document_title: List of The Secret Life of the American Teenager characters

question_text: secret life of the american teenager ricky's brother

question_tokens: secret life of the american teenager ricky 's brother

text: Main characters[edit]

text: Amy Juergens[edit]

text: Portrayed by Shailene Woodley, Amy gets pregnant after a one-night stand at band camp before her freshman year of high school. At the beginning of the series, she is 15 years old. Upon entering high school, Amy begins a relationship with Ben Boykewich (also 15), a supportive classmate with whom she falls in love. She confesses her pregnancy to her two best friends, Madison and Lauren, who are fake because they spread the rumor that Amy had sex with Ricky. During this time, Amy's 13-year-old sister Ashley discovers her pregnancy due to Amy's recent weight gain and erratic behavior, but promises to keep her secret from their parents. Ben proposes to Amy after finding out, because he genuinely loves her, and feels he would be a better father than Ricky due to his family's financial stability. After Amy tells her parents, she contemplates having an abortion, as she is afraid of her peers' perceptions. She changes her mind, but is still adamant about not returning to school. Ricky reaches out to Amy during this time, saying that he wants to be involved with what happens to the baby. Amy plans to go live with her grandmother Mimsy, but is unable to go after discovering that Mimsy is suffering from Alzheimer's disease, and is moving into assisted care living. Amy returns to school, but is uncomfortable with being known as "the pregnant girl".

text: Halfway through her pregnancy, Amy's mother Anne informs her that in order to keep the baby, she will have to find a job and daycare. Anne intends to get a job to replace the loss of her husband George's income as they prepare for divorce. Amy is surprised, since she assumed that her mother would stay home and look after the baby, as she had with her daughters. As a result, Amy and Ben get married using fake IDs, but they learn afterwards that the marriage was void since they were both underage. Amy then decides on adoption, and discovers that her father's longtime employee Donovan and his husband Leon want to adopt the baby. The adoption fails due to Ricky's interference, and she ultimately decides to keep the baby due to the love and support of her family and friends.

text: After Amy decides to keep the baby, Grace and Adrian throw her a baby shower, where Amy then goes into labor. While in the hospital, Amy reprimands Ricky for getting her pregnant, but then realizes that she was equally responsible for what had happened. She gives birth to their son, John, whom she lets Ashley name, and begins to struggle with motherhood.

text: After breaking up with Ben during her sophomore year, Amy briefly dates Jimmy, the son of her mother's ex-boyfriend, but their relationship ends after he finds a condom in her purse. Not knowing this at first, Amy thinks that Jimmy broke up with her because she was a bad kisser, and asks Ricky to kiss her just to be sure. Adrian finds out about the kiss, and sleeps with Ben in order to get back at both of them (however, Adrian believed it was more than a kiss until Ricky informs her after Adrian and Ben's one-night-stand.) Amy and Ben quickly reconcile and get back together around the end of the year.

text: After being accepted into a summer music program in New York, Amy decides to go but is surprised to learn that the program is for teen mothers. During this time, Ben reveals to Amy that Adrian had gotten pregnant from their one-night stand, and that he had been keeping her pregnancy from Amy for several weeks. After breaking up with Ben, she develops feelings for Ricky when he comes to visit. She tells him that if he really wants to be with her, he has to stop sleeping around,and get tested for any sexually transmitted diseases or infections.

text: At the beginning of season four, Amy and Ricky are together and are trying to be a real family for their son. After the stillborn death of Ben and Adrian's daughter, Amy and Ricky begin a sexual relationship. Three months later, Amy moves herself and John into Ricky's little apartment over the butcher shop where he works. Amy decides she wants to marry Ricky, but he thinks she's moving too fast. Later he proposes at their graduation, where he is also valedictorian. At a graduation party, Ricky kisses Adrian one last time; something Amy allowed. The next day, Ricky is surprised that Amy isn't in a hurry to marry, but is content with just being engaged until she feels the time is right for them to marry. Later in the season, Amy thinks she is pregnant again and becomes very moody. Although she finds out that she is not pregnant, she is still irritable. Ricky takes her back to where they first met and Amy begins to become a little more happy and appreciative of Ricky, and more excited about his proposal to her. Shortly after Amy discovers her mother is a lesbian, she tells Ricky that they should just run off and get married, to which Ricky agrees. Amy tells everyone that Ricky and her eloped in the season 5 premiere, keeping the fact they changed their minds at the last minute and are in fact not married a secret. Eventually she breaks off the relationship and goes to college in New York, leaving John with Ricky. They both agree to parenting him. Eventually, Ricky and John move to New York to be a family and Amy and Ricky end up falling in love again, resulting in them getting married after all.

text: Richard "Ricky" Underwood[edit]

text: Portrayed by Daren Kagasoff, Ricky Underwood is the lead male character. His father, Bob, is a drug addict who beat Ricky's mother Nora and sexually abused Ricky as a young child. His mother was both a drug addict and an alcoholic who never helped him out of fear. Ricky was taken away from his parents after the abuse came to light, and put into foster care. As a teenager, Ricky attended Ulysses S. Grant High School, where he was the drummer in the high school marching band and had a reputation of being a promiscuous bad boy. He used to see a therapist, Lauren's father Dr. Ken Fields, who he occasionally visits for advice as an adult. The summer before Ricky's sophomore year, he impregnated Amy Juergens after a one-night stand at band camp, finding out about her pregnancy a few months later. Despite his misgivings over being a good father, Ricky is shown to love and care for his son John. He and Amy go on a date in the fall finale of season 3 and she makes him get tested before considering having sex with him. Ricky tests disease-free, and chooses to not have sex with anyone other than Amy. Their first time having sex occurred in the wake of dealing with the news of Ben and Adrian's stillborn daughter. Amy and John soon move in with Ricky. Amy finds messages left by Adrian, after telling her she's in love with Ricky. Amy gets caught by Ricky, with him stating they should spend some time apart if she can't trust him. Ricky eventually apologizes to Amy and they get back together. Amy tries to get Ricky to propose by doing "wild" things such as giving him a milkshake and a bath. Ricky ends up being the Valedictorian, and at the end of his speech he proposes to Amy. At the graduation party Amy allows Ricky to kiss Adrian one last time to give closure to her. Ricky wants to know when Amy wants to get married, and is taken aback when Amy doesn't seem to be in a hurry to plan their wedding. Amy then has a pregnancy scare, and Ricky is supportive and takes Amy to band camp so she can be happy. Amy told everyone that Ricky and her eloped in the season 5 premiere even though they pulled out at the last minute. Eventually Amy breaks up with him and leaves John in his care while she goes to New York to attend college. Eventually, Ricky and John move to New York to be a family, and Amy and Ricky end up falling in love and getting married.

text: Adrian Lee Enriquez-Boykewich[edit]

text: Portrayed by Francia Raisa, Adrian is the daughter of Ruben Enriquez and Cindy Lee, and the ex-wife of Ben. She is 20 years old. Adrian is both book smart and street smart, hard-edged and emotional. Although she is a straight-A student and a majorette, she has a reputation for being a drama queen and the "school slut". She also has strong feelings for Ricky despite claiming she doesn't anymore since they stopped speaking to each other. Adrian grew up never knowing who her father was, until she went on a search to find him. Her father ended up marrying her mother after 16 years of being apart from each other. Adrian and her parents now live next door to the Juergens family. Her mother is a flight attendant and her father is a District Attorney. Like Ricky, Adrian is also known to use sex to deal with pain. In the episode "Be My, Be My Baby", she reveals that she first had sex when she was fifteen, with her childhood best friend Antonio, who was moving away in order to get cancer treatments. Adrian was infuriated after she found out that Ricky kissed Amy, believing that it went beyond kissing, even though it was a mostly innocent encounter. Adrian had a one-night-stand with Ben in retaliation, and ended up becoming pregnant with his child. She had her mind set on abortion, but she eventually backed out and decided to keep the baby. Adrian's decision to keep the baby received a lot of positive support from her father and even Amy, who had called her to let her know that she was giving Adrian the same offer of a friendship between them that she had given her in the past, because their children might end up becoming friends. Adrian later finds out that she is having a baby girl, which both she and Ben are excited about, and she and Ben later get married. Adrian gives birth to their daughter Mercy, who is tragically stillborn due to heart failure. Adrian and Ben are both absolutely devastated by Mercy's death. After this, Ben realizes he no longer loves Adrian, and that he may never have truly loved her. Ben decides that he wants a divorce. When she finds this out, Adrian tries to get pregnant again, believing that they will fall back in love and be happy again if she has another baby. When this doesn't work, she decides he should leave. After Ben left, Adrian realized she still loved Ricky, so she decided to date a guy named Dante in an attempt to make Ricky jealous. In the process, she meets Dante's brother, Omar, and begins dating him, because Dante left the country without an explanation. But Ricky had other plans - he ended up proposing to Amy at their graduation. Adrian wants one last kiss from Ricky, to see if she still has feelings for him. At the graduation party, she receives the kiss and is happy to discover that the kiss leaves her unmoved; however, Omar is at the party and is offended by Adrian kissing Ricky, and leaves. Disconsolate, Adrian has sex with Henry. The next day, she realizes that she has made a mistake, and repeatedly calls Omar, who does not answer her calls. To her surprise, Dante arrives back from his semester abroad. When she tells him that she has been seeing his brother, he breaks up with her. Adrian and her best friend Grace are fed up with boys, and decide to enroll in summer school together. Shortly after, Adrian gets a letter in the mail, stating that she is legally divorced from Ben. She then completes summer school and shows signs of still being in love with Ricky. She falls back in love with Omar, but denies his proposal of marriage, wanting to wait until her schooling is complete. After the series, Adrian and Omar move to New York. Adrian goes to law school, and Omar and Adrian get married and have two children together.

