document_title: List of political parties in Australia

question_text: what are the four main political parties in australia

text: List of political parties in Australia

text: Federal political parties with parliamentary representation[edit]

text:
Political party
Leader or sole member
Members of Parliament
Senators

The Coalition
Liberal Party of Australia
Malcolm Turnbull
45
20

National Party of Australia
Barnaby Joyce
10
3

Liberal National Party (QLD)
none
21
5

Country Liberals (NT)
none
0
1

Australian Labor Party
Bill Shorten
69
26

Australian Greens
Richard Di Natale
1
9

Nick Xenophon Team
Nick Xenophon
1
3

Pauline Hanson's One Nation
Pauline Hanson
0
4

Katter's Australian Party
Bob Katter
1
0

Jacqui Lambie Network
Jacqui Lambie
0
1

Derryn Hinch's Justice Party
Derryn Hinch
0
1

Liberal Democratic Party
David Leyonhjelm
0
1

Australian Conservatives
Cory Bernardi[1]
0
1[a]

text: Two political groups dominate the Australian political spectrum, forming a de facto two-party system. One is the Australian Labor Party (ALP), a centre-left party which is formally linked to the Australian labour movement. Formed in 1893, it has been a major party federally since 1901, and has been one of the two major parties since the 1910 federal election. The ALP is in government in Victoria, Queensland, Western Australia, South Australia, the Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.

text: The other group is a conservative grouping of parties that are in coalition at the federal level, as well as in New South Wales and Victoria, but compete in Western Australia and South Australia. The main party in this group is the centre-right Liberal Party. The Liberal Party is the modern form of a conservative grouping that has existed since the fusion of the Protectionist Party and Free Trade Party into the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909. Although this group has changed its nomenclature, there has been a general continuity of MPs and structure between different forms of the party. Its modern form was founded by Robert Menzies in 1944. The party's philosophy is generally liberal conservatism.

text: Every elected prime minister of Australia since 1910 has been a member of either the Labor Party, the Liberal Party, or one of the Liberal Party's previous incarnations (the Commonwealth Liberal Party, the Nationalist Party of Australia, or the United Australia Party).

text: The Liberal Party is joined by the National Party, a party that seeks to represent rural interests, especially agricultural ones. The Nationals contest a limited number of seats and do not generally directly compete with the Liberal Party. Its ideology is generally more socially conservative than that of the Liberal Party. In 1987, the National Party made an abortive run for the office of prime minister in its own right, in the Joh for Canberra campaign. However, it has generally not aspired to become the majority party in the coalition, and it is generally understood that the prime minister of Australia will be a member of either the Labor or Liberal parties. On two occasions (involving Earle Page in 1939, and John McEwen from December 1967 to January 1968), the deputy prime minister, the leader of the National Party (then known as the Country Party), became the prime minister temporarily, upon the death of the incumbent prime minister. Arthur Fadden was the only other Country Party prime minister. He assumed office in August 1941 after the resignation of Robert Menzies, and served as prime minister until October of that year.

text: The Liberal and National parties have merged in Queensland and the Northern Territory, although the resultant parties are different. The Liberal National Party of Queensland, formed in 2008, is a branch of the Liberal Party, but it is affiliated with the Nationals and members elected to federal parliament may sit as either Liberals or Nationals. The Country Liberal Party was formed in 1978 when the Northern Territory gained responsible government. It is a separate member of the federal coalition, but it is affiliated with the two major members and its president has voting rights in the National Party. The name refers to the older name of the National Party.

text: Federally, these parties are collectively known as the Coalition. The Coalition has existed continually (between the Nationals and their predecessors, and the Liberals and their predecessors) since 1923, with minor breaks in 1940, 1973, and 1987.

text: Historically, support for either the Coalition or the Labor Party was often viewed as being based on social class, with the middle classes supporting the Coalition and the working class supporting Labor. This has been a less important factor since the 1970s and 1980s when the Labor Party gained a significant bloc of middle-class support and the Coalition gained a significant bloc of working class support.[2]

text: The two-party duopoly has been relatively stable, with the two groupings (Labor and Coalition) gaining at least 70% of the primary vote in every election since 1910 (including the votes of autonomous state parties). Third parties have only rarely received more than 10% of the vote for the Australian House of Representatives in a federal election, such as the Australian Greens in the 2010 federal election, and again in the 2016 federal election, as well as the Australian Democrats in the 1990 federal election.

text: Other parties and political groups[edit]

text: Besides the two major party groupings, there is one other party of particular significance in the Australian political system. The Australian Greens, at present seen as being the "third force" in Australian politics, is a left-wing and environmentalist party, generally achieving 7–13% of votes in elections conducted after 2004. The Greens party has superseded the formerly significant Australian Democrats, which was the largest third party between 1977 and 2004. The historical incarnation of the Democratic Labour Party was the largest third party between 1958 and 1974.

text: The Greens victory at the 2010 federal election in the federal seat of Melbourne was noteworthy. In the same election, the revived Democratic Labour Party won a Senate seat (held by John Madigan). In 2011, independent and former National Party MP Bob Katter formed Katter's Australian Party, which, in addition to Katter's seat in the House of Representatives, held two seats in the Queensland Parliament.

text: Other political parties which have been of some significance in the past (since World War II), in terms of shaping Australian politics, include the Democratic Labor Party, Pauline Hanson's One Nation, Nuclear Disarmament Party, the Australia Party, the Liberal Movement, the Communist Party of Australia the Family First Party, the Palmer United Party and Nick Xenophon Team.

text: To register as a political party, applicants must have a constitution outlining the basis of the party and either at least one member in Parliament or 500 members on the electoral roll.[3] Parties may be "deregistered" if they no longer meet these requirements.

text: Parties with state representation[edit]

text:
Party
Leader
Ideology
Representation

Shooters, Fishers and Farmers
N/A
Gun rights, social conservatism, right-wing populism
2 NSW MLC's, 2 Victorian MLC's
1 NSW MP, 1 WA MLC

Christian Democratic
Fred Nile
National conservatism, Christian right
2 NSW MLC's

Australian Sex Party
Fiona Patten
Sex positivity, civil libertarianism, secular liberalism
1 Victorian MLC

Vote 1 Local Jobs
James Purcell
Regionalism
1 Victorian MLC

Dignity
Rick Neagle
Equal rights
1 NSW MLC

Animal Justice Party
Bruce Poon
Animals rights
1 NSW MLC

text: Parties registered for federal elections with the Australian Electoral Commission[edit]

text: Parties listed in alphabetical order:[4]

text:
Party
Leader
Description

21st Century Australia Party
Jamie McIntyre
Tax reform, political reform

Animal Justice Party
Steve Garlick
Animal welfarist advocacy

Australia First Party (NSW) Incorporated
James Saleam

Australian Affordable Housing Party
Andrew Potts
The Affordable Housing Party says it is a progressive leaning, non-ideological single issue party dedicated to ending Australia's housing crisis and improving the rights of renters in Australia.[5]

Australian Christians
Ray Moran
Formed in 2011 from the WA and Victorian branches of the Christian Democratic Party (CDP).

Australian Conservatives
Cory Bernardi
Formed in 2017 by Senator Cory Bernardi who resigned from the Liberal Party

Australian Country Party
Russell Bate
Formerly Australian Country Alliance. Victorian party which claims to be "anti-green but pro-environment".

Australian Equality Party (Marriage)
Jason Tuazon-McCheyne
Gay rights and same-sex marriage

Australian Greens
Richard Di Natale
The Greens, formed in 1992 and attracting support from the left of the Australian political spectrum, have significant parliamentary representation in the Australian Senate and in several Australian states, They have participated in Labor–Green coalition governments in the Australian Capital Territory (2008–present) and Tasmania (1989–1992 and 2010–2014). The Greens also supported the minority Gillard Labor government in matters of supply and confidence (2010–2013).

Australian Labor Party (ALP)
Bill Shorten
The Labor Party is Australia's oldest political party, founded in 1891 and gaining in prominence through its first two decades to take government federally and in most Australian states. Today, it either forms the government or the official opposition in every Australian jurisdiction. Labor is a social democratic party and is the Australian member party of the Progressive Alliance, having been a member of the Socialist International.

Australian Liberty Alliance

Australian People's Party
Gabriel Harfouche

Australian Progressives
Vinay Orekondy
The Australian Progressives, registered in 2015, is a progressive party whose policies are based on evidence rather than ideology. Members are given active roles in policy formation and approval.

Australian Workers Party
Mark Ptolemy
A progressive workers' rights and industrial relations reform party which registered in 2017 in response to the continuous expansion of economic neoliberalism. The party advocates an economy which prioritises full employment.

Christian Democratic Party (Fred Nile Group)
Fred Nile
Socially conservative party drawing support from conservative Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and evangelical Protestants. It was established as the "Call to Australia Party" in 1977, and has been continuously represented in the New South Wales Legislative Council.

Citizens Electoral Council of Australia
Craig Isherwood
The CEC is a nationalist political party affiliated with the international LaRouche Movement, led by American political activist and physical economist Lyndon LaRouche.

Consumer Rights & No-Tolls
Jeffrey Hodges

Country Liberals (Northern Territory)
Gary Higgins
Regional political party in the Northern Territory, affiliated with both the National (formerly "Country") and Liberal parties of Australia and part of the Coalition. It has held government in the Territory from 1974 to 2001, and again from 2012 to August 2016.

CountryMinded
Peter Mailler
Represents people whose livelihoods depend on agricultural production.

Democratic Labour Party (DLP)

Socially conservative – opposes abortion and euthanasia, economically left wing – opposes privatisation and free trade. Advocates the economic philosophy of distributism as an alternative to both socialism and capitalism.

Derryn Hinch's Justice Party
Derryn Hinch

Health Australia Party
Andrew Patterson
Wishes to establish and promote the use of 'natural medicine' such as Naturopathy, Western Herbal Medicine, Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nutrition, Acupuncture, Osteopathy, Chiropractic, Counselling, Homoeopathy, Bodywork, and other modalities.

Help End Marijuana Prohibition (HEMP) Party
Michael Balderstone
Promotes the legalisation of cannabis for medical, recreational and industrial use. Founded in 1993 by Nigel Quinlan, who ran as a candidate under the name Nigel Freemarijuana.

