

text: Tokyo Vanity[edit]

text: Tokyo Vanity (born September 28, 1994) is a rapper, originally from New Orleans, Louisiana.[134][135]

text: In the seventh season, she is dating Tabius.

text: Tabius Tate[edit]

text: Tabius Tate (born March 9, 1982) is a rapper, originally from Montgomery, Alabama.

text: In the seventh season, he is dating Tokyo Vanity.

text: Keely Hill[edit]

text: Keely Hill (born October 2, 1984), also known as Keely the Boss, is a music industry executive and marketing representative, originally from Detroit, Michigan.[136][137]

text: In the seventh season, she is dating K. Botchey.

text: Just Brittany[edit]

text: Brittany Bullock (born June 11, 1989), known professionally as Just Brittany, is a recording artist and singer, originally from Houston, Texas.[138]

text: Shawne Williams[edit]

text: Shawne Brian Williams (born February 16, 1986) is a professional basketball player, originally from Memphis, Tennessee.

text: In the sixth season, he proposes to his childhood sweetheart Jessica Dime and the two become engaged. In the seventh season, it is revealed the two are expecting a child.

text: K. Botchey[edit]

text: Kwabena Botchey (born 1984), known professionally as K. Botchey, is a promoter and events manager.[139]

text: In the seventh season, he is dating Keely.

text: Sean Garrett[edit]

text: Garrett Hamler (born March 30, 1979), known professionally as Sean Garrett, is a Grammy Award-winning record producer and recording artist.[140]

text: In the seventh season, he is dating Karlie.

text: Rich Dollaz[edit]

text: Richard Trowers (born August 4, 1977), known professionally as Rich Dollaz, is a entertainment manager. He has appeared on Love & Hip Hop: New York for the last eight years and is the show's only original cast member. He dated Erica Mena for several years, their tumultuous, on-and-off again relationship chronicled for several seasons of the show. He also appeared on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood's second season.

text: Dollaz appears in the last two episodes of the seventh season, as part of a scheme by Stevie to get revenge on Erica Mena.[141] His appearance on the show makes him the only supporting cast member to appear on three of the show's incarnations, New York, Hollywood and Atlanta.

text: Guest stars[edit]

text: Several members of the cast's inner circle appear as recurring guest stars. They include:

text: Introduced in season 1

text:
Mingnon Dixon, Erica's mother, a recovering crack cocaine addict and Momma Dee's rival
Dr. Jeff, therapist who works with Mimi, Joseline and Stevie
Fly Dantoni, rapper and record producer, Joseline's friend and occasional enemy
Eva Jordan, daughter of Mimi and Stevie, cast member on the spin-off Leave It to Stevie
Che Mack, rapper, Stevie's artist and Joseline's rival

text: Introduced in season 2

text:
Johnny Crome, rapper, Nikko's roommate, accused of being gay by K. Michelle
DaShaun Johnson, personal trainer, Traci's love interest
Bobby V, singer, friend to Scrappy, Kirk and Benzino
Mary Jane, Kirk's jacuzzi fling
Moses Jordan, Stevie J's father

text: Introduced in season 3

text:
O'Shea Jackson, model, Erica's love interest
Jasmine Swann, waitress, Kirk's potential babysitter
Ashley T. Moore, bisexual singer, Kalenna's ex-girlfriend

text: Introduced in season 4

text:
Faith Evans, singer, songwriter, Stevie's friend and confidante, cast member on the spin-off Leave It to Stevie
Jazze Pha, record producer, interested in working with Jessica Dime, Tiffany Foxx and Erica Mena
Jasmine Brown, Scrappy's sister, disapproves of Momma Dee's relationship with Ernest
Bessie Bryant, Ernest's mother
DJ Toni K, Ariane's girlfriend

text: Introduced in season 5

text:
Taylor Hall, urban model, Scrappy's assistant, Yung Joc's love interest
Shod Santiago, gay stylist, Tammy's friend
Chaz Gotti, rapper, Waka's friend, Bambi's love interest
Lil' Fizz, rapper, cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
Nikki Mudarris, socialite, Joseline's friend-with-benefits, cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
Jonathan Fernandez, make up artist, cast member on K. Michelle: My Life and Love & Hip Hop: New York
Deelishis, urban model, Stevie's love interest
Young Dro, rapper, Joseline's love interest

text: Introduced in season 6

text:
Alexis Skyyy, socialite, Jessica Dime's love interest, cast member on Love & Hip Hop: Hollywood
Sade Jordan, Stevie's daughter, cast member on the spin-offs Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It to Stevie
Dorian Jordan, Stevie's son, cast member on the spin-off Leave It to Stevie
Kermit Silva, Joseline's brother
Ceaser Emmanuel, tattoo artist, Karlie's boyfriend, cast member on Black Ink Crew
Logan Bullard, Jasmine's ex-boyfriend, suspected father of her child
Ky Frost, son of Rasheeda and Kirk
Stevie Jordan Jr., Stevie's son, cast member on the spin-offs Stevie J & Joseline: Go Hollywood and Leave It to Stevie

text: Introduced in season 7

text:
Ty Young, basketball player, Mimi's girlfriend
Versace, Tommie's estranged sister
Duby, Yani and Rayjasha, Tommie's siblings
Albee Yours, Erica Mena's friend
Bleu DaVinci, rapper, Keely's baby daddy

text: The show also features minor appearances from notable figures within the hip hop industry and Atlanta's social scene, including J. Que, Bryan-Michael Cox, Kenny Burns, Stevie Baggs, Vincent Herbert, Roscoe Dash, Beenie Man, Steven Hirsch, Jeremih, DJ Vlad, Snoop Dogg, Jermaine Dupri, T-Pain, Katt Williams, CeeLo Green, Tony Rock, Russell Simmons, Jasmine Burke, Kandi Burruss, Dr. Jackie Walters, Michael Blackson, Cocoa Brown and Sam Phillips.

text: Executive producer Mona Scott-Young hosted the first two season's reunions, comedian Sommore hosted the third season reunion. Subsequent seasons are hosted by Nina Parker.


document_title: List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

question_text: when was the last lunar eclipse seen in the us

root

text: List of 21st-century lunar eclipses

text: There will be 230 lunar eclipses in the 21st century (2000–2100): 87 penumbral, 58 partial and 85 total.[1]

tag: p

text: Eclipses are listed in sets by lunar years, repeating every 12 months for each node. Ascending node eclipses are given a red background highlight.

text: See also: List of lunar eclipses, List of 20th-century lunar eclipses, and List of 22nd-century lunar eclipses

text: List of lunar eclipses between 2000 and 2100[edit]

text: Eclipses from August 1998 are included to complete the first eclipse set.

text:
Date
Time UTC
(hr:mn)
Type
Node
Saros
Gamma
Magnitude
Duration
(min)
Moon
Position
Contacts UTC
(hr:mn)
Chart
Viewing

Greatest
Pen.
Umb.
Par
Tot
RA
Decl.
U1
U2
U3
U4

(Five lunar eclipses are added below for before 2001 to complete the first cycle.)

