document_title: List of California wildfires

question_text: what is the biggest wild fire in california history

text: List of California wildfires

text: Largest fires[edit]

text: These are the 20 largest wildfires in California since 1932 (when accurate records started to be kept), according to the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE).[2]

text: Note:  means that the fire is currently burning. Total size and position in the list are subject to change.

text:
Name

County

Acres

Hectares

Start date

Structures

Deaths

Notes

Mendocino Complex
Mendocino, Lake, Colusa, Glenn
459,102

185,792.0
July 2018
280
1
The Ranch Fire by itself, at 410,182 acres (90% contained) as of 27 August 2018, is the largest fire in California history. One firefighter died.[3]

Thomas
Ventura, Santa Barbara
281,893

114,078.0
December 2017
1,063
2
Fatalities attributed to the fire include 1 firefighter and 1 civilian directly, 21 deaths in later mudslides.[4]

Cedar
San Diego
273,246

110,578.7

October 2003
2,820
15

Rush
Lassen
271,911

110,038.5
August 2012
0
0
This fire  burned an additional 43,666 acres (17,671.0 ha) in Nevada, for a total of 315,577 acres (127,709.5 ha).[5][6]

Rim
Tuolumne
257,314

104,131.3
August 2013
112
0

Zaca
Santa Barbara
240,207

97,208.3
July 2007
1
0

Carr
Shasta, Trinity
229,651

92,936.5
July 2018
1,604
8

Matilija
Ventura
220,000

89,030.8
September 1932
0
0

Witch
San Diego
197,990

80,123.7
October 2007
1,650
2

Klamath Theater Complex
Siskiyou
192,038

77,715.0
June 2008
0
2

Marble Cone
Monterey
177,866

71,979.8
July 1977
0
0

Laguna
San Diego
175,425

70,992.0
September 1970
382
5

Basin Complex
Monterey
162,818

65,890.1
June 2008
58
0

Day
Ventura
162,702

65,843.2
September 2006
11
0

Station
Los Angeles
160,557

64,975.1
August 2009
209
2

Rough
Fresno
151,623

61,359.7
July 2015
4
0

McNally
Tulare
150,696

60,984.5
July 2002
17
0

Stanislaus Complex
Tuolumne
145,980

59,076.0
August 1987
28
1

Big Bar Complex
Trinity
140,948

57,039.6
August 1999
0
0

Happy Camp Complex
Siskiyou
134,056

54,250.5
August 2014
6
0

text: Deadliest fires[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2018)

text: A list of the 20 deadliest fires, according to CAL FIRE, can be found here: http://calfire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Deadliest.pdf[7]

text:
Name

County

Acres

Hectares

Start date

Structures

Deaths

Notes

Griffith Park

Los Angeles

47

19.0

October 1933

0

29

Deaths were RFC workers attempting to fight the fire

Tunnel

Alameda

1,600

647.5

October 1991

2,900

25

Tubbs

Napa, Sonoma

36,807

14,895.3

October 2017

5643

22

text: Most destructive fires[edit]

text: A list of the 20 most destructive fires, according to CAL FIRE, can be found here: http://www.fire.ca.gov/communications/downloads/fact_sheets/Top20_Destruction.pdf[8]

text:
Name

County

Acres

Hectares

Start date

Structures

Deaths

Notes

Tubbs

Napa, Sonoma

36,807

14,895.3

October 2017

5,636

22

Tunnel

Alameda

1,600

647.5

October 1991

2,900

25

Cedar

San Diego

273,246

110,578.7

October 2003

2,820

15

Valley

Lake, Napa, Sonoma

76,067

30,783.2

September 2015

1,955

4

4 confirmed fatalities, 1 person still listed as missing.

Witch

San Diego

197,900

80,087.3

October 2007

1,650

6

Carr

Shasta, Trinity

229,651

92,936.5

July 2018

1,604

8

Nuns

Sonoma

54,382

22,007.6

October 2017

1,355

3

Thomas

Ventura, Santa Barbara

281,893

114,078.0

December 2017

1,063

1

Old

San Bernardino

91,281

36,940.1

October 2003

1,003

6

Jones

Shasta

26,200

10,602.8

October 1999

954

1

Butte

Amador, Calaveras

70,868

28,679.3

September 2015

921

2

Atlas

Napa, Solano

51,624

20,891.5

October 2017

783

6

Paint

Santa Barbara

4,900

1,983.0

June 1990

641

1

Fountain

Shasta

63,960

25,883.7

August 1992

636

0

Sayre

Los Angeles

11,262

4,557.6

November 2008

604

0

Berkeley

Alameda

130

52.6

September 1923

584

0

Harris

San Diego

90,440

36,599.8

October 2007

548

8

Redwood Valley Complex

Mendocino

36,623

14,820.8

October 2017

546

9

Bel Air

Los Angeles

6,000

2,428.1

November 1961

484

0

Laguna

Orange

14,437

5,842.4

October 1993

441

0

text:
Santiago Canyon Fire (1889). Burned on the order of 310,000 acres (130,000 ha).
Berkeley Fire (1923). Destroyed 640 structures, including 584 homes.
Griffith Park Fire (1933). Official death toll was 29 firefighters, but may have killed up to 58.
Rattlesnake Fire (1953). 15 firefighters were killed in this arsonist's fire.
Bel Air Fire (1961). 484 homes were destroyed; 112 injuries.
Laguna Fire (1970). 382 homes burned, killing eight people.
Painted Cave Fire (1990). 1 death and 430 buildings burned in this arson fire near Santa Barbara.
Oakland firestorm (1991). Killed 25 people. Destroyed 2,843 single-family homes and 437 multi-family units.
Mount Vision Fire (1995). 45 homes destroyed. Cause: illegal campfire.

text: Starting in 2001, the National Interagency Fire Center began keeping more accurate records on the total fire acreage burned in each state.[9]

text: Yearly statistics[edit]

text:
Year

Fires

Acres

Hectares

Ref

2000
7,622
295,026

119,392.8
[10]

2001
9,458
329,126

133,192.6
[11]

2002
8,328
969,890

392,500.6
[12][13]

2003
9,116
1,020,460

412,965.5
[14][15][16]

2004
8,415
264,988

107,236.8
[17][18]

2005
7,162
222,538

90,057.9
[19][20]

2006
8,202
736,022

297,857.5
[21][22]

2007
9,093
1,520,362

615,268.7
[23][10]

2008
4,923
1,593,690

644,943.5
[24][10]

2009
9,159
422,147

170,836.8
[25][26]

2010
6,554
109,529

44,324.8
[27]

2011
7,989
168,545

68,207.7
[28][29]

2012
7,950
869,599

351,914.2
[30]

2013
9,907
601,635

243,473.0
[31][32]

2014
7,865
555,044

224,618.3
[33]

2015
8,745
893,362

361,530.8
[34]

2016
6,986
565,070

228,675.7
[35]

2017
9,560
1,226,224

496,235.2
[36]

Average
8,087
655,104

265,111.2

text: A 2015 study[37] addressed whether the increase in fire risk in California is attributable to climate change.[38]

text: Notable fires[edit]

text:
Name

County

Acres

Hectares

Start

Contained

Notes

Ref

Rumsey
Yolo
39,138

15,838.6
October 10, 2004
October 16, 2004
5 structures destroyed
[39]

Old
San Bernardino
91,281

36,940.1
October 21, 2003
November 25, 2003
975 structures destroyed
[40]

Simi
Ventura
108,204

43,788.6
October 25, 2003
November 5, 2003
315 structures destroyed
[41]

Topanga
Los Angeles
24,175

9,783.3
September 28, 2005
October 6, 2005

[42]

Esperanza
Riverside
41,173

16,662.1
October 26, 2006
November 1, 2006
5 fatalities, 54 structures destroyed
[43][better source needed]

Island
Los Angeles
4,750

1,922.3
May 10, 2007
May 15, 2007
6 structures destroyed
[44]

Zaca
Santa Barbara
240,207

97,208.3
July 4, 2007
September 4, 2007
1 structure destroyed
[45]

Witch
San Diego
197,990

80,123.7
October 21, 2007
November 6, 2007
1,650 structures destroyed
[46]

Harris
San Diego
90,440

36,599.8
October 21, 2007
November 5, 2007
472 structures destroyed; 1 fatality
[47]

Santiago
Orange
28,400

11,493.1
October 21, 2007
November 9, 2007
24 structures destroyed
[48]

Corral
Los Angeles
4,901

1,983.4
November 24, 2007
November 27, 2007
86 structures destroyed
[49]

Indians
Monterey
81,378

32,932.5
June 8, 2008
July 10, 2008

[50]

Basin Complex
Monterey
162,818

65,890.1
June 21, 2008
July 27, 2008

[51]

Sesnon
Los Angeles
14,703

5,950.1
October 13, 2008
October 18, 2008

[52]

Jesusita
Santa Barbara
8,733

3,534.1
May 5, 2009
May 20, 2009
160 structures destroyed
[53]

La Brea
Santa Barbara
89,489

36,214.9
August 8, 2009
August 23, 2009

[54]

Lockheed
Santa Cruz
7,817

3,163.4
August 12, 2009
August 23, 2009
13 structures destroyed
[55]

Station
Los Angeles
160,577

64,983.2
August 26, 2009
October 16, 2009
209 structures destroyed; 2 fatalities
[56]

Guiberson
Ventura
17,500

7,082.0
September 22, 2009
October 1, 2009

[57]

