document_title: Being Mary Jane

question_text: when did the last episode of being mary jane air

text: Being Mary Jane

text: Series overview[edit]

text: SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired19July 2, 2013 (2013-07-02)February 25, 2014 (2014-02-25)212February 3, 2015 (2015-02-03)April 14, 2015 (2015-04-14)310October 20, 2015 (2015-10-20)December 15, 2015 (2015-12-15)42010January 10, 2017 (2017-01-10)March 21, 2017 (2017-03-21)10July 18, 2017 (2017-07-18)September 19, 2017 (2017-09-19)

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text:
Gabrielle Union as Pauletta ("Mary Jane Paul") Patterson: a successful TV news anchor for Satellite News Channel (SNC) who remains devoted to a family that does not share her motivation as she juggles her life, her relationships, her work, and commitments.
Lisa Vidal as Kara Lynch: the executive producer of Talk Back (Mary Jane's show) at SNC and Mary Jane's best friend.
Margaret Avery as Helen Patterson: Mary Jane's overprotective mother, who is battling lupus.
Latarsha Rose as Dr. Lisa Hudson: Mary Jane's best friend since elementary school, an OB/GYN (seasons 1–3).
Aaron D. Spears as Mark Bradley: a co-anchor at the newsroom and the closeted gay friend of Mary Jane (seasons 1–3).
Richard Brooks as Patrick Patterson: Mary Jane's older, less-motivated brother.
B.J. Britt as Paul Patterson, Jr.: Mary Jane's responsible younger brother.
Raven Goodwin as Niecy Patterson: Mary Jane's niece; Patrick Patterson's daughter, who is also a mother.
Richard Roundtree as Paul Patterson, Sr.: Mary Jane's compassionate father.
Omari Hardwick as Andre Daniels: Mary Jane's married love interest (season 1)[16]
Stephen Bishop as David Paulk: Mary Jane's playboy love interest (recurring season 1; seasons 2–3).

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Robinne Lee as Avery Daniels: Andre's wife, who learns of her husband's affair with Mary Jane (Season 1).
Tatom Pender as Tracy: Patrick's girlfriend and mother of their child.
Madison Alsobrook as D'Asia: Patrick's daughter (Season 4). Formerly Navia Robinson (Seasons 1–3).
Brély Evans as Nichelle: Mary Jane's friend and publicist to the stars.
Kelly Rutherford as Cynthia Phillips (seasons 1–2)
Ryan Homchick as Lance (season 1–3)
Salli Richardson as Valerie (Season 2)
Gary Dourdan as Sheldon (season 2)
Kyle Massey as Cameron (season 2)
Loretta Devine as Cece (season 3)
Daniella Alonso as Marisol Esparza (season 3)
Thomas Jones as Brandon (season 3)
Paul Rolfes as Aaron Felty (seasons 3–4)
Michael Ealy as Justin Talbot (season 4)
Chiké Okonkwo as Lee Truitt (season 4)
Valarie Pettiford as Ronda Sales (season 4)
Ashton Holmes as Garrett (season 4)
Julian Walker as Ty (season 4)
Cesar Cipriano as Dante (season 4)
Tian Richards as Jovan (season 4)

text: Guest stars[edit]

text:
Jasmine Dustin as Ana Hoem (Season 1)
Lesley-Ann Brandt as Tamiko Roberts (Season 1)
Sheila Frazier as Catherine Stafford (Season 1)
Darrin Dewitt Henson (Season 1)
Lorraine Toussaint as Aunt Toni, Paul's younger sister and Mary Jane's aunt (Season 1)
Wayne Brady as Sean Anders (Season 1)
Ludacris as Terrence Mitchell (Season 1)
Dorian Missick as Detective Cedric Rawlins (Season 1)
Frances Burnett as Dana Shultz (Season 1)
India Arie as herself (Season 2)
Christina Vidal as Lilly (Season 2) (Christina Vidal plays the sister of Kara, played by her real-life sister Lisa)
Nina Parker (season 3, episode 6)
Jill Scott (season 3, episode 5)
Kelly Rowland as Robin (season 3, episode 6)
Tamar Braxton as Herself (season 3, episode 10)
Adrienne Bailon as Herself (season 3, episode 10)
Ava DuVernay (Season 1)
Cardi B (Season 4)
Loren "Lo London" Jordan (Season 4)
Dave East (Season 4)

text: Production[edit]

text: The show was originally to be called Single Black Female.[17] The series centers on successful broadcast journalist Mary Jane Paul (played by Gabrielle Union) and her professional and private family life while searching for "Mr. Right":

text: Mary Jane Paul has it all: she's a successful TV news anchor, entirely self-sufficient – an all-around powerhouse who remains devoted to a family that doesn’t share her motivation. As Mary Jane juggles her life, her work and her commitment to her family, we find out how far she's willing to go to find the puzzle pieces that she, and society, insist are missing from her life as a single Black female.[18]

text: Omari Hardwick plays a potential Mr. Right.  Other cast members include Latarsha Rose, Lisa Vidal, Aaron D. Spears, Richard Roundtree, Margaret Avery, Richard Brooks, Tika Sumpter, Raven Goodwin, B.J. Britt, and Robinne Lee.[18]

text: The series is produced by Mara Brock Akil, who produced BET's most successful series ever, The Game, and the romantic comedy film Jumping the Broom. The pilot episode was filmed in April 2012 at 780 N. Highland Ave. in the Virginia Highland neighborhood of Atlanta.[19][20][21]

text: On September 12, 2013, BET renewed Being Mary Jane for a second season, before the first season premiered.[6] The second season premiered on February 3, 2015, and on February 5 the series was renewed for a third season,[22] which premiered October 20, 2015.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 2016, Gabrielle Union sued BET for allegedly depriving her of agreed upon compensation.[23]


document_title: Ghost Whisperer

question_text: where is ghost whisperer supposed to take place

root

text: Ghost Whisperer

text: Premise[edit]

text: Melinda Gordon (Jennifer Love Hewitt) is a young woman from the town of Grandview, New York, who has the ability to see and communicate with the dead. Melinda lives with her husband, Jim Clancy (David Conrad), and later their son Aiden (Connor Gibbs). She owns a shop called "Same as It Never Was Antiques". Ghosts seek Melinda's help in relaying a message or completing a task that will put the spirit to rest, and allow them to cross over into the light. Those who died with unfinished business become earthbound and cannot cross over, and Melinda, as their earthly representative, helps them to find peace. The show does not present the ghosts as having sinned; rather it is the spirits' own guilt that condemns them, and their own fear of judgment that keeps them from "crossing over" into an afterlife.

tag: p

text: The series also starred Aisha Tyler as Andrea Marino, Melinda's best friend, who runs the antique shop with her. Andrea is killed in the first-season finale. During the second season, Melinda meets Delia Banks (Camryn Manheim), a struggling real estate agent who forms a friendship with Melinda and who eventually agrees to run the antique shop with her. Delia is shocked to find out about Melinda's abilities; in fact, at first she claims Melinda needs psychological help. Delia eventually accepts Melinda's gift, though she remains skeptical at times. Delia has a son named Ned Banks (Tyler Patrick Jones seasons 2–3, Christoph Sanders thereafter) who finds out about Melinda's gift long before his mother does.

text: Melinda also forms a friendship with Rick Payne (Jay Mohr), a professor at Rockland University. He helps Melinda solve the conflicts of ghosts throughout the second and third seasons. He departs in the fourth-season premiere for an expedition in the Himalayas.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Ghost Whisperer is based in part on the work of Mary Ann Winkowski.[6] Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere.[7] James Van Praagh was a co-executive producer and consultant on the show.[8]

text: The show was produced by Sander/Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios (originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios (originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three).

text: The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles.[9] One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy, though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview. For example, the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up. The front of Melinda and Jim's house is also the same set used by the Finch family in the film adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird. Cast and crew members said they believed that the set got visits from real spirits.[10] After the show's cancellation and shortly before the sets were torn down, Jennifer Love Hewitt filmed a tour demonstrating the ways in which the areas were different from those shown in the TV broadcast.[11]

text: Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound.[12] Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works.[13] Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX.[14] Roy Forge Smith, who frequently collaborated with John Gary, was the production designer on 44 episodes of the show, spanning two season, from 2005 to 2007.[15]

text: Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn, New York, which is not far from Grand View-On-Hudson (also called Grand View), west of the Hudson River. Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town, which is accurate to real life as Grand View is actually located just north of Piermont. Professor Rick Payne worked at the fictional "Rockland University", and, perhaps not coincidentally, the actual village of Grand View is a village located in Rockland County, New York.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Love Hewitt as Melinda Gordon
Aisha Tyler as Andrea Marino
David Conrad as Jim Clancy / Sam Lucas
Camryn Manheim as Delia Banks
Jay Mohr as Professor Rick Payne
Tyler Patrick Jones / Christoph Sanders as Ned Banks
Jamie Kennedy as Professor Eli James
Connor Gibbs as Aiden Lucas

tag: ul

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The first season premiered on September 23, 2005, and ended on May 5, 2006. It received an average of 10.20 million viewers. Season two of Ghost Whisperer premiered on September 22, 2006, and ended on May 11, 2007, again airing Friday nights on CBS during the same timeslot.[citation needed] CBS officially renewed the show for a third season placing it in its regular Friday 8 p.m. ET time slot. The third season premiered September 28, 2007. Twelve episodes were completed before the Writers Guild of America strike, and once the strike ended, CBS had announced that the show would return April 4, 2008, with six episodes.[16] On February 15, 2008, CBS renewed Ghost Whisperer for a fourth season.[17] For the fourth season, Jamie Kennedy joined the cast as Psychology professor Eli James. Jay Mohr left after the first episode as the plot had his character, Professor Rick Payne, going on sabbatical (Mohr took a role in Gary Unmarried).[18] Recurring cast member Christoph Sanders joined as a regular cast member. The fourth season of Ghost Whisperer premiered on Friday, October 3, 2008, and concluded on May 15, 2009, and consisted of 23 episodes.[19][20] In an interview by P.K. Simonds with E! Online, it was announced that Ghost Whisperer would return for a fifth season.[21] CBS renewed Ghost Whisperer for the fifth season on May 20, 2009, which began airing on Friday, September 25, 2009, at 8 p.m. ET and ran for 22 episodes.[22][23]

text: Syndication[edit]

text: On May 5, 2008, it was announced that the first three seasons of Ghost Whisperer were purchased for $169.8 million ($700,000 per episode, per network) for syndication by SyFy, ION Television, and WE TV. Episodes began airing in Summer 2009 on ION, and in Fall 2009 on SyFy and WE.[24] The first four seasons began airing in syndication on CBC Television in Canada on August 31, 2009.[25]

text: Cancellation[edit]

text: On May 18, 2010, citing rising costs and a decline in viewership, CBS announced that Ghost Whisperer would not be renewed for another season.[5] ABC expressed interest in picking up Ghost Whisperer for Fall 2010;[26][27] however, on May 27, 2010, Michael Ausiello reported that ABC had passed on renewing Ghost Whisperer for a sixth season.[28]

text: Zap2it declared Ghost Whisperer is the second "most missed axed show" after a poll determined 19.4 percent of voters would miss it.[29]

text: In October 2010, Jennifer Love Hewitt thanked the fans of the show for their support in a goodbye video (filmed in June, 2010), saying "Your love and support has meant everything to the cast and crew of Ghost Whisperer and we will all miss you guys very, very much. Go get our DVDs, think about us, miss us and know how much we all will miss you. Much love."[11]

text: In January 2011, Hewitt told the press of her opinion about the cancellation, saying "When you’ve taken people on a journey for so long, the least you can do is give them a goodbye. For a show that was about unfinished business, we didn’t get to finish."[30]

text: Episodes and U.S. ratings[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
U.S Seasonal rankings
(based on average total viewers per episode)

