document_title: Padmé Amidala

question_text: who played padme in star wars the phantom menace

text: Padmé Amidala

text: Concept and creation[edit]

text: In initial drafts of the Star Wars story, Luke Skywalker's and Princess Leia's mother was not well developed. According to Dale Pollock, Luke Skywalker was originally Luke Starkiller and "Leia is the daughter of Owen Lars and his wife Beru and seems to be Luke's cousin – together they visit the grave of his mother, who perished with his father on a planet destroyed by the Death Star.[3] In an interview, Lucas answered a question about the development of characters like Obi-Wan Kenobi, Luke, and Leia; their mother was not a factor:

text: The first [version] talked about a princess and an old general. The second version involved a father, his son, and his daughter; the daughter was the heroine of the film. Now the daughter has become Luke, Mark Hamill's character. There was also the story of two brothers where I transformed one of them into a sister. The older brother was imprisoned, and the young sister had to rescue him and bring him back to their dad.[4]

text: Film historian Laurent Bouzereau reports that the second draft of the Return of the Jedi screenplay contained dialogue in which Obi-Wan Kenobi explains to Luke that he has a twin sister. She and their mother were "sent to the protection of friends in a distant system. The mother died shortly thereafter, and Luke's sister was adopted by Ben's friends, the governor of Alderaan and his wife."[5] Lucas is quoted in Star Wars: The Annotated Scripts (1997) as saying:

text: The part that I never really developed is the death of Luke and Leia's mother. I had a backstory for her in earlier drafts, but it basically didn't survive. When I got to Jedi, I wanted one of the kids to have some kind of memory of her because she will be a key figure in the new episodes I'm writing. But I really debated whether or not Leia should remember her.[6]

text: Revenge of the Sith does not explain how Leia remembers her "real mother". Film critic Peter Travers of Rolling Stone applauds Lucas's attempt to link the two trilogies in Revenge of the Sith's final scenes, but says, "It's too little and too late." He explains, "To hail Revenge of the Sith as a satisfying bridge to a classic is not just playing a game of the Emperor's New Clothes, it's an insult to what the original accomplished."[7]

text: When Lucas drafted the script for The Phantom Menace, he envisioned a "link between Padmé and Princess Leia, the daughter who follows so closely in her footsteps."[8] According to Natalie Portman, "It definitely did come into play how strong and smart a character Carrie Fisher portrayed, because I think that a lot of that is passed on from parent to child. I think George wrote Amidala as a strong, smart character, but it helped to know that I had this great woman before me who had portrayed her character as a fiery woman."[9] Paul McDonald notes that there are "inevitable comparisons" between the two characters: "both develop soft spots for rogue pilots, and both have a knack for slipping into and out of stilted British accents."[10] Despite being diplomats, each is also the best marksman of her respective trilogy, rarely missing.

text: Casting[edit]

text: George Lucas, Rick McCallum, and casting director Robin Gurland auditioned over 200 actresses for the part of Padmé Amidala.[11] They chose 16-year-old actress Natalie Portman to play the role. According to The Phantom Menace production notes, "The role required a young woman who could be believable as the ruler of that planet, but at the same time be vulnerable and open." Portman's performances in The Professional (1994) and Beautiful Girls (1996) impressed Lucas.[12] He stated, "I was looking for someone who was young, strong, along the lines of Leia. Natalie embodied all those traits and more."[13]

text: Portman was a unique choice because she was unfamiliar with Star Wars. "My cousins had always been obsessed with the films, yet I hadn't even seen them before I got the part," she says. "When it all happened for me, my cousins were exclaiming, 'Oh, my God, you're in Star Wars!'"[14] She told a CNN interviewer, "I really wasn't aware of how big a deal Star Wars was ... and when I saw the films, I really liked them, but I still didn't really understand how many ... were passionate fans of this film."[15] Portman was, however, enthusiastic over being cast as the queen of Naboo, a character she expected to become a role model: "It was wonderful playing a young queen with so much power. I think it will be good for young women to see a strong woman of action who is also smart and a leader."[14]

text: In The Phantom Menace, Portman had to portray a character younger than herself. In Attack of the Clones, however, her character had aged 10 years. Portman had aged only five years between the two films. She remarks, "[Lucas] wants to make sure I seem older than Anakin in Attack of the Clones, so it's believable that I can be bossing him around, and he's a little intimidated. She looks at him as a little boy – at least for the first half of the film."[16]

text: Portman signed a contract to play Padmé in the three prequel films. Reactions by critics to her performances were largely negative. James Berardinelli called her acting in The Phantom Menace "lackluster,"[17] while Annlee Ellingson of Box Office Magazine said "Portman's delivery is stiff and flat, perhaps hindered by the gorgeous but cumbersome costumes."[18] Mike Clark of USA Today complained about Portman and Hayden Christensen, who portrayed Anakin; he wrote, "Both speak in monotone for doubly deadly effect, though when not burdened by his co-star, Christensen often finds the emotion in his limited intonations."[19] A Revenge of the Sith reviewer for The Village Voice accused "computer-generated characters like wheezing cyborg baddie General Grievous and blippeting fireplug R2-D2" of "emot[ing] more convincingly than either Natalie Portman or Hayden Christensen."[20] Nonetheless, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle described Portman's performance in the third episode as "decorative and sympathetic."[21]

text: Critics have blamed Portman's performance on Lucas' direction and script. Roger Ebert, for example, charged that in Attack of the Clones "too much of ... the film is given over to a romance between Padmé and Anakin in which they're incapable of uttering anything other than the most basic and weary romantic clichés, while regarding each other as if love was something to be endured rather than cherished."[22] He offered a similar critique for Revenge of the Sith: "To say that George Lucas cannot write a love scene is an understatement; greeting cards have expressed more passion."[23] Todd McCarthy of Variety likewise lamented that "Lucas's shortcomings as a writer and director of intimate, one-on-one scenes" hampered Portman's performance.[24]

text: Costumes[edit]

text: An extensive wardrobe was designed for Padmé Amidala by Lucasfilm concept artists and costume designers. Like Leia Organa, one of the inspirations for Padmé was the Flash Gordon character Dale Arden. The wardrobe in The Phantom Menace was designed by concept artist Iain McCaig and costume designer Trisha Biggar; concept artist Dermot Power joined McCaig and Biggar in the design process of Attack of the Clones.[25][26] Biggar worked as costume designer on the three films.[27] Many costumes were inspired by the historical royal fashions of different cultures. For example, in The Phantom Menace, the dress which Padmé wears when addressing the Senate is based on Mongolian imperial fashion worn by Empress Dondogdulam, the wife of Bogd Khan, and other monarchs into the early 20th century. Padmé's travel gown in Attack of the Clones is based on 17th-century Russian fashion photographed on Grand Duchess Xenia Alexandrovna at the Romanov Anniversary Ball in 1903.[28]

text: The costumes of the prequel trilogy are purposefully more elaborate than those of the original trilogy. Lucas asserts that galactic society in the prequels is much more sophisticated.[29] Commenting on the disparities between the two trilogies, Carrie Fisher mused, "Harrison Ford wears the same outfit for three flicks, and I was complaining that I wear, like, six outfits. And my mother – Natalie Portman – she wears three million. She walks through a doorway and there's another outfit. It's like the Liberace of sci-fi changing of clothes."[30] Trisha Biggar reveals that originally there were only three costumes planned for Amidala in The Phantom Menace, but "[Lucas] decided that every time we saw [her] she was going to have a different costume."[31] Lucas explains, "Someone of that stature would automatically be changing their costumes to fit the occasion."[29]

text: Aesthetics aside, the wardrobe was designed to reflect key plot developments. In Attack of the Clones, Lucas wanted Padmé's wardrobe to mirror the romantic elements of the film. He suggested that her costumes be more "sultry in nature."[32] Trisha Biggar notes that Lucas wanted her to appear "sexy, gorgeous, and young in skimpy clothes."[33] Portman laughs, "I got over the hump of 18 so I'm allowed to show tummy now, I guess.",[34] so during the battle of Geonosis the bottom part of her top is ripped off revealing her midriff. For Revenge of the Sith, Biggar says, "We knew that Padmé was going to be pregnant through the whole film, and nobody in the outside world could know that. Because she's pregnant, I wanted a soft quality to be apparent in the fabrics that were used."[35]

text: Some of the costumes created by Biggar's staff did not appear in the final version of the films. In Revenge of the Sith, for example, a multi-colored "Peacock Gown" and a "Green Cut Velvet Robe" worn by Padmé in scenes featuring the Delegation of 2000 were deleted during post-production. Biggar remarks that the Peacock Gown had been one of her favorite designs and that much time and money had been invested in these particular costumes.[36] Ultimately, the Peacock Gown would be used only for the film's theatrical poster. The velvet robe was ultimately re-used for a short scene filmed during pick-up photography, thus appearing in the film, and features on the DVD cover art.

text: Many of Padmé's costumes in The Phantom Menace were featured in the Japanese magazine High Fashion in 1999 and the Attack of the Clones costumes were in Vogue in 2002. The costumes went on display in the 2005 exhibit Dressing A Galaxy: The Costumes of Star Wars at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising (FIDM) in Los Angeles.[37] Trisha Biggar won a Saturn Award for Best Costumes in 2000 for The Phantom Menace and in 2003 for Attack of the Clones. She was nominated in 2006 for Revenge of the Sith, but lost to Isis Mussenden, costume designer for The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005).

text: Character overview[edit]

text: Padmé Amidala is depicted in Star Wars fiction as beautiful and graceful. In Cloak of Deception, she is described as having "a slight figure and a lovely, feminine face. She was remarkably solemn for one so young. It was clear that she took her responsibilities with the utmost seriousness."[38] Terry Brooks details the alien Nute Gunray's reaction to her appearance: "She was considered beautiful, Gunray had been told, but he had no sense of human beauty and by Neimoidian standards she was simply colorless and small-featured."[39] Brooks writes that she is "young, beautiful, and serene."[40]

text: The Star Wars Databank describes her as "one of Naboo's best and brightest"[41] and "interested in public service".[42] She demonstrates a devotion to the disadvantaged and deprived beings of the galaxy. Her childhood and adolescence is sacrificed to public service. In the Attack of the Clones novelization, Padmé's sister Sola Naberrie tells her, "You're so tied up in your responsibilities that you don't give any weight to your desires."[43]

text: Padmé relies on diplomacy to resolve disputes, often appearing as a pacifist. She is not, however, an advocate of appeasement, as she is willing to use "aggressive negotiations" to preserve democracy.[44] The Star Wars Databank notes, "Despite her initial objections to a Republic army, Padmé nonetheless fought alongside the newly created clone troopers against the Separatist droid forces."[42] Film critics Dominique Mainon and James Ursini classify her as a "modern Amazon," a reference to the warrior women of ancient Greek mythology.[45]

text: Her combat skills are explored further through the Star Wars universe. In Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones she fights squads of battle droids with hand-to-hand combat and a blaster. She is an expert markswoman; in the Star Wars: The Clone Wars episode "Assassin", she outguns bounty hunter Aurra Sing.