Rush
Lassen
271,991

110,070.9
August 12, 2012
August 30, 2012
1 barn destroyed
[58]

Springs
Ventura
28,000

11,000
May 2, 2013
May 6, 2013
20 outbuildings destroyed
[59]

Powerhouse
Los Angeles
30,000

12,000
May 30, 2013
June 10, 2013
24 structures destroyed
[60]

Mountain
Riverside
27,531

11,141.4
July 15, 2013
July 21, 2013
23 structures destroyed
[61]

Silver
Riverside
20,292

8,211.9
August 7, 2013
August 12, 2013
48 structures destroyed
[62]

Rim
Tuolumne
257,314

104,131.3
August 17, 2013
October 24, 2013
112 structures destroyed
[63]

Clover
Shasta
8,073

3,267.0
September 9, 2013
September 15, 2013
68 homes destroyed; 1 fatality
[64]

Happy Camp Complex
Siskiyou
134,056

54,250.5
August 14, 2014
October 31, 2014
6 structures destroyed
[65]

King
El Dorado
97,717

39,544.7
September 13, 2014
October 9, 2014
80 structures destroyed
[66]

Boles
Siskiyou
516

208.8
September 15, 2014
October 11, 2014
157 structures destroyed
[67]

Lake
San Bernardino
31,359

12,690.5
June 17, 2015
August 1, 2015
4 structures destroyed
[68]

North
San Bernardino
4,250

1,719.9
July 17, 2015
July 21, 2015
7 structures destroyed
[69]

Rocky
Lake
69,438

28,100.6
July 29, 2015
August 14, 2015
43 structures destroyed
[70]

Butte
Amador and Calaveras
70,868

28,679.3
September 9, 2015
October 1, 2015
818 structures destroyed; 2 fatalities
[71]

Valley
Lake, Napa, Sonoma
76,067

30,783.2
September 12, 2015
October 15, 2015
1,955 structures destroyed; 4 fatalities
[72]

Erskine
Kern
47,864

19,369.9
June 23, 2016
July 11, 2016
309 buildings destroyed; 2 fatalities
[73]

Sand
Los Angeles
41,432

16,766.9
July 22, 2016
August 3, 2016
18 homes destroyed, 2 fatalities
[74]

Soberanes
Monterey
132,127

53,469.9
July 22, 2016
October 12, 2016
57 homes, 11 outbuildings destroyed, 1 fatality
[75]

Chimney
San Luis Obispo
46,344

18,754.8
August 13, 2016
September 6, 2016
68 structures destroyed
[76]

Clayton
Lake
3,929

1,590.0
August 13, 2016
August 26, 2016
175 structures destroyed, including a Habitat for Humanity office
[77]

Blue Cut
San Bernardino
37,000

14,973.4
August 16, 2016
August 23, 2016
105 homes, 213 outbuildings destroyed, 82,000+ evacuated
[78]

Loma
Santa Clara
4,474

1,810.6
September 26, 2016
October 12, 2016
28 structures destroyed
[79]

Detwiler
Mariposa
81,826

33,113.8
July 16, 2017
August 24, 2017
131 structures destroyed
[80]

Tubbs
Sonoma
36,807

14,895.3
October 8, 2017
October 31, 2017
5,643 structures destroyed; 22 fatalities
[81][82][83]

Thomas
Ventura, Santa Barbara
281,893

114,078.0
December 4, 2017
January 12, 2018
1,063 structures destroyed; 2 fatalities; 104,607 evacuated
[84][85][86][87][88]

Lilac
San Diego
4,100

1,659.2
December 7, 2017
December 16, 2017
157 structures destroyed; 10,000+ evacuated
[89][90]

Ferguson
Mariposa
96,901

39,214.4
July 13, 2018
August 19, 2018
2 firefighters killed, 19 injured
[91]

Carr
Shasta
229,651

92,936.5
July 23, 2018

1,604 structures destroyed; 8 fatalities
[92]

Mendocino Complex
Mendocino, Lake, Colusa
459,102

185,792.0
July 27, 2018

277 structures destroyed, 1 fatality
[93]

text: Areas of repeated ignition[edit]

text: In some parts of California, fires can recur in areas with histories of fires. Examples of this are in Oakland, where fires of various size and ignition occurred in 1923, 1931, 1933, 1937, 1946, 1955, 1960, 1961, 1968, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1991, 1995, 2002, and 2008.[94][95] Other examples being Orange County, Riverside County, San Bernardino County, and Los Angeles County. In the case of Orange and San Bernardino, these two counties share a county border that runs north to south through the Chino Hills State Park, with the park's landscape ranging from large green coastal sage scrub, grassland, and woodland, to areas of brown sparsely dense vegetation made drier by droughts or hot summers. The valley's grass and barren land can become easily susceptible to dry spells and drought, therefore making it a prime spot for brush fires and conflagration, many of which have occurred since 1914. Hills and canyons have seen brush or wildfires in 1914, the 1920s, 1930s, 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s, 2000s, and into today.[96]

text: On occasion, freak lightning strikes from thunderstorms may also spark wildfires in areas that have seen past ignition. Examples of this are the 1999 Megram Fire and the 2008 California wildfires.[citation needed]


document_title: Muscle

question_text: where is most of the muscle weight found in humans

root

text: Muscle

text: Structure

text: The anatomy of muscles includes gross anatomy, which comprises all the muscles of an organism, and microanatomy, which comprises the structures of a single muscle.

tag: p

text: Types

text: Muscle tissue is a soft tissue, and is one of the four fundamental types of tissue present in animals. There are three types of muscle tissue recognized in vertebrates:

text:
Skeletal muscle or "voluntary muscle" is anchored by tendons (or by aponeuroses at a few places) to bone and is used to effect skeletal movement such as locomotion and in maintaining posture. Though this postural control is generally maintained as an unconscious reflex, the muscles responsible react to conscious control like non-postural muscles. An average adult male is made up of 42% of skeletal muscle and an average adult female is made up of 36% (as a percentage of body mass).[5]
Smooth muscle or "involuntary muscle" is found within the walls of organs and structures such as the esophagus, stomach, intestines, bronchi, uterus, urethra, bladder, blood vessels, and the arrector pili in the skin (in which it controls erection of body hair). Unlike skeletal muscle, smooth muscle is not under conscious control.
Cardiac muscle (myocardium), is also an "involuntary muscle" but is more akin in structure to skeletal muscle, and is found only in the heart.

tag: ul

text: Cardiac and skeletal muscles are "striated" in that they contain sarcomeres that are packed into highly regular arrangements of bundles; the myofibrils of smooth muscle cells are not arranged in sarcomeres and so are not striated. While the sarcomeres in skeletal muscles are arranged in regular, parallel bundles, cardiac muscle sarcomeres connect at branching, irregular angles (called intercalated discs). Striated muscle contracts and relaxes in short, intense bursts, whereas smooth muscle sustains longer or even near-permanent contractions.

text: Skeletal (voluntary) muscle is further divided into two broad types: slow twitch and fast twitch:

text:
Type I, slow twitch, or "red" muscle, is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the muscle tissue its characteristic red color. It can carry more oxygen and sustain aerobic activity using fats or carbohydrates as fuel.[6] Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force.
Type II, fast twitch muscle, has three major subtypes (IIa, IIx, and IIb) that vary in both contractile speed[7] and force generated.[6] Fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly, sustaining only short, anaerobic bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful. They contribute most to muscle strength and have greater potential for increase in mass. Type IIb is anaerobic, glycolytic, "white" muscle that is least dense in mitochondria and myoglobin. In small animals (e.g., rodents) this is the major fast muscle type, explaining the pale color of their flesh.

text: The density of mammalian skeletal muscle tissue is about 1.06 kg/liter.[8] This can be contrasted with the density of adipose tissue (fat), which is 0.9196 kg/liter.[9] This makes muscle tissue approximately 15% denser than fat tissue.

text: Microanatomy

text: Skeletal muscles are sheathed by a tough layer of connective tissue called the epimysium. The epimysium anchors muscle tissue to tendons at each end, where the epimysium becomes thicker and collagenous. It also protects muscles from friction against other muscles and bones. Within the epimysium are multiple bundles called fascicles, each of which contains 10 to 100 or more muscle fibers collectively sheathed by a perimysium. Besides surrounding each fascicle, the perimysium is a pathway for nerves and the flow of blood within the muscle. The threadlike muscle fibers are the individual muscle cells (myocytes), and each cell is encased within its own endomysium of collagen fibers. Thus, the overall muscle consists of fibers (cells) that are bundled into fascicles, which are themselves grouped together to form muscles. At each level of bundling, a collagenous membrane surrounds the bundle, and these membranes support muscle function both by resisting passive stretching of the tissue and by distributing forces applied to the muscle.[10] Scattered throughout the muscles are muscle spindles that provide sensory feedback information to the central nervous system. (This grouping structure is analogous to the organization of nerves which uses epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium).

text: This same bundles-within-bundles structure is replicated within the muscle cells. Within the cells of the muscle are myofibrils, which themselves are bundles of protein filaments. The term "myofibril" should not be confused with "myofiber", which is a simply another name for a muscle cell. Myofibrils are complex strands of several kinds of protein filaments organized together into repeating units called sarcomeres. The striated appearance of both skeletal and cardiac muscle results from the regular pattern of sarcomeres within their cells. Although both of these types of muscle contain sarcomeres, the fibers in cardiac muscle are typically branched to form a network. Cardiac muscle fibers are interconnected by intercalated discs,[11] giving that tissue the appearance of a syncytium.