text: Benjamin "Ben" Boykewich[edit]

text: Portrayed by Ken Baumann, Benjamin "Ben" Boykewich 15-year-old son of Leo Boykewich, is Amy's high school boyfriend and first love. He meets Amy after his best friend Alice points her out one day at school, and they begin dating and fall in love. He offers to marry Amy when he finds out she's pregnant, but she declined his offer at the time. When Amy's mother Jeff

text: Ashley Juergens[edit]

text: Portrayed by India Eisley, Ashley Juergens is the youngest daughter of Anne and George, and Amy's younger sister. She is mature, observant, and sarcastic, tending to speak in a low, monotone voice. Ashley is the first member in the Juergens family to learn of Amy's pregnancy. She is often forgotten by her family and remarks that she could get away with anything. However, Ashley's main concern is keeping her family together. Ashley believed that Amy's baby would reunite her dividing family and worked hard to discourage Amy from adoption. After the baby was born, she named her nephew John since she thought it was simple and classic. During the third season she developed feelings for Ricky. She stays away from Ricky, for benefit of Amy and Ricky, but is told to back down by Amy so that she and Ricky can see if they can try to be a couple. Ashley passes her GED after a brief stint in home-schooling and travels across the US with her new friend, Toby. They end up broke in Florida and stay with his grandmother, earning money with various part-time jobs. Ashley returns home the day after Ricky's graduation and announces that she will be attending college in Florida in the fall. In season 5, Ashley's relationship with Toby has progressed into a sexual relationship. Her father is very upset once hearing this, but Ashley explains that they are in love and practicing safe-sex. After coming back from a trip to Europe with her mother, she finds out that she was accepted to a cooking school in Italy. Both George and Anne say no to the idea, so she ends up running away with the help of her grandmother Mimsy, who gives her ten thousand dollars.

text: Jack Pappas[edit]

text: Portrayed by Greg Finley II, Jack Pappas is a college freshman and quarterback on the football team. His stepfather, Reverend Stone, is the minister of the church where he and Grace first met. He cheats on Grace in the first episode when he has oral sex with Adrian, and is then caught kissing her at the school dance. Grace eventually forgives him, and they start to date in secret because of her parent's disapproval. To Jack's dismay, Ricky pretends to be dating Grace as a cover for her parent's. Their relationship ends again when a security camera catches Ricky saving Grace from two men after Jack left her in a bad part of town. He is shown to be clearly jealous over Ricky, which prompts him to tell Grace that he only started dating her because his step-father asked him to. He eventually breaks up with Grace and moves in with Tom in Grace's family's guest house, even though he still loves Grace. He later dates Madison and they break up after summer vacation. Jack and Madison reunite, and although they are back together, Madison becomes very jealous that Jack is living with Grace's family. He moves out of the guest house and into the big house (where Grace lives) because Tom's new girlfriend and her children move into the guest house with Tom. Jack's room is next to Grace's which makes Madison even more nervous about their relationship. Later on, Jack and Madison break up, because he is still in love with Grace. Jack is chosen to give the invocation at the graduation ceremony, and Grace helps him write it. At the end of season 4 they share a kiss to see if they still have feelings for each other. The kiss is captured on a cell phone, and the picture is sent to Grace's current boyfriend, Daniel. Jack is jubilant when Grace's boyfriend breaks up with her, but Grace's mother suggests that since he is going to college in a few months, perhaps he'd be better off just being friends with Grace and taking advantage of new college experiences. He tries to date by sleeping with a girl named Clementine, who is an old friend of Ricky's, but realizes that he still wants to be with Grace. After they get back together, Grace discovers his recent relationship with Clementine, and has trouble trusting him. Jack is in critical condition after a pimp beat him with a baseball bat in his dorm room for paying an underage prostitute without sex and helping her escape. Jack eventually ends up marrying Madison. They also move to New York. Jack becomes a coach at St. Francis

text: Grace Bowman[edit]

text: Portrayed by Megan Park, Grace Bowman is the biological daughter of Marshall and Kathleen Bowman and the younger sister of the adopted Tom Bowman. Grace is 18 years old. She is in 12th grade, and an ex-cheerleader. At the beginning of the show, Grace was a devout religious person and does her best to be stay true to her religion. Originally, she was in a relationship with Jack, but they had a lot of disagreements over whether or not to have sex. Grace believed in waiting till marriage, and even wore a promise ring to prove it. She and Jack later break up after he has oral sex with Adrian. She briefly becomes involved with Ricky, but breaks up with him after discovering that he's still sleeping with Adrian. Grace and Jack get back together when Amy has John. In the second season opener, she and Jack decide to have sex. She quickly regrets her decision after the sudden death of her father. She later on becomes involved with Grant, the cousin of Griffin. Grant and Grace bond over their shared desire to become doctors, and strengthen that bond over a summer at MED camp. In her endeavors to become a doctor, she visits Africa with her doctor step-father, where she cheats on Grant with Daniel, a college student. Grant and Grace later break up and she begins to date Daniel, but their relationship isn't smooth due to his greater maturity. Grace becomes jealous of Daniel's ex-girlfriend at the graduation party and Daniel leaves. Grace and Jack share a kiss the next morning after the party, which is captured on a cell phone by Daniel's ex-girlfriend, Raven. Raven texts the picture to Daniel, and he breaks up with Grace, realizing that she still has feelings for Jack. Grace later confesses to Adrian that she thinks she may still be in love with Jack. She and Jack end their engagement and she moves to New York and becomes a doctor.

text: George Juergens[edit]

text: Portrayed by Mark Derwin, George Juergens is the estranged husband of Anne Juergens, the father of Amy, Ashley and Robbie Juergens, and the maternal grandfather of John Juergens. George is a comically blunt, somewhat immature and often oblivious man, but one who loves his family and tries hard to protect them and keep them together. His first wife was Kathleen Bowman, a woman who married him for sex. George, a furniture salesman, met Anne while she was in college. He and Anne eloped shortly after discovering Anne was pregnant with Amy. Two years later, they had Ashley. It is later found out that he cheated on Anne with other women. The two get a divorce and remarried and separate again. He also has another son with Anne, Robie. He currently lives at his children's childhood home with his dog. When everyone moves out, he invites Ricky's mother, Nora, to move in with him as a roommate. She moves into Ashley's garage bedroom. George and Anne still feel a spark for each other, but Anne seems intent on seeing the divorce go through. After George realizes Anne really is gay and he has no more feelings for her, he starts to date his first wife Kathleen (Grace and Tom's mother) again. They realize they still have their spark and that they are still in love.

text: Anne Juergens[edit]

text: Portrayed by Molly Ringwald, Anne Juergens is the daughter of Mimsy and Robert, the divorced wife of George Juergens, the mother of Amy, Ashley and Robbie Juergens and the maternal grandmother of John Juergens. She is a responsible, practical, and naturally independent woman who tries to install the same virtues in her daughters. Anne met George while she was majoring in Women's Studies at college. When Anne discovered she had become pregnant with Amy, she reluctantly dropped out of college, married George and became a wife. Two years later, she had Ashley, and another 14 years after that, she had Robbie. She and George separated after she became tired of his womanizing and realized that she was not happy in the marriage. She dated an architect for a while, and they planned to marry when she became pregnant, thinking it was his child; he later confessed that he could not have children, and she realized that Robbie was George's son. She lived with her mother for a while after her separation from George, but when her mother went into a home for Alzheimer's patients, she was on her own, and began to see a high school sweetheart for companionship, but the relationship didn't go anywhere. She and George made an attempt to get back together and she took over the design portion of his furniture business, but again she finds poorly-hidden evidence that he was unfaithful, and resumed divorce proceedings. In season 5, after George spreads the truth as a rumor around town, Anne Juergens comes out to her family as a lesbian. She walks in her house one day when Nora (Ricky's birth mother) was having an AA meeting with all lesbians attending. Anne gets to know one of them closely and invited her to stay the night. They plan to go out on a date.

text: Leo Boykewich[edit]

text: Steve Schirripa portrays Leo Boykewich, Ben's widowed father. He owns the local butcher shop, and is known as "The Sausage King". Leo is one of the first people to suspect Amy's pregnancy due to her huge appetite and nausea. He even supported Ben's decision to marrying Amy since he met Ben's mother when they were in high school. He's usually portrayed as the voice of reason for many of the characters on the shows. Such as when he tells Ben off for believing that he can support Amy's baby with his money. He gives Ben and Ricky jobs at the butcher shop as a way to help support Amy. In the second season, Leo begins to date a woman named Betty, who is the prostitute Tom had once hired. We later learn from Betty that she was very upfront about her profession the first day she introduced herself to Leo, because she was afraid of embarrassing him. He later proposes to Betty, but she explains that she may still be married to her ex. He promises to hunt down her husband, who turns out to be dead, and they get married in an elaborate ceremony. Leo takes Ricky under his wing by allowing him to live in the upstairs apartment. He is upset when Ben and Adrian discover they are having a baby, and tries to caution Ben from marrying Adrian just because she is pregnant. Ben is insistent, however, so Leo purchases a condo for the newlyweds. When Ben is ambivalent about being married, Leo sternly tells him that he made the choice, and he now has to make the best of it. When the baby is stillborn, Leo tearfully breaks the news to Ben and Adrian's friends at the hospital, and then later supports Ben's decision to get a divorce. In Season 4, Leo questions whether or not he wants to be married to Betty anymore when he suspects that his longtime assistant, Camille, is in love with him. Even so, Leo decides to stick with the marriage because he believes that is the right thing to do. Betty later decides that she wants a divorce and Leo agrees to it. He later sends Camille flowers and a bracelet and invites her out to dinner. While talking in the car on the way to dinner Camille kisses Leo, and the two are later seen together at graduation. They get married in the fifth season, and decide to adopt a young girl who was the under-aged prostitute that Jack helped.