text: As a ruler and politician, Padmé is distrustful of bureaucracy, opposed to corruption, and a firm believer in democracy and the rule of law. She tells Anakin, "Popular rule is not democracy .... It gives the people what they want, not what they need."[46] According to Mainon and Ursini, "she tried to preach compromise and reason, [but] the disarray within the [Republic] ... led her to doubt the senate's effectiveness."[42] Her loyalty remains with the Republic until she suspects it no longer represents the democratic principles she espouses. In the novelization of Revenge of the Sith, Padmé advises Senator Bail Organa and Mon Mothma, the founders of what will become the Rebel Alliance, to "Be good little Senators. Mind your manners and keep your heads down. And keep doing ... all those things we can't talk about."[47]

text: Padmé is sometimes mysterious and deceptive. She is described in Brooks' The Phantom Menace novelization as a "chameleon of sorts, masking herself to the world at large and finding companionship almost exclusively with a cadre of handmaidens who were always with her."[48] Her decision to quietly marry Anakin and secret discussions with other senators about Palpatine add to the character's duplicity.[42] Paul F. McDonald of Space.com observes, "Amidala ... embod[ies] many of the dualities that inform Episode I— war and peace, queen and commoner, form and substance. Unlike other characters, whose personalities are divided and usually warring against one another, her dual nature works to her advantage." He explains, "Amidala can be cold and commanding when she needs to be, or warm and loving as Padmé."[10]

text: In February 2018, Portman reprised the role for a interviw-Rap sketch on Saturday Night Live.

text: Style[edit]

text: In The Phantom Menace, Padmé Amidala, in her capacity as queen, is addressed as "Your Majesty", "Your Royal Highness" and "Your Highness". Contrary to usage in real monarchies, where the style is fixed and tied to the person's rank, in Lucas's Star Wars universe they are apparently interchangeable.

text: After her tenure as monarch ended and she became a member of the Senate, Padmé Amidala was addressed as "Senator Amidala" with no formal style, although she continued to use her regnal name instead of her family name in accordance with Naboo custom.

text: Appearances[edit]

text: Feature films[edit]

text: Original trilogy[edit]

text: Return of the Jedi[edit]

text: Return of the Jedi, the final film in the original trilogy, alludes to the character. While in the Ewok village on the forest moon of Endor, Luke Skywalker asks if Leia Organa remembers their "real mother". Leia answers that "she died when I was very young" and also says that "she was very beautiful... kind... but sad", while Luke confesses to have no memories of their mother. An extended scene of Return of the Jedi expands on the fate of Luke and Leia's (then-unnamed) mother. It differs from the prequels in that Luke and Leia's mother sneaked away as Bail Organa's handmaiden after Anakin Skywalker turned to the dark side of the Force, and was with Leia until the Princess turned four, making the line Leia says to Luke about remembering their mother more believable.[49]

text: Prequel trilogy[edit]

text: Episode I: The Phantom Menace[edit]

text: Padmé Amidala makes her first film appearance in The Phantom Menace. She is introduced as the recently elected 14-year-old queen of Naboo, dedicated to ending the planet's occupation by the Trade Federation. She attempts to deal directly with Federation Viceroy Nute Gunray, who attempts to force her to sign a treaty which would legitimize the Trade Federation's occupation of Naboo, her planet. Padmé escapes from Naboo with the help of Jedi Master Qui-Gon Jinn and Padawan Obi-Wan Kenobi, but they are forced to land on the desert planet of Tatooine. Disguised as a handmaiden, Padmé meets nine-year-old slave Anakin Skywalker and his mother Shmi. Anakin gives her a hand-carved charm on a leather necklace. She witnesses Anakin win the Podrace at the Boonta Eve Classic that both aids her mission to Coruscant and secures his freedom.

text: Arriving on Coruscant, Padmé consults with Senator Palpatine, who encourages her to appeal to the Senate to resolve Naboo's dispute with the Trade Federation. Palpatine persuades her to make a motion in the Senate to have Supreme Chancellor Finis Valorum removed from office, which later enables Palpatine to be elected in his place. (She is unaware that he is in fact the Sith lord Darth Sidious, and is responsible for the crisis.) Padmé returns to Naboo to fight for her planet's freedom, enlisting the aid of Jar Jar Binks's Gungan warriors and having the handmaiden Sabé pose as her. As Sabé attempts a peace deal between Naboo and the Gungans, Padmé intervenes and reveals her true identity. The Gungans agree to help and offer a diversion to lure the droid armies away from the palace. Once in the palace, Padmé's forces storm the throne room and capture the Viceroy, ending the trade blockade of Naboo once and for all. A celebration is held to announce the unity between Naboo and the Gungans.

text: Episode II: Attack of the Clones[edit]

text: Padmé Amidala makes her second film appearance in Attack of the Clones, which is set a decade later. Now holding office as Senator following her term as queen, she represents Naboo in the Galactic Senate and leads a faction opposed to the Military Creation Act that would create an army of clones for the Republic, which has been threatened by a growing Separatist movement. As she arrives on Coruscant to cast her vote, assassins hired by the Trade Federation make an unsuccessful attempt on her life. Jedi Knight Obi-Wan Kenobi and Padawan Anakin Skywalker are assigned to protect Padmé. Chancellor Palpatine sends Padmé into hiding on Naboo, where she and Anakin struggle to maintain a platonic relationship despite their obvious mutual attraction. In a deleted scene, she introduces Anakin to her parents (Ruwee and Jobal Naberrie) and informs him of her charitable work with the Refugee Relief Movement, a galaxy-wide disaster relief and resettlement organization.

text: When Anakin has a vision of his mother in danger, Padmé accompanies him to Tatooine in a failed attempt to rescue Shmi from a band of Tusken Raiders. Anakin returns with Shmi's body and tearfully confesses to Padmé that he slaughtered the entire tribe. Padmé is troubled by what Anakin has done, but nevertheless comforts him. After they receive a message from Obi-Wan on the planet Geonosis, Padmé and Anakin rush to the Jedi Knight's aid, only to be captured themselves and condemned to death in a Geonosian coliseum by Separatist leader and Sith Lord Count Dooku. They declare their love to each other, and are saved at the last minute by Jedi Masters Mace Windu and Yoda leading an army of Jedi and clone troopers, thus marking the opening salvo of the Clone Wars. Afterwards, Padmé and Anakin are married in a secret ceremony on Naboo witnessed by the droids R2-D2 and C-3PO.

text: Episode III: Revenge of the Sith[edit]

text: Padmé Amidala makes her third film appearance in Revenge of the Sith, which is set three years later. After Anakin returns from rescuing Palpatine, she informs him that she is pregnant. Padmé detects changes in Anakin after he begins having dreams about her dying in childbirth. Eventually, these fears lead to Anakin turning to the dark side of the Force and becoming Palpatine's Sith apprentice, Darth Vader. Meanwhile, Padmé watches with increasing suspicion as Palpatine uses the Clone War in control over the Senate and judiciary. In another deleted scene, Padmé is seen as a dissenter in Palpatine's government and an early constituting member of the Alliance to Restore the Republic, joined by senators Bail Organa, Mon Mothma and Bana Breemu.

text: As Palpatine declares martial law by transforming the Republic into the Galactic Empire, Padmé remarks to Organa: "So this is how liberty dies – with thunderous applause". After Palpatine names himself emperor for life, Obi-Wan informs Padmé that her husband has turned to the dark side and killed everyone in the Jedi Temple. Unable to believe this, Padmé travels to the volcanic planet Mustafar (with Obi-Wan a stowaway aboard her ship). Padmé begs Vader to escape Palpatine's grasp and flee with her, but Vader insists that, together, they can overthrow Palpatine and rule the galaxy. Padmé recoils in horror, but still tries to persuade him to abandon the dark side. When Obi-Wan emerges from her ship, Vader accuses Padmé of betrayal and uses the Force to choke her into unconsciousness.

text: After Obi-Wan defeats Vader in a lightsaber duel, he brings Padmé to the secret asteroid base Polis Massa. Despite efforts of medical droids, Padmé dies after delivering twins, Luke and Leia. Just prior to her death, Padmé insists to Obi-Wan that she knows "there is still good" in Anakin. After Padmé's body is altered to appear still pregnant and given an elaborate funeral ceremony on Naboo, her twins are separated to be hidden from Darth Vader and Emperor Palpatine: Leia is adopted by Senator Organa and his wife Queen Organa on Alderaan to be raised as a princess, while Luke is brought to Tatooine to be raised by his step-grandfather's family, Owen and Beru Lars.

text: Animated series[edit]

text: The Clone Wars[edit]

text: Padmé Amidala makes her fourth film appearance on Star Wars: The Clone Wars. While Anakin and his Padawan Ahsoka Tano search for Jabba the Hutt's son Rotta, Padmé meets Jabba's uncle Ziro the Hutt at his palace on Coruscant to convince him to side with the Jedi. After Ziro forcibly removes Padmé, she escapes and eavesdrops on his communication with Count Dooku and the Separatists about an elaborate scheme to kill Rotta, frame the Jedi for his murder and force Jabba to attempt revenge, leaving Ziro as the Hutts' ruler. After being discovered, Dooku suggests Ziro collect the bounty placed on her head. When battle droids confiscate Padmé's comlink and blaster, she outwits and tricks one into activating her comlink as C-3PO is attempting to contact her before a droid smashes the device. C-3PO leads a squad of Coruscant Guard troopers to rescue her. Padmé then contacts Jabba just as the Hutt is about to execute Anakin and Ahsoka, and forces Ziro to confess his betrayal to Jabba. Padmé proceeds to negotiate an alliance between the Republic and the Hutts which would allow Republic warships to use unknown Hutt hyperspace lanes.

text: In the subsequent TV series, Padmé is mostly portrayed working in the Senate toward a peaceful resolution to the Clone Wars, although a few episodes have portrayed her fighting the Separatists alongside Anakin, Ahsoka and Jar Jar Binks. She has appeared in seven episodes in the first season and third season, four episodes in the second season, nine episodes in the fourth season, and one episode in the fifth season. A trilogy of episodes were set with her as the main focus in which she meets with her old friend Rush Clovis; these episode were later removed, however, and set to be bonus material.

text: Forces of Destiny (2017)[edit]

text: Padmé appears in the micro-series Star Wars: Forces of Destiny, voiced again by Catherine Taber.[50]

text: Legends[edit]

text: In April 2014, most of the licensed Star Wars novels and comics produced since the originating 1977 film Star Wars were rebranded by Lucasfilm as Star Wars Legends and declared non-canon to the franchise.[51][52][53]

text: Novels[edit]

text: The novelizations of the Star Wars prequel films introduced material about Padmé Amidala that was not included in the films. Terry Brooks' Phantom Menace (1999) includes a discussion between Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi. Qui-Gon describes the then-queen of Naboo as "something of an unknown" before the Trade Federation blockade.[54] In the Attack of the Clones (2002) adaptation by R. A. Salvatore, there is a detailed conversation between Padmé and her sister Sola Naberrie shortly after Jamillia appoints her senator. Sola chides her for ignoring her personal life: "What about Padmé Amidala? Have you even thought about what might make your life better?"[55] Matthew Stover's Revenge of the Sith (2005) elaborates upon Padmé's role in the formation of the Rebel Alliance. Stover narrates Darth Vader's reaction to the death of his wife: Vader thinks to himself, "You killed her because, finally, when you could have saved her, when you could have gone away with her, when you could have been thinking about her, you were thinking about yourself ..."[56]

text: Clone Wars (2003)[edit]

text: Padmé Amidala appears in eight chapters of the Star Wars: Clone Wars micro-series that aired on Cartoon Network from 2003 to 2005. She is secluded on Coruscant and maintains a correspondence when Anakin Skywalker is fighting in the Clone Wars. In one chapter, Padmé travels with Yoda aboard her ship when he senses a disturbance in the Force coming from the ice planet Ilum. Despite Captain Typho's protest, she accompanies Yoda and helps rescue Jedi Master Luminara Unduli and Padawan Barriss Offee. In another chapter, she is thrilled by Anakin's graduation from Padawan to Jedi Knight. In the final chapter, she is briefly seen during General Grievous's assault on Coruscant.