1998 Aug 08
2:25
Penumbral
D
109
1.488
0.146
-0.858

21.17
-14.8

1999 Jan 31
16:18
Penumbral
A
114
-1.019
1.028
-0.021

8.91
16.4

1999 Jul 28
11:34
Partial
D
119
0.786
1.46
0.402
144

20.48
-18.3
10:22

12:46

2000 Jan 21
4:44
Total
A
124
-0.296
2.331
1.33
204
78
8.17
19.8
3:02
4:05
5:23
6:26

2000 Jul 16
13:56
Total
D
129
0.03
2.864
1.773
236
108
19.75
-21.2
11:58
13:02
14:50
15:54

2001 Jan 09
20:21
Total
A
134
0.372
2.187
1.194
198
62
7.42
22.4
18:42
19:50
20:52
22:00

2001 Jul 05
14:55
Partial
D
139
-0.729
1.573
0.499
160

18.99
-23.4
13:35

16:15

2001 Dec 30
10:29
Penumbral
A
144
1.073
0.919
-0.11

6.64
24.2

2002 Jun 24
21:27
Penumbral
D
149
-1.444
0.235
-0.787

18.22
-24.8

2002 May 26
12:03
Penumbral
D
111
1.176
0.714
-0.283

16.23
-20

2002 Nov 20
1:47
Penumbral
A
116
-1.113
0.886
-0.222

3.71
18.7

2003 May 16
3:40
Total
D
121
0.412
2.1
1.134
194
52
15.51
-18.6
2:03
3:14
4:06
5:17

2003 Nov 09
1:19
Total
A
126
-0.432
2.14
1.022
212
24
2.93
16.3
23:33
1:07
1:31
3:05

2004 May 04
20:30
Total
D
131
-0.313
2.288
1.309
204
76
14.81
-16.5
18:48
19:52
21:08
22:12

2004 Oct 28
3:04
Total
A
136
0.285
2.39
1.313
220
82
2.18
13.4
1:14
2:23
3:45
4:54

2005 Apr 24
9:55
Penumbral
D
141
-1.089
0.89
-0.138

14.11
-13.9

2005 Oct 17
12:03
Partial
A
146
0.98
1.084
0.068
58

1.47
10.3
11:34

12:32

2006 Mar 14
23:48
Penumbral
D
113
1.021
1.056
-0.056

11.68
3.1

2006 Sep 07
18:51
Partial
A
118
-0.926
1.158
0.19
92

23.11
−6.7
18:05

19:37

2007 Mar 03
23:21
Total
D
123
0.317
2.345
1.238
222
74
10.96
6.9
21:30
22:44
23:58
1:12

2007 Aug 28
10:37
Total
A
128
-0.214
2.478
1.481
212
90
22.45
-10
8:51
9:52
11:22
12:23

2008 Feb 21
3:26
Total
D
133
-0.399
2.171
1.111
206
50
10.25
10.5
1:43
3:01
3:51
5:09

2008 Aug 16
21:10
Partial
A
138
0.565
1.862
0.812
188

21.76
-12.9
19:36

22:44

2009 Feb 09
14:38
Penumbral
D
143
-1.064
0.924
-0.083

9.53
13.5

2009 Aug 06
0:39
Penumbral
A
148
1.357
0.428
-0.662

21.05
-15.6

2009 Jul 07
9:39
Penumbral
A
110
-1.491
0.182
-0.908

19.14
-23.9

2009 Dec 31
19:23
Partial
D
115
0.977
1.081
0.082
62

6.76
24
18:52

19:54

2010 Jun 26
11:38
Partial
A
120
-0.709
1.603
0.542
164

18.35
-24
10:16

13:00

2010 Dec 21
8:17
Total
D
125
0.321
2.306
1.261
210
74
5.95
23.7
6:32
7:40
8:54
10:02

2011 Jun 15
20:13
Total
A
130
0.09
2.712
1.705
220
100
17.59
-23.2
18:23
19:23
21:03
22:03

2011 Dec 10
14:32
Total
D
135
-0.388
2.212
1.111
212
52
5.14
22.6
12:46
14:06
14:58
16:18

2012 Jun 04
11:03
Partial
A
140
0.825
1.343
0.376
128

16.86
-21.7
9:59

12:07

2012 Nov 28
14:33
Penumbral
D
145
-1.087
0.942
-0.183

4.33
20.5

2013 Apr 25
20:07
Partial
A
112
-1.012
1.012
0.021
32

14.21
-14.4
19:51

20:23

2013 May 25
4:10
Penumbral
A
150
1.535
0.04
-0.928

16.15
-19.4

2013 Oct 18
23:50
Penumbral
D
117
1.151
0.791
-0.267

1.57
11

2014 Apr 15
7:46
Total
A
122
-0.302
2.344
1.296
216
78
13.56
-10
5:58
7:07
8:25
9:34

2014 Oct 08
10:55
Total
D
127
0.383
2.171
1.172
200
60
0.92
6.3
9:15
10:25
11:25
12:35

2015 Apr 04
12:00
Total
A
132
0.446
2.105
1.005
210
12
12.89
-5.3
10:15
11:54
12:06
13:45

2015 Sep 28
2:47
Total
D
137
-0.33
2.254
1.282
200
72
0.29
1.5
1:07
2:11
3:23
4:27

2016 Mar 23
11:47
Penumbral
A
142
1.159
0.801
-0.308

12.22
-0.3

2016 Sep 16
18:54
Penumbral
D
147
-1.055
0.933
-0.058

23.67
-3.3

2016 Aug 18
9:42
Penumbral
D
109
1.559
0.017
-0.993

21.85
-11.4

2017 Feb 11
0:44
Penumbral
A
114
-1.025
1.014
-0.03

9.64
13.1

2017 Aug 07
18:20
Partial
D
119
0.867
1.315
0.251
116

21.18
-15.4
17:22

19:18

2018 Jan 31
13:30
Total
A
124
-0.301
2.32
1.321
204
76
8.93
17
11:48
12:52
14:08
15:12

2018 Jul 27
20:22
Total
D
129
0.117
2.706
1.614
236
104
20.47
-19
18:24
19:30
21:14
22:20

2019 Jan 21
5:12
Total
A
134
0.369
2.193
1.201
198
62
8.21
20.3
3:33
4:41
5:43
6:51

2019 Jul 16
21:31
Partial
D
139
-0.643
1.729
0.658
178

19.73
-21.9
20:02

23:00

2020 Jan 10
19:10
Penumbral
A
144
1.073
0.921
-0.111

7.45
23

2020 Jul 05
4:30
Penumbral
D
149
-1.364
0.38
-0.638

18.99
-24.1

2020 Jun 05
19:25
Penumbral
D
111
1.24
0.594
-0.399

16.97
-21.5

2020 Nov 30
9:43
Penumbral
A
116
-1.131
0.855
-0.257

4.48
20.7

2021 May 26
11:19
Total
D
121
0.477
1.979
1.016
188
18
16.24
-20.7
9:45
11:10
11:28
12:53

2021 Nov 19
9:03
Partial
A
126
-0.455
2.098
0.979
210

3.67
19.2
7:18

10:48

2022 May 16
4:11
Total
D
131
-0.253
2.397
1.419
208
86
15.52
-19.3
2:27
3:28
4:54
5:55

2022 Nov 08
10:59
Total
A
136
0.257
2.44
1.363
220
86
2.9
16.9
9:09
10:16
11:42
12:49

2023 May 05
17:23
Penumbral
D
141
-1.035
0.989
-0.041

14.81
-17.2

2023 Oct 28
20:14
Partial
A
146
0.947
1.143
0.127
80

2.16
14.1
19:34

20:54

2024 Mar 25
7:13
Penumbral
D
113
1.061
0.982
-0.128

12.34
-1.2

2024 Sep 18
2:44
Partial
A
118
-0.979
1.062
0.091
64

23.77
-2.6
2:12

3:16

2025 Mar 14
6:59
Total
D
123
0.348
2.286
1.183
218
66
11.64
2.7
5:10
6:26
7:32
8:48

2025 Sep 07
18:12
Total
A
128
-0.275
2.369
1.368
210
82
23.11
-6
16:27
17:31
18:53
19:57

2026 Mar 03
11:33
Total
D
133
-0.377
2.21
1.156
208
60
10.94
6.4
9:49
11:03
12:03
13:17

2026 Aug 28
4:13
Partial
A
138
0.497
1.99
0.935
198

