document_title: The Jungle Book (2016 film)

question_text: who plays the tiger in the jungle book 2016

text: The Jungle Book (2016 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Mowgli is a "man cub" raised by the wolf Raksha and her pack, led by Akela, in an Indian jungle ever since he was brought to them as a baby by the black panther Bagheera. Bagheera trains Mowgli to learn the ways of the wolves, but the boy faces certain challenges and falls behind his wolf siblings while Akela disapproves of him using human tricks like building tools instead of learning the ways of the pack.

text: One day, during the dry season, the jungle animals gather to drink the water that remains as part of a truce during a drought that enables the jungle's wildlife to drink without fear of being eaten by their predators. The truce is disrupted when a scarred tiger named Shere Khan arrives detecting Mowgli's scent in the large crowd. Resentful against man for scarring him, he issues a warning that he will kill Mowgli at the end of the drought. After the drought ends, the wolves debate whether they should keep Mowgli or not. Mowgli decides to leave the jungle for the safety of his pack. Bagheera agrees with the decision and volunteers to guide him to the nearby man village.

text: En route, Shere Khan ambushes them and injures Bagheera, but Mowgli manages to escape. Later, Mowgli meets an enormous python named Kaa who hypnotizes him. While under her influence, Mowgli sees a vision of his father being mauled while protecting him from Shere Khan. The vision also warns of the destructive power of the "red flower" (fire). Kaa attempts to devour Mowgli, but she is attacked by a large brown sloth bear named Baloo, rescuing an unconscious Mowgli. Baloo and Mowgli bond while retrieving some difficult-to-access honey for Baloo and Mowgli agrees to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives. Upon learning that Mowgli has left the jungle, Shere Khan kills Akela and threatens the pack to lure Mowgli out.

text: Bagheera eventually finds Mowgli and Baloo and is angered that Mowgli has not joined the humans as agreed, but Baloo calms him down and persuades both of them to sleep on it. During the night, Mowgli finds a herd of Indian elephants gathered around a ditch and uses his vines to save a baby elephant from the ditch. Although Baloo and Bagheera are both impressed, Baloo realizes that he cannot guarantee Mowgli's safety after learning that he is being hunted by Shere Khan. Baloo agrees to push Mowgli away to get him to continue onward to the man village.

text: Mowgli is kidnapped by the "Bandar-log" (monkeys) who present him to their leader, a giant ape named King Louie. Assuming that all humans can make fire, King Louie offers Mowgli protection from Shere Khan in exchange for it. Baloo distracts King Louie while Bagheera tries to sneak him out, but their plan is discovered. As King Louie chases Mowgli through his temple, he informs Mowgli of Akela's death. King Louie's rampage eventually causes his temple to collapse on top of him. Furious that Baloo and Bagheera never told him about Akela's death, Mowgli goes to confront Shere Khan alone.

text: Mowgli steals a lit torch at the village to use as a weapon and heads back to the jungle, accidentally starting a wildfire in the process. He confronts Shere Khan, who argues that Mowgli has made himself the enemy of the jungle by causing the wildfire. Mowgli throws the torch into the water, giving Shere Khan the advantage. Baloo, Bagheera, and the wolf pack intervene and hold Shere Khan off, giving Mowgli enough time to set a trap. He lures Shere Khan up a dead tree and onto a branch, which breaks under the tiger's weight and Shere Khan falls into the fire to his death. Mowgli then directs the elephants to divert the river and put out the fire.

text: In the aftermath, Raksha becomes the new leader of the wolf pack. Mowgli decides to utilize his equipment and tricks for his own use, having found his true home and calling with his wolf family, Baloo, and Bagheera.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Neel Sethi as Mowgli, a young boy who was raised by wolves.

Kendrick Reyes as toddler Mowgli

Ritesh Rajan as Mowgli's father

tag: ul

text: Voice cast[edit]

text:
Bill Murray as Baloo, a Sloth bear who befriends Mowgli.
Ben Kingsley as Bagheera, a Black panther