document_title: List of Ouran High School Host Club chapters

question_text: who does haruhi end up with in ouran highschool host club

text: List of volumes[edit]

text:
No.
Japanese release date
Japanese ISBN
English (North America / Singapore) release date
English (North America / Singapore) ISBN

1
August 5, 2003[8]
ISBN 978-4-592-17448-6
July 5, 2005 (NA)[9]
August 11, 2006 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-59116-915-4 (NA)
ISBN 981-260-617-3 (SG)

Chapters 1–3
Extra Episode: Honey's Bun-Bun

While searching for a quiet place to study, androgynous scholarship student Haruhi Fujioka tries Ouran High School's third music room and discovers it is being used by the school's Host Club, headed by Tamaki Suou. When Haruhi accidentally breaks an expensive vase that was going for auction at the school for $80,000, she is forced to become a member to work off the debt, and only after she has worked for them for a while does Tamaki discover that Haruhi is a girl. Despite this, she is a natural at hosting other girls, she is forced to continue pretending she is a boy. When the Host Club learn that one of their regular customers is having trouble with her fiancé, they cook up a plan to help involving using Haruhi dressed as a girl to find out the true feelings of the fiancé. At the Host Club's Christmas party, a kiss with a club member is auctioned off, but when vice-president Kyouya Ootori declares that Haruhi is the kisser, a distressed Tamaki tries to stop it—but instead accidentally pushes Haruhi into kissing the winning girl on the lips. A French otaku (fangirl), Renge, who is infatuated with Kyouya, appoints herself manager of the Host Club and tries to retool their hosting personas. Kyouya insists that they go along for family business reasons, but when her meddling cuts into the club's profits, he stops it.

2
November 5, 2003[10]
ISBN 978-4-592-17449-3
September 26, 2005 (NA)[11]
August 11, 2006 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-59116-990-1 (NA)
ISBN 981-260-713-7 (SG)

Chapters 4–7
Love Egoist story 1: "Romantic Egoist"

During the school's physical examinations, the Host Club tries to protect Haruhi's secret. At first Tamaki tries to impersonate her, but when that fails, Kyouya uses his influence as the heir to the company that holds Ouran's health services contract to keep the doctor from revealing it. When Haruhi comments on the differences between the Hitachiin twins, Hikaru and Kaoru, this triggers a quarrel between the siblings that causes more and more trouble for the Host Club until Haruhi realizes they are simply bored. An elementary-school boy seeks Tamaki's help at winning the hearts of women, but does not get very far until the Host Club realizes that what he really wants is help winning the heart of a specific girl, a classmate who is about to move away. The Host Club drags Haruhi out to relax at an artificial tropical beach, where an accident separates Hunny from the rest of the gang. After several misadventures, including an encounter with security guards, the club realizes Kyouya has been using them to beta test the safety of a new family enterprise.

3
March 5, 2004[12]
ISBN 978-4-592-18081-4
November 1, 2005 (NA)[13]
February 10, 2007 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-0062-1 (NA)
ISBN 981-260-938-5 (SG)

Chapters 8–12
Extra Episode: Daily Life in the Fujioka Family

The Host Club honors Haruhi's offhand comment while at the artificial beach and takes her (and some of their customers) to a real beach. While there, the boys start a competition to find the seemingly unflappable Haruhi's "weakness." When Haruhi attempts to protect some guests from local thugs, she gets thrown into the sea by one of the attackers. Tamaki rescues her but berates her for thinking she could take on two boys. Haruhi defends her actions, after which they refuse to speak to each other. That evening, while staying in the beachside mansion of Nekozawa, head of the Black Magic Club, the twins along with Mori and Hunny, get Haruhi to realize that Tamaki and the others had been worried for her safety. Haruhi begins to understand, then feels nauseous from eating too much. She's rushed to the nearest bathroom, which turns out to be in Kyouya's bedroom. He "plays the villain" on Haruhi by reminding her that she can pay him back for the flowers with her body. Soon after, Kyouya is overlying Haruhi on Kyouya's bed, but lets her go when Haruhi unmasks his plot to frighten her. When a storm begins, Tamaki discovers that Haruhi is afraid of thunder. St. Lobelia Girl's Academy's Zuka Club meet Haruhi and, recognizing she is a girl, try to convince her to transfer to their school. Worried that she might agree, the boys put on their own version of the Takarazuka Revue, before finding out she had no intention of leaving. At Halloween, a supposed school curse starts affecting Haruhi but she eventually realizes that it is a holiday trick of the Hatachiin twins. Interested in the unknown ways of a "commoner's lifestyle," the Host Club visits Haruhi's apartment. As the others leave to go on a supermarket shopping trip, Tamaki trips and lands on Haruhi, just before her father, Ranka, comes home to see a strange boy on the floor on top of his daughter.

4
August 5, 2004[14]
ISBN 978-4-592-18082-1
January 3, 2006 (NA)[15]
February 10, 2007 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-0192-5 (NA)
ISBN 981-269-025-5 (SG)

Chapters 13–16
Love Egoist story 2: "Love Egoist"
Extra Episode: Ouran Suspense Theater

Ranka is not initially impressed by Tamaki, and while he warms to the rest of the Host Club while shopping at the supermarket, he remains suspicious of their leader. Ranka's incessant bullying of the club king is because of his fear that one day Haruhi will choose Tamaki over him. When Hunny gets a cavity, Mori forces him to avoid sweets until he agrees to get it filled. In an off-continuity story, Alice in Wonderland is retold with characters played by members of the Host Club. The Newspaper Club wants an interview with the popular Host Club in order, they claim, to save it from being disbanded due to a lack of readers. The Host Club members realize, however, that they are actually seeking dirt and frustrate their plans.

5
January 5, 2005[16]
ISBN 978-4-592-18083-8
March 7, 2006 (NA)[17]
March 14, 2007 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-0329-5 (NA)
ISBN 981-269-052-2 (SG)

Chapters 17–21
Extra Episode: Mori's Secret

When Haruhi fails to score at the top of her class on exams, her scholarship is in jeopardy. Kyouya recruits the third-place second-year student, Ayame Jounouchi, to be her tutor, but their sessions are strained. Eventually, Haruhi realizes Ayame is both jealous of Tamaki's higher class rank, despite the fact he's not trying, and infatuated with him. During summer vacation, Haruhi gets a job in a pension run by one of her father's cross-dressing friends, Misuzu. When the rest of the Host Club visits, Misuzu holds a contest to have the most "refreshing" boy stay in the one remaining room, which is won by the Hitachiin brothers. When Haruhi meets an old friend from middle school, Hikaru becomes jealous of him and has an argument with Haruhi. Kaoru sets Hikaru up on a date with Haruhi to help the two make up, but when Haruhi gets caught alone in a thunderstorm and Hikaru is reluctant to go after her, Tamaki finally lets out the secret that Haruhi is afraid of thunder to get him to move. Back in school, Tamaki decides to train Nekozawa to be the princely figure his little sister thinks he is, with the result that she joins him "in darkness."

6
July 5, 2005[18]
ISBN 978-4-592-18084-5
May 2, 2006 (NA)[19]
March 14, 2007 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-0584-8 (NA)
ISBN 981-269-053-0 (SG)

Chapters 22–27

The American Football Club challenges the Host Club for the right to use the high-profile Central Salon during the school cultural festival. At the same time, the Host Club receives threatening anonymous notes and Kyouya puts Haruhi and Tamaki in charge of finding the culprit. As the contest between the two clubs begins, a flashback shows the origin of the animosity of Takeshi Kuze, captain of the American Football Club, towards Kyouya in a childhood squabble. During the contest, a race through the school, Haruhi realizes that the threats came from two different sources, one of them being Kuze's fiancee, and helps Tamaki win the contest. The other notes are revealed to be from Tamaki's father, the chairman of the school board, who enjoys teasing his son. During the cultural festival, Haruhi meets the families of other Host Club members, including Tamaki's father. However, after seeing his grandmother snub him, she learns Tamaki is the son of his father's French mistress, which changes her attitude towards him. After the festival, when the school's senior most teacher remembers the excellent taste of a soup he once had in his youth, Tamaki and the Host Club launch a search for the soup's recipe, with the prize being Haruhi's homemade food ("a hot blooded battle of men").

7
December 5, 2005[20]
ISBN 978-4-592-18085-2
September 5, 2006 (NA)[21]
April 4, 2007 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-0864-1 (NA)
ISBN 981-269-108-1 (SG)

Chapters 28–31
Extra Episode: "Hitachiin Family Background"
Love Egoist story 3: "Please Please Me"

The boys of the Host Club drag Kyouya to a commoner's department store to understand more about Haruhi by studying the lives of ordinary people. Kyouya meets Haruhi there alone, and they compare how they each view their lives. Yasuchika has a grudge against his older brother Hunny, and the rest of the Host Club wants to know why. On the other hand, Mori's younger brother, Satoshi, shows himself to be the complete opposite of the stoic Club member. Chika challenges Hunny to a karate re-match, which he loses. The girls from St. Lobelia's Zuka Club manage to make Haruhi visit their academy, and the Host Club boys and her father follow to try to save her. In the end, they learn it was an exercise to show the younger Zuka Club members what boys will do, so they can act the part better.