22.44
-9.3
2:34

5:52

2027 Feb 20
23:13
Penumbral
D
143
-1.048
0.952
-0.052

10.24
9.8

2027 Aug 17
7:14
Penumbral
A
148
1.28
0.571
-0.521

21.73
-12.4

2027 Jul 18
16:03
Penumbral
A
110
-1.576
0.028
-1.063

19.88
-22.3

2028 Jan 12
4:13
Partial
D
115
0.982
1.072
0.072
58

7.56
22.7
3:44

4:42

2028 Jul 06
18:19
Partial
A
120
-0.79
1.453
0.394
142

19.11
-23.3
17:08

19:30

2028 Dec 31
16:52
Total
D
125
0.326
2.3
1.252
210
72
6.77
23.3
15:07
16:16
17:28
18:37

2029 Jun 26
3:22
Total
A
130
0.013
2.852
1.849
220
102
18.35
-23.3
1:32
2:31
4:13
5:12

2029 Dec 20
22:42
Total
D
135
-0.381
2.227
1.122
214
54
5.95
23.1
20:55
22:15
23:09
0:29

2030 Jun 15
18:33
Partial
A
140
0.754
1.472
0.508
146

17.61
-22.6
17:20

19:46

2030 Dec 09
22:27
Penumbral
D
145
-1.073
0.968
-0.159

5.12
21.9

2031 Jun 05
11:44
Penumbral
A
150
1.473
0.154
-0.814

16.89
-21.1

2031 May 07
3:51
Penumbral
A
112
-1.069
0.907
-0.085

14.92
-17.8

2031 Oct 30
7:45
Penumbral
D
117
1.177
0.742
-0.315

2.27
14.8

2032 Apr 25
15:13
Total
A
122
-0.356
2.245
1.197
212
66
14.24
-13.8
13:27
14:40
15:46
16:59

2032 Oct 18
19:02
Total
D
127
0.417
2.108
1.108
196
48
1.6
10.4
17:24
18:38
19:26
20:40

2033 Apr 14
19:12
Total
A
132
0.396
2.197
1.099
216
50
13.56
-9.4
17:24
18:47
19:37
21:00

2033 Oct 08
10:55
Total
D
137
-0.289
2.331
1.355
204
80
0.96
5.8
9:13
10:15
11:35
12:37

2034 Apr 03
19:05
Penumbral
A
142
1.115
0.881
-0.223

12.88
-4.6

2034 Sep 28
2:46
Partial
D
147
-1.011
1.016
0.02
32

0.33
1
2:30

3:02

2035 Feb 22
9:05
Penumbral
A
114
-1.037
0.991
-0.048

10.35
9.2

2035 Aug 19
1:11
Partial
D
119
0.943
1.177
0.109
78

21.86
-12
0:32

1:50

2036 Feb 11
22:11
Total
A
124
-0.311
2.3
1.305
202
76
9.67
13.6
20:30
21:33
22:49
23:52

2036 Aug 07
2:51
Total
D
129
0.2
2.553
1.459
232
96
21.18
-16.1
0:55
2:03
3:39
4:47

2037 Jan 31
14:00
Total
A
134
0.362
2.205
1.213
198
64
8.97
17.5
12:21
13:28
14:32
15:39

2037 Jul 27
4:08
Partial
D
139
-0.558
1.884
0.814
194

20.46
-19.6
2:31

5:45

2038 Jan 21
3:48
Penumbral
A
144
1.071
0.925
-0.109

8.24
20.9

2038 Jul 16
11:34
Penumbral
D
149
-1.284
0.525
-0.49

19.74
-22.5

2038 Jun 17
2:43
Penumbral
D
111
1.308
0.467
-0.522

17.72
-22.1

2038 Dec 11
17:43
Penumbral
A
116
-1.145
0.831
-0.285

5.27
22

2039 Jun 06
18:53
Partial
D
121
0.546
1.852
0.891
180

16.99
-22.1
17:23

20:23

2039 Nov 30
16:55
Partial
A
126
-0.472
2.068
0.947
206

4.45
21.3
15:12

18:38

2040 May 26
11:45
Total
D
131
-0.187
2.519
1.54
212
92
16.26
-21.5
9:59
10:59
12:31
13:31

2040 Nov 18
19:03
Total
A
136
0.236
2.478
1.402
222
88
3.65
19.7
17:12
18:19
19:47
20:54

2041 May 16
0:41
Partial
D
141
-0.975
1.1
0.07
60

15.53
-20
0:11

1:11

2041 Nov 08
4:33
Partial
A
146
0.921
1.191
0.175
92

2.89
17.5
3:47

5:19

2042 May

151
no lunar eclipse, Saros 151 starting in 2096

2042 Oct 28
19:33
Penumbral
A
156
1.557
0.008
-0.974

2.17
14.8

2042 Apr 05
14:28
Penumbral
D
113
1.108
0.894
-0.213

13.01
-5.4

2042 Sep 29
10:44
Partial
A
118
-1.026
0.978
0.003
12

0.43
1.6
10:38

10:50

2043 Mar 25
14:30
Total
D
123
0.385
2.216
1.119
216
54
12.31
-1.6
12:42
14:03
14:57
16:18

2043 Sep 19
1:50
Total
A
128
-0.332
2.269
1.261
206
72
23.77
-1.9
0:07
1:14
2:26
3:33

2044 Mar 13
19:37
Total
D
133
-0.35
2.256
1.208
210
68
11.61
2.1
17:52
19:03
20:11
21:22

2044 Sep 07
11:19
Total
A
138
0.432
2.111
1.05
206
36
23.1
-5.4
9:36
11:01
11:37
13:02

2045 Mar 03
7:42
Penumbral
D
143
-1.028
0.987
-0.012

10.93
5.7

2045 Aug 27
13:53
Penumbral
A
148
1.206
0.708
-0.388

22.4
-8.8

2046 Jan 22
13:01
Partial
D
115
0.988
1.06
0.059
54

8.35
20.5
12:34

13:28

2046 Jul 18
1:04
Partial
A
120
-0.869
1.307
0.251
116

19.86
-21.8
0:06

2:02

2047 Jan 12
1:24
Total
D
125
0.332
2.291
1.239
210
70
7.57
22
23:39
0:49
1:59
3:09

2047 Jul 07
10:34
Total
A
130
-0.063
2.757
1.757
220
102
19.11
-22.6
8:44
9:43
11:25
12:24

2048 Jan 01
6:52
Total
D
135
-0.375
2.24
1.132
214
56
6.76
22.7
5:05
6:24
7:20
8:39

2048 Jun 26
2:01
Partial
A
140
0.68
1.607
0.644
160

18.37
-22.6
0:41

3:21

2048 Dec 20
6:26
Penumbral
D
145
-1.063
0.988
-0.14

5.92
22.5

2049 Jun 15
19:12
Penumbral
A
150
1.407
0.276
-0.693

17.64
-21.9

2049 May 17
11:25
Penumbral
A
112
-1.134
0.789
-0.203

15.64
-20.6

2049 Nov 09
15:50
Penumbral
D
117
1.196
0.707
-0.35

3
18.2

2050 May 06
22:30
Total
A
122
-0.418
2.131
1.082
206
44
14.94
-17.2
20:47
22:08
22:52
0:13

2050 Oct 30
3:20
Total
D
127
0.443
2.06
1.06
194
36
2.3
14.2
1:43
3:02
3:38
4:57

2051 Apr 26
2:14
Total
A
132
0.337
2.303
1.206
222
70
14.24
-13.2
0:23
1:39
2:49
4:05

2051 Oct 19
19:10
Total
D
137
-0.254
2.395
1.417
204
84
1.63
9.9
17:28
18:28
19:52
20:52

2052 Apr 14
2:16
Penumbral
A
142
1.063
0.972
-0.126

13.55
-8.7

2052 Oct 08
10:44
Partial
D
147
-0.973
1.089
0.087
66

0.99
5.3
10:11

11:17

2053 Mar 04
17:20
Penumbral
A
114
-1.053
0.958
-0.075

11.03
5.1

2053 Aug 29
8:04
Penumbral
D
119
1.016
1.045
-0.028

22.53
-8.2

2054 Feb 22
6:49
Total
A
124
-0.324
2.275
1.283
202
74
10.38
9.8
5:08
6:12
7:26
8:30

2054 Aug 18
9:24
Total
D
129
0.28
2.407
1.311
228
84
21.86
-12.7
7:30
8:42
10:06
11:18