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text: The following is a list of characters that are, or at one time were, a recurring guest on the series.

text: Nora Underwood[edit]

text: Anne Ramsay portrays Nora Underwood, Ricky's biological mother. For the majority of the first season, she is a distant character in Ricky's past. She has been to jail a few times due to drug possession and Ricky often felt bitter towards her because she failed to protect him from his father's abuse. But in Season 3, episode 7, she comes back into his life, to spend time with her son before she gets put back in jail. Ruben Enriquez (Adrian's father), as a DA helps Ricky get his mother out of jail, as he is willing to try and forgive her. Later on in the season, the two begin to repair the relationship, however, she was unsure about telling him she has a girlfriend, but she later does, and is gratified when Ricky seems pleased for her. The relationship doesn't last, though, and after a night of binge drinking (with the purported intent of convincing Ben that he shouldn't drink) she moves out of Margaret and Shakur's home and moves in with George Juergens, who initially tries to make a play for her, but remains pals when he discovers that she is a lesbian. She is very proud of Ricky's accomplishments in spite of his shaky childhood.

text: Henry Miller & Alice Valko[edit]

text: Allen Evangelista portrays Henry 'Hank' Miller, has been Ben's friend since the third grade. He is now dating Alison 'Alice' Valko (who is portrayed by Amy Rider), who has also become a friend of Ben's and some of the girls in school. Alice is very smart and knows a lot of factual information, while Henry is a bit more social. They have and discuss sex quite often, but fairly maturely. In the first episode, Alice pointed out Amy to Ben. In season 4 Henry breaks up with Alice and the two try "shared custody" of Ben, which is awkward and doesn't work out. In the 13th episode of Season 4, Alice walks into a bedroom after a graduation party to find Henry in bed with Adrian. Angrily, she tells Ben what she found, and Ben tells Henry he is no longer welcome in his home. After Ben finds out that he can no longer date Dylan, a sad conversation with Alice turns into sex. Henry thinks that there is something going on that he doesn't know about and pressures Alice to tell him. Ben doesn't know that Alice told Henry, and is mad at him for kissing Dylan.

text: Marc Molina[edit]

text: Jorge Pallo portrays Marc Molina, who was the school guidance counselor and was a big hit with the girls at the start of the school year. Before Amy reveals her pregnancy to her two best friends, Lauren and Madison, they gab about the new counselor, asking if she has something better to talk about than him. He's always helping people, especially Ben and Adrian. He disappeared before the season break, with people saying that he ran off with Adrian, but no one really knew why he was gone. It was later revealed that he left to get married. We later find out that his wife was his crazy girlfriend that he talked about with Ben and also that he was once a cop until his wife made him quit the force. Marc believes he married the wrong person, but it is revealed that his wife is pregnant when she comes to Amy's baby shower. He eventually resigned because he needed a better job to support his growing family.

text: Mimsy Scott Levy[edit]

text: Alice Hirson portrays Mimsy, Anne's mother, Amy, Ashley and Robie's grandmother and John Juergens great-grandmother. She has the beginnings of Alzheimer's disease and recently moved to an assisted care home. It is stated that she likes everyone better than Anne, and Anne is reluctant to tell her about anything in her life, such as her marital problems with George as well as her pregnancy. Anne and Amy worry about her sometimes. Mimsy is reported as having suffered a slight stroke and therefore, Anne and George miss John's first birthday to go to her side. Mimsy surprises Anne and George with the news that she has married a gentleman named Eugene Levy. In season 5, Ashley takes advantage of her Alzheimer's and convinces Mimsy to give her $10,000 to run away to Italy for cooking school. Alice Hirson previously portrayed Jenny Jackson, mother of Annie Camden in 7th Heaven.

text: Kathleen Bowman[edit]

text: Josie Bissett, of Melrose Place fame, portrays Kathleen Bowman, who is the mother of Grace Bowman, adoptive mother of Tom Bowman, the ex-wife of George Juergens, and new wife of Jeff Tseguay. She cheated on George during their marriage. As a teen, Kathleen's mother did not let her have any physical contact with any boys. She told Grace that she only married George for sex. She waited until she married Marshall Bowman to have sex with him. She becomes a widow after Marshall dies in a private jet crash and began dating a younger man named Dr. Jeff Tseguay, a gynecologist, much to Grace's displeasure. Kathleen and Jeff are so excited that Grace suddenly seems to be in favor of the marriage that they impulsively decide to marry right away. Kathleen therefore changed her name from "Bowman" to "Tseguay". Kathleen tries to balance supervising Tom's special needs with his desire to be independent, and tries to get Grace to behave responsibly when it comes to sex. Kathleen then gets back together with George Juergens in a serious relationship.

text: Tom Bowman[edit]

text: Luke Zimmerman portrays Tom Bowman, Grace's adopted older brother, who has Down Syndrome. His mother died earlier in his life, then he was adopted by the Bowmans. With the normal drives of a young man, he is interested in sex—at one point, he calls an "escort" service and a prostitute named Betty comes in response to his call. They do not have sex, but she spends the evening talking with him and allowing him to confess his frustrations. Later, he meets Tammy and wants to marry her, despite having only been on one date with her. Tammy ends up marrying someone else. He sometimes refers to Ricky as "Drummer Boy" and cares deeply about Grace. He mistakes Adrian's manipulation of him to borrow money as interest in him, and tries to respond, with no luck. When it is first announced that Adrian is pregnant, Tom proposes to her, and promises to take care of her. She gently refuses him. He and Jack share the Bowman's guesthouse for a while when Tom is impatient for more independence that Kathleen is willing to allow him. Jack moves into the main house when Tom begins dating a woman with two children that he met on the bus on his way to work as a Vice President of Human Resources.

text: Dr. Marshall Bowman[edit]

text: John Schneider portrays Dr. Marshall Bowman, Grace's overprotective father. He's also the partner of the Juergens' pediatrician, Dr. Hightower, which is how he found out about Amy's pregnancy. Marshall later admits to Ricky that his brother was sexually abused by his neighbor and later committed suicide. Marshall dies when his private jet crashes, leaving Grace thinking the crash was all her fault because she had sex with her boyfriend, Jack, after Marshall told her not to. His body was cremated and spread on a hole in a golf course. It was discovered in Season 4, that Marshall had a relationship with another woman while he was in Zimbabwe and they had a son together named Jacob.

text: Madison Cooperstein[edit]

text: Renee Olstead portrays Madison Mildred Cooperstein. She is in 12th grade, she's one of Amy's best friends, and her values are defined by her Catholicism. Madison unintentionally spreads gossip and rumors, though she is a well-meaning girl. She dated Lauren's brother, Jason, and unintentionally spread the news of Amy's pregnancy. She feels ignored by Amy because she is spending more time with Ben than with her. Madison broke up with Jason but started to have feelings over the breakup. It is revealed that her mother died. Madison seems to have a crush on Jack and might have done something with him over the summer. She does not want a relationship with Jack despite fooling around with him. After Jack and Grace's relationship fizzles, Jack begins to date Madison. Madison, hoping to reassure Jack that she is a "free spirit" and doesn't want to trap him, tells Jack that she's not interested in children or marriage. This causes Jack to rethink the relationship because, as he tells her, the whole idea of dating is to find someone that you might want to marry. Since she says she doesn't want to marry, perhaps he should be dating elsewhere. Madison quickly recants and tells Jack that she is interested in a family and children, but not for a long time. They resume their relationship, and while Madison is seriously considering having sex with Jack, she confesses that she isn't quite ready, wanting the occasion to be special and wearing a pretty dress and having her make-up done. Jack tells her that he is fine with waiting. So, to get around having actual sex, Madison and Jack often have oral sex. After school ends, Madison sleeps over at the Bowman guest house (where Jack stays) and lies about where she spent the night. When her dad gets an email from Lauren, he forbids Madison and Jack to date. Madison later tries to date her former supervisor, whom her father discovers lied about his age, and proceeds to kick him out of his home. Madison lost her virginity to Jack after Adrian and Ben's wedding, but because she and Jack regret having sex, they decide to discontinue any sexual activity. At the graduation party Madison has sex with Lauren's boyfriend, Jesse. Lauren tells her that she hates her, orders her out of her house when Madison comes to apologize, and rips up a photo of the two of them. Lauren forgives her. Then they go to Berkeley because of their amazing singing voices. Then her and Jack get back together move to New York. They also get married. She becomes a great brodway singer and Jack becomes a coach.