Involuntary Medication Objectors (Vaccination/Fluoride) Party
Michael O'Neill[6]

Jacqui Lambie Network
Jacqui Lambie

Katter's Australian Party
Bob Katter
A party that was formed by the independent Federal Member of Parliament Bob Katter in 2011. It won two seats at the March 2012 state election in Queensland. The party's policies closely mirror those of Katter, including support for agricultural interests, opposition to privatisation and deregulation, support for workers (especially rural workers) and conservatism on social policy.

Liberal Democratic Party
Gabriel Buckley
The Liberal Democrats was formed in 2001, and is broadly described as a libertarian and classical liberal party. The LDP generally adheres to libertarian, classical liberal, small government, objectivist and laissez-faire principles coupled with what the party considers as a high regard for individual freedom and individual responsibility.

Liberal Party of Australia
Malcolm Turnbull
Founded in 1945 to replace the United Australia Party and its predecessors, the Liberal Party is the primary centre-right party in Australia. Federally, the Liberal Party runs in a Coalition with the National Party, the Northern Territory Country Liberal Party, and Queensland Liberal branch the Liberal National Party. In Australia, the term Liberalism refers to centre-right economic liberalism, and the party's policies are socially conservative.

Liberal National Party of Queensland
Tim Nicholls
The Liberal National Party (LNP) is a centre-right political party in Queensland, formed by merger of the Queensland divisions of the Liberal and National parties in 2008. The party won government for the first time at the 2012 Queensland election, winning a record majority in the unicameral Parliament of Queensland.

Love Australia or Leave
Kim Vuga
Anti-immigration, anti-Islam

National Party of Australia
Barnaby Joyce
Known as the Country Party until 1975 and the National Country Party until 1982, the Nationals are an agrarian party representing farmers' interests. It has generally been the minor party in the Coalition with the Liberal Party of Australia. While the party is socially conservative, its Western Australian and South Australian branches are socially centrist.

Nick Xenophon Team
Nick Xenophon
A centrist political party that primarily revolves around the views of independent South Australian Senator Nick Xenophon. The party has a no pokies platform but also focuses on many other issues.

Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting)
Andrew Thompson
Formed to support reform of family law, in particular with regard to custody and child support payments.

Online Direct Democracy – (Empowering the People!)
Berge Der Sarkissian
A political party with a focus on E-democracy. Senator Online does not have any policies. Instead it has pledged to conduct an online poll for every bill that passes before the Senate. Anyone on the Australian electoral roll who is not a member of another political party would be allowed to register to vote in these polls and will be allowed one vote per bill. The senators would then be required to vote in accordance with the clear majority (70% and more than 100,000 votes). If there is no clear majority the senators will abstain from voting.

Pauline Hanson's One Nation
Pauline Hanson
One Nation is a far-right, nationalist and protectionist political party. Pauline Hanson founded the party after being elected as an independent after she was disendorsed as the Liberal Party candidate for the Australian House of Representatives. It won more than 22 percent of the statewide vote and 11 of 89 seats in Queensland's unicameral legislative assembly at the 1998 state election. Federally, the party peaked at the 1998 election on 9 percent of the nationwide vote, electing one senator in Queensland. Pauline Hanson's One Nation party won 4 seats (4.29%) in 2016.

Pirate Party Australia
Simon Frew
Pirate Party Australia is a political party that represents civil liberty issues and is committed to evidence-based policy decisions. The party is based on the Pirate Party of Sweden and is focused on copyright reform, internet freedom, government transparency, civil liberties and ending censorship. It is committed to democratic practices including all members having voting rights over policy adoption, pre-selection, executive roles and even preference distributions.

Renewable Energy Party
Peter Breen
Founded as the Human Rights Party, the Renewable Energy Party regards Climate Change to be the greatest single issue. The REP seeks to transition into 100% renewable electricity production by, or before 2030 and obtain zero net carbon emissions by 2050, pushing Australia to the forefront of the global transition into the renewable energy economy.

Republican Party of Australia

Founded in 1982. Registration comes and goes as the party gains or loses enough supporters.

Rise Up Australia Party
Daniel Nalliah
Socially conservative and nationalist political party founded by Danny Nalliah, pastor of Catch the Fire Ministries, in 2011. It is considered to be to the right of the Christian Democratic Party and Family First, and has been accused of overt racism by opponents. It ran in the 2013 election but did not win any seats.

Science Party
James Jansson
Known as the Future Party until March 2016. The party believes that technological development is a positive force in human affairs and values the cultural, economic, and technological benefits of modernism. The party seeks to promote high quality science research and education. It believes in freedom of expression, and has a positive view of the power of free markets, and the benefits of high-density cities.

Secular Party of Australia
John Perkins
Founded in 2006 and supports secular humanist ethical principles with its stated political aims being opposition to privileges for religious organisations and to the influence of religion on public policy, and the promotion of laws based on humanist ethical principles and scientific evidence.

Seniors United Party of Australia

Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party
Robert Brown
The Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party founded in 1992 as the Australian Shooters Party, is a political party based on gun rights, global warming scepticism, nationalism, and environmentalism. The SFFP have six state MPs in the upper houses of Western Australia, New South Wales and Victoria and one lower house MP in New South Wales.

Socialist Alliance
Collective Leadership with National Co-convenors (Susan Price and Peter Boyle)
The Socialist Alliance was founded in 2001 as an alliance of socialist organisations and individuals in Australia, initiated by the Democratic Socialist Perspective and the International Socialist Organisation along with six other founding socialist organisations. With branches in all states and territories, and electoral registration federally and in a number of states, it is the largest group on the Australian far-left.

Socialist Equality Party
Nick Beams
The Socialist Equality Party (SEP) is a Trotskyist political party in Australia. The SEP was established in 2010 as the successor party to the Socialist Labour League, which was founded in 1972 as the Australian section of the International Committee of the Fourth International (ICFI). The SEP is a registered political party with the Australian Electoral Commission, and participates in elections at all levels of government. Party Secretary Nick Beams is a member of the International Editorial Board of the World Socialist Web Site (WSWS), the online news and information centre of the ICFI. Peter Symonds, national editor of the WSWS, is also a member of the party.

#Sustainable Australia
William Bourke
The party was formed in 2010 as the Stable Population Party and later the Sustainable Population Party. It opposes population growth and advocates a stable population for Australia.

The Arts Party
PJ Collins
The Arts Party was formed in 2014. It was established to advocate for the Arts in Australia, encourage creativity, build community and invest in knowledge.

The Australian Mental Health Party
Dr Ben Mullings
The AMHP says it aims to improve psychological and emotional wellbeing[7] As of June 2017, it has not stood any candidates in an election

Voluntary Euthanasia Party
Kerry Bromson
A single issue political party that intends to lobby for legislative change to allow for voluntary euthanasia in Australia. Registered in 2013.

VOTEFLUX.ORG | Upgrade Democracy!
Nathan Spataro
A party focused on instituting direct democracy in Australia, allowing the public to vote on bills directly.

text: Parties registered for state elections with state electoral bodies[edit]

text: New South Wales[edit]

text: Divisions of the federal parties:[8]

text:
Party
Leader

Animal Justice Party
Mark Pearson

Australian Labor Party (NSW Branch)
Luke Foley

Christian Democratic Party (Fred Nile Group)
Paul Green

Country Labor Party

Liberal Party of Australia (New South Wales Division)
Gladys Berejiklian

National Party of Australia – NSW
John Barilaro

Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party
Robert Brown

Socialist Alliance

Greens New South Wales
no leader

Voluntary Euthanasia Party (NSW)
Shayne Higson

text: Parties that are only registered in NSW:

text:
Party
Leader
Description

Australian Cyclists Party
Omar Khalifa
Formed in 2013, the Australian Cyclists Party was created to address issues that have impeded the growth of cycling including the lack of adequate investment. "A cycling-friendly Australia" is the party's vision, the mission is to get Australia moving by contesting in government elections to effect political change toward creating improved opportunities for more people to cycle and to do so safely. The party sees a close link between cycling and transport, health and planning priorities and is focusing on how they should be coordinated. It was registered for federal elections from 2013 to 2017.

Building Australia Party

Were federally registered from 2010 to 2015; now only in NSW.

text: Victoria[edit]

text: Divisions of the federal parties[9]

text:
Party
Leader

Animal Justice Party

Australian Christians

Australian Conservatives – Victorian Branch
Rachel Carling-Jenkins

Australian Country Party

Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch)
Daniel Andrews

Australian Sex Party – Victorian Branch
Fiona Patten

Democratic Labour Party

Liberal Democratic Party

Liberal Party of Australia – Victorian Division
Matthew Guy

National Party of Australia – Victoria
Peter Walsh

Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party Victoria

Socialist Alliance (Victoria)

Australian Greens Victoria
Greg Barber

Voluntary Euthanasia Party (Victoria)

text: Parties that are only registered in Victoria:

text:
Party
Leader

Vote 1 Local Jobs
James Purcell

text: Queensland[edit]

text: Divisions of the federal parties:[10]

text:
Party
Leader

Australian Labor Party (Queensland Branch)

Queensland Greens

Liberal National Party of Queensland

Pauline Hanson's One Nation

Katter's Australian Party

Civil Liberties, Consumer Rights, No-Tolls

text: Western Australia[edit]

text: Divisions of the federal parties:[11]

text:
Party
Leader

Animal Justice Party

Australian Christians (WA)

Australian Labor Party (Western Australian Branch)
Mark McGowan

Family First Party WA

Liberal Democratic Party

National Party of Australia (WA) Inc
Terry Redman

Pauline Hanson's One Nation
Colin Tincknell

Socialist Alliance WA

Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party (WA) Inc

The Greens (WA) Inc

The Liberal Party of Australia (Western Australian Division) Inc
Mike Nahan

The Flux Party - WA

text: Parties that are only registered in Western Australia:

text:
Party
Leader
Description

Daylight Saving Party
Wilson Tucker[12]
Focused on advocating for the introduction of Daylight Saving Time in Western Australia