Season premiere
Season finale
Rank
Rating/share
(18–49 demo)

Viewers
(in millions)

1
22
September 23, 2005
May 5, 2006
#47
2.9/10
10.20

2
22
September 22, 2006
May 11, 2007
#44
3.0/10
9.90

3
18
September 28, 2007
May 16, 2008
#64
2.4/8
8.67

4
23
October 3, 2008
May 15, 2009
#34
3.7/11
10.62[31]

5
22
September 25, 2009
May 21, 2010
#54
1.9/6
7.78[32]

tag: table

text: Episodes in the first half of the fourth season won their time slot every week in viewers, and across all age demographics, including the 18–49 age bracket, and also usually won the night for CBS as the most-watched show on Friday nights.[33] Furthermore, fourteen episodes from Season 4 surpassed 10 million viewers, with another seven surpassing 11 million viewers.[34]

text: Other media[edit]

text: Webisodes[edit]

text: Ghost Whisperer: The Other Side is a series of webisodes released on the Ghost Whisperer website.[35] Starting in Season 2, a total of eight webisodes were produced for every season.

text: The first two seasons follow Zach (played by Mark Hapka), a young delivery boy who dies while delivering a package. He soon learns how to do things in the spirit world, and gets revenge on his best friend Danny, who he thinks killed him. Season 3 of the webisodes deals with a ghost named Marc (played by Justin Loyal) trying to help his high school crush Olivia (played by Jaimi Paige) find true love as her fiancé George does not love her. The fourth and final season of the webisodes deals with the ghost of a man named Bo (played by Matt Knudsen) who haunts James Tyler (played by Mark Lutz) and his family after they move into their new home.

text: Melinda from the television series doesn't appear in the internet series as it takes place entirely in the spirit world. However, characters from the webisodes have appeared in the television series. In the second-season finale of Ghost Whisperer, Zach made an appearance while trying to get help from Melinda before being taken into the Dark Side, leaving the internet series in its own cliffhanger. Zach later made another appearance and crossed over in season three episode 16 of Ghost Whisperer. Marc and Olivia make brief and uncredited appearances in episode 21 of season 4 of Ghost Whisperer.

text: Internet promotion[edit]

text: andshamethedevil.net[36] is a site linked to Ghost Whisperer. The site is mentioned in the Season 3 premiere. By clicking on the star in the upper right hand corner, the site appears to crack into pieces. Those pieces can be moved by dragging, revealing this message: "Meet Me In The Underworld". Small type at the bottom of the page read the repeated words: "bloody mary. bloody mary. bloody mary." Also clicking on the word 'bloody', it leads to another site rubloodymary.com. There is a hidden message under the graphic. By holding down the mouse key and dragging it around, a new image will appear along with the message. andshamethedevil.net is no longer used as promotion for the show and has since been turned into an unrelated advertising blog, although rubloodymary.com can still be accessed by typing the address into an address box in an internet browser.

text: In the series, penthius.info is often used by Melinda to look up information about the families and ghosts that she is investigating in Grandview. A real world version of this site was created in February 2008. The site description read: "Penthius.Info is a free search engine and video super site based on the search engine in the television series The Ghost Whisperer with Jennifer Love Hewitt." It was first mentioned in a post on TV.com by misscalais,[37] a fan who created the site to promote the show.

text: Video game[edit]

text: In July 2009, Legacy Interactive announced a licensing agreement with CBS Consumer Products to develop a video game based on the Ghost Whisperer television series. The game is set to debut on the PC and Mac and include characters and themes from the show.[38] On November 1, 2010, a developer diary was posted on the game's website, detailing areas in the game and confirming that Melinda, Jim, Delia and Eli will feature. The release date, which was initially early 2010, was changed to 2011 and the subtitle announced in the original press release, Shadowlands, was dropped from the game. The game was written by Emmy award-winning television writer Lance Gentile.[39] It was released on April 19, 2011, exclusively at Wal-Mart.

text: Novels[edit]

text: Revenge

text: Plague Room

text: Ghost Trap

text: Graphic novels[edit]

text: The Haunted

text: The Muse

text: Reference books[edit]

text: Ghost Whisperer: Spirit Guide

text: This book includes exclusive behind-the-scenes material as well as guides on episodes and music from the first three seasons.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Group
Award
Result
For

2006
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films
Best Actress on Television
Won
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Emmy Awards
Outstanding Main Title Design
Nominated

Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Television Actress
Nominated
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Teen Choice Awards
TV—Choice Breakout Show
Nominated

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Television Series (Comedy or Drama)—Guest Starring Young Actor
Won
Joseph Castanon

2007
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films
Best Actress in a Television Program
Won
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Emmy Awards
Outstanding Music Composition for a Series (Original Dramatic Score)
Nominated
Episode: Love Never Dies

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Actress: Drama
Nominated
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series—Guest Starring Young Actress
Nominated
Jenna Boyd

2008
Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films
Best Actress on Television
Won
Jennifer Love Hewitt

TV Land Awards
Favorite Character from the "Other Side"
Nominated
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series—Guest Starring Young Actress
Nominated
Isabelle Fuhrman

2009
GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Individual Episode (in a series without a regular LGBT character)
Nominated
Episode: Slam

Emmy Awards
Outstanding Special Visual Effects For A Series
Nominated
Episode: Ghost In The Machine

Outstanding Music Composition For A Series (original Dramatic Score)
Nominated
Episode: Leap Of Faith

Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films
Best Actress on Television
Nominated
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Visual Effects Society Award
Outstanding Visual Effects in a Broadcast Series
Nominated
Episode 403 "Ghost in the Machine"—Armen Kevorkian, Arthur J. Codron, Matt Scharf, & Stefan Bredereck

Visual Effects Society Award
Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Broadcast Program or Commercial
Nominated
Episode 404 "Save Our Souls" / Claridon Ship Shots, Eric Hance

2010
Saturn Award
Best Series on Television
Nominated

Saturn Award
Best Actress on Television
Nominated
Jennifer Love Hewitt

Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a TV Series - Recurring Young Actress
Nominated
Madison Leisle

Young Artist Awards
Guest Starring Young Actor 14 and Over
Nominated
Hunter Gomez

2011
Young Artist Awards
Guest Starring Young Actress Ten and Under
Nominated
Joey King

Young Artist Awards
Guest Starring Young Actor 14-17
Nominated
Billy Unger

Young Artist Awards
Guest Starring Young Actor 14-17
Nominated
Joey Luthman

Young Artist Awards
Guest Starring Young Actress Ten and Under
Won
Samantha Bailey

Young Artist Awards
Reoccurring Young Actor Ten and Under
Won
Connor Gibbs

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: The Region 1 DVD releases are distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment/CBS DVD, while releases in all other regions are distributed by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment (formerly Buena Vista Home Entertainment).

text: On March 17, 2015, CBS DVD will release Ghost Whisperer- The Complete series on DVD in Region 1.[40]

text:
Season
Specifications
Special features
Release dates

1

22 episodes
6 discs
Video: Anamorphic widescreen 1.78:1 aspect ratio
Audio: Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround
No subtitles

Audio commentaries
Blooper reel
Deleted scenes
Two featurettes
Virtual tour: Grandview
Ghost Whisperer Mythology
Scare Tactics

Region 1
October 31, 2006
Region 2
July 9, 2007 (Europe)
April 23, 2008 (Japan)
Region 3
May 29, 2007 (Hong Kong)
June 19, 2007 (Korea)
Region 4
May 23, 2007 (Australia)
October 22, 2007 (Brazil)

2

22 episodes
6 discs
Video: Anamorphic widescreen 1.78:1 aspect ratio
Audio: Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround
Closed captioned

Audio commentaries
Behind-the-scenes featurettes
The Other Side webseries
Tarot cards
Music video

Region 1
September 18, 2007
Region 2
February 25, 2008
Region 3
April 8, 2008 (Hong Kong)
July 26, 2008 (Korea)
Region 4
April 2, 2008 (Australia)
September 12, 2008 (Brazil)

3

18 episodes
5 discs
Video: Anamorphic widescreen 1.78:1 aspect ratio
Audio: Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround
Closed captioned

Audio commentaries
Behind-the-scenes featurettes
The Other Side II web series
Interactive games

Interactive Haunted House
Interactive Mash up
Melinda's Haunted Diary

Region 1
September 2, 2008
Region 2
April 6, 2009
Region 3
March 3, 2009
Region 4
March 12, 2009 (Australia)
May 12, 2009 (Brazil)

4

23 episodes
6 discs
Video: Anamorphic widescreen 1.78:1 aspect ratio
Audio: Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround
Closed captioned

Audio commentaries
Behind-the-scenes featurettes
The Other Side III web series

Region 1
September 22, 2009
Region 2
March 1, 2010
Region 3
N/A
Region 4
March 9, 2010 (Australia)
May 12, 2010 (Brazil)
March 10, 2010 (Argentina)

5

22 episodes
6 discs
Video: Anamorphic widescreen 1.78:1 aspect limo
Audio: Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround
Closed captioned

Audio commentaries
Behind-the-scenes featurettes
Celebrating 100
A Triple Threat
A Season of Changes
The Other Side IV web series
Ghost Town
Ghosts of Rockland Memorial

Region 1
October 12, 2010
Region 2
March 21, 2011
Region 3
N/A
Region 4
March 2, 2011 (Australia)
TBA (Brazil)
TBA (Argentina)

text: International broadcasts[edit]

text:
Country
Network

 Afghanistan
1 TV

 Albania
Vizion +
Fox Life

 Argentina
Sony Entertainment Television

 Australia
Seven Network (prime)

 Austria
ORF1

 Belgium
2BE

 Brazil
Sony Entertainment Television

 Bulgaria
bTV (Seasons 1–3)
AXN (Seasons 1–2)
Fox Life (Seasons 1–5)