text: Lauren Treacy[edit]

text: Camille Winbush portrays Lauren Treacy, who is also in the 12th grade and one of Amy's best friends. She is smart, practical, and seems to be the voice of reason for Amy. Her father is Ricky's therapist. Along with Madison, Lauren also accidentally spread the news of Amy's pregnancy. She made out with Ricky one night in his car. She also feels ignored by Amy. Her parents are divorced, and her mother is remarried. Lauren is now dating Jesse, and plans to have sex with him when Madison and Jack have sex. After her parents find out that she and Jesse slept over at Jack's guest house and she lied about it, her father and mother ban her from seeing and being with Jesse. She and Jesse break up, but then get back together when they realize they still care for each other. Jesse throws an all-night graduation party, where he drinks too much and ends up in bed with Madison after Lauren makes it clear that she neither intends to drink or have sex that night. Angrily, she breaks up with Jesse and tells Madison that she hates her. Camille Winbush also previously guest starred on 7th Heaven for 6 episodes as Lynn Hamilton.

text: Jason Treacy[edit]

text: Andrew McFarlane portrays Jason Treacy, Lauren's older brother and Madison Cooperstein's ex-boyfriend. He's a member of the Grant High Football team and portrayed as an excellent student, proven by the fact that he was the only other student besides Grace Bowman to be accepted into the Young Healers Camp program, for students who aspire to be doctors. At med camp, he and Grace became extremely attracted to one another because of all the time they spent together, and eventually they kissed. However, before returning home, they agreed to only be friends, but Jason still broke up with Madison before the next school year began. Along with Grace and her new boyfriend, Grant, he also attended the Young Healers Camp again the following summer.

text: Dr. Jeff Tseguay[edit]

text: Reid Scott portrays Dr. Jeff Tseguay, Grace's step-father. Jeff met Kathleen during the aftermath of Marshall's death—his brother died in the same plane crash that killed Marshall. Kathleen and Jeff's relationship is inadvertently discovered by Jack when he is in a drug store and witnesses Kathleen and Jeff purchasing contraceptives. He agrees not to tell Grace, but Kathleen decides to go ahead and tell Grace anyway, knowing that her interest in another man only six months after Marshall's death will deeply upset her. One evening, Kathleen is at Jeff's house and Jeff decides not to answer a phone call from his mother. His mother becomes concerned and bursts in on the couple talking in bed, much to Jeff's chagrin, Kathleen's embarrassment, and his mother's interest. Their relationship escalates quickly, and upon Grace's pretense at encouragement, they decide to marry. The day after the wedding, Jeff talks to Grace and tells her that he feels that they got off on the wrong foot, and, as her new stepfather and as an obstetrician/gynecologist, invites her to talk about her misgivings. During the talk, Grace begins to sort out her conflicted feelings about sex. Jeff later joins a medical team working for an extended period in Africa, where Grace visits him and meets Daniel. Jeff invites Kathleen to join him in Africa for a few months, and although tempted, she doesn't feel that she can leave Tom and Grace.

text: Betty Boykewich[edit]

text: Jennifer Coolidge portrays Betty, who meets and interests Leo Boykewich. She is upfront about telling him that she has been a prostitute, because she doesn't want him embarrassed when he finds out, but he decides he doesn't care. He discovers that she can't marry him because she is still married to a man she hasn't seen in a long time. Leo locates her husband, only to find that he has died, and he proposes. When Ben is conflicted over having sex with Adrian, Betty offers to listen to his problems, but Ben rudely turns her away, telling her he doesn't need advice from a prostitute. She is hurt, but soon bounces back. When Ben sincerely apologizes for his outburst, she assures him that she has already forgotten it, and goes on to encourage Ben to act on his feelings. Betty and Leo are married in a lavish wedding with Ben inviting all his friends to celebrate. Betty clumsily but earnestly attempts to console Adrian after the loss their baby. In season 4 she decides that she realizes that Leo is not happy and tells him she wants a divorce and wants to go to college. In one of the last episodes of the season her mother dies and while awaiting a flight on her soon-to-be ex-husband's private jet she is approached by a divorce lawyer.

text: Robert "Bob" Underwood[edit]

text: Bryan Callen portrays Robert "Bob" Underwood, Ricky's biological father who has been to jail for drugs and child molestation. In Season 1 during one episode he comes back to find Ricky, and wants to sell Ricky and Amy's baby. Later, he is caught with drugs and sent back to prison. Bryan Callen also previously guest starred on 7th Heaven for 9 episodes as George 'Vic' Vickery Petrowski.

text: Margaret Shakur[edit]

text: L. Scott Caldwell portrays Margaret Shakur, Ricky's foster mother and John Juergens' foster grandmother. Margaret and her husband love Ricky as their own, and are proud to be his parents. Later, Margaret and Sanjay have dinner with Anne and George to discuss Ricky's custody case, and expressing a desire to be a part of John's life. Margaret helped Adrian with her decision about whether or not to terminate her unplanned pregnancy. Later, Ricky's birth mother, Nora, moves in with Margaret and Sanjay when starting her life over, and they have become good friends. Margaret decides to take in one of Ricky's former foster brothers, Ethan, who ends up in juvenile detention after sexting nude pictures of an underage girl to his friends when she breaks up with him. Because of overcrowding in juvenile detention, Ethan will return to live with Margaret.

text: Cindy Lee Enriquez[edit]

text: Paola Turbay portrays Cindy Lee, Adrian's mother. Cindy got pregnant with Adrian as a teenager on purpose because she wanted the love of a baby, but her guilt of trapping Ruben Enriquez, Adrian's father, into being a father caused her to keep Ruben out of their lives. She raised Adrian alone and worked as a flight attendant; causing her to be away from home a lot. At the start of the show, she and George Jurgens had an affair that ended around the time George found out about Amy's pregnancy. She was also unaware of Adrian's affairs and her moniker as the "school slut" until Ruben told her. Despite this, Cindy continues to work, leaving Adrian alone, where Adrian continues to have sex. Cindy and Ruben later reunite after he leaves his wife, and she declines a job promotion in New York so they could get married. After a minor case of cold feet, Cindy and Ruben decide to get married the day before Leo and Betty's wedding in a judge's office. Much to Cindy's consternation, Ruben's mother has sent a completely inappropriate wedding dress to wear — an ugly red, flouncy dress several sizes too large. After a moment of anger, Cindy shrugs and she and Ruben are married, with Adrian as a witness. When Adrian reveals that she's pregnant, Cindy tells her daughter that she will stand behind Adrian, whether or not she decides to have an abortion. This spawns an argument between her and Ruben since he's Catholic. They later make up and support Adrian's decision to have the baby. Cindy and her husband are present for Adrian and Ben's wedding, and she later try's to comfort her daughter after the baby's stillbirth.

text: Ruben Enriquez[edit]

text: Philip Anthony-Rodriguez portrays Ruben Enriquez, Adrian's father and the ex-boyfriend of Cindy. He was not involved with Adrian during her childhood years because he and Cindy made a deal not to see each other. When Adrian eventually finds him, Ruben tells Adrian he wants nothing do with her, but later decides to help her turn her life around for the better. Ruben is an Assistant District Attorney and is married for the third time. Adrian is his second biological child (he has a biological son in Mexico), however, he is the stepfather to two sons. For confidentiality reasons, he could not tell Adrian that he had known the truth about Ricky having been sexually abused. He and Cindy marry before a judge, "Fast Eddy", the day before Leo and Betty marry. When his daughter becomes pregnant, Ruben strongly objects to the idea of her having an abortion. This causes conflict between Ruben and his wife, who supports Adrian's decision. Adrian chose to keep the baby, and Ruben couldn't have been happier. When Adrian's daughter, later named "Mercy" is born stillborn, he blames himself for pushing Adrian to keep the baby instead of having an abortion.

text: Rev. Sam Stone[edit]

text: Tom Virtue portrays Rev. Sam Stone, Jack's stepfather and the minister at the local church. Jack told him why Grace thinks her dad died. He tried, unsuccessfully, to make Grace see that she and Jack having sex had nothing to with her father's death. He also helped Amy find couples to adopt her unborn baby (John) when she was pregnant. After offered a job at his Alma Mater in Phoenix, Arizona as the head of the Philosophy department, he gives up the church and moves with his wife, leaving Jack to complete his senior year. He makes a cameo appearance to marry Ben and Adrian.

text: Griffin[edit]

text: Brando Eaton portrays Griffin, who is in 9th grade like Ashley, and is her friend. He and Ashley clicked as friends when he asked her to sit with him at lunch. After she asks him if all he wants is to have sex with her, Griffin tells Ashley that he is gay. George likes Griffin after meeting him because Ashley did not pick a guy friend who only wants her for sex. It's revealed that his two older brothers are also gay. He fixes Ashley up with his cousin, Grant, and brings his date, Michael, to Leo and Betty's wedding. After Ashley uses Grant, Griffin decides to introduce him to Grace Bowman. In return, Grace introduces Griffin to Peter, a guy she knew from church, and it was an instant connection for both couples.

text: Grant[edit]

text: Grant Harvey portrays Grant, Griffin's awkward but engaging cousin, who is not gay and is interested in Ashley. He is put up to a blind date with Ashley by Griffin, and finds himself attracted to her. At first, George isn't concerned, thinking that since Grant is related to Griffin, he must be gay, too. He is taken aback to discover that Grant is not gay, but decides to trust Ashley not to make the same mistake that Amy did. He wants to have sex with Ashley. After a party held by Leo and Ben, Grant finds interest in Grace, and is now dating her. He and Grace stay abstinent through their summer at Med Camp, and have sex after school starts when Grant's parents are out of town. Grant then told Grace that he loved her. Later, Grant's parents come to the Bowman-Tseguay residence and it is found that Grant's father is quite old, but charms the hearts of both Grace and Kathleen..