2055 Feb 11
22:44
Total
A
134
0.353
2.222
1.23
200
66
9.71
14.1
21:04
22:11
23:17
0:24

2055 Aug 07
10:51
Partial
D
139
-0.477
2.032
0.964
204

21.17
-16.8
9:09

12:33

2056 Feb 01
12:24
Penumbral
A
144
1.068
0.931
-0.105

9
18.1

2056 Jul 26
18:41
Penumbral
D
149
-1.205
0.669
-0.344

20.47
-20.3

2056 Jun 27
10:01
Penumbral
D
111
1.377
0.34
-0.646

18.48
-21.9

2056 Dec 22
1:47
Penumbral
A
116
-1.156
0.812
-0.306

6.07
22.4

2057 Jun 17
2:24
Partial
D
121
0.617
1.722
0.762
170

17.75
-22.8
0:59

3:49

2057 Dec 11
0:51
Partial
A
126
-0.485
2.044
0.923
204

5.24
22.6
23:09

2:33

2058 Jun 06
19:14
Total
D
131
-0.118
2.646
1.667
214
98
17.01
-22.8
17:27
18:25
20:03
21:01

2058 Nov 30
3:14
Total
A
136
0.221
2.506
1.431
222
90
4.42
21.9
1:23
2:29
3:59
5:05

2059 May 27
7:53
Partial
D
141
-0.91
1.22
0.188
98

16.26
-22.2
7:04

8:42

2059 Nov 19
12:59
Partial
A
146
0.9
1.229
0.213
100

3.64
20.4
12:09

13:49

2060 May

151
no lunar eclipse, Saros 151 starting in 2096

2060 Nov 08
4:02
Penumbral
A
156
1.533
0.052
-0.932

2.9
18.2

2060 Apr 15
21:35
Penumbral
D
113
1.162
0.794
-0.311

13.68
-9.3

2060 Oct 09
18:51
Penumbral
A
118
-1.067
0.905
-0.074

1.09
5.8

2061 Apr 04
21:52
Total
D
123
0.43
2.131
1.039
210
32
12.97
-5.8
20:07
21:36
22:08
23:37

2061 Sep 29
9:36
Total
A
128
-0.381
2.181
1.168
204
60
0.43
2.4
7:54
9:06
10:06
11:18

2062 Mar 25
3:32
Total
D
133
-0.315
2.316
1.275
212
76
12.28
-2.2
1:46
2:54
4:10
5:18

2062 Sep 18
18:32
Total
A
138
0.374
2.221
1.154
214
60
23.75
-1.2
16:45
18:02
19:02
20:19

2063 Mar 14
16:04
Partial
D
143
-1.001
1.034
0.039
44

11.61
1.5
15:42

16:26

2063 Sep 07
20:39
Penumbral
A
148
1.138
0.836
-0.264

23.06
-4.9

2064 Feb 02
21:47
Partial
D
115
0.997
1.045
0.044
46

9.11
17.6
21:24

22:10

2064 Jul 28
7:50
Partial
A
120
-0.947
1.162
0.109
78

20.58
-19.6
7:11

8:29

2065 Jan 22
9:57
Total
D
125
0.337
2.282
1.228
210
70
8.36
19.8
8:12
9:22
10:32
11:42

2065 Jul 17
17:46
Total
A
130
-0.14
2.615
1.618
216
98
19.85
-21.1
15:58
16:57
18:35
19:34

2066 Jan 11
15:02
Total
D
135
-0.369
2.252
1.142
216
58
7.56
21.4
13:14
14:33
15:31
16:50

2066 Jul 07
9:28
Partial
A
140
0.606
1.742
0.781
172

19.12
-21.9
8:02

10:54

2066 Dec 31
14:28
Penumbral
D
145
-1.054
1.003
-0.124

6.73
22.1

2067 Jun 27
2:39
Penumbral
A
150
1.34
0.4
-0.57

18.39
-22

2067 May 28
18:54
Penumbral
A
112
-1.201
0.666
-0.327

16.38
-22.8

2067 Nov 21
0:02
Penumbral
D
117
1.211
0.68
-0.376

3.76
21

2068 May 17
5:40
Partial
A
122
-0.485
2.009
0.959
200

15.65
-20
4:00

7:20

2068 Nov 09
11:44
Total
D
127
0.464
2.022
1.021
190
22
3.02
17.6
10:09
11:33
11:55
13:19

2069 May 06
9:07
Total
A
132
0.272
2.422
1.327
226
86
14.94
-16.5
7:14
8:24
9:50
11:00

2069 Oct 30
3:33
Total
D
137
-0.226
2.448
1.467
206
88
2.33
13.7
1:50
2:49
4:17
5:16

2070 Apr 25
9:19
Penumbral
A
142
1.005
1.077
-0.017

14.23
-12.5

2070 Oct 19
18:49
Partial
D
147
-0.941
1.151
0.143
84

1.67
9.4
18:07

19:31

2071 Mar 16
1:29
Penumbral
A
114
-1.076
0.913
-0.114

11.71
0.8

2071 Sep 09
15:03
Penumbral
D
119
1.083
0.925
-0.153

23.19
-4.2

2072 Mar 04
15:21
Total
A
124
-0.343
2.238
1.25
200
70
11.07
5.6
13:41
14:46
15:56
17:01

2072 Aug 28
16:03
Total
D
129
0.356
2.269
1.171
220
66
22.53
-8.9
14:13
15:30
16:36
17:53

2073 Feb 22
7:22
Total
A
134
0.339
2.247
1.256
200
70
10.42
10.3
5:42
6:47
7:57
9:02

2073 Aug 17
17:40
Total
D
139
-0.4
2.173
1.106
212
52
21.85
-13.4
15:54
17:14
18:06
19:26

2074 Feb 11
20:53
Penumbral
A
144
1.061
0.944
-0.092

9.74
14.7

2074 Aug 07
1:53
Penumbral
D
149
-1.129
0.806
-0.204

21.18
-17.4

2074 Jul 08
17:19
Penumbral
D
111
1.446
0.212
-0.771

19.22
-20.9

2075 Jan 02
9:52
Penumbral
A
116
-1.164
0.798
-0.323

6.88
21.8

2075 Jun 28
9:53
Partial
D
121
0.69
1.587
0.628
158

18.5
-22.5
8:34

11:12

2075 Dec 22
8:53
Partial
A
126
-0.494
2.027
0.906
204

6.05
23
7:11

10:35

2076 Jun 17
2:37
Total
D
131
-0.045
2.78
1.8
216
100
17.77
-23.4
0:49
1:47
3:27
4:25

2076 Dec 10
11:32
Total
A
136
0.21
2.524
1.45
222
92
5.22
23.2
9:41
10:46
12:18
13:23

2077 Jun 06
14:57
Partial
D
141
-0.839
1.351
0.317
126

17.02
-23.5
13:54

16:00

2077 Nov 29
21:33
Partial
A
146
0.886
1.256
0.241
106

4.42
22.5
20:40

22:26

2078 May

151
no lunar eclipse, Saros 151 starting in 2096

2078 Nov 19
12:37
Penumbral
A
156
1.515
0.086
-0.899

3.65
21.1

2078 Apr 27
4:33
Penumbral
D
113
1.222
0.682
-0.42

14.36
-13

2078 Oct 21
3:05
Penumbral
A
118
-1.102
0.842
-0.14

1.78
9.8

2079 Apr 16
5:08
Partial
D
123
0.48
2.036
0.95
204

13.65
-9.8
3:26

6:50

2079 Oct 10
17:28
Total
A
128
-0.424
2.104
1.085
200
44
1.09
6.5
15:48
17:06
17:50
19:08

2080 Apr 04
11:21
Total
D
133
-0.275
2.386
1.351
214
82
12.95
-6.4
9:34
10:40
12:02
13:08

2080 Sep 29
1:50
Total
A
138
0.321
2.322
1.249
218
74
0.41
3
0:01
1:13
2:27
3:39

2081 Mar 25
0:19
Partial
D
143
-0.969
1.09
0.1
68

12.28
-2.9
23:45

0:53

2081 Sep 18
3:32
Penumbral
A
148
1.075
0.953
-0.151

23.72
-0.8

[1]

2082 Feb 13
6:26
Partial
D
115
1.01
1.021
0.019
30

9.85
14.1
6:11

6:41
[2]

2082 Aug 08
14:44
Penumbral
A
120
-1.02
1.027
-0.024

21.29
-16.8

[3]

