document_title: Worst Cooks in America

question_text: who won worst cooks in america season 1

question_tokens: who won worst cooks in america season 1

text: Worst Cooks in America

text: History[edit]

text: The show premiered on January 3, 2010. The show was initially hosted by chef Anne Burrell and chef Beau MacMillan in Season 1. MacMillan was replaced by chef Robert Irvine on Season 2, followed by chef Bobby Flay for Seasons 3–5. On November 20, 2014, a Food Network press release announced that chef Tyler Florence will be paired with chef Anne Burrell to host Season 6, to debut on January 4, 2015. Burrell was the winning instructor in seasons 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 with Flay winning in Seasons 4–5. Rachael Ray and Anne Burrell hosted the Season 7 special celebrity edition, which premiered September 23, 2015. During the finale of Season 7, a trailer previewing Season 8 was shown and was aired in January 2016 with the return of Tyler Florence.

text: Season 1: 2010[edit]

text: Chefs Beau MacMillan and Anne Burrell lead an intense culinary boot camp. They have six recruits each, and every week they must eliminate one recruit from each of their teams until there is only one from each team left. The final two create a three-course meal to fool a panel of restaurant critics into believing that the meal was created by the acclaimed chefs.

text: Recruits[edit]

text: Twelve chefs competed in the first season of Worst Cooks in America. Hometowns and occupations are available from the Food Network website.[3][4] Chef Anne's team was known as the Red Team and Chef Beau's team was known as the Blue Team.

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Rachel Coleman
23
Brooklyn, New York
Marketing Website editor
Winner February 1

Jennifer "Jenny" Cross
21
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Waitress
Runner-up February 1

Jennifer "Jen" Vecchio
38
Cumberland, Rhode Island
Dance Studio Owner
Eliminated January 31

Eddie Chang
32
Jersey City, New Jersey
IT project manager

Marque Hernandez
41
Brea, California
Director of Clinical Operations
Eliminated January 24

Rebecca Hooper
43
Sandy, Utah
Salon Owner

Sophia Gettys
27
Aurora, Colorado
Stay-at-home Mom
Eliminated January 17

Susie Shoman
53
Georgetown, South Carolina
Grants administrator and entrepreneur

Kelly Johnson
31
Scottsdale, Arizona
Corporate litigation attorney
Eliminated January 10

David Summey
29
Charlotte, North Carolina
Salesman

Wilhelmina Josephine
29
Aliso Viejo, California
Insurance claims adjuster
Eliminated January 3

Hamed Hamad
24
North Hollywood, California
Journalist and fashion consultant

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Rachel

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WINNER

2

Jenny*

IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Jen

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Eddie

BTM
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

5

Marque

WIN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Rebecca

WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

7

Sophia*

IN
IN
IN
OUT

8

Susie

IN
BTM
IN
OUT

9

Kelly

IN
OUT

10

David

BTM
OUT

11

Wilhelmina

OUT

12

Hamed

OUT

text: Season 2: 2011[edit]

text: Casting for season 2 of Worst Cooks in America was held at the LA Marriott Burbank Airport, Hotel & Convention Center on March 27, 2010.[5] The Food Network also began accepting online video applications for season 2.[6] Food Network's website announced that Robert Irvine would replace Beau MacMillan for season 2. Season 2 debuted on January 2, 2011.[7] In this season the chefs had eight recruits each.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Joshie Berger
36
Brooklyn, New York
Attorney
Winner February 20

Georgann "Georg" Coleman
38
Chicago, Illinois
Speech pathologist
Runner-up February 20

Carlos Manuel
28
Atlanta, Georgia
Banker
Eliminated February 13

Kelsey Milos
22
Kings, Illinois[disambiguation needed]
Hair stylist

Kat Rose
37
Newnan, Georgia
Stay-at-home mother
Eliminated February 6

Tyrone "Ty" Miller
33
Trenton, New Jersey
Property manager

Jennifer "Jen" MacLean
43
Sparta, New Jersey
Operating room nurse
Eliminated January 30

Kelly Gray
32
New York, New York
Aerobics instructor

Erika Rumsey
27
Elgin, Illinois
Account manager
Eliminated January 23

Anna Altomari
44
Aliso Viejo, California
RN Case manager

Priscilla Harden
60
Sugar Land, Texas
Retired teacher
Eliminated January 16

Matt Crespi
24
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
PhD Student

Anthony Scinto
32
Crestwood, Illinois
Mechanical engineer
Eliminated January 9

Jeff Longcor
25
Somerville, Massachusetts
Environmental contractor

Lina Yu
28
Arcadia, California
Production manager
Eliminated January 2

Eric Ricupero
34
Quincy, Massachusetts
Bar owner

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Episode

Rank
Contestant
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Joshie

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
9th
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
WINNER

2

Georg

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Carlos

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
6th
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Kelsey*

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
2nd
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Kat*

WIN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
BTM
OUT

6

Ty

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
3rd
IN
BTM
OUT

7

Jen

IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
7th
IN
OUT

8

Kelly

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
5th
WIN
OUT

9

Erika

BTM
WIN
IN
WIN
IN
8th
OUT

10

Anna

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
4th
OUT

11

Priscilla

IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

12

Matt

BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

13

Anthony

IN
IN
OUT

14

Jeff

IN
BTM
OUT

15

Lina

OUT

16

Eric

OUT

text: Differences between seasons 1 and 2[edit]

text: In the first episode, a group of selected novice cooks were to prepare a dish from scratch so the chefs would get an idea of how poor their skills were. After tasting all the items, the chefs took turns picking team members for their rival chef. The first season started off with 24 novice cooks but only the worst 12 were chosen for a team. In the second season, the first episode began with 16 amateurs and all took part for the remainder of that episode.

text: In the penultimate episode of the season, the remaining four recruits learned and replicated a dessert. After this, in the first season, the recruits had to instruct a group of high school students how to replicate the dessert recipe. In the second one, the recruits were assigned the dessert to serve after both chefs, and a special guest enjoyed a main dish.

text: After learning and replicating a dessert, the recruits had to prepare a meal for both chefs and a surprise guest, usually a spouse or other family member. The first season’s main dishes were an improved version of the recruits’ audition meal. The special guests in the second season got to choose what they wanted the students to make them.

text: Two recruits remained in the final episode and had to prepare an appetizer, main dish, and dessert for a panel of three food critics. The critics in season 1 thought that the final meal was prepared by the chefs until after they sampled all the courses. In season 2, the critics learned their meal was prepared by the recruits immediately after entering the restaurant.

text: Season 3: 2012[edit]

text: Anne Burrell and Bobby Flay hosted season 3.[8][9]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Kelli Powers
40
Los Angeles, California
Stay-at-home mother
Winner April 1

Vinnie Caligiuri
47
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Mortgage broker
Runner-up April 1

Melissa Rhodes
28
Naples, Florida
Nursing Student
Eliminated March 25

David Shelton
26
Longview, Texas
Unemployed

Tiffany Michelle
27
Los Angeles, California
Poker player and actress
Eliminated March 18

Dorothy Strouhal
38
Cove, Texas
Make-up artist

Anthony Schiano
33
Massapequa, New York
Mechanical engineer
Eliminated March 11

Benjamin Dennis
37
Dallas, Texas
Stay-at-home father
Quit March 11

Sean "Bennett" Bennett
36
New York City
Automotive Spokesperson
Eliminated March 4

Sarina Weeraprajuk
31
West Covina, California
Wedding photographer

Erica Weidner
53
Long Beach, New York
Court Reporter Student
Eliminated February 26

Robert "Bob" Tamke
44
Massapequa Park, New York
DJ

Sherrill Moss-Solomon
55
New York, New York
Fundraiser
Eliminated February 19

Rachel Margolin
31
New York, New York
Night Club Promoter

Richard Chen
55
Queens, New York
Attorney
Eliminated February 12

Libby Floyd
46
Eden Prairie, Minnesota
ShopNBC host[10]

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1

Kelli

WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Vinnie

IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Melissa1

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

David1

IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

5

Tiffany

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Dorothy

IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
OUT

7

Anthony

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

8

Benjamin

IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN

QUIT

9

Bennett

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

10

Sarina

BTM
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

11

Erica

IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

12

Bob

IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

13

Sherrill

IN
BTM
OUT

14

Rachel

BTM
BTM
OUT

15

Richard

OUT

16

Libby

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3, Team Bobby (blue team) won the first challenge, he therefore got to choose one person from Team Anne (red team) to go to his team, and then choose one person from his team to go to the other team. He chose David to go to Team Anne's team and chose Melissa from Team Anne's team to join his team.

text: Season 4: 2013[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Alina Bolshakova
28
Riga, Latvia
Caretaker/Actress
Winner March 31

Rasheeda Brown
30
Germantown, Maryland
Correctional Officer
Runner-up March 31

Chet Pourciau
40
New Orleans, Louisiana
Interior Designer
Eliminated March 24

Suzanne "Sue" Mangogna
42
Northport, New York
Single Mother

Carla Johnson
47
Long Beach, California
Alcohol & Drug Counselor
Eliminated March 17

Michael Haydin
25
Rye Brook, New York
Accountant

Carrie Lee Riggins
32
Carmel, New York
Ballerina/Actress
Eliminated March 10

Crystal Lonneberg
30
Weehawken, New Jersey
Actress/Artist

Aadip Desai
36
Sacramento, California
Writer/Musician
Eliminated March 3

Alex Stein
26
Dallas, Texas
Bail Bondsman

Michael "Big Mike" Paul
24
Thomson, Georgia
Woodworker
Eliminated February 24

Robert "Dr. Bob" Schaefer
58
Pleasant Hill, California
Chiropractor

Tim Burger
42
Novi, Michigan
Former Marine
Eliminated February 17

Diana De Rosa
62
Huntington, New York
Photographer

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Alina

BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2

Rasheeda

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Chet

WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Sue

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

5

Carla

IN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

6

Michael

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Carrie Lee

IN
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

8

Crystal

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

9

Aadip

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

10

Alex

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Mike

IN
BTM
OUT

12

Bob

BTM
BTM
OUT

13

Tim

OUT

14

Diana

OUT

text: Season 5: 2014[edit]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Amber Brauner
37
Redlands, California
Tattoo Artist
Winner March 31

Jamie Thomas
41
New York, New York
Flight Attendant
Runner-up March 31

Daniel "Danny" Beyda
43
Long Island, New York
Radiologist
Eliminated March 24

Mike Glazer
30
Chicago, Illinois
Writer

Carie Pullano-Keller
34
Chester, Virginia
Promotional Model
Eliminated March 17

Stephanie St. Aubin
26
Washington, DC
Secretary

Danielle Ruiz-Wiley
25
Staten Island, New York
Stay at Home Mom
Eliminated March 10

Carol Holder
64
New York, New York
Real Estate Broker

Joe Slaughter
28
Los Angeles, California
Actor/Dancer
Eliminated March 3

Ken Hsu
29
Seattle, Washington
Personal Trainer

Lance Green
31
New York, New York
Music Producer
Eliminated February 24

Benjamin "Benji" Hunter Brown III
29
Nashville, Tennessee
Live Music Booking Agent

Muneerah Warner
33
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Abstinence Advisor
Eliminated February 16

Casey Pentony
26
Hollywood, California
Nurse

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Amber

WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2

Jamie

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Danny

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Mike

IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Carie1

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Stephanie1

IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Danielle

IN
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

8

Carol

IN
WIN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

9

Joe

IN
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

10

Ken

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Lance

BTM
IN
OUT

12

Benji

BTM
IN
OUT

13

Muneerah

OUT

14

Casey

OUT

text: ^Note 1 : In Episode 3 Team Anne (red team) won the first challenge, she therefore got to choose one person from Team Bobby (blue team) to go to her team, and then chose one person from her team to go to the other team. She chose Stephanie to go to Team Bobby's team and chose Carie from Team Bobby's team to join her team.