text: Katelyn O'Malley[edit]

text: Beverley Mitchell portrays Katelyn O'Malley. Mitchell is the third person from the show that previously starred on 7th Heaven; Mackenzie Rosman was the second, playing a recurring role as Zoe and Christopher Michael was the first, playing the football coach. Katelyn is the most recent school guidance counselor. It is revealed in season 4 that like Ben and Adrian, she lost a child when her baby died of SIDS. She also explains that her marriage fell apart as well when her husband became an alcoholic.

text: Dylan[edit]

text: Dylan is introduced during the graduation party. Henry points her out and Ben goes after her. Dylan's parents are very protective over her and it takes a while for them to be convinced that it is okay for them to date. Ben's dad and Dylan's parents catch Dylan and her friends smoking pot in Ben's room. They are then forbidden to see each other. After some convincing they are allowed to go out again but they accidentally burn down Dylan's school, and they are forbidden to see each other again. Even though her friend, Wendy, told her that she overheard Ben telling Amy that he still loves her, she still wants to date Ben. They come up with this idea that her parents could meet Henry and pretend to go out with Henry, but instead meet Ben. Ben's dad finds out and forbids him from going. At her house, Henry is mad at Ben for sleeping with Alice and plans to make revenge by going out with Dylan for real. So he forces her to stay home and have a real date. Dylan is furious with Henry, but they still kiss. Dylan then finds out that Ben and Alice slept together and doesn't really want to go out with Ben anymore so she gives Henry a chance. She is portrayed by Ana Lucasey.

text: Jesse[edit]

text: Austin Stowell portrays Jesse. He became Lauren's boyfriend in season 2. After sleeping at Jack's guest room with Madison and Lauren, Lauren is banned from seeing Jesse. At his graduation party, where he drinks too much, Lauren discovers him sleeping with Madison.

text: Kathy[edit]

text: Kathy is portrayed by Cierra Ramirez, introduced in the 100th episode as a new freshman who Amy mentors as part of a senior project. She got pregnant by her much older ex-boyfriend, and plans on giving her baby girl up for adoption. She is initially wary about talking to Amy because unlike her, she chose to raise a child as a teenager. Kathy eventually opens up to her about her worries on not having friends because of her condition. She currently lives with her grandmother because her parents kicked her out. Kathy explains early on that even though her baby will have an open adoption, she has no plans to be involved in the child's life. She meets Ethan and they start connecting about their histories and even go on a double-date with Amy and Ricky. Their relationship hits a speed bump in the road after Ethan makes a disastrous first impression to the prospective parents, who later tell Kathy to break-up with him. They quickly get back together in the fall season finale. In the holiday special, Kathy goes into labor on Christmas Eve and gives birth to a baby girl on Christmas Day. The adoptive parents name her Hedy. She is portrayed by Cierra Ramirez.

text: Ethan[edit]

text: Michael Grant Ethan is Ricky's 14-year-old foster brother who ran away from their house a few years after stealing a knife from Margaret and Shaker. He first appears when he gets into trouble for sending naked pictures of his ex-girlfriend to everyone in his contacts, which ultimately lands him in juvenile detention. Margaret decides to take him in again, and forces him to go back to school. In season 4 he is forced to go to summer school and immediately gets into trouble for stealing condoms from the nurse's office. Despite his actions, Ricky still tries to install sense in him remembering his early days before he met Amy. He begins dating Kathy, who is pregnant with her ex-boyfriend's child. They decide to take their relationship slow, but Ethan has trouble respecting Kathy's boundaries. Such as when he meets the perspective parent's of Kathy's unborn daughter, and asks rude and personal questions about them. Kathy breaks up with him when her perspective parent's think he is too unstable to be around. Ethan later confides to Kathy that his biological father injured him when he was a kid, causing his distrust in adults. After meeting Kathy, Ethan tries several times to get advice from Ben on how to be a good boyfriend to someone who is having a child with another guy, but Ben show's no interest in helping him. In the episode "Holly Rollers", he is shown to be a talented piano player. Then him and Amy start getting closer and closer while Amy and Ricky get farther. He is portrayed by Michael Grant.

text: Minor characters[edit]

text: The following is a list of characters that appear on the show, but usually do not add to the overall plot or story line of the series.

text: Mrs. Virginia Molina[edit]

text: Constance Marie portrays Mrs. Virginia Molina, Mr. Molina's new wife. They are expecting a baby around the same time as Amy. She shows up at Amy's baby shower after being invited by Joe.

text: John Juergens Underwood[edit]

text: Amy and Ricky's now three-year-old son whom they conceived on a night at band camp when Amy was a freshman and when Ricky was a sophomore in high school. Ashley (Amy's sister) is the one who suggested John's name because "his life was going to be complicated already, so we might as well give him an easy name." His birthday is 06/06/08. His parents Amy and Ricky break apart from their marriage plans and Amy goes to college, leaving Ricky as a single father.

text: Mrs. Stone[edit]

text: Kristin Bauer van Straten portrays Mrs. Stone, Jack's mother. She met her second husband at grief counseling. Her voice is heard once yelling at Jack when he throws a football into the window. She and her husband tell Jack about his new job in Arizona, requiring Jack to find a new place to live to prevent him from relocating during his senior year. And at one of the last episodes of 2012 she shows up at the last few minutes of the show to pray while Jack lies in his hospital room comotized he comes back after jack gets into coma

text: Peter[edit]

text: Kristopher Higgins portrays Peter, who is introduced in the Season 3 episode "Chicken Little". Peter becomes a love interest for Griffin when Grace sets them up believing Peter is gay. After talking with both his father and Griffin, Peter comes out as gay, and pursues a relationship with Griffin.

text: Mercedes[edit]

text: Katelyn Tarver portrays Mercedes, who is one of the friends of Dylan, Raven, and Wendy. Her first appearance was in Smokin' Like a Virgin, although she was probably at Dylan's party (before everyone ended up at the cabin next door, where Jesse and everyone else from the main cast was). She went over to Ben's house with Dylan and she smoked pot because she was depressed after her mom died and her mom had a prescription.


document_title: Political science

question_text: when did political science become an academic discipline

root

text: Political science

text: Overview[edit]

text: Political scientists study matters concerning the allocation and transfer of power in decision making, the roles and systems of governance including governments and international organizations, political behaviour and public policies. They measure the success of governance and specific policies by examining many factors, including stability, justice, material wealth, peace and public health. Some political scientists seek to advance positive (attempt to describe how things are, as opposed to how they should be) theses by analysing politics. Others advance normative theses, by making specific policy recommendations.

tag: p

text: Political scientists provide the frameworks from which journalists, special interest groups, politicians, and the electorate analyse issues. According to Chaturvedy,

text: Political scientists may serve as advisers to specific politicians, or even run for office as politicians themselves. Political scientists can be found working in governments, in political parties or as civil servants. They may be involved with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or political movements. In a variety of capacities, people educated and trained in political science can add value and expertise to corporations. Private enterprises such as think tanks, research institutes, polling and public relations firms often employ political scientists.[5]

text: In the United States, political scientists known as "Americanists" look at a variety of data including constitutional development, elections, public opinion, and public policy such as Social Security reform, foreign policy, US Congressional committees, and the US Supreme Court — to name only a few issues.

text: Because political science is essentially a study of human behaviour, in all aspects of politics, observations in controlled environments are often challenging to reproduce or duplicate, though experimental methods are increasingly common (see experimental political science).[6] Citing this difficulty, former American Political Science Association President Lawrence Lowell once said "We are limited by the impossibility of experiment. Politics is an observational, not an experimental science."[7] Because of this, political scientists have historically observed political elites, institutions, and individual or group behaviour in order to identify patterns, draw generalizations, and build theories of politics.

text: Like all social sciences, political science faces the difficulty of observing human actors that can only be partially observed and who have the capacity for making conscious choices unlike other subjects such as non-human organisms in biology or inanimate objects as in physics. Despite the complexities, contemporary political science has progressed by adopting a variety of methods and theoretical approaches to understanding politics and methodological pluralism is a defining feature of contemporary political science.

text: The advent of political science as a university discipline was marked by the creation of university departments and chairs with the title of political science arising in the late 19th century. In fact, the designation "political scientist" is typically for those with a doctorate in the field, but can also apply to those with a master's in the subject.[8] Integrating political studies of the past into a unified discipline is ongoing, and the history of political science has provided a rich field for the growth of both normative and positive political science, with each part of the discipline sharing some historical predecessors. The American Political Science Association and the American Political Science Review were founded in 1903 and 1906, respectively, in an effort to distinguish the study of politics from economics and other social phenomena. To date, the [9]American Political Science Review is the leading journal in Political Science research.

text: Behavioural revolution and new institutionalism[edit]

text: In the 1950s and the 1960s, a behavioural revolution stressing the systematic and rigorously scientific study of individual and group behaviour swept the discipline. A focus on studying political behaviour, rather than institutions or interpretation of legal texts, characterized early behavioural political science, including work by Robert Dahl, Philip Converse, and in the collaboration between sociologist Paul Lazarsfeld and public opinion scholar Bernard Berelson.