Fluoride Free WA Party

Believes dental decay should be tackled through education and healthy lifestyle. Western Australians should have access to water free from fluoridation chemicals to minimise harmful effects on human health and the environment. Drinking water should not be used to medicate the population.[13]

Julie Matheson for Western Australia
Julie Matheson

Micro Business Party

text: South Australia[edit]

text: Divisions of the federal parties:[14]

text:
Party
Leader

Australian Labor Party (South Australian Branch)
Jay Weatherill

– Country Labor Party

Liberal Party of Australia (South Australian Division)
Steven Marshall

National Party of Australia (SA) Inc

Australian Greens SA
Mark Parnell

Liberal Democratic Party

Shooters, Fishing and Farmers Party SA

Animal Justice Party

Australian Conservatives
Dennis Hood

text: Parties that are only registered in SA:

text:
Party
Leader
Description

Dignity Party
Kelly Vincent

Stop Population Growth Now

Danig Party of Australia

Nick Xenophon's SA-BEST

Associated with Nick Xenophon Team

text: Tasmania[edit]

text: Divisions of the federal parties:[15]

text:
Party
Leader

Australian Christians

Australian Labor Party
Rebecca White

Liberal Party of Australia, Tasmanian Division
Will Hodgman

Shooters and Fishers Party Tasmania

Socialist Alliance

Tasmanian Greens
Cassy O'Connor

text: Australian Capital Territory[edit]

text: Divisions of the federal parties:[16]

text:
Party
Leader

Animal Justice Party

Australian Labor Party (ACT Branch)
Andrew Barr

Australian Reason Party ACT

Liberal Democratic Party

Liberal Party of Australia (A.C.T. Division)
Alistair Coe

Sustainable Australia (ACT)

The ACT Greens
Shane Rattenbury

The Flux Party (ACT)

text: Parties that are only registered in ACT:

text:
Party
Leader
Description

Canberra Community Voters

The Community Alliance Party (ACT)

text: Northern Territory[edit]

text: Divisions of the federal parties:[17]

text:
Party
Leader

Australian Labor Party
Michael Gunner

Citizens Electoral Council (NT Division)

Country Liberals
Adam Giles

Shooters, Fishers and Farmers Party
Registered as the Shooters and Fishing Party within the Northern Territory only.

The Greens

text: Parties that are only registered in the Northern Territory:

text:
Party
Leader
Description

1 Territory Party
Braedon Earley

text: Unregistered[edit]

text: Parties listed in alphabetical order:

text:
Party
Leader
Description

Communist Party of Australia
Bob Briton
Founded as the Socialist Party of Australia (SPA) in 1971 from a split within the original Communist Party of Australia, the party has been mainly a left wing political party and has played a limited role in Australia's trade union movement. The party received its first electoral win with the election of Tony Oldfield to Auburn Council in the 2012 NSW local government elections.

Progressive Labour Party
Rod Noble
A broad left-wing party started by, among others, dissident former members of the Australian Labor Party. The party regularly makes submissions to Senate and other committees on a broad range of issues. Although it occasionally runs independent candidates in elections, it mostly endorses candidates of other parties in elections that support parts of their agenda. Registered between 19 January 1998 and 27 December 2006.

text: Defunct parties[edit]

text: These organisations are no longer registered with any federal, state or territory political bodies, and can thus no longer contest elections. A number of these may still exist as organisations in some form, but none are recognised as political parties.

text: (#-A)

text:
Party
Period
Description

All for Australia League
1931–1932

Australian Nationalist Party
1958–1958
Its objectives included opposition to communism and socialisation, reducing taxes, restoring the proportion of British immigration to 75% of the total, deportation of migrants convicted of certain crimes, increasing social services, restoration of full employment, opposition to salary rises for politicians, and support for states' rights.

Australian National Socialist Party
1962–1968
It merged into the National Socialist Party of Australia(NSPA), originally a splinter group, in 1968.

Australian Commonwealth Party
1972–1972

Australian Family Movement
1974–1990
The party generally stood for conservative Christian principles, and was particularly opposed to homosexuality, transvestism and androgyny, believing them "contrary to the natural order"; and to abortion and euthanasia, placing emphasis on the "dignity and sanctity of all human life, especially at its beginning and at its end".

Australian Democrats
1977–2015
Party was founded by former Liberal minister Don Chipp which was the largest third party between 1977 and 2004 when the Greens party overtook them.

Advance Australia Party (AAP), originally known as the Rex Connor Labor Party
1988–2005
Formerly the Rex Connor Labor Party, was founded in 1988 by the son of former Whitlam Government Minister, Rex Connor, after leaving the Australian Labor Party. The party was created in opposition to the embracing of social and economic liberalism by both the Liberal and Labor parties. It was registered on 14 July 1989, but deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) on 5 December 2005 for failing to endorse a candidate in the previous four years.

Australians Against Further Immigration (AAFI)
1989–2008

Australian Conservative Party (later the Australian Conservative Alliance)
1989–1991
Founded as a registered political party in 1989, under the leadership of Sir Joh Bjelke-Petersen, the Premier of Queensland from 8 August 1968 to August 1988.

Abolish Self Government Coalition
1992–1995
A political party in the Australian Capital Territory that experienced limited success in the early years of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. It opposed self-government for the ACT, supporting its re-integration into the local government of New South Wales. The party elected one MLA, Dennis Stevenson, to the ACT Legislative Assembly in 1989; he was re-elected in 1991 but retired in 1995, after which the party declined markedly. It was federally registered on 22 December 1992 and deregistered on 16 June 1995.

Australia's Indigenous Peoples Party
1993–1999
The party was associated with the Australian indigenous community.

Australian Women's Party (1995)
1995–2003

Australian Recreational Fishers Party

Registered May 2016, deregistered August 2017.

Australian Reform Party
1997–2002

Australian Progressive Alliance
2003–2004
Formed by Meg Lees, an independent senator and former leader of the Australian Democrats, in April 2003. The party ceased to operate and was deregistered in June 2005 following Senator Lees's defeat at the 2004 election and the expiry of her term.

Australian Fishing and Lifestyle Party
2006–2014
It opposes any bans on recreational fishing, the use of four-wheel drives, horse riding, trail bikes, camping and kayaking, and generally opposes conservation measures which it sees as threatening to recreation.

4Change (formerly the Climate Change Coalition)
2007-2010
Formed in 2007, 4C/CCC sought to change public policy with a view to accelerate action by politicians from all parties on global warming and climate change. Its position on working towards addressing climate change, stresses co-operation with big business to achieve significant progress on the issue. The party therefore advocates a close working relationship between environmentalists and the business community. The CCC was registered with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) on 4 September 2007 and deregistered on 25 March 2010.

Australia's First Nations Political Party
2011–2015
The policies of the party focused on issues such as Northern Territory statehood and Aboriginal sovereignty, The party was associated with the Australian indigenous community.

Australia Party

Australian Bill of Rights Group

A party agitating for the creation of a Bill of Rights for Australia. At the 1996 federal election, it contested the Senate in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland on joint tickets with the Republican Party of Australia. Among its candidates were future New South Wales Legislative Councillor Peter Breen, who headed the ticket in New South Wales. The party ran a single ticket in Victoria in the 1998 federal election.

Australian Defence Movement

Australia First Movement

Australian Independence Movement

Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)

Australian Labor Party (Non-Communist)

Nicknamed Lang Labor like its predecessor.

Australian Labor Party (NSW)

Nicknamed Lang Labor as was its successor.

Australian Marijuana Party

Australian Motorist Party

Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party
2013-2017
A party formed in Queensland at a public meeting of motoring enthusiasts following moves by various state governments toughening anti-hooning and vehicle impoundment legislation. Its representative Ricky Muir won a Senate seat in Victoria in the 2013 federal election, but did not regain his seat at the 2016 double dissolution election.

Australian Nationalist Workers' Party

Australian National Party

Australian Party

Australian Defence Veterans Party
2015-2017

text: (B-C)

text:
Party
Period
Description

Bullet Train for Australia
2013–2017
Founded in 2012 and advocates a high-speed rail corridor between eastern Australian cities.

Commonwealth Liberal Party
1909–1916
Major conservative party, created by merger of the Protectionist Party and Free Trade Party in 1909. Formed government between 1909–10 and 1913–14. Merged with the National Labor Party in 1917, forming the Nationalist Party. The CLP is the earliest direct ancestor of the current Liberal Party of Australia.

Communist Party of Australia
1920–1991
Major Communist party

Country Progressive Party
late 1920s–1930

Country and Progressive National Party
1926–1936

Commonwealth Party
1943–1944

Commonwealth Centre Party
1961–1961
It was formed by disaffected members of the Liberal Party. It had little success and was wound up soon after the election.

Conservative Party of Australia
1984–1998

Combined New Australia Party
1990–1990

Confederate Action Party of Australia
1992–1993
It advocated the return of the death penalty, denial of all applications for political asylum, and the reintroduction of the use of convict labour. The party sometimes used the slogan "We are One Australia – One Nation".

Country Party (South Australia)
1997–1932
Initially known as the Farmers and Settlers Association. The Country Party merged with the Liberal Federation to create the Liberal and Country League (LCL) in 1932

City Country Alliance
1999–2003

Curtin Labor Alliance
2001–2005
A minor Australian political coalition that was formed between two minor right-wing groups, the Citizens Electoral Council (CEC) and the Western Australian Municipal Employers Union, in 2001. The alliance claimed that Curtin was a nationalist, and that they represented the views that he would have espoused if he was alive.

Carers Alliance
2007–2015

Communist Alliance
2009–2012
An alliance of a number of Communist groups, individuals and ethnic based Communist Parties.

Committee for a Revolutionary Communist Party in Australia

text: (D-E)

text:
Party
Period
Description

Democratic Party (1920)
1920–1923

Democratic Party (1943)
1943–1945

Democratic Labor Party (1955-78)
1955-1978
Predecessor to the current Democratic Labour Party.

Defence of Government Schools
1966–1985
Primarily concerned with public education but also focused on pensions and housing policy, was founded by activists opposed to state aid for private schools.