8
April 5, 2006[22]
ISBN 978-4-592-18086-9
January 2, 2007 (NA)[23]
May 2, 2007 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-1161-0 (NA)
ISBN 981-269-231-2 (SG)

Chapters 32–36
Extra Episode: Seizaburo Tachibana, Ohtori Staff Member

For classroom bonding, the twins suggests by having a kimodameshi (test of courage). While the twins, Haruhi, and the class representative set things up, Nekozawa and his Black Magic Club pull a Halloween prank that results in the twins being separated. Kyouya recalls, in a flashback, his first meeting with Tamaki, two years before. He initially puts up with Tamaki's odd requests but eventually snaps, after which they become good friends. When the son of a gangster, Ritsu Kasanoda, asks Mori how he can change his scary image and gain friends, the Host Club jumps at the opportunity to give him "reformative" training to change his personality. Kasanoda accidentally discovers Haruhi's secret, after which he becomes a regular customer, asking for her as his host even though she is still pretending to be male.

9
September 5, 2006[24]
ISBN 978-4-592-18087-6
July 3, 2007 (NA)[25]
June 6, 2007 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-1404-8 (NA)
ISBN 981-269-536-2 (SG)

Chapters 37–40
Extra Episode: The Host Club's Operation for Modest Happiness
Love Egoist 4: "Love or Dream?"

In a flashback, Tamaki recruits the twins to help form the Host Club. A foreign princess arrives at Ouran High as an exchange student in Class 1-A, as classmates of Haruhi and the twins. Her arrogance and unreasonable demands get the twins especially worked up; but knowing that the princess was merely putting on an act, Tamaki sets out to put things right. However, doing so forces him to confront his own feelings about Haruhi. As he broods over his troubles, Tamaki comes down with a cold, and the Host Club visits him at home, during which Tamaki has an urge to kiss Haruhi. After his father tells him it's normal to want to kiss your child, Tamaki kisses her on the forehead the next time he sees her.

10
April 5, 2007[26]
ISBN 978-4-592-18088-3
February 5, 2008 (NA)[27]
August 14, 2007 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-1929-6 (NA)
ISBN 981-269-959-7 (SG)

Chapters 41–46

Reiko Kanazuki from the Black Magic Club tries to use magic to get Hunny's affections. Misuzu asks Haruhi and her father for help with his daughter, Mei, who despises her father's crossdressing. When the Host Club follows Haruhi after she skips school to help Mei, they all end up in a karaoke place together. Mei develops a crush on Tamaki and asks for Haruhi's help to win him. To help reconcile Mei and Misuzu, Tamaki starts secretly working at Misuzu's pension during the summer vacation, where Haruhi joins him. When the Hitachiin twins find out, Hikaru is not happy and they visit the pension, where they discover Haruhi is working Tamaki to the bone. At a summer festival, Mei is finally alone with Tamaki and she asks him whether he loves Haruhi. Tamaki tells her only as a father, and Mei thinks he's an idiot for not realising his true feelings. When Haruhi and Mei visit the twins' mansion, Haruhi is forced into participating in a fashion show by the twins and their mother. She escapes and is rescued by the twins' father, and he talks with her about his sons, and Kaoru overhears. Back in school, Tamaki meddles with the American Football Club, escalating into a fight with Kyouya. It eventually expands into a school-wide athletic festival. Kyouya is captain of the white Team, joined by Kaoru and Hunny, while Tamaki leads the red Team with Haruhi, Hikaru and Mori.

11
September 5, 2007[28]
ISBN 978-4-592-18089-0
November 4, 2008 (NA)[29]
February 25, 2008 (SG)[3]
ISBN 1-4215-2255-1 (NA)
ISBN 978-981-276-263-4 (SG)

Chapters 47–51
Bonus story: Chika-chan and Mori's pet chick, Piyo-chan

The red and white teams plan their strategies as the competition grows closer. Once it begins, the white Team holds the lead. During the second half, however, the red Team catches up and the competition comes to be decided by the final event: a relay in which Kyouya and Tamaki go head-to-head. Kyouya narrowly wins the race and the two reconcile. Shortly after the sports festival, Mori helps a distressed tanuki. Hikaru is confused as to why he is so bothered when Haruhi thinks about Tamaki, until Kaoru explains it is because he is in love with her. As Hikaru thinks about this, he realizes Kaoru also likes Haruhi. Kaoru tells Hikaru that if he is not serious about his feelings towards Haruhi, he will never let Hikaru have her.

12
April 5, 2008[30]
ISBN 978-4-592-18090-6
June 2, 2009 (NA)[31]
July 22, 2008 (SG)[3]
ISBN 1-4215-2672-7 (NA)
ISBN 978-981-276-575-8 (SG)

Chapters 52–56
Senior Kuze's Unfortunate Yet Happy Days

Kaoru takes Haruhi on a date to an amusement park and asks Hunny and Mori to take Hikaru to the same amusement park to make Hikaru jealous. Kaoru tells Haruhi that he loves her, and kisses her cheek, but says that Hikaru is still more important to him. Haruhi does not understand that Kaoru loves her. Later, as Hikaru and Kaoru talk about their feelings for Haruhi, Hikaru realizes that Kaoru has done everything for him and tells him they can still stay together. They decide to become two different people, and shortly afterward, Hikaru dyes his hair. While in France on a class trip, Kyouya searches for Tamaki's mother. Tamaki, on the other hand, stays in Japan while letting the others believe he has gone. Haruhi eventually finds Tamaki sneaking around her house just as Kyouya calls to tell her Tamaki is with him, but has fallen sick. In France, Kyouya learns the location of Tamaki's mother. Meanwhile, Tamaki tells Haruhi about his past and his doubts about being in the Suou family. As he leaves, Tamaki kisses Haruhi on the forehead, causing her to blush. Back in France, Kyouya meets Tamaki's mother and learns about her past. He returns to Japan, soon afterward. Tamaki apologizes to the Host Club for lying about being in France. Kyouya mentions that he met a woman in France, eventually making Tamaki cry. Later that night, Haruhi feels weird but she believes that she just has a cold.

13
September 5, 2008[32]
ISBN 978-4-592-18713-4
November 3, 2009 (NA)[33]
December 16, 2008 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-2673-7 (NA)
ISBN 978-981-276-717-2 (SG)

Chapters 57–61
The First Day

During the next Host Club meeting, Haruhi is still feeling "sick" and blushes when she is near Tamaki. Because Hikaru becomes angry when Tamaki and Haruhi are together, the twins devise a plan to help him deal with his feelings. Haruhi tells her problems to Mei. Before Mei can offer advice, Kaoru calls. Mei abruptly leaves, "accidentally" forgetting a magazine. The next day, Haruhi stays home sick, denying what she read in the magazine: that she loves Tamaki. Haruhi skips school, still insisting that the magazine is wrong. She meets Kousaka and Tamaki in the park and faints. Tamaki takes care of her at home, and when she wakes up she thanks him for all he has done for her. She also realizes her feelings for Tamaki. The next day, she agrees to go on her class skiing trip. Kasanoda brings the Host Club an old treasure map. Without Tamaki, the rest of the club decides to look for the treasure—and when Tamaki appears, Haruhi blushes. They finally find the treasure but it is an empty box. Meanwhile, Hikaru, Kaoru and Haruhi accidentally find an unknown hot spring. As Tamaki and Hikaru are putting away the shovels, Hikaru accidentally tells Tamaki he loves Haruhi. Haruhi, Kaoru and Hikaru go on a class ski trip, during which Hikaru regrets what he said to Tamaki. Hikaru ends up sharing a room with Haruhi. Meanwhile, back home, Tamaki has a dream of his past. Kyoya, Mori and Hunny worry about him and go without him to the ski lodge. Kyouya, Mori, Hunny and Kaoru conclude that Tamaki may never act on his true feelings for Haruhi, a conversation that Hikaru overhears. Hikaru ponders what he overheard, and cannot sleep that night. The next day he, Kaoru, Haruhi and the class president climb a mountain where they are caught in a storm. Kaoru and Haruhi return to the lodge while Hikaru and the class president (who was dragged to the top of the mountain by Hikaru) wait for the rescue team. Hikaru faints after being rescued and wakes up to find Kaoru and Haruhi in his room. After Kaoru leaves, Hikaru confesses to Haruhi and asks her to be his girlfriend. Meanwhile, after hearing about Hikaru's rescue, Tamaki is coming to the lodge.