 Canada
CTV
ZTélé

 Chile
Sony Entertainment Television

 Colombia
Sony Entertainment Television

 Costa Rica
Sony Entertainment Television

 Cyprus
LTV

 Denmark
TV3 Puls
kanal 4

 Dominican Republic
Antena Latina

 Ecuador
Sony Entertainment Television

 Estonia
Fox Life

 Finland
Nelonen

 France
TF6
TF1

 Germany
ProSieben
kabel eins
sixx

 Ghana
Viasat 1

 Greece
NET (seasons 3–5)
ET1 (seasons 1–2)
FOXlife (seasons 1–5)

 Hong Kong
STAR World

 Hungary
AXN
TV2 (Hungary)

 India
STAR World

 Indonesia
STAR World

 Ireland
RTÉ One

 Israel
Yes Action
Yes SCI FI

 Italy
Fox Life
Rai 2
Rai 4

 Japan
WOWOW

 Kosovo
Fox Life

 Latvia
Fox Life

 Lithuania
Fox Life

 Macedonia
A1

 Malaysia
STAR World
8TV

 Mexico
Sony Entertainment Television
Azteca 7
Televisa Regional

 Netherlands
NET 5

 New Zealand
TV2

 Norway
FEM (TV channel)

 Pakistan
STAR World

 Paraguay
Sony Entertainment Television

 Peru
Sony Entertainment Television

 Philippines
STAR World

 Poland
TVN (Poland)
TVN 7
Fox Life

 Portugal
SIC
Fox Life

 Romania
PRO TV
AXN

 Russia
Channel One
Fox Life

 Singapore
STAR World

 Slovakia
TV JOJ

 Slovenia
TV3 Slovenia

 Serbia
Fox Life

 South Africa
M-net

 Spain
Fox
Cuatro
FDF
Divinity

 Sweden
TV4

 Switzerland
RTS Un (French)
SRF zwei (German)
RSI La 2 (Italian)

 Taiwan
STAR World

 Thailand
Channel 7
STAR World

 Turkey
CNBC-e

 Ukraine
1+1
ТЕТ
Inter

 United Arab Emirates
Fox Series
OSN First

 United Kingdom
Sky Living

 United States
Ion Television

 Uruguay
Sony Entertainment Television

 Venezuela
Sony Entertainment Television

 Vietnam
STAR World (Seasons 1–5)
VTV3 (Season 1)

text: International versions[edit]

text:
Country
Local name
Network
Language

 Tamil Nadu
Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval
Sun TV
Tamil

 Spain
El don de Alba
Telecinco
Spanish


question_text: how many languages are included in the 8th schedule of constitution

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Part of a series onConstitution of India
Preamble

Parts[show]Fundamental RightsPARTI ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙  IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII  VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI  ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV  XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI  XXII

Schedules[show]First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth  Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth  Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth

Appendices[show]I ∙ II ∙ III ∙  IV ∙ V

Amendments[show]List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101

Related topics[show]
Union List
State List
Concurrent List
Basic structure doctrine
Uniform civil code

vte

text: The Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India lists the official languages of the Republic of India. At the time when the Constitution was enacted, inclusion in this list meant that the language was entitled to representation on the Official Languages Commission,[1] and that the language would be one of the bases that would be drawn upon to enrich Hindi, the official language of the Union.[2] The list has since, however, acquired further significance. The Government of India is now under an obligation to take measures for the development of these languages, such that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge".[3] In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper.[4]

text: Per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Indian Constitution, the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 languages:[5]

text:
Assamese
Bengali
Bodo
Dogri
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
Manipuri
Marathi
Nepali
Odia
Punjabi
Sanskrit
Santali
Sindhi
Tamil
Telugu
Urdu

tag: ol

text: Of these languages, 14 were initially included in the Constitution. Subsequently, Sindhi was added in 1967 by 21st constitutional amendment act; Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added in 1992 by 71st Constitutional Amendment Act; and Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santali were added in 2003 by 92nd Constitutional Amendment Act.[6]

text: Demand for more languages for inclusion in the Eighth Schedule[edit]

text:
At present, as per Ministry of Home Affairs,[7] there are demands for inclusion of 41 more languages
in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution. These are:

text:
Angika
Banjara
Bazika
Bishnupriya
Bhojpuri
Ladakhi
Bhotia
Bundelkhandi
Chhattisgarhi
Dhatki
Indian English
Indian French
Garhwali (Pahari)
Gondi
Gujjar/Gujjari
Haryanvi
Ho
Kachachhi
Kamtapuri
Karbi
Khasi
Kodava (Coorgi)
Kokborok
Kumaoni (Pahari)
Kurak
Kurmali
Lepcha
Limbu
Mizo (Lushai)
Magahi
Mundari
Nagpuri
Nicobarese
Himachali
Pali
Rajasthani
Sambalpuri/Kosali
Shaurseni (Prakrit)
Siraiki
Tenyidi
Tulu


document_title: Corsage

question_text: where does the boutineer go on a tux

question_tokens: where does the boutineer go on a tux

text: Corsage

text: History[edit]

text: In the 1900s, corsages could be seen pinned on a dress and were known as "bouquet de corsage." With time this phrase transitioned to 'corsage', with corsages being made into wristlets because of the new styles of dresses being made.[4] In the 1950s, some were made with fruit and would be seen on hats for decoration.[3] Originally named after the French word for the bodice of a dress to which it was attached, they were originally thought to be lucky or ward off evil spirits.[5] This explains why flowers are seen at special events or occasions such as weddings and sacred rituals during religious practices. It has become a customary practice and a demonstration of affection from a date. It is thought that originally the gentleman would bring a gift of flowers for the parents of his date and would select one flower to give to his date, which would then be carried or attached to her clothing.[5] With time this idea became outdated and was transitioned to be more of a luxury to compliment the dress or signify the couple is paired at events.[4] After events, some people like to keep the flowers as mementos even after the flowers are dried and browning.

text: Homecoming and prom[edit]

text: When attending a school formal or prom, providing a corsage for a prom date signifies consideration and generosity, as the corsage is meant to symbolize and honor the person wearing it.[6] Corsages are usually worn around a prom date's wrist; alternatively, they may be pinned on her dress or a modified nosegay can be carried in her hand. The colors of the flowers are usually designed to complement the dress or to add color to the couple, tying the whole look together. Prom couples may wish to go together to choose the flowers for a custom-made corsage or boutonniere.[7] As time progressed, the tradition is that the male presents a corsage or nosegay to the female as a gift, while the female would get the boutonniere and pin it on the shirt or jacket. Typically for homecoming the corsage is used because it is a much smaller event compared to prom. For prom events the more modern choice is the nosegay because they are more appealing in pictures.[citation needed]

text: Flowers used to create a corsage[edit]

text: The following table shows some of the main flowers and accents used to create a custom-made corsage and that can be included in a nosegay and boutonnière.[citation needed]

text:
Flowers used in a corsage
Filler or Accents
Extra

Spray roses (sweetheart roses)
Gyp (baby's breath)
Fake wired leaves

Standard roses
Solidago
gems

Orchids
Wax flower
beads

Carnations
Seeded eucalyptis
ribbon

Mini Calla Lily
asters
pearl wrist band

Succulents
hypericum
glitter

Freesia
chamomile

Daisies

Mums

text: Tools[edit]

text: A corsage's style and design may vary depending on the event. The younger generation tends to use wrist corsages, which themselves may vary in style and size depending on the wearer. The more traditional option is the pin on corsage. This style often gets confused as a boutonniere because of the similarities, but the main difference is the size and amount of flowers used.

text: Corsages have not changed much since the 1900s. However, they used to be three times the size of the ones being made in the 2000s. If a wrist corsage is chosen for an event, the designer can make it using wires and floral tape or floral glue-- this is left to personal preference. When making a pin on, the wire method is recommended because it is similar to making a boutonniere and will support the stems or flower bulbs. Glue could be added to hold the flowers together if the wire and tape are not sufficient.[8][9][10]

text:
Wrist corsage
Pin on corsage

flowers
flowers

floral glue
floral wire

floral tape
floral tape

floral wire


document_title: History of the Los Angeles Raiders

question_text: when did oakland raiders move to los angeles

text: History of the Los Angeles Raiders

text: History[edit]

text: Start[edit]

text: Prior to the 1980 season, Al Davis attempted unsuccessfully to have improvements made to the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, specifically the addition of luxury boxes. That year, he signed a Memorandum of Agreement to move the Raiders from Oakland to Los Angeles. The move, which required three-fourths approval by league owners, was defeated 22–0 (with five owners abstaining). When Davis tried to move the team anyway, he was blocked by an injunction. In response, the Raiders not only became an active partner in an antitrust lawsuit filed by the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (who had recently lost the Los Angeles Rams), but filed an antitrust lawsuit of their own.[1] After the first case was declared a mistrial, in May 1982 a second jury found in favor of Davis and the Los Angeles Coliseum, clearing the way for the move.[2][3][4] With the ruling, the Raiders finally relocated to Los Angeles for the 1982 season to play their home games at the Los Angeles Coliseum.

text: The team finished 8–1 in the strike-shortened 1982 season, first in the AFC, but lost in the second round of the playoffs to the New York Jets. The following season, the team finished 12–4 and won convincingly against the Steelers and Seattle Seahawks in the AFC playoffs. Against the Washington Redskins in Super Bowl XVIII, the Raiders built a 21–3 halftime lead en route to a 38–9 victory and their third NFL championship. The team had another successful regular season in 1984, finishing 11–5, but a three-game losing streak forced them to enter the playoffs as a wildcard, where they fell to the Seahawks. The 1985 campaign saw 12 wins and a division title, but that was followed by an embarrassing home loss to the Patriots.