2083 Feb 02
18:24
Total
D
125
0.346
2.266
1.211
210
68
9.11
16.9
16:39
17:50
18:58
20:09

2083 Jul 29
1:03
Total
A
130
-0.214
2.478
1.483
214
92
20.58
-18.9
23:16
0:17
1:49
2:50

2084 Jan 22
23:10
Total
D
135
-0.361
2.267
1.155
216
62
8.34
19.2
21:22
22:39
23:41
0:58

2084 Jul 17
16:56
Partial
A
140
0.531
1.878
0.917
182

19.86
-20.4
15:25

18:27

2085 Jan 10
22:29
Penumbral
D
145
-1.046
1.019
-0.108

7.52
20.8

2085 Jun 08
2:15
Penumbral
A
112
-1.274
0.532
-0.462

17.13
-24.2

2085 Dec 01
8:22
Penumbral
D
117
1.219
0.665
-0.39

4.54
23.1

2086 May 28
12:41
Partial
A
122
-0.558
1.875
0.824
190

16.39
-22.1
11:06

14:16

2086 Nov 20
20:17
Partial
D
127
0.48
1.994
0.992
188

3.78
20.4
18:43

21:51

2087 May 17
15:52
Total
A
132
0.2
2.553
1.46
232
96
15.65
-19.3
13:56
15:04
16:40
17:48

2087 Nov 10
12:02
Total
D
137
-0.204
2.49
1.506
208
90
3.06
17.1
10:18
11:17
12:47
13:46

2088 May 05
16:14
Partial
A
142
0.939
1.195
0.106
78

14.92
-15.8
15:35

16:53

2088 Oct 30
3:00
Partial
D
147
-0.915
1.201
0.188
94

2.37
13.2
2:13

3:47

2089 Mar 26
9:31
Penumbral
A
114
-1.104
0.859
-0.162

12.37
-3.6

2089 Sep 19
22:08
Penumbral
D
119
1.145
0.816
-0.269

23.84
0.1

2090 Mar 15
23:45
Total
A
124
-0.367
2.191
1.207
198
64
11.74
1.3
22:06
23:13
0:17
1:24

2090 Sep 08
22:49
Total
D
129
0.425
2.143
1.043
214
34
23.18
-4.8
21:02
22:32
23:06
0:36

2091 Mar 05
15:55
Total
A
134
0.322
2.278
1.288
202
74
11.11
6.1
14:14
15:18
16:32
17:36

2091 Aug 29
0:35
Total
D
139
-0.327
2.306
1.24
218
74
22.52
-9.6
22:46
23:58
1:12
2:24

2092 Feb 23
5:18
Penumbral
A
144
1.051
0.963
-0.074

10.45
10.8

2092 Aug 17
9:11
Penumbral
D
149
-1.057
0.938
-0.071

21.87
-14

2092 Jul 19
0:39
Penumbral
D
111
1.513
0.087
-0.893

19.95
-19.2

2093 Jan 12
17:57
Penumbral
A
116
-1.173
0.782
-0.34

7.67
20.4

2093 Jul 08
17:21
Partial
D
121
0.763
1.452
0.493
142

19.25
-21.5
16:10

18:32

2094 Jan 01
16:57
Partial
A
126
-0.502
2.012
0.892
202

6.85
22.4
15:16

18:38

2094 Jun 28
9:59
Total
D
131
0.029
2.812
1.829
216
102
18.53
-23.2
8:11
9:08
10:50
11:47

2094 Dec 21
19:53
Total
A
136
0.202
2.539
1.467
222
92
6.03
23.6
18:02
19:07
20:39
21:44

2095 Jun 17
21:57
Partial
D
141
-0.766
1.487
0.451
148

17.78
-24.1
20:43

23:11

2095 Dec 11
6:12
Partial
A
146
0.874
1.276
0.262
110

5.22
23.9
5:17

7:07

2096 Jun 06
2:40
Penumbral
D
151
-1.573
0.03
-1.054

17
-24.1

2096 Nov 29
21:19
Penumbral
A
156
1.502
0.111
-0.876

4.44
23.2

2096 May 07
11:21
Penumbral
D
113
1.29
0.557
-0.542

15.06
-16.1

2096 Oct 31
11:27
Penumbral
A
118
-1.131
0.792
-0.195

2.48
13.5

2097 Apr 26
12:15
Partial
D
123
0.538
1.928
0.847
196

14.33
-13.4
10:37

13:53

2097 Oct 21
1:27
Total
A
128
-0.461
2.041
1.015
196
20
1.78
10.5
23:49
1:17
1:37
3:05

2098 Apr 15
19:01
Total
D
133
-0.227
2.471
1.442
216
90
13.62
-10.4
17:13
18:16
19:46
20:49

2098 Oct 10
9:16
Total
A
138
0.275
2.409
1.329
222
84
1.08
7.1
7:25
8:34
9:58
11:07

2099 Apr 05
8:27
Partial
D
143
-0.931
1.158
0.173
90

12.95
-7.1
7:42

9:12

2099 Sep 29
10:33
Penumbral
A
148
1.018
1.06
-0.047

0.38
3.4

2100 Feb 24
15:02
Penumbral
D
115
1.027
0.99
-0.011

10.55
10.2

2100 Aug 19
21:41
Penumbral
A
120
-1.09
0.898
-0.152

21.98
-13.4

tag: table


document_title: States' rights

question_text: where does the power reserved for the states constitutionally originate from

text: States' rights

text: Background[edit]

text: The balance of federal powers and those powers held by the states as defined in the Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution was first addressed in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819). The Court's decision by Chief Justice John Marshall asserted that the laws adopted by the federal government, when exercising its constitutional powers, are generally paramount over any conflicting laws adopted by state governments. After McCulloch, the primary legal issues in this area concerned the scope of Congress' constitutional powers, and whether the states possess certain powers to the exclusion of the federal government, even if the Constitution does not explicitly limit them to the states.[3][4]

text: Text[edit]

text: The Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution states:

text:
“
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding. (Emphasis added.)
”

text: In The Federalist Papers, ratification proponent Alexander Hamilton explained the limitations this clause placed on the proposed federal government, describing that acts of the federal government were binding on the states and the people therein only if the act was in pursuance of constitutionally granted powers, and juxtaposing acts which exceeded those bounds as "void and of no force":

text:
“
But it will not follow from this doctrine that acts of the large society which are not pursuant to its constitutional powers, but which are invasions of the residuary authorities of the smaller societies, will become the supreme law of the land. These will be merely acts of usurpation, and will deserve to be treated as such.
”

text: Controversy to 1865[edit]

text: In the period between the American Revolution and the ratification of the United States Constitution, the states had united under a much weaker federal government and a much stronger state and local government, pursuant to the Articles of Confederation. The Articles gave the central government very little, if any, authority to overrule individual state actions. The Constitution subsequently strengthened the central government, authorizing it to exercise powers deemed necessary to exercise its authority, with an ambiguous boundary between the two co-existing levels of government. In the event of any conflict between state and federal law, the Constitution resolved the conflict[3] via the Supremacy Clause of Article VI in favor of the federal government, which declares federal law the "supreme Law of the Land" and provides that "the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding." However, the Supremacy Clause only applies if the federal government is acting in pursuit of its constitutionally authorized powers, as noted by the phrase "in pursuance thereof" in the actual text of the Supremacy Clause itself (see above).