14
May 1, 2009[34]
ISBN 978-4-592-18714-1
July 6, 2010 (NA)[35]
July 21, 2009 (SG)[3]
ISBN 978-1-4215-3565-4 (NA)
ISBN 978-981-276-876-6 (SG)

Chapters 62–66

62: Hikaru asks Haruhi to think about her feelings for him rather than give an answer straight away. He invites her to the Year End party and leaves. Haruhi is left surprised by his confession. Hikaru runs into the rest of the Host Club, including Tamaki who is relieved to see he is okay. Hikaru tells Tamaki that he confessed to Haruhi and hasn't got a reply, but he is going to fight for her. He tells Tamaki that he should also do his best and not give into his 'traumas'. Tamaki wonders what Hikaru means, and what Haruhi will reply to him. He wants the Host Club to stay a family forever. Later at the party, Haruhi tells Mei she was dense not to realise Hikaru's feelings and goes outside to speak to Hikaru privately. Outside, Haruhi tells Hikaru that she doesn't feel the same, but he's an important friend to her and hopes that won't change. Hikaru asks if she likes Tamaki. An embarrassed Haruhi admits she respects Tamaki, but says he's also annoying. Hikaru teases that he still has a chance with her then! Later on, Hikaru tells Tamaki that Haruhi rejected him. The Club make plans to visit a shrine together in the New Year, and Hikaru invites Haruhi to let her know they can still be friends.
63: Tamaki dreams of his father, who is kept apart from Tamaki and his mother. His father reassures him that family bonds can't be broken by distance. Tamaki wakes up and mentions that he wasn't invited to the New Year party at the main residence again and so it's unlikely that he will succeed his Grandmother, who is chairman of the Suoh business and lives at the main residence. He realises he's late to meet the others at the Asakusa temple. On meeting up, Hikaru notices that Tamaki is distracted and challenges him to a competition to buy something that Haruhi will love the most. They split up, but later on Tamaki runs into Haruhi. Tamaki mentions Hikaru, and Haruhi confesses that she hates herself for not realising his feelings sooner and questions how she can succeed as a lawyer if she's so dense. Tamaki reassures her and tells her to be more confident. He gives her an Ootoro Ring, which he bought earlier as part of Hikaru's challenge, which cheers her up. Seeing her happiness, Tamaki wonders what kind of love he feels for Haruhi and absent-mindedly touches her face - embarrassing them both. Tamaki explains to Haruhi that he's not really her father, and Haruhi calls him an idiot and says she never thought of him like a father. Embarrassed, she runs away and Tamaki chases after her. He finds her Ootoro Ring on the ground, but Haruhi has disappeared.
64: The Host Club realise that Haruhi has been kidnapped. They trace her mobile phone to find her location, and Kyoya works out that the kidnappers are people having business problems with the Suohs. Tamaki, Hikaru, Hunny and Mori reach the location and find Haruhi unharmed. Tamaki embraces her in relief. Hikaru makes sure to break up the embrace and express his concern too. Tamaki tells off the kidnappers, but also says he'll help them with their problems. Haruhi wants to return to Asakusa, and Tamaki realises it's because of the Ootoro Ring that she dropped and returns it to her. Hikaru gets a little jealous seeing how happy it makes her. Kousaka, the Suoh's lawyer who was loitering around the whole day, makes a call to Tamaki's grandmother and wants to discuss the issue of Tamaki moving into the main residence.
65: The Host Club are hosting a horse riding day. Tamaki has been acting distracted, and Hikaru wonders if Tamaki has realised his feelings for Haruhi yet. A new girl called Kanoya get into trouble with the horses and Tamaki protects her, but ends up hurt. Kanoya is grateful to Tamaki and thanks him by making him lunch, whilst he offers to show her around Tokyo. The others comment on how much Kanoya looks like Haruhi, except her personality is submissive instead. Tamaki and Kanoya start spending more time together. Kyouya reveals Kanoya has family problems like Tamaki and Hikaru comments that she is perfect for Tamaki and they have a lot in common - Tamaki overhears this. Later, Tamaki is with Kanoya when Haruhi walks by, dropping a book. Tamaki picks it up for her and comments on how different she is to him. Haruhi takes it as an insult and leaves, forgetting one of her books. Tamaki tries to return it to her, but Kanoya stops him by confessing her love to him.
66: The others are spying on Tamaki and Kanoya, and wondering what their relationship is. Hikaru tells Haruhi about the rumour Kanoya confessed to Tamaki . Haruhi wonders what his answer was, but Tamaki catches them spying before they can talk about it more. They join them for lunch, and Kanoya speaks to Tamaki in familiar terms, raising more questions about their relationship. Kyouya tells Tamaki to come with him to the clubroom and they leave. Kanoya reveals she feels good around Tamaki, and Haruhi wonders whether Tamaki likes Kanoya and knows that she's very different from herself. In the clubroom, Tamaki admits to Kyouya that he declined Kanoya, but realises that she is just like him. He thinks about his past and his longing for strong family bonds as a child. He reaffirms to himself in the present that he doesn't want to let go of his 'family' idea. The bell rings for class, and Kanoya goes to find Tamaki whilst Haruhi is told about her family problems. Whilst Tamaki is away, the Host Club decide they need a plan regarding Tamaki and Kanoya.

15
September 4, 2009[36]
ISBN 978-4-592-18715-8
December 7, 2010 (NA)[37]
ISBN 978-1-4215-3670-5 (NA)

Chapters 67–71

67: The Host Club are holding an orienteering competition and Haruhi convinces Tamaki to enter with Kanoya. At 4 locations the participants have to complete a challenge and then choose from a selection of ingredients for the 5th challenge - to cook a curry. Tamaki chooses terrible ingredients, but Kanoya is too submissive to tell him he's wrong. During the challenge Tamaki realises that, although Kanoya is more suited to him and even resembles Haruhi, she has a very different personality and it's really Haruhi that he loves.
68: Tamaki reminisces on how stupidly he has acted towards Haruhi, particularly his insistence on treating her like a daughter. He remembers how his father's actions to choose love broke up his family and he's scared that he will do the same to his Host Club family. This reminds him of how Hikaru said that their bond won't be easily broken. Mori later also tells him to be honest with himself and know that everyone in the Host Club trusts him. At the curry challenge, Kanoya has a difficult task to make a curry out of terrible ingredients, but as a cook's daughter she gets back her confidence and does well. In the final 'truth' challenge Kanoya admits that she misses her dad and Haruhi encourages her to be honest with her family about her feelings. Haruhi also tells off Tamaki for keeping secrets from the Host Club and lets him know that they all want to support him – whatever it is! Tamaki realises that, despite being scared of losing his friends, he is ready to tell Haruhi how he feels.
69: In a flashback, Tamaki tells Hikaru that he also loves Haruhi. Walking to school, Haruhi is still wondering what Tamaki's secret is when he arrives on a Segway. He tries to confess but starts babbling nervously and makes Haruhi run away. Tamaki is full of self-confidence and thinks it's a sign she loves him. Hikaru tells Tamaki not to presume that he knows her feelings, but Tamaki of course doesn't listen! Meanwhile, Kanoya tells Haruhi that she was depending on Tamaki too much, and probably just liked him as a father figure. Haruhi disagrees because seeing them together made her jealous. Haruhi goes to the clubroom wondering what she sees in Tamaki – only to find him singing 'Happy Birthday' to himself like a fool. Tamaki's confidence evaporates on seeing Haruhi and he hides and starts to wonder whether he is right to assume she likes him. It is revealed that it's Haruhi's birthday next week and Tamaki and Hikaru both imagine buying her a present that will make her fall in love with them. Kyouya gets a phone call and reveals he knows something about the "lying lawyer" Kousaka.
70: Kyouya has found out that Kousaka has been secretly and regularly meeting with Tamaki's grandmother, and also has a link to Haruhi's family. Kousaka visits Haruhi's dad and it's revealed that she was classmates with Haruhi's mother. She warns Ranka that Haruhi should stay away from the Suoh family and Ouran. Meanwhile, Tamaki and Hikaru are trying to work out the perfect birthday present for Haruhi – finally agreeing that she'd like something low-cost and useful since she's a commoner. They end up both giving her the same thing - a Prawn Rice Water Flowing kit - but Haruhi prefers the Shiitake Mushroom kit from Ritsu.
71: It's the last day before Mori and Hunny graduate from Ouran, and the club are shocked to find out that they won't be together at university as Mori is pursuing Law and Hunny pursuing Science and Technology. Haruhi finds Tamaki asleep in the clubroom and reflects on how badly she's treated him over the last few days and how hard he is taking the departure of Mori and Hunny. It's clear that something is on Mori's mind, and the Host Club think he's sad to be leaving Hunny's side. Hunny demands Mori tell him what's bothering him, and Mori says he will – after they duel.

16
April 5, 2010[38]
ISBN 978-4-592-18716-5
June 7, 2011 (NA)[39]
ISBN 978-1-421-53870-9 (NA)

Chapters 72–75

72: Mori and Hunny fight, and Mori eventually wins by picking Hunny up and placing him out of bounds. Mori tells Hunny what's on his mind – that he doesn't want him to bring his soft toy with him to university as he's an adult now. The twins are shocked that this is all that was bothering Mori, but Hunny explains that they've known that they would have to go their separate ways eventually and would always remember the fun they had in the Host Club. Hunny and Mori graduate, but Hunny says they'll come back and visit – cheering Tamaki up. Tamaki wants to tell Haruhi the good news, and literally runs into her. They share an accidental kiss and both rush off a bit shaken by the moment. Meanwhile, Tamaki's grandmother declares that Tamaki will enter the main house and end the Host Club in the new school year.
73: Tamaki is still excited by the accidental kiss but doubts whether it meant anything to Haruhi. He is interrupted by someone that has come to see him from the main house. The lawyer Kousaka reveals she has convinced Tamaki's grandmother to let Tamaki enter the main house, and is hoping she'll get a big monetary reward from Tamaki's father. Tamaki visits Haruhi to tell her he's moving into the main house and so will be busy all holidays, but hopes to see her in the new school year. Haruhi is really happy for Tamaki. Kyouya also hears the news but has a bad feeling about it. Tamaki's grandmother says she'll be strictly supervising Tamaki.
74: Tamaki is told that he can't see his staff and pet dog from the 2nd house anymore. He'll also be expected to study all holidays. Tamaki's father greets him, and Tamaki begs to see his staff and dog, but he is told to obey his grandmother. Tamaki has to eat dinner alone, but resolves to make the best of his new situation because he'll still be able to see his friends in the new school year. School restarts, and Haruhi discovers that Tamaki can't join the Host Club as he has to study after school, his grandmother is ignoring him, and the staff at the main residence have been told not to speak to him. Tamaki remains optimistic that he'll be able to win over his grandmother and rejoin the Host Club, but admits he's lonely and wants to have lunch with everyone. Unfortunately, with the Host Club suspended, all the Host Club guests also want time with Tamaki and he gets taken away. Separately, Haruhi and Tamaki are both longing to speak to each other again. The chapter ends with Tamaki confirming to his grandmother that he'll leave the Host Club as she wishes.
75: Tamaki announces he's quitting the Host Club and tells Haruhi that she should also quit because he will pay off her remaining debt. Haruhi is furious and asks Tamaki to explain, but Tamaki tells her it's none of her business and leaves. Kyouya follows and finds Tamaki upset. Tamaki explains that his grandmother accused him of ruining Haruhi's life by forcing her into the Club and making her lie about her gender, and he has damaged the Suoh reputation by associating with a person from a lower social standing. He agrees to leave the Host Club when she threatens to get Haruhi expelled from Ouran. Kyouya thinks his grandmother will still target Haruhi despite Tamaki's actions. Haruhi goes to demand answers from Tamaki's grandmother, but Tamaki and Kyoya find out and interrupt her. Tamaki tells her to go back to school and stop causing trouble. Haruhi is shocked by his words and remembers back to when Tamaki said he would take care of her. The Host Club gets permanently suspended from Ouran by Tamaki's father.