text: Season 6: 2015[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host seasons 6, replacing Bobby Flay after 3 seasons. The season premiered on January 4, 2015 to 2,123,000 viewers.[11] The second episode was lower at 1,456,000 viewers,[12] with the third episode rising to 1,732,000 viewers[13] and the fourth episode reached 1,689,000 viewers.[14] the 5th episode reached 1,634,000 viewers. The sixth episode received 1.55 million viewers.[15]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Kristen Redmond
25
Austin, Texas
Singer/Songwriter
Winner February 15

Genique Freeman
33
Fayetteville, North Carolina
Esthetician
Runner-up February 15

Leopold "Leo" Nunan
36
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Performance Artist
Eliminated February 8

Sarah Bettendorf
33
Los Angeles, California
Art Teacher

Norman Wilson
46
Detroit, Michigan
Executive Protection
Eliminated February 1

Sharif Dean
27
Los Angeles, California
Personal Trainer

David Eric Rosenberg
51
Las Vegas, Nevada
Theatre Usher
Eliminated January 25

Kortni Montgomery
25
New Orleans, Louisiana
Customer Service Rep

Michael "Six" Muldoon
25
Queens, New York
Magician
Eliminated January 18

Mike Kennedy
45
Scottsdale, Arizona
Private Investigator

Stephanie Streisand*
25
Los Angeles, California
Writer
Withdrew January 11

Susie Babin
61
Bush, Louisiana
Retired
Eliminated January 11

Jason Dixon
30
Chicago, Illinois
Artist
Eliminated January 5

Christina Oster
38
Zion, Illinois
Single Mom

text: Contestant Stephanie Streisand was deemed too ill to continue on January 11

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Kristen

IN
WIN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Genique

IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Leo

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
OUT

4

Sarah

WIN
IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Norman

WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Sharif

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

David

BTM
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

8

Kortni

BTM
IN
BTM
BTM
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Six

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

10

Mike

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

11

Stephanie

IN
IN
WDR

12

Susie

IN
BTM
OUT

13

Jason

OUT

14

Christina

OUT

text: Season 7: Celebrity Edition[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 7. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. Because this season had only 7 total recruits, each team's worst recruit from that week's Main Dish challenge competed head to head in a quickfire elimination challenge instead of eliminating both recruits each week. This challenge involved more basic cooking techniques (e.g. knife skills) and the winner would be decided by a blind judging from both Anne and Rachael. The winning recruit stayed in the competition while the losing recruit was eliminated.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Jenni "JWoww" Farley
29
Reality Television Star
Winner October 28

Kendra Wilkinson
30
Former Playboy Model & Television Personality
Runner-up October 28

Ellen Cleghorne
49
Saturday Night Live Actress
Eliminated October 21

Barry Williams
60
The Brady Bunch Actor
Eliminated October 14

Chris Soules
33
The Bachelor Star
Eliminated October 7

Jaleel White
38
Actor & Television Host
Eliminated September 30

Dean Cain
48
Television Actor
Eliminated September 23

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6

1

Jenni

IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
WINNER

2

Kendra

IN
WIN
BTM
WIN
BTM
RUNNER-UP

3

Ellen

WIN
IN
WIN
BTM
OUT

4

Barry

BTM
BTM
WIN
OUT

5

Chris

WIN
IN
OUT

6

Jaleel

IN
OUT

7

Dean

OUT

text: Season 8: 2016[edit]

text: Tyler Florence joins Anne Burrell to host season 8.

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Nick Slater
24
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Construction Worker
Winner February 14

Lawrence Crawford
26
Deptford, New Jersey
Army Combat Medic
Runner-up February 14

Ginny Meerman
50
Millersville, Maryland
Project Supervisor
Eliminated February 7

Taylor Hooper
24
Boston, Massachusetts
Marine Veteran

Holgie Forrester
66
Twentynine Palms, California
Retired/Actress
Eliminated January 31

Chanda Hvard
36
Chicago, Illinois
Real Estate Agent

Donna Koen
60
Newburyport, Massachusetts
Lunch Lady & Hairdresser
Eliminated January 24

Rachel Thomas
27
Tampa, Florida
Stay-at-Home Wife

Ernie Adkins
44
Mardela Springs, Maryland
Truck driver
Eliminated January 17

Glenda Galeano
40
Miami, Florida
Event Coordinator/Actress

Ty Snow
39
Pasadena, California
Special Education Teacher
Eliminated January 10

Cindy Nguyen
28
Las Vegas, Nevada
Bartender

David Fouts
42
Wales, Wisconsin
Senior Project Manager
Eliminated January 4

Jeni Erdman
51
Dousman, Wisconsin
Group Tour Coordinator

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

1

Nick

WIN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
WINNER

2

Lawrence

IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3

Ginny

WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
OUT

4

Taylor

IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
WIN
TIE
OUT

5

Holgie

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
IN
OUT

6

Chanda

BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
OUT

7

Donna

IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

8

Rachel

BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
BTM
OUT

9

Ernie

IN
BTM
IN
IN
OUT

10

Glenda

IN
BTM
BTM
IN
OUT

11

Ty

IN
IN
OUT

12

Cindy

IN
IN
OUT

13

David

OUT

14

Jeni

OUT

text: Season 9: Celebrity Edition 2[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 2 of the Celebrity Edition. The winner earns a $50,000 donation for their chosen charity. The season premiered on September 14, 2016 to 1,185,000 viewers.[16]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Loni Love
44
The Real Co-Host & Comedian
Winner November 2

Nicole Sullivan
46
Former MadTV Star, Comedian, & Actress
Runner-up November 2

John Henson
49
Former Talk Soup & Wipeout host
Eliminated October 26

Mike Situation Sorrentino
34
Reality Television Personality

Matt Dallas
33
Television Actor & YouTube Personality
Eliminated October 19

Mindy Cohn
50
The Facts of Life & Scooby-Doo Actress
Eliminated October 12

Tommy Davidson
52
Comedian & Actor
Eliminated September 28

Barbara Eden
85
Film & Television Actress (I Dream of Jeannie & Harper Valley P.T.A.)
Eliminated September 21

Kenya Moore
45
Miss USA 1993 & The Real Housewives of Atlanta Star
Eliminated September 14

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
Loni
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
IN
IN
WINNER

2
Nicole
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3
John
WIN
WIN
BTM
WIN
IN
BTM
OUT

4
Mike
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

5
Matt
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
OUT

6
Mindy
IN
IN
TIE
BTM
OUT

7
Tommy
IN
IN
OUT

8
Barbara
BTM
OUT

9
Kenya
OUT

text: Season 10: 2017[edit]

text: Rachael Ray joins Anne Burrell to host season 10. The season premiered on January 1, 2017.[17]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Hometown
Occupation
Status

Daniel Mar
35
Burbank, California
Photographer
Winner March 5

Ann Odogwu
34
Houston, Texas
Flight Attendant
Runner-Up March 5

Laura Docker
36
Fort Worth, Texas
Lawyer
Eliminated February 26

Mandy Thornton
24
Hanover, Massachusetts
Medical Assistant
Eliminated February 26

Adam Cooke
32
Rancho Cucamonga, California
Auto Mechanic
Eliminated February 19

Brittany Lenore
27
Chicago, Illinois
Spiritual Speaker
Eliminated February 19

Jeff West
36
Douglassville, Pennsylvania
Vending Machine President
Eliminated February 12

Kayla Kurtz
27
Kent, Ohio
Stay-at-Home Mom
Eliminated January 29

Maria Marcello
40
Torrance, California
Stay-at-Home Mom
Eliminated January 29

Matt Josephs
35
Richmond, Virginia
Sports Radio Producer
Eliminated January 22

Jake Michaels
21
Manteno, Illinois
Model & Singer
Eliminated January 15

Jetta Linda Ostrofsky
66
Sacramento, California
Retired
Eliminated January 15

Stephen Hawkins
67
Temecula, California
Retired
Eliminated January 8

Buffy Mykkanen
29
Portland, Oregon
Tech Support
Eliminated January 8

Cedrick Miller
22
El Paso, Texas
Cashier
Eliminated January 1

Lester Turchin
65
Fort Lauderdale, Florida
Retired
Eliminated January 1

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

1

Daniel

IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WINNER

2

Ann

WIN
IN
IN
WIN
BTM
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
SAVE
IN
IN
RUNNER-UP

3

Mandy

IN
IN
IN
TIE
IN
WIN
WIN
BTM
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4

Laura

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
BTM
WIN
WIN
IN
OUT

5

Brittany

WIN
IN
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
OUT

6

Adam

IN
IN
BTM
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
OUT

7

Jeff

IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
WIN
IN
OUT

8

Maria

IN
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
OUT

9

Kayla

IN
IN
IN
TIE
SAVE
OUT

10

Matt

IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

11

Jetta

IN
IN
BTM
OUT

12

Jake

BTM
IN
IN
OUT

13

Stephen

BTM
IN
OUT

14

Buffy

IN
IN
OUT

15

Cedrick

OUT

16

Lester

OUT

text: In Episode 6, Both Chef Anne and Chef Rachael decided not to send anyone from their teams home.

text: Season 11: Celebrity Edition 3[edit]

text: Rachael Ray returns with Anne Burrell to host season 3 of the Celebrity Edition. The season premiered on August 23, 2017[18] [19]

text: Recruits[edit]

text:
Contestant
Age
Occupation
Status

Perez Hilton
39
Gossip Blogger
Winner October 11

Melissa Peterman
46
Actress & Comedienne
Runner-up October 11

Nora Dunn
65
Actress & Comedienne
Eliminated October 4

Vivica A. Fox
53
Actress
Eliminated October 4

Sean Lowe
33
Reality Star
Eliminated September 27

Carmen Electra
45
Model & Actress
Withdrew September 13 due to injuries

Carson Kressley
47
TV Personality
Eliminated September 6

Erik Estrada
68
Star of CHiPs
Eliminated August 30

text: •Note: Vivica was originally eliminated on September 20. In Episode 7, airing on October 4, both Vivica and Sean returned to the competition for a redemption skill drill. Vivica won the drill, re-entered the competition and was then eliminated following the main challenge.

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Rank
Contestant
Episode

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1
Perez
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
WINNER

2
Melissa
IN
WIN
IN
WIN
WIN
IN
SAVE
IN
BTM
IN
IN
IN
WIN
RUNNER-UP

3
Nora
SAVE
TIE
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
IN
OUT

4
Vivica
IN
IN
IN
IN
WIN
TIE
SAVE
IN
OUT

RTN
OUT

5
Sean
IN
IN
IN
IN
BTM
TIE
IN
IN
IN
IN
OUT

6
Carmen
BTM
IN
BTM
WIN
IN
WDR

7
Carson
IN
TIE
WIN
IN
OUT

8
Erik
IN
TIE
OUT


document_title: Murphy's Romance

question_text: where was the movie murphy's romance filmed

question_tokens: where was the movie murphy 's romance filmed

root

text: Murphy's Romance

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: Emma Moriarty (Sally Field) is a 33-year-old, divorced mother who moves to a rural Arizona town to make a living by training and boarding horses. She becomes friends with the town's druggist (pharmacist), Murphy Jones (James Garner), but a romance between them seems unlikely due to Murphy's age and because Emma allows her ex-husband, Bobby Jack Moriarty (Brian Kerwin), to move back in with her and their 12-year-old son, Jake (Corey Haim).

tag: p

text: Emma struggles to make ends meet, but is helped by Murphy, an idiosyncratic widower who drives an otherwise immaculate antique automobile decorated with several political bumper slogan stickers Murphy terms his "causes". While refusing to help her outright with charity or personal loan, Murphy buys a horse and pays to board it with Emma, while encouraging others to do the same. He also introduces Emma to the town's local politicians and provides much-needed emotional support for Emma as well as Jake, who is looking for a father figure to emulate. A rivalry soon develops between Murphy and Bobby Jack. This contest of wills continues until a character shows up from Bobby Jack's recent past that surprises everyone, while forcing Murphy and Emma to reevaluate the nature of their relationship.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sally Field as Emma Moriarty
James Garner as Murphy Jones
Brian Kerwin as Bobby Jack Moriarty
Corey Haim as Jake Moriarty
Dennis Burkley as Freeman Coverly
Carole King as Tillie
Georgann Johnson as Margaret
Dortha Duckworth as Bessie
Michael Prokopuk as Albert
Billy Ray Sharkey as Larry Le Beau
Michael Crabtree as Jim Forrest
Anna Levine as Wanda
Charles Lane as Amos Abbott
Bruce French as Rex Boyd
John C. Becher as Jesse Parker
Henry Slate as Fred Hite