text: Novels and comics[edit]

text: Padmé's background prior to her appearance in the prequel films is revealed in Star Wars novels and comics. In Terry Moore's comic "A Summer's Dream" printed in Star Wars Tales 5 (2000) and set a year before the events of The Phantom Menace, Padmé is the Princess of Theed, Naboo's capital city. A young man, Ian Lago, falls in love with Padmé, but she places her duty to the people over her personal happiness and rejects him. Lago is the son of an advisor to King Veruna, the reigning monarch of Naboo.[57][41]

text: In the novel Cloak of Deception (2001) by James Luceno, King Veruna is forced to abdicate the throne following accusations of corruption. Padmé is elected Queen of Naboo and contacts Palpatine to inform him that Veruna has been mysteriously killed. She and Palpatine discuss the events that lead to the Trade Federation blockade of Naboo. She admits to him, "Naboo can scarcely afford to become embroiled in a dispute that pits the Republic against the Trade Federation."[58]

text: Star Wars literature focuses on Padmé's career as ruling monarch of Naboo. The young adult novel Star Wars Episode I Journal: Amidala (1999) by Jude Watson focuses on Padmé Amidala's early career and narrow escape from the Trade Federation.[59] The Queen's Amulet (1999) by Julianne Balmain narrates the close friendship between Padmé and her handmaiden Sabé immediately before the events of The Phantom Menace.[60] Erik Tiemens's comic "The Artist of Naboo" details the story of a young, unnamed artist on Naboo who becomes captivated by Padmé's beauty. The artist features her in a series of paintings and later risks his life to save her.[61]

text: Padmé's role in the Delegation of 2000 – the senatorial resistance movement to Palpatine's growing absolutism – is discussed in James Luceno's Labyrinth of Evil (2005). The Delegation of 2000 is primarily concerned with Palpatine's calls for public surveillance and restrictions on freedom of movement and action. Still, Padmé is confident Palpatine will relinquish his power when the crisis is over: "He's not stubborn," she tells Bail Organa. "You just don't know him as I do. He'll take our concerns to heart."[62]

text: Padmé appears in novels and comics set after the events of the original trilogy as holograms and flashbacks. In Troy Denning's The Joiner King (2005), the first book in the "Dark Nest Trilogy" set 35 years after the events of A New Hope, Luke Skywalker discovers a hologram recorded by R2-D2 of Anakin Skywalker informing Padmé of his vision of her death in childbirth. This is the first time Luke sees his mother.[63] Another hologram discovered in R2-D2 chronicles a conversation between Padmé and Obi-Wan. In this hologram, Luke and Leia hear their mother's name for the first time.[64] In the final novel of the trilogy, The Swarm War, Luke and Leia see their mother's death and their own births.[65]

text: Video Games[edit]

text: Padmé also appeared in console games based on the Star Wars franchise. Making prominent appearances in the ones based on the Clone Wars timeline and often appearing as a playable character.

text: Reception[edit]

text: In 2017, Rolling Stone magazine placed Padmé Amidala at the number 45 spot on their 50 Best Star Wars Characters of All Time list.[66]

text: Family tree[edit]

text:
[hide]

v
t
e

Skywalker family tree

Aika
Lars[a]

Cliegg
Lars[b]

Shmi
Skywalker[c]

Jobal
Naberrie[d]

Ruwee
Naberrie[d]

Beru
Whitesun[e]

Owen
Lars[f]

Anakin
Skywalker[g][h]

Padmé
Amidala[i]

Bail
Organa[j][k]

Breha
Organa[l]

Luke
Skywalker[m][n]

Leia
Organa[o]

Han
Solo[p]

Ben
Solo[p][q]

References:

Jump up ^ Hidalgo, Pablo (2016). Star Wars Character Encyclopedia: Updated and Expanded.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Cliegg Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Shmi Skywalker Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Attack of the Clones (2002) and Revenge of the Sith (2005)
Jump up ^ "Databank: Beru Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Owen Lars". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Anakin Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Darth Vader". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Padmé Amidala". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted father of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Bail Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 3, 2015.
Jump up ^ Adopted mother of Leia Organa, as established in Revenge of the Sith (2005).
Jump up ^ "Databank: Luke Skywalker". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends), Luke is married to Mara Jade and has a son, Ben Skywalker.
Jump up ^ "Databank: Princess Leia Organa". StarWars.com. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b The Force Awakens. 2015.
Jump up ^ In the alternate Star Wars expanded universe (Legends) continuity, Han and Leia have three children: Jaina, Jacen and Anakin Solo.


document_title: Evaluation and Management Coding

question_text: what does e/m stand for in medical terms

question_tokens: what does e / m stand for in medical terms

root

text: Evaluation and Management Coding

text: This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: Evaluation and management coding (commonly known as E/M coding or E&M coding) is a medical coding process in support of medical billing. Practicing health care providers in the United States must use E/M coding to be reimbursed by Medicare, Medicaid programs, or private insurance for patient encounters.[citation needed]

tag: p

text: E/M standards and guidelines were established by Congress in 1995[1] and revised in 1997.[2] It has been adopted by private health insurance companies as the standard guidelines for determining type and severity of patient conditions.  This allows medical service providers to document and bill for reimbursement for services provided.

text: E/M codes are based on the Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes established by the American Medical Association (AMA).

text: In 2010, new codes were added to the E/M Coding set, for prolonged services without direct face-to-face contact.[3]


document_title: Here Comes Santa Claus

question_text: who sings here comes santa claus in christmas vacation

text: Here Comes Santa Claus

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (June 2017)

text:
"Here Comes Santa Claus"

Song by Gene Autry

Published
1947

Genre
Christmas song

Composer(s)
Oakley Haldeman

Lyricist(s)
Gene Autry

text: "Here Comes Santa Claus (Down Santa Claus Lane)" is a Christmas song originally written and performed by Gene Autry, with music composed by Oakley Haldeman. Autry's original version was a top-10 hit on the pop and country charts; the song would go on to be covered many times in the subsequent decades.

text: Autry got the idea for the song after riding his horse in the 1946 Santa Claus Lane Parade (now the Hollywood Christmas Parade) in Los Angeles, during which crowds of spectators chanted, "Here comes Santa Claus". This inspired him to write a song that Haldeman set to music. Autry's lyrics combined two veins of the Christmas tradition, the mythology of Santa Claus and the Christian origin of the holiday (most explicitly in its mention of the nativity promise of "peace on Earth"). A demo recording was made by singer/guitarist Johnny Bond, whose recording made use of ice cubes to mimic the sound of the jingling sleigh-bells. This inspired the use of real sleigh-bells in Autry's own recording of the song.

text: Autry first recorded the song in 1947; released as a single by Columbia Records,[1] it became a #5 country and #9 pop hit,[2] although in it he pronounced Santa Claus as "Santy Claus". Autry performed the song in his 1949 movie The Cowboy and the Indians.[3] He re-recorded it again for Columbia in 1953 and once more for his own Challenge Records label in 1957.

text: Other artists to record the song include Doris Day (1949), Bing Crosby and the Andrews Sisters (recorded May 10, 1949),[4] Elvis Presley (1957), the Ray Conniff Singers (1959), Keely Smith (1960), Alvin and the Chipmunks (1961), Bob B. Soxx & the Blue Jeans (1963), Hank Thompson (1964), in excerpt by The Beach Boys as part of their song "Child of Winter" (1974), Willie Nelson (1979), Glen Campbell, RuPaul, The Wiggles (1997), Billy Idol (2006), Bob Dylan (2009), Mariah Carey (2010), Chicago (2011), and the cast of Glee (2013). In 1988, "Here Comes Santa Claus" was featured in Very Merry Christmas Songs which is part of the Disney Sing Along Songs collection.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: The song was used in the 1974 television special The Year Without a Santa Claus, the 1989 Christmas film National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation, and the 2007 Christmas film Fred Claus. Rapper Ludacris' Christmas song "Ludacrismas", also from the film Fred Claus, contains a sample of "Here Comes Santa Claus".

text: Chart performance (Gene Autry)[edit]

text:
Chart (1948)
Peak
position

U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles
5

U.S. Billboard Best Sellers in Stores
9


document_title: List of My Hero Academia episodes

question_text: when did my hero academia season 2 end

question_tokens: when did my hero academia season 2 end

text: List of My Hero Academia episodes

text: Series overview

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired113April 3, 2016 (2016-04-03)June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)225April 1, 2017 (2017-04-01)September 30, 2017 (2017-09-30)325[13]April 7, 2018 (2018-04-07)TBA

text: Episode list

text: Season 1 (2016)

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

English airdate

11
"Izuku Midoriya: Origin""Midoriya Izuku: Orijin" (緑谷出久：オリジン) April 3, 2016May 5, 2018
In a world where most of the population is gifted with special powers known as "Quirks", Izuku Midoriya is a young boy who always dreamed of becoming a hero, despite not having a Quirk himself, until one day he is attacked by a villain and is rescued by none other than All Might, the most famous hero ever and his idol since childhood.

Note: The episode was watched by 718,000 viewers in the United States.[14]
22
"What It Takes to Be a Hero""Hīrō no Jōken" (ヒーローの条件) April 10, 2016May 12, 2018
Izuku discovers that All Might's true form is that of a frail, emaciated man, who suffered a massive injury years ago. All Might tells Izuku that he should give up on being a hero and focus on a more realistic dream. Disheartened, Izuku makes his way home, only to see his classmate and bully Katsuki Bakugō attacked by a villain. With no heroes around able to fight the villain, Izuku, without any thought given, rushes in.

Note: The episode was watched by 578,000 viewers in the United States.[15]
33
"Roaring Muscles""Unare kin'niku" (うなれ筋肉) April 17, 2016May 19, 2018
All Might tells Izuku of his Quirk, "One For All", a special Quirk that transfers its strength from person to person. While All Might believes Izuku to be worthy of his Quirk, bestowing it to him right away would ruin his untrained body. All Might then designs a ten-month training regimen to ensure that Izuku can become a vessel that can carry it.

Note: The episode was watched by 554,000 viewers in the United States.[16]
44
"Start Line""Sutaatorain" (スタートライン) April 24, 2016June 2, 2018
After receiving All Might's Quirk, the time has come for Izuku to attend the exams for the prestigious U.A. High School for heroes in training. During the practical exam, Izuku gets himself in a pinch and is about to fail until one of his fellow examinees finds herself in serious danger and he runs to her rescue.

Note: The episode was watched by 608,000 viewers in the United States.[17]
55
"What I Can Do For Now""Ima Boku ni Dekiru Koto wo" (今 僕に出来ることを) May 1, 2016June 9, 2018
It's Izuku's first day as a student of U.A. High School. However, his homeroom teacher Shōta Aizawa decides to hold a physical test to evaluate how the students use their Quirks. Mr. Aizawa threatens the worst ranked student with expulsion, and Izuku finds himself in another predicament as he still has not learned to control his Quirk properly.

Note: The episode was watched by 520,000 viewers in the United States.[18]
66
"Rage, You Damned Nerd""Takere Kusonādo" (猛れクソナード) May 8, 2016June 16, 2018
Now donning their own hero costumes, the students are assigned to a mock battle between teams of two to test their combat abilities. Izuku is paired with Ochako Uraraka, the girl he helped during the entrance exams who also becomes his friend much to his joy. However, also to his dismay, one of his opponents is Bakugō, who always mocked him for his Quirklessness, and is now furious at him.

Note: The episode was watched by 720,000 viewers in the United States.[19]
77
"Deku vs. Kacchan""Deku bāsasu Kacchan" (デクvsかっちゃん) May 15, 2016June 23, 2018
The mock battle continues with Izuku barely holding against Bakugō's devastating attacks, leaving Ochako to face the other opponent Tenya Iida by herself. As the time limit approaches, Izuku seems to have no option but to use his Quirk against Bakugō in an attempt to defeat him, until he comes up with a better idea.