text: The filaments in a sarcomere are composed of actin and myosin.

text: Gross anatomy

text: The gross anatomy of a muscle is the most important indicator of its role in the body. There is an important distinction seen between pennate muscles and other muscles. In most muscles, all the fibers are oriented in the same direction, running in a line from the origin to the insertion. However, In pennate muscles, the individual fibers are oriented at an angle relative to the line of action, attaching to the origin and insertion tendons at each end. Because the contracting fibers are pulling at an angle to the overall action of the muscle, the change in length is smaller, but this same orientation allows for more fibers (thus more force) in a muscle of a given size. Pennate muscles are usually found where their length change is less important than maximum force, such as the rectus femoris.

text: Skeletal muscle is arranged in discrete muscles, an example of which is the biceps brachii (biceps). The tough, fibrous epimysium of skeletal muscle is both connected to and continuous with the tendons. In turn, the tendons connect to the periosteum layer surrounding the bones, permitting the transfer of force from the muscles to the skeleton. Together, these fibrous layers, along with tendons and ligaments, constitute the deep fascia of the body.

text: Muscular system

text: The muscular system consists of all the muscles present in a single body. There are approximately 650 skeletal muscles in the human body,[12] but an exact number is difficult to define. The difficulty lies partly in the fact that different sources group the muscles differently and partly in that some muscles, such as palmaris longus, are not always present.

text: A muscular slip is a narrow length of muscle that acts to augment a larger muscle or muscles.

text: The muscular system is one component of the musculoskeletal system, which includes not only the muscles but also the bones, joints, tendons, and other structures that permit movement.

text: Development

text: All muscles are derived from paraxial mesoderm. The paraxial mesoderm is divided along the embryo's length into somites, corresponding to the segmentation of the body (most obviously seen in the vertebral column.[13] Each somite has 3 divisions, sclerotome (which forms vertebrae), dermatome (which forms skin), and myotome (which forms muscle). The myotome is divided into two sections, the epimere and hypomere, which form epaxial and hypaxial muscles, respectively. The only epaxial muscles in humans are the erector spinae and small intervertebral muscles, and are innervated by the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves. All other muscles, including those of the limbs are hypaxial, and inervated by the ventral rami of the spinal nerves.[13]

text: During development, myoblasts (muscle progenitor cells) either remain in the somite to form muscles associated with the vertebral column or migrate out into the body to form all other muscles. Myoblast migration is preceded by the formation of connective tissue frameworks, usually formed from the somatic lateral plate mesoderm. Myoblasts follow chemical signals to the appropriate locations, where they fuse into elongate skeletal muscle cells.[13]

text: Physiology

text: Contraction

text: The three types of muscle (skeletal, cardiac and smooth) have significant differences. However, all three use the movement of actin against myosin to create contraction. In skeletal muscle, contraction is stimulated by electrical impulses transmitted by the nerves, the motoneurons (motor nerves) in particular. Cardiac and smooth muscle contractions are stimulated by internal pacemaker cells which regularly contract, and propagate contractions to other muscle cells they are in contact with. All skeletal muscle and many smooth muscle contractions are facilitated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

text: The action a muscle generates is determined by the origin and insertion locations. The cross-sectional area of a muscle (rather than volume or length) determines the amount of force it can generate by defining the number of "sarcomeres" which can operate in parallel. Each skeletal muscle contains long units called myofibrils, and each myofibril is a chain of sarcomeres. Since contraction occurs at the same time for all connected sarcomeres in a muscles cell, these chains of sarcomeres shorten together, thus shortening the muscle fiber, resulting in overall length change.[14] The amount of force applied to the external environment is determined by lever mechanics, specifically the ratio of in-lever to out-lever. For example, moving the insertion point of the biceps more distally on the radius (farther from the joint of rotation) would increase the force generated during flexion (and, as a result, the maximum weight lifted in this movement), but decrease the maximum speed of flexion. Moving the insertion point proximally (closer to the joint of rotation) would result in decreased force but increased velocity. This can be most easily seen by comparing the limb of a mole to a horse - in the former, the insertion point is positioned to maximize force (for digging), while in the latter, the insertion point is positioned to maximize speed (for running).

text: Nervous control

text: Muscle movement

text: The efferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying commands to the muscles and glands, and is ultimately responsible for voluntary movement. Nerves move muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic (involuntary) signals from the brain. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the primary motor cortex of the brain, directly anterior to the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal lobes.

text: In addition, muscles react to reflexive nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain. In this case, the signal from the afferent fiber does not reach the brain, but produces the reflexive movement by direct connections with the efferent nerves in the spine. However, the majority of muscle activity is volitional, and the result of complex interactions between various areas of the brain.

text: Nerves that control skeletal muscles in mammals correspond with neuron groups along the primary motor cortex of the brain's cerebral cortex. Commands are routed though the basal ganglia and are modified by input from the cerebellum before being relayed through the pyramidal tract to the spinal cord and from there to the motor end plate at the muscles. Along the way, feedback, such as that of the extrapyramidal system contribute signals to influence muscle tone and response.

text: Deeper muscles such as those involved in posture often are controlled from nuclei in the brain stem and basal ganglia.

text: Proprioception

text: In skeletal muscles, muscle spindles convey information about the degree of muscle length and stretch to the central nervous system to assist in maintaining posture and joint position. The sense of where our bodies are in space is called proprioception, the perception of body awareness, the "unconscious" awareness of where the various regions of the body are located at any one time. Several areas in the brain coordinate movement and position with the feedback information gained from proprioception. The cerebellum and red nucleus in particular continuously sample position against movement and make minor corrections to assure smooth motion.[citation needed]

text: Energy consumption

text: Muscular activity accounts for much of the body's energy consumption. All muscle cells produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules which are used to power the movement of the myosin heads. Muscles have a short-term store of energy in the form of creatine phosphate which is generated from ATP and can regenerate ATP when needed with creatine kinase. Muscles also keep a storage form of glucose in the form of glycogen. Glycogen can be rapidly converted to glucose when energy is required for sustained, powerful contractions. Within the voluntary skeletal muscles, the glucose molecule can be metabolized anaerobically in a process called glycolysis which produces two ATP and two lactic acid molecules in the process (note that in aerobic conditions, lactate is not formed; instead pyruvate is formed and transmitted through the citric acid cycle). Muscle cells also contain globules of fat, which are used for energy during aerobic exercise. The aerobic energy systems take longer to produce the ATP and reach peak efficiency, and requires many more biochemical steps, but produces significantly more ATP than anaerobic glycolysis. Cardiac muscle on the other hand, can readily consume any of the three macronutrients (protein, glucose and fat) aerobically without a 'warm up' period and always extracts the maximum ATP yield from any molecule involved. The heart, liver and red blood cells will also consume lactic acid produced and excreted by skeletal muscles during exercise.

text: At rest, skeletal muscle consumes 54.4 kJ/kg (13.0 kcal/kg) per day. This is larger than adipose tissue (fat) at 18.8 kJ/kg (4.5 kcal/kg), and bone at 9.6 kJ/kg (2.3 kcal/kg).[15]

text: Efficiency

text: The efficiency of human muscle has been measured (in the context of rowing and cycling) at 18% to 26%. The efficiency is defined as the ratio of mechanical work output to the total metabolic cost, as can be calculated from oxygen consumption. This low efficiency is the result of about 40% efficiency of generating ATP from food energy, losses in converting energy from ATP into mechanical work inside the muscle, and mechanical losses inside the body. The latter two losses are dependent on the type of exercise and the type of muscle fibers being used (fast-twitch or slow-twitch). For an overall efficiency of 20 percent, one watt of mechanical power is equivalent to 4.3 kcal per hour. For example, one manufacturer of rowing equipment calibrates its rowing ergometer to count burned calories as equal to four times the actual mechanical work, plus 300 kcal per hour,[16] this amounts to about 20 percent efficiency at 250 watts of mechanical output. The mechanical energy output of a cyclic contraction can depend upon many factors, including activation timing, muscle strain trajectory, and rates of force rise & decay. These can be synthesized experimentally using work loop analysis.

text: Strength

text: Muscle is a result of three factors that overlap: physiological strength (muscle size, cross sectional area, available crossbridging, responses to training), neurological strength (how strong or weak is the signal that tells the muscle to contract), and mechanical strength (muscle's force angle on the lever, moment arm length, joint capabilities).[citation needed]

text: Physiological strength

text:
Grading of muscle strength

Grade 0
No contraction

Grade 1
Trace of contraction, but no movement at the joint

Grade 2
Movement at the joint with gravity eliminated

Grade 3
Movement against gravity, but not against added resistance

Grade 4
Movement against external resistance, but less than normal

Grade 5
Normal strength

tag: table

text: Vertebrate muscle typically produces approximately 25–33 N (5.6–7.4 lbf) of force per square centimeter of muscle cross-sectional area when isometric and at optimal length.[17] Some invertebrate muscles, such as in crab claws, have much longer sarcomeres than vertebrates, resulting in many more sites for actin and myosin to bind and thus much greater force per square centimeter at the cost of much slower speed. The force generated by a contraction can be measured non-invasively using either mechanomyography or phonomyography, be measured in vivo using tendon strain (if a prominent tendon is present), or be measured directly using more invasive methods.

text: The strength of any given muscle, in terms of force exerted on the skeleton, depends upon length, shortening speed, cross sectional area, pennation, sarcomere length, myosin isoforms, and neural activation of motor units. Significant reductions in muscle strength can indicate underlying pathology, with the chart at right used as a guide.