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Sally Field and director Martin Ritt had to fight Columbia Pictures in order to cast Garner, who was viewed at that point as primarily a television actor despite having enjoyed a flourishing film career in the 1960s (and more recently having co-starred in the box office hit Victor/Victoria opposite Julie Andrews two years earlier).

text: Columbia didn't want to make the picture at all, because it had no "sex or violence" in it. But because of the success of Norma Rae (1979), with the same star (Field), director, and screenwriting team (Harriet Frank, Jr. and Irving Ravetch), and with Field's new production company Fogwood Films producing, Columbia agreed. But, Columbia then wanted Marlon Brando, or someone with "greater box-office allure," to play the part of Murphy, so Field and Ritt had to insist on Garner.[2][3][4][5]

text: When Ritt gave the Max Schott story to Harriet Frank, Jr. and Irving Ravetch, the same married screenplay team that also worked on Hud (1963) with Ritt and Paul Newman, they wanted Newman to be in Murphy's Romance. Field had worked very successfully with Newman in 1981's Absence of Malice, but Newman declined the project and Garner was the only other actor that Ritt and Field asked.[6]

text: Part of the deal from the studio, which at that time was owned by The Coca-Cola Company, included an eight line sequence of Field and Garner saying the word "Coke," and also having Coke signs appear prominently in the film.[7][8]

text: On the A&E television program Biography of Garner, "James Garner: Hollywood Maverick," Field reported that her on-screen kiss with Garner was the best cinematic kiss she had ever experienced.[9]

text: Filming took place on location in Florence, Arizona and the town's preserved Main Street appears throughout the movie.[10]

text: The film was originally scheduled for general release during the 1985 Christmas Day weekend, but Columbia moved it to the weekends of January 17 and January 31, 1986, when they saw the holiday lineup of films. They did a limited, selected, release December 25, 1985 so that the film would qualify for that year's Academy Awards.[6]

text: The film was one of the final titles to be released on the now defunct CED Videodisc format in 1986.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Reviews were generally favorable. Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars (out of 4) stating "Much depends on exactly what Emma and Murphy say to each other, and how they say it, and what they don't say. The movie gets it all right."[11] The film holds a 71% on the film review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 24 reviews.[12]

text: Divergence from the novella[edit]

text: The screenplay is very different from the Max Schott novella. In the Schott story, Murphy and Emma stay just platonic friends. Murphy marries someone else, and then tries to find Emma a suitable husband.[6]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Murphy's Romance received Academy Award nominations for Best Actor in a Leading Role (James Garner), and for Best Cinematography.

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text: 2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – Nominated[13]


document_title: Chrisley Knows Best

question_text: who are the family members on chrisley knows best

text: Chrisley Knows Best

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Todd Chrisley, a father who has made all of his money in real estate. He can sometimes get quite angry, especially at his son Chase. He is a germophobe and tries to avoid things like dirt and animals.
Julie Chrisley, Todd's wife. She enjoys cooking.
Kyle Chrisley, Todd's son and Chloe's father, a recovering addict who appeared in the first season.
Lindsie Chrisley Campbell, Todd's daughter with Teresa, and mother of Jackson. Lindsie is no longer filming with the show as of Season 6 due to a falling out with Todd.
Chase Chrisley, Todd and Julie's son, who is often depicted engaging in get-rich quick schemes with his friend, Parker.
Savannah Chrisley, Todd and Julie's daughter, a beauty pageant competitor. She has been involved in vehicular accidents more than once.
Grayson Chrisley, Todd and Julie's youngest child.
Chloe Chrisley, Todd's granddaughter.
Jackson Campbell, the son of Lindsie and her husband, Will, from whom she is separated.
Faye Chrisley, Todd's mother, who enjoys gambling.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series is executive produced by Adam Greener, Jim Sayer, and Stephanie Chambers.[4]  Maverick TV and All3Media America are the production companies behind the series.[5]  On April 14, 2014, the USA Network ordered a 12-episode second season of Chrisley Knows Best.[6] It is also USA Network's youngest-skewing[clarification needed] original series.[6]  On October 20, 2014, the series was renewed for a 12-episode third season.[7]  On February 5, 2015, the episode order was increased by six episodes for a total of 18 for season 3.[8] On July 7, 2016, USA renewed the show for a fifth season. That same day, the network announced that the second half of season 4 will premiere in August bringing it to a total of 26 episodes. On July 25, 2017, a sixth season was picked up of Chrisley Knows Best, and on that same day it was confirmed that Season 5 will start back airing on September 12, 2017, and a sixth season will begin filming in November 2017.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season

Episodes

Originally aired

First aired

Last aired

1

8

March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)

April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)

2

12

October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)

December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)

3

20

June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)

December 23, 2015 (2015-12-23)

4

26

March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)

November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)

5

26

February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)

December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)

6

18[9]

May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)[9]

August 28, 2018 (2018-08-28)[9]

tag: table

text: Season 1 (2014)[edit]

text: The first season averaged 1.16 million viewers.

text:
No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Original air date

US viewers(millions)

11"Patriarch of Perfection"March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)1.03[10]
22"Not So Sweet Sixteen"March 11, 2014 (2014-03-11)0.94[11]
33"Jugs and Ammo"March 18, 2014 (2014-03-18)1.03[12]
44"Two Men and a Baby"March 25, 2014 (2014-03-25)1.13[13]
55"Todd-tervention"April 1, 2014 (2014-04-01)0.93[14]
66"Big Apple Blowup"April 8, 2014 (2014-04-08)1.25[15]
77"Date Night"April 15, 2014 (2014-04-15)1.47[16]
88"Hey Chloe, It's Your Birthday!"April 22, 2014 (2014-04-22)1.47[17]

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text: The second season averaged 1.49 million viewers.

text:
No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Original air date

US viewers(millions)

91"Rules for Dating My Teenage Daughter"October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)1.62[18]
102"Misadventures in Babysitting"October 14, 2014 (2014-10-14)1.61[18]
113"Father's Day"October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21)1.57[19]
124"Confessions of a Beauty Queen"October 21, 2014 (2014-10-21)1.58[19]
135"Chase Turns 18"October 28, 2014 (2014-10-28)1.25[20]
146"Anger Management"November 4, 2014 (2014-11-04)1.42[21]
157"California Chrisleys"November 11, 2014 (2014-11-11)1.45[22]
168"Workin' for a Livin'"November 18, 2014 (2014-11-18)1.35[23]
179"The Great Outdoors"November 25, 2014 (2014-11-25)1.14[24]
1810"Marriage Redux"December 2, 2014 (2014-12-02)1.78[25]
1911"Houseguest From Hell"December 9, 2014 (2014-12-09)1.69[26]
2012"Still Chrisley After All These Years"December 16, 2014 (2014-12-16)1.47[27]

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text: The third season averaged 1.61 million viewers.

text:
No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Original air date

US viewers(millions)

211"Savannah's Big Id-ea"June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)2.10[28]
222"Life's A Pitch"June 2, 2015 (2015-06-02)2.25[28]
233"Getting Testy"June 9, 2015 (2015-06-09)1.71[29]
244"My Chrisley Valentine"June 9, 2015 (2015-06-09)1.74[29]
255"Dollars & Sense"June 16, 2015 (2015-06-16)1.29[30]
266"Chrisleys On Campus"June 16, 2015 (2015-06-16)1.45[30]
277"Nurse Todd"June 23, 2015 (2015-06-23)1.40[31]
288"College Bootcamp"June 30, 2015 (2015-06-30)1.29[32]
299"Rules of Engagement"July 7, 2015 (2015-07-07)1.59[33]
3010"Failure To Launch"July 14, 2015 (2015-07-14)1.53[34]
3111"Midlife Chrisley"July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)1.77[35]
3212"Dude Ranch"July 21, 2015 (2015-07-21)1.88[35]
3313"Chrisleys Take London"November 10, 2015 (2015-11-10)1.86[36]
3414"Lord Chrisley"November 17, 2015 (2015-11-17)1.60[37]
3515"Love and Marriage"November 24, 2015 (2015-11-24)1.37[38]
3616"Sports Day"December 1, 2015 (2015-12-01)1.27[39]
3717"Hometown Hero"December 8, 2015 (2015-12-08)1.69[40]
3818"The Graduates"December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)1.33[41]
3919"A Very Chrisley Christmas 2"December 22, 2015 (2015-12-22)1.84[42]
4020"Leaving the Nest"December 23, 2015 (2015-12-23)1.48[43]

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No. inseries

No. inseason

Title

Original air date

US viewers(millions)

411"Crowning Achievements"March 8, 2016 (2016-03-08)1.43[44]
422"The Wrath of Todd"March 15, 2016 (2016-03-15)1.50[45]
433"Todd Unleashed"March 22, 2016 (2016-03-22)1.51[46]
444"Lights, Camera, Chase"March 29, 2016 (2016-03-29)1.41[47]
455"Runaway Faye"April 5, 2016 (2016-04-05)1.42[48]
466"Moving On"April 12, 2016 (2016-04-12)1.46[49]
477"Too Close for Comfort"May 10, 2016 (2016-05-10)1.69[50]
488"Smoothie Operator"May 17, 2016 (2016-05-17)1.51[51]
499"Chase in Charge"May 24, 2016 (2016-05-24)1.20[52]
5010"Family Matters"May 31, 2016 (2016-05-31)1.44[53]
5111"Goat Farm Yourself"June 7, 2016 (2016-06-07)1.50[54]
5212"Todd Goes Country"June 14, 2016 (2016-06-14)1.27[55]
5313"Hawaii Love You So"August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)1.85[56]
5414"Don't Kale Yourself"August 23, 2016 (2016-08-23)1.79[56]
5515"Todd's Not Dead"August 30, 2016 (2016-08-30)1.94[57]
5616"Colon All Cards"September 6, 2016 (2016-09-06)1.82[58]
5717"You Can't Handle the Truce"September 13, 2016 (2016-09-13)1.92[59]
5818"Review and Renew"September 20, 2016 (2016-09-20)1.72[60]
5919"Go Flip Yourself"September 27, 2016 (2016-09-27)1.83[61]
6020"Message in a Bottle Rocket"October 4, 2016 (2016-10-04)1.71[62]
6121"Crowning Around"October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)1.84[63]
6222"Pretty in Print"October 11, 2016 (2016-10-11)1.72[63]
6323"Truth or Chair"October 18, 2016 (2016-10-18)1.88[64]
6424"Rent Controlled"October 25, 2016 (2016-10-25)1.57[65]
6525"A Very Grisly Chrisley"November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)1.68[66]
6626"The House That Built Todd"November 1, 2016 (2016-11-01)1.60[66]

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No. in series

No. in season

Title

Original air date

US viewers(millions)