text: The late 1960s and early 1970s witnessed a take off in the use of deductive, game theoretic formal modelling techniques aimed at generating a more analytical corpus of knowledge in the discipline. This period saw a surge of research that borrowed theory and methods from economics to study political institutions, such as the United States Congress, as well as political behaviour, such as voting. William H. Riker and his colleagues and students at the University of Rochester were the main proponents of this shift.

text: Despite considerable research progress in the discipline based on all the kinds of scholarship discussed above, it has been observed that progress toward systematic theory has been modest and uneven.[10]

text: Anticipating of crises[edit]

text: The theory of political transitions,[11] and the methods of their analysis and anticipating of crises,[12] form an important part of political science. Several general indicators of crises and methods were proposed for anticipating critical transitions.[13] Among them, a statistical indicator of crisis, simultaneous increase of variance and correlations in large groups, was proposed for crises anticipation and successfully used in various areas.[14] Its applicability for early diagnosis of political crises was demonstrated by the analysis of the prolonged stress period preceding the 2014 Ukrainian economic and political crisis. There was a simultaneous increase in the total correlation between the 19 major public fears in the Ukrainian society (by about 64%) and also in their statistical dispersion (by 29%) during the pre-crisis years.[15] A feature shared by certain major revolutions is that they were not predicted. The theory of apparent inevitability of crises and revolutions was also developed.[16]

text: Political science in the Soviet Union[edit]

text: In the Soviet Union, political studies were carried out under the guise of some other disciplines like theory of state and law, area studies, international relations, studies of labor movement, "critique of bourgeois theories", etc. Soviet scholars were represented at the International Political Science Association (IPSA) since 1955 (since 1960 by the Soviet Association of Political and State Studies).

text: In 1979, the 11th World Congress of IPSA took place in Moscow. Until the late years of the Soviet Union, political science as a field was subjected to tight control of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and was thus subjected to distrust. Anti-communists accused political scientists of being "false" scientists and of having served the old regime.[17]

text: After the fall of the Soviet Union, two of the major institutions dealing with political science, the Institute of Contemporary Social Theories and the Institute of International Affairs, were disbanded, and most of their members were left without jobs. These institutes were victims of the first wave of anticommunist opinion and ideological attacks. Today, the Russian Political Science Association unites professional political scientists from all around Russia.

text: Recent developments[edit]

text: In 2000, the Perestroika Movement in political science was introduced as a reaction against what supporters of the movement called the mathematicization of political science. Those who identified with the movement argued for a plurality of methodologies and approaches in political science and for more relevance of the discipline to those outside of it.[18]

text: Evolutionary psychology theories argue that humans have evolved a highly developed set of psychological mechanisms for dealing with politics. However, these mechanisms evolved for dealing with the small group politics that characterized the ancestral environment and not the much larger political structures in today's world. This is argued to explain many important features and systematic cognitive biases of current politics.[19]

text: Political science education[edit]

text: Political science, possibly like the social sciences as a whole, "as a discipline lives on the fault line between the 'two cultures' in the academy, the sciences and the humanities."[20] Thus, in some American colleges where there is no separate School or College of Arts and Sciences per se, political science may be a separate department housed as part of a division or school of Humanities or Liberal Arts.[21] Whereas classical political philosophy is primarily defined by a concern for Hellenic and Enlightenment thought, political scientists are also marked by a great concern for "modernity" and the contemporary nation state, along with the study of classical thought, and as such share a greater deal of terminology with sociologists (e.g. structure and agency).

text: Most United States colleges and universities offer B.A. programs in political science. M.A. or M.A.T. and Ph.D. or Ed.D. programs are common at larger universities. The term political science is more popular in North America than elsewhere; other institutions, especially those outside the United States, see political science as part of a broader discipline of political studies, politics, or government. While political science implies use of the scientific method, political studies implies a broader approach, although the naming of degree courses does not necessarily reflect their content.[22] Separate degree granting programs in international relations and public policy are not uncommon at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. Master's level programs in political science are common when political scientists engage in public administration.[23]

text: The national honor society for college and university students of government and politics in the United States is Pi Sigma Alpha.

text: Cognate fields[edit]

text: Most political scientists work broadly in one or more of the following five areas:

text:
Comparative politics, including area studies
International relations
Political philosophy or political theory
Public administration
Public law

tag: ul

text: Some political science departments also classify methodology as well as scholarship on the domestic politics of a particular country as distinct fields. In the United States, American politics is often treated as a separate subfield.

text: In contrast to this traditional classification, some academic departments organize scholarship into thematic categories, including political philosophy, political behaviour (including public opinion, collective action, and identity), and political institutions (including legislatures and international organizations). Political science conferences and journals often emphasize scholarship in more specific categories. The American Political Science Association, for example, has 42 organized sections that address various methods and topics of political inquiry.[24]

text: History[edit]

text: As a social science, contemporary political science started to take shape in the latter half of the 19th century. At that time it began to separate itself from political philosophy, which traces its roots back to the works of Chanakya, Aristotle, and Plato which were written nearly 2,500 years ago. The term "political science" was not always distinguished from political philosophy, and the modern discipline has a clear set of antecedents including also moral philosophy, political economy, political theology, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal state.


document_title: Avengers: Infinity War

question_text: when is avengers infinity war trailer 2 releasing

text: Avengers: Infinity War

text: Premise

text: Two years after the Avengers were torn apart during the events of Captain America: Civil War,[1] Thanos arrives on Earth to collect the Infinity Stones for a gauntlet that will allow him to bend reality to his will. The Avengers must join forces with the Guardians of the Galaxy to stop him before his onslaught of destruction puts an end to half the universe.[5][6][7]

text: Cast

text:
Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man: The leader and benefactor of the Avengers who is a self-described genius, billionaire, playboy, and philanthropist with electromechanical suits of armor of his own making.[8][9] Co-director Joe Russo explained that Stark "senses this greater threat approaching, so he is doing everything in his power to keep the Earth safe."[10] Downey added that Stark would have smaller goals than in previous films, with the idea of him as a tinkerer continued from Iron Man 3.[11]
Chris Hemsworth as Thor: An Avenger, god of thunder and the king of Asgard based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[12] Joe Russo stated that Thor's storyline picks up after the events of Thor: Ragnarok, which finds him in a "very profound... very interesting place" with "real emotional motivation".[13] Thor now wields a mystical axe known as Stormbreaker, after the destruction of his hammer Mjolnir in Ragnarok.[14]
Mark Ruffalo as Bruce Banner / Hulk: An Avenger and a genius scientist who, because of exposure to gamma radiation, transforms into a monster when enraged or agitated.[15][16] Banner spends the film trying to reintegrate with the Avengers, and also tries to "impress upon everybody how dangerous [Thanos] is."[17] This continues a story arc for the character that was established in Thor: Ragnarok and concludes in the Infinity War sequel,[18] with the difference between Hulk and Banner "starting to blur a little bit". Ruffalo described Hulk in Infinity War as having the mental capacity of a five-year-old.[17]
Chris Evans as Steve Rogers: The fugitive superhero formerly known as Captain America, leader of a faction of Avengers. A World War II veteran, he was enhanced to the peak of human physicality by an experimental serum and frozen in suspended animation before waking up in the modern world.[12] Joe Russo said the character will struggle with his decision to no longer be Captain America, as well as with the conflict between his responsibility to himself and his responsibility to others.[19] The character embodies the "spirit" of his comic alternate identity Nomad in the film,[20] and receives new vibranium gauntlets from Shuri to replace his traditional shield.[14]
Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow: A highly trained spy, and former Avenger and agent of S.H.I.E.L.D.[21][22] Johansson said that Romanoff's situation in the aftermath of the events of Captain America: Civil War has been "a dark time. I wouldn't say that my character has been particularly hopeful, but I think she's hardened even more than she probably was before."[23]
Benedict Cumberbatch as Stephen Strange: A former neurosurgeon who, after a car accident that led to a journey of healing, discovered the hidden world of magic and alternate dimensions and became a Master of the Mystic Arts.[24] Aaron Lazar served as Cumberbatch's stand-in until the latter completed filming on The Current War. At that point, Cumberbatch re-shot scenes where his face needed to be seen.[25] JayFunk once again assisted Cumberbatch with his finger-tutting movements.[26]
Don Cheadle as James "Rhodey" Rhodes / War Machine: A former officer in the U.S. Air Force who operates the War Machine armor and is an Avenger.[27] Following his paralysis during the events of Civil War, Rhodes is given an apparatus by Stark to walk again, although he is reluctant to don his War Machine armor and rejoin the Avengers due to his injury. Cheadle believed that Rhodes is "negotiating this reunion and his rejoining this team." He also explained that Rhodes' relationship with Stark "deepened" from his accident, saying, "I think Tony feels somewhat responsible and culpable in a way. But again, he's always had my back in a way that only he could really have."[28]
Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man: A teenager and Stark's protegé who received spider-like abilities after being bitten by a genetically-modified spider.[10]
Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther: The king of the African nation of Wakanda, who gained his enhanced strength by ingesting the Heart-Shaped Herb.[22][29]
Paul Bettany as Vision: An android and Avenger created using the artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. and the Mind Stone.[24] Anthony Russo called Vision "a living MacGuffin. Obviously, that raises the stakes because Vision's life is in danger, and his life is in conflict with Thanos' goals, so something's got to give."[23]
Elizabeth Olsen as Wanda Maximoff / Scarlet Witch: A member of Rogers' faction of Avengers, who can harness magic and engage in hypnosis and telekinesis.[30]
Anthony Mackie as Sam Wilson / Falcon: A member of Rogers' faction of Avengers and former pararescueman trained by the military in aerial combat using a specially designed wing pack.[31] Mackie noted that Wilson has a grudge with other heroes like Iron Man and Black Panther after the events of Civil War.[23]
Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / White Wolf: An enhanced assassin and Rogers' ally and best friend, who reemerged brainwashed after being thought killed in action during World War II.[32] Barnes, who formerly went by Winter Soldier, is given the name White Wolf by the people of Wakanda who helped remove his Hydra programming.[14]
Tom Hiddleston as Loki: Thor's adoptive brother based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[33]
Idris Elba as Heimdall: The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian former sentry of the Bifröst Bridge, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name.[34]
Peter Dinklage[34]
Benedict Wong as Wong: One of the Masters of the Mystic Arts, tasked with protecting some of Kamar-Taj's most valuable relics and books.[35]
Pom Klementieff as Mantis: A member of the Guardians of the Galaxy with empathic powers.[36]
Karen Gillan as Nebula: An adopted daughter of Thanos who was raised with Gamora as siblings.[37]
Dave Bautista as Drax the Destroyer: A member of the Guardians and warrior in search of vengeance against Thanos for killing his family.[38]
Zoe Saldana as Gamora: A member of the Guardians who is an orphan from an alien world who seeks redemption for her past crimes. She was raised by Thanos.[39]
Vin Diesel as Groot: A member of the Guardians who is a tree-like humanoid.[40] Executive producer James Gunn explained that Groot is still an adolescent in the film, in the same state of growth seen in one of the post-credit scenes in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[41] Terry Notary provided motion capture for Groot, and said the character is "coming of age, so you'll see the teenager find a mentor to look up to and to model himself after."[42]
Bradley Cooper as Rocket: A member of the Guardians who is a genetically-engineered raccoon-based bounty hunter and mercenary, and is a master of weapons and battle tactics.[43] Sean Gunn once again served as the stand-in for Rocket during filming, with his acting and expressions serving as motion reference for the character.[44][45]
Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts: Stark's fianceé and the CEO of Stark Industries.[46] Downey felt that "Pepper remains the heart of the [Iron Man] story", which was not a focal point in some of the preceding films with Stark. Downey continued that "we wanted to get back to that reality. Not just for them, but let's really see how that can add to the something-worth-fighting-for of it all."[11]
Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector: An obsessive keeper of the largest collection of interstellar fauna, relics, and species of all manner in the galaxy.[47]
Josh Brolin as Thanos: An intergalactic despot from Titan who longs to collect all of the Infinity Stones in order to impose his will on all of reality,[48][6][49] wanting to "re-balance the universe".[50] Producer Kevin Feige added that Thanos believes the universe is becoming over-populated, which led to the destruction of his home planet Titan and is something he vowed not to let happen again,[49] and also said "you could almost go so far as to say he is the main character of" the film.[51] Brolin likened Thanos to "the Quasimodo of this time" and the novel Perfume, since Thanos was born deformed and considered a "freak" on Titan,[52] while Joe Russo would reference The Godfather for Brolin at times, which Brolin felt helped "to emotionalize the whole thing."[53] Brolin further added that he preferred playing Thanos over Cable in Deadpool 2 because of the amount of work that went into creating the character.[54] Thanos does not wear armor in the film, which is symbolic of his growing power as he collects the Infinity Stones.[55] In addition to providing the voice for the character, Brolin performed motion capture on set.[56]
Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star-Lord: The half-human, half-Celestial leader of the Guardians who was abducted from Earth as a child and raised by a group of alien thieves and smugglers called the Ravagers.[30] Pratt described his role in the film as "a cameo... you get to be a little more vibrant; a little more irreverent; a little bit more colorful if you want it to be."[57]