Note: The episode was watched by 661,000 viewers in the United States.[20]
88
"Bakugo's Start Line""Sutāto Rain, Bakugō no." (スタートライン、爆豪の。) May 22, 2016June 30, 2018
After losing against Izuku in the mock battle, Bakugō watches the rest of his classmates in action and realizes that he still has a long way to stand above his peers. After recovering from his injuries, Izuku attempts to cheer him up, to the point of sharing with him parts of his secret. Meanwhile, news that All Might is teaching at U.A. are received by some individuals with contempt.

Note: The episode was watched by 601,000 viewers in the United States.[21]
99
"Yeah, Just Do Your Best, Iida!""Ii zo Ganbare Īda-kun!" (いいぞガンバレ飯田くん！) May 29, 2016July 7, 2018
Izuku is chosen as the class president, much to his surprise, but he ends up relinquishing the position to Iida when he and his friends find him more suitable for the position. The students are then assigned to another field exercise, but before it begins, a horde of villains suddenly appear before them.

Note: The episode was watched by 560,000 viewers in the United States.[22]
1010
"Encounter with the Unknown""Michi to no Sōgū" (未知との遭遇) June 5, 2016July 14, 2018
The villains use their powers to scatter and ambush the students in order to attract All Might for a trap. Izuku ends up stranded and surrounded on a boat along with his classmates Tsuyu Asui and Minoru Mineta, but after learning more about their powers, he comes up with a plan to turn the tides. Elsewhere, Iida is chosen by the others to break through the enemy trap and call for help.

Note: The episode was watched by 497,000 viewers in the United States.[23]
1111
"Game Over""Gēmu Ōbā" (ゲームオーバー) June 12, 2016July 21, 2018
The students fight for their lives against the Villains while Iida manages to escape with his friends' help. Once it's clear that Iida will warn the other teachers who will come to stop them, the Villains' leader Tomura Shigaraki decides to kill Izuku and his friends just to hurt All Might's pride before they leave, when All Might himself appears.

Note: The episode was watched by 537,000 viewers in the United States.[24]
1212
"All Might""Ōrumaito" (オールマイト) June 19, 2016July 28, 2018
Shigaraki unleashes his secret weapon, the Multi-Quirk monster called "Nomu" against All Might, who finds himself in a pinch, until Izuku and some other students arrive to assist him, but All Might has little time left before he runs out of power to defeat the creature in order to protect the school.
1313
"In Each of our Hearts""Onoono no Mune ni" (各々の胸に) June 26, 2016August 4, 2018
Although he was able to defeat the Nomu, All Might has no energy left and is defenseless against Shigaraki, but Izuku manages to stall the enemy long enough for the other teachers to arrive and force him to retreat. As the leftover Villains are captured and the students are rescued, All Might thanks Izuku for saving his life, but elsewhere, Shigaraki confers with his master, implying that their feud against the Heroes is just beginning.

text: Season 2 (2017)

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

English airdate

13.50
"Hero Notebook""Hīrō Nōto" (ヒーローノート) March 25, 2017N/A
A recap of the first season.

Note: The episode earned a 3.3% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[25]
141
"That's the Idea, Ochaco""Sou iu Koto ne Ochako-san" (そういうことね お茶子さん) April 1, 2017August 11, 2018
Still recovering from the previous incident, the school is about to hold the Sports Festival, which will serve as an opportunity for the students to show off their Quirks for professional heroes looking for sidekicks. In the occasion, All Might confesses to Izuku that his powers are diminishing, and that the festival is an opportunity for Izuku to show his true value to the world.

Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[26]
152
"Roaring Sports Festival""Unare Taiikusai" (うなれ体育祭) April 8, 2017August 18, 2018
Todoroki expresses to Izuku that he will defeat him and show his true power. As the Sports Festival begins, the students from the four branches of the school - Hero, General Studies, Business and Support Courses - participate in an obstacle-course race.

Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[27]
163
"In Their Own Quirky Ways""Minna Koseiteki de ii ne" (みんな個性的でいいね) April 15, 2017August 25, 2018
During the obstacle race, Todoroki effortlessly passes each obstacle with Bakugo in hot pursuit. At the last obstacle, Izuku uses his wits to pass through both and win the race. However, his victory is short-lived when he learns that by being first place, he is the top target for the next round.
174
"Strategy, Strategy, Strategy""Saku Saku Saku" (策策策) April 22, 2017September 8, 2018
In the next round, the Cavalry Battle, Izuku teams up with Ochako, Tokoyami and Support Course student Mei. Being the team with most points, they barely evade the advances from the other teams from their class, while the students from Class B take advantage of it to claim points for themselves.
185
"Cavalry Battle Finale""Kibasen Kecchaku" (騎馬戦決着) April 29, 2017—
As the end of the Cavalry Battle approaches, Izuku's team have a heated confrontation with the team led by Todoroki and despite losing the first place to them, they earn a place in the next round by working together.
196
"The Boy Born with Everything""Subete o Motte Umareta Otokonoko" (全てを持って生まれた男の子) May 6, 2017—
The 16 remaining students advance to the final stage, with battles one on one to decide the winner. Before the fights begin, Todoroki has a private talk with Izuku, revealing the reasons for his hatred toward his father, the world's second-best hero Endeavor.

Note: The episode earned a 3.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[28]
207
"Victory or Defeat""Kachimake" (勝ち負け) May 13, 2017—
In the first round, Izuku is struck by Hitoshi Shinso's brainwashing ability, but breaks free in the last moment and obtains victory, while Todoroki displays his overwhelming power and easily wins his match against Hanta Sero, becoming Izuku's opponent in the following round.

Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[29]
218
"Battle on, Challengers!""Furue! Charenjā" (奮え！チャレンジャー) May 20, 2017—
The U.A. Sports Festival continues with the completion of the other six bracket matches. Shiozaki swiftly overcomes Kaminari. Mei manipulates Iida in order to show off her tech to support companies, giving him the win by stepping out. Mina beats Aoyama by exploiting his weakness. Yaoyorozu is overwhelmed by the speed of Tokoyami's Dark Shadow and is pushed out of the ring. Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have a homestyle brawl ending in a tie. Throughout all of this, Ochako is trying to prepare herself for the daunting task of battling Bakugo.

Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[30]
229
"Bakugo vs. Uraraka""Bakugō vs. Uraraka" (爆vs麗日豪) May 27, 2017—
Ochako uses many different strategies to attempt to defeat Bakugo. However, despite her plans, Bakugo wins after Ochako falls unconscious. Afterwards, Ochako talks over the phone with her father who tries to console her, but to no avail. Also during this time, Tetsutetsu and Kirishima have an arm-wrestling contest to determine who moves on to the next round; Kirishima wins and the two become friends. Izuku prepares for his fight with Todoroki.
2310
"Shoto Todoroki: Origin""Todoroki Shōto: Orijin" (轟 焦凍:オリジン) June 3, 2017—
Izuku and Todoroki begin their match. Izuku, while still trying to win, is attempting to get Todoroki to use his left side so they can both battle at their full power. As Todoroki fights on, more of his past is revealed through flashbacks. He remembers his mother saying it was okay to use his left side because he wanted to be a hero. So Izuku fights Todoroki who is using both sides. Cementoss and Midnight attempt to stop the match before the two deal their final attacks but to no avail. Izuku is thrown out of bounds and Todoroki moves on.

Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[31]
2411
"Fight on, Iida""Īda-kun Faito" (飯田くんファイト) June 10, 2017—
Izuku caused significant damage in his right hand warranting surgery; school nurse Recovery Girl refuses future treatment if he does it again. All Might admits to his youth being identical to Izuku's. Todoroki admits to Endeavor he was able to use his left side fire because he forgot all about his father. In the last matches of the second round, Iida and Tokoyami push respective opponents Shiozaki and Ashido out of bounds, while Bakugo overpowers Kirishima. When Iida fights Todoroki, Iida is frozen and rendered unable to go on. Bakugo figures Tokoyami's weakness to intense light as they fight and makes him yield. Meanwhile in Tokyo, Iida's brother Ingenium is crippled in pursuit of the Hero Killer: Stain, and Iida is informed not long after by his mother. Stain is invited by Kurogiri to meet with Shiguraki about joining the Villain's League.
2512
"Todoroki vs. Bakugo""Todoroki vs. Bakugo" (轟vs爆豪) June 17, 2017—
Todoroki is still unsure if he should be using his left side. As the match starts, Todoroki attacks Bakugo with his ice power. Bakugo becomes angry as he wants Todoroki to fight him with both of his sides. After Izuku's cheer, Todoroki decides to use his left side but when Bakugo is about to use his "Howitzer Impact", Todoroki suddenly stops using his left side. The attack pushes Todoroki out of bounds, resulting in Bakugo being named the winner. Angered, Bakugo still goes after Todoroki, but Midnight stops him. After the match, All Might gives everyone medals. Iida already to see his brother at the hospital and did not attend the award ceremony. After everyone went home to recover, Todoroki finally decides to go see his mother whom he had not seen for many years.
2613
"Time to Pick Some Names""Namae o Tsuke te Miyō no Kai" (名前をつけてみようの会) June 24, 2017—
The Sports Festival is over, and everyone's injuries are almost recovered. Mr. Aizawa announces that everyone has to decide a hero name for themselves, and that since many of the students have gotten multiple offers from pro heroes, everyone will be doing a one-week internship at a hero agency. Midnight joins in to offer feedback on everyone's hero name requests. After that, everyone chooses an agency for their internship. Izuku is still not sure which agency he should join when suddenly All Might shows up. He tells Izuku that his teacher has offered an internship, and Izuku accepts it. Meanwhile, Iida picks an agency in the area where his brother was attacked. The next day, everyone sets off for the internship.
2714
"Bizarre! Gran Torino Appears""Kaiki! Guran Torino Arawaru" (怪奇!グラントリノ現る) July 8, 2017—
The internship program starts and Izuku is waiting to meet Gran Torino but when he does he is not what he expected. Izuku begins to leave until Gran Torino shows his power and tempts Izuku to fight him. Meanwhile Tenya is looking for hero-killer Stain and the other students of Class A are also busy in their internship. Izuku trains hard with Gran Torino and finally starts to understand One For All.
2815
"Midoriya and Shigaraki""Midoriya to Shigaraki" (緑谷と死柄木) July 15, 2017—
Now that Izuku knows how to control some of his powers he starts to train more and more with Gran Torino to perfect that power. All Might learns more about the captured Nomu. After Stain refuses to join the League of Villains, he returns to Hosu City to hunt down more heroes. Shigaraki also goes to Hosu, releasing several Nomus into the city. On the way to respond to the Nomu attacks, Tenya discovers Stain just as he is about to kill another hero. Meanwhile, Gran Torino decides to take Izuku to Shibuya city, and their train is attacked by a Nomu as they pass Hosu.

Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[32]
2916
"Hero Killer: Stain vs U.A. Students""Hīrō Goroshi Sutein vs U.A. Seito" (ヒーロー殺し ステインvs雄英生徒) July 22, 2017—
Hosu City is under attack by Stain and by three Nomus released by the League of Villains. As Gran Torino battles the Nomu that attacked their train, Izuku searches the city for Tenya and arrives just in time to prevent Stain from killing him. Having received a cryptic message from Izuku before he attacked Stain, Shoto arrives just as Stain has used his Quirk to paralyze Izuku. As Izuku figures out the secret of Stain's Quirk, Shoto struggles to evade Stain's many blades and Tenya struggles with his own rage and quest for vengeance.