671"50 Shades of Faye"February 21, 2017 (2017-02-21)1.97[67]
682"Client-Hell"February 28, 2017 (2017-02-28)1.83[68]
693"Bunions, Bulldogs and Hedgehogs, Oh My!"March 7, 2017 (2017-03-07)2.01[69]
704"Market Crash"March 14, 2017 (2017-03-14)1.95[70]
715"Mannequin Challenge"March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)1.80[71]
726"O Grayson, Where Art Thou?"March 28, 2017 (2017-03-28)2.01[72]
737"Matchmakers and Batchbakers"April 4, 2017 (2017-04-04)2.07[73]
748"Dancing Tween"April 11, 2017 (2017-04-11)1.95[74]
759"Moms Just Wanna Have Fun"September 12, 2017 (2017-09-12)1.87[75]
7610"Twisted Sisters"September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)1.53[76]
7711"Prank Master"September 26, 2017 (2017-09-26)1.71[77]
7812"Remission Control"October 3, 2017 (2017-10-03)1.35[78]
7913"Differing Strokes"October 10, 2017 (2017-10-10)1.58[79]
8014"Runaways and Segways"October 17, 2017 (2017-10-17)1.50[80]
8115"Boys to Men"October 24, 2017 (2017-10-24)1.64[81]
8216"Animal House"October 31, 2017 (2017-10-31)1.59[82]
8317"Tantrums and Tiaras"November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)1.24[83]
8418"Quit Your Pitchin'"November 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)1.16[83]
8519"Truckin' Good Time"November 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)1.32[84]
8620"Granny's Gone Wild"November 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)1.12[85]
8721"Baking Bad"November 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)1.15[86]
8822"Pitch Perfection"November 30, 2017 (2017-11-30)1.19[87]
8923"Bringing Up Baby"December 5, 2017 (2017-12-05)1.43[88]
9024"Ready to Launch"December 12, 2017 (2017-12-12)1.56[89]
9125"A Play in a Manger"December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)1.25[90]
9226"The Nightmare Before Chrisley"December 19, 2017 (2017-12-19)1.09[90]

text: Season 6 (2018)[edit]

text:
No. in series

No. in season

Title

Original air date

US viewers(millions)

931"Training Faye"May 8, 2018 (2018-05-08)1.42[91]
942"Todd and Pony Show"May 15, 2018 (2018-05-15)1.28[92]
953"A Date with Destiny"May 22, 2018 (2018-05-22)1.61[93]
964"Biddy Battle"May 29, 2018 (2018-05-29)1.46[94]
975"Painted Into a Corner"June 5, 2018 (2018-06-05)1.48[95]
986"Hearts and Crafts"June 12, 2018 (2018-06-12)1.67[96]
997"Top Dog"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)1.66[97]
1008"Celebrating a Chrisley Century"June 19, 2018 (2018-06-19)1.45[97]
1019"Panic at the Pageant"June 26, 2018 (2018-06-26)1.35[98]
10210"No Men for Old Country"July 3, 2018 (2018-07-03)1.34[99]
10311"Baking Up Is Hard to Do"July 10, 2018 (2018-07-10)1.53[100]
10412"Running Gout of Time"July 17, 2018 (2018-07-17)1.54[101]
10513"Ride or Die"July 24, 2018 (2018-07-24)1.12[102]
10614"Going for Broker"July 31, 2018 (2018-07-31)1.15[103]
10715"America's Next Todd Model"August 7, 2018 (2018-08-07)1.11[104]
10816"Say It, Don't Spray It"[9]August 14, 2018 (2018-08-14)TBD
10917"Emotionally In-Vested"[9]August 21, 2018 (2018-08-21)TBD
11018"White Nannies Can't Jump"[9]August 28, 2018 (2018-08-28)TBD

text: Specials[edit]

text:
No.

Title

Original air date

US viewers(millions)

1"A Very Chrisley Christmas"December 17, 2014 (2014-12-17)1.57[105]
A holiday special featuring never before seen footage from season two.
2"A Very Merry Chrisley"December 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)1.31[106]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The show has received mixed reviews. Tom Gliatto of People gave the show a rating of 75% and gave a positive review, saying "This is the best 'family' reality series since Honey Boo Boo or even The Osbournes from several eons ago". Hillary Busis of Entertainment Weekly gave a mixed review, saying "If you can get past the canned lines and sub-sitcom storylines, the Chrisley crew can be fun".[107] Brian Lowry of Variety gave a mixed review, saying "As intriguing in the details as it is uncomfortable to watch, 'Chrisley Knows Best,' a self-consciously sitcom-like reality show, initially seems to be just another knock-off designed to cash in on the 'Duck Dynasty' demo. Cut through the deep-fried window dressing, though, and this USA series is almost entirely devoted to its subtext, intended to elicit sniggering regarding that which goes unsaid about the show’s wealthy father of five, whom his son-in-law understatedly dubs 'flamboyant.' Played as epic farce, the skein should have a disparate range of appeal, but let’s hope the Chrisleys don’t mind being laughed at, not with."[108]

text: Broadcast and streaming[edit]

text:
Chrisley Knows Best is broadcast on USA Network in the United States.
In the UK, it airs on ITVBe.

text: In Australia, Canada and Ireland the first 2 seasons can be streamed on Netflix


document_title: Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics

question_text: who won the first olympic gold medal in basketball

text: Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics

text: Medallists[edit]

text:
Gold
Silver
Bronze

 United States (USA)

Sam Balter
Ralph Bishop
Joe Fortenberry
Tex Gibbons
Francis Johnson
Carl Knowles
Frank Lubin
Art Mollner
Donald Piper
Jack Ragland
Willard Schmidt
Carl Shy
Duane Swanson
Bill Wheatley
 Canada (CAN)

Gordon Aitchison
Ian Allison
Art Chapman
Chuck Chapman
Edward Dawson
Irving Meretsky
Doug Peden
James Stewart
Malcolm Wiseman
Stanley Nantais
 Mexico (MEX)

Carlos Borja
Víctor Borja
Rodolfo Choperena
Luis de la Vega
Raúl Fernández
Andrés Gómez
Silvio Hernández
Francisco Martínez
Jesús Olmos
José Pamplona
Greer Skousen

text: Note: The International Olympic Committee medal database shows only these players as medalists. They all played at least one match during the tournament. The reserve players are not listed as medalists.

text: Results[edit]

text: Brackets[edit]

text: Third round onwards[edit]

text:
Third round

Quarter-finals

Semi-finals

Gold medal match

 United States
56

 Philippines
23

 Philippines
39

 Estonia
22

 United States
25

 Mexico
10

 Italy
27

 Chile
19

 Italy
17

 Mexico
34

 Mexico
28

14 August

 Japan
22

 United States
19

 Canada
8

 Canada
27

  Switzerland
9

 Canada
41

 Uruguay
21

 Uruguay
28

 Czechoslovakia
19

 Canada
42

 Poland
15

Bronze medal match

 Poland
33

14 August

 Brazil
25

 Poland (W/O)
2
 Mexico
26

 Peru
0

 Poland
12

text: Fifth-place classification[edit]

text:
Preliminary round

5th place game

 Philippines
32

 Italy
14

 Philippines
32

 Uruguay
23

3
 Uruguay (w/o)
2

 Peru
0

text: First round[edit]

text: Winners advanced to the second round. Losers competed in the first consolation round for another chance to move on.

text:
7 August 1936 (1936-08-07)
 Estonia
34–29
 France
[show]Berlin, Germany

Scoring by half: 16–17, 18–12

text:
7 August 1936 (1936-08-07)
 Turkey
16–30
 Chile
[show]Berlin, Germany

Scoring by half: 5–15, 11–15

text:
7 August 1936 (1936-08-07)
  Switzerland
25–18
 Germany
[show]Berlin, Germany

Scoring by half: 8–10, 17–8

text:
7 August 1936 (1936-08-07)
 Poland
28–44
 Italy
[show]Berlin, Germany

Scoring by half: 12–25, 16–19

text:
7 August 1936 (1936-08-07)
 Peru
35–22
 Egypt
[show]Berlin, Germany

Scoring by half: 17–6, 18–16

text:
7 August 1936 (1936-08-07)
 Canada
17–24
 Brazil
[show]Berlin, Germany

Scoring by half: 7–14, 10–10

text:
7 August 1936 (1936-08-07)
 Japan
35–19
 Republic of China
[show]Berlin, Germany

Scoring by half: 15–10, 20–9

text:
7 August 1936 (1936-08-07)
 Belgium
9–32
 Mexico
[show]Berlin, Germany

Scoring by half: 2–21, 7–11

text:
United States
2–0
 Spain

text:
Hungary
0–2
 Czechoslovakia

text: First consolation round[edit]

text: Winners returned to the main competition for the second round. Losers were out of the tournament.

text:
Uruguay 17-10 Belgium
China 45-38 France
Egypt 33-23 Turkey
Canada w/o Hungary
Germany w/o Spain
Poland

text: Second round[edit]

text: Winners advanced to the third round. Losers competed in the second consolation round for another chance to move on.

text:
Philippines 32-30 Mexico
Japan 43-31 Poland
Uruguay 36-23 Egypt
Peru 29-21 China
United States 52-28 Estonia
Italy 58-16 Germany
Switzerland 25-12 Czechoslovakia
Chile 23-18 Brazil
Canada 34-23 Latvia

text: Second consolation round[edit]

text:
Poland def. Latvia, 28–23
Brazil def. China, 32–14
Mexico def. Egypt, 32–10
Czechoslovakia def. Germany, 20–9
Estonia

text: Third round[edit]

text: The third round was the first to cause automatic elimination for losers, with no consolation round. Winners advanced to the quarterfinals.

text:
Philippines
39–22
 Estonia

Scoring by half: 21–4, 18–18

text: Berlin, Germany

text:
Chile
19–27
 Italy

Scoring by half: 12–16, 7–11

text: Berlin, Germany

text:
Mexico
28–22
 Japan

Scoring by half: 12–8, 16–14

text: Berlin, Germany

text:
Switzerland
9–27
 Canada

Scoring by half: 1–13, 8–14

text: Berlin, Germany

text:
Uruguay
28–19
 Czechoslovakia

Scoring by half: 14–8, 14–11

text: Berlin, Germany

text:
Brazil
25–33
 Poland

Scoring by half: 10–17, 15–16

text: Berlin, Germany

text: The United States and Peru had byes given, causing them to advance to the quarterfinals.

text: Quarterfinals[edit]

text: Winners of the quarterfinals advanced to the medals round, with losers playing in classification matches.

text:
United States 56-23 Philippines
Mexico 24-17 Italy
Canada 41-21 Uruguay
Poland w/o Peru

text: ※The National Olympic Team from Peru abandoned the Olympic games in protest to the actions of German authorities in the football tournament.

text: Classification 5–8[edit]

text: Preliminary matches[edit]

text:
Philippines 32-14 Italy
Uruguay w/o Peru

text: Peru forfeit: See above.

text: Fifth place match[edit]

text: Philippines 33-23 Uruguay

text: Medals round[edit]

text: Semifinals[edit]

text: August 15

text:
United States
25–10
 Mexico

Scoring by half: 13–2, 12–8

text: Berlin, Germany

text:
Poland
15–42
 Canada

Scoring by half: 6-23, 9-19

text: Berlin, Germany

text: Bronze medal match[edit]

text: August 14

text:
03 ! Mexico
26–12
 Poland

Scoring by half: 23–8, 3–4

text: Berlin, Germany

text: Final[edit]

text:
August 14
18:00

text:
01 ! United States
19–8
 Canada 02 !

Scoring by half: 15–4, 4–4

Pts: Fortenberry 7

text:
Berlin, Germany
Attendance: 900+

text: The final was played on 14 August in bad conditions. The contest was played outdoors, on a dirt court in a driving rain. Due to the quagmire, the teams could not dribble and the score was held to a minimum. Highest scorer in the game was Joe Fortenberry for the United States with 7 points. In addition, there were no seats for spectators and the nearly 1,000 in attendance had to stand in the rain throughout the entire game.

text: Awards[edit]

text:
1936 Olympic Basketball Champions

United States
First title

text: Participating nations[edit]

text: For the team rosters see: Basketball at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's team squads.

text: Each country was allowed to enter one team of 14 players and they all were eligible for participation; however, only seven were allowed to dress for competition at any one game.

text: A total of 199(*) basketball players from 23 (2 withdrew) nations competed at the Berlin Games:

text:
Belgium (8 – from a squad of 14)
 Brazil (8 – from a squad of 10)
 Canada (9 – from a squad of 14)
 Chile (7 – from a squad of 11)
 Republic of China (13 – from a squad of 14)
 Czechoslovakia (12 – from a squad of 12)
 Egypt (7 – from a squad of 10)
 Estonia (8 – from a squad of 11)
 France (11 – from a squad of 14)
 Germany (10 – from a squad of 14)
 Italy (13 – from a squad of 14)
 Japan (8 – from a squad of 11)
 Latvia (7 – from a squad of 11)
 Mexico (11 – from a squad of 11)
 Peru (9 – from a squad of 13)
 Philippines (9 – from a squad of 12)
 Poland (10 – from a squad of 14)
 Switzerland (8 – from a squad of 13)
 Turkey (8 – from a squad of 10)
 United States (14)
 Uruguay (9 – from a squad of 13)

text: (*) NOTE: There are only players counted, which participated in one game at least.

text: Not all reserve players are known.