Engineered Australia Plan Party
1982–1983

Deadly Serious Party
1980s–1988

Defence and Ex-Services Party
1986–1989

Earthsave (politics)
1996–1999

Democratic Socialist Electoral League
1998–2001

Daylight Saving for South East Queensland (Queensland)

Douglas Credit Party

The party was based on the social credit theory of monetary reform, first set out by C. H. Douglas.

Drug Law Reform Australia
Greg Chipp
The party was founded by Greg Chipp (son of former Democrats' leader Don Chipp) and registered in 2013.[18] The party was formed to encourage rethinking drug policies on the basis of scientific evidence, harm minimisation, public interest and personal liberty.

Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy Australia

Ex-Service, Service and Veterans Party

text: (F-G)

text:
Party
Period
Description

Free Trade Party
1887–1909
Major conservative party, It advocated the abolition of protectionism, especially protective tariffs and other restrictions on trade. Its most prominent leader was George Reid, who was the fourth Prime Minister of Australia.

Farmers and Producers Political Union
1904–1910
It merged with the Liberal and Democratic Union and the National Defence League to become the Liberal Union

Grey Power
1983–1994
The group was designed to represent the elderly vote, advocating issues dealing with aged care and a mature perspective on national policy; hence the name "grey power".

Family First Party
2001–2017
Socially conservative party founded in South Australia in 2004. Although eschewing religious labels, many of its candidates and members are from conservative Christian backgrounds. Relations between Family First and Fred Nile's Christian Democratic Party are strained by the need to compete for the same group of voters and to secure Senate preferences, particularly from the Liberal Party of Australia. it Merged with Australian Conservatives Formed in 2017 by Senator Cory Bernardi who resigned from the Liberal Party.

Freedom and Prosperity Party
2009–2015

FREE Australia Party
2010–2014

Fair Land Tax - Tax Party

Family Law Reform Party

Gamers 4 Croydon
2009–2010

Glenn Lazarus Team
2015–2017

Great Australians Party

text: (H-I)

text:
Party
Period
Description

Industrial Socialist Labor Party
1919–1921

Industrial Labor Party
1936–1939

Independent Labor Group
1959–1977

Independent EFF
1987–1999
Its positions included reducing workers' compensation, instituting voluntary unionism, and the elimination of unemployment benefits and the flat tax. The party had links to far-right groups such as the Australian League of Rights.

Independents Group
1989–1995
The Independents Group were a short-lived political party operating in the Australian Capital Territory. They briefly served as part of the Alliance government, alongside the Liberal Party of Australia and Residents Rally.

Hare-Clark Independent Party

Party founded on 19 November 1991 by Craig Duby. Notable for having Fiona Patten, future leader of the Australian Sex Party, as a candidate in the 1992 ACT election.

Hope Party Australia
1997–2006

Hear Our Voice
2007–2010

Human Rights Party

Illawarra Workers Party

text: (L-M)

text:
Party
Period
Description

Liberal Reform Party
1901–1916

Liberal and Democratic Union
1906–1910

Liberal Union (South Australia)
1910–1923

Majority Labor Party
1922–1923

Liberal Party (1922)
1922–1922

Liberal Federation
1923–1932

Liberal and Country League
1932–1972

Liberal Country Party
1938–1943

Liberal Democratic Party
1943–1944

Mature Australia Party
2014–2017

Middle Class Party
1943–1943

Liberal Reform Group
1966–1969
Opposition to conscription and Australian involvement in the Vietnam War

Liberal Movement
1972–1977
Merged into Australian Democrats

Liberals for Forests
2001–2009

Lower Excise Fuel and Beer Party
2001–2004

Mutual Party
2014–2015
Previously Bank Reform Party. In March 2015, it merged into the Australian Progressive Party (not to be confused with the similarly named Australian Progressives) after they agreed to join forces they themselves Australian Progressive Party would merge into Australian Progressives.

Libertarian Party of Australia

Liberty League

Marxist Workers Party of Australia

Multicultural Progress Party

text: (N-O)

text:
Party
Period
Description

National Defence League
1891–1910
Later known as the Australasian National League

National Labor Party
1916–1917
Created by Prime Minister Billy Hughes in 1916, after he was expelled from the Australian Labor Party. Governed with support of the Commonwealth Liberal Party until 1917 when the two merged into the Nationalist Party of Australia.

Nationalist Party of Australia
1917-1931
Major conservative party, the result of a merger of the Commonwealth Liberal Party and National Labor Party in 1917. Formed government between 1917 and 1928. Reorganised as the United Australia Party in 1931.

National Party (South Australia)
1917–1923
Similar to the federal National Labor Party

One Parliament for Australia
1943–1943

National Liberal Party
1974–1974

New LM
1976–1977
Merged into Australian Democrats

National Humanitarian Party
1983–1984

Nuclear Disarmament Party
1984–2009

No Hoo Haa Party
2002-2011
Registered by Albert Bensimon to run for the seat of Adelaide in the 2002 state election.

No Self-Government Party
1989–1992
An Australian Capital Territory political party that experienced limited success in the early years of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly. Like Dennis Stevenson's Abolish Self-Government Coalition, it opposed self-government for the ACT. In the first territory election in 1989, three members of the No Self-Government Party were elected. None was still a member of the party by the 1992 election, by which time it had ceased to exist.

Natural Law Party
1990–1997

One Australia Movement
1986–1992
The party's policies included support for the monarchy, a biblical system of morality, immigration reform and social security reform, and opposition to union strike movements

One Australia Party
1995–1999

New Country Party
2003–2008

No GST Party

National Alliance (WA)

No Aircraft Noise

No Land Tax Campaign (New South Wales)

National Action

National Preparatory Committee of the Marxist-Leninist Communist Party of Australia

A Marxist-Leninist communist party

National Socialist Party of Australia

New England New State Movement

One Nation NSW

Outdoor Recreation Party (Stop the Greens)
Peter Whelan
The Outdoor Recreation Party (ORP) was a minor political party in New South Wales, Australia. It professes to represent the outdoor community and interests such as cycling, bushwalking, camping, kayaking, 4WD motoring, skiing, fishing and shooting. It was formally allied with the Liberal Democratic Party.

text: (P-Q)

text:
Party
Period
Description

Protectionist Party
1887–1909
Policies centred on protectionism. It advocated protective tariffs, arguing it would allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. Its most prominent leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime ministers of Australia.

Progressive Party
1901–1907

Progressive Party (1920)
1920–1927

Pangallo Independents Party

Palmer United Party
2013-2017
The Palmer United Party (PUP), dubbed the PUPs, was formed by Australian mining businessman Clive Palmer in April 2013. The party claims to have a broad political philosophy rather than a set ideology as well as reserving social issues as a free conscience vote. Its fiscal policies are centre to centre-right. Following defections from the LNP, the PUP holds several seats in the Queensland parliament, and at the 2013 federal election it won one House of Representatives and two Senate seats but later won another Senate seat for the Western Australia Senate by-election. All of these were lost in 2016.

Protestant People's Party
1946–1949

Queensland Labor Party
1957–1962
A breakaway group of the then ruling Australian Labor Party Government after the expulsion of Premier Vince Gair. The party was absorbed into the Democratic Labor Party (DLP) in 1962

Progress Party
1975–1981
It was formed on Australia Day (26 January) 1975 as a free market libertarian and anti-socialist party by businessmen John Singleton and Sinclair Hill in reaction to the economic policies of Labor prime minister Gough Whitlam

Progressive Conservative Party
1980–1980
Its stated aims included the reintroduction of the White Australia Policy, an end to Asian immigration to Australia, the cessation of foreign aid, and higher tax concessions to non-working mothers

Pensioner and Citizen Initiated Referendum Alliance (formerly Pensioner Party of Australia)
1982–1996
It generally supported the rights of pensioners and retirees, and was also notable as a strongly monarchist group

Party! Party! Party!
1989–1989

People Power Party
2006–2006

Pauline's United Australia Party
2007–2010

Protestant Labor Party

text: (R-S)

text:
Party
Period
Description

Revenue Tariff Party
1903–1903
It elected one member, William McWilliams, to the Australian House of Representatives, and one member, Henry Dobson, to the Senate in the 1903 federal election. Both joined the Free Trade Party soon after the election, and the party was not heard of again

Single Tax League
1914–1941
Based on support for single tax

Services and Citizens' Party
1943–1944
In 1944 it was one of the groups brought together by Robert Menzies to form the Liberal Party of Australia

Services Party of Australia
1946–1946

Smokers' Rights Party
2012–2017
The Smokers' Rights Party was formed in 2012 to argue that taxation on cigarettes in Australia is excessive and not justified by public health costs. They would like to see property owners making their own smoking rules (including in bars and pubs), rather than the government, and argue that the decision to smoke is a matter of personal choice.

Social Democratic Party
1980–1983

Republican Party of Australia

The Republican Party of Australia was a minor political party dedicated to ending the country's links with the United Kingdom and establishing a republic, but remaining in the Commonwealth. It was formed in 1982 and achieved registration federally in 1992. It in many ways replaced the Australian Republican Party, which had operated from 1949 through until the RPA's founding. it was deregistered on 15 February 2016 after failing to demonstrate the required number of members.

Referendum First Group
1984–1984
It was a single-issue party, demanding a referendum before granting the ACT self-government.

Residents Rally
1989–1995

Reclaim Australia: Reduce Immigration
1996–1999
The party advocated reducing immigration to Australia, The party's best electoral result was in the by-election following the retirement of former Prime Minister Paul Keating from the federal seat of Blaxland. In this by-election, the Liberal Party did not field a candidate to oppose the sitting Labor Party, and, although RARI finished behind AAFI on the primary vote, on preferences RARI was able to come second in the seat.

SA First
1999–2002

Reform the Legal System
2000–2002

Save the RAH (South Australia)
2010–2010
A single-issue party with the aim of stopping the relocation of Adelaide's main hospital, the Royal Adelaide Hospital (RAH)

Rational Association

Red Eureka Movement

Restore the Workers' Rights Party

Save Our State (New South Wales)

Social Credit Movement of Australia

Socialist Federation of Australia

South Australian Fishing & Lifestyle Party

State Labor Party

Stop CSG Party

Stormy Summers Reform Party (South Australia)

Sun Ripened Warm Tomato Party

Surprise Party

text: (T-U)

text:
Party
Period
Description

United Australia Party
1931-1944
Major conservative party, established in 1931 as successor to the Nationalist Party of Australia. In government federally between 1931 and 1941. Succeeded by the Liberal Party of Australia in 1944.