17
September 3, 2010[40]
ISBN 978-4-592-18717-2
December 6, 2011 (NA)[41]
ISBN 978-1-421-53979-9 (NA)

Chapters 76–79

76: Tamaki tells his grandmother that he has quit the Host Club and she is pleased. The Host Club are angry and don't understand why Tamaki is going along with it. Haruhi runs into Kousaka, and Kousaka thinks Tamaki lives in a different world and has chosen family over the Host Club. Haruhi doesn't believe Tamaki would ever betray the Club and thinks something else must be going on. She decides to return to school dressed shabbily. She tells Tamaki that she knows he wants to bond with his grandmother and has returned to how she used to be before joining the Host Club so that he can do so without worrying about her. Tamaki smiles and moves away, and we're told the Host Club officially disbands.
77: Tamaki is trying to bond with his grandmother at the main house. At school, Haruhi and Tamaki no longer speak and she is continuing to dress shabby. She tells Mei that she'll continue until Tamaki reconciles with his family. Kyouya calls a meeting and tells everyone that Tamaki's mum has SLE syndrome, but thinks she may be taking an experimental drug to get better. They later discover that Kyouya's family have made a valuable deal with a company led by Tamaki's father to exclusively sell the drug, which will give Tamaki's father a chance to gain independence from Tamaki's grandmother. Unfortunately this deal shatters Tamaki's dream of having a happy family.
78: Side story about the Hitachiin family.
79: Haruhi dreams of confessing to Tamaki. Hikaru also encourages her to confess to try and cure Tamaki's depression. Kyoya tells the Host Club that Tamaki's mother is in Japan and the twins hope Tamaki will see her and cheer up. Tamaki, however, is refusing to see his mother unless his grandmother approves. He is also refusing to see the Host Club and not attending school. At school, lots of the Ouran students offer to help the Host Club to help Tamaki, and Haruhi reflects on how many bonds Tamaki has formed since coming to Japan alone. At the main house, Tamaki is bonding with his grandmother and she compliments his knowledge of the things she likes. He tells her he learnt it all from his father, and he must have been trying to share her loves with Tamaki, which surprises her. Haruhi finds out that Tamaki's mother will be leaving Japan tomorrow and the Host Club pledge to reunite Tamaki and his mother before she leaves.

18
April 5, 2011[42]
ISBN 978-4-592-18718-9
June 5, 2012 (NA)[43]
ISBN 978-1-421-54135-8 (NA)

Chapters 80–83

80: The Host Club have devised a plan to reunite Tamaki with his mother. With Mori's help, Haruhi breaks through a window in the main house and comes face to face with Tamaki and his grandmother. Tamaki admits he knows his mother is leaving Tokyo, but refuses to see her as he already has plans with his grandmother. Haruhi gets angry and asks him not to put aside his own feelings for the sake of his family. Tamaki still refuses, but his grandmother – who now seems to think more favourably about Tamaki - gives her blessing for him to go. With the help of several of Tamaki's friends from the Host Club and school, he is able to reach the airport on time and reunite with his mother. Haruhi finally tells Tamaki that she loves him.
81: Still at the airport, Tamaki is in pieces over Haruhi's confession and Haruhi starts to have second thoughts – finally giving Tamaki the courage to kiss her and convince her of his feelings! Tamaki's father and grandmother decide to take Haruhi's advice and speak honestly to each other to reconcile their differences. Back at school, Tamaki returns and the Host Club reopens. The twins don't think Haruhi and Tamaki have been acting like a couple, and we discover this is because Tamaki has been too busy trying to plan their first date. Meanwhile, Haruhi meets up with Kousaka to get some career advice. Later on Tamaki and Haruhi meet up and Haruhi asks Tamaki to go to the Amusement Park with her before he has the chance to ask her out on his carefully planned 'perfect date'. Haruhi finds his 'perfect date' notes, and finds it funny. She reassures him that she could never be bored as long as she's spending time with him. Tamaki tells Haruhi he loves her and she gets really flustered by his cuddles and loving stares.
82: Tamaki and Haruhi meet for their first date. Tamaki typically goes overboard, but the rest of the Host Club try to fix all his mistakes before Haruhi notices and dumps him. They also intervene when the Zuka club see Haruhi and try to steal her away. Tamaki and Haruhi escape and Tamaki takes her to visit her mother's grave so that he can pay his respects. Tamaki admits that he knows Haruhi has been offered a 1 year scholarship in the USA, as she is one of Ouran's best students, and he agrees it will be a good experience for her. After hearing Tamaki's supportive words, Haruhi is convinced her decision to accept the offer is the right one - even though it means leaving a lot behind.
83: The Host Club arrange a farewell party for Haruhi. At the party, Haruhi is surprised that Tamaki isn't paying her much attention considering tonight is their last together, but before she can think about it too much she is whisked away and given a make-over so that she can reveal the truth about her gender to everyone. She enters dressed as a girl – but everyone says they already knew Haruhi's secret. Tamaki and Haruhi dance together as a public couple. Later, Haruhi and Tamaki talk alone and Haruhi says she's sad to be leaving. When Tamaki shows her the plans to their new apartment, she realises that Tamaki is coming with her to the USA! Haruhi can't believe his extravagance, but Tamaki declares that he has no intention of leaving her side and they kiss. In the USA, Tamaki and Haruhi are settling into their new apartment – only to find their new neighbours are none other than the rest of the Host Club! Haruhi realises that they have no intentions of becoming memories, rather they want to stay together forever.


document_title: States Reorganisation Act, 1956

question_text: which commission was appointed for the creation of new states on the basis of language

root

text: States Reorganisation Act, 1956

text: Political integration after independence and the Constitution of 1950[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The British Indian Empire, which included present-day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, was divided into two types of territories: the Provinces of British India, which were governed directly by British officials responsible to the Governor-General of India; and the Indian States, under the rule of local hereditary rulers who recognised British suzerainty in return for local autonomy, in most cases as established by treaty. As a result of the reforms of the early 20th century, most of the British provinces had directly elected legislatures as well as governors, although some of the smaller provinces were governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the Governor-General. Major reforms put forward by the British in the 1930s also recognised the principle of federalism, which was carried forward into the governance of independent India.

tag: p

text: On 15 August 1947, British India was granted independence as the separate dominions of India and Pakistan. The British dissolved their treaty relations with more than five hundred princely states, who were encouraged to accede to either India or Pakistan, while under no compulsion to do so. Most of the states acceded to India, and a few to Pakistan. Bhutan, Hyderabad and  Kashmir opted for independence, although the armed intervention of India conquered Hyderabad and brought it into the Indian Union.

text: Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The Government of India Act 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution.

text: The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[3] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states and a class of territories:

text:
Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by a governor appointed by the president and an elected state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Berar), Madras, Orissa, Punjab (formerly East Punjab), Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal.
Part B states, which were former princely states or groups of princely states, governed by a rajpramukh, who was usually the ruler of a constituent state, and an elected legislature. The rajpramukh was appointed by the President of India. The eight Part B states were Hyderabad, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Bharat, Mysore, Patiala and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), Rajasthan, Saurashtra, and Travancore-Cochin.
Part C states included both the former chief commissioners' provinces and some princely states, and each was governed by a chief commissioner appointed by the President of India. The ten Part C states were Ajmer, Bhopal, Bilaspur, Coorg, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Cutch, Manipur, Tripura, and Vindhya Pradesh.
The sole Part D territory[4] was the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which were administered by a lieutenant governor appointed by the central government.

tag: ul

text: Movement for linguistic states[edit]

text: The demand for states to be organised on a linguistic basis was developed even before India achieved independence from British rule. A first-of-its-kind linguistic movement started in 1895, in what is now Odisha. The movement gained momentum in later years with the demand for a separate Orissa Province to be formed by bifurcating the existing Bihar and Orissa Province.[5][6] Due to the efforts of Madhusudan Das, the Father of Oriya nationalism, the movement eventually achieved its objective in 1936, when Orissa Province became the first Indian state (pre-independence) to be organised on the basis of common languages.

text: The post-independence period saw the ascent of political movements for the creation of new states developed on linguistic lines. The movement to create a Telugu-speaking state out of the northern portion of Madras State gathered strength in the years after independence, and in 1953, the sixteen northern Telugu-speaking districts of Madras State became the new State of Andhra.