text: 1986–1989: Struggles, beginning of the end[edit]

text: The Raiders' fortunes declined after that, and from 1986 through 1989, the team finished no better than 8–8 and posted consecutive losing seasons for the first time since 1961–62. Also 1986 saw Al Davis get into a widely publicized argument with RB Marcus Allen, whom he accused of faking injuries. The feud continued into 1987, and Davis retaliating by signing Bo Jackson in Allen's place. However, Jackson was also a left fielder for the Kansas City Royals, and could not play full-time until baseball season ended in October. Even worse, another strike cost the NFL one game and prompted them to use substitute players. The Raiders fill-ins achieved a 1–2 record before the regular team returned. After a weak 5–10 finish, Tom Flores moved to the front office and was replaced by Denver Broncos offensive assistant coach Mike Shanahan. Shanahan led the team to a 7–9 season in 1988, and Allen and Jackson continued to trade places as the starting RB. Low game attendance and fan apathy were evident by this point, and In the summer of 1988, rumors of a Raiders return to Oakland intensified when a preseason game against the Houston Oilers was scheduled at Oakland Coliseum.[5]

text: As early as 1986, Davis began to seek a new, more modern stadium away from the Coliseum and the dangerous neighborhood that surrounded it at the time (which caused the NFL to schedule the Raiders' Monday Night Football appearances as away games). In addition to sharing the venue with the USC Trojans, the Coliseum was aging and still lacked the luxury suites and other amenities that Davis was promised when he moved the Raiders to Los Angeles.[6] Finally, the Coliseum had 100,000 seats and was rarely able to fill all of them, and so most Raiders home games were blacked out on television. In August 1987, it was announced that the city of Irwindale paid Davis $10 million as a good-faith deposit for a prospective stadium site.[7] When the bid failed, Davis kept the non-refundable deposit.[8][9]

text: 1989–1994: Final years[edit]

text: Negotiations with Oakland[edit]

text: Negotiations between Davis and Oakland commenced in January 1989, and on March 11, 1990, Davis announced his intention to bring the Raiders back to Oakland.[10] By September 1990, however, numerous delays had prevented the completion of the deal between Davis and Oakland. On September 11, Davis announced a new deal to stay in Los Angeles, leading many fans in Oakland to burn Raiders paraphernalia in disgust.[11][12]

text: New coach[edit]

text: After starting the 1989 season with a 1–3 record, Shanahan was fired by Davis, which began a long-standing feud between the two.[13] He was replaced by former Raider offensive lineman Art Shell, who had been voted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame earlier in the year. With the hiring, Shell became the first African American head coach in the modern NFL era, but the team still finished a middling 8–8.[14] In 1990, Shell led Los Angeles to a 12–4 record. They beat the Bengals in the divisional round of the playoffs, but Bo Jackson had his left femur ripped from the socket after a tackle. Without him, the Raiders were crushed in the AFC Championship by the Buffalo Bills. Jackson was forced to quit football as a result, although surgery allowed him to continue playing baseball until he retired in 1994.

text: Postseason losses[edit]

text: The team's fortunes faded after the loss. They made two other playoff appearances during the 1990s, and finished higher than third place only three times. The Todd Marinovich fiasco overshadowed the Raiders' 1991 and 1992 efforts. Marinovich was groomed from childhood to play football; his strict upbringing led to him being called "Robo QB" in the sports press. He attended USC and was the 24th overall pick in the 1991 draft. However, he struggled on field and was cut after the 1992 season due to repeated substance abuse problems. In 1991, they got into the postseason as a wild card after a 9–7 regular season, but fell to Kansas City. 1992 saw them drop to 7–9. This period was marked by the injury of Jackson in 1991, the failure of troubled quarterback Todd Marinovich, the acrimonious departure of Marcus Allen in 1993, and the retirement of Hall of Fame defensive end Howie Long after the 1993 season, where the Raiders went 10–6 and lost to Buffalo in the divisional round of the playoffs. Shell was fired after posting a 9–7 record in the 1994 season.

text: Shell's five-plus-year tenure as head coach in Los Angeles was marked particularly by a bitter dispute between star running back Marcus Allen and Al Davis. The exact source of the friction is completely unknown but a contract dispute led Davis to refer to Allen as "a cancer on the team."[15] By the late 1980s, injuries began to reduce Allen's role in the offense. This role was reduced further in 1987, when the Raiders drafted Bo Jackson—even though he originally decided to not play professional football in 1986 (when drafted by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the first round).[16] By 1990, Allen had dropped to fourth on the team's depth chart, leading to resentment on the part of his teammates. In late 1992 Allen lashed out publicly at Davis, and accused him of trying to ruin his career.[17][18] In 1993, Allen left to play for the rival Kansas City Chiefs.

text: End of the Los Angeles Raiders[edit]

text: In May 1995 after the departure of the Rams' for St. Louis, the owners of the National Football League teams approved with a 27–1 vote with two abstentions, a resolution supporting a plan to build a $200 million, privately financed stadium on property owned by Hollywood Park in Inglewood for the Raiders. Al Davis balked and refused the deal over a stipulation that he would have to accept a second team at the stadium.[19]

text: On June 23, 1995, Davis signed a letter of intent to move the Raiders back to Oakland. The move was approved by the Alameda County Board of Supervisors the next month,[20] as well as by the NFL. The move was greeted with much fanfare,[21] and under new head coach Mike White. Hollywood Park would later become the site of an NFL Stadium for their former rivals, the Los Angeles Rams, set to open in 2020.

text: Attempted return to Los Angeles[edit]

text: On February 19, 2015, the Raiders and the Chargers announced that they would build a privately financed $1.78 billion stadium in Carson, California if they were to move to the Los Angeles market.[22] Both teams stated that they would continue to attempt to get stadiums built in their respective cities.[23]

text: On April 22, 2015, the Carson City Council bypassed the option to put the stadium to public vote and approved the plan 3–0.[24] The council voted without having clarified several issues, including who would finance the stadium, how the required three-way land swap would be performed, and how it would raise enough revenue if only one team moved in as tenant.[25][26]

text: On May 19, 2015, the Chargers and Raiders announced that they had finalized a deal to secure land in Carson which was transferred to a joint powers authority in Carson after the 157-acre site was purchased by Carson Holdings a company set up by the two teams.[27]

text: The League was skeptical of the site and seemed to prefer the Rams' stadium plan on a site at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, the same place rejected by the Raiders in 1995. In response, Jerry Richardson, owner of the Carolina Panthers, who supported the plan, convinced Dean Spanos to recruit Bob Iger, CEO of The Walt Disney Company. Iger was appointed non-executive chairman of the Carson stadium project.[28]

text: On January 4, 2016, the Raiders filed for relocation alongside the Chargers and Rams.[29][30]

text: Despite the sales pitch from Bob Iger, many owners held reservations about the Carson site, with Jerry Jones even making a wise crack about Bob Iger.[31] The Committee set up by the league initially recommended the Carson Site,[32] but the Chargers and Raiders were unable to secure the votes they needed to move. After hours of debate, the league voted to allow the St. Louis Rams to move on January 12, 2016 with the San Diego Chargers having the option to join them within a year.

text: It was still possible, however, for the Raiders to move as they could have moved into the Rams' new stadium in Inglewood with the Rams if the Chargers opted to stay in San Diego.[33] On January 12, 2017 the Chargers opted to join the Rams in Los Angeles thereby closing the door on the return of the Raiders to the city although with an AFC West rival playing in Los Angeles, the Raiders get at least one game in Los Angeles each season playing the Los Angeles Chargers.[34]

text: Cultural impact and legacy[edit]

text: The Raiders time in Los Angeles had a large cultural impact on both the Raiders and Los Angeles. During and due to the time that the Raiders were in L.A. there was an explosion of popularity in both the team and the Raiders brand due to being in America's second largest media market, the team's early success and the exposure the brand got by way of Hollywood celebrities and most notably the gangsta rap group N.W.A. wearing Raider gear. This period is chronicled by the ESPN 30 for 30 documentary Straight Outta L.A.. This period is also considered by many to have been the beginnings of Raider Nation.

text: Today Los Angeles and Southern California continue to have a vary large number of Raider fans. Many after the Raiders left LA began to travel to Oakland to see the Raiders play. The Southern California fans are considered essential to the Raiders approved and planned relocation to Las Vegas being successful.


document_title: Messi–Ronaldo rivalry

question_text: who has more total goals messi or ronaldo

text: Messi–Ronaldo rivalry

text: History[edit]

text:
It's only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I've never fought with Cristiano.
—Messi addresses his perceived rivalry with Ronaldo[27]

tag: div

text:
I like to see all good players, and Messi is one of them. He is a player, I really enjoy seeing him on the pitch, and all the great players.
—Ronaldo talks about Messi in an interview with Fox Sports Argentina[28]

text: In 2007, Ronaldo and Messi finished as runners-up to A.C. Milan's Kaká in both the Ballon d'Or, an award rewarded to the player voted as the best in the world by an international panel of sports journalists; and the FIFA World Player of the Year, an award voted for by coaches and captains of international teams. In an interview that year, Messi was quoted as saying "Cristiano Ronaldo is an extraordinary player and it would be brilliant to be in the same team as him".[29][30]

text: They first played in a game together when Manchester United were drawn to play Barcelona in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League semi-finals and were immediately pitted as major rivals.[31][32][33] Ronaldo missed a penalty in the first leg,[34] but United eventually advanced to the final via a Paul Scholes goal.[35] At the end of the year, Ronaldo was awarded the Ballon d'Or and vowed that he would win the award again.[36][37]

text: The 2009 UEFA Champions League Final was contested between Manchester United and Barcelona on 27 May 2009 at Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy. The match, described as a "dream clash",[38] was again hyped as the latest battle between the two, this time to settle who was the best player in the world;[39][40] Ronaldo claimed he was the better of the two[41] while Messi's club-mate Xavi sided with him.[42] United manager Alex Ferguson was more diplomatic, praising both players as being amongst the world's elite talents.[43][44] Messi, playing in a central role he was unaccustomed to so he would avoid a direct battle with United left-back Patrice Evra,[45] scored Barcelona's second in a 2–0 victory with a header in the 70th minute.[46] Meanwhile, Ronaldo was subdued for much of the game despite some early chances to score and his frustration eventually showed when he was booked for a rash tackle on Carles Puyol.[47][48]

text: Relationship between Messi and Ronaldo[edit]

text: In a 2015 interview, Ronaldo commented on the rivalry by saying that "I think we push each other sometimes in the competition, this is why the competition is so high"[49] while Ronaldo's manager during his time at Manchester United Alex Ferguson opined that "I don't think the rivalry against each other bothers them. I think they have their own personal pride in terms of wanting to be the best".[50] Messi has denied any rivalry, saying that it was "only the media, the press, who wants us to be at loggerheads but I've never fought with Cristiano".[51]

text: However, it is widely argued and documented that there's an atmosphere of tension between the duo, with Guillem Balagué claiming in Messi that Ronaldo refers to the Argentine counterpart as "motherfucker" behind his back,[52][53] and Luca Caioli saying in his book, Ronaldo: The Obsession for Perfection, that according to his sources, Ronaldo heats up when watching Messi play.[54] In response to claims that he and Messi do not get on well on a personal level, Ronaldo commented: "We don't have a relationship outside the world of football, just as we don't with a lot of other players", before adding that in years to come he hopes they can laugh about it together, stating: "We have to look on this rivalry with a positive spirit, because it's a good thing".[55] On 13 November 2014, Ronaldo also threatened to take legal action over the remarks made by Balagué.[56]

text: Awards and records[edit]

text: Throughout the existence of the rivalry, the pair have dominated awards ceremonies and broken a multitude of goalscoring records for both club and country, feats which have been described as "incredible", "ridiculous" and "remarkable".[57][58][59] The rivalry itself has been described as one about records and reputation of the players, rather than one based in loathing.[60][61]

text: Ronaldo is the UEFA Champions League all-time top goalscorer while Messi is second. The two had broken each other's record over the course of 2015 after Messi surpassed the previous record holder Raúl in November 2014.[62] Ronaldo opened a gap in the 2015–16 season when he became the first player to score double figures in the group stage of the Champions League, setting the record at 11 goals.[63] They are the first two players to score 100 goals in UEFA Champions League history.[64]

text: Player statistics[edit]