United Christian Party
1972–1974
1980-1983

United Tasmania Group
1972–1976
1990-1990
(2016- )
Generally acknowledged as the world's first Green party. A few UTG candidates, including Bob Brown, formed the Tasmanian Greens (who enjoyed considerably more success) and then, at the national level, the Australian Greens. The United Tasmania Group was revived in April 2016.

Unite Australia Party
1986–1990

Tasmania Senate Team
1992–1996

Tasmania First Party
1996–2006

Taxi Operators Political Service
1997–2001

The Basics Rock 'n' Roll Party

United Country Party

United Democratic Party

United Party (South Australia)

Unity Party

text: (V-Z)

text:
Party
Period
Description

Victorian Socialist Party
1906–1932
A socialist political party, the first explicitly Marxist party in Australia.

Western Australian Party
1906–1906

Young Australia National Party
1909–1916?

Victorian Liberal Party (formerly the Electoral Reform League)
1954–1955

What Women Want
2007–2010
Strong interest in maternity issues, including support of midwives.


document_title: Secretary-General of the United Nations

question_text: where is the secretary general of the un from

root

text: Secretary-General of the United Nations

text: Role[edit]

text: The Secretary-General was envisioned by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a "world moderator", but the vague definition provided by the United Nations Charter left much room for interpretation. The Secretary-General is the "chief administrative officer" of the UN (Article 97) "in all meetings of the General Assembly, of the Security Council, of the Economic and Social Council and the Trusteeship Council, and shall perform other functions as are entrusted to him by these organs" (Article 98). They are also responsible for making an annual report to the General Assembly. They may notify the Security Council on matters which "in their opinion may threaten the maintenance of international peace and security".

tag: p

text: Other than these few guidelines, little else is dictated by the Charter. Interpretation of the Charter has varied between Secretaries-General, with some being much more active than others.[citation needed] The Secretary-General, along with the Secretariat, is given the prerogative to exhibit no allegiance to any state but to only the United Nations organization; decisions must be made without regard to the state of origin.[citation needed]

text: The Secretary-General is highly dependent upon the support of the member states of the UN. Although the Secretary-General may place any item on the provisional agenda of the Security Council, much of their mediation work takes place behind the scenes.[1]

text: In the early 1960s, Soviet First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev led an effort to abolish the Secretary-General position. The numerical superiority of the Western powers combined with the one state, one vote system meant that the Secretary-General would come from one of them, and would potentially be sympathetic towards the West. Khrushchev proposed to replace the Secretary-General with a three-person directorate (a "troika"): one member from the West, one from the Eastern Bloc, and one from the Non-Aligned powers. This idea failed because the neutral powers failed to back the Soviet proposal.[2][3]

text: Selection and term of office[edit]

text: The Secretary-General is appointed by the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. As the recommendation must come from the Security Council, any of the five permanent members of the Council can veto a nomination. Most Secretaries-General are compromise candidates from middle powers and have little prior fame.

text: Unofficial qualifications for the job have been set by precedent in previous selections. The appointee may not be a citizen of any of the Security Council's five permanent members.[4] The General Assembly resolution 51/241 in 1997 stated that in the appointment of "the best candidate", due regard should be given to regional (continental) rotation of the appointee's national origin and to gender equality,[5]:5 although no woman has yet served as Secretary General.

text: The length of the term is discretionary, but all Secretaries-General since 1971 have been appointed to five-year terms. Every Secretary-General since 1961 has been re-selected for a second term, with the exception of Boutros Boutros-Ghali, who was vetoed by the United States in the 1996 selection. There is a term limit of two full terms, established when China cast a record 16 vetoes against Kurt Waldheim's third term in the 1981 selection. No Secretary-General since 1981 has attempted to secure a third term.

text: The selection process is opaque and is often compared to a papal conclave.[6][7] Since 1981, the Security Council has voted in secret in a series of straw polls. The Security Council then submits the winning candidate to the General Assembly for ratification. No candidate has ever been rejected by the General Assembly.[citation needed] In 2016, the General Assembly and the Security Council sought nominations and conducted public debates for the first time. However, the Security Council voted in private and followed the same process as previous selections, leading the President of the General Assembly to complain that it "does not live up to the expectations of the membership and the new standard of openness and transparency".[8]

text: Residence[edit]

text: The official residence of the Secretary-General is a townhouse at 3 Sutton Place, Manhattan, in New York City, United States. The townhouse was built for Anne Morgan in 1921, and donated to the United Nations in 1972.[9]

text: List of Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
№
Portrait
Secretary-General
(Born–Died)
Dates in office
Country of origin
UN Regional Group
Reason of withdrawal
Ref.

–

Gladwyn Jebb
(1900–1996)
24 October 1945 –
1 February 1946
 United Kingdom
Western European & Others
Served as Acting Secretary-General until Lie's election.
[10]

After World War II, he served as Executive Secretary of the Preparatory Commission of the United Nations in August 1945, being appointed Acting United Nations Secretary-General from October 1945 to February 1946 until the appointment of the first Secretary-General, Trygve Lie.

1

Trygve Lie
(1896–1968)

2 February 1946 –
10 November 1952
 Norway
Western European & Others
Resigned.
[11]

Lie, a foreign minister and former labour leader, was recommended by the Soviet Union to fill the post. After the UN involvement in the Korean War, the Soviet Union vetoed Lie's reappointment in 1951. The United States circumvented the Soviet Union's veto and recommended reappointment directly to the General Assembly. Lie was reappointed by a vote of 46 to 5, with eight abstentions. The Soviet Union remained hostile to Lie, and he resigned in 1952.[12]

2

Dag Hammarskjöld
(1905–1961)

10 April 1953 –
18 September 1961
 Sweden
Western European & Others
Died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia), while on a peacekeeping mission to the Congo.
[13]

After a series of candidates were vetoed, Hammarskjöld emerged as an option that was acceptable to the Security Council. He was re-elected unanimously to a second term in 1957. The Soviet Union was angered by Hammarskjöld's leadership of the UN during the Congo Crisis, and suggested that the position of Secretary-General be replaced by a troika, or three-man executive. Facing great opposition from the Western nations, the Soviet Union gave up on its suggestion. Hammarskjöld died in a plane crash in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1961.[12] U.S. President John F. Kennedy called Hammarskjöld "the greatest statesman of our century".[14]

3

U Thant
(1909–1974)

30 November 1961 –
31 December 1971
 Burma
Asia-Pacific
Declined to stand for a third election.
[15]

In the process of replacing Hammarskjöld, the developing world insisted on a non-European and non-American Secretary-General. U Thant was nominated. However, due to opposition from the French (Thant had chaired a committee on Algerian independence) and the Arabs (Burma supported Israel), Thant was only appointed for the remainder of Hammarskjöld's term. He was the first Asian Secretary-General. The following year, on 30 November, Thant was unanimously re-elected to a new term ending on 3 November 1966. He was re-elected on 2 December 1966, finally for a full 5-year term, ending on 31 December 1971. Thant did not seek a third election.[12]

4

Kurt Waldheim
(1918–2007)
1 January 1972 –
31 December 1981
 Austria
Western European & Others
China vetoed his third term.
[16]

Waldheim launched a discreet but effective campaign to become the Secretary-General. Despite initial vetoes from China and the United Kingdom, in the third round, Waldheim was selected to become the new Secretary-General. In 1976, China initially blocked Waldheim's re-election, but it relented on the second ballot. In 1981, Waldheim's re-election for a third term was blocked by China, which vetoed his selection through 15 rounds. From 1986 to 1992, Waldheim served as President of Austria, making him the first former Secretary-General to rise to the position of head of state.[17] In 1985, it was revealed that a post–World War II UN War Crimes Commission had labeled Waldheim as a suspected war criminal – based on his involvement with the army of Nazi Germany. The files had been stored in the UN archive.[12]

5

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(born 1920)

1 January 1982 –
31 December 1991
 Peru
Latin American & Caribbean
Did not stand for a third term.
[18]

Pérez de Cuéllar was selected after a five-week deadlock between the re-election of Waldheim and China's candidate, Salim Ahmed Salim of Tanzania. Pérez de Cuéllar, a Peruvian diplomat who a decade earlier had served as President of the UN Security Council during his time as Peruvian Ambassador to the UN, was a compromise candidate, and became the first and thus far only Secretary-General from the Americas. He was re-elected unanimously in 1986.[12]

6

Boutros Boutros-Ghali
(1922–2016)

1 January 1992 –
31 December 1996
 Egypt
African
The United States vetoed his second term.
[19]

The 102-member Non-Aligned Movement insisted that the next Secretary-General come from Africa. With a majority in the General Assembly and the support of China, the Non-Aligned Movement had the votes necessary to block any unfavourable candidate. The Security Council conducted five anonymous straw polls—a first for the council—and Boutros-Ghali emerged with 11 votes on the fifth round. In 1996, the United States vetoed the re-appointment of Boutros-Ghali, claiming he had failed in implementing necessary reforms to the UN.[12]

7

Kofi Annan
(born 1938)

1 January 1997 –
31 December 2006
 Ghana
African
Retired after two full terms.
[20]

On 13 December 1996, the Security Council recommended Annan.[21][22] He was confirmed four days later by the vote of the General Assembly.[23] He started his second term as Secretary-General on 1 January 2002.

8

Ban Ki-moon
(born 1944)

1 January 2007 –
31 December 2016
 South Korea
Asia-Pacific
Retired after two full terms.
[24]

Ban became the first East Asian to be selected as the Secretary-General and the second Asian overall after U Thant. He was unanimously elected to a second term by the General Assembly on 21 June 2011. His second term began on 1 January 2012.[25] Prior to his selection, he was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006.