Note: The episode earned a 2.8% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[33]
3017
"Climax""Ketchaku" (決着) July 29, 2017—
Tenya fights off Stain's Quirk and joins the battle with Shoto and Izuku. Endeavor and Gran Torino defeat a Nomu while the three UA students defeat Stain - at the cost of serious injuries to Tenya and Izuku. Endeavor defeats the remaining Nomu and controls the situation.

Note: The episode earned a 4.5% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[34]
3118
"The Aftermath of Hero Killer: Stain""'Hīrō-Goroshi Sutein' Sono Yoha" (「ヒーロー殺しステイン」その余波) August 5, 2017—
Following Stain's arrest, the video of Stain expressing his views on the present Heroes has gone viral, and more people are falling to those views. With Stain in custody, they begin to gravitate towards the League of Villains. Meanwhile, credit for the arrest has gone to Endeavor, to ensure that Tenya, Izuku and Shoto are not arrested for using their powers without permission. Iida apologizes for his rash behavior and decides to work on improving himself.
3219
"Everyone's Internships""Sorezore no Shokuba Taiken" (それぞれの職場体験) August 12, 2017—
Anime-original episode showing what some of the other characters did during their internships, particularly Tsuyu/Froppy.

Note: The episode earned a 2.7% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[35]
3320
"Listen Up!! A Tale from the Past""Shire!! Mukashi no Hanashi" (知れ!!昔の話) August 19, 2017—
Following their internships, everyone has returned to school, and All Might decides to tell Izuku the truth behind his Quirk, One for All.

Note: The episode earned a 4.1% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[36]
3421
"Gear up for Final Exams""Sonaero Kimatsu Tesuto" (備えろ期末テスト) September 2, 2017—
Final exams are approaching, and the class prepares for their written and practical exams. Momo hosts a study party at her mansion, and Itsuka tells Izuku and his friends that the practical exam will be against robot enemies. After making it through three days of written exams, everyone is shocked to learn that the practical exam will not involve robots this year - instead, they will be fighting in predetermined pairs against one of their teachers. To pass, they must either defeat the teacher or escape the arena before time runs out.

Note: The episode earned a 3.2% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[37]
3522
"Yaoyorozu: Rising""Yaoyorozu: Raijingu" (八百万：ライジング) September 9, 2017—
Tsuyu and Fumikage work together to evade Ectoplasm's army of clones. Tenya and Mashirao face off against the burrowing Power Loader. Todoroki and Momo, whose confidence was shattered after being easily defeated by Fumikage in the Sports Festival, attempt to evade Aizawa's Quirk. Ochaco and Yuga try to avoid being sucked into Thirteen's black hole.

Note: The episode earned a 3.0% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[38]
3623
"Stripping the Varnish""Mukero Hitokawa" (むけろ一皮) September 16, 2017—
Yuga asks Ochaco if she likes Izuku, prompting an unexpected resolution to their match with Thirteen. Denki and Mina attempt to evade the buildings being toppled by Principal Nezu as he strategically cuts off their escape routes. Kyoka and Koji, who both have sound-dependent Quirks, struggle to come up with a strategy against Present Mic's overpowering noise. Mezo creates a distraction to allow Toru an opening against Snipe. Midnight takes out Hanta quickly, leaving Mineta alone against her somnambulist Quirk.

Note: The episode earned a 3.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[39]
3724
"Katsuki Bakugo: Origin""Bakugo Katsuki: Orijin" (爆豪勝己：オリジン) September 23, 2017—
The final match of the final exams pits Izuku and Katsuki against All Might. Izuku struggles to convince Katsuki to work with him, especially since Izuku believes they have no choice but to escape and Katsuki seems determined to fight All Might head-on. Even with All Might's diminishing strength and handicap weights, both students face serious injuries as they put everything they have into the fight.

Note: The episode earned a 3.4% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[40]
3825
"Encounter""Enkauntā" (エンカウンター) September 30, 2017—
At the League of Villains hideout, two visitors express interest in joining the League of Villains. Tomura resents the fact that Stain's ideology has inspired so many people when his own approach has not been nearly as successful. Meanwhile, Izuku and his classmates go on a shopping trip to prepare for summer training camp.

text: Season 3 (2018)

text:
No. in Series

No. in Season

Title

Original airdate

391
"Game Start""Gēmu Sutāto" (ゲーム・スタート) April 7, 2018
The students of 1-A have a PE class at the pool, while reminiscing about the main events of the previous seasons.

Note: The episode earned a 4.9% rating in the Kantō region of Japan.[41]
402
"Wild, Wild Pussycats""Wairudo Wairudo Pusshīkyattsu" (ワイルド・ワイルド・プッシーキャッツ) April 14, 2018
On the day of the forest lodge trip, Class 1-A and 1-B prepare to board buses. An hour later, Class 1-A's bus stops for a restroom break. Suddenly, two women wearing cat-like costumes and a small boy appear. The women introduce themselves as the professional Hero Team, The Pussycats, while the boy is revealed to be Kota, an orphan in their care who despises heroes. Mandalay tells class 1-A that they must reach the training camp at the base of the mountain by midday or they will miss lunch. Despite their best efforts, class 1-A's progress is inhibited by earthen beasts throughout the forest, controlled by Pixie-Bob with her Quirk, and the students miss their deadline by hours. However, team Pussycats is satisfied with their performances, and they are offered dinner instead. Afterwards, Class 1-A go to the hot springs for a bath. Mineta tries to peek at the girls' bath side but is prevented by Kota; Kota accidentally sees the girls and faints, but is saved by Izuku. Izuku brings the unconscious Kota to the cabin and learns the story of his parents; pro heroes who died in the line of duty.
413
"Kota""Kōta-kun" (洸汰くん) April 21, 2018
Class 1-A and 1-B continues training as the villains prepare to attack. Despite Kota's hatred for heroes, and the superhuman society in general, Midoriya tries to convince Kota by telling his own tales as his friend's story. The villains attack when the students are participating in a training exercise and catch them unawares.
424
"My Hero""Boku no Hīrō" (僕のヒーロー) April 28, 2018
The villains continue their attack, working in teams or alone to target different groups of students and teachers. Muscular, one of the villains chances upon Kota at his secret hideout and tries to kill him, but is stopped by Izuku. Izuku is pushed to his limit in the fight but manages to defeat Muscular with a 1,000,000% Delaware Detroit Smash and saves Kota. Kota finally overcomes his prejudices due to Izuku's selflessness and calls him "My Hero".
435
"Drive It Home, Iron Fist!!!""Buchikomu Tekken!!!" (ブチ込む鉄拳!!!) May 5, 2018
After defeating Muscular, Izuku carries Kota back to the camp and runs into Eraserhead. Izuku passes Kota over to him, as he has a message to deliver to everyone through Mandalay's telepathy. The teacher asks Izuku to deliver a message from him as well. Mandalay delivers both messages: That “Kacchan” (Katsuki) is one of the villains' targets and the students have permission to use their Quirks to defend themselves. Meanwhile, Tetsutetsu and Itsuka find the source of a poisonous gas that is filling part of the forest: a villain named Mustard. The two work together to defeat Mustard and this results in the gas dissipating. Izuku runs into Mezo while searching for Katsuki and learns that Fumikage's Quirk, Dark Shadow, is out of control.
446
"Roaring Upheaval""Ganaru Fūunkyū" (がなる風雲急) May 12, 2018
Mezo asks for Izuku's help in saving Fumikage from his own Quirk and to choose between saving Fumikage or Katsuki. Izuku devises a plan to save both, which involves leading Dark Shadow to Katsuki and Shoto who are fighting the villain Moonfish. Dark Shadow defeats Moonfish and is then weakened and brought back under control by Katsuki and Shoto. The students team up and run into Ochaco and Tsuyu fighting a villain called Himiko. As there are now more student present than she is ready to take on by herself, Himiko retreats. Izuku asks the girls to help them protect Katsuki but Katsuki and Fumikage have already been kidnapped by the villain Mr. Compress. A Nomu chases Yosetsu who is carrying a heavily injured Momo but the Nomu is called back by Dabi as their mission has been accomplished. Momo makes a tracking device which Yosetsu attaches to the Nomu. Izuku and the others continue to chase Mr. Compress but are unable to keep up with his speed. Izuku devises a plan to launch him, Shoto and Mezo into the air using Ochaco and Tsuyu's Quirks. They manage to successfully tackle Mr. Compress to the ground.
457
"What a Twist!""Ten Ten Ten!" (転転転!) May 19, 2018
Midoriya, Todoroki and Shoji have caught up with Mr. Compress, and with Aoyama's assistance, they manage to rescue Tokoyami. However, the villains retreat with Bakugo, leaving the heroes-in-training in anguish. U.A. faces serious backlash over the next couple of days, even while the police pursues a lead to find the League of Villains. Midoriya wakes up in a hospital bed, two days after the attack. Almost all of class A comes to visit him. Kirishima and Todoroki reveal that they plan to go rescue Bakugo.
468
"From Iida to Midoriya""Īda-kara Midoriya e" (飯田から緑谷へ) May 26, 2018
At Midoriya's room in the hospital, class 1A debates whether or not they should attempt a rescue mission. Kirishima lets Midoriya know that he and Todoroki intend to make their move that very night. U.A organizes a press conference whose airing is met with criticism. Meanwhile the police continues with their investigation and organizes a team of heroes to strike back against the villains. Midoriya decides to join Todoroki and Kirishima in their rescue attempt, as does Yaoyorozu. Iida attempts to convince them to drop their plan but ultimately decides to join them so that he can keep an eye on them and call the mission off if actual combat breaks out. The group makes their way to Camino ward and change into disguises to avoid standing out. Shigaraki attempts to convince Bakugo to join the League of Villains but Bakugo reveals his commitment to becoming a hero and attacks Twice and Shigaraki.
479
"All For One""Ōru Fō Wan" (オール・フォー・ワン) June 2, 2018
Midoriya, Yaoyorozu, Todoroki, Kirishima, and Iida continue their search and rescue to save Bakugo. After arriving at what seems to be the hideout, they discover a large amount of Nomus inside. The Pro-Heroes then capture the members of the League of Villains, but an unexpected warp attacks the heroes and takes Bakugo once again.
4810
"Symbol of Peace""Heiwa no Shōchō" (平和の象徴) June 9, 2018
All for One, the mastermind behind the League of Villains, has snatched back his underlings from the heroes, and Bakugo as well. All Might flies to the rescue, but he's worried about Bakugo's safety and can't fight at full power. Midoriya comes up with a plan that would allow the students to escape with Bakugo, without fighting the villains, and it all comes down to Kirishima.
4911
"One For All""Wan Fō Ōru" (ワン・フォー・オール) June 16, 2018
All Might and All for One clash furiously as their battle is witnessed by the entire world. To shatter All Might's resolve, All For One reveals he killed his mentor, and brainwashed her grandson over several years into the now notorious Tomura Shigaraki; which strikes a pain into All Might's heart. This backfires as the hero now musters his power into his fist to deliver his coup de gras: The United States of SMASH. Victorious but entirely spent, All Might sends a message through the TV which the populace thinks is a threat to future villains; however Midoriya realizes it is to let him know that it's time for him take on the mantle of his hero.
5012
"End of the Beginning, Beginning of the End""Hajimari no Owari Owari no Hajimari" (始まりの終わり 終わりの始まり) June 23, 2018
As All Might is officially retired, and All For One imprisoned in the Maximum Security Prison "Tartarus", the Police hold a closed conference on how this may embolden more villains to Shigaraki's League. A depressed Midoriya receives a text from All Might to meet at Degoba Beach where he trained for the entrance exams and the two share a heartfelt moment. Sometime later, Aizawa & All Might visit the student's parents to discuss a new dorm system to better protect the students. While many are open to it, including the Bakugo family, Izuku's mother Inko is against it as her son has repeatedly suffered grave bodily injuries in emulation of All Might since attending U.A. To prove his determination, Izuku shows his mother the note from Kota thanking him for being his hero; and as a show of humility, All Might bows his head to the ground to promise Inko he will be a better teacher for Izuku, finally earning her hesitant approval. Izuku promises to be more considerate of his mother's feelings from now on and work to be safer. Meanwhile, All For One is gleeful that Tomura will now evolve with his teacher's absence.
5113
"Moving into Dorms""Haire Ryō" (入れ寮) June 30, 2018
After Midoriya's mother reluctantly allows him to live in the dorm, he and all his friends shift to the recently constructed dorm for 1A. The principal thinks to himself about how the dorm doesn't only help the students, but will help to determine the identity of the U.A. traitor. Aizawa informs the class that, had the situation been different, he would have expelled not only those who went to save Bakugo, but also those who knew about their plan and didn't stop them. After explaining the dorm system, Aizawa leaves the students to unpack. Later that evening, most of the students (the exception being Bakugo and Asui) take a tour of the rooms to elect a King of Rooms. Sato is the surprise winner, due to his baking talent. Uraraka calls those who went to save Bakugo out to the courtyard. There, Asui reveals her conflicted feelings that she was unable to prevent her friends from breaking the rules, and her desire for everything to go back the way it was before. Uraraka confirms that the whole class feels the same way, ergo the King of Rooms contest. The Bakugo Rescue Squad apologizes to Asui, and Midoriya looks forward to the future.
5214
"Create Those Ultimate Moves""Ame Hissatsuwaza" (編め必殺技) July 14, 2018
Midoriya woke up from a dream where he and All Might had a conversation by the beach, and prepared for school along with his classmates who now all resides in the newly constructed dorm. During homeroom, Aizawa emphasizes that to be able to pass the provisional license which only has a 50% rate of passing in being a hero, they must acquire at least 2 ultimate moves. They were guided by Cementoss, Midnight and Ectoplasm. Inside the gym, while everyone was busy training, All Might appeared and gave each students some advice. Deku, who has trouble creating an ultimate move went to the development studio to have his costume altered to support the ligaments of his arms. There together with Ilda and Uraraka, they were reunited with  support hero Hatsume who was developing her new babies which she eagerly tried on them. After several conversations, Deku was able to come up with an idea on how to overcome his problem and redesigned his costume. Just when the rock Bakugo hit with his ultimate weapon fell and hit All Might, Deku jumped in and destroyed it with his ultimate move, Full cowling: shoot style, a technique which uses his legs contrasting All Might's Plus Ultra which uses his arms.
5315
"The Test""THE Shiken" (THE試験) July 21, 2018
Class 1-A were finally able to adjust their costumes and create ultimate weapons. Before their training is finished, Class B arrives at the gym claiming the place to be their time for training. Monoma, who has an obvious dislike for class A, provokes them haughtily and declares to defeat their class in the coming examination; however, Aizawa states that the two classes will be having the exam in different locations to avoid fighting each other. After reaching the place for the provisional examination, Aizawa meets Ms. Joke, a colleague from his former neighboring agency.  She constantly teases him into going out with her, to which he always quickly declines.  The class meets several other students from other schools and the test starts with an elimination exam. However, unbeknownst to the U.A. students, there is a tradition where other schools primarily target U.A. students every time an examination starts.
5416
"Shiketsu High Lurking""Haiyoru Shiketsu Kōkō" (這い寄る士傑高校) July 28, 2018
Ketsubutsu Academy students ambush Class 1-A, but they manage to evade Ketsubutsu's balls by working together. Shindo then separates them by using his Vibrate Quirk to break the ground. Meanwhile, in another part of the arena, Shiketsu High School's Yoarashi uses his Whirlwind Quirk to pass, taking out 120 students at once. Midoriya gets hit once by Shiketsu High School student Utsushimi using her Glamour Quirk. A big group of students finds them but Midoriya manages to dodge all of their attacks. He rescues Uraraka, but he discovers that it's only Utsushimi pretending to be Uraraka. Sero and the real Uraraka help him. Somewhere else, Todoroki is ambushed by a group of students from Seijin High School.
5517
"Class 1-A""Ichi-Nen Ei-Gumi" (１年A組) August 4, 2018
As the battle continues, Todoroki uses his fire Quirk against a water attack in order to generate a huge steam cloud, thus obscuring his opponents' vision. He lures his opponents to a large gas tank and ignites it, causing them to be knocked down and then subdued with his freezing Quirk. He easily activates their target rings and passes the exam. While trapped in a building, Shoji, Asui, Jiro and Yaoyorozu also pass the exam after defeating their opponents from Seiai Academy. Meanwhile, Midoriya comes up with a plan that will allow him, Uraraka and Sero to pass the exam. Elsewhere, Bakugo, Kaminari and Kirishima face off against Shiketsu High student Seiji Shishikura. While waiting for the exam to conclude, Aizawa comments to Ms. Joke that he has noticed that Midoriya and Bakugo seem to inspire Class 1-A to achieve greatness.
5618
"RUSH!"  August 11, 2018
Seiji uses his "Meatball" Quirk to neutralize both Kirishima and Bakugo. However, Kaminari uses one of Bakugo's grenades to distract Seiji long enough to zap him with his electricity Quirk. Seiji temporarily loses control of his Quirk, allowing Kirishima and Bakugo to retaliate. Together, the three students are able to pass the test. Meanwhile, Midoriya acts as a decoy, allowing Uraraka and Sero to restrain all of their opponents, and those three pass the exam as well. Elsewhere, Iida is searching for stray Class 1-A students and finds Aoyama hiding alone, when they are attacked by many students. They try to run away, but Aoyama shoots his navel laser into the air as a beacon. His plan is to sacrifice himself by luring the enemy close, allowing Iida to use his super speed to target three opponents and pass the test. Just as all seems lost, the rest of Class 1-A arrives to assist in defeating the nearby students. Thanks to Aoyama's beacon, the rest of Class 1-A all pass, bringing the number of successful examinees to 100 and bringing the event to an end.
5719
"Rescue Exercises""Kyūjo Enshū" (救助演習) August 18, 2018
5820
"Special Episode: Save the World with Love!""Tokubetsu-hen・Ai de chikyū o sukue!" (特別編・愛で地球を救え!) August 25, 2018
5921
"What's the Big Idea?""Nani o shitendayo" (何をしてんだよ) September 1, 2018