text:
Lionel Messi

Season
League
Cup
Europe
Other
Total

Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

2004–05
7
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
9
1

2005–06
17
6
2
1
6
1
0
0
25
8

2006–07
26
14
2
2
5
1
3
0
36
17

2007–08
28
10
3
0
9
6
0
0
40
16

2008–09
31
23
8
6
12
9
0
0
51
38

2009–10
35
34
3
1
11
8
4
4
53
47

2010–11
33
31
7
7
13
12
2
3
55
53

2011–12
37
50
7
3
11
14
5
6
60
73

2012–13
32
46
5
4
11
8
2
2
50
60

2013–14
31
28
6
5
7
8
2
0
46
41

2014–15
38
43
6
5
13
10
0
0
57
58

2015–16
33
26
5
5
7
6
4
4
49
41

2016–17
34
37
7
5
9
11
2
1
52
54

2017–18
36
34
6
4
10
6
2
1
54
45

Total

418
383
68
48
125
100
26
21
637
552

Cristiano Ronaldo

Season
League
Cup
Europe
Other
Total

Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

2002–03
25
3
3
2
3
0
0
0
31
5

2003–04
29
4
6
2
5
0
0
0
40
6

2004–05
33
5
9
4
8
0
0
0
50
9

2005–06
33
9
6
2
8
1
0
0
47
12

2006–07
34
17
8
3
11
3
0
0
53
23

2007–08
34
31
3
3
11
8
1
0
49
42

2008–09
33
18
6
3
12
4
2
1
53
26

2009–10
29
26
0
0
6
7
0
0
35
33

2010–11
34
40
8
7
12
6
0
0
54
53

2011–12
38
46
5
3
10
10
2
1
55
60

2012–13
34
34
7
7
12
12
2
2
55
55

2013–14
30
31
6
3
11
17
0
0
47
51

2014–15
35
48
2
1
12
10
5
2
54
61

2015–16
36
35
0
0
12
16
0
0
48
51

2016–17
29
25
2
1
13
12
2
4
46
42

2017–18
27
26
0
0
13
15
4
3
44
44

Total

513
398
71
41
159
121
18
13
761
573

text:
Lionel Messi[65]

Season
Tournament
Qualifiers
Friendlies
Total

Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

2005–06
3
1
3
0
4
1
10
2

2006–07
6
2
0
0
4
2
10
4

2007–08
0
0
6
2
4
1
10
3

2008–09
0
0
8
2
1
1
9
3

2009–10
5
0
4
0
2
1
11
1

2010–11
4
0
0
0
7
4
11
4

2011–12
0
0
4
3
5
7
9
9

2012–13
0
0
8
5
4
4
12
9

2013–14
7
4
1
2
3
1
11
7

2014–15
6
1
0
0
4
3
10
4

2015–16
5
5
2
1
3
3
10
9

2016–17
0
0
4
3
1
0
5
3

2017–18
4
1
5
3
0
0
9
4

Total

36
13
44
21
42
27
128
65

Cristiano Ronaldo[66]

Season
Tournament
Qualifiers
Friendlies
Total

Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals

2003–04
6
2
0
0
7
0
13
2

2004–05
0
0
8
7
2
0
10
7

2005–06
6
1
4
0
5
2
15
3

2006–07
0
0
6
5
2
0
8
5

2007–08
3
1
7
3
2
0
12
4

2008–09
0
0
4
0
3
1
7
1

2009–10
4
1
3
0
4
0
11
1

2010–11
0
0
3
2
2
1
5
3

2011–12
5
3
5
5
4
1
14
9

2012–13
0
0
6
1
3
3
9
4

2013–14
3
1
4
7
3
3
10
11

2014–15
0
0
4
5
2
0
6
5

2015–16
7
3
2
0
4
3
13
6

2016–17
4
2
5
11
1
1
10
14

2017–18
4
4
4
4
2
2
10
10

Total

38
14
65
50
46
17
154
85

text: Head-to-head[edit]

text: In recent years, it has been said that the rivalry between Real Madrid and Barcelona has been "encapsulated" by the individual rivalry between Ronaldo and Messi,[67][68] with neither player ever participating in a goalless El Clásico.[69]

text:
Legend

Final

Semi-final

text:
No.
Date
Competition
Home team
Away team
Score
Goals scored by the duo

1

23 April 2008

Champions League

Barcelona

Manchester United

0–0

2

29 April 2008

Champions League

Manchester United

Barcelona

1–0

3

27 May 2009

Champions League

Manchester United

Barcelona

0–2

Messi ( 70')

4

29 November 2009

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

1–0

5

10 April 2010

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

0–2

Messi ( 33')

6

29 November 2010

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

5–0

7

9 February 2011

Friendly

Argentina

Portugal

2–1

Ronaldo ( 53'), Messi ( 83' (pen.))

8

16 April 2011

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

1–1

Messi ( 51' (pen.)), Ronaldo ( 81' (pen.))

9

20 April 2011

Copa del Rey

Real Madrid

Barcelona

1–0 (a.e.t.)

Ronaldo ( 103')

10

27 April 2011

Champions League

Real Madrid

Barcelona

0–2

Messi ( 76', 87')

11

3 May 2011

Champions League

Barcelona

Real Madrid

1–1

12

14 August 2011

Supercopa de España

Real Madrid

Barcelona

2–2

Messi ( 45')

13

17 August 2011

Supercopa de España

Barcelona

Real Madrid

3–2

Ronaldo ( 20'), Messi ( 53', 88')

14

10 December 2011

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

1–3

15

18 January 2012

Copa del Rey

Real Madrid

Barcelona

1–2

Ronaldo ( 11')

16

25 January 2012

Copa del Rey

Barcelona

Real Madrid

2–2

Ronaldo ( 68')

17

21 April 2012

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

1–2

Ronaldo ( 73')

18

23 August 2012

Supercopa de España

Barcelona

Real Madrid

3–2

Ronaldo ( 55'), Messi ( 70' (pen.))

19

29 August 2012

Supercopa de España

Real Madrid

Barcelona

2–1

Ronaldo ( 19'), Messi ( 45')

20

7 October 2012

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

2–2

Ronaldo ( 23', 66'), Messi ( 31', 61')

21

30 January 2013

Copa del Rey

Real Madrid

Barcelona

1–1

22

26 February 2013

Copa del Rey

Barcelona

Real Madrid

1–3

Ronaldo ( 12', 57')

23

2 March 2013

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

2–1

Messi ( 18')

24

26 October 2013

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

2–1

25

23 March 2014

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

3–4

Messi ( 42', 65' (pen.), 84' (pen.)), Ronaldo ( 55' (pen.))

26

25 October 2014

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

3–1

Ronaldo ( 35' (pen.))

27

18 November 2014

Friendly

Argentina

Portugal

0–1

28

22 March 2015

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

2–1

Ronaldo ( 31')

29

21 November 2015

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

0–4

30

2 April 2016

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

1–2

Ronaldo ( 85')

31

3 December 2016

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

1–1

32

23 April 2017

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

2–3

Messi ( 33', 90+2')

33

13 August 2017

Supercopa de España

Barcelona

Real Madrid

1–3

Messi ( 77' (pen.)), Ronaldo ( 80')

34

23 December 2017

La Liga

Real Madrid

Barcelona

0–3

Messi ( 64' (pen.))

35

6 May 2018

La Liga

Barcelona

Real Madrid

2–2

Ronaldo ( 14'), Messi ( 52')

text: Results[edit]

text:
Competition

Games played

Messi wins

Draws

Ronaldo wins

Messi goals

Ronaldo goals

La Liga

18
10
4
4
12
9

Champions League

5
2
2
1
3
0

Copa del Rey

5
1
2
2
0
5

Supercopa de España

5
2
1
2
6
4

Friendly

2
1
0
1
1
1

Total official matches
35
16
9
10
22
19

text: Last updated 6 May 2018


document_title: It's a Wonderful Life

question_text: who played mary on its a wonderful life

question_tokens: who played mary on its a wonderful life

text: It's a Wonderful Life

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Christmas Eve 1945, in Bedford Falls, New York, George Bailey is suicidal. Prayers for him reach Heaven, where Clarence Odbody, Angel 2nd Class, is assigned to save George, in return for which he will earn his angel wings. To prepare him for his mission, Clarence is shown flashbacks of George's life. The first is from 1919, when 12-year-old George saves his younger brother Harry from drowning at a frozen lake; George loses his hearing in one ear as a result. At his after-school job, George realizes that the druggist, Mr. Gower – distraught over his son's death from the flu – has accidentally added poison to a child's prescription, and intervenes to stop it from causing harm.

text: In 1928, George plans to leave on a world tour and then attend college. At Harry's high-school graduation party, he is reintroduced to Mary Hatch, who has had a crush on him from childhood. Their walk home is interrupted by news that George's father, Peter, has died of a stroke. George postpones his travel so he can sort out the family business, Bailey Brothers' Building and Loan. Henry F. Potter, the richest man in town, wishes to dissolve the Building and Loan to eliminate it as a competitor. The board of directors votes to keep the Building and Loan open, on condition that George stay to run it (along with his absent-minded uncle Billy). George gives his college tuition to Harry on the condition that Harry take over the Building and Loan when he returns.

text: Four years later, Harry returns from college with a job offer from his father-in-law. George tells Harry to take the job and he will keep running the Building and Loan. George and Mary get married. On their way to their honeymoon, they witness a run on the bank and use their honeymoon savings to keep the Building and Loan solvent until the bank reopens.

text: Eventually, George establishes Bailey Park, a housing development with small houses financed by the Building and Loan, so that people can own their own homes rather than paying rent to live in Potter's overpriced slums. Potter attempts to lure George into becoming his assistant, offering him $20,000 (equivalent to $270,000 in 2017[8]) a year; George is momentarily tempted, but rebukes him.

text: During World War II, George is ineligible for service because of his bad ear. Harry becomes a Navy pilot and earns the Medal of Honor by shooting down a kamikaze plane headed for a troop transport. On Christmas Eve morning 1945, as the town prepares a hero's welcome for Harry, Uncle Billy manages to misplace $8000 of the Building and Loan's cash (equivalent to $110,000 in 2017[8]). When a bank examiner arrives to review the Building and Loan's records, George realizes that criminal charges are possible; he berates Uncle Billy, then goes home and takes out his frustration on his family. He soon apologizes to his wife and children, then leaves.

text: George desperately appeals to Potter for a loan. When George offers his life insurance policy as collateral, Potter says George is worth more dead than alive and phones the police to have him arrested. George gets drunk at a local bar and is involved in a fight before he leaves and goes to a nearby bridge, thinking of suicide. The film's narrative catches up to the time of the opening scene. Before he can jump, Clarence dives into the river just before George does, causing George to rescue Clarence rather than killing himself. George does not believe Clarence's subsequent claim that he is George's guardian angel.