text: Additionally, several other actors reprise their roles from previous MCU films in Infinity War: Danai Gurira as Okoye, the head of the Dora Milaje;[58] Letitia Wright as T'Challa's sister Shuri;[59] Jeremy Renner as Clint Barton / Hawkeye, a master archer who has his own "special" journey in the film;[60][61][1] Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill, the former deputy director of S.H.I.E.L.D.;[62] Paul Rudd as Scott Lang / Ant-Man, a former petty criminal who acquired a suit that allows him to shrink or grow in scale while also increasing in strength;[63] Winston Duke as M'Baku, the leader of Wakanda's mountain tribe the Jabari;[64] Tessa Thompson as Valkyrie, an Asgardian who was once a legendary warrior of the Valkyrior;[65] Angela Bassett as Ramonda, Queen Mother of Wakanda;[66] Jon Favreau as Happy Hogan, Stark's bodyguard, chauffeur and friend;[67] Jacob Batalon as Parker's friend Ned;[68] Isabella Amara as Parker's classmate Sally;[69] and Florence Kasumba as Ayo, a member of the Dora Milaje.[64]

text: Thanos' henchmen, known collectively in the comics as the Black Order, appear in the film as the "Children of Thanos":[70] Terry Notary as Cull Obsidian,[71][72] Tom Vaughan-Lawlor as Ebony Maw,[73][74] and Carrie Coon as Proxima Midnight.[72] The trio performed motion-capture for their characters in addition to voicing them.[75] Avengers co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance in the film.[76]

text: Production

text: In October 2014, Marvel announced a two-part sequel to Avengers: Age of Ultron, titled Avengers: Infinity War. Part 1 was scheduled to be released on May 4, 2018, with Part 2 scheduled for May 3, 2019.[77][78] In April 2015, Marvel announced that Anthony and Joe Russo would direct both parts of Avengers: Infinity War,[79] with back-to-back filming expected to begin in 2016.[80] The same month, Kevin Feige said the films would be two, distinct films "because they [have] such shared elements, it felt appropriate... to [subtitle the films] like that. But I wouldn’t call it one story that's cut in half. I would say it's going to be two distinct movies."[81] By May 2015, Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely signed on to write the screenplays for both parts of the film,[82] which draws inspiration from Jim Starlin's 1991 "The Infinity Gauntlet" comic and Jonathan Hickman's 2013 "Infinity" comic.[83] Anthony Russo added the film was inspired by 1990s heist films, with Thanos on "on a smash-and-grab [to acquire the Infinity Stones], and everybody’s trying to catch up the whole movie."[49] In May 2016, the Russos revealed that they would be retitling the two films, to further remove the misconception that the films were one large film split in two, with Joe stating, "The intention is we will change [the titles], we just haven’t come up with [them] yet."[84] That July, Marvel revealed the film's title would be shortened to simply Avengers: Infinity War.[85]

text: Principal photography began on January 23, 2017,[86] under the working title Mary Lou,[87] at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia,[88] with Trent Opaloch as director of photography.[89] In early February, Marvel confirmed the involvement of Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark / Iron Man, Chris Pratt as Peter Quill / Star-Lord, and Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the film.[10] Additional filming took place in Scotland beginning in February 2017. The filming occurred in Edinburgh, Glasgow and the Scottish Highlands,[90] with studio work taking place at Wardpark Studios in Cumbernauld.[91][92] Filming also began at Durham Cathedral in Durham, England in early May 2017.[93] Disney spent approximately $353 million while filming in the United Kingdom.[94] In late June 2017, filming occurred in Downtown Atlanta,[95] as well as Atlanta's Central Park in early July,[96] before moving to Queens, New York in the middle of the month.[97] Filming concluded on July 14, 2017.[98]

text: Later in July 2017, Joe Russo stated there were a couple of unfinished scenes for Infinity War that would be shot "in the next few months".[99] In early March 2018, Disney moved the release of Infinity War in the United States to April 27, 2018, to have it be released the same weekend as some of its international markets.[100][101] Visual effects for the film were created by Industrial Light & Magic,[102] Framestore,[103] Method Studios,[104] Weta Digital, Double Negative, Cinesite, Digital Domain, Rise, Lola VFX, and Perception.[105]

text: Music

text: In June 2016, Alan Silvestri, who composed the score for The Avengers, was revealed to be returning to score both Infinity War and its sequel.[106] Silvestri started to record his score in January 2018,[107] and concluded in late March. Silvestri felt working on the film "was a really different experience than anything I'd done before, especially in regard to the approach and balancing quick shifts in tone."[108]

text: Release

text: Avengers: Infinity War is scheduled to have its world premiere in Los Angeles on April 23, 2018.[109] Its worldwide release is set for April 27, 2018, with a few debuts beginning as early as April 25 in a handful of countries,[100] and will be shown in IMAX and 3D on select screens.[110][111] It was originally scheduled to be released on May 4 in the United States.[77][78] Select footage from the film was screened around various cities during the film's press tour in early April, ahead of the film's Los Angeles premiere. The Russos noted that only a limited amount of the film would be shown at these screenings to reduce the chance of spoilers being leaked. Adam Chitwood of Collider commented that this was "highly unusual as most Marvel movies are screened in their entirety for press about a month before they hit theaters."[112] Ahead of the United States release, AMC Theatres in New York City and Orlando, Florida will air an eleven-MCU film marathon beginning on April 25, leading to a screening of Infinity War. The El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles will also have a similar marathon ahead of the film's release.[113]