text: OVA

text:
No.TitleOriginal air date1
"Save! Rescue Training!""Sukue! Kyūjo Kunren!" (救え!救助訓練!) November 27, 2016 (event)April 4, 2017 (DVD)
2
"Training of the Dead" (トレーニング・オブ・ザ・デッド) June 2, 2017


document_title: Transom (nautical)

question_text: where is the transom on a boat located

question_tokens: where is the transom on a boat located

text: Transom (nautical)

text: In naval architecture, a transom is either the surface that forms the stern of a vessel or one of the many horizontal beams that make up that surface (e.g., the "wing transom", etc.). Transoms may be flat or curved and they may be vertical, raked forward, also known as a retroussé or reverse transom, angling forward (toward the bow) from the waterline to the deck, or raked aft, often simply called "raked", angling in the other direction.[1][2] The bottom tip of the transom can be approximately on the waterline, in which case the stern of the vessel is referred to as a "transom stern", or the hull can continue so that the centreline is well above the waterline before terminating in a transom, in which case it is referred to as a "counter stern"[3] or "cutaway stern."[4]

text: On smaller vessels where an outboard motor is the source of propulsion, the motor is usually mounted on the transom, and held in place either by clamps or metal bolts that go through the transom. In this arrangement, all the power of the motor is transmitted via the transom to the rest of the vessel's structure, making it a critical part of the vessel's construction.[5]

text: The term is probably a corruption of Latin transtrum, a thwart, in a boat; equivalents are French traverse, croisillon, German Heckspiegel.[6]

text: The expression over the transom is rooted in the architectural meaning of the word.


document_title: List of 24 Hours of Le Mans winners

question_text: when was the last time ferrari won le mans

text: List of 24 Hours of Le Mans winners

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Year
Drivers
Team
Car
Tyre
Laps
Distance
Championship

2017
 Timo Bernhard
 Brendon Hartley
 Earl Bamber
 Porsche LMP Team
Porsche 919 Hybrid
M
367
5001.834 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2016
 Romain Dumas
 Neel Jani
 Marc Lieb
 Porsche Team
Porsche 919 Hybrid
M
384
5233.53 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2015
 Nico Hülkenberg
 Earl Bamber
 Nick Tandy
 Porsche Team
Porsche 919 Hybrid
M
395
5383.46 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2014
 Marcel Fässler
 André Lotterer
 Benoît Tréluyer
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R18 e-tron quattro
M
379
5165.39 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2013
 Tom Kristensen
 Allan McNish
 Loïc Duval
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R18 e-tron quattro
M
348
4742.89 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2012
 Marcel Fässler
 André Lotterer
 Benoît Tréluyer
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R18 e-tron quattro
M
378
5151.76 km
FIA World Endurance Championship

2011
 Marcel Fässler
 André Lotterer
 Benoît Tréluyer
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R18 TDI
M
355
4838.30 km
Intercontinental Le Mans Cup

2010
 Mike Rockenfeller
 Timo Bernhard
 Romain Dumas
 Audi Sport North America
Audi R15 TDI plus
M
397
5410.71 km

2009
 David Brabham
 Marc Gené
 Alexander Wurz
 Peugeot Sport Total
Peugeot 908 HDi FAP
M
382
5206.28 km

2008
 Tom Kristensen
 Allan McNish
 Rinaldo Capello
 Audi Sport North America
Audi R10 TDI
M
381
5192.65 km

2007
 Frank Biela
 Emanuele Pirro
 Marco Werner
 Audi Sport North America
Audi R10 TDI
M
369
5036.85 km

2006
 Frank Biela
 Emanuele Pirro
 Marco Werner
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R10 TDI
M
380
5187 km

2005
 JJ Lehto
 Marco Werner
 Tom Kristensen
 ADT Champion Racing
Audi R8
M
370
5050.5 km

2004
 Seiji Ara
 Tom Kristensen
 Rinaldo Capello
 Audi Sport Japan Team Goh
Audi R8
M
379
5169.9 km

2003
 Tom Kristensen
 Rinaldo Capello
 Guy Smith
 Team Bentley
Bentley Speed 8
M
377
5146.05 km

2002
 Frank Biela
 Tom Kristensen
 Emanuele Pirro
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R8
M
375
5118.75 km

2001
 Frank Biela
 Tom Kristensen
 Emanuele Pirro
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R8
M
321
4381.65 km

2000
 Frank Biela
 Tom Kristensen
 Emanuele Pirro
 Audi Sport Team Joest
Audi R8
M
368
5007.99 km

1999
 Pierluigi Martini
 Yannick Dalmas
 Joachim Winkelhock
 Team BMW Motorsport
BMW V12 LMR
M
365
4968 km

1998
 Laurent Aïello
 Allan McNish
 Stéphane Ortelli
 Porsche AG
Porsche 911 GT1-98
M
351
4773.18 km

1997
 Michele Alboreto
 Stefan Johansson
 Tom Kristensen
 Joest Racing
TWR Porsche WSC-95
G
361
4909.6 km

1996
 Manuel Reuter
 Davy Jones
 Alexander Wurz
 Joest Racing
TWR Porsche WSC-95
G
354
4814.4 km

1995
 Yannick Dalmas
 JJ Lehto
 Masanori Sekiya
 Kokusai Kaihatsu Racing
McLaren F1 GTR
M
298
4055.8 km

1994
 Yannick Dalmas
 Hurley Haywood
 Mauro Baldi
 Le Mans Porsche Team
Dauer 962 Le Mans
G
344
4678.4 km

1993
 Geoff Brabham
 Christophe Bouchut
 Éric Hélary
 Peugeot Talbot Sport
Peugeot 905 Evo 1B
M
375
5100 km

1992
 Derek Warwick
 Yannick Dalmas
 Mark Blundell
 Peugeot Talbot Sport
Peugeot 905 Evo 1B
M
352
4787.2 km
World Sportscar Championship