text: During the 1950–1956 period, other small changes were made to state boundaries: the small state of Bilaspur was merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 July 1954; and Chandernagore, a former enclave of French India, was incorporated into West Bengal in 1955. However, post-independence, the first state to be created on a linguistic basis was Andhra in 1953, created out of the Telugu-speaking northern parts of Madras State.

text: States Reorganisation Commission[edit]

text: The States Reorganisation Commission was preceded by the Linguistic Provinces Commission (aka Dhar Commission), which was set up in June 1948. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission in December 1953, with the remit to reorganise the Indian states. The new commission was headed by the retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Fazal Ali; its other two members were H. N. Kunzru and K. M. Panikkar. The efforts of the commission were overseen by Govind Ballabh Pant, who served as the Home Minister from December 1954.

text: The States Reorganisation Commission submitted a report on September 30, 1955, with recommendations for the reorganisation of India's states, which was then debated by the Indian parliament. Subsequently, bills were passed to make changes to the constitution and to administer the reorganisation of the states.[7]

text: Related changes by other legislation[edit]

text: The States Reorganisation Act was enacted on 31 August 1956. Before it came into effect on 1 November, an important amendment was made to the Constitution of India. Under the Seventh Amendment, the existing distinction among Part A, Part B, Part C, and Part D states was abolished. The distinction between Part A and Part B states was removed, becoming known simply as "states". A new type of entity, the Union Territory, replaced the classification as a Part C or Part D state.

text: A further Act also came into effect on 1 November, transferring certain territories from Bihar to West Bengal.[8]

text: Effect of the changes[edit]

text: The following list sets out the states and union territories of India as reorganised on 1 November 1956:

text: States[edit]

text:
Andhra Pradesh: formed by the merger of Andhra State (1953-56) with the Telugu-speaking areas of Hyderabad State (1948–56).
Assam: No change of boundary in 1956.
Bihar: reduced slightly by the transfer of minor territories to West Bengal.
Bombay State: the state was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. The southernmost districts of the Bombay Presidency were transferred to Mysore State.
Jammu and Kashmir: No change of boundary in 1956.
Kerala: formed by the merger of Travancore-Cochin state with the Malabar district and Kasaragod taluk of South Canara district of the Madras Presidency. The southern part of Travancore-Cochin, Kanyakumari district was transferred to Madras State.
Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, and Bhopal State were merged into Madhya Pradesh; the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division were transferred to Bombay State.
Madras State: Malabar District was transferred to the new state of Kerala, and a new union territory, Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands, was created. The southern part of Travancore-Cochin, Kanyakumari district was added to the state.
Mysore State: enlarged by the addition of Coorg State and the Kannada speaking districts from western Madras Presidency, southern Bombay Presidency and western Hyderabad State.
Orissa: No change of boundary in 1956.
Punjab: enlarged by addition of the Patiala and East Punjab States Union.
Rajasthan: enlarged by the addition of Ajmer state and parts of Bombay and Madhya Bharat states.
Uttar Pradesh: No change of boundary in 1956.
West Bengal: enlarged by addition of minor territory previously forming part of Bihar.

tag: ol

text: Union territories[edit]

text:
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Delhi
Manipur
Tripura
Himachal Pradesh
Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands


document_title: Justice League (film)

question_text: when does the justice league movie come out on video

text: Justice League (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Thousands of years ago, Steppenwolf and his legions of Parademons attempted to take over Earth with the combined energies of three Mother Boxes. They were foiled by a unified army that includes the Olympian Gods, Amazons, Atlanteans, mankind, and the Green Lantern Corps. After repelling Steppenwolf's army, the Mother Boxes were separated and hidden in locations on the planet. In the present, mankind is in mourning over Superman, whose death triggers the Mother Boxes to reactivate and Steppenwolf's return to Earth in an effort to regain favor with his master, Darkseid. Steppenwolf aims to gather the artifacts to form "The Unity", which will destroy Earth's ecology and terraform it in the image of Steppenwolf's homeworld.

text: Steppenwolf retrieves the Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana of Steppenwolf's return. Diana joins Bruce Wayne in his attempt to unite other metahumans to their cause, with Wayne going after Arthur Curry and Barry Allen, while Diana tries to locate Victor Stone. Wayne fails to persuade Curry, but manages to recruit an enthusiastic Allen onto the team. Although Diana fails to convince Stone to join, he agrees to help them locate the threat if he discovers their location. Stone later joins the team after his father Silas, along with several other S.T.A.R. Labs employees, is kidnapped by Steppenwolf seeking to acquire the Mother Box from mankind.

text: Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the next Mother Box, forcing Curry into action. The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon leading them to Steppenwolf's army, based in an abandoned facility under Gotham Harbor. Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees, the facility is flooded during combat, which traps the team until Curry helps delay the flood so they can escape. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box, which he had hidden, for the group to analyze. Stone reveals that his father used the Mother Box to rebuild Stone's body after an accident almost cost him his life. Facing overwhelming odds against Steppenwolf's army, Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman, not only to help them fight off Steppenwolf's invasion, but also to restore hope to mankind. Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea, but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan in case Superman returns as hostile.

text: Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the amniotic fluid of the genesis chamber of the Kryptonian ship alongside the Mother Box, which in turn activates and successfully resurrects Superman. However, Superman's memories have not returned, and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him. On the verge of being killed by Superman, Batman enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with Lane to his family home in Smallville, where he reflects and his memories slowly come back. In the turmoil, the last Mother Box is left unguarded, and Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease. Without Superman to aid them, the five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf aims to unite the Mother Boxes once again and remake Earth. The team fights their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf, although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the Mother boxes. Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes. The team defeats Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons before they all teleport away.

text: In the aftermath of the battle, Bruce and Diana agree to set up a base of operations for the team, with room for more members. Diana steps back into the public spotlight as a hero; Barry acquires a job in Central City's police department, impressing his father; Victor continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs; Arthur returns to Atlantis; and Superman resumes his life as reporter Clark Kent. In a mid-credits scene, Barry and Clark compete in a race to the Pacific coast to see who is faster. In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor puts a decoy in his place and escapes from Arkham Asylum, and then recruits Slade Wilson to form their own league.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Ben Affleck as Bruce Wayne / Batman:
A wealthy socialite, and the owner of Wayne Enterprises. He dedicates himself to protecting Gotham City from its criminal underworld as a highly trained, masked vigilante equipped with various tools and weapons.
Henry Cavill as Clark Kent / Superman:
A member of, and inspiration for, the Justice League, a Kryptonian survivor, and a journalist for the Daily Planet based in Metropolis.
Amy Adams as Lois Lane:
An undaunted and compassionate award-winning journalist for the Daily Planet and the love interest for Kent.[8]
Gal Gadot as Diana Prince / Wonder Woman:
An antiquities dealer, acquaintance of Wayne, and an immortal Amazonian warrior, who is the crown princess of Themyscira and daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus. She is endowed with metahuman attributes and abilities inherited from her parents.
Ezra Miller as Barry Allen / The Flash:
A Central City University student, who can move at superhuman speeds with his ability to tap into the Speed Force.
Jason Momoa as Arthur Curry / Aquaman:
The heir to the throne of the undersea nation of Atlantis.[9] His metahuman aquatic abilities and physical attributes originate from his Atlantean physiology.
Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg:
A former college athlete who, after being cybernetically reconstructed after a nearly fatal car accident, is turned into a techno-organic being enhanced by reactive, adaptive biomimetic alien technology. His enhancements include the abilities of flight, variable weaponry and technopathy. Fisher portrays the character through the use of motion capture for the cybernetic portion of his body.[10]
Jeremy Irons as Alfred Pennyworth: Wayne's butler, chief of security, and trusted confidant.[11]
Diane Lane as Martha Kent: Kent's adoptive mother.[8]
Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta: Diana's mother and Queen of the Amazons.[8]
J. K. Simmons as James Gordon: The Commissioner of the Gotham City Police Department, and close ally of Batman.[8]
Ciarán Hinds as the voice of Steppenwolf: An alien military officer from Apokolips who leads an army of Parademons and is searching for the three Mother Boxes held on Earth. The character is described as "old, tired" and trying to find a way to escape his role of servitude under Darkseid.[12] Hinds portrayed the villain through use of motion capture and received some advice in the process from Liam Neeson, who had recently done similar work in A Monster Calls.[13]