text: When George says he wishes he had never been born, Clarence decides to grant his wish and show George an alternate timeline in which he never existed. Bedford Falls is named Pottersville and is a less congenial place. Mr. Gower has recently been released from prison for manslaughter, because George was not there to stop him from putting poison in the pills. The Building and Loan has closed down, as George never took over after Peter's passing.

text: George's mother does not recognize him; she reveals that Uncle Billy was institutionalized after the collapse of the Building and Loan. In the cemetery where Bailey Park would have been, George discovers the grave of his brother. Clarence tells him all the soldiers on the transport died, as Harry was never there to save them, because George had never saved Harry from drowning. Mary, who works at the library, never married; when George says he is her husband, she screams for the police, causing George to flee and the local policeman to give chase.

text: George, now convinced that Clarence is really his guardian angel, runs back to the bridge and begs for his life back; the alternate timeline changes back to the original reality. George runs home to await his arrest. Mary and Uncle Billy arrive, having rallied the townspeople, who donate more than enough to cover the missing $8,000 and for Potter's warrant to be torn up. Harry arrives and toasts George calling him "The richest man in town". A bell on the Christmas tree rings, and his daughter recalls a story that says the sound means that an angel has just earned his wings, signifying Clarence's promotion.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Credited cast

James Stewart as George Bailey
Donna Reed as Mary Hatch Bailey
Henry Travers as Clarence Odbody
Lionel Barrymore as Mr. Henry F. Potter
Thomas Mitchell as Uncle Billy Bailey
Beulah Bondi as Ma Bailey
Frank Faylen as Ernie Bishop, the cab driver
Ward Bond as Bert, the cop
Gloria Grahame as Violet Bick
H. B. Warner as Mr. Emil Gower
Todd Karns as Harry Bailey
Samuel S. Hinds as father Peter "Pop" Bailey
Lillian Randolph as Annie, maid
Frank Albertson as Sam Wainwright
Virginia Patton as Ruth Dakin Bailey, Harry's wife
Mary Treen as Cousin Tilly, employee
Charles Williams as Cousin Eustace, employee
Sarah Edwards as Mrs. Hatch, Mary's mother
William Edmunds as Mr. Giuseppe Martini
Argentina Brunetti as Mrs. Martini
Bobby Anderson as Little George Bailey
Ronnie Ralph as Little Sam Wainwright
Jean Gale as Little Mary Hatch
Ray Walker as Joe
Jeanine Ann Roose[9] as Little Violet Bick

George Nokes as Little Harry Bailey
Danny Mummert as Little Marty Hatch
Sheldon Leonard as Nick, the bartender
Frank Hagney as Potter's mute aide
Charles Lane as Potter's rent collector
Larry Simms as Pete Bailey
Carol Coomes (AKA Carol Coombs) as Janie Bailey
Jimmy Hawkins as Tommy Bailey
Karolyn Grimes as Zuzu Bailey

Uncredited cast

Charles Halton as Mr. Carter, bank examiner
J. Farrell MacDonald as the man whose great-grandfather planted the tree that George drives into
Harry Holman as Mr. Partridge, High School principal
Harold Landon as Marty Hatch, Mary's brother
Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer as Freddie (Mary's annoying high school suitor)
Mark Roberts as Mickey (student with the key to open up pool)
Max Wagner as Cashier/Bouncer at Nick's Bar
Dick Elliott as fat man on porch
Tom Fadden as Bridge Caretaker
Stanley Andrews as Mr. Welch, teacher's husband
Al Bridge as Sheriff with arrest warrant
Ellen Corby as Miss Davis
Marian Carr as Jane Wainwright, Sam's wife[10]
Adriana Caselotti as the singer in Martini's Bar[11][N 2]
Joseph Granby as Angel Joseph (voice)
Moroni Olsen as the Senior Angel (voice)

text: The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox, who indicates that "Henry Fonda was in the running."[12][13] Cary Grant was also considered for the role when RKO still had the rights to the film, before they were sold to Capra.[14]

text: Although it was stated that Jean Arthur, Ann Dvorak and Ginger Rogers were all considered for the role of Mary before Donna Reed won the part, this list is also disputed by Cox as he indicates that Jean Arthur was first offered the part but had to turn it down for a prior commitment on Broadway before Capra turned to Olivia de Havilland, Martha Scott and Ann Dvorak. Ginger Rogers was offered the female lead, but turned it down because she considered it "too bland". In Chapter 26 of her autobiography Ginger: My Story, she questioned her decision by asking her readers: "Foolish, you say?"

text: A long list of actors were considered for the role of Potter (originally named Herbert Potter): Edward Arnold, Charles Bickford, Edgar Buchanan, Louis Calhern, Victor Jory, Raymond Massey, Vincent Price and even Thomas Mitchell.[13] However, Lionel Barrymore, who eventually won the role, was a famous Ebenezer Scrooge in radio dramatizations of A Christmas Carol at the time and was a natural choice for the role. Barrymore had also worked with Capra and Stewart on his 1938 Best Picture Oscar winner, You Can't Take It with You.

text: H.B. Warner, who was cast as the drugstore owner Mr. Gower, actually studied medicine before going into acting. He was also in some of Capra's other films, including Mr. Deeds Goes to Town, Lost Horizon, You Can't Take It with You, and Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.[15] In the silent era, he had played the role of Jesus Christ in Cecil B. DeMille's The King of Kings (1927). The name Gower came from Capra's employer Columbia Pictures, which had been located on Gower Street for many years. Also on Gower Street was a drugstore that was a favorite for the studio's employees.[16]

text: Charles Williams, who was cast as Eustace Bailey, and Mary Treen, who was cast as Matilda "Tilly" Bailey, were both B-list actors, as they both had appeared in 90 films each before filming It's a Wonderful Life.[17]

text: Jimmy the raven (Uncle Billy's pet) appeared in You Can't Take It with You and each subsequent Capra film.[12][18]

text: Production[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: The original story "The Greatest Gift" was written by Philip Van Doren Stern in November 1939. After being unsuccessful in getting the story published, he decided to make it into a Christmas card, and mailed 200 copies to family and friends in December 1943.[19][N 3][21] The story came to the attention of RKO producer David Hempstead, who showed it to Cary Grant's Hollywood agent, and in April 1944, RKO Pictures bought the rights to the story for $10,000, hoping to turn the story into a vehicle for Grant.[22] RKO created three unsatisfactory scripts before shelving the planned movie, and Grant went on to make another Christmas movie staple, The Bishop's Wife.[N 4][24]

text: At the suggestion of RKO studio chief Charles Koerner, Frank Capra read "The Greatest Gift" and immediately saw its potential. RKO, anxious to unload the project, in 1945 sold the rights to Capra's production company, Liberty Films, which had a nine-film distribution agreement with RKO, for $10,000,[N 5] and threw in the three scripts for free.[19] Capra, along with writers Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett, with Jo Swerling, Michael Wilson, and Dorothy Parker brought in to "polish" the script,[26] turned the story and what was worth using from the three scripts into a screenplay that Capra would rename It's a Wonderful Life.[19] The script underwent many revisions throughout pre-production and during filming.[27] Final screenplay credit went to Goodrich, Hackett and Capra, with "additional scenes" by Jo Swerling.

text: Seneca Falls, New York claims that when Frank Capra visited their town in 1945, he was inspired to model Bedford Falls after it. The town has an annual "It's a Wonderful Life festival"in December.[28] In mid-2009, The Hotel Clarence opened in Seneca Falls, named for George Bailey's guardian angel. On December 10, 2010, the "It's a Wonderful Life" Museum opened in Seneca Falls, with Karolyn Grimes, who played Zuzu in the movie, cutting the ribbon.[29] Philip Van Doren Stern said in a 1946 interview, "Incidentally, the movie takes place in Westchester County. Actually, the town I had in mind was Califon, N.J. " The historic iron bridge in Califon is similar to the bridge that George Bailey considered jumping from in the movie.[30]

text: Both James Stewart (from Indiana, Pennsylvania) and Donna Reed (from Denison, Iowa) came from small towns. Stewart's father ran a small hardware store where James worked for years. Reed demonstrated her rural roots by winning an impromptu bet with Lionel Barrymore when he challenged her to milk a cow on set.[31]

text: Filming[edit]

text: It's a Wonderful Life was shot at RKO Radio Pictures Studio in Culver City, California, and the 89 acre RKO movie ranch in Encino,[32] where "Bedford Falls" consisted of Art Director Max Ree's Oscar-winning sets originally designed for the 1931 epic film Cimarron that covered 4 acres (1.6 ha), assembled from three separate parts, with a main street stretching 300 yards (three city blocks), with 75 stores and buildings, and a residential neighborhood.[33] For It's a Wonderful Life Capra built a working bank set, added a tree-lined center parkway, and planted 20 full grown oak trees to existing sets.[34]

text: Pigeons, cats, and dogs were allowed to roam the mammoth set to give the "town" a lived-in feel.[18] Due to the requirement to film in an "alternate universe" setting as well as during different seasons, the set was extremely adaptable. RKO created "chemical snow" for the film to avoid the need for dubbed dialogue when actors walked across an earlier movie snow that was made of crushed cornflakes.[35] Filming started on April 15, 1946 and ended on July 27, 1946, exactly on deadline for the 90-day principal photography schedule.[23]

text: RKO's movie ranch in Encino, a filming location of Bedford Falls, was razed in 1954.[N 6] There are only two surviving locations from the film. The first is the swimming pool that was unveiled during the famous dance scene where George courts Mary. It is located in the gymnasium at Beverly Hills High School and is still in operation as of 2013. The second is the "Martini home" in La Cañada Flintridge, California.[37]

text: During filming, in the scene where Uncle Billy gets drunk at Harry and Ruth's welcome home/newlyweds' party, George points him in the right direction home. As the camera focuses on George, smiling at his uncle staggering away, a crash is heard in the distance and Uncle Billy yells, "I'm all right! I'm all right!" Equipment on the set had actually been accidentally knocked over; Capra left in Thomas Mitchell's impromptu ad lib (although the "crashing" noise was augmented with added sound effects).