text: The "strongest" human muscle

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Since three factors affect muscular strength simultaneously and muscles never work individually, it is misleading to compare strength in individual muscles, and state that one is the "strongest". But below are several muscles whose strength is noteworthy for different reasons.

text:
In ordinary parlance, muscular "strength" usually refers to the ability to exert a force on an external object—for example, lifting a weight. By this definition, the masseter or jaw muscle is the strongest. The 1992 Guinness Book of Records records the achievement of a bite strength of 4,337 N (975 lbf) for 2 seconds. What distinguishes the masseter is not anything special about the muscle itself, but its advantage in working against a much shorter lever arm than other muscles.
If "strength" refers to the force exerted by the muscle itself, e.g., on the place where it inserts into a bone, then the strongest muscles are those with the largest cross-sectional area. This is because the tension exerted by an individual skeletal muscle fiber does not vary much. Each fiber can exert a force on the order of 0.3 micronewton. By this definition, the strongest muscle of the body is usually said to be the quadriceps femoris or the gluteus maximus.
Because muscle strength is determined by cross-sectional area, a shorter muscle will be stronger "pound for pound" (i.e., by weight) than a longer muscle of the same cross-sectional area. The myometrial layer of the uterus may be the strongest muscle by weight in the female human body. At the time when an infant is delivered, the entire human uterus weighs about 1.1 kg (40 oz). During childbirth, the uterus exerts 100 to 400 N (25 to 100 lbf) of downward force with each contraction.
The external muscles of the eye are conspicuously large and strong in relation to the small size and weight of the eyeball. It is frequently said that they are "the strongest muscles for the job they have to do" and are sometimes claimed to be "100 times stronger than they need to be." However, eye movements (particularly saccades used on facial scanning and reading) do require high speed movements, and eye muscles are exercised nightly during rapid eye movement sleep.
The statement that "the tongue is the strongest muscle in the body" appears frequently in lists of surprising facts, but it is difficult to find any definition of "strength" that would make this statement true. Note that the tongue consists of eight muscles, not one.
The heart has a claim to being the muscle that performs the largest quantity of physical work in the course of a lifetime. Estimates of the power output of the human heart range from 1 to 5 watts. This is much less than the maximum power output of other muscles; for example, the quadriceps can produce over 100 watts, but only for a few minutes. The heart does its work continuously over an entire lifetime without pause, and thus does "outwork" other muscles. An output of one watt continuously for eighty years yields a total work output of two and a half gigajoules.[18]

text: Exercise

text: Exercise is often recommended as a means of improving motor skills, fitness, muscle and bone strength, and joint function. Exercise has several effects upon muscles, connective tissue, bone, and the nerves that stimulate the muscles. One such effect is muscle hypertrophy, an increase in size. This is used in bodybuilding.

text: Various exercises require a predominance of certain muscle fiber utilization over another. Aerobic exercise involves long, low levels of exertion in which the muscles are used at well below their maximal contraction strength for long periods of time (the most classic example being the marathon). Aerobic events, which rely primarily on the aerobic (with oxygen) system, use a higher percentage of Type I (or slow-twitch) muscle fibers, consume a mixture of fat, protein and carbohydrates for energy, consume large amounts of oxygen and produce little lactic acid. Anaerobic exercise involves short bursts of higher intensity contractions at a much greater percentage of their maximum contraction strength. Examples of anaerobic exercise include sprinting and weight lifting. The anaerobic energy delivery system uses predominantly Type II or fast-twitch muscle fibers, relies mainly on ATP or glucose for fuel, consumes relatively little oxygen, protein and fat, produces large amounts of lactic acid and can not be sustained for as long a period as aerobic exercise. Many exercises are partially aerobic and partially anaerobic; for example, soccer and rock climbing involve a combination of both.

text: The presence of lactic acid has an inhibitory effect on ATP generation within the muscle; though not producing fatigue, it can inhibit or even stop performance if the intracellular concentration becomes too high. However, long-term training causes neovascularization within the muscle, increasing the ability to move waste products out of the muscles and maintain contraction. Once moved out of muscles with high concentrations within the sarcomere, lactic acid can be used by other muscles or body tissues as a source of energy, or transported to the liver where it is converted back to pyruvate. In addition to increasing the level of lactic acid, strenuous exercise causes the loss of potassium ions in muscle and causing an increase in potassium ion concentrations close to the muscle fibres, in the interstitium. Acidification by lactic acid may allow recovery of force so that acidosis may protect against fatigue rather than being a cause of fatigue.[19]

text: Delayed onset muscle soreness is pain or discomfort that may be felt one to three days after exercising and generally subsides two to three days later. Once thought to be caused by lactic acid build-up, a more recent theory is that it is caused by tiny tears in the muscle fibers caused by eccentric contraction, or unaccustomed training levels. Since lactic acid disperses fairly rapidly, it could not explain pain experienced days after exercise.[20]

text: Health

text: Humans are genetically predisposed with a larger percentage of one type of muscle group over another. An individual born with a greater percentage of Type I muscle fibers would theoretically be more suited to endurance events, such as triathlons, distance running, and long cycling events, whereas a human born with a greater percentage of Type II muscle fibers would be more likely to excel at sprinting events such as 100 meter dash.[citation needed]

text: Clinical significance

text: Hypertrophy

text: Independent of strength and performance measures, muscles can be induced to grow larger by a number of factors, including hormone signaling, developmental factors, strength training, and disease. Contrary to popular belief, the number of muscle fibres cannot be increased through exercise. Instead, muscles grow larger through a combination of muscle cell growth as new protein filaments are added along with additional mass provided by undifferentiated satellite cells alongside the existing muscle cells.[12]

text: Biological factors such as age and hormone levels can affect muscle hypertrophy. During puberty in males, hypertrophy occurs at an accelerated rate as the levels of growth-stimulating hormones produced by the body increase. Natural hypertrophy normally stops at full growth in the late teens. As testosterone is one of the body's major growth hormones, on average, men find hypertrophy much easier to achieve than women. Taking additional testosterone or other anabolic steroids will increase muscular hypertrophy.

text: Muscular, spinal and neural factors all affect muscle building. Sometimes a person may notice an increase in strength in a given muscle even though only its opposite has been subject to exercise, such as when a bodybuilder finds her left biceps stronger after completing a regimen focusing only on the right biceps. This phenomenon is called cross education.[citation needed]

text: Atrophy

text: Inactivity and starvation in mammals lead to atrophy of skeletal muscle, a decrease in muscle mass that may be accompanied by a smaller number and size of the muscle cells as well as lower protein content.[21] Muscle atrophy may also result from the natural aging process or from disease.

text: In humans, prolonged periods of immobilization, as in the cases of bed rest or astronauts flying in space, are known to result in muscle weakening and atrophy. Atrophy is of particular interest to the manned spaceflight community, because the weightlessness experienced in spaceflight results is a loss of as much as 30% of mass in some muscles.[22][23] Such consequences are also noted in small hibernating mammals like the golden-mantled ground squirrels and brown bats.[24]

text: During aging, there is a gradual decrease in the ability to maintain skeletal muscle function and mass, known as sarcopenia. The exact cause of sarcopenia is unknown, but it may be due to a combination of the gradual failure in the "satellite cells" that help to regenerate skeletal muscle fibers, and a decrease in sensitivity to or the availability of critical secreted growth factors that are necessary to maintain muscle mass and satellite cell survival. Sarcopenia is a normal aspect of aging, and is not actually a disease state yet can be linked to many injuries in the elderly population as well as decreasing quality of life.[25]

text: There are also many diseases and conditions that cause muscle atrophy. Examples include cancer and AIDS, which induce a body wasting syndrome called cachexia. Other syndromes or conditions that can induce skeletal muscle atrophy are congestive heart disease and some diseases of the liver.

text: Disease

text: Neuromuscular diseases are those that affect the muscles and/or their nervous control. In general, problems with nervous control can cause spasticity or paralysis, depending on the location and nature of the problem. A large proportion of neurological disorders, ranging from cerebrovascular accident (stroke) and Parkinson's disease to Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, can lead to problems with movement or motor coordination.

text: Symptoms of muscle diseases may include weakness, spasticity, myoclonus and myalgia. Diagnostic procedures that may reveal muscular disorders include testing creatine kinase levels in the blood and electromyography (measuring electrical activity in muscles). In some cases, muscle biopsy may be done to identify a myopathy, as well as genetic testing to identify DNA abnormalities associated with specific myopathies and dystrophies.

text: A non-invasive elastography technique that measures muscle noise is undergoing experimentation to provide a way of monitoring neuromuscular disease. The sound produced by a muscle comes from the shortening of actomyosin filaments along the axis of the muscle. During contraction, the muscle shortens along its longitudinal axis and expands across the transverse axis, producing vibrations at the surface.[26]

text: Evolution

text: The evolutionary origin of muscle cells in metazoans is a highly debated topic. In one line of thought scientists have believed that muscle cells evolved once and thus all animals with muscles cells have a single common ancestor. In the other line of thought, scientists believe muscles cells evolved more than once and any morphological or structural similarities are due to convergent evolution and genes that predate the evolution of muscle and even the mesoderm - the germ layer from which many scientists believe true muscle cells derive.