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Place
Nation

1
 United States (USA)

Coach: James Needles (Universal Pictures (CA))
Asst. coach:Gene Johnson (Globe Refiners)
Sam Balter (Universal Pictures (UCLA))
Ralph Bishop (University of Washington)
Joe Fortenberry (Globe Refiners (West Texas State))
Tex Gibbons (Globe Refiners (Southwestern))
Francis Johnson (Captain)(Globe Refiners (Wichita University))
Carl Knowles (Universal Pictures (UCLA))
Frank Lubin (Universal Pictures (UCLA))
Art Mollner (Universal Pictures (L.A. J.C.))
Donald Piper (Universal Pictures (UCLA))
Jack Ragland (Globe Refiners (Wichita University))
Willard Schmidt (Globe Refiners (Creighton))
Carl Shy (Universal Pictures (UCLA))
Duane Swanson (Universal Pictures (USC))
Bill Wheatley (Globe Refiners)

2
 Canada (CAN)

Coach: Gordon Fuller (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Asst. coach:Julius Goldman (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Gordon Aitchison (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Ian Allison (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Art Chapman (Victoria Blue Ribbon)
Chuck Chapman (Victoria Blue Ribbon)
Edward Dawson (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Irving Meretsky (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Doug Peden (Victoria Blue Ribbon)
James Stewart (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Malcolm Wiseman (Windsor Ford V-8's)

Norman Dawson (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Don Gray (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Stanley Nantais (Windsor Ford V-8's)
Bob Osborne (University of British Columbia)
Tom Pendlebury (Windsor Ford V-8's)

3
 Mexico (MEX)

Carlos Borja
Víctor Borja
Rodolfo Choperena
Luis de la Vega
Raúl Fernández
Andrés Gómez
Silvio Hernández
Francisco Martínez
Jesús Olmos
José Pamplona
Greer Skousen

4
 Poland (POL)

Coach: Walenty Kłyszejko
Zdzisław Filipkiewicz
Florian Grzechowiak
Zdzisław Kasprzak
Jakub Kopf
Ewaryst Łój
Janusz Patrzykont
Andrzej Pluciński
Zenon Różycki
Paweł Stok
Edward Szostak

5
 Philippines (PHI)

Coach: Dionisio Calvo
Charles Borck
Jacinto Ciria Cruz
Franco Marquicias
Primitivo Martínez
Jesús Marzan
Amador Obordo
Bibiano Ouano
Ambrosio Padilla
Fortunato Yambao

Antonio Carillo
Miguel Pardo
John Worrell

6
 Uruguay (URU)

Coach: Juan A. Collazo
Gregorio Agós
Umberto Bernasconi Galvar
Rodolfo Braselli
Prudencio de Pena
Carlos Gabín
Leandro Gómez Harley
Alejandro González Roig
Víctor Latou Jaume
Tabaré Quintans

Héctor González
Alberto Martí
Amílcar Mesa

7
 Italy (ITA)

Coaches: Decio Scuri-Guido Graziani[1]
Gino Basso
Ambrogio Bessi
Enrico Castelli
Galeazzo Dondi
Livio Franceschini
Emilio Giassetti
Giancarlo Marinelli
Adolfo Mazzini
Mario Novelli
Sergio Paganella
Michele Pelliccia
Remo Piana
Egidio Premiani

8
 Peru (PER)

Coach: Pedro Vera
Manuel Arce
Rolando Bacigalupo
Willy Dasso
Antuco Flecha
José Carlos Godoy
Miguel Godoy
Luis Jacob
Cañón Oré
Armando Rossi

Koko Cárdenas
Roberto Rospigliosi
Fernando Ruiz
Pedro Vera

Place
Nation

9–14
 Brazil (BRA)

Armando Albano
Baiano
Coroa
Carmino de Pilla
Nelson Monteiro de Souza
Miguel Pedro Martinez Lopes
Américo Montanarini
Pavão

Cacau
José Oscar Zelaya Alonso

9–14
 Chile (CHI)

Luis Carrasco
Augusto Carvacho
José González
Eusebio Hernández
Luis Ibaseta
Eduardo Kapstein Suckel
Michel Mehech

9–14
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

Jiří Čtyroký
Alois Dvořáček
Ludvík Dvořáček
František Hájek
Vítězslav Hloušek
Josef Klíma
Karel Kuhn
Josef Moc
František Picek
F. Prokop
Ladislav Prokop
Ladislav Trpkoš

9–14
 Estonia (EST)

Coach: Herbert Niiler (Tartu NMKÜ)
Erich Altosaar (Tallinna Kalev)
Artur Amon (Tartu NMKÜ)
Aleksander Illi (Tartu NMKÜ)
Vladimir Kärk (Tartu NMKÜ)
Robert Keres (Tartu NMKÜ)
Evald Mahl (Tartu NMKÜ)
Aleksander Margiste (Tallinna Kalev)
Heino Veskila (Tartu NMKÜ)

Bernhard Nooni (Tallinna Kalev)
Leonid Saar (Tallinna NMKÜ)
Georg Vinogradov (Tallinna Russ)

9–14
 Japan (JPN)

Richin Cho
Takehiko Kanakogi
Masayasu Maeda
Satoshi Matsui
Uichi Munakata
Takao Nakae
Seikyu Ri
Kenshichi Yokoyama

9–14
 Switzerland (SUI)

Fernand Bergmann
Pierre Carlier
René Laederach
Raymond Lambercy
John Pallet
Jean Pare
Marcel Wuilleunier

15–18
 Republic of China (ROC)

Feng
Hsu
Li Shao-Tang
Liu Bao-Cheng
Liu Yun-Chang
Mou Tso-Yun
Shen Yi-Tung
Tsai Yen-Hung
Wang Hung-Pin
Wang Shi-Hsuan
Wang Yu-Tseng
Wong Nan-Chen
Yu Sai-Chang

15–18
 Egypt (EGY)

Abdel Moneim Wahib Hussein
Albert Fahmy Tadros
Edward Riskalla
Gamal el din Sabri
Goanni Nosseir
Kamal Riad
Mohamed Rashad Shafshak

15–18
 Germany (GER)

Coach: Hermann Niebuhr
Bernhard Cuiper (Heeressportschule Wünsdorf)
Robert Duis (DSC Berlin)
Karl Endres (Heeressportschule Wünsdorf)
Emil Göing (Heeressportschule Wünsdorf)
Otto Kuchenbecker (Luftwaffen-Sportschule Spandau)
Emil Lohbeck (Heeressportschule Wünsdorf)
Hans Niclaus (Heeressportschule Wünsdorf)
Kurt Oleska (Heeressportschule Wünsdorf)
Siegfried Reischieß (VfB Breslau)
Heinz Steinschulte (Luftwaffen-Sportschule Spandau)

Willy Daume (TV Eintracht Dortmund)
Otto Gottwald (Post SV Bad Kreuznach)
Adolf Künzel (NSTV Breslau)
Jupp Schäfer (TV Kreuznach 1848)

15–18
 Latvia (LAT)

Coach: Rihards Dekšenieks
Eduards Andersons (US)
Voldemārs Elmūts (US)
Mārtiņš Grundmanis (ASK)
Rudolfs Jurciņš (US)
Maksis Kazaks (LJ)
Visvaldis Melderis (ASK)
Džems Raudziņš (US)

Edgars Rūja (US)
Askolds Hermanovskis (LJ)
Aleksejs Anufrijevs (Starts)
J.Tiltiņš (US)

Place
Nation

19–21
 Belgium (BEL)

Robert Brouwer
Gustave Crabbe
René Demanck
Raymond Gerard
Émile Laermans
Guillaume Merckx
Pierre van Basselaere
Gustave Vereecken

19–21
 France (FRA)

Pierre Boel (Olympique Lillois)
Pierre Caque (Reims)
Georges Carrier (CS Plaisance)
Robert Cohu (Stade Français)
Jean Couturier (Reims)
Jacques Flouret (Paris UC)
Edmond Leclere (Charleville)
Étienne Onimus (CA Mulhouse)
Fernand Prud'homme (AS Hippolyte)
Étienne Roland (US Métro)
Lucien Theze (Romilly)

19–21
 Turkey (TUR)

Coach: Rupen Semerciyan
Şeref Alemdar (Galatasaray)
Hayri Arsebük (Galatasaray)
Nihat Riza Ertuğ (Galatasaray)
Jak Habib (Barkhoba)
Naili Moran (Galatasaray)
Hazdai Penso (Barkhoba)
Dionis Sakalak (Kurtulus)
Sadri Usluoğlu

Kamil Ocak (Galatasaray)

text: Note: Hungary and Spain withdrew before competition started


document_title: Spanish Armada

question_text: who commanded the english against the spanish armada

text: Spanish Armada

text: Etymology

text: The word armada is from the Spanish armada, which is a cognate with English army. Originally from the Latin armāta, the past participle of armāre (to arm), used in Romance languages as a noun, for armed force, army, navy, fleet.[28] Armada Española is still the Spanish term for the modern Spanish Navy. Armada (originally from its armadas) was also the Portuguese traditional term (now alternative, but in common use) of the Portuguese Navy.

text: History

text: Background

text: Henry VIII began the English Reformation as a political exercise over his desire to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Over time it became increasingly aligned with the Protestant reformation taking place in Europe, especially during the reign of Henry's son, Edward VI. Edward's death without an heir led to Henry's daughter Mary I taking the throne. A devout Catholic, Mary (with her co-monarch and husband, Philip II of Spain) began to reassert Roman influence over church affairs. Her attempts led to over 260 people being burned at the stake, earning her the nickname 'Bloody Mary'.[29]

text: Mary's death in 1558 led to her half-sister, Elizabeth I, taking the throne. Unlike Mary, Elizabeth was firmly in the reformist camp, and quickly reimplemented many of Edward's reforms. Philip, no longer co-monarch, deemed Elizabeth a heretic and illegitimate ruler of England. Under Roman law, Henry had never officially divorced Catherine, making Elizabeth illegitimate. It is alleged that Phillip supported plots to have Elizabeth overthrown in favour of her Catholic cousin and heir presumptive, Mary, Queen of Scots; however, these were thwarted when Elizabeth had the Queen of Scots imprisoned and finally executed in 1587. Elizabeth retaliated against Philip by supporting the Dutch revolt against Spain, as well as funding privateers to raid Spanish ships across the Atlantic.