9

António Guterres
(born 1949)

1 January 2017 –
present
 Portugal
Western European & Others

Guterres is the first former head of government to become Secretary-General, and the first Secretary-General born after the establishment of the United Nations. He was Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002. He has also been President of Socialist International (1999–2005) and United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2005–2015).

tag: table

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
#
Secretary-General
Date of birth
Age at ascension
(first term)
Time in office
(total)
Age at retirement
(last term)
Date of death
Longevity

acting
Jebb, Gladwyn Gladwyn Jebb
19000425April 25, 1900(April 5, 1900)
45 18245 years, 182 days
00 101101 days
45 28345 years, 283 days
19961024October 24, 1996
7004352460000000000♠35,24696 years, 182 days

1
Lie, Trygve Trygve Lie
18960716July 16, 1896(July 16, 1896)
49 20149 years, 201 days
06 2826 years, 282 days
56 11756 years, 117 days
19681230December 30, 1968
7004264640000000000♠26,46472 years, 167 days

2
Hammarskjöld, Dag Dag Hammarskjöld
19050729July 29, 1905(July 29, 1905)
47 25547 years, 255 days
08 1618 years, 161 days
56 05156 years, 51 days
19610918September 18, 1961
7004205050000000000♠20,50556 years, 51 days

3
Thant, U U Thant
19090122January 22, 1909(January 22, 1909)
52 31252 years, 312 days
10 03110 years, 31 days
62 34362 years, 343 days
19741125November 25, 1974
7004240480000000000♠24,04865 years, 307 days

4
Waldheim, Kurt Kurt Waldheim
19181221December 21, 1918(December 21, 1918)
53 01153 years, 11 days
09 3649 years, 364 days
63 01063 years, 10 days
20070614June 14, 2007
7004323170000000000♠32,31788 years, 175 days

5
Pérez de Cuéllar, Javier Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
19200119January 19, 1920(January 19, 1920)
61 34761 years, 347 days
09 3649 years, 364 days
71 34671 years, 346 days
Living
7004359460000000000♠35,9467004359460000000000♠98 years, 151 days (Living)

6
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros Boutros Boutros-Ghali
19221114November 14, 1922(November 14, 1922)
69 04869 years, 48 days
04 3644 years, 364 days
74 04774 years, 47 days
20160216February 16, 2016
7004340620000000000♠34,06293 years, 94 days

7
Annan, Kofi Kofi Annan
19380408April 8, 1938(April 8, 1938)
58 26858 years, 268 days
09 3649 years, 364 days
68 26768 years, 267 days
Living
7004292920000000000♠29,2927004292920000000000♠80 years, 72 days (Living)

8
Ki-moon, Ban Ban Ki-moon
19440613June 13, 1944(June 13, 1944)
62 20262 years, 202 days
09 3649 years, 364 days
72 20172 years, 201 days
Living
7004270340000000000♠27,0347004270340000000000♠74 years, 6 days (Living)

9
Guterres, António António Guterres
19490430April 30, 1949(April 30, 1949)
7004250830000000000♠67 years, 246 days
7002534000000000000♠7002534000000000000♠1 year, 169 days (Ongoing)
Incumbent
Living
7004252520000000000♠25,2527004252520000000000♠69 years, 50 days (Living)

text: By regional group[edit]

text:
UN Regional Group
Secretaries-General
Terms

WEOG
4
7

Eastern European Group
0
0

GRULAC
1
2

Asia-Pacific Group
2
4

African Group
2
3

text: Lifespan timeline[edit]

text: This is a graphical lifespan timeline of the Secretaries-General of the United Nations. They are listed in order of office.

text: Living former Secretaries-General[edit]

text:
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
(1982–1991)
(1920-01-19) 19 January 1920 (age 98)

Kofi Annan
(1997–2006)
(1938-04-08) 8 April 1938 (age 80)

Ban Ki-moon
(2007–2016)
(1944-06-13) 13 June 1944 (age 74)

tag: ul

text: As of June 2018, the only former Secretaries-General that are alive are Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Kofi Annan, and Ban Ki-moon. The most recent death of a former Secretary-General was that of Boutros Boutros-Ghali (1992–96) on 16 February 2016.[26]


document_title: Bussa Emancipation Statue

question_text: where is the statue of bussa in barbados

text: Bussa Emancipation Statue

text: The Emancipation Statue is a public sculpture symbolising the "breaking of the chains" of slavery at Emancipation. It is located in Barbados, east of Bridgetown at centre of the J.T.C. Ramsay roundabout formed at the junction of the ABC Highway and Highway 5. Many Barbadians refer to the statue as Bussa, the name of a slave who helped inspire a revolt against slavery in Barbados in 1816, though the statue is not actually sculpted to be Bussa.

text: The statue, made of bronze, was created in 1985 by Bajan sculptor Karl Broodhagen 169 years after the rebellion.

text: Inscription[edit]

text:
Lick an Lock-up Done Wid, Hurray fuh Jin-Jin [Queen Victoria].
De Queen come from England to set we free
Now Lick an Lock-up Done Wid, Hurray fuh Jin-Jin

text: This was the chant of thousands of Barbadians when apprenticeship was abolished in 1838, signifying their freedom and happiness.


document_title: Cave of Altamira

question_text: who created the cave paintings of altamira spain

text: Cave of Altamira

text: Description[edit]

text: The cave is approximately 1000 meters long[4] and consists of a series of twisting passages and chambers. The main passage varies from two to six meters in height. The cave was formed through collapses following early Karst phenomena in the calcareous rock of Mount Vispieres.

text: Archaeological excavations in the cave floor found rich deposits of artifacts from the Upper Solutrean (c. 18,500 years ago) and Lower Magdalenian (between c. 16,590 and 14,000 years ago). Both periods belong to the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age. In the millennia between these two occupations, the cave was evidently inhabited only by wild animals. Human occupants of the site were well-positioned to take advantage of the rich wildlife that grazed in the valleys of the surrounding mountains as well as the marine life available in nearby coastal areas. Around 13,000 years ago a rockfall sealed the cave's entrance, preserving its contents until its eventual discovery, which occurred after a nearby tree fell and disturbed the fallen rocks.

text: Human occupation was limited to the cave mouth, although paintings were created throughout the length of the cave. The artists used charcoal and ochre or haematite to create the images, often diluting these pigments to produce variations in intensity and creating an impression of chiaroscuro. They also exploited the natural contours of the cave walls to give their subjects a three-dimensional effect. The Polychrome Ceiling is the most impressive feature of the cave, depicting a herd of extinct steppe bison (Bison priscus[5]) in different poses, two horses, a large doe, and possibly a wild boar.

text: Dated to the Magdalenian occupation, these paintings include abstract shapes in addition to animal subjects. Solutrean paintings include images of horses and goats, as well as handprints that were created when artists placed their hands on the cave wall and blew pigment over them to leave a negative image. Numerous other caves in northern Spain contain Paleolithic art, but none is as complex or well-populated as Altamira.

text: Discovery, excavation, skepticism[edit]

text: In 1879, amateur archaeologist Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola was led by his eight-year-old daughter María to discover the cave's drawings.[6] The cave was excavated by Sautuola and archaeologist Juan Vilanova y Piera from the University of Madrid, resulting in a much acclaimed publication in 1880 which interpreted the paintings as Paleolithic in origin. The French specialists, led by Gabriel de Mortillet and Emile Cartailhac, were particularly adamant in rejecting the hypothesis of Sautuola and Piera, and their findings were loudly ridiculed at the 1889 Prehistorical Congress in Lisbon. Due to the supreme artistic quality, and the exceptional state of conservation of the paintings, Sautuola was even accused of forgery, as he was unable to answer why there were no soot (smoke) marks on the walls and ceilings of the cave. A fellow countryman maintained that the paintings had been produced by a contemporary artist, on Sautuola's orders. Later Marcelino Sanz de Sautuola found out the artist could have used marrow fat as oil for the lamp, producing much less soot than any other combustibles. Alcohol was not available at the time as far as we know. Still, it remains unexplained how the paintings in Altamira cave remained unaltered being wet.

text: It was not until 1902, when several other findings of prehistoric paintings had served to render the hypothesis of the extreme antiquity of the Altamira paintings less offensive, that the scientific society retracted their opposition to the Spaniards. That year, Emile Cartailhac emphatically admitted his mistake in the famous article, "Mea culpa d'un sceptique", published in the journal L'Anthropologie. Sautuola, having died 14 years earlier, did not live to witness his rehabilitation.

text: Further excavation work on the cave was done by Hermilio Alcalde del Río between 1902–04, the German Hugo Obermaier between 1924–25 and finally by Joaquín González Echegaray in 1968.

text: Dating and periodization[edit]

text: There is no scientific agreement on the dating of the archeological artifacts found in the cave, nor the drawings and paintings, and scientists continue to evaluate the age of the cave art at Altamira.

text: In 2008, researchers using uranium-thorium dating found that the paintings were completed over a period of up to 20,000 years rather than during a comparatively brief period.[7]

text: A later study published in 2012 based on data obtained from further uranium-thorium dating research, dated some paintings in several caves in North Spain, including some of the claviform signs in the "Gran sala" of Altamira, and concluded that the first works in Altamira belonged to the Aurignacian culture, 35,600 years old, right at the beginning of human occupation of North Spain by modern humans.[8] This means that these drawings could have been made by Neanderthal authors instead of homo sapiens, as assumed until now.[1]

text: Visitors and replicas[edit]

text: During the 1970s and 2000s, the paintings were being damaged by the carbon dioxide in the breath of the large number of visitors. Altamira was completely closed to the public in 1977, and reopened to limited access in 1982. Very few visitors were allowed in per day, resulting in a three-year waiting list. After green mold began to appear on some paintings in 2002, the caves were closed to public access.[9] A replica cave and museum were built nearby and completed in 2001 by Manuel Franquelo and Sven Nebel, reproducing the cave and its art. The replica allows a more comfortable view of the polychrome paintings of the main hall of the cave, as well as a selection of minor works. It also includes some sculptures of human faces that are not visitable in the real cave.[6]

text: As well as the adjacent National Museum and Research Center of Altamira there are reproductions in the National Archaeological Museum of Spain (Madrid), in the Deutsches Museum in Munich (completed 1964) and in Japan (completed 1993).