text: Marketing

text: In May 2017, Robert Downey Jr. and his philanthropic organization Random Act Funding partnered with Omaze to initiate a contest to benefit Random Act Funding. A randomly chosen winner from those that donated would receive an Infinity War set visit.[114] A life-sized statue of Thanos, created by Legacy Effects, was on display at D23 Expo 2017,[115] alongside statues of the Black Order / "Children of Thanos": Corvus Glaive, Proxima Midnight, Ebony Maw, and Cull Obsidian.[70] Additionally, Feige, Joe Russo, Downey, Brolin, Bettany, Olsen, Klementieff, Gillan, Bautista, Cheadle, Mackie, Cumberbatch, Stan, Holland, Boseman, Ruffalo and Hemsworth appeared at D23 Expo to present a clip highlighting the 10 years of MCU films along with footage from Infinity War.[27] The footage, which was screened exclusively for the panel,[116] received strong audience reaction, with fans "literally on their feet and jumping as the footage played".[116][117] Julia Alexander of Polygon commented, "to say that there was quite a bit happening in the trailer would be one hell of an understatement, but that’s not what got me excited about the promises Infinity War may deliver upon. Seeing Spider-Man in the same movie as Iron Man, Thor, Star-Lord and the Scarlet Witch finally feels like Marvel has made the movie it always wanted to — and the one we’ve always wanted to see. For nearly ten years we dreamt of this reality and to see it play across a massive screen... it was impossible to not feel emotional."[117] CinemaBlend's Eric Eisenberg said the footage left him "literally shaking", with the film looking "like it could be one of the most epic blockbusters ever created," concluding "the hype [for the film] most definitely feels very, very real."[118] Haleigh Foutch for Collider said, "It looks dark and dramatic, and utterly epic. It’s clear Marvel is trying to do something different here... to pay off a decade’s worth of narrative and world-building. While it’s impossible to tell from two minutes work of footage, it certainly looks like that gamble paid off."[119] The D23 footage was also shown at the 2017 San Diego Comic-Con International.[120] Due to the two convention presentations, Avengers: Infinity War generated over 90,000 new conversations on social media from July 17 to 23, the third-most during that time period behind Thor: Ragnarok and Justice League, according to comScore and its PreAct service.[121] Infinity War stayed in third the following week, with over 41,000 new social media conversations, behind Ragnarok and It.[122] By the week of October 16, Infinity War had generated over 679,000 total social media conversations.[123]

text: To promote the release of the film's first trailer, Marvel released "a retrospective video looking back at some of its best trailers" since Iron Man, "paired with fan reaction videos to those trailers."[124] The first trailer for Avengers: Infinity War debuted on Good Morning America on November 29, 2017.[125] Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter said, "The trailer promises, in many ways, exactly what anyone with a passing familiarity with superhero movies would expect..." but "the most important part of the trailer is how it carefully, deliberately introduces the notion that the Infinity War films are going to function as a passing of the torch, from one set of Avengers to a newer group."[126] Scott Mendelson writing for Forbes noted that even though the trailer was not much different from the convention footage screened earlier in the year, it was "damn impressive. Moreover, it uses Nick Fury's big "Avengers Initiative" speech, along with Alan Silvestri's Avengers theme, to excellent effect."[127] Conversely to Mendelson, Alexander commented on the different marketing strategy for the film between the convention footage scenes and the trailer scenes, feeling the "two couldn’t be more different". She noted how the convention footage ("meant to please a crowd running on little sleep and jittery with anticipation") was released between Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor: Ragnarok, and "[i]t made sense to use Thor and the Guardians to hype up [Infinity War]..." because "Marvel relied on the anticipation of Thor: Ragnarok and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2's success to excite fans, and footage of older movies set to classic Marvel scores as a way to drive home how this movie is an event in itself." Conversely, the trailer ("designed to explain what's about to happen, teasing it out with additional background") heavily featured Black Panther and Wakanda, which Alexander said could not have been done earlier without the additional marketing for Black Panther that happened after the conventions to provide additional context.[128] Gael Cooper of CNET observed that the trailer was viewed nearly 500,000 times in its first 15 minutes after it was posted on YouTube but questioned if the trailer broke the site after the view counter appeared to be stuck at 467,331.[129] The trailer was viewed 230 million times in its first 24 hours, becoming the most viewed trailer in that time period, surpassing the record of It.[130]

text: In January 2018, Marvel Comics published a two-issue prequel comic titled Avengers: Infinity War Prelude, which serves as a bridge between Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Infinity War.[131] A commercial for Infinity War aired during Super Bowl LII. The ad generated the most social media buzz out of all the films advertised during the Super Bowl according to comScore and United Talent Agency; it was viewed 17.6 million times across YouTube and Facebook.[132] On February 27, 2018, Disney and Marvel announced the Marvel: The Universe Unites charity campaign leading to the release of merchandise for the film on March 3. The week-long event saw stars from the film create social media challenges to provide funds and raise awareness for charities that support children and families impacted by serious illness. If their collective posts reach 1 million likes, Marvel made a $250,000 donation to Starlight Children's Foundation. Additionally, Disney planned to donate 10% of sales of all Marvel products purchased at Disney Stores in the United States and online on the weekend of March 3 to the Make-A-Wish Foundation, up to $50,000. Hasbro donated $1 million worth of cash and products to Give Kids the World Village and Funko made a $1 million toy donation to Starlight.[133]

text: A second trailer was released on March 16, 2018, which earned over 1 million views on YouTube in less than three hours after it was released.[134] Alyssa Rosenberg of The Washington Post was not overly enthused about another superhero film having "special-effects-heavy villains, or the sight of yet another mysterious object hanging over the Manhattan skyline," but felt the trailer made her realize "that I’m actually looking forward to seeing [the characters of the MCU] get to know each other."[135] Josh Spiegel of The Hollywood Reporter agreed with Rosenberg about the potential for the character interactions, noting the trailer "suggests that some of these meetings are going to keep up the playful tone of recent MCU movies". He continued, "It is arguably gimmicky to pile up all of the crossover-style introductions or combinations of heroes in a movie like this, like a superpowered version of two well liked TV shows crossing over primarily in the hopes of getting more viewers to pay attention. But the entire Marvel Cinematic Universe is built on a foundation of these heroes existing within the same space, so their eventual meetings have a level of anticipation that exceeds that of watching them face off against Thanos."[136] The second trailer was viewed 179 million times in the first 24 hours, the third-most viewed trailer in that time period, behind the first trailer for the film and It, while also becoming the biggest release for a second trailer, surpassing Beauty and the Beast (128 million views).[137] On November 20, 2018, Little, Brown and Company will publish Marvel’s Avengers: Infinity War: Thanos — Titan Consumed, written by Barry Lyga. Despite not existing within Marvel Studios' MCU cannon, the novel explores the origins of Thanos before the events of the film. Lyga noted he spoke with Marvel Studios to get an "outline of who Thanos is and what he means to the movies" and "was given great latitude and a free hand [in some areas of the story], while in others I had to tip-toe very carefully through the MCU."[138]

text: Additional marketing partners for the film included Coca-Cola, Quicken Loans and their Rocket Mortgage service, the Infiniti QX50 (which is also featured in the film), Ziploc, Go-Gurt, Yoplait, Synchrony Bank, American Airlines, and Stand Up to Cancer. The partners created television commercials "inspired by or featuring the film's characters and themes", interactive digital initiatives, and robust in-store presences at numerous retailers. Duracell, Unilever, Quaker Oats Company, Chevron, and Samsung ran promotions in smaller markets. Coca-Cola, Ziploc, Go-Gurt, and Yoplait created special packaging in support of the film, with Synchrony implementing a "Save Like a Hero" campaign and Stand Up to Cancer and American Airlines launching a national campaign with a PSA starring Johansson and Hemsworth. In the United Kingdom, OnePlus released an Infinity War edition for one of their smartphones. Deadline Hollywood estimated the media value was $150 million, the largest for any Marvel film, with Coca-Cola contributing an estimated $40 million.[139]

text: Box office projection

text: In December 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Infinity War was the most anticipated film of 2018.[140] In March 2018, early box office projections had Infinity War grossing between $200–235 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada and between $490–590 million for its total domestic gross.[141] Fandango reported that Infinity War achieved the largest initial 24-hour ticket pre-sales for a superhero film in just six hours, surpassing the record from Black Panther. Atom Tickets also reported that Infinity War sold more tickets in its first pre-sales day than Black Panther sold in its first month.[142] Within 72 hours, the film became the biggest amount of pre-sales for any superhero film at AMC Theatres. AMC noted that Infinity War's advance ticket sales were 257.6% ahead of Black Panther's, 751.5% ahead of Captain America: Civil War, and 1106.5% ahead of Avengers: Age of Ultron during the same time frame.[143] Two weeks before its release, Fandango revealed that advance ticket sales for Infinity War were outpacing the last seven MCU films combined in the same timeframe, and had become the company's top April release. It was also on pace to become the top superhero film, with Fandango's Erik Davis noting, "Infinity War has built up such unprecedented anticipation that it's pacing to break records, the likes of which we have never seen before for a superhero movie."[144] By mid-April, box office projections for the film revised upwards to a $235–255 million opening and $600 million for its domestic total.[145] According to The Wall Street Journal, Infinity War has sold more than $50 million worth of advance tickets, behind only Star Wars: The Force Awakens and Star Wars: The Last Jedi.[146]

text: Sequel

text: An untitled sequel is scheduled to be released on May 3, 2019,[77] with the Russos returning to direct,[79] and Markus and McFeely once again writing the screenplay.[82]