text: In retaliation, Philip planned an expedition to invade England in order to overthrow Elizabeth and reinstate Catholicism.[30] Through this, it would end the English material support for the United Provinces – the part of the Low Countries that had successfully seceded from Spanish rule – and cut off English attacks on Spanish trade and settlements[31] in the New World. The King was supported by Pope Sixtus V, who treated the invasion as a crusade, with the promise of a subsidy should the Armada make land.[32]

text: A raid on Cádiz, led by Francis Drake in April 1587, had captured or destroyed some thirty ships and great quantities of supplies, setting preparations back by a year.[33] Philip initially favoured a triple attack, starting with a diversionary raid on Scotland, while the main Armada would capture the Isle of Wight, or Southampton, to establish a safe anchorage in the Solent. The Duke of Parma would then follow with a large army from the Low Countries crossing the English Channel. Parma was uneasy about mounting such an invasion without any possibility of surprise. He was also alarmed by the costs that would be incurred and advised Philip to postpone or abandon it.[citation needed] The appointed commander of the Armada was the highly experienced Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz, but he died in February 1588, and the Duke of Medina Sidonia, a high-born courtier, took his place. While a competent soldier and distinguished administrator, Medina Sidonia had no naval experience. He wrote to Philip expressing grave doubts about the planned campaign, but this was prevented from reaching the King by courtiers on the grounds that God would ensure the Armada's success.[34]

text: Planned invasion of England

text: Prior to the undertaking, Pope Sixtus V allowed Philip II of Spain to collect crusade taxes and granted his men indulgences. The blessing of the Armada's banner on 25 April 1588, was similar to the ceremony used prior to the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. On 28 May 1588, the Armada set sail from Lisbon and headed for the English Channel. The fleet was composed of 130 ships, 8,000 sailors and 18,000 soldiers, and bore 1,500 brass guns and 1,000 iron guns. The full body of the fleet took two days to leave port. It included twenty eight purpose-built warships, of which twenty were galleons, four galleys and four (Neapolitan) galleasses. The remainder of the heavy vessels were mostly armed carracks and hulks together with thirty-four light ships.[35]

text: In the Spanish Netherlands, 30,000 soldiers[36] awaited the arrival of the Armada, the plan being to use the cover of the warships to convey the army on barges to a place near London. All told, 55,000 men were to have been mustered, a huge army for that time. On the day the Armada set sail, Elizabeth's ambassador in the Netherlands, Valentine Dale, met Parma's representatives in peace negotiations. The English made a vain effort to intercept the Armada in the Bay of Biscay. On 6 July negotiations were abandoned, and the English fleet stood prepared, if ill-supplied, at Plymouth, awaiting news of Spanish movements. The English fleet outnumbered the Spanish, 200 ships to 130,[37] while the Spanish fleet outgunned the English – its available firepower was 50% more than that of the English.[38] The English fleet consisted of the 34 ships of the Royal Fleet (21 of which were galleons of 200 to 400 tons) and 163 other ships (30 of which were of 200 to 400 tons and carried up to 42 guns each), 12 of these were privateers owned by Lord Howard of Effingham, Sir John Hawkins and Sir Francis Drake.[11]

text: The Armada was delayed by bad weather. Storms in the Bay of Biscay forced four galleys and one galleon to turn back, and other ships had to put in for repairs, so only about 123 or 124 ships actually made it to the English Channel. Nearly half the fleet were not built as warships and were used for duties such as scouting and dispatch work, or for carrying supplies, animals, and troops.[35]

text: The fleet was not sighted in England until 19 July, when it appeared off The Lizard in Cornwall. The news was conveyed to London by a system of beacons that had been constructed all the way along the south coast. On that evening, the English fleet was trapped in Plymouth Harbour by the incoming tide. The Spanish convened a council of war, where it was proposed to ride into the harbour on the tide and incapacitate the defending ships at anchor and from there to attack England; but Medina Sidonia declined to act because this had been explicitly forbidden by Philip, and decided to sail on to the east and towards the Isle of Wight. As the tide turned, 55 English ships set out to confront them from Plymouth under the command of Lord Howard of Effingham, with Sir Francis Drake as Vice Admiral. Howard ceded some control to Drake, given his experience in battle. The rear admiral was Sir John Hawkins.

text: First actions (1588)

text: On 20 July, the English fleet was off Eddystone Rocks, with the Armada upwind to the west. That night, in order to execute their attack, the English tacked upwind of the Armada, thus gaining the weather gage, a significant advantage. At daybreak on 21 July the English fleet engaged the Armada off Plymouth near the Eddystone rocks. The Armada was in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, convex towards the east. The galleons and great ships were concentrated in the centre and at the tips of the crescent's horns, giving cover to the transports and supply ships in between. Opposing them the English were in two sections, Drake to the north in Revenge with 11 ships, and Howard to the south in Ark Royal with the bulk of the fleet.

text: Given the Spanish advantage in close-quarter fighting, the English ships used their superior speed and manoeuvrability to keep beyond grappling range and bombarded the Spanish ships from a distance with cannon fire. The distance was too great for this to be effective, however, and at the end of the first day's fighting neither fleet had lost a ship in action, although the Spanish carrack Rosario and galleon San Salvador were abandoned after they collided. When night fell, Francis Drake turned his ship back to loot the abandoned Spanish ships, capturing supplies of much-needed gunpowder, and gold. However, Drake had been guiding the English fleet by means of a lantern. As a result of him snuffing out the lantern to slip away from the Spanish ships, the rest of his fleet became scattered and was in complete disarray by dawn. It took an entire day for the English fleet to regroup and the Armada gained a day's grace.[39] The English ships again used their superior speed and manoeuvrability to catch up with the Spanish fleet after a day of sailing.

text: The English fleet and the Armada engaged once more on 23 July, off Portland. This time a change of wind gave the Spanish the weather-gage, and they sought to close with the English, but were foiled by the smaller ships' greater manoeuvrability. At one point Howard formed his ships into a line of battle, to attack at close range bringing all his guns to bear, but this was not followed through and little was achieved.

text: If the Armada could create a temporary base in the protected waters of the Solent (a strait separating the Isle of Wight from the English mainland), they could wait there for word from Parma's army. However, in a full-scale attack, the English fleet broke into four groups – Martin Frobisher of Aid now also being given command over a squadron – with Drake coming in with a large force from the south. At the critical moment Medina Sidonia sent reinforcements south and ordered the Armada back to open sea to avoid The Owers shoals.[40] There were no other secure harbours further east along England's south coast, so the Armada was compelled to make for Calais, without being able to wait for word of Parma's army.

text: On 27 July, the Armada anchored off Calais in a tightly-packed defensive crescent formation, not far from Dunkirk, where Parma's army, reduced by disease to 16,000, was expected to be waiting, ready to join the fleet in barges sent from ports along the Flemish coast. Communication had proven to be far more difficult than anticipated, and it only now became known that this army had yet to be equipped with sufficient transport or assembled in the port, a process which would take at least six days, while Medina Sidonia waited at anchor; and that Dunkirk was blockaded by a Dutch fleet of thirty flyboats under Lieutenant-Admiral Justinus of Nassau.[41] Parma wanted the Armada to send its light pataches to drive away the Dutch, but Medina Sidonia could not do this because he feared that he might need these ships for his own protection. There was no deep-water port where the fleet might shelter – always acknowledged as a major difficulty for the expedition – and the Spanish found themselves vulnerable as night drew on.

text: The Dutch flyboats mainly operated in the shallow waters off Zeeland and Flanders that larger warships with a deeper draught, like the Spanish and English galleons, could not safely enter. The Dutch therefore enjoyed an unchallenged naval advantage in these waters, even though their navy was inferior in naval armament. An essential element of the plan of invasion, as it was eventually implemented, was the transportation of a large part of Parma's Army of Flanders as the main invasion force in unarmed barges across the English Channel. These barges would be protected by the large ships of the Armada. However, to get to the Armada, they would have to cross the zone dominated by the Dutch navy, where the Armada could not go. This problem seems to have been overlooked by the Spanish planners, but it was insurmountable. Because of this obstacle, England never was in any real danger, at least from the Duke of Parma and the Army of Flanders. Because of the eventual English victory at sea, the Army of Flanders escaped the drowning death Justinus and his men had in mind for them, ready to fight another day.[42][43]

text: At midnight on 28 July, the English set alight eight fireships, sacrificing regular warships by filling them with pitch, brimstone, some gunpowder and tar, and cast them downwind among the closely anchored vessels of the Armada. The Spanish feared that these uncommonly large fireships were "hellburners",[44] specialised fireships filled with large gunpowder charges, which had been used to deadly effect at the Siege of Antwerp. Two were intercepted and towed away, but the remainder bore down on the fleet. Medina Sidonia's flagship and the principal warships held their positions, but the rest of the fleet cut their anchor cables and scattered in confusion. No Spanish ships were burnt, but the crescent formation had been broken, and the fleet now found itself too far to leeward of Calais in the rising southwesterly wind to recover its position. The English closed in for battle.

text: Battle of Gravelines

text: The small port of Gravelines was then part of Flanders in the Spanish Netherlands, close to the border with France and the closest Spanish territory to England. Medina Sidonia tried to re-form his fleet there and was reluctant to sail further east knowing the danger from the shoals off Flanders, from which his Dutch enemies had removed the sea marks. The English had learned more of the Armada's strengths and weaknesses during the skirmishes in the English Channel and had concluded it was necessary to close within 100 yards (91 m) to penetrate the oak hulls of the Spanish ships. They had spent most of their gunpowder in the first engagements and had, after the Isle of Wight, been forced to conserve their heavy shot and powder for a final attack near Gravelines. During all the engagements, the Spanish heavy guns could not easily be run in for reloading because of their close spacing and the quantities of supplies stowed between decks, as Francis Drake had discovered on capturing the damaged Rosario in the Channel.[45] Instead the gunners fired once and then jumped to the rigging to attend to their main task as marines ready to board enemy ships, as had been the practice in naval warfare at the time. In fact, evidence from Armada wrecks in Ireland shows that much of the fleet's ammunition was never spent.[46] Their determination to fight by boarding, rather than cannon fire at a distance, proved a weakness for the Spanish; it had been effective on occasions such as the battles of Lepanto and Ponta Delgada (1582), but the English were aware of this strength and sought to avoid it by keeping their distance.

text: With its superior manoeuvrability, the English fleet provoked Spanish fire while staying out of range. The English then closed, firing repeated and damaging broadsides into the enemy ships. This also enabled them to maintain a position to windward so that the heeling Armada hulls were exposed to damage below the water line. Many of the Spanish gunners were killed or wounded by the English broadsides, and the task of manning the cannon often fell to the regular foot soldiers on board, who did not know how to operate the guns. The ships were close enough for sailors on the upper decks of the English and Spanish ships to exchange musket fire. After eight hours, the English ships began to run out of ammunition, and some gunners began loading objects such as chains into cannons. Around 4:00 pm, the English fired their last shots and were forced to pull back.[47]

text: Five Spanish ships were lost. The galleass San Lorenzo, flagship of Don Hugo de Moncada, ran aground at Calais and was taken by Howard after murderous fighting between the crew, the galley slaves, the English who eventually killed all Spanish and slaves, and the French, who ultimately took possession of the wreck. The galleons San Mateo and San Felipe drifted away in a sinking condition, ran aground on the island of Walcheren the next day, and were taken by the Dutch. One carrack ran aground near Blankenberge; another foundered. Many other Spanish ships were severely damaged, especially the Portuguese and some Spanish Atlantic-class galleons (including some Neapolitan galleys) which had to bear the brunt of the fighting during the early hours of the battle in desperate individual actions against groups of English ships. The Spanish plan to join with Parma's army had been defeated and the English had gained some breathing space, but the Armada's presence in northern waters still posed a great threat to England.

text: Elizabeth's Tilbury battle address

text: On the day after the battle of Gravelines, the wind had backed southerly, enabling Medina Sidonia to move his fleet northward away from the French coast. Although their shot lockers were almost empty, the English pursued in an attempt to prevent the enemy from returning to escort Parma. On 2 August Old Style (12 August New Style) Howard called a halt to the pursuit in the latitude of the Firth of Forth off Scotland. By that point, the Spanish were suffering from thirst and exhaustion, and the only option left to Medina Sidonia was to chart a course home to Spain, by a very hazardous route.

text: The threat of invasion from the Netherlands had not yet been discounted by the English, and Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester maintained a force of 4,000 soldiers at West Tilbury, Essex, to defend the Thames Estuary against any incursion up-river towards London.