text: Schmid and Seipel argue that the origin of muscle cells is a monophyletic trait that occurred concurrently with the development of the digestive and nervous systems of all animals and that this origin can be traced to a single metazoan ancestor in which muscle cells are present. They argue that molecular and morphological similarities between the muscles cells in cnidaria and ctenophora are similar enough to those of bilaterians that there would be one ancestor in metazoans from which muscle cells derive. In this case, Schmid and Seipel argue that the last common ancestor of bilateria, ctenophora, and cnidaria was a triploblast or an organism with three germ layers and that diploblasty, meaning an organism with two germ layers, evolved secondarily due to their observation of the lack of mesoderm or muscle found in most cnidarians and ctenophores. By comparing the morphology of cnidarians and ctenophores to bilaterians, Schmid and Seipel were able to conclude that there were myoblast-like structures in the tentacles and gut of some species of cnidarians and in the tentacles of ctenophores. Since this is a structure unique to muscle cells, these scientists determined based on the data collected by their peers that this is a marker for striated muscles similar to that observed in bilaterians. The authors also remark that the muscle cells found in cnidarians and ctenophores are often contests due to the origin of these muscle cells being the ectoderm rather than the mesoderm or mesendoderm. The origin of true muscles cells is argued by others to be the endoderm portion of the mesoderm and the endoderm. However, Schmid and Seipel counter this skepticism about whether or not the muscle cells found in ctenophores and cnidarians are true muscle cells by considering that cnidarians develop through a medusa stage and polyp stage. They observe that in the hydrozoan medusa stage there is a layer of cells that separate from the distal side of the ectoderm to form the striated muscle cells in a way that seems similar to that of the mesoderm and call this third separated layer of cells the ectocodon. They also argue that not all muscle cells are derived from the mesendoderm in bilaterians with key examples being that in both the eye muscles of vertebrates and the muscles of spiralians these cells derive from the ectodermal mesoderm rather than the endodermal mesoderm. Furthermore, Schmid and Seipel argue that since myogenesis does occur in cnidarians with the help of molecular regulatory elements found in the specification of muscles cells in bilaterians that there is evidence for a single origin for striated muscle.[27]

text: In contrast to this argument for a single origin of muscle cells, Steinmetz et al. argue that molecular markers such as the myosin II protein used to determine this single origin of striated muscle actually predate the formation of muscle cells. This author uses an example of the contractile elements present in the porifera or sponges that do truly lack this striated muscle containing this protein. Furthermore, Steinmetz et al. present evidence for a polyphyletic origin of striated muscle cell development through their analysis of morphological and molecular markers that are present in bilaterians and absent in cnidarians, ctenophores, and bilaterians. Steimetz et al. showed that the traditional morphological and regulatory markers such as actin, the ability to couple myosin side chains phosphorylation to higher concentrations of the positive concentrations of calcium, and other MyHC elements are present in all metazoans not just the organisms that have been shown to have muscle cells. Thus, the usage of any of these structural or regulatory elements in determining whether or not the muscle cells of the cnidarians and ctenophores are similar enough to the muscle cells of the bilaterians to confirm a single lineage is questionable according to Steinmetz et al. Furthermore, Steinmetz et al. explain that the orthologues of the MyHc genes that have been used to hypothesize the origin of striated muscle occurred through a gene duplication event that predates the first true muscle cells (meaning striated muscle), and they show that the MyHc genes are present in the sponges that have contractile elements but no true muscle cells. Furthermore, Steinmetz et all showed that the localization of this duplicated set of genes that serve both the function of facilitating the formation of striated muscle genes and cell regulation and movement genes were already separated into striated myhc and non-muscle myhc. This separation of the duplicated set of genes is shown through the localization of the striated myhc to the contractile vacuole in sponges while the non-muscle myhc was more diffusely expressed during developmental cell shape and change. Steinmetz et al. found a similar pattern of localization in cnidarians with except with the cnidarian N. vectensis having this striated muscle marker present in the smooth muscle of the digestive track. Thus, Steinmetz et al. argue that the pleisiomorphic trait of the separated orthologues of myhc cannot be used to determine the monophylogeny of muscle, and additionally argue that the presence of a striated muscle marker in the smooth muscle of this cnidarian shows a fundamentally different mechanism of muscle cell development and structure in cnidarians.[28]

text: Steinmetz et al. continue to argue for multiple origins of striated muscle in the metazoans by explaining that a key set of genes used to form the troponin complex for muscle regulation and formation in bilaterians is missing from the cnidarians and ctenophores, and of 47 structural and regulatory proteins observed, Steinmetz et al. were not able to find even on unique striated muscle cell protein that was expressed in both cnidarians and bilaterians. Furthermore, the Z-disc seemed to have evolved differently even within bilaterians and there is a great deal diversity of proteins developed even between this clade, showing a large degree of radiation for muscle cells. Through this divergence of the Z-disc, Steimetz et al. argue that there are only four common protein components that were present in all bilaterians muscle ancestors and that of these for necessary Z-disc components only an actin protein that they have already argued is an uninformative marker through its pleisiomorphic state is present in cnidarians. Through further molecular marker testing, Steinmetz et al. observe that non-bilaterians lack many regulatory and structural components necessary for bilaterians muscle formation and do not find any unique set of proteins to both bilaterians and cnidarians and ctenophores that are not present in earlier, more primitive animals such as the sponges and amoebozoans. Through this analysis the authors conclude that due to the lack of elements that bilaterians muscles are dependent on for structure and usage, nonbilaterian muscles must be of a different origin with a different set regulatory and structural proteins.[28]

text: In another take on the argument, Andrikou and Arnone use the newly available data on gene regulatory networks to look at how the hierarchy of genes and morphogens and other mechanism of tissue specification diverge and are similar among early deuterostomes and protostomes. By understanding not only what genes are present in all bilaterians but also the time and place of deployment of these genes, Andrikou and Arnone discuss a deeper understanding of the evolution of myogenesis.[29]

text: In their paper Andrikou and Arnone argue that to truly understand the evolution of muscle cells the function of transcriptional regulators must be understood in the context of other external and internal interactions. Through their analysis, Andrikou and Arnone found that there were conserved orthologues of the gene regulatory network in both invertebrate bilaterians and in cnidarians. They argue that having this common, general regulatory circuit allowed for a high degree of divergence from a single well functioning network. Andrikou and Arnone found that the orthologues of genes found in vertebrates had been changed through different types of structural mutations in the invertebrate deuterostomes and protostomes, and they argue that these structural changes in the genes allowed for a large divergence of muscle function and muscle formation in these species. Andrikou and Arnone were able to recognize not only any difference due to mutation in the genes found in vertebrates and invertebrates but also the integration of species specific genes that could also cause divergence from the original gene regulatory network function. Thus, although a common muscle patterning system has been determined, they argue that this could be due to a more ancestral gene regulatory network being coopted several times across lineages with additional genes and mutations causing very divergent development of muscles. Thus it seems that myogenic patterning framework may be an ancestral trait. However, Andrikou and Arnone explain that the basic muscle patterning structure must also be considered in combination with the cis regulatory elements present at different times during development. In contrast with the high level of gene family apparatuses structure, Andrikou and Arnone found that the cis regulatory elements were not well conserved both in time and place in the network which could show a large degree of divergence in the formation of muscle cells. Through this analysis, it seems that the myogenic GRN is an ancestral GRN with actual changes in myogenic function and structure possibly being linked to later coopts of genes at different times and places.[29]

text: Evolutionarily, specialized forms of skeletal and cardiac muscles predated the divergence of the vertebrate/arthropod evolutionary line.[30] This indicates that these types of muscle developed in a common ancestor sometime before 700 million years ago (mya). Vertebrate smooth muscle was found to have evolved independently from the skeletal and cardiac muscle types.


document_title: List of All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship winners

question_text: when did tipperary last win the all ireland

text: Winners[edit]

text: Finals[edit]

text:
Season
Province
Winners
Score
Runners-up
Province
Venue
Attendance
Notes

1887
Munster
Tipperary
1-1 : 0-1
Galway
Connacht
Birr Sportsfield, Birr
5,000

1888

n/a

n/a

[nb 1]

1889
Leinster
Dublin
5-1 : 1-6
Clare
Munster
St. Patrick's GAA Field, Dublin
1,500

1890
Munster
Cork
1-6 : 2-2
Wexford
Leinster
Clonturk Park, Dublin
1,000
[nb 2]

1891
Munster
Kerry
2-3 : 1-5
Wexford
Leinster
Clonturk Park, Dublin
2,000

1892
Munster
Cork
2-3 : 1-5
Dublin
Leinster
Clonturk Park, Dublin
5,000
[nb 3]

1893
Munster
Cork
6-8 : 0-2
Kilkenny
Leinster
Phoenix Park, Dublin
1,000

1894
Munster
Cork
5-20 : 2-0
Dublin
Leinster
Clonturk Park, Dublin
2,000

1895
Munster
Tipperary
6-8 : 1-10
Kilkenny
Leinster
Jones' Road, Dublin
8,000

1896
Munster
Tipperary
8-14 : 0-4
Dublin
Leinster
Jones' Road, Dublin
3,500

1897
Munster
Limerick
3-4 : 2-4
Kilkenny
Leinster
Tipperary GAA Field, Tipperary
5,000

1898
Munster
Tipperary
7-13 : 3-10
Kilkenny
Leinster
Jones' Road, Dublin
2,500

1899
Munster
Tipperary
3-12 : 1-4
Wexford
Leinster
Jones' Road, Dublin
3,500

1900
Munster
Tipperary
2-5 : 0-6
London
Britain
Jones' Road, Dublin
8,000

1901
Britain
London
1-5 : 0-4
Cork
Munster
Jones' Road, Dublin

1902
Munster
Cork
3-13 : 0-0
London
Britain
Cork Athletic Grounds, Cork
8,000

1903
Munster
Cork
3-16 : 1-1
London
Britain
Jones' Road, Dublin

1904
Leinster
Kilkenny
1-9 : 1-8
Cork
Munster
, Carrick-on-Suir

1905
(R)
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-12 : 5-10
7-7 : 2-9
Cork
Munster
Fraher Field, Dungarvan