text: Alien and Sedition Acts[edit]

text: When the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which provide a classic statement in support of states' rights and called on state legislatures to nullify unconstitutional federal laws. (The other states, however, did not follow suit and several rejected the notion that states could nullify federal law.) According to this theory, the federal union is a voluntary association of states, and if the central government goes too far each state has the right to nullify that law. As Jefferson said in the Kentucky Resolutions:

text: Resolved, that the several States composing the United States of America, are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government; but that by compact under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States and of amendments thereto, they constituted a general government for special purposes, delegated to that government certain definite powers, reserving each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritative, void, and of no force: That to this compact each State acceded as a State, and is an integral party, its co-States forming, as to itself, the other party....each party has an equal right to judge for itself, as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress.

text: The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which became part of the Principles of '98, along with the supporting Report of 1800 by Madison, became final documents of Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party.[5] Gutzman argued that Governor Edmund Randolph designed the protest in the name of moderation.[6] Gutzman argues that in 1798, Madison espoused states' rights to defeat national legislation that he maintained was a threat to republicanism. During 1831–33, the South Carolina Nullifiers quoted Madison in their defense of states' rights. But Madison feared that the growing support for this doctrine would undermine the union and argued that by ratifying the Constitution states had transferred their sovereignty to the federal government.[7]

text: The most vociferous supporters of states' rights, such as John Randolph of Roanoke, were called "Old Republicans" into the 1820s and 1830s.[8]

text: Tate (2011) undertook a literary criticism of a major book by John Taylor of Caroline, New Views of the Constitution of the United States. Tate argues it is structured as a forensic historiography modeled on the techniques of 18th-century Whig lawyers. Taylor believed that evidence from American history gave proof of state sovereignty within the union, against the arguments of nationalists such as U.S. Chief Justice John Marshall.[9]

text: Another states' rights dispute occurred over the War of 1812. At the Hartford Convention of 1814–15, New England Federalists voiced opposition to President Madison's war, and discussed secession from the Union. In the end they stopped short of calls for secession, but when their report appeared at the same time as news of the great American victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the Federalists were politically ruined.[10]

text: Nullification Crisis of 1832[edit]

text: One major and continuous strain on the union, from roughly 1820 through the Civil War, was the issue of trade and tariffs. Heavily dependent upon international trade, the almost entirely agricultural and export-oriented South imported most of its manufactured goods from Europe or obtained them from the North. The North, by contrast, had a growing domestic industrial economy that viewed foreign trade as competition. Trade barriers, especially protective tariffs, were viewed as harmful to the Southern economy, which depended on exports.

text: In 1828, the Congress passed protective tariffs to benefit trade in the northern states, but that were detrimental to the South. Southerners vocally expressed their tariff opposition in documents such as the South Carolina Exposition and Protest in 1828, written in response to the "Tariff of Abominations." Exposition and Protest was the work of South Carolina senator and former vice president John C. Calhoun, formerly an advocate of protective tariffs and internal improvements at federal expense.

text: South Carolina's Nullification Ordinance declared that both the tariff of 1828 and the tariff of 1832 were null and void within the state borders of South Carolina. This action initiated the Nullification Crisis. Passed by a state convention on November 24, 1832, it led, on December 10, to President Andrew Jackson's proclamation against South Carolina, which sent a naval flotilla and a threat of sending federal troops to enforce the tariffs; Jackson authorized this under color of national authority, claiming in his 1832 Proclamation Regarding Nullification that "our social compact in express terms declares, that the laws of the United States, its Constitution, and treaties made under it, are the supreme law of the land" and for greater caution adds, "that the judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding."

text: Civil War[edit]

text: Over the following decades, another central dispute over states' rights moved to the forefront. The issue of slavery polarized the union, with the Jeffersonian principles often being used by both sides—anti-slavery Northerners, and Southern slaveholders and secessionists—in debates that ultimately led to the American Civil War. Supporters of slavery often argued that one of the rights of the states was the protection of slave property wherever it went, a position endorsed by the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1857 Dred Scott decision. In contrast, opponents of slavery argued that the non-slave-states' rights were violated both by that decision and by the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Exactly which—and whose—states' rights were the casus belli in the Civil War remain in controversy.