text: The Olympian Old Gods Zeus, Ares and Artemis are portrayed by fitness model Sergi Constance, stuntman Nick McKinless, and MMA fighter Aurore Lauzeral, respectively.[14][15] All three were required to reach a specific degree of physicality, with Snyder instructing McKinless to sport "veins like worms and paper thin skin". In the finished film, McKinless' face was replaced with David Thewlis's face, and Thewlis received the credit as Ares.[14] Robin Wright reprises her role as Antiope during a flashback sequence. Amber Heard portrays the Atlantean Mera.[8] During a scene depicting Steppenwolf's first invasion of Earth, Julian Lewis Jones appears as King Atlan, while Francis Magee portrays King Arthur Pendragon, credited as ancient king of Atlantis and ancient king of men, respectively.[16][17] Joe Morton reprises his role as Silas Stone, Victor Stone's father and S.T.A.R. Labs' head while Billy Crudup appears as Henry Allen, Barry Allen's father. Joe Manganiello and Jesse Eisenberg appear uncredited in a post-credits scene as Slade Wilson / Deathstroke and Lex Luthor, respectively.[18] Michael McElhatton appears as the leader of a group of terrorists who clash with Wonder Woman early in the film,[19] while Holt McCallany makes an uncredited appearance as a burglar.[20] Marc McClure, who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the Christopher Reeve Superman film series, has a cameo as a police officer.[21] An unidentified Green Lantern appears at the beginning of the film, created by use of CGI and embodied by an uncredited actor. Willem Dafoe and Kiersey Clemons filmed scenes as Nuidis Vulko and Iris West, respectively, although their roles were cut from the final film. Both actors are signed for multiple films and will appear in future installments of the franchise, Aquaman and Flashpoint, respectively.[22][23] Early in production, a scene depicting Green Lanterns Kilowog and Tomar-Re visiting Batman was filmed as another post-credits scene, further teasing Green Lantern Corps. The scene was later scrapped.[24]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In February 2007, it was announced that Warner Bros. had hired husband and wife duo Michele and Kieran Mulroney to write a script for a Justice League film.[25] The news came around the same time that Joss Whedon's long-developed Wonder Woman film was cancelled,[26] as well as The Flash, written and directed by David S. Goyer.[27] Reportedly titled Justice League: Mortal,[28] Michele and Kiernan Mulroney submitted their script to Warner Bros. in June 2007, receiving positive feedback,[29] which prompted the studio to immediately fast track production in the hope of beginning filming before the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike.[30] Warner Bros. was less willing to proceed with development of a sequel to Superman Returns, having been disappointed with its box office. Brandon Routh was not approached to reprise the role of Superman in Justice League: Mortal,[31] nor was Christian Bale from Batman Begins.[32] Warner Bros. intended for Justice League: Mortal to be the start of a new film franchise, and to branch out into separate sequels and spin-offs.[33] Shortly after filming The Dark Knight,[34] Bale stated in an interview that "It'd be better if it doesn't tread on the toes of what our Batman series is doing," and felt it would make more sense for Warner Bros. to release the film after The Dark Knight Rises.[32] Jason Reitman was the original choice to direct Justice League, but he turned it down, as he considers himself an independent filmmaker and prefers to stay out of big budget superhero films.[35] George Miller signed to direct in September 2007,[30] with Barrie Osbourne producing[36] on a projected $220 million budget.[37]

text: The following month, roughly 40 actors and actresses auditioned for the ensemble superhero roles, among them Joseph Cross, Michael Angarano, Max Thieriot, Minka Kelly, Adrianne Palicki and Scott Porter. Miller had intended to cast younger actors, as he wanted them to "grow" into their roles over the course of several films.[34] D. J. Cotrona was cast as Superman,[33] along with Armie Hammer as Batman.[38] Jessica Biel reportedly declined to play Wonder Woman role after negotiations.[39] The character was also linked to actresses Teresa Palmer and Shannyn Sossamon, along with Mary Elizabeth Winstead, who confirmed that she had auditioned.[40] Ultimately, Megan Gale was cast as Wonder Woman,[41] while Palmer was cast as Talia al Ghul, whom Miller had in mind to act with a Russian accent.[42] The script for Justice League: Mortal would have featured John Stewart as Green Lantern, a role originally offered to Columbus Short.[43] Hip hop recording artist and rapper Common was cast,[44] with Adam Brody as Barry Allen / Flash,[45] and Jay Baruchel as the lead villain, Maxwell Lord.[46] Longtime Miller collaborator Hugh Keays-Byrne had been cast in an unnamed role, rumored to be Martian Manhunter. Santiago Cabrera was eventually revealed to be Aquaman after the film was cancelled.[47] Marit Allen was hired as the original costume designer before her untimely death in November 2007,[48] and the responsibilities were assumed by Weta Workshop.[49]

text: However, the writers strike began that same month and placed the film on hold. Warner Bros. had to let the options lapse for the cast,[50] but development was fast tracked once more in February 2008 when the strike ended. Warner Bros. and Miller wanted to start filming immediately,[51] but production was pushed back three months.[33] Originally, the majority of Justice League: Mortal was to be shot at Fox Studios Australia in Sydney,[37] with other locations scouted nearby at local colleges,[36] and Sydney Heads doubling for Happy Harbor.[28] The Australian Film Commission had a say with casting choices, giving way for George Miller to cast Gale, Palmer and Keays-Bryne, all Australian natives. The production crew was composed entirely of Australians, but the Australian government denied Warner Bros. a 40 percent tax rebate as they felt they had not hired enough Australian actors.[37][52] Miller was frustrated, stating that "A once-in-a-lifetime opportunity for the Australian film industry is being frittered away because of very lazy thinking. They're throwing away hundreds of millions of dollars of investment that the rest of the world is competing for and, much more significantly, highly skilled creative jobs."[53] Production offices were then moved to Vancouver Film Studios in Canada. Filming was pushed back to July 2008, while Warner Bros was still confident they could produce the film for a summer 2009 release.[54][55]

text: With production delays continuing, and the success of The Dark Knight in July 2008,[56] Warner Bros. decided to focus on the development of individual films featuring the main heroes, allowing director Christopher Nolan to separately complete his Batman trilogy with The Dark Knight Rises in 2012. Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of creative affairs for DC Entertainment, stated, "we're going to make a Justice League movie, whether it's now or 10 years from now. But we're not going to do it and Warners is not going to do it until we know it's right."[57] Actor Adam Brody joked "They [Warner Brothers] just didn't want to cross their streams with a whole bunch of Batmans in the universe."[58] Warner Bros. relaunched development for a solo Green Lantern film, released in 2011 as a critical and financial disappointment. Meanwhile, film adaptations for The Flash and Wonder Woman continued to languish in development, while filming for a Superman reboot commenced in 2011 with Man of Steel, produced by Nolan and written by Batman screenwriter David S. Goyer. Shortly after filming on Man of Steel was complete, Warner Bros hired Will Beall to write the script for a new Justice League film.[59] Warner Bros. president Jeff Robinov explained that Man of Steel would be "setting the tone for what the movies are going to be like going forward. In that, it's definitely a first step."[60] The film included references to the existence of other superheroes in the DC Universe,[61] and set the tone for a shared fictional universe of DC Comics characters on film.[62] Goyer stated that should Green Lantern appear in a future installment, it would be a rebooted version of the character, unconnected to the 2011 film.[63]

text: With the release of Man of Steel in June 2013, Goyer was hired to write a sequel, as well as a new Justice League, with the Beall draft being scrapped.[64] The sequel was later revealed to be Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, a team-up film featuring Henry Cavill as Superman, Ben Affleck as Batman, Gal Gadot as Wonder Woman, Ezra Miller as The Flash, Jason Momoa as Aquaman, and Ray Fisher as Victor Stone / Cyborg, the latter three in minor roles that became more significant in the Justice League film. The universe is separate from Nolan and Goyer's work on The Dark Knight trilogy, although Nolan was still involved as an executive producer for Batman v Superman.[65] In April 2014, it was announced that Zack Snyder would also direct Goyer's Justice League script.[66] Warner Bros. was reportedly courting Chris Terrio to rewrite Justice League the following July, after having been impressed with his rewrite of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[67] On October 15, 2014, Warner Bros. announced the film would be released in two parts, with Part One on November 17, 2017, and Part Two on June 14, 2019. Snyder was set to direct both films.[68] In early July 2015, EW revealed that the script for Justice League Part One had been completed by Terrio.[69] Zack Snyder stated that the film would be inspired by the New Gods comic series by Jack Kirby.[70] Although Justice League was initially announced as a two-part film, with the second part set for release two years after the first, Snyder stated in June 2016 that they would be two distinct, separate films and not one film split into two parts, both being stand-alone stories.[71][72]

text: Casting[edit]