1991
 Volker Weidler
 Johnny Herbert
 Bertrand Gachot
 Mazdaspeed Co. Ltd.
Mazda 787B
D
362
4922.81 km
World Sportscar Championship

1990
 John Nielsen
 Price Cobb
 Martin Brundle
 Silk Cut Jaguar
Jaguar XJR-12
G
359
4882.4 km

1989
 Jochen Mass
 Manuel Reuter
 Stanley Dickens
 Team Sauber Mercedes
Sauber C9-Mercedes-Benz
M
389
5265.115 km

1988
 Jan Lammers
 Johnny Dumfries
 Andy Wallace
 Silk Cut Jaguar
Jaguar XJR-9LM
D
394
5332.97 km
World Sports Prototype Championship

1987
 Derek Bell
 Hans-Joachim Stuck
 Al Holbert
 Rothmans Porsche AG
Porsche 962C
D
354
4791.9 km
World Sports Prototype Championship

1986
 Derek Bell
 Hans-Joachim Stuck
 Al Holbert
 Rothmans Porsche AG
Porsche 962C
D
367
4972.731 km
World Sports Prototype Championship

1985
 Klaus Ludwig
 Paolo Barilla
 "John Winter"
 Joest Racing
Porsche 956
D
373
5088.507 km
World Endurance Championship

1984
 Klaus Ludwig
 Henri Pescarolo
 Joest Racing
Porsche 956
D
359
4900.276 km
World Endurance Championship

1983
 Vern Schuppan
 Al Holbert
 Hurley Haywood
 Rothmans Porsche
Porsche 956
D
370
5047.934 km
World Endurance Championship

1982
 Jacky Ickx
 Derek Bell
 Rothmans Porsche System
Porsche 956
D
359
4899.086 km
World Endurance Championship

1981
 Jacky Ickx
 Derek Bell
 Porsche System
Porsche 936
D
354
4825.348 km
World Endurance Championship

1980
 Jean Rondeau
 Jean-Pierre Jaussaud
 Jean Rondeau
Rondeau M379B-Ford Cosworth
G
338
4608.02 km
World Championship for Makes

1979
 Klaus Ludwig
 Bill Whittington
 Don Whittington
 Porsche Kremer Racing
Porsche 935 K3
D
307
4173.93 km

1978
 Jean-Pierre Jaussaud
 Didier Pironi
 Alpine Renault
Renault Alpine A442B
M
369
5044.53 km

1977
 Jacky Ickx
 Hurley Haywood
 Jürgen Barth
 Martini Racing Porsche System
Porsche 936/77
D
342
4671.83 km

1976
 Jacky Ickx
 Gijs van Lennep
 Martini Racing Porsche System
Porsche 936
G
349
4769.923 km

1975
 Jacky Ickx
 Derek Bell
 Gulf Research Racing Co.
Mirage GR8-Ford Cosworth
G
336
4594.577 km

1974
 Henri Pescarolo
 Gérard Larrousse
 Equipe Gitanes
Matra MS670C
G
337
4606.571 km
World Championship for Makes

1973
 Henri Pescarolo
 Gérard Larrousse
 Equipe Matra-Simca Shell
Matra MS670B
G
355
4853.945 km
World Championship for Makes

1972
 Henri Pescarolo
 Graham Hill
 Equipe Matra-Simca Shell
Matra MS670
G
344
4691.343 km
World Championship for Makes

1971
 Helmut Marko
 Gijs van Lennep
 Martini Racing Team
Porsche 917K
F
397
5335.313 km
International Championship for Makes

1970
 Hans Herrmann
 Richard Attwood
 Porsche KG Salzburg
Porsche 917K
G
343
4607.81 km
International Championship for Makes

1969
 Jacky Ickx
 Jackie Oliver
 J.W. Automotive Engineering
Ford GT40 Mk. I
F
372
4997.88 km
International Championship for Makes

1968
 Pedro Rodríguez
 Lucien Bianchi
 J.W. Automotive Engineering
Ford GT40 Mk. I
F
331
4452.88 km
International Championship for Makes

1967
 Dan Gurney
 A. J. Foyt
 Shelby-American Inc.
Ford GT40 Mk. IV
G
388
5232.9 km
International Championship for Sports-Prototypes
International Championship for Sports Cars

1966
 Bruce McLaren
 Chris Amon
 Shelby-American Inc.
Ford GT40 Mk. II
G
360
4843.09 km
International Championship for Sports-Prototypes
International Championship for Sports Cars

1965
 Jochen Rindt
 Masten Gregory
 Ed Hugus
 North American Racing Team
Ferrari 250LM
G
348
4677.11 km
International Championship for GT Manufacturers

1964
 Jean Guichet
 Nino Vaccarella
 SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Ferrari 275P
D
349
4695.31 km
International Championship for GT Manufacturers

1963
 Ludovico Scarfiotti
 Lorenzo Bandini
 SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Ferrari 250P
D
339
4561.71 km
International Championship for GT Manufacturers

1962
 Olivier Gendebien
 Phil Hill
 SpA Ferrari SEFAC
Ferrari 330 TRI/LM Spyder
D
331
4451.255 km
International Championship for GT Manufacturers

1961
 Olivier Gendebien
 Phil Hill
 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari 250 TRI/61
D
333
4476.58 km
World Sportscar Championship

1960
 Olivier Gendebien
 Paul Frère
 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari 250 TR59/60
D
314
4217.527 km
World Sportscar Championship

1959
 Carroll Shelby
 Roy Salvadori
 David Brown Racing Dept.
Aston Martin DBR1
A
323
4347.9 km
World Sportscar Championship

1958
 Olivier Gendebien
 Phil Hill
 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari 250 TR58
E
305
4101.926 km
World Sportscar Championship

1957
 Ron Flockhart
 Ivor Bueb
 Ecurie Ecosse
Jaguar D-Type
D
327
4397.108 km
World Sportscar Championship

1956
 Ron Flockhart
 Ninian Sanderson
 Ecurie Ecosse
Jaguar D-Type
D
300
4034.939 km

1955
 Mike Hawthorn
 Ivor Bueb
 Jaguar Cars Ltd.
Jaguar D-Type
D
307
4135.38 km
World Sportscar Championship

1954
 José Froilán González
 Maurice Trintignant
 Scuderia Ferrari
Ferrari 375 Plus
P
302
4061.15 km
World Sportscar Championship

1953
 Tony Rolt
 Duncan Hamilton
 Jaguar Cars Ltd.
Jaguar C-Type
D
304
4088.064 km
World Sportscar Championship

1952
 Hermann Lang
 Fritz Riess
 Daimler-Benz A.G.
Mercedes-Benz W194
C
277
3733.839 km

1951
 Peter Walker
 Peter Whitehead
 Peter Walker
Jaguar XK-120C
D
267
3611.193 km

1950
 Louis Rosier
 Jean-Louis Rosier
 Louis Rosier
Talbot Lago Grand Sport T26
D
256
3465.12 km

1949
 Luigi Chinetti
 Peter Mitchell-Thomson
 Lord Selsdon
Ferrari 166MM
E
235
3178.299 km

1940
to
1948
Races cancelled for World War II and French reconstruction

1939
 Jean-Pierre Wimille
 Pierre Veyron
 Jean-Pierre Wimille
Bugatti Type 57S Tank
D
248
3354.76 km

1938
 Eugène Chaboud
 Jean Trémoulet
 Eugène Chaboud / Jean Trémoulet
Delahaye 135CS
D
235
3180.94 km

1937
 Jean-Pierre Wimille
 Robert Benoist
 Roger Labric
Bugatti Type 57G Tank
D
243
3287.938 km

1936
Race cancelled due to workers strike

1935
 Johnny Hindmarsh
 Luis Fontés
 Arthur W. Fox / Charles Nichol
Lagonda M45R Rapide
D
222
3006.797 km

1934
 Luigi Chinetti
 Philippe Étancelin
 Luigi Chinetti / Philippe Étancelin
Alfa Romeo 8C 2300
E
213
2886.938 km

1933
 Raymond Sommer
 Tazio Nuvolari
 Soc. Anon. Alfa Romeo
Alfa Romeo 8C 2300
E
233
3144.038 km

1932
 Raymond Sommer
 Luigi Chinetti
 Raymond Sommer
Alfa Romeo 8C 2300
E
218
2954.038 km

1931
 Earl Howe
 Henry Birkin
 Earl Howe
Alfa Romeo 8C 2300
D
184
3017.654 km

1930
 Woolf Barnato
 Glen Kidston
 Bentley Motors Ltd.
Bentley Speed Six
D
179
2930.663 km

1929
 Woolf Barnato
 Henry Birkin
 Bentley Motors Ltd.
Bentley Speed Six
D
174
2843.83 km

1928
 Woolf Barnato
 Bernard Rubin
 Bentley Motors Ltd.
Bentley 4½ Litre
D
154
2669.272 km

1927
 Dudley Benjafield
 Sammy Davis
 Bentley Motors Ltd.
Bentley 3 Litre Super Sport
D
137
2369.807 km

1926
 Robert Bloch
 André Rossignol
 No Team Name
Lorraine-Dietrich B3-6
D
147
2552.414 km

1925
 Gérard de Courcelles
 André Rossignol
 No Team Name
Lorraine-Dietrich B3-6
D
129
2233.982 km

1924
 John Duff
 Frank Clement
 Duff & Aldington
Bentley 3 Litre Sport
D
120
2077.341 km

1923
 André Lagache
 René Léonard
 Chenard & Walcker SA
Chenard & Walcker Sport 3-Litre
M
128
2209.536 km

text: Records[edit]

text: Drivers[edit]

text: Most wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Driver
Wins
Years

1
 Tom Kristensen
9
1997, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2008, 2013

2
 Jacky Ickx
6
1969, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1982

3
 Derek Bell
5
1975, 1981, 1982, 1986, 1987

 Frank Biela
2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007

 Emanuele Pirro
2000, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007

6
 Olivier Gendebien
4
1958, 1960, 1961, 1962

 Henri Pescarolo
1972, 1973, 1974, 1984

 Yannick Dalmas
1992, 1994, 1995, 1999

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Driver
Consecutive
Wins
Years

1
 Tom Kristensen
6
2000 - 2005

2
 Woolf Barnato
3
1928 - 1930

 Olivier Gendebien
1960 - 1962

 Henri Pescarolo
1972 - 1974

 Jacky Ickx
1975 - 1977

 Emanuele Pirro
2000 - 2002

 Frank Biela
2000 - 2002

 Marco Werner
2005 - 2007

text: Winning drivers per nation[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Winning
Drivers

1
 United Kingdom
32

2
 France
29

3
 Germany
19

4
 United States
12[1]

5
 Italy
11[1]

6
 Belgium
5

7
 Australia
4

 New Zealand

9
 Austria
3

10
 Denmark
2

 Japan

 Netherlands

 Sweden

 Switzerland

14
 Argentina
1

 Canada

 Finland

 Mexico

 Spain

text: Total wins per nation[edit]

text:
Rank
Nation
Wins

1
 France
43

2
 United Kingdom
42

3
 Germany
31

4
 United States
18

 Italy

6
 Belgium
13

7
 Denmark
10

8
 New Zealand
5

9
 Austria
4

 Australia

 Switzerland

12
 Netherlands
3

13
 Finland
2

 Japan

 Sweden

16
 Argentina
1

 Canada

 Mexico

 Spain

text: Constructors[edit]

text: Most wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Constructor
Wins
Years