text: Southern arguments[edit]

text: A major Southern argument in the 1850s was that banning slavery in the territories discriminated against states that allowed slavery, making them second-class states. In 1857 the Supreme Court sided with the states' rights supporters, declaring in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in the territories.[11]

text: Jefferson Davis used the following argument in favor of the equal rights of states:

text: Resolved, That the union of these States rests on the equality of rights and privileges among its members, and that it is especially the duty of the Senate, which represents the States in their sovereign capacity, to resist all attempts to discriminate either in relation to person or property, so as, in the Territories—which are the common possession of the United States—to give advantages to the citizens of one State which are not equally secured to those of every other State.[12]

text: Southern states sometimes argued against 'states rights'. For example, Texas challenged some northern states having the right to protect fugitive slaves.[13]

text: Economists such as Thomas DiLorenzo and Charles Adams argue that the Southern secession and the ensuing conflict was much more of a fiscal quarrel than a war over slavery. Northern-inspired tariffs benefited Northern interests but were detrimental to Southern interests and were destroying the economy in the South.[14] These tariffs would be less subject to states rights' arguments.

text: Northern arguments[edit]

text: The historian James McPherson[15] noted that Southerners were inconsistent on the states' rights issue, and that Northern states tried to protect the rights of their states against the South during the Gag Rule and fugitive slave law controversies.

text: The historian William H. Freehling[16] noted that the South's argument for a state's right to secede was different from Thomas Jefferson's, in that Jefferson based such a right on the unalienable equal rights of man. The South's version of such a right was modified to be consistent with slavery, and with the South's blend of democracy and authoritarianism.[16] Historian Henry Brooks Adams explains that the anti-slavery North took a consistent and principled stand on states' rights against federal encroachment throughout its history, while the Southern states, whenever they saw an opportunity to expand slavery and the reach of the slave power, often conveniently forgot the principle of states' rights—and fought in favor of federal centralization:

text: Between the slave power and states' rights there was no necessary connection. The slave power, when in control, was a centralizing influence, and all the most considerable encroachments on states' rights were its acts. The acquisition and admission of Louisiana; the Embargo; the War of 1812; the annexation of Texas "by joint resolution" [rather than treaty]; the war with Mexico, declared by the mere announcement of President Polk; the Fugitive Slave Law; the Dred Scott decision—all triumphs of the slave power—did far more than either tariffs or internal improvements, which in their origin were also southern measures, to destroy the very memory of states' rights as they existed in 1789. Whenever a question arose of extending or protecting slavery, the slaveholders became friends of centralized power, and used that dangerous weapon with a kind of frenzy. Slavery in fact required centralization in order to maintain and protect itself, but it required to control the centralized machine; it needed despotic principles of government, but it needed them exclusively for its own use. Thus, in truth, states' rights were the protection of the free states, and as a matter of fact, during the domination of the slave power, Massachusetts appealed to this protecting principle as often and almost as loudly as South Carolina.[17]

text: Sinha[18] and Richards[19] both argue that the south only used states' rights when they disagreed with a policy. Examples given are a states' right to engage in slavery or to suppress freedom of speech. They argue that it was instead the result of the increasing cognitive dissonance in the minds of Northerners and (some) Southern non-slaveowners between the ideals that the United States was founded upon and identified itself as standing for, as expressed in the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and the Bill of Rights, and the reality that the slave-power represented, as what they describe as an anti-democratic, counter-republican, oligarchic, despotic, authoritarian, if not totalitarian, movement for ownership of human beings as the personal chattels of the slaver. As this cognitive dissonance increased, the people of the Northern states, and the Northern states themselves, became increasingly inclined to resist the encroachments of the slave power upon their states' rights and encroachments of the slave power by and upon the federal government of the United States. The slave power, having failed to maintain its dominance of the federal government through democratic means, sought other means of maintaining its dominance of the federal government, by means of military aggression, by right of force and coercion, and thus, the Civil War occurred.

text: Texas v. White[edit]

text: In Texas v. White, 74 U.S. 700 (1869) the Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims to have joined the Confederate States of America; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States, and that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were "absolutely null" under the constitution.[20]

text: Since the Civil War[edit]

text: A series of Supreme Court decisions developed the state action constraint on the Equal Protection Clause. The state action theory weakened the effect of the Equal Protection Clause against state governments, in that the clause was held not to apply to unequal protection of the laws caused in part by complete lack of state action in specific cases, even if state actions in other instances form an overall pattern of segregation and other discrimination. The separate but equal theory further weakened the effect of the Equal Protection Clause against state governments.

text: In case law[edit]

text: With United States v. Cruikshank (1876), a case which arose out of the Colfax Massacre of blacks contesting the results of a Reconstruction era election, the Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to the First Amendment or Second Amendment to state governments in respect to their own citizens, only to acts of the federal government. In McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010), the Supreme Court held that the Second Amendment right of an individual to "keep and bear arms" is incorporated by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and therefore fully applicable to states and local governments.[citation needed]

text: Furthermore, United States v. Harris (1883) held that the Equal Protection Clause did not apply to an 1883 prison lynching on the basis that the Fourteenth Amendment applied only to state acts, not to individual criminal actions.

text: In the Civil Rights Cases (1883), the Supreme Court allowed segregation by striking down the Civil Rights Act of 1875, a statute that prohibited racial discrimination in public accommodation. It again held that the Equal Protection Clause applied only to acts done by states, not to those done by private individuals, and as the Civil Rights Act of 1875 applied to private establishments, the Court said, it exceeded congressional enforcement power under Section 5 of the Fourteenth Amendment.

text: Later progressive era and World War II[edit]

text: By the beginning of the 20th century, greater cooperation began to develop between the state and federal governments and the federal government began to accumulate more power. Early in this period, a federal income tax was imposed, first during the Civil War as a war measure and then permanently with the Sixteenth Amendment in 1913. Before this, the states played a larger role in government.

text: States' rights were affected by the fundamental alteration of the federal government resulting from the Seventeenth Amendment, depriving state governments of an avenue of control over the federal government via the representation of each state's legislature in the U.S. Senate. This change has been described by legal critics as the loss of a check and balance on the federal government by the states.[21]

text: Following the Great Depression, the New Deal and then World War II saw further growth in the authority and responsibilities of the federal government. The case of Wickard v. Filburn allowed the federal government to enforce the Agricultural Adjustment Act, providing subsidies to farmers for limiting their crop yields, arguing agriculture affected interstate commerce and came under the jurisdiction of the Commerce Clause even when a farmer grew his crops not to be sold, but for his own private use.

text: After World War II, President Harry Truman supported a civil rights bill and desegregated the military. The reaction was a split in the Democratic Party that led to the formation of the "States' Rights Democratic Party"—better known as the Dixiecrats—led by Strom Thurmond. Thurmond ran as the States' Rights candidate for President in the 1948 election, losing to Truman.

text: Civil rights movement[edit]

text: During the 1950s and 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement was confronted by the proponents in the Southern states of racial segregation and Jim Crow laws who denounced federal interference in these state-level laws as an assault on states' rights.

text: Though Brown v. Board of Education (1954) overruled the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision, the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments were largely inactive in the South until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. § 21)[22] and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Several states passed Interposition Resolutions to declare that the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown usurped states' rights.