[nb 4]

1906
Munster
Tipperary
3-16 : 3-8
Dublin
Leinster
Nowlan Park, Kilkenny
5,000

1907
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-12 : 4-8
Cork
Munster
Fraher Field, Dungarvan
15,000

1908
Munster
Tipperary
3-15 : 1-5
Dublin
Leinster
Geraldine Park, Athy

1909
Leinster
Kilkenny
4-6 : 0-12
Tipperary
Munster
Cork Athletic Grounds, Cork
11,000

1910
Leinster
Wexford
7-0 : 6-2
Limerick
Munster
Jones' Road, Dublin

1911
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-3 : 1-1
Tipperary
Munster
Fraher Field, Dungarvan

1912
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-1 : 1-3
Cork
Munster
Jones' Road, Dublin
18,000

1913
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-4 : 1-2
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
12,000

1914
Munster
Clare
5-1 : 1-0
Laois
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin

1915
Leinster
Laois
6-2 : 4-1
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin

1916
Munster
Tipperary
5-4 : 3-2
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
5,000

1917
Leinster
Dublin
5-4 : 4-2
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin

1918
Munster
Limerick
9-5 : 1-3
Wexford
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin

1919
Munster
Cork
6-4 : 2-4
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
14,300

1920
Leinster
Dublin
4-9 : 4-3
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
22,000

1921
Munster
Limerick
8-5 : 3-2
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
19,000

1922
Leinster
Kilkenny
4-2 : 2-6
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
26,119

1923
Connacht
Galway
7-3 : 4-5
Limerick
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
7,000

1924
Leinster
Dublin
5-3 : 2-6
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
9,000

1925
Munster
Tipperary
5-6 : 1-5
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
20,000

1926
Munster
Cork
4-6 : 2-0
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
26,829

1927
Leinster
Dublin
4-8 : 1-3
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
23,824

1928
Munster
Cork
6-12 : 1-0
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
15,259

1929
Munster
Cork
4-9 : 1-3
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
14,000

1930
Munster
Tipperary
2-7 : 1-3
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
21,730

1931
(R)
(R)
Munster
Cork
1-6 : 1-6
2-5 : 2-5
5-8 : 3-4
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
26,460
33,124
31,935

1932
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-3 : 2-3
Clare
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
34,392

1933
Leinster
Kilkenny
1-7 : 0-6
Limerick
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
45,176

1934
(R)
Munster
Limerick
2-7 : 3-4
3-4 : 2-6
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
34,867
30,250

1935
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-5 : 2-4
Limerick
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
46,591

1936
Munster
Limerick
5-6 : 1-5
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
51,235

1937
Munster
Tipperary
3-11 : 0-3
Kilkenny
Leinster
FitzGerald Stadium, Killarney
67,629
[nb 5]

1938
Leinster
Dublin
2-7 : 3-3
Waterford
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
37,129

1939
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-7 : 3-3
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
39,302

1940
Munster
Limerick
3-7 : 1-7
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
49,260

1941
Munster
Cork
5-11 : 0-6
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
26,150

1942
Munster
Cork
2-14 : 3-4
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
27,313

1943
Munster
Cork
5-16 : 0-4
Antrim
Ulster
Croke Park, Dublin
48,843

1944
Munster
Cork
2-13 : 1-2
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
26,896

1945
Munster
Tipperary
5-6 : 3-6
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
69,459

1946
Munster
Cork
7-5 : 3-8
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
64,415

1947
Leinster
Kilkenny
0-14 : 2-7
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
61,510

1948
Munster
Waterford
6-7 : 4-2
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
61,742

1949
Munster
Tipperary
3-11 : 0-3
Laois
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
67,168

1950
Munster
Tipperary
1-9 : 1-8
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
67,629

1951
Munster
Tipperary
7-7 : 3-9
Wexford
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
68,515

1952
Munster
Cork
2-14 : 0-7
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
71,195

1953
Munster
Cork
3-3 : 0-8
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
71,195

1954
Munster
Cork
1-9 : 1-6
Wexford
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
84,856

1955
Leinster
Wexford
3-13 : 2-8
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
72,854

1956
Leinster
Wexford
2-14 : 2-8
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
83,096

1957
Leinster
Kilkenny
4-10 : 3-12
Waterford
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
70,594

1958
Munster
Tipperary
4-9 : 2-5
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
47,276

1959
(R)
Munster
Waterford
1-17 : 5-5
3-12 : 1-10
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
73,707
77,285

1960
Leinster
Wexford
2-15 : 0-11
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
77,154

1961
Munster
Tipperary
0-16 : 1-12
Dublin
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
67,866

1962
Munster
Tipperary
3-10 : 2-11
Wexford
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
75,039

1963
Leinster
Kilkenny
4-17 : 6-8
Waterford
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
73,123

1964
Munster
Tipperary
5-13 : 2-8
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
71,282

1965
Munster
Tipperary
2-16 : 0-10
Wexford
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
67,498

1966
Munster
Cork
3-9 : 1-10
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
68,249

1967
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-8 : 2-7
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
64,241

1968
Leinster
Wexford
5-8 : 3-12
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
63,461

1969
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-15 : 2-9
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
66,844

1970
Munster
Cork
6-21 : 5-10
Wexford
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
65,062

1971
Munster
Tipperary
5-17 : 5-14
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
61,393

1972
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-24 : 5-11
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
66,137

1973
Munster
Limerick
1-21 : 1-14
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
59,009

1974
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-19 : 1-13
Limerick
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
62,071

1975
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-22 : 2-10
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
63,711

1976
Munster
Cork
2-21 : 4-11
Wexford
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
62,684

1977
Munster
Cork
1-17 : 3-8
Wexford
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
63,198

1978
Munster
Cork
1-15 : 2-8
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
64,155

1979
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-12 : 1-8
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
53,535

1980
Connacht
Galway
2-15 : 3-9
Limerick
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
64,895

1981
Leinster
Offaly
2-12 : 0-15
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
71,348

1982
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-18 : 1-13
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
59,550

1983
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-14 : 2-12
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
58,381

1984
Munster
Cork
3-16 : 1-12
Offaly
Leinster
Semple Stadium, Thurles
59,814
[nb 6]

1985
Leinster
Offaly
2-11 : 1-12
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
61,451

1986
Munster
Cork
4-13 : 2-15
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
63,451

1987
Connacht
Galway
1-12 : 0-9
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
63,596

1988
Connacht
Galway
1-15 : 0-14
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
63,545

1989
Munster
Tipperary
4-24 : 3-9
Antrim
Ulster
Croke Park, Dublin
65,496

1990
Munster
Cork
5-15 : 2-21
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
63,954

1991
Munster
Tipperary
1-16 : 1-15
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
64,500

1992
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-10 : 1-12
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
64,534

1993
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-17 : 1-15
Galway
Connact
Croke Park, Dublin
63,460

1994
Leinster
Offaly
3-16 : 2-13
Limerick
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
54,458

1995
Munster
Clare
1-13 : 2-8
Offaly
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
65,092

1996
Leinster
Wexford
1-13 : 0-14
Limerick
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
65,849

1997
Munster
Clare
0-20 : 2-13
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
65,575

1998
Leinster
Offaly
2-16 : 1-13
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
65,491

1999
Munster
Cork
0-13 : 0-12
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
62,989

2000
Leintser
Kilkenny
5-15 : 1-14
Offaly
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
61,493

2001
Munster
Tipperary
2-18 : 2-15
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
68,515

2002
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-20 : 0-19
Clare
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
76,254

2003
Leinster
Kilkenny
1-14 : 1-11
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
79,383

2004
Munster
Cork
0-17 : 0-9
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
78,212

2005
Munster
Cork
1-21 : 1-16
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
82,275

2006
Leinster
Kilkenny
1-16 : 1-13
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
82,275

2007
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-19 : 1-15
Limerick
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
82,127

2008
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-30 : 1-13
Waterford
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
82,186

2009
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-22 : 0-23
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
82,106

2010
Munster
Tipperary
4-17 : 1-18
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
81,765

2011
Leinster
Kilkenny
2-17 : 1-16
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
81,214

2012
(R)
Leinster
Kilkenny
0-19 : 2:13
3-22 : 3-11
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
81,932
82,274

2013
(R)
Munster
Clare
0-25 : 3-16
5-16 : 3-16
Cork
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
81,651
82,276

2014
(R)
Leinster
Kilkenny
3-22 : 1-28
2-17 : 2-14
Tipperary
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
82,179
81,753