text: In April 2014, Ray Fisher was cast as Victor Stone / Cyborg. He first cameoed in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, followed by a larger role in Justice League.[73][74] Henry Cavill, Ben Affleck, Gal Gadot, Diane Lane and Amy Adams also reprised their roles from Batman v Superman.[68][75] In October 2014, Jason Momoa was cast as Arthur Curry / Aquaman and debuted as the character in Dawn of Justice.[76][77] On October 20, 2014, Momoa told ComicBook.com that the Justice League film would be released first, and that is what they were preparing for. He thought the solo Aquaman film may be Aquaman's origin story.[78] On January 13, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Amber Heard was in negotiations to appear in the film as Aquaman's love interest Mera.[79] In March 2016, producer Charles Roven said that Green Lantern would not appear in any film before Justice League Part Two, and stated that they "could put Green Lantern in some introduction in Justice League 2, or barring that, a movie after."[80] Also in March, The Hollywood Reporter announced that J. K. Simmons had been cast as Commissioner James Gordon,[81] and Heard was confirmed to join the cast as Mera.[82] Adams also confirmed that she would reprise her role as Lois Lane in both Justice League films.[83][84] By April 2016, Willem Dafoe had been cast in an undisclosed role,[85] later revealed to be Nuidis Vulko,[86] while Cavill confirmed that he would return for both Justice League films.[87] In May 2016, Jeremy Irons confirmed he would appear as Alfred Pennyworth.[11] That same month, Jesse Eisenberg stated that he would reprise his role as Lex Luthor, and in June 2016, confirmed his return in an interview with Shortlist magazine.[88][89] In July 2016, Julian Lewis Jones was cast in an undisclosed role, later revealed to be Atlan, the king of Atlantis.[16] Laurence Fishburne, who portrays Perry White in the DCEU, said he declined to reprise his role in the film due to scheduling conflicts.[90] In April 2017, Michael McElhatton revealed that he had a role in Justice League, which was later revealed to be a bank robber who faces off against Wonder Woman.[19]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography commenced on April 11, 2016, with shooting taking place at Warner Bros. Studios, Leavesden, as well as various locations around London and Scotland. Additional filming took place in Chicago, Illinois, Los Angeles, and Djúpavík, in the Westfjords[91] of Iceland.[85][92][93] The old herring factory in Djúpavík was one Iceland filming location (Ben Affleck appeared to be standing near the herring oil tanks in the "Heroes" trailer). Snyder's longtime cinematographer Larry Fong was replaced by Fabian Wagner due to scheduling conflicts.[93] Affleck also served as executive producer.[94] In May 2016, it was revealed that Geoff Johns and Jon Berg would produce the Justice League films, and would also be in charge of the DC Extended Universe, after the largely negative critical reception of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[95] The same month, Irons stated that the Justice League storyline would be more linear and simple, compared to the theatrical version of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice.[96] Johns confirmed on June 3, 2016 that the title of the film is Justice League,[97] and later stated that the film would be "hopeful and optimistic" in comparison to previous DCEU films.[98] Filming wrapped in October 2016.[99][100][101]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In May 2017, Snyder stepped down during post-production of the film to properly deal with the death of his daughter. Joss Whedon, whom Snyder had previously brought on to rewrite some additional scenes, took over to handle post-production duties in Snyder's place.[102] In July 2017, it was announced the film was undergoing two months of reshoots in London and Los Angeles, with Warner Bros. putting about $25 million into them (more than the typical $6–10 million additional filming costs).[103] The reshoots coincided with Cavill's schedule for Mission: Impossible – Fallout, for which he had grown a moustache which he was contracted to keep while filming, so Justice League's VFX team used special effects to digitally remove the moustache in post-production.[104] Warner Bros. later announced that Whedon would receive a screenwriting credit on the film alongside Chris Terrio.[105]

text: Music[edit]

text: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who co-composed the score for Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, stated that he had officially retired from the "superhero business".[106] Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice with Zimmer, was originally scoring the film.[107] In June 2017, Danny Elfman was announced to have replaced Junkie XL.[108] Elfman had previously composed the films Batman and Batman Returns, and the theme music for Batman: The Animated Series. Elfman confirmed that he would use the Batman theme music from the 1989 film for Batman in the film, and would also briefly use John Williams' Superman theme during "a dark, twisted moment" in the film.[109][110] The film features a cover of Leonard Cohen's "Everybody Knows" performed by Sigrid, "Icky Thump" performed by the White Stripes, and a cover of the Beatles' "Come Together" performed by Gary Clark Jr. and Junkie XL.[111]

text: Release[edit]

text: Justice League held its world premiere in Beijing on October 26, 2017, and was theatrically released in North America in standard, RealD 3D and IMAX on November 17, 2017.[112] Justice League was released on Digital HD on February 13, 2018, and was released on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, 4K Ultra-HD Blu-ray and DVD on March 13, 2018.[113]

text: Just after the movie got released in theaters, there have been rumors of an official Directors Cut of the movie existing, proving to be what Zack Snyder actually wanted the movie to be. However, this has not been confirmed by Snyder himself, as of yet.

text: In late March 2018, an Ultimate Fan Cut of the movie has been released on the website Mega, with re scored music from previous installments, most notably Man of Steel and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, and scenes from the latter two movies, as well as a few scenes from the Justice League Teaser Trailer. This new unofficial version of the movie was opened to slightly more positive reviews from fans, praising the re scored music, as it gives the movie "a more epic feel" and how it seems closer to Zack Snyder's true realization of the movie, however criticizing some of the additional scenes, claiming that some of them make no sense in one of several situations of the movie.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Justice League grossed $229 million in the United States and Canada, and $428.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $657.9 million, against a production budget of $300 million.[3] It had a worldwide opening of $278.8 million, the 24th biggest of all-time.[114][115] The estimated gross worldwide the film would have had to make in order to break even was around $750 million, and Deadline Hollywood estimated it ended up losing the studio about $60 million.[116][5]

text: In the United States and Canada, industry tracking initially forecast the film debuting to $110–120 million from 4,051 theaters (including 400 IMAX screens).[117] It made $13 million from Thursday night previews, up from the $11 million made by Wonder Woman the previous June.[118] However, after making $38.8 million on its first day (including Thursday previews), weekend projections were lowered to $95 million. It ended up debuting to $93.8 million, down 45% from Batman v Superman's opening of $166 million, and being the first film of the DCEU to open under $100 million. Deadline.com attributed the low figure to lukewarm audience reaction to the film and most of its predecessors, as well as poor critical reception, and partly Warner-owned[not in citation given] film review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes not posting their aggregated score until the day before release, causing speculation and doubt from filmgoers.[119] In its second weekend, the film dropped 56% to $41.1 million, finishing second at the box office, behind newcomer Coco.[120] It was the second-best second weekend hold of the DCEU, behind Wonder Woman's 43%, but the lowest overall gross.[121] In its third week it again finished second behind Coco, grossing $16.7 million.[122]

text: Internationally, the film was projected to debut to $215–235 million for a worldwide opening of $325–355 million.[123] It made $8.5 million on its first day from nine countries, including South Korea, France and Brazil.[118] It ended up having a $185 million international debut from 65 countries, including $57.1 million from China, $9.8 million from the United Kingdom, $9.6 million from Mexico and $8.8 million from South Korea. The film broke a record in the Philippines with a debut of $1.12M (PHP 57.3M), making it the biggest industry opening day for a film there in 2017.[124] In Brazil, the film opened to $14.2 million, the biggest opening in the country's history.[114] Outside North America, the films largest markets were China ($106 million), Brazil ($41 million), Mexico ($24.8 million), and United Kingdom ($24 million).[125]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Justice League received praise for its action sequences and performances (primarily Gadot and Miller) but criticism for the writing, pacing and CGI, as well as the plot (regarded as thin), and the villain (regarded as underdeveloped).[126] On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 40%, based on 313 reviews, with an average rating of 5.3/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Justice League leaps over a number of DC movies, but its single bound isn't enough to shed the murky aesthetic, thin characters, and chaotic action that continue to dog the franchise."[127] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 45 out of 100, based on 52 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[128] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported filmgoers gave it an 85% overall positive score (average 4 out of 5 stars) and a 69% "definite recommend".[119][129]

text: Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast, especially Gadot, and saying "It's a putting-the-band-together origins movie, executed with great fun and energy."[130] Owen Gleiberman of Variety gave the film a positive review and wrote, "Justice League... has been conceived, in each and every frame, to correct the sins of Batman v Superman. It's not just a sequel—it's an act of franchise penance. The movie... is never messy or bombastic. It's light and clean and simple (at times almost too simple), with razory repartee and combat duels that make a point of not going on for too long."[131]

text: Writing for Rolling Stone, Peter Travers gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, praising the cast but criticizing the action sequences and writing, saying: "The scenes of the League members together, bickering and bonding, spike the film with humor and genuine feeling, creating a rooting interest in the audience. Without it, the film would crumble."[132] Conversely, Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter, while praising Gadot and Miller, called the film visually ugly and boring, saying, "Fatigue, repetition and a laborious approach to exposition are the keynotes of this affair, which is also notable for how Ben Affleck, donning the bat suit for the second time, looks like he'd rather be almost anywhere else but here."[133]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film's poster was nominated for "Best Action Poster" by the Golden Trailer Awards in June 2017.[134] In December 2017, Ezra Miller was nominated for "Best Comedic Performance" for his role as Barry Allen by the San Diego Film Critics Society.[135] Justice League was nominated for "Most Disappointing Film" by the Oklahoma Film Critics Circle Awards, and it was tied in second place with The Dark Tower.[136]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: A sequel was scheduled to be released in June 2019,[68] but has since been delayed to accommodate the release for a standalone Batman film.[137] By March 2017, producer Charles Roven announced that Zack Snyder would return as director.[138] In October 2017, J. K. Simmons stated that the studio is working on a sequel script, alongside The Batman.[139] Shortly after the release of Justice League, Henry Cavill stated that he is under contract with Warner Bros. to play Superman for one more film.[140]

text: In December 2017, it was reported that there were "no immediate plans" for Zack Snyder to direct a Justice League sequel, or any other DC films, with Snyder instead being relegated to an executive producer position. This comes after a reshuffling of film production staff at Warner Bros. due to the film's financial performance.[141]


document_title: Infield fly rule

question_text: when does the infield fly rule come into effect

text: Infield fly rule

text: Reasoning[edit]

text: A ball batted into the air subjects baserunners to a dilemma. If the ball is caught, they must return to their original base; if not caught, the batter becomes a runner and certain runners are forced to advance to the next base. Baserunners study the fielder and advance only far enough from the base to ensure that they can return safely. If a presumed catch becomes a non-catch, forced runners must run forward instead of back. This creates an advantage for the defense in intentionally failing to execute an easy catch, which the infield fly rule exists to remove.

text: The rule[edit]

text: The infield fly rule is explained in the Official Baseball Rules in two places:

text:
Definitions of terms: Infield Fly
Rule 5.09 (Batter is out)

text: The rule applies only when there are fewer than two outs, and there is a force play at third base (i.e., when there are runners at first and second base, or the bases are loaded).[1] In these situations, if a fair fly ball is in play, and in the umpire's judgment is catchable by an infielder with ordinary effort, the umpire shall call "infield fly" (or more often, "infield fly, batter is out") and the batter will be out[2] regardless of whether the ball is actually caught. Umpires typically raise the right arm straight up, index finger pointing up, to signal the rule is in effect.