text: Dimitri Tiomkin had written "Death Telegram" and "Gower's Deliverance" for the drugstore scenes, but in the editing room Capra elected to go with no music for those scenes. Those changes, along with others, led to a falling out between Tiomkin and Capra. Tiomkin had worked on a lot of Capra's previous films, and was saddened that Capra decided to have the music pared or toned down, moved, or cut entirely. He felt as though his work was being seen as a mere suggestion. In his autobiography Please Don't Hate Me, he said of the incident, "an all around scissors job".[38]

text: The products and advertisements featured in Mr. Gower's drugstore include Coca-Cola, Paterson tobacco pipes, La Unica cigars, Camel cigarettes, Lucky Strike cigarettes, Chesterfield cigarettes, Sweet Caporal cigarettes (with a sign that says "Ask Dad he knows" that plays a role in the plot), Vaseline hair tonic, Penetro cough syrup, Pepto-Bismol, Bayer Aspirin ("for colds and influenza"), and The Saturday Evening Post.[39]

text: In an earlier draft of the script, the scene where George saves his brother Harry as a child was different. The scene had the boys playing ice hockey on the river (which is on Potter's property) as Potter watches with disdain. George shoots the puck, but it goes astray and breaks the "No Trespassing" sign and lands in Potter's yard. Potter becomes irate, and the gardener releases the attack dogs, which causes the boys to flee. Harry falls in the ice, and George saves him with the same results.[40]

text: Another scene that was in an earlier version of the script had young George visiting his father at his work. After George tells off Mr. Potter and closes the door, he considers asking Uncle Billy about his drugstore dilemma. Billy is talking on the phone to the bank examiner, and lights his cigar and throws his match in the wastebasket. This scene explains that Tilly (short for Matilda) and Eustace are both his cousins (not Billy's kids though), and Tilly is on the phone with her friend Martha and says, "Potter's here, the bank examiner's coming. It's a day of judgment." As George is about to interrupt Tilly on the phone, Billy cries for help and Tilly runs in and puts the fire out with a pot of coffee. George decides he is probably better off dealing with the situation by himself.[38]

text: Capra had filmed a number of sequences that were subsequently cut, the only remnants remaining being rare stills that have been unearthed.[41] A number of alternative endings were considered, with Capra's first script having Bailey falling to his knees reciting "The Lord's Prayer" (the script also called for an opening scene with the townspeople in prayer). Feeling that an overly religious tone did not have the emotional impact of the family and friends rushing to rescue George Bailey, the closing scenes were rewritten.[42][43][44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: It's a Wonderful Life premiered at the Globe Theatre in New York on December 20, 1946, to mixed reviews.[23] While Capra thought the contemporary critical reviews were either universally negative, or at best dismissive,[45] Time said, "It's a Wonderful Life is a pretty wonderful movie. It has only one formidable rival (Goldwyn's The Best Years of Our Lives) as Hollywood's best picture of the year. Director Capra's inventiveness, humor and affection for human beings keep it glowing with life and excitement."[46]

text: Bosley Crowther, writing for The New York Times, complimented some of the actors, including Stewart and Reed, but concluded that "the weakness of this picture, from this reviewer's point of view, is the sentimentality of it—its illusory concept of life. Mr. Capra's nice people are charming, his small town is a quite beguiling place and his pattern for solving problems is most optimistic and facile. But somehow they all resemble theatrical attitudes rather than average realities."[47]

text: The film, which went into general release on January 7, 1947, placed 26th ($3.3 million) in box office revenues for 1947[2] (out of more than 400 features released),[48] one place ahead of another Christmas film, Miracle on 34th Street. The film was supposed to be released in January 1947, but was moved up to December 1946 to make it eligible for the 1946 Academy Awards. This move was seen as worse for the film, as 1947 did not have quite the stiff competition as 1946. If it had entered the 1947 Awards, its biggest competition would have been Miracle on 34th Street. The number one grossing movie of 1947, The Best Years of Our Lives, made $11.5 million.[2]

text: The film recorded a loss of $525,000 at the box office for RKO.[49]

text: On May 26, 1947, the FBI issued a memo stating, "With regard to the picture 'It's a Wonderful Life,' [redacted] stated in substance that the film represented rather obvious attempts to discredit bankers by casting Lionel Barrymore as a 'scrooge-type' so that he would be the most hated man in the picture. This, according to these sources, is a common trick used by Communists. [In] addition, [redacted] stated that, in his opinion, this picture deliberately maligned the upper class, attempting to show the people who had money were mean and despicable characters."[50][51][52]

text: In 1990, It's a Wonderful Life was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress and selected for preservation in their National Film Registry.[53]

text: In 2002, Britain's Channel 4 ranked It's a Wonderful Life as the seventh greatest film ever made in its poll "The 100 Greatest Films".[54]

text: In June 2008, AFI revealed its 10 Top 10, the best ten films in ten "classic" American film genres, after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. It's a Wonderful Life was acknowledged as the third-best film in the fantasy genre.[55][56]

text: Somewhat more iconoclastic views of the film and its content are occasionally expressed. In 1947, film critic Manny Farber wrote, "To make his points [Capra] always takes an easy, simple-minded path that doesn't give much credit to the intelligence of the audience", and adds that there are only a "few unsentimental moments here and there."[57][N 7] Wendell Jamieson, in a 2008 article for The New York Times which was generally positive in its analysis of the film, noted that far from being simply a sweet sentimental story, it "is a terrifying, asphyxiating story about growing up and relinquishing your dreams, of seeing your father driven to the grave before his time, of living among bitter, small-minded people. It is a story of being trapped, of compromising, of watching others move ahead and away, of becoming so filled with rage that you verbally abuse your children, their teacher and your oppressively perfect wife."[58]

text: In a 2010 Salon.com piece, Richard Cohen described It's a Wonderful Life as "the most terrifying Hollywood film ever made". In the "Pottersville" sequence, he wrote, George is not seeing the world that would exist had he never been born, but rather 'the world as it does exist, in his time and also in our own."[59] Nine years earlier, another Salon writer, Gary Kamiya, had expressed the opposing view that "Pottersville rocks!," adding, "The gauzy, Currier-and-Ives veil Capra drapes over Bedford Falls has prevented viewers from grasping what a tiresome and, frankly, toxic environment it is... We all live in Pottersville now."[60]

text: The film's elevation to the status of a beloved classic came decades after its initial release, when it became a television staple during Christmas season in the late 1970s. This came as a welcome surprise to Frank Capra and others involved with its production. "It's the damnedest thing I've ever seen," Capra told The Wall Street Journal in 1984. "The film has a life of its own now, and I can look at it like I had nothing to do with it. I'm like a parent whose kid grows up to be president. I'm proud... but it's the kid who did the work. I didn't even think of it as a Christmas story when I first ran across it. I just liked the idea."[61] In a 1946 interview, Capra described the film's theme as "the individual's belief in himself" and that he made it "to combat a modern trend toward atheism".[61]

text: The film's positive reception has continued into the present, and review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes currently reports a 94% "Certified Fresh" approval rating. The website's critical consensus reads, "The holiday classic to define all holiday classics, It's a Wonderful Life is one of a handful of films worth an annual viewing."[62]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text: Prior to the Los Angeles release of It's a Wonderful Life, Liberty Films mounted an extensive promotional campaign that included a daily advertisement highlighting one of the film's players, along with comments from reviewers. Jimmy Starr wrote, "If I were an Oscar, I'd elope with It's a Wonderful Life lock, stock and barrel on the night of the Academy Awards". The New York Daily Times published an editorial that declared the film and James Stewart's performance to be worthy of Academy Award consideration.[63]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received five Academy Award nominations:[64]

text:
Award
Result
Nominee / Winner

Best Picture
Nominated
Frank Capra
Winner was Samuel Goldwyn – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Director
Nominated
Frank Capra
Winner was William Wyler – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Actor
Nominated
James Stewart
Winner was Fredric March – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Film Editing
Nominated
William Hornbeck
Winner was Daniel Mandell – The Best Years of Our Lives

Best Sound Recording
Nominated
John Aalberg
Winner was John P. Livadary – The Jolson Story

Technical Achievement Award
Won
Russell Shearman and RKO Radio Studio Special Effects Dept.
For the development of a new method of simulating falling snow on motion picture sets.

text: It's a Wonderful Life won just the one Academy Award, in the Technical Achievement category for developing a new method of creating artificial snow.[65] Before It's a Wonderful Life, fake movie snow was mostly made from cornflakes painted white. And it was so loud when stepped on that any snow-filled scenes with dialogue had to be re-dubbed afterwards. RKO studio's head of special effects, Russell Sherman, developed a new compound, utilizing water, soap flakes, foamite and sugar.[66]

text: The Best Years of Our Lives, a drama about servicemen attempting to return to their pre-World War II lives, won most of the awards that year, including four of the five for which It's a Wonderful Life was nominated. (The award for "Best Sound Recording" was won by The Jolson Story.) The Best Years of Our Lives was also an outstanding commercial success, ultimately becoming the highest-grossing film of the decade, in contrast to the more modest initial box office returns of It's a Wonderful Life.[67]

text: It's a Wonderful Life received a Golden Globe Award:

text:
Award
Result
Winner

Best Director
Won
Frank Capra

text: Capra won the "Best Motion Picture Director" award from the Golden Globes, and a "CEC Award" from the Cinema Writers Circle in Spain, for Mejor Película Extranjera (Best Foreign Film). Jimmy Hawkins won a "Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award" from the Young Artist Awards in 1994; the award recognized his role as Tommy Bailey as igniting his career, which lasted until the mid-1960s.[68]

text: American Film Institute lists

text:
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – 11
AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – 8
AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:

Mr. Potter – No. 6 Villain
George Bailey – No. 9 Hero

AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:

"Buffalo Gal (Won't You Come Out Tonight)" – Nominated[69]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:

"What is it you want, Mary? What do you want? You want the moon? Just say the word, and I'll throw a lasso around it and pull it down." – Nominated[70]
"To my big brother George, the richest man in town!" – Nominated[70]
"Look, Daddy. Teacher says, 'Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings.'" – Nominated[70]

AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – No. 1
AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) – No. 20
AFI's 10 Top 10 – No. 3 Fantasy Film

text: Release[edit]

text: Ownership and copyright issues[edit]

text: Ancillary rights[edit]

text: Liberty Films was purchased by Paramount Pictures, and remained a subsidiary until 1951. In 1955, M. & A. Alexander purchased the movie. This included key rights to the original television syndication, the original nitrate film elements, the music score, and the film rights to the story on which the film is based, "The Greatest Gift".[N 8] National Telefilm Associates (NTA) took over the rights to the film soon thereafter.