text: On 8 August (18 August New Style), Elizabeth went to Tilbury to encourage her forces, and the next day, per legend, arrived on horseback in her own personal battle armour (and thus showing to the assembled warriors that she was prepared to fight with them in the ensuing battle to her own death). She gave to them her Royal address, which is probably her most famous speech. It survives in six different versions, each vying to be the authentic report of her words on that day.[48] One version is as follows:

text: My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourselves to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but, I do assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people. Let tyrants fear, I have always so behaved myself, that under God I have placed my chiefest strength and safeguard in the loyal hearts and goodwill of my subjects; and, therefore, I am come amongst you as you see at this time, not for my recreation and disport, but being resolved, in the midst and heat of battle, to live or die amongst you all – to lay down for my God, and for my kingdoms, and for my people, my honour and my blood even in the dust. I know I have the body of a weak and feeble woman; but I have the heart and stomach of a king – and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any prince of Europe, should dare to invade the borders of my realm; to which, rather than any dishonour should grow by me, I myself will take up arms – I myself will be your general, judge, and rewarder of every one of your virtues in the field. I know already, for your forwardness, you have deserved rewards and crowns, and, we do assure you, on the word of a prince, they shall be duly paid you. In the mean time, my lieutenant general shall be in my stead, than whom never prince commanded a more noble or worthy subject; not doubting but by your obedience to my general, by your concord in the camp, and your valour in the field, we shall shortly have a famous victory over those enemies of my God, of my kingdom, and of my people.[49]

text: After the victory, typhus swept the fleet, killing off thousands of English mariners. Elizabeth failed in her promise to pay the sailors, and of the few who did survive, even of the crew of the royal warship, Elizabeth, most expired destitute in the gutters of Margate.[50]

text: Return to Spain

text: In September 1588, the Armada sailed around Scotland and Ireland into the North Atlantic. The ships were beginning to show wear from the long voyage and some were kept together by having their hulls bundled up with cables. Supplies of food and water ran short. The intention would have been to keep well to the west of the coast of Scotland and Ireland, in the relative safety of the open sea. There being no way of accurately measuring longitude, the Spanish were not aware that the Gulf Stream was carrying them north and east as they tried to move west and they eventually turned south much further to the east than planned, a devastating navigational error. Off the coasts of Scotland and Ireland the fleet ran into a series of powerful westerly winds, which drove many of the damaged ships further towards the lee shore. Because so many anchors had been abandoned during the escape from the English fireships off Calais, many of the ships were incapable of securing shelter as they reached the coast of Ireland and were driven onto the rocks and local inhabitants looted the ships. The late 16th century and especially 1588, was marked by unusually strong North Atlantic storms, perhaps associated with a high accumulation of polar ice off the coast of Greenland, a characteristic phenomenon of the "Little Ice Age".[51] More ships and sailors were lost to cold and stormy weather than in direct combat.

text: Following the gales it is reckoned that 5,000 men died by drowning, starvation and slaughter at the hands of English forces after they were driven ashore in Ireland.[52] Reports of the passage of the remnants of the Spanish Armada around Ireland abound with onerous accounts of hardships and survival.[53] In the end, 67 ships and fewer than 10,000 men survived.[54] Many of the men were near death from disease, as the conditions were very cramped and most of the ships ran out of food and water. Many more later died in Spain, or on hospital ships in Spanish harbours, from diseases contracted during the voyage. It was reported that when Philip II learned of the result of the expedition, he declared, "I sent the Armada against men, not God's winds and waves".[55]

text: English Armada

text: The English fleet was still cautious of the remaining Armada after the Battle of Gravelines, requiring it to remain on duty even as some of its sailors died. The following year Elizabeth I launched the Counter Armada, under Sir Francis Drake, but it was unsuccessful in its goals, resulting in Spain retaining naval superiority.

text: The Spanish failed to gain control of the Channel from the English, nor stop their intervention in the region of Flanders or their privateer transatlantic raids; however, for the sixteen years that the war continued, the English ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies, despite the great number of military personnel mobilised every year. The English were also unsuccessful in plots to support Portuguese separation from the Spanish crown. Spanish naval power not only continued its hegemony in the key trade routes but also in the creation of the Armada de Barlovento. An important fortification effort ensued in different fortifications at both sides of the Atlantic, notably in Cartagena or Portobelo. Despite the efforts by the English and Dutch, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades, thanks to sufficient financing and organisation as well as superior technology to enhance its naval strength.[56]

text: Technological revolution

text: The result vindicated the English strategy and caused in a revolution in naval tactics – using weather gage advantage and line-to-line cannon battle from windward (revealing the opponent ship's hull and rudder as targets) – with the promotion of heavier, more numerous naval cannon, which until then had played a supporting role to the principal tactics of ramming and crew boarding.

text: Most military historians hold that the battle of Gravelines reflected a lasting shift in the balance of naval power in favour of the English, in part because of the gap in naval technology and cannon armament it confirmed between the two nations, which continued into the next century.[57] In the words of Geoffrey Parker, by 1588, "the capital ships of the Elizabethan navy constituted the most powerful battlefleet afloat anywhere in the world".[58] The English navy yards were leaders in technical innovation and the captains devised new battle formations and tactics. Parker argues that the sleeker full-rigged ship, amply cannoned, was one of the greatest technological advances of the century and permanently transformed naval warfare.

text: English shipwrights introduced designs in 1573, first demonstrated in Dreadnought, that allowed the ships to sail faster, manoeuvre better and carry heavier guns.[59] Whereas before warships had tried to grapple with each other so that soldiers could board the enemy ship, now they more often stood off and fired broadsides that could sink the vessel. Superior English ships and seamanship had foiled the invasion. The English also took advantage of Spain's overly complex strategy that required coordination between the invasion fleet and the Spanish army on shore. The poor design of the Spanish cannon meant they were much slower in reloading in a close-range battle, allowing the English to take control. Spain still had numerically larger fleets but England was catching up.[60]

text: Legacy

text: In England, the boost to national pride from the defeat of the Spanish invasion attempt lasted for years and Elizabeth's legend persisted and grew long after her death. Repulsing the Spanish naval force may have given heart to the Protestant cause across Europe and the belief that God was behind the Protestants.[61] This was shown by the striking of commemorative medals that bore variations on the inscription, "1588. Flavit Jehovah et Dissipati Sunt" – with "Jehovah" in Hebrew letters ("God blew, and they are scattered"), or He blew with His winds, and they were scattered. There were also more lighthearted medals struck, such as the one with the play on the words of Julius Caesar: Venit, Vidit, Fugit (he came, he saw, he fled). The victory was acclaimed by the English as their greatest since Agincourt.[citation needed]

text: The English attempted to press home their advantage the following year, when the Drake–Norris Expedition, with a comparable fleet of English privateers, sailed to establish a base in the Azores, attack Spain and raise a revolt in Portugal.[31] This expedition, led by Sir Francis Drake and John Norreys[61] were defeated in Corunna but withdrew from Lisbon after failing to coordinate its strategy effectively with the Portuguese.[62] Two more armadas were sent by Spain, in 1596 and 1597 but both were once more scattered by storms.[63]

text: The Spanish Navy underwent a major organizational reform that helped it to maintain control over its trans-Atlantic routes. High-seas buccaneering and the supply of troops to Philip II's enemies in the Netherlands and France continued but brought few tangible rewards for England.[61] The memory of the victory over the Armada was evoked during both the Napoleonic Wars and the Second World War, when Britain again faced a substantial danger of foreign invasion. The Armada Memorial in Plymouth was constructed in 1888 to celebrate the tercentenary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada.[64]

text: Historiography

text: Knerr (1989) has reviewed the main trends in historiography over five centuries.[65] For 150 years writers relied heavily on Petruccio Ubaldini's A Discourse Concernye the Spanish Fleete Invadinye Englande (1590), which argued that God decisively favoured the Protestant cause. William Camden (1551–1623) pointed in addition to elements of English nationalism and the private enterprise of the sea dogs. He also emphasized that the Duke of Medina Sidonia was an incompetent seaman. David Hume (1711–1776) praised the leadership of Queen Elizabeth. However the Whig historians, led by James A. Froude (1818–1894), rejected Hume's interpretation and argued that Elizabeth was vacillating and almost lost the conflict by her unwillingness to previously spend enough to maintain and supply the Royal Navy's fleet of ships. Scientific modern historiography came of age with the publication of two volumes of primary documents by John K. Laughton in 1894. This enabled the leading naval scholar of the day Julian Corbett (1854–1922) to reject the Whig views and turn attention to the professionalization of the Royal Navy as a critical factor. Twentieth-century historians have focused on technical issues, such as the comparative power of English and Spanish naval guns and the degree of naval battle tactics credit due Francis Drake and Charles Howard. Inclement weather in the English Channel and on the oceans at the time has always been cited as a major factor to the outcome.

text: Panorama

text: In popular culture

text: This article appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances; add references to reliable sources if possible. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2017)

text:
The Armada is vividly described in Ken Follett's third novel of the Kingsbridge series, Column of Fire (2017).
The preparations of the Armada and the Battle of Gravelines form the backdrop of two graphic novels in Bob de Moors Cori, de Scheepsjongen ("Cori le Moussaillon" in French, "Cori, the Cabin Boy" in English) (Les Espions de la Reine and Le Dragon des Mers'). In them, Cori the cabin boy works as a spy in the Armada for the English.
The Armada and intrigues surrounding its threat to England form the backdrop of the films Fire Over England (1937), with Laurence Olivier and Flora Robson, and The Sea Hawk with Errol Flynn.
The Battle of Gravelines and the subsequent chase around the northern coast of Scotland form the climax of Charles Kingsley's 1855 novel Westward Ho!, which in 1925 became the first novel to be adapted into a radio drama by BBC.[69]
In golf, Spaniard pros Seve Ballesteros and José María Olazábal, who had a Ryder Cup record of 11–2–2 as a team – the best record for a pairing in the history of the competition – came to be called the "Spanish Armada".[70]
The Battle of Gravelines is the climax of the 2007 film, Elizabeth: The Golden Age starring Cate Blanchett and Clive Owen.
In the twentieth season of The Simpsons, an episode depicts the reason for the Armada's attack as Queen Elizabeth's rebuff of the King of Spain. Homer Simpson (as Walter Raleigh) accidentally sets the only English ship on fire; then collides with the Armada, setting all their ships on fire, creating victory for England.
Winston Graham wrote a history of "The Spanish Armadas" and a historical novel, The Grove of Eagles, based on it – the plural "Armadas" referring to a lesser-known second attempt by Philip II of Spain to conquer England during 1598, which Graham argued was better planned and organized than the famous one of 1588 but was foiled by a fierce storm scattering the Spanish ships and sinking many of them.
Bertolt Brecht's 1935 poem Questions From a Worker Who Reads, written to emphasize the role played by the lower classes in history, includes the lines: "Philip of Spain wept when his armada went down. Was he the only one to weep?" ([1]).
Several alternate history writers have published variant descriptions of how history might have proceeded had the Spanish Armada won, including John Brunner (Times Without Number, 1962), Keith Roberts (Pavane, 1969) and Harry Turtledove (Ruled Britannia 2002).


document_title: Snow in Florida

question_text: when was the last time it snowed in jacksonville

text: Snow in Florida

text: Events[edit]

text: Due to larger populations and more advanced communication networks, snow events are witnessed and reported much more frequently in recent years than in historical eras. Interpretations of this timeline must therefore be made with caution, as observed patterns may not reflect actual climate-related trends in annual snowfall but rather improved reporting.