text: If "infield fly" is called and the fly ball is caught, it is treated exactly as an ordinary caught fly ball; the batter is out, there is no force, and the runners must tag up. On the other hand, if "infield fly" is called and the ball lands fair without being caught, the batter is still out, there is still no force, but the runners are not required to tag up. In either case, the ball is live, and the runners may advance on the play, at their own peril.

text: An infield fly may be declared by any umpire on the field.

text: "Umpire's judgment"[edit]

text: The infield fly rule is a judgment call, as the rule states that "The judgment of the umpire must govern".[1] The rule directs the umpire to declare an infield fly immediately on determining that the play meets the criteria described above, solely based on the umpire's discretion. Since different umpires may have different definitions of what constitutes "ordinary effort," the rule may be applied differently depending on the umpire and game conditions.[3]

text: "Catchable by an infielder"[edit]

text: Any fair fly ball that could be caught by an infielder with ordinary effort is covered by the rule, whether or not it is in the infield, and whether or not an infielder catches it, or even attempts to catch it. For example, if an infielder retreats to the outfield in an effort to catch a fly ball, the infield fly rule may be invoked because the ball could have been caught by the infielder. Similarly, infield fly may also be called if an outfielder runs into the infield to catch a fly ball, if it could have been caught by an infielder with ordinary effort. It may be helpful to think of it as the "infielder fly rule". Specifically, the rule states an infield fly call should be determined by "whether the ball could ordinarily have been handled by an infielder, not by some arbitrary limitation such as the grass, or the base lines. The umpire must rule also that a ball is an infield fly, even if handled by an outfielder, if, in the umpire's judgment, the ball could have been as easily handled by an infielder."

text: "Ordinary effort"[edit]

text: The term "ordinary effort" considers all circumstances, including weather, lighting, positioning of the defense, and the abilities of the players involved in the play. A fly ball catchable with ordinary effort in Major League Baseball might not be in a junior high school game, due to the ability of the players involved.

text: Foul balls[edit]

text: If the fly ball is near the foul lines, the umpire is to declare "infield fly, if fair". If the ball is not caught and ends up foul (including if it lands fair and then rolls foul before passing first or third base without being touched by a fielder), the infield fly call is canceled, and the play is treated as an ordinary foul ball. In contrast, if the ball lands foul and then rolls fair before passing first or third base without being touched, the infield fly takes effect and the batter is out.[1]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Declarations of the infield fly rule are not included in the statistical summary of a baseball game and are not a separate category in player statistics.

text: A fielder who misplays an infield fly is not charged with an error because the batter is out through the infield fly rule. In fact, the fielder who should have caught an infield fly earns a putout. But a fielder who fails to touch an infield fly that then rolls foul may be charged with an error for letting the ball roll foul; the batter is not out, and the misplay prolongs the batter's time at bat.

text: History[edit]

text: The rule was first introduced in 1895 by the National League in response to infielders intentionally dropping pop-ups to get multiple outs by forcing out the runners on base, who were pinned near their bases while the ball was in the air.[4] At that time, the rule only applied with one man out.

text: The current rule came into effect in 1901. It was amended in 1904 to not apply to line drives, and in 1920 to not apply to bunts.[5]

text: 2008 World Series[edit]

text: In the fifth game of the 2008 World Series between the Tampa Bay Rays and Philadelphia Phillies at Citizens Bank Park in Philadelphia, Pedro Feliz of the Phillies hit a pop-up to the right side of the infield with runners on first and second and one out, in strong rain and swirling winds, and the infield fly rule was not invoked. Umpiring crew chief Tim Tschida explained that "The infield fly rule requires the umpires' judgment to determine whether or not a ball can be caught with ordinary effort, and that includes wind" and that the umpire's determination was that in this case there was no infielder who could make the play with "ordinary effort".[6]

text: 2012 National League Wild Card Game[edit]

text: In the eighth inning of the 2012 National League Wild Card Game between the St. Louis Cardinals and the Atlanta Braves, Andrelton Simmons of the Braves hit a pop-up into shallow left field with one out and men on first and second bases. Cardinals shortstop Pete Kozma, who was playing in normal position, ran out to left field to catch the ball while left fielder Matt Holliday, who was playing very deep in left, ran in to catch it as well. Although Kozma initially called to catch the ball, as the ball came down, he suddenly moved out of the way (apparently thinking Holliday was about to catch it), and the ball fell between him and Holliday. While it initially appeared that Simmons (the batter) had safely reached first base and the Braves had the bases loaded with one out, Simmons was called out because left field umpire Sam Holbrook had called "infield fly" just before the ball hit the ground, and the Braves now had runners at second and third with two out, instead of bases loaded with one out. The Braves did not score in the inning, and the Cardinals went on to win the game, 6–3, eliminating the Braves from the postseason.

text: After the call, angry Braves fans began throwing plastic bottles and other debris onto the field, causing the game to be delayed for nearly 20 minutes.[7] The game was played by the Braves under an official protest from their manager, but shortly after the game, Joe Torre, MLB executive vice president for baseball operations, denied the protest, citing umpire's judgment. Torre made the ruling immediately following the game (waiving the normal 24-hour review period) due to the importance of the game and the quick turnaround time before the next playoff game.[7][8][9] The spot where the ball had landed was 225 feet from home plate. In the past three MLB seasons, there were six infield-fly rulings on balls that weren't caught, and the longest was measured at 178 feet, which is 47 feet less than the ball Simmons hit.[10]

text: Additional details[edit]

text: Second base unoccupied[edit]

text: The infield fly rule is not in effect if there is no runner on second base. Provided the batter runs to first base, the greatest benefit the defense could achieve by intentionally letting the fly ball drop untouched is to force out the runner at second rather than the batter, resulting in a runner on first base either way. However, if the batter is significantly slower than the runner, the defense may elect to let the ball drop untouched and achieve the force play, replacing the runner at first base with the batter.

text: Risks for the defense are that the uncaught ball may roll away from the fielder, and any runner on third base can try to score but has the option of remaining on his base.

text: If the batter gives up on the play, the defense can achieve outs at second base and first base by deliberately letting the ball drop untouched.

text: Intentional drop rule[edit]

text: A related rule called the intentional drop rule (Rule 5.09(a)(12)) applies even when second base is unoccupied, and applies even when the batted ball is a line drive or a bunt that could be caught on the fly. This rule likewise prevents a fielder from deliberately dropping a ball and thereby achieving a double or triple play. If an umpire invokes this rule, the drop is ruled a catch, the ball is dead, and no baserunner may advance. The rule is not invoked when a fielder plays a ball on a bounce that might have been caught on the fly.

text: Runner advancement[edit]

text: For the runners, an infield fly is little different from an ordinary fly ball. If an infield fly is caught, the runners must retouch their original bases ("tag up") after the catch before attempting to advance. If an infield fly is not caught, no tag up is required and the runners may advance at their own risk. The only difference is that the umpire's declaration that the batter is out removes force plays and gives runners the option of staying on the base.

text: The infield fly rule states that runners may advance "after the ball is touched". This rule governs the tag up if the infield fly is caught. The runner does not need to wait on base until the fielder achieves full control of the ball. There is no need to tag up at any time if the ball is dropped. There is no concept of tagging up under the intentional drop rule, as base advances are not allowed.

text: Hit runners[edit]

text: A runner hit by an infield fly while standing on a base is also protected from being declared out due to interference, unless this interference is deemed intentional (which appeared in the rules in 1940).[5]

text: Rule not declared[edit]

text: The rulebook definition of Infield Fly[1] says the umpire "shall immediately declare 'Infield Fly' for the benefit of the runners." However, sometimes they do not. As in the anecdote above from 2008, there may be doubt as to whether the ball was catchable by an infielder with ordinary effort. If not called, the infield fly rule is not in effect. The same Definition includes a comment that "The infield fly is in no sense to be considered an appeal play." This suggests that the batter cannot be ruled out retroactively to settle a debate that occurs after the play ends.[11] However, in Major League Baseball, the umpires are likely to correct their mistake if it leads to an unfair double or triple play.[12] Baserunners should learn what options they have, both on a routine fly out and a fly out declared an infield fly. Fielders should understand that declaration of the infield fly rule removes the force play and that a runner is only out if tagged.

text: Batter passing another runner[edit]

text: In adult baseball, a fly ball usually reaches the fielder before the batter can run the 90 feet to first base. However, in youth baseball, the distance between bases is shorter, and in some youth leagues, the infield fly rule is not in effect.

text: In this case, a baserunning gambit can be used to avoid a double or triple play. A fast batter may reach first base before the pop fly reaches the fielder. If the fielder fails to catch the ball, then the batter runs toward second base while the runner originally on first base remains there. Under Rule 7.08(h), the batter is out for passing a preceding runner, and under Rule 7.08(c), this out removes the force so that other runners are able to remain on their bases.[13]

text: The infield fly rule and legal theory[edit]

text: The infield fly rule was the subject of an article in U.S. legal history. William S. Stevens was a law student in 1975 when he anonymously published The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review.[14] The article was humorous but also insightful on how common law related to codified regulation of behavior. It has been cited in numerous legal decisions and in subsequent literature.[15]