text: There was also opposition by states' rights advocates to voting rights at Edmund Pettus Bridge, which was part of the Selma to Montgomery marches, that resulted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

text: Contemporary debates[edit]

text: In 1964, the issue of fair housing in California involved the boundary between state laws and federalism. California Proposition 14 overturned the Rumsford Fair Housing Act in California and allowed discrimination in any type of housing sale or rental.[23] Martin Luther King, Jr. and others saw this as a backlash against civil rights. Actor Ronald Reagan gained popularity by supporting Proposition 14, and was later elected governor of California.[24] The U.S. Supreme Court's Reitman v. Mulkey decision overturned Proposition 14 in 1967 in favor of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

text: Conservative historians Thomas E. Woods, Jr. and Kevin R. C. Gutzman argue that when politicians come to power they exercise all the power they can get, in the process trampling states' rights.[25] Gutzman argues that the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798 by Jefferson and Madison were not only responses to immediate threats but were legitimate responses based on the long-standing principles of states' rights and strict adherence to the Constitution.[26]

text: Another concern is the fact that on more than one occasion, the federal government has threatened to withhold highway funds from states which did not pass certain articles of legislation. Any state which lost highway funding for any extended period would face financial impoverishment, infrastructure collapse or both. Although the first such action (the enactment of a national speed limit) was directly related to highways and done in the face of a fuel shortage, most subsequent actions have had little or nothing to do with highways and have not been done in the face of any compelling national crisis. An example of this would be the federally mandated drinking age of 21, upheld in South Dakota v. Dole. Critics of such actions feel that when the federal government does this they upset the traditional balance between the states and the federal government.

text: More recently, the issue of states' rights has come to a head when the Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC) recommended that Congress and the Department of Defense implement sweeping changes to the National Guard by consolidating some Guard installations and closing others. These recommendations in 2005 drew strong criticism from many states, and several states sued the federal government on the basis that Congress and the Pentagon would be violating states' rights should they force the realignment and closure of Guard bases without the prior approval of the governors from the affected states. After Pennsylvania won a federal lawsuit to block the deactivation of the 111th Fighter Wing of the Pennsylvania Air National Guard, defense and Congressional leaders chose to try to settle the remaining BRAC lawsuits out of court, reaching compromises with the plaintiff states.[27]

text: Current states' rights issues include the death penalty, assisted suicide, same-sex marriage, gun control, and cannabis, the last of which is in direct violation of federal law. In Gonzales v. Raich, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the federal government, permitting the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to arrest medical marijuana patients and caregivers. In Gonzales v. Oregon, the Supreme Court ruled the practice of physician-assisted suicide in Oregon is legal. In Obergefell v. Hodges, the Supreme Court ruled that states could not withhold recognition to same-sex marriages. In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the United States Supreme Court ruled that gun ownership is an individual right under the Second Amendment of the United States Constitution, and the District of Columbia could not completely ban gun ownership by law-abiding private citizens. Two years later, the court ruled that the Heller decision applied to states and territories via the Second and 14th Amendments in McDonald v. Chicago, stating that states, territories and political divisions thereof, could not impose total bans on gun ownership by law-abiding citizens.

text: These concerns have led to a movement sometimes called the State Sovereignty movement or "10th Amendment Sovereignty Movement".[28]

text: Some, such as former representative Ron Paul (R-TX), have proposed repealing the 17th Amendment of the United States Constitution.[29]

text: 10th Amendment Resolutions[edit]

text: In 2009–2010 thirty-eight states introduced resolutions to reaffirm the principles of sovereignty under the Constitution and the 10th Amendment; 14 states have passed the resolutions. These non-binding resolutions, often called "state sovereignty resolutions" do not carry the force of law. Instead, they are intended to be a statement to demand that the federal government halt its practices of assuming powers and imposing mandates upon the states for purposes not enumerated by the Constitution.[4]

text: States' rights and the Rehnquist Court[edit]

text: The Supreme Court's University of Alabama v. Garrett (2001)[30] and Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000)[31] decisions allowed states to use a rational basis review for discrimination against the aged and disabled, arguing that these types of discrimination were rationally related to a legitimate state interest, and that no "razorlike precision" was needed." The Supreme Court's United States v. Morrison (2000)[32] decision limited the ability of rape victims to sue their attackers in federal court. Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist explained that "States historically have been sovereign" in the area of law enforcement, which in the Court's opinion required narrow interpretations of the Commerce Clause and Fourteenth Amendment.

text: Kimel, Garrett and Morrison indicated that the Court's previous decisions in favor of enumerated powers and limits on Congressional power over the states, such as United States v. Lopez (1995), Seminole Tribe v. Florida (1996) and City of Boerne v. Flores (1997) were more than one time flukes. In the past, Congress relied on the Commerce Clause and the Equal Protection Clause for passing civil rights bills, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[22]

text: Lopez limited the Commerce Clause to things that directly affect interstate commerce, which excludes issues like gun control laws, hate crimes, and other crimes that affect commerce but are not directly related to commerce. Seminole reinforced the "sovereign immunity of states" doctrine, which makes it difficult to sue states for many things, especially civil rights violations. The Flores "congruence and proportionality" requirement prevents Congress from going too far in requiring states to comply with the Equal Protection Clause, which replaced the ratchet theory advanced in Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966). The ratchet theory held that Congress could ratchet up civil rights beyond what the Court had recognized, but that Congress could not ratchet down judicially recognized rights. An important precedent for Morrison was United States v. Harris (1883), which ruled that the Equal Protection Clause did not apply to a prison lynching because the state action doctrine applies Equal Protection only to state action, not private criminal acts. Since the ratchet principle was replaced with the "congruence and proportionality" principle by Flores, it was easier to revive older precedents for preventing Congress from going beyond what Court interpretations would allow. Critics such as Associate Justice John Paul Stevens accused the Court of judicial activism (i.e., interpreting law to reach a desired conclusion).

text: The tide against federal power in the Rehnquist court was stopped in the case of Gonzales v. Raich, 545 U.S. 1 (2005), in which the court upheld the federal power to prohibit medicinal use of cannabis even if states have permitted it. Rehnquist himself was a dissenter in the Raich case.

text: States' rights as code word[edit]

text: Since the 1940s, the term "states' rights" has often been considered a loaded term because of its use in opposition to federally mandated racial desegregation and more recently, same-sex marriage.[33][34]

text: During the heyday of the civil rights movement, defenders of segregation[33][35] used the term "states' rights" as a code word—in what is now referred to as dog-whistle politics—political messaging that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has an additional, different or more specific resonance for a targeted subgroup.[36][37][38] In 1948 it was the official name of the "Dixiecrat" party led by white supremacist presidential candidate Strom Thurmond.[39][40] Democratic governor George Wallace of Alabama, who famously declared in his inaugural address in 1963, "Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!"—later remarked that he should have said, "States' rights now! States' rights tomorrow! States' rights forever!"[41] Wallace, however, claimed that segregation was but one issue symbolic of a larger struggle for states' rights; in that view, which some historians dispute, his replacement of segregation with states' rights would be more of a clarification than a euphemism.[41]

text: In 2010, Texas governor Rick Perry's use of the expression "states' rights", to some, was reminiscent of "an earlier era when it was a rallying cry against civil rights."[42] During an interview with The Dallas Morning News, Perry made it clear that he supports the end of segregation, including passage of the Civil Rights Act. Texas president of the NAACP Gary Bledsoe stated that he understood that Perry wasn't speaking of "states' rights" in a racial context; but others still felt offended by the term because of its past misuse.[42]