text: During 2010 there were plans to reopen access to the cave towards the end of that year.[10] In December 2010, however, the Spanish Ministry of Culture decided that the cave would remain closed to the public.[11] This decision was based on advice from a group of experts who had found that the conservation conditions inside the cave had become much more stable since the closure.

text: Cultural impact[edit]

text: Some of the polychrome paintings at Altamira Cave are well known in Spanish popular culture. The logo used by the autonomous government of Cantabria to promote tourism to the region is based on one of the bisons in this cave. Bisonte (Spanish for "bison"), a Spanish cigarette brand of the 20th century, also used a Paleolithic style bison figure along with its logo.

text: The Spanish comic series Altamiro de la Cueva, created in 1965, are a consequence of the fame of Altamira Cave. The comic series depicts the adventures of a group of prehistoric cavemen, shown as modern people, but dressed in pieces of fur, a bit like the Flintstones.

text: The song "The Caves of Altamira" appears on the 1976 album The Royal Scam by jazz-rock band Steely Dan, later covered by soul group Perri.

text: The mid-20th-century modern dinnerware line Primitive, designed by Viktor Schreckengost for the American pottery company Salem China, was based on the bison, deer, and stick figure hunters depicted in the Altamira cave paintings.

text: The song "Cuevas de Altamira" (Caves of Altamira) appears on the 1978 album Cuevas de Altamira by the symphonic progressive rock-folk group Ibio from Cantabria.

text: The iconic bison image has been used for the cover of the poetry collection Songs for the Devil and Death by Scottish author Hal Duncan.[12]

text: The protagonist in Satyajit Ray's film Agantuk was inspired by the charging Bison painting to leave his home and study tribals.

text: In 2016, British Director Hugh Hudson released the film Altamira (called Finding Altamira outside Spain) about the discovery of the caves, starring Antonio Banderas and with music by Mark Knopfler.


document_title: Rhinorrhea

question_text: where does the fluid from a runny nose come from

text: Rhinorrhea

text: Signs and symptoms[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result.[4] If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube, it may result in ear pain or an ear infection. Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a post-nasal drip, resulting in a sore throat or coughing.[4] Additional symptoms include sneezing, nosebleeds, and nasal discharge.[5]

text: Causes[edit]

text: Cold temperature[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea is especially common during winter months and certain low temperature seasons. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a combination of thermodynamics and the body's natural reactions to cold weather stimuli. One of the purposes of nasal mucus is to warm inhaled air to body temperature as it enters the body. In order for this to happen, the nasal cavities must be constantly coated with liquid mucus. During cold, dry seasons, the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, meaning that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes an excess amount of water to build up inside nasal cavities. In these cases, the excess fluid usually spills out externally through the nostrils.[6]

text: Infection[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases, such as the common cold or influenza. During these infections, the nasal mucous membranes produce excess mucus, filling the nasal cavities. This is to prevent infection from spreading to the lungs and respiratory tract, where it could cause far worse damage.[7] It has also been suggested that rhinorrhea is a result of viral evolution, and may be a response that is not useful to the host, but which has evolved by the virus to maximise its own infectivity.[8] Rhinorrhea caused by these infections usually occur on circadian rhythms.[9] Over the course of a viral infection, sinusitis (the inflammation of the nasal tissue) may occur, causing the mucous membranes to release more mucus. Acute sinusitis consists of the nasal passages swelling during a viral infection. Chronic sinusitis occurs when one or more nasal polyps appear.[citation needed] This can be caused by a deviated septum as well as a viral infection.[10]

text: Allergies[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea can also occur when individuals with allergies to certain substances, such as pollen, dust, latex, soy, shellfish, or animal dander, are exposed to these allergens. In people with sensitized immune systems, the inhalation of one of these substances triggers the production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE bound to mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine.[11] In turn, this causes, among other things, inflammation and swelling of the tissue of the nasal cavities as well as increased mucus production. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can make the condition considerably worse.

text: Lacrimation[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears, whether from emotional events or from eye irritation. When excess tears are produced, the liquid drains through the inner corner of the eyelids, through the nasolacrimal duct, and into the nasal cavities. As more tears are shed, more liquid flows into the nasal cavities, both stimulating mucus production and hydrating any dry mucus already present in the nasal cavity. The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils.[7]

text: Head trauma[edit]

text: If caused by a head injury, rhinorrhea can be a much more serious condition. A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or the middle cranial fossae. This rupture can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid. This condition, known as cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea or CSF rhinorrhea, can lead to a number of serious complications and possibly death if not addressed properly.[12]

text: Other causes[edit]

text: Rhinorrhea can occur as a symptom of opioid withdrawal accompanied by lacrimation.[13] Other causes include cystic fibrosis, whooping cough, nasal tumors, hormonal changes, and cluster headaches. Due to changes in clinical practice, Rhinorrhea is now reported as a frequent side effect of oxygen-intubation during colonoscopy procedures [A simple, innovative way to reduce rhinitis symptoms after sedation during endoscopy" by Nai-Liang Li, et al, Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2011, Feb; volume 25(2): pages 68–72.]. Rhinorrhea can also be the side effect of several genetic disorders, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia.[10]

text: Treatment[edit]

text: In most cases treatment for rhinorrhea is not necessary since it will clear up on its own—especially if it is the symptom of an infection. For general cases blowing your nose can get rid of the mucus buildup. Though blowing may be a quick-fix solution, it would likely proliferate mucosal production in the sinuses, leading to frequent and higher mucus buildups in the nose. Alternatively, saline nasal sprays and vasoconstrictor nasal sprays may also be used, but may become counterproductive after several days of use, causing rhinitis medicamentosa.

text: In recurring cases, such as those due to allergies, there are medicinal treatments available. For cases caused by histamine buildup, several types of antihistamines can be obtained relatively cheaply from drugstores.

text: People who prefer to keep clear nasal passages, such as singers, who need a clear nasal passage to perform, may use a technique called "nasal irrigation" to prevent rhinorrhea. Nasal irrigation involves rinsing the nasal cavity regularly with salty water or store bought saline solutions.[14]


document_title: Exploration of North America

question_text: who was the first european to reach what is now the us mainland

text: Exploration of North America

text: Pre-Columbian exploration[edit]

text: According to the Sagas of Icelanders, Norse sailors (often called Vikings) from Iceland first settled Greenland in the 980s. Erik the Red explored and settled southwestern Greenland, which he named to entice potential Icelandic settlers, eventually establishing the Eastern and Western Settlements, which were abandoned around 1350.

text: L'Anse aux Meadows, an archaeological site on the northernmost tip of Newfoundland, and a second site in southwestern Newfoundland, are the only known sites of a Norse village in North America outside of Greenland. These sites are notable for their possible connections with the attempted colony of Vinland established by Leif Erikson in 1003.

text: Age of Discovery and the search for the Northwest Passage[edit]

text:
Part of a series on

European colonization
of the Americas

First wave of European colonization
British
Couronian
Danish
Dutch
French
German
Hospitaller (Maltese)
Norse
Portuguese
Russian
Scottish
Spanish
Swedish
Colonization of Canada
Colonization of the United States
Decolonization

 Colonialism portal

v
t
e

text: The Viking voyages did not become common knowledge in the Old World, and Europeans remained ignorant of the existence of the Americas as a whole, until the first decades following the year 1492. Many expeditions were launched from European nations in search of a Northwest Passage to East Asia (or "the Indies" as the region was called) in order to establish a shorter trade route to China than the Silk Road, a trade route which had become desperately needed and yet exacerbated by the Fall of Constantinople. Also, the Castilian crown needed an alternative to the Portuguese controlled eastern maritime trade route around Africa to India and East Asia.

text: On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus set sail from the Port of Palos de la Frontera in the Province of Huelva, from the newly los Reyes Católicos coordinated Kingdoms of Castile and Aragon, in present-day Spain, financed by Queen Isabella I of Castille. Columbus's Letter on the First Voyage of his discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba, and Hispaniola spread the news across Europe quickly. Columbus rediscovered and explored much of the Lesser Antilles in his second voyage then discovered both Trinidad and Tobago on his third voyage whilst skirting the northern South American coast. His fourth voyage was spent scanning the Central American coast. The Voyages of Christopher Columbus opened the New World.

text: Italian navigator and explorer Giovanni Caboto (known in English as John Cabot) is credited with the discovery of continental North America on June 24, 1497, under the commission of Henry VII of England. Though the exact location of his discovery remains disputed, the Canadian and United Kingdom governments' official position is that he landed on the island of Newfoundland. The English presence through Giovanni Caboto was signaled in Juan de la Cosa's map of 1500.

text: In 1499 João Fernandes Lavrador was licensed by the King of Manuel I of Portugal and together with Pêro de Barcelos they reached Greenland and sighted Labrador for the first time since Leif Erikson, which was granted and named after Lavrador. After returning he possibly went to Bristol to sail in the name of England.[1] Nearly at the same time, between 1499 and 1502 the brothers Gaspar and Miguel Corte Real explored and named the coasts of Greenland, Labrador and also Newfoundland, naming "Terra Verde" the explored North American coasts.[2] Both explorations were signaled in 1502 Cantino planisphere.

text: It was soon understood that Columbus had not reached Asia, but rather found what was to Europeans a New World, which in 1507 was named "America", probably after Amerigo Vespucci, on the Waldseemüller map.

text: Further nautical explorations[edit]

text: In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral was sent by Portugal to explore South America. He is considered to be the discoverer of Brazil.

text: Aragon King Ferdinand II sent Juan Ponce de León from the fledgling colony on Hispaniola to verify rumors of undiscovered land to the northwest. On April 2, 1513, Ponce de León disembarked on the northeast coast of what he named Florida for the crown. The exact location is disputed, but historians have offered the possibilities of St. Augustine, Ponce de León Inlet, and Melbourne Beach. He encountered the powerful Gulf Stream and found a passage through the Florida Keys to land on the southwestern Gulf Coast of Florida on the Gulf of Mexico. Again, the exact location is disputed.[3] While it is true that Columbus visited Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in 1493, Ponce de Leon was the first known European to reach the present-day United States (mainland).[4]

text: On September 25, 1513, Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean once he crossed the Isthmus of Panama. He claimed all the territory touching it for the Crown, later to affect colonization of Las Californias.