text:
December 19, 1765: A "white frost" fell in the northern part of the British colony of East Florida "of short duration, and of no material detriment to the agricultural interests."[7]
1774: A snowstorm extended across much of the territory. The affected residents spoke of it as an "extraordinary white rain."[1][8]
January 10/11, 1800: Land surveyor Andrew Ellicott erected an observatory at Point Peter, a location near the mouth of Saint Marys River, now in the far southeast side of the City of St. Marys, Georgia. After recording a sunrise temperature of 37 °F (3 °C), he observed "snow and hail the whole day" until 10 pm. The temperature then fell below freezing, the wind shifted to northwesterly, and the skies cleared at midnight. At sunrise the morning of January 11, he reported snow 5 inches (130 mm) deep and a temperature of 28 °F (−2 °C).[2][9] This snowstorm perhaps extended from Louisiana to Georgia.[10]
January 13, 1852: Snow fell all morning, accumulating to 0.5 inches (13 mm) at Jacksonville.[1]
February 28, 1855: A few flakes of snow fell at Jacksonville.[1]
January 29, 1868: Light sleet fell during the night at Jacksonville.[1]
February 28, 1869: During the morning, snow flurries fell at Jacksonville.[1]
January 10, 1873: At 7:25 am, a few snowflakes fell at Jacksonville.[1]
February 4/5, 1875: Between midnight and sunrise on both dates, light sleet occurred.[1]
December 1, 1876: According to the observer at Punta Rassa, Florida, snow fell for 5 minutes on the morning of December 1.[11]
January 4/5, 1879: At Jacksonville at 7 pm, sleet began, which turned to rain 90 minutes later. The freezing rain covered trees, shrubbery, and everything else outdoors by morning. The weight of the ice broke the limbs of many orange trees.[1] At Fernandina, snow occurred.[12]
December 5, 1886: At Pensacola, following a heavy rain and wind storm, light snow fell from 4:25 pm to 8:20 pm, accumulating to 1.5 inches (38 mm).[13]
January 5, 1887: 1 inch (25 mm) of snow fell at Pensacola,[14] and sleet fell elsewhere in the state.[15]
January 14, 1892: 0.4 inches (10 mm) of snow was reported at Pensacola.[14] The first snowfall of the season occurred at Fort Barrancas. Monthly snowfall totaled 0.5 inches (13 mm) at Pensacola.[16]
January 17, 1892: At 10:30 am, sleet fell for a few minutes only at Madison, Florida.[17]
February 14, 1892: Pensacola reported 3 inches (76 mm) of snow.[18]
December 26/27, 1892: On both days, precipitation fell as sleet and snow at Pensacola. On December 26, sleet also occurred at Cerro Gordo, Florida, and slight trace of snow fell at Tallahassee. On December 27, a slight trace fell at Moseley Hall, Madison County, Florida.[19] At intervals during daytime on December 27, light snow flurries occurred at Jacksonville.[1]
January 16–19, 1893: On January 16, snow occurred at Palatka. On January 17, sleet fell at Oxford, and at Pensacola. Shortly after midnight on January 18, sleet began in the city of Jacksonville and then turned to snow and then to rain.[1] That day, sleet also fell at Moseley Hall, Pensacola, and Tallahassee, and snow occurred at Lawtey. On January 18 and 19, sleet fell at Bristol.
December 29, 1894: Brooksville reported snowfall from 9 am to 11 am, and a few flakes fell at Mosquito Lagoon near Oak Hill, Florida. The press reported snow at towns in middle and west Florida. The temperature morning fell to lows unprecedented in decades, and this freeze destroyed 2 million to 3 million boxes of not yet gathered oranges, severely damaged pineapple plants, and killed or destroyed almost all other fruits and vegetables.[20]
February 14, 1895: From 6:22 pm to 6:27 pm, light sleet fell at Jacksonville, followed by light snow until 6:32 pm. At 7:20 pm, light snow resumed until 8 pm.[1] Snow also fell at Tampa, and at Pensacola, snow reportedly reached depths allowing for sleighing.[21]
February 12/13, 1899: At 9:45 pm, rain changed to sleet at Jacksonville. Sleet then changed to snow at 10:15 pm and continued through the night, accumulating to 2 inches (51 mm) before sunrise at 7 am as the temperature plunged to 10 °F (−12 °C).[1] The accumulation reached 4 inches (100 mm) at Lake Butler.[18] In sheltered locations, the snow melted only several days later.[1] This Great Blizzard of 1899 also affected much of the rest of the American South.

text: 20th century (21 reported events)[edit]

text:
December 16, 1901: At 1 pm, light snow fell at Jacksonville; at intervals through the afternoon, sleet followed.[1]
February 7, 1907: During the afternoon, a light snow flurry occurred "in the immediate vicinity" of the city of Jacksonville.[1]
November 27, 1912: An overnight period of snow covers the ground and trees with a 0.5-inch (13 mm) layer in northern Florida.[22]
January 22/23, 1935: Snow falls until the next morning, with Pensacola recording 1 inch (25 mm).[14]
February 8/9, 1947: A cold wave entering from Canada, accompanied by winds of up to 80 miles per hour (130 km/h; 36 m/s), causes snow as far south as Clearwater.[23]
February 2/3, 1951: Snowfall accumulates to 2.0 inches (51 mm) at Saint Augustine and Crescent City.[18]
December 14, 1952: Sleet and snow falls across the northern portion of the state, though there is very little accumulation.[24]
December 14, 1953: Light sleet occurs in the morning in Marianna.[24]
March 6, 1954: 4 in (100 mm) of snow accumulates at Milton Experimental Station, Santa Rosa County, within a 24-hour period, the highest such total for Florida according to official modern records.[25]
March 28, 1955: Snowfall accumulates to 1 inch (25 mm) in Marianna along the Florida Panhandle.[26]
February 13, 1958: An overnight rainfall changes to snowfall in Jacksonville and accumulates to 1.5 inches (38 mm).[2] Additionally, Tallahassee reports a record 2.8 inches (71 mm).[18]
February 9, 1973: Snow falls over the northern portion of the state, including a total of 2.0 inches (51 mm) in Pensacola, with unofficial reports of up to 8 inches (200 mm).[18]
January 18, 1977: The pressure gradient between a strong ridge over the Mississippi Valley and a Nor'easter over Atlantic Canada sends very cold temperatures southward into the state. Areas around Pensacola are the first to receive the snow, then the rest of The Panhandle. Followed by record accumulations for The Nature Coast, the I-4 corridor (both Orlando and Tampa (one tenth to a quarter inch) receive light accumulations of 1 inch (25 mm) to 2 inches (51 mm) with a few isolated spots reportedly receiving 3 inches (76 mm) to 6 inches (150 mm)), and finally South Florida. By early morning before sunrise on January 19, West Palm Beach reported snow for the first time on record, with snow flurries reaching as far south as Homestead. The snow causes little impact as it was of the dry variety, though the accompanying cold air results in hundreds of millions of dollars in damage (Orlando tied the 1899 record of over six consecutive nights well-below freezing). On January 20, The Miami Herald reports the event as the front-page story, with a headline of a size usually reserved for the declaration of war.[27]
Late January 1977: Pensacola receives snowfall.[27]
March 2, 1980: About 0.25 inches (6.4 mm) of snow covers car tops and patio furniture in Jacksonville.[2]
March 1, 1986: 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow accumulates overnight in Jacksonville before melting within 30 minutes due to the morning sun.[2]
December 23/24, 1989: Light rain in Jacksonville turns to freezing rain as temperatures drop, and later changes to snow. The snow totals several inches in some locations, and results in the first White Christmas in the city's history.[2]

Picture of the December 23, 1989, Jacksonville snowfall

Light snow falls across central Florida as far south as southern Pinellas County on the 23rd, though the official weather station in St. Petersburg experiences only a light sleet.[28][29]
March 12, 1993: The 1993 Storm of the Century produces up to 4 inches (100 mm) of snow along the Florida Panhandle.[30]
January 8, 1996: Snow flurries are reported from Crystal River to New Port Richey with no accumulation.[31]
December 18, 1996: A plume of cold air causes snow to form in the northwestern portion of Escambia County.[32]

text: 21st century (19 reported events)[edit]

text:
January 24, 2003: A plume of Arctic air produces widespread record low temperatures and light snow flurries along the eastern coastline. The snow is described as ocean-effect snow, identical to lake effect snow in that it occurs due to very cold air passing over relatively warm water temperatures. The snow reaches as far south as Fort Pierce.[33]
December 25, 2004: Locations along the Florida Panhandle receive a dusting of snow.[34]
November 21, 2006: An eastward-moving weather system produces a very light dusting and snowflakes in central Florida. It is the first snow in November in the state since 1912.[34]
February 3, 2007: Very light snow flurries are reported in the northeastern panhandle, lasting less than an hour.[35]
January 3, 2008: Light snow flurries are reported near Daytona Beach.[36]
January 8/9, 2010: Very light dusting of snow seen in the eastern Jacksonville area. Light snow also fell in parts of central Florida, which briefly accumulated in Ocala and other parts of Marion County. A "wintry mix" of sleet and freezing rain was widespread, with reports of light snow across central Florida from Tampa to Orlando to Melbourne.[37] Isolated flurries were even reported from West Palm Beach to as far south as Kendall and sleet in a few spots in the South Florida metropolitan area for only the second time in recorded history and first time since 1977.[38]
February 12, 2010: Portions of northwestern Florida experience snowfall totals of around 1 in (25 mm).[39]
February 14, 2010: 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow fell across the northern halves of Escambia, Santa Rosa, Walton and Okaloosa Counties.[40]
December 8, 2010: Snow mixed with rain is reported in western parts of the panhandle, north of Pensacola.[41]
December 26, 2010: A mix of snow and sleet was reported in Jacksonville by the National Weather Service.[42]
December 28, 2010: Light snow was reported at Tampa Executive Airport in eastern Hillsborough County at 01:00 and 05:00 local time, following a rare freezing fog event around midnight.[43]
January 9, 2011: Sleet is reported in the Pensacola area, as well as other places in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. There was no accumulation.[44]
March 3, 2013: Snow flurries were reported in the Panhandle, specifically around Panama City Beach
January 24–25, 2014: Sleet and light snow are reported in Escambia, Santa Rosa, and Okaloosa counties.[45] Very light sleet is reported at a few locations around Jacksonville.[46]

Snowfall forecast for 28–29 January 2014, predicting over 1 inch of snow in northwest Florida.

January 28–29, 2014: A major winter storm event resulted in a mixture of freezing rain (with ice accumulation), sleet, and snow across most of the Panhandle between the afternoon of the 28th and morning of the 29th. Due to dangerous ice accumulation, the Florida Highway Patrol and FDOT closed several bridges in the Panhandle and advised against non-essential travel.[47] Many state and local government offices were closed around mid-day on the 28th.[48] In Santa Rosa county, officials cautioned that ice-laden tree limbs were hanging low enough to hit vehicles.[49] Between 1 and 9:30 PM on the 28th, 21,633 Gulf Power customers lost power at some point.[50] At 2 PM EST on January 28, Pensacola was 31 °F (−1 °C) with freezing rain while Immokalee, near Fort Myers, was 86 °F (30 °C). Pensacola received 1.8 inches (46 mm) of snow on January 28.[51] On January 29, the Florida Highway Patrol closed nearly 200 miles (320 km) of Interstate 10 from the Florida-Alabama state line to Gadsden County, directing resources and traffic to U.S. 90.[52] Pensacola International Airport closed at 9:17 PM January 28 and was not scheduled to reopen until late on the 29th.[53]
January 8, 2015: Snow flurries are reported in various locations around Jacksonville. The event is attributed to ocean-effect snow.[54][55]
January 22–23, 2016: Snow flurries are reported along the Florida Panhandle, as far east as the Jacksonville area,[56] and as far south as the Gainesville area.[57]
December 8–9, 2017: Snow falls in various locations in the western Florida Panhandle. Northern Escambia County saw up to 2 inches (51 mm) of snow while Century saw 0.5 inches (13 mm) of snow. Snow flurries were reported in Destin and Miramar Beach.[58]
January 2–3, 2018: A winter storm resulted in snow and a wintry mix (freezing rain, sleet, and ice) across northern Florida from Tallahassee to the outskirts of Jacksonville and as far south as Gainesville, with temperatures in the 20s and dewpoints in the teens in the morning.[59] A winter storm warning was in effect on the morning of January 3 for Nassau, Baker, Union, Columbia, Gilchrist, Suwanee, Hamilton, Lafayette, Madison, Taylor, Jefferson, and Leon Counties,[60][61] prompting several school districts to cancel classes on January 3.[62] Tallahassee received 0.10-0.20 in of snow, which was the first measurable snowfall in the city since December 1989 (it sees flurries every few years).[63][64][65] The Tallahassee snowfall followed a couple hours of freezing rain.[63] The Florida Highway Patrol closed Interstate 10 from Tallahassee to Madison for most of the morning of January 3 as well as several bridges in North-Central Florida that had accumulated a dangerous amount of ice.[66][62] Recorded ice accumulations included 0.25 in in Hilliard and Lake City and 0.10 in in Perry.[67]