2015
Leinster
Kilkenny
1-22 : 1-18
Galway
Connacht
Croke Park, Dublin
82,300

2016
Munster
Tipperary
2-29 : 2-20
Kilkenny
Leinster
Croke Park, Dublin
82,300

2017
Connacht
Galway
0-26 : 2-17
Waterford
Munster
Croke Park, Dublin
82,300

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The Championship was left unfinished due to many of the players travelling to the United States in an attempt to raise money for a revival of the Tailteann Games[3]
Jump up ^ The match was abandoned by the Cork team due to rough play by their opponents, with Wexford leading 2-2 to 1-6 (at the time, one goal equalled five points, so Wexford led 12 to 11). Cork were later awarded the title
Jump up ^ Cork led by 2-3 to 1-5 when the Dublin side left the field in protest at a disputed goal, leaving the match unfinished. As a result, Cork were awarded the title
Jump up ^ Cork won the initial game, but after an objection was raised about Cork keeper Daniel McCarthy being a reservist for the British Army, a replay was ordered, won by Kilkenny
Jump up ^ Newly built FitzGerald Stadium in Killarney hosted the All-Ireland final due to a builders' strike at Croke Park[4]
Jump up ^ The centenary-year All-Ireland final was played in Semple Stadium as a gesture to the town where the GAA was founded[5]

tag: ol


document_title: Apollo Creed

question_text: who was apollo creed fighting when he died

text: Apollo Creed

text: Role in the series[edit]

text: Rocky[edit]

text: Apollo Creed first appeared in the 1976 Oscar-winning film Rocky as the charismatic, intelligent, and undefeated 33-year-old World Heavyweight Champion. A planned Bicentennial fight against number-one contender Mac Lee Green was scheduled for January 1, 1976, which Creed gladly hypes whenever someone places a microphone in front of him. However, Green hurts his left hand in training, and when none of the other top-ranked contenders, such as Joe Czak and Buddy Shaw, step up to face the champion, Creed responds with a promotion that will generate huge publicity. He will offer an unknown local fighter an opportunity to battle for the title in a match in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[7]

text: Upon reviewing the local boxers in Philadelphia, Creed is drawn to a club fighter named Rocky Balboa because Balboa is Italian and has a catchy nickname, "The Italian Stallion". Creed also explains his choice by saying: "Who discovered America? An Italian, right? What better way to celebrate its 200th birthday than to get it on with one of his descendants?" Creed brushes off the idea of the left-handed Balboa giving him a fight, pledging to knock him out in three rounds.[8] In spite of his trainer's concern when he sees Balboa in a television interview, training by punching sides of beef in a meat-packing plant, Creed puts more effort into giving everyone a good show rather than training for the bout. When the match takes place, Creed dresses up like both George Washington and Uncle Sam in the pre-fight festivities (with his matching trademark "stars and stripes" boxing shorts) and is in a jovial mood until Balboa knocks him down in the first round with a single uppercut, the first time Creed has been knocked down in his career.[9] He then endures a gruelling 15-round fight with Balboa, who gets to his feet after Creed takes him down with an uppercut in the 14th round in what appears to be the end of the match. This was the first time anyone had ever taken the champion the full 15 rounds.

text: Both fighters are beaten, bloodied, and bruised by the end of the bout—Balboa with severe eye damage and Creed with internal bleeding. Creed gains a controversial split decision victory, and neither fighter wants a rematch, at least at that moment.

text: Rocky II [edit]

text: In the second film, Creed immediately demands a rematch in the hospital ER after the fight. In fact, he challenges Rocky to finish the fight right there. Creed's desire for a rematch with Balboa intensifies when it becomes clear that the prevailing public opinion is that Creed had been paid to intentionally carry Rocky for the 15-round distance instead of knocking him out early in the fight. Eager to change minds and ignoring the pleas of his staff, Creed challenges Balboa to a second fight on Thanksgiving Day, 1976. He uses various humiliation tactics to coax Balboa out of retirement. Rocky had married his girlfriend Adrian after getting out of the hospital from the first fight. Creed insists at the press conference that he would "drop him like a bad habit" and tells Rocky when he leaves, "Come November, you're mine!" In a press interview during training, he also insists that Rocky "cannot last five minutes in the ring with a superior athlete like me!" Creed plows through sparring partners and trains harder than ever before, with the intention of punishing Balboa for the embarrassment eleven months earlier. Mickey trains Rocky to become faster by chasing and catching a chicken.

text: Unlike their first fight, Creed dominates Balboa throughout the second fight, thwarting Rocky's strategy of fighting right-handed. Despite this, he is unable to make good on his promise of an early knockout victory, as Rocky absorbs his punches. By the final round, Creed is well ahead on points; however, he also endures a substantial beating in later rounds, when it becomes apparent he cannot knock Balboa out, and Balboa begins landing his own punches on the tiring Creed. Not wanting a repeat of the first fight (and ignoring the pleas of his trainers), he vows to knock Balboa out rather than taking the safer route by winning on points. At the beginning of the 15th round, he tells Rocky, "You're going down", to which Rocky replies, "No way". After going toe-to-toe for much of the final round, Creed is knocked down by a left from Balboa, with Balboa falling down in exhaustion as well. Rocky gets up by the count of 9, but Creed is unable to pull himself up and is counted out, losing the match and the championship by knockout, his first professional loss.[10]

text: Apollo retires from boxing soon after. Even though he has lost, he gains his respect from the crowd back since it feels that he fought and lost in a fair fight. The fight also results in Creed finally acknowledging Balboa's ability as a fighter, rather than seeing him as a fluke.

text: Rocky III[edit]

text: In the third film, a 39-year-old Apollo Creed appears at the first fight between James "Clubber" Lang, 23, and Rocky Balboa, 34, as a guest moderator. This is a match at which Lang defeats Rocky by KO in the second round. Before the match, the former champion Creed steps into the ring to greet the fighters. When he steps up to Lang, the latter slaps away Creed's hand and mockingly insists that he "don't want no has-been in my corner". He further says, "You want to jump, Creed? Jump." When Creed walks away, stunned at this rude display from the belligerent challenger, Lang laughs at him and calls him a "chicken". This prompts Creed to tell Balboa to "give everybody a present to drop this chump." Following the match, Balboa's beloved manager Mickey dies. Determined in part to put the disrespectful brute in his place, Creed finds Balboa at Mickey's gym and they agree to have Creed take over as Rocky’s manager. The pair travels to the 'Tough Gym' in Los Angeles, California, where Creed used to train, in preparation for a rematch with Lang. Creed encourages Rocky not to ignore the naysayers that say he is too old but instead refocus himself. During this talk, he states, "Now when we fought…you had that eye of the tiger".[11] This quote is referred to throughout the movie, including the film's theme song, "Eye of the Tiger" by Survivor. Creed mentions that Rocky will owe him "a big favor" once he wins, which he does not specify at first. Rocky's training is geared toward making him quicker and more agile to counter the larger, stronger brawler. Creed teaches Rocky his (Creed's) own fighting style.[12] Rocky has trouble concentrating during his training, suffering from guilt over Mickey's demise and self-doubt. Adrian helps Rocky recognize this as a simple fear of losing again and convinces him that he can't let fear control his life and that he has to fight again, not to prove a point but to live without fear. Rocky agrees and begins to put his fear aside. Creed helps Rocky rediscover the fire inside, which he had lost in the time leading up to the Lang fight, that had won him the title. Creed calls this fire the "eye of the tiger".

text: Before the match begins, Creed expresses his confidence that Rocky will win. He gives Rocky his signature "colors" (Creed's stars and stripes boxing trunks) to wear during the fight (and tells him to wash them afterwards). Re-energized with Creed shadow-boxing in his corner, Rocky regains his title with a three-round knockout of Lang. After his victory, Creed reveals his favor—a third fight with Rocky (not as a bloody fight between bitter rivals, but as a sparring match between friends). Rocky happily accepts the challenge. The film ends showing each boxer hitting the other at the same time, symbolizing the equality of their greatness. The result was not revealed until the 2015 film Creed, in which Rocky tells Apollo's son that Apollo won this fight.

text: Rocky IV[edit]

text: In 1985, Apollo (43 years old), comes out of a five-year retirement to fight mammoth Soviet Olympic boxer Ivan Drago, who has come to the United States on behalf of the Soviet Union to enter the world of professional boxing.[2] Not wanting the Soviets to appear superior to American fighters, the patriotic Apollo challenges Drago to an exhibition match and calls out Drago at the press conference that sets up their exhibition bout at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas, Nevada on August 31, 1985.

text: Highlighted by a pre-match rendition of "Living in America" by James Brown, Apollo enters the arena from a descending scaffold overhead, dancing to the music in his old red, white, and blue Uncle Sam outfit. With Rocky, Duke, and Paulie in his corner, Apollo is overly confident that he can dispense of Drago with ease. However, Apollo is not ready for the extreme size and strength of the Russian. After taunting the Russian and landing a number of ineffectual punches, Creed is pummeled badly in the first round. Rocky wants to stop the fight but Apollo refuses. Apollo adamantly tells Rocky not to stop the fight "no matter what...no matter what!"

text: By the start of the second round, Drago pummels Creed with ease. Rocky again tries to stop the fight by throwing in the towel. Apollo tells Rocky not to stop the fight, giving Drago a chance to deliver a fatal blow (as Rocky drops the towel causing the fight to stop) to Apollo, who dies in Rocky's arms in the middle of the ring. Drago wins by technical knockout.

text: An enraged Rocky then sets out to avenge Apollo's death by beating Drago in the Soviet Union, with the Soviet premier and the Politburo looking on. He succeeds as the film ends with Rocky winning the fight by knockout in the last round.

text: Rocky V[edit]

text: With his character's death, Carl Weathers departed the franchise after Rocky IV. In Rocky V, the fifth installment of the series, after Rocky Balboa defeated Ivan Drago, Apollo's trainer Duke congratulated Rocky by showing that he made everyone proud, especially for Apollo by holding up his red, white, and blue trunks. Apollo was thereafter only mentioned briefly in past tenses, including a flashback scene between Mickey and Rocky before Balboa's first fight with Creed where Mickey states, "Apollo won't know what hit him." Rocky's pupil Tommy Gunn also claimed to have been a fan of Rocky since his first fight with Apollo. Tommy was eventually allowed to wear Creed's trunks. There was a poster of Apollo and Rocky during the events of Rocky II in Rocky Jr's bedroom before the Balboas went bankrupt. During Tommy's fight with Union Cane, Rocky commented that it was like his own first fight with Apollo. Later, during Rocky's street fight with Tommy, he began to hallucinate and saw images of Apollo's death at the hands of Drago, believing that he was about to suffer the same fate. However, a vision of Mickey telling him to get up gave Rocky the strength to win the street fight.

text: Rocky Balboa[edit]

text: In the sixth installment of the Rocky franchise, Rocky is seen paying tribute to Apollo by telling customers at his restaurant stories about his friendship and fights with him. In a deleted scene when Rocky wakes up, Rocky sees Paulie sleeping and Rocky sees a photo of his first fight with Apollo but his face is censored and Rocky's face is covered by a scrap of paper with Paulie's head. During the commentary before the Rocky vs Mason Dixon fight, a montage of Rocky's opponents is shown which excludes his two fights against Apollo.

text: Creed[edit]

text: In the seventh installment, it has been revealed that Creed had an affair sometime before his death, and from that, Adonis Johnson Creed was born. After his biological mother's death in the late '90s, Apollo's widow, Mary Anne (Phylicia Rashad), adopts him. At a young age, not only does he possess the boxing skills of his father, but also his fiery temper. Years later, presumed to be a well-educated young man, Adonis (Michael B. Jordan) leaves his job to pursue a full-time career in boxing. He first seeks tutelage from Duke's son, "Lil' Duke" (Wood Harris), who runs the Delphi Boxing Academy. Duke refuses to work with Adonis to ensure his safety. Adonis, to his mother's dismay, moves to Philadelphia to seek out Rocky. While meeting up at Adrian's, Rocky is surprised when Adonis mentions a third fight between him and Apollo that happened behind closed doors, presenting himself to be Apollo's son. Rocky complements his father's boxing ability and reveals that Apollo won their third match.

text: When the word got out that Adonis is Apollo's illegitimate son, the media heavily publicized the story of his infidelity, which catches the eye of the trainer for the reigning light-heavyweight champion, "Pretty" Ricky Conlan (Tony Bellew). Both parties would want the fight to happen, however, on the condition that Adonis would assume his actual name instead of his mother's last name, Johnson, to which he agrees, similar to Apollo's desire to select Rocky due to his nickname: "The Italian Stallion". Leading up to the fight, Rocky has been diagnosed with cancer, which greatly impacts Adonis' behavior which gets him incarcerated for the night. While Rocky visits him in prison, Adonis angrily blames him for his father's death, while Rocky tries to calm him down and understand Apollo, who isn't there to defend himself. After getting his mind straight, Adonis makes a pact with Rocky that they would both fight their respective battles together.

text: In Liverpool, Adonis receives a gift from Mary Anne; boxing trunks that heavily resembles his father's trunks, who he passed to Rocky, who he passed to Tommy "The Machine" Gunn. The fight presents many parallels to Rocky and Apollo's original fight, with Adonis assuming his trainer's role. Conlan presents an unrelenting attack on Adonis, in which he knocks him down. After a less than stellar introductory round, Adonis finally manages a right hook strong enough to cut Conlan by surprise. In the eleventh round, after an intense flurry, Conlan manages a strong shot that seemingly knocked Adonis unconscious, however Adonis sees visions of his relationship with his girlfriend and Rocky's ailing composure, but finally wakes up after seeing a vision of his father in his prime, which baffles Conlan and the audience.

text: Before the final round, Rocky is adamant on stopping the fight to save Adonis from the long term effects of his injuries, a decision he contemplated 30 years after Apollo's death. However, Adonis wants to continue to fight to prove that he is not "a mistake". After the revelation, Rocky tells Adonis that, though he's never had the chance to thank Apollo for stepping in when Mickey died, it does not match what he's done for him and that he loves him. In the closing seconds of the fight, Adonis finally unleashes a style that is comparable to his father's and Rocky's, and manages to knock down Conlan for the first time in his career. A split decision determines Conlan the winner of the fight, and gives Adonis the ultimate respect, telling him that he's "the future of this division". During the post-fight interview, HBO Boxing analyst Max Kellerman asks Adonis what he would like to say to his father, to which Adonis tearfully says that he loves him and he knows he didn't leave him on purpose, in which he concludes the interview saying he's "proud to be a Creed".

text: Fighting style[edit]

text: In the film series, Creed is known as one of the world's best fighters, possessing a combination of great speed and strength. His powerful jab and emphasis on agility complement his flashy personality and outfit.[2] In terms of weaknesses, his only major drawback appears to be his deep sense of pride and strong self-confidence, which allows Rocky to get an edge over him in the ring by surprising Creed.[7]

text: Like Ali, Apollo was an outside fighter, relying on his speed and power to get through fights. His jab-cross-hook combination were his mainstay, and, also like Ali, Creed's defense was heavily contingent upon his speed. Apollo used Ali's "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee" philosophy, being able to slip and evade blows and frustrate his opponents. A notable difference was that though Creed had Ali's unorthodox hand positioning, he ducked, bobbed and weaved in the classic style, as opposed to Ali who preferred to move backwards, in contradiction to boxing's basic tenets, but with success. Perhaps the reason for this was that only Ali could be that unorthodox and look convincing; where most boxing instructors would tell their pupils that a punch cannot be landed when the puncher is retreating backwards, Ali did that too with regularity. Also unlike Ali, Apollo was not very political and had very little to say on social issues. In Rocky I, a reporter asked him if it mattered to him that he was fighting a white man on the most celebrated day in the U.S.'s history, to which Apollo replied, "About as much as it matters to him that he's fighting a black man on the most celebrated day in our country's history."

text: Like Ali, Creed was susceptible to taking a lot of damage during fights because of the level at which he held his hands, a fact which ultimately proved to be his undoing.

text: Film in the United States portal


document_title: Latin Mass

question_text: when did catholic mass go from latin to english

text: Latin Mass

text: Tridentine Mass in Latin[edit]

text: The term "Latin Mass" is frequently used to denote the Tridentine Mass, that is, the Roman-Rite liturgy of the Mass celebrated in Latin and in accordance with the successive editions of the Roman Missal published between 1570 and 1962.

text: In most countries, the Tridentine Mass was celebrated only in Latin. However, in Dalmatia and parts of Istria in Croatia, the liturgy was celebrated in Church Slavonic, and authorisation for use of this language was extended to some other Slavic regions between 1886 and 1935.[1][2] There "Tridentine Mass" was not synonymous with "Latin Mass".

text: A further distancing between the concepts of "Tridentine Mass" and "Latin Mass" was brought about by the 1964 Instruction on implementing the Constitution on Sacred Liturgy of the Second Vatican Council, which laid down that "normally the epistle and gospel from the Mass of the day shall be read in the vernacular". Episcopal conferences were to decide, with the consent of the Holy See, what other parts, if any, of the Mass were to be celebrated in the vernacular.[3] Permissions were thus granted from 1967 onwards to celebrate most of the Tridentine Mass in vernacular languages, including the Canon.

text: Present Roman-Rite Mass in Latin[edit]

text: Neither the Second Vatican Council nor the subsequent revision of the Roman Missal abolished Latin as the liturgical language of the Roman Rite: the official text of the Roman Missal, on which translations into vernacular languages are to be based, continues to be in Latin, and Latin can still be used in the celebration.[4] The term "Latin Mass" is sometimes applied to such celebrations, which in some places are part of the normal Sunday schedule.

text: Other forms of Mass in Latin[edit]

text: Historically speaking, "Latin Mass" can be applied also to the various forms of Pre-Tridentine Mass from about the year 190 of Pope Victor, when the Church in Rome changed from Greek to Latin.[5]

text: Latin liturgical rites other than the Roman Rite have used Latin, and in some cases continue to do so. These include the Ambrosian Rite and the Mozarabic Rite. Some priests and communities continue to use non-Roman-Rite liturgies that have been generally abandoned, such as the Carmelite Rite and the Dominican Rite, celebrating them in Latin. Celebration in Latin of such rites is sometimes referred to as "Latin Mass".[6]

text: Other uses[edit]

text: A Traditionalist Catholic periodical in the United States is entitled The Latin Mass, the Journal of Catholic Culture and Tradition.

text: Various editions of the Anglican Book of Common Prayer have been translated into Latin: for example, for use in the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge (Liber Precum Publicarum of Walther Haddon, 1560). The Church of the Advent of Christ the King, an Anglo-Catholic parish in San Francisco, regularly celebrates Mass according to the 1979 Prayer Book of its province, the Episcopal Church, in Latin.


document_title: Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988

question_text: what is the purpose of the drug-free workplace act of 1988

text: Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988

text: The Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 (41 U.S.C. 81) is an act of the United States which requires some Federal contractors and all Federal grantees to agree that they will provide drug-free workplaces as a precondition of receiving a contract or grant from a Federal agency.[1]

text: Although all covered contractors and grantees must maintain a drug-free workplace, the specific components necessary to meet the requirements of the Act vary based on whether the contractor or grantee is an individual or an organization. The requirements for organizations are more extensive, because organizations have to take comprehensive, programmatic steps to achieve a workplace free of drugs.[1]