text: A clerical error at NTA prevented the copyright from being renewed properly in 1974.[72][73] Despite the lapsed copyright, television stations that aired it still had to pay royalties because—though the film's images had entered the public domain—the film's story was still protected as a derivative work of the published story The Greatest Gift, whose copyright Philip Van Doren Stern had properly renewed in 1971.[74][75][N 9] The film became a perennial holiday favorite in the 1980s, possibly due to its repeated showings each holiday season on hundreds of local television stations. It was mentioned during the deliberations on the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998.[74][76]

text: In 1993, Republic Pictures, which was the successor to NTA, relied on the 1990 U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Stewart v. Abend (which involved another Stewart film, Rear Window) to enforce its claim to the copyright. While the film's copyright had not been renewed, Republic still owned the film rights to "The Greatest Gift"; thus the plaintiffs were able to argue its status as a derivative work of a work still under copyright.[74][77] NBC, since 1996, is licensed to show the film on U.S. network television, and traditionally shows it twice during the holidays, with one showing on Christmas Eve. Paramount (via parent company Viacom's 1998 acquisition of Republic's then-parent, Spelling Entertainment) once again has distribution rights for the first time since 1955.[74][78]

text: Due to all the above actions, this is one of the few RKO films not controlled by Turner Entertainment/Warner Bros. in the USA. It is also one of two Capra films Paramount owns despite not having originally released it—the other is Broadway Bill (originally from Columbia, remade by Paramount as Riding High in 1950).[74]

text: Colorization[edit]

text: Director Capra met with Wilson Markle about having Colorization, Inc., colorize It's a Wonderful Life based on an enthusiastic response to the colorization of Topper from actor Cary Grant.[79] The company's art director Brian Holmes prepared 10 minutes of colorized footage from It's a Wonderful Life for Capra to view, which resulted in Capra signing a contract with Colorization, Inc., and his "enthusiastic agree[ment] to pay half the $260,000 cost of colorizing the movie and to share any profits" and giving "preliminary approval to making similar color versions of two of his other black-and-white films, Meet John Doe (1941) and Lady for a Day (1933)".[79] However, the film was believed to be in the public domain at the time, and as a result Markle and Holmes responded by returning Capra's initial investment, eliminating his financial participation, and refusing outright to allow the director to exercise artistic control over the colorization of his films, leading Capra to join in the campaign against the process.[79]

text: Three colorized versions have been produced. The first was released by Hal Roach Studios in 1986. The second was authorized and produced by the film's permanent owner, Republic Pictures, in 1989. Both Capra and Stewart took a critical stand on the colorized editions.[80] The Hal Roach color version was re-released in 1989 to VHS through the cooperation of Video Treasures. A third colorized version was produced by Legend Films and released on DVD in 2007 with the approval of Capra's estate.[citation needed]

text: Home media[edit]

text: VHS[edit]

text: Throughout the 1980s and early 1990s, when the film was still under public domain status, It's A Wonderful Life was released on VHS by a variety of home video companies. Among the companies that released the film on home video before Republic Pictures stepped in were Meda Video (which would later become Media Home Entertainment), Kartes Video Communications (under its Video Film Classics label), GoodTimes Home Video and Video Treasures (now Anchor Bay Entertainment). After Republic reclaimed the rights to the film, all unofficial VHS copies of the film in print were destroyed.[77] Artisan Entertainment (under license from Republic) took over home video rights in the mid-1990s. Artisan was later sold to Lions Gate Entertainment, which continued to hold US home video rights until late 2005 when they reverted to Paramount, who also owns video rights throughout Region 4 (Latin America and Australia) and in France. Video rights in the rest of the world are held by different companies; for example, the UK rights are with Universal Studios.

text: Technological first: CD-ROM[edit]

text: In 1993, due in part to the confusion of the ownership and copyright issues, Kinesoft Development, with the support of Republic Pictures, released It's a Wonderful Life as one of the first commercial feature-length films on CD-ROM for the Windows PC (Windows 3.1). Predating commercial DVDs by several years, it included such features as the ability to follow along with the complete shooting script as the film was playing.[81][82][N 10]

text: Given the state of video playback on the PC at the time of its release, It's a Wonderful Life for Windows represented another first, as the longest running video on a computer. Prior to its release, Windows could only play back approx. 32,000 frames of video, or about 35 minutes at 15 frames per second. Working with Microsoft, Kinesoft was able to enhance the video features of Windows to allow for the complete playback of the entire film — all of this on a PC with a 486SX processor and only 8 MB of RAM.[83]

text: Computer Gaming World said in April 1994 that, "The picture quality still has a way to go before it reaches television standards," but was "...a noble effort" that would "please fans of the film."[84]

text: DVD and Blu-ray[edit]

text: The film has seen multiple DVD releases since the availability of the DVD format. In the autumn of 2001, Republic issued the movie twice, once in August, and again with different packaging in September of that same year. On October 31, 2006, Paramount released a newly restored "60th Anniversary Edition". On November 13, 2007, Paramount released a two-disc "special edition" DVD of the film that contained both the original theatrical black-and-white version, and a new, third colorized version, produced by Legend Films using the latest colorization technology. On November 3, 2009, Paramount released a DVD version with a "Collector's Edition" ornament, and a Blu-ray edition.

text: Adaptations in other media[edit]

text: The film was twice adapted for radio in 1947, first on Lux Radio Theater (March 10) and then on The Screen Guild Theater (December 29), then again on the Screen Guild Theater broadcast of March 15, 1951. James Stewart and Donna Reed reprised their roles for all three radio productions. Stewart also starred in the May 8, 1949 radio adaptation presented on the Screen Director's Playhouse.

text: A musical stage adaptation of the film, titled A Wonderful Life, was written by Sheldon Harnick and Joe Raposo. This version was first performed at the University of Michigan in 1986, but a planned professional production was stalled by legal wrangling with the estate of Philip Van Doren Stern. It was eventually performed in Washington, D.C. by Arena Stage in 1991, and had revivals in the 21st century, including a staged concert version in New York City in 2005 and several productions by regional theatres.

text: Another musical stage adaptation of the film, titled It's a Wonderful Life – The Musical, was written by Bruce Greer and Keith Ferguson. This version premiered at the Majestic Theatre, Dallas, Texas in 1998. It was an annual Christmas show at the theatre for five years. It has since been performed at venues all around the United States.[85]

text: The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the ice.[86]

text: It's a Wonderful Life: A Live Radio Play, a stage adaptation presented as a 1940s radio show, was adapted by Joe Landry and has been produced around the United States since 1997. The script is published by Playscripts, Inc.

text: In 1997, PBS aired Merry Christmas, George Bailey, taped from a live performance of the 1947 Lux Radio Theatre script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field as Mother Bailey.[87]

text: Philip Grecian's 2006 radio play based on the film It's a Wonderful Life is a faithful adaptation, now in its third incarnation, that has been performed numerous times by local theatres in Canada.[88]

text: In a June 2011 interview, John McDaniel told Saint Louis Magazine, "I'm in the throes of writing a musical version ... right now, working with Kathie Lee Gifford, who's doing the lyrics. I find we're mostly writing to character: Is it George, or the old guy who runs the bank? What do they want, what are they trying to do, what is the mood of that — is it staccato, are they agitated, is it a ballad?"[89]

text: The Last Temptation of Clarence Odbody is a novel written by John Pierson. The novel imagines the future lives of various characters if George had not survived his jump into the river.[90]

text: Potential sequel[edit]

text: A purported sequel was in development for a 2015 release, and was to be called It's a Wonderful Life: The Rest of the Story. It was to be written by Bob Farnsworth and Martha Bolton and follow the angel of George Bailey's daughter Zuzu (played once again by Karolyn Grimes), as she teaches Bailey's evil grandson how different the world would have been if he had never been born. Producers were considering directors and hoped to shoot the film with a $25–$35 million budget in Louisiana early in 2014.[91]

text: The film had been announced as being produced by Star Partners and Hummingbird Productions, neither of which are affiliated with Paramount, owners of the original film (Farnsworth claimed that It's a Wonderful Life was in the public domain). Later, a Paramount spokesperson claimed that they were not granting permission to make the film, "To date, these individuals have not obtained any of the necessary rights, and we would take all appropriate steps to protect those rights," the spokesperson said.[92] No further developmental plans have since arisen.

text: Popular culture[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: It's a Wonderful Life has been popularized in modern cultural references in many of the mainstream media. Due to the proliferation of these references, a few examples will suffice to illustrate the film's impact.

text:
The Sesame Street Muppets characters Bert and Ernie share their names with the cop and the taxicab driver in the film. Longtime Muppets writer and puppeteer Jerry Juhl said he believed there was no connection and that this was a coincidence.[93] The episode Elmo Saves Christmas (1996), which featured a clip from the film, pokes fun at the persistent reports of a connection, having them look at each other in disbelief as George calls Bert and Ernie by name.[93]
The film is parodied in the Season 6 Christmas Special of the MTV animated television series Beavis and Butt-Head. Entitled It's a Miserable Life, a guardian angel appears to Butt-Head and shows him what life in Highland would be like if he were never born.
Stephen Jay Gould's book Wonderful Life: The Burgess Shale and the Nature of History takes its main title from the film. The book proposes that the evolution of life, rewound and replayed multiple times, would yield a different world each time, just as life without George Bailey is Pottersville, not Bedford Falls.
In It's a Hopeful Life, the Christmas 2011 episode of Raising Hope, Jimmy dreams how life for his family would have been had his daughter Hope not been born, including separation for his parents, prostitution for Sabrina and accidental death for Maw Maw, the "Clarence" of this story. The episode's climax has Jimmy running down the main street, shouting "Merry Christmas, movie house!" In an odd coincidence, this is the second time Cloris Leachman has played the angel, having previously starred as Clara in the 1977 TV remake It Happened One Christmas.
In an episode of Mork & Mindy, after Mork disrupts one of Mindy's dates, he has Orson show what Mindy (and her family's) lives would have been had he not been a part of it. After seeing how their lives turned out, Mork begs Orson to return him to the real world. When Mindy recognizes him again, he exclaims, "Oh, it's a wonderful life!"
It's a Wonderful Life features prominently in the literature versions of the TV series of Red Dwarf by Grant Naylor, most notably the books Red Dwarf: Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers and Better Than Life. In Infinity, during his five-week love affair with Kristine Kochanski, it is revealed that It's a Wonderful Life is the favorite film of Dave Lister. In the third and last part of the book, named Back to Earth (later used as the title for the Easter special return of Red Dwarf), under the influence of the Better Than Life game, Lister ends up living in an exact replica of 1940s Bedford Falls, eternally stuck on Christmas Eve, and is even known to the townsfolk as "George". He also encounters a selection of the more notable supporting characters from the film, and references to film events and locations. In the beginning of the second book, Better Than Life, Lister's Bedford Falls is destroyed by Arnold Rimmer, whose mental state has become erratic. Unable to cope with good things happening to him, his mind begins to destroy the life of everyone around him, resulting in Bedford Falls altering to more closely resemble Pottersville.

text: Antecedent[edit]

text: In a 1997 review, film historian James Berardinelli commented on the parallels between this film and the classic Charles Dickens tale A Christmas Carol. In both stories, a man revisits his life and potential death (or non-existence) with the help of supernatural agents, culminating in a joyous epiphany and a renewed view of his life.[94]

text: Spin-offs[edit]

text: The film was remade as the 1977 television movie It Happened One Christmas. Lionel Chetwynd based the screenplay on the original Van Doren Stern short story and the 1946 screenplay. This remake employed gender-reversal, with Marlo Thomas as the protagonist Mary Bailey, Wayne Rogers as George Hatch, and Cloris Leachman as the angel Clara Oddbody.[N 11] Leachman received her second Emmy nomination for this role. In a significant departure from his earlier roles, Orson Welles was cast as Mr. Potter.[N 12] Following initial positive reviews, the made-for-television film was rebroadcast twice in 1978 and 1979, but has not been shown since on national re-broadcasts, nor issued in home media.[N 13][95]

text: In 1991, another made-for-television film called Clarence starred Robert Carradine in a new tale of the helpful angel.[96][97]