text: Around 1519-1521, Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes explored the coasts of Newfoundland, Labrador and Nova Scotia, with a mission to create colonies.

text: In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano sailed for King Francis I of France and is known as the first European since the Norse to explore the Atlantic coast of North America. Arriving near the Cape Fear River delta, he explored the coastlines of present-day states of South Carolina and North Carolina, entering the Pamlico Sound, and bypassing entrances to the Chesapeake Bay. Believing the New York Harbor to be a lake, he sailed past Long Island, exploring Narragansett Bay and Newfoundland.

text: In 1524-1525, Portuguese explorer Estevão Gomes, on behalf of Charles I of Spain, explored present-day Nova Scotia sailing South along the Maine coast. Gomes entered New York Harbor and saw the Hudson River(which he named the "San Antonio River"). Because of his expedition, the 1529 Diogo Ribeiro world map outlines the East coast of North America almost perfectly.

text: In 1534, Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula, on the Gulf Gulf of Saint Lawrence and claimed the land in the name of Francis I. In 1535 Cartier explored the St. Lawrence river and also claimed the region for France.

text: After two failed attempts to reach East Asia by circumnavigating Siberia, Henry Hudson sailed west in 1609 under the Dutch East India Company. He, too, passed Cape Cod, Chesapeake Bay and the Delaware Bay, instead sailing up the Hudson River on September 11, 1609 in search of a fabled connection to the Pacific via what was actually the Great Lakes. In Hudson's fourth and final voyage, he discovered, mapped, and explored the Hudson Strait, Hudson Bay and James Bay.

text: Other major sea-based explorers were Captain James Cook, George Vancouver, and Charles Wilkes.

text: Overland exploration of the West[edit]

text: 16th to 17th centuries[edit]

text: There were numerous Spanish explorers and conquistadors who explored the Southwest of North America (including present-day west and central United States) and cross the continent (east to west) in its southern regions, mainly from the second quarter to the middle of the 16th century, such as Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, but also the North American Southeast and south-central regions, s Soto]].

text: In 1608 Samuel de Champlain founded what is now Quebec City, which would become the first permanent settlement and the capital of New France. He took personal administration over the city and its affairs, and sent out expeditions to explore the interior. Champlain himself discovered Lake Champlain in 1609. By 1615, he had travelled by canoe up the Ottawa River through Lake Nipissing and Georgian Bay to the centre of Huron country near Lake Simcoe. During these voyages, Champlain aided the Wendat (aka 'Hurons') in their battles against the Iroquois Confederacy. As a result, the Iroquois would become enemies of the French and be involved in multiple conflicts.

text: From 1679 to 1682 René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle explored the Great Lakes region of the United States and Canada, and the entire course of Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico.

text: From 1697 to 1702 Eusebio Kino explored the Sonoran Desert and on his journey to the Colorado River Delta discovered an overland route to Baja California that was then commonly believed to be an island. In 1683 Kino lead the first European overland crossing of Baja California.

text: European exploration of western Canada was largely motivated by the fur trade and the search for the elusive Northwest Passage. Hudson's Bay Company explorer Henry Kelsey has the distinction of being the first European to see the northern Great Plains in 1690.

text: 18th century[edit]

text: Anthony Henday was the first to have seen the Rocky Mountains, in 1754, but curiously did not mention it in his journals. From his westernmost geographic position (roughly near the town of Olds, Alberta, halfway between Calgary and Red Deer, Alberta) the Rockies should have been quite conspicuous, but he was likely trying to disguise the disappointing fact that an unknown range of seemingly impassible mountains now stood between the HBC and the Pacific. Samuel Hearne found the Coppermine River in 1769-71 in his failed search for copper ore deposits. Burned by these shortfalls, the HBC largely quit exploration.

text: The North West Company, on the other hand, used a business model that required constant expansion into untapped areas. Under the auspices of the NWC, Alexander Mackenzie discovered the Mackenzie River in 1789 and was the first European to reach the North-American Pacific overland, via the Bella Coola River, in 1793. Simon Fraser reached the Pacific in 1808 via the Fraser River.

text: David Thompson, widely regarded as the greatest land geographer that ever lived, traveled over 90,000 km during his lifetime. In 1797, Thompson was sent south by his employers to survey part of the Canada-U.S. boundary along the water routes from Lake Superior to Lake of the Woods to satisfy unresolved questions of territory arising from the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States. By 1798 Thompson had completed a survey of 6,750 km (4,190 mi) from Grand Portage, through Lake Winnipeg, to the headwaters of the Assiniboine and Mississippi Rivers, as well as two sides of Lake Superior.[5] In 1798, the company sent him to Red Deer Lake (in present-day Alberta) to establish a trading post. The English translation of Lac La Biche-Red Deer Lake-first appeared on the Mackenzie map of 1793.[6] Thompson spent the next few seasons trading based in Fort George (now in Alberta), and during this time led several expeditions into the Rocky Mountains. In 1811/1812 he followed the Columbia River to the Pacific, and in 1814 used his notes and measurements to draft the first European-style map of western Canada, covering 3.9 million square kilometres.

text: 19th century to present[edit]

text: Lewis and Clark were the first Americans to venture into the newly acquired territory of the Louisiana Purchase, at the order of President Thomas Jefferson. They discovered many new geographical features, Indian tribes, and animal and plant species. John Colter was a member of the expedition who subsequently became a guide for others in the 'Old West,' and did some explorations of his own.

text: John C. Frémont led many important explorations in the Great Plains, Great Basin, Oregon territory, and Mexican Alta California.

text: Joseph Reddeford Walker was one of the most prominent of the explorers, and charted many new paths through the West, which often were then utilized by emigrants crossing to settle in Western towns and communities. In 1833, his exploring party discovered a route along the Humboldt River across present-day Nevada, ascending the Sierra Nevada following the Carson River and descending via Stanislaus River drainages to Monterey. His return route across the southern Sierra was via Walker Pass, named after Walker by John Charles Fremont. The approach of the Sierra via the Carson River route later became known as the California Trail, the primary route for the emigrants to the gold fields during the California gold rush.

text: As the American population of the West increased, the US government launched ongoing official explorations mainly through the US Army Corps of Topographical Engineers. One of the main officers and explorers in this unit was George Wheeler. In 1872, the US Congress authorized an ambitious plan to map the portion of the United States west of the 100th meridian at a scale of 8 miles to the inch. This plan necessitated what became known as the Wheeler Survey, along with the Clarence King and John Wesley Powell Surveys, and expeditions by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden. In 1879, all such efforts were reorganized as the United States Geological Survey.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Maps of the New World

Universalis Cosmographia, the Waldseemüller map dated 1507, depicts the Americas, Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Pacific Ocean separating Asia from the Americas.

The Vinland map surfaced in 1965 and is claimed, though widely discredited, to be a 15th-century map depicting the Norse colony of Vinland.


document_title: State Council (Russia)

question_text: who makes up the state council in russia

text: State Council (Russia)

text:
Russia

This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the Russian Federation

Constitution
Law

[show]

Mental Health Law
Russian Criminal Code
Tax Code

Presidency[show]

President: Vladimir Putin

Presidential Administration
Security Council
State Council

Executive[show]

Prime Minister: Dmitry Medvedev

Government
Cabinet (54th)

Legislature[show]

Federal Assembly

Federation Council
Chairman: Valentina Matviyenko

State Duma
7th convocation
Chairman: Vyacheslav Volodin

Judiciary[show]

Constitutional Court
Supreme Court
Prosecutor General
Supreme Court of Arbitration
Legal system

Elections[show]

Presidential elections
Legislative elections
Central Election Commission
Electoral geography
Political parties
List of presidential candidates

Federalism[show]

Federal subjects
Heads of federal subjects
Regional parliaments

Foreign relations[show]

European Union
NATO
United Nations
Arab–Israeli conflict

Related topics[show]

Administrative divisions
Armed forces
Civic Chamber
Accounts Chamber
E-Government
Opposition
Human rights
Political abuse of psychiatry

Other countries
Atlas

v
t
e

text: The State Council (Russian: Государственный Совет) is an advisory body to the Russian head of state, which deals with issues of the highest importance to the state as a whole. The council was established by a decree of the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, on September 1, 2000.

text: History[edit]

text: The current State Council is the third in the history of Russia. It is the successor of the State Council of the USSR, which was the successor of the State Council (Russian Empire).

text: The President signed the decree forming the State Council on the basis of articles 80 and 85 of the Constitution and the newly passed Federal Law “On the Procedure for Forming the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.” The President formed the State Council in order to harness the potential of regional leaders. In doing so, he took into account the requests and proposals of Federation Council, the upper house of the Russian parliament members and State Duma deputies.

text: In its capacity as an advisory body, the State Council aids the President in discharging his duties to ensure the concerted functioning and interaction of various governmental bodies. The Chairman of the State Council is the President of Russia. Upon his order, the acting Secretary of the State Council is currently one of the aides to the President, Alexander S. Abramov.

text: The Presidential Domestic Affairs Directorate is responsible for the administrative support of the State Council.

text: The Council is made up of the leaders (governors and presidents) of Russia’s Federal Subjects. Other persons may be appointed to the Council at the President’s discretion.

text: On September 2, 2000, Putin established the Presidium of the State Council, whose task is to prepare for State Council sessions. The Presidium comprises the leaders of seven constituent territories representing each of the seven federal districts. Members of the Presidium rotate every six months, as envisaged by the regulations of the State Council and the Presidential Decree on the Council’s Presidium.

text: The State Council considers issues of particular importance to the state, such as the development of governmental institutions, economic and social reforms and other objects affecting the public as a whole. The sessions are the principal medium for the work of the State Council and are held four times a year without a rigid timetable. Each session focuses on a single issue. On the eve of a session of the State Council, the Presidium meets to discuss the following day’s issue.

text: It has also become accepted practice to discuss some issues at joint sessions of the State Council’s Presidium and the Security Council, sometimes with the participation of other presidential advisory bodies.[1]