1
 Porsche
19
1970-1971, 1976-1977, 1979, 1981-1987, 1994,[2] 1996-1998,[3] 2015-2017

2
 Audi
13
2000-2002, 2004-2008, 2010-2014

3
 Ferrari
9
1949, 1954, 1958, 1960-1965

4
 Jaguar
7
1951, 1953, 1955-1957, 1988, 1990

5
 Bentley
6
1924, 1927-1930, 2003

6
 Alfa Romeo
4
1931-1934

 Ford
1966-1969

8
 Matra-Simca
3
1972-1974

 Peugeot
1992-1993, 2009

10
 Lorraine-Dietrich
2
1925-1926

 Bugatti
1937, 1939

12
 Chenard & Walcker
1
1923

 Lagonda
1935

 Delahaye
1938

 Talbot-Lago
1950

 Mercedes-Benz
1952

 Aston Martin
1959

 Mirage
1975

 Renault-Alpine
1978

 Rondeau
1980

 Sauber-Mercedes
1989 [4]

 Mazda
1991

 McLaren
1995

 BMW
1999

text: Most consecutive wins[edit]

text:
Rank
Constructor
Consecutive
Wins
Years

1
 Porsche
7
1981 - 1987

2
 Ferrari
6
1960 - 1965

3
 Audi
5
2004 - 2008

 Audi
2010 - 2014

5
 Bentley
4
1927 - 1930

 Alfa Romeo
1931 - 1934

 Ford
1966 - 1969

8
 Jaguar
3
1955 - 1957

 Matra-Simca
1972 - 1974

 Porsche
1996 - 1998

 Audi
2000 - 2002

 Porsche
2015 - 2017

13
 Lorraine-Dietrich
2
1925 - 1926

 Porsche
1970 - 1971

 Porsche
1976 - 1977

 Peugeot
1992 - 1993

text: By nationality[edit]

text:
Nation
Win(s)
Constructor(s)

1
 Germany
34
4

2
 United Kingdom
17
6

3
 France
15
9

4
 Italy
13
2

5
 United States
4
1

6
 Switzerland
1 [4]
1

 Japan
1
1

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b Luigi Chinetti won Le Mans initially as an Italian, but later won as an American. His wins are included for both countries.
Jump up ^ The 1994 victory is listed with Porsche, although Dauer Sportwagen was the official constructor of the road car, a Porsche 962 heavily modified for street use and race homologation.
Jump up ^ The 1996 and 1997 victories are listed with Porsche, although the car was built by TWR on a modified Jaguar XJR-14 chassis, fitted with a Porsche 962 engine.
^ Jump up to: a b The ACO attributed the 1989 victory to the Swiss constructor Sauber

tag: ol


document_title: Land of the Lost (1974 TV series)

question_text: who played chaka on the land of the lost

text: Land of the Lost (1974 TV series)

text: Overview[edit]

text: Land of the Lost details the adventures of the Marshall family (father Rick, and his children Will and Holly) who are trapped in an alternate universe inhabited by dinosaurs, a primate-type people called Pakuni, and aggressive humanoid/lizard creatures called Sleestak. The episode storylines focus on the family's efforts to survive and find a way back to their own world, but the exploration of the exotic inhabitants of the Land of the Lost is also an ongoing part of the story.[4]

text: An article on renewed studio interest in feature film versions of Land of the Lost and H.R. Pufnstuf commented that "decision-makers in Hollywood, and some big-name stars, have personal recollections of plopping down on the family-room wall-to-wall shag sometime between 1969 and 1974 to tune in to multiple reruns of the Kroffts' Saturday morning live-action hits," and quoting Marty Krofft as saying that the head of Universal Studios, Ronald Meyer, and leaders at Sony Pictures all had been fans of Krofft programs.[5]

text: A number of well-respected writers in the science fiction field contributed scripts to the series (mostly in the first and second seasons), including Larry Niven,[6] Theodore Sturgeon,[6][7] Ben Bova,[6] and Norman Spinrad, and a number of people involved with Star Trek, such as Dorothy "D.C." Fontana,[6] Walter Koenig,[6][8][9] and David Gerrold.[6] Gerrold, Niven, and Fontana also contributed commentaries to the DVD of the first season.[3]

text: The prolific Krofft team was influential in children's television, producing many oddly formatted, highly energetic, and special-effects heavy programs. Many Krofft shows have similar plots involving children accidentally trapped in other worlds, but Land of the Lost is the Kroffts' most serious treatment of the premise, especially in the first season, slightly less so in the second, and considerably less so in the third.[10]

text: Plot and format[edit]

text: The Marshalls are brought to the mysterious world by means of a dimensional portal,[11] a device used frequently throughout the series and a major part of its internal mythology. This portal opens when they are swept down a gigantic 1,000-foot waterfall. We later learn in "Circle", which explains the time paradox, that this portal is actually opened by Rick Marshall himself, while in Enik's cave, as a way for the current Marshalls to return to Earth, resolving the paradox and allowing Enik to also return to his time.

text: Outfitted only for a short camping trip, the resourceful family from California takes shelter in a natural cave and improvises the provisions and tools that they need to survive. Their most common and dangerous encounters are with dinosaurs, particularly a Tyrannosaurus rex they nickname "Grumpy" who frequents the location of their cave. However, many of the dinosaurs are herbivores, posing no threat to the Marshalls, unless unintentionally provoked. One is a particularly tame young Brontosaurus whom Holly nicknames "Dopey", and whom Holly looks upon as a pet.

text: They also encounter the mostly hostile Sleestak (lizard-men), and the primate-like creatures called Pakuni (one of whom, Cha-Ka, they befriend), as well as a variety of dangerous creatures, strange geography and unfamiliar technology.

text: The main goal of the three is to find a way to return home. They are occasionally aided in this by the Altrusian castaway Enik.

text: At the start of the third season it is explained that Rick Marshall (played by Spencer Milligan) has been accidentally returned to Earth alone, leaving his children behind. Rick is immediately replaced by his brother Jack. Rick Marshall abruptly disappeared while trying to use one of the pylons to get home; Jack stumbled upon his niece and nephew after he embarked on a search of his own to find them.

text: Though the term "time doorway" is used throughout the series, Land of the Lost is not meant to portray an era in Earth's history, but rather an enigmatic zone whose place and time are unknown. Indeed, within the first few minutes of the pilot, the Marshall family father tells his children that he spotted three moons in the sky. The original creators of these time portals were thought to be the ancestors of the Sleestak, called Altrusians, though later episodes raised some questions about this.

text: Many aspects of the Land of the Lost, including the time doorways and environmental processes, were controlled by the Pylons, metallic obelisk-shaped booths that were larger on the inside than the outside and housed matrix tables - stone tables studded with a grid of colored crystals. Uncontrolled time doorways result in the arrival of a variety of visitors and castaways in the Land.

text: Production[edit]

text: Land of the Lost is notable for its epic-scale concept, which suggested an expansive world with many fantastic forms of life and mysterious technology, all created on a children's series' limited production budget. To support the internal mythology, linguist Victoria Fromkin was commissioned to create a special language for the Pakuni, which she based on the sounds of West African speech and attempted to build into the show in a gradual way that would allow viewers to learn the language over the course of many episodes.[10][12] The series' intention was to create a realistic fantasy world, albeit relying heavily on children's acceptance of minor inconsistencies.

text: In a 1999 interview, first-season story editor and writer David Gerrold claimed that he largely created the show, based on photographs of various science fiction topoi that were bound together in a book and given him by Sid Krofft and Allan Foshko.[13]

text: It was a marked departure from the Krofft team's previous work, which mostly featured extremely stylized puppets and sets such as those in H.R. Pufnstuf and Lidsville.[10]

text: The series for the first two seasons was shot on a modular indoor soundstage at General Service Studios in Hollywood, and made economical use of a small number of sets and scenic props which were rearranged frequently to suggest the ostensibly vast jungles, ancient cities and cave systems. As is traditional in many effect scenes, miniatures or scale-version settings were used for insertion of live-action scenes. Additional locations were often rendered using scale miniatures and chroma key.

text: Spencer Milligan departed the show at the beginning of its third season for financial reasons. In addition to a salary increase, he believed it was only fair that he and the rest of the cast receive compensation for using their image on various merchandise. His character Rick Marshall was replaced by his brother, Jack Marshall, played by actor Ron Harper. Milligan did not return for the brief scene, also shown in the credits of the third season, showing Rick Marshall being transported out of the Land of the Lost. One of the show's crew played the role instead, wearing a wig resembling Milligan's hair and standing with his back to the camera.[14][15][16]

text: Non-human characters were portrayed by actors in latex rubber suits, or with heavy creature make-up. Dinosaurs in the series were created using a combination of stop motion animation miniatures, rear projection film effects and occasional hand puppets for close-ups of dinosaur heads. Wesley Eure points out on a commentary track for Land of the Lost's first season DVD that the Grumpy hand puppet has no hole in the back of its throat, even though it is often seen opening its mouth wide to roar. The series marked a rare example of matting filmed stop-motion sequences with videotape live action, so as to avoid the telltale blue 'fringe' produced in matting with less exacting processes. Though this occasionally worked very well, the difference in lighting between the video and film sequences sometimes brought inadvertent attention to the limitations of the process.

text: Special effects footage was frequently re-used. Additional visual effects were achieved using manual film overlay techniques, the low-tech ancestor to current motion control photography.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Rick Marshall (Seasons 1 and 2) – Spencer Milligan
Will Marshall – Wesley Eure
Holly Marshall – Kathy Coleman
Uncle Jack Marshall (Season 3) – Ron Harper
Cha-Ka – Phillip Paley (Season 3; recurring, seasons 1-2)

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Cha-Ka – Phillip Paley (Seasons 1 and 2)
Sa – Sharon Baird (Seasons 1 and 2)
Ta – Joe Giamalva (Season 1) and Scutter McKay (Season 2)
Enik – Walker Edmiston
The Zarn – Marvin Miller (voice) and Van Snowden (body) (Season 2)
Malak – Richard Kiel (Season 3)
Sleestak Leader – Jon Locke (Season 3)
Sleestaks – Dave Greenwood, Bill Laimbeer, John Lambert, Cleveland Porter, Jack Tingley, Scott Fullerton, Mike Westra, Bill Boyd, David Harris, Clarke Roberts

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: From 2004 to 2005, Rhino Entertainment owned the rights to the show, and released seasons one through three, and a complete series package, with several bonus features, including commentaries, on all of the releases. Those DVDs have since gone out of print. On May 26, 2009, Universal Studios released two complete series releases, one in original packaging, and the other enclosed in a Land of the Lost vintage lunchbox; the only bonus feature was a look at the film starring Will Ferrell. On October 13, 2009, Universal released the three seasons individually; the DVDs are identical to Universal's Complete Series Boxes. The series is also available in Digital media format.

text: Remakes[edit]

text: Despite a relatively short run, the show continued to be aired extensively through syndication. Based on that success, a remake of the series began in 1991 and ran for two seasons.[17] The DVDs of the series earned a Saturn nomination for best retro TV series release in 2004.

text: On June 5, 2009 a feature film based on the 1974 TV series opened in U.S. theaters. Unlike the original series, which was a serious take on the story, the film was a comedy/parody (more likely inspired by the deservedly unsucccessful 1991 series reboot). It was directed by Brad Silberling and starred Will Ferrell, with the Krofft brothers serving as co-producers. Although the original series was aimed for children, the film's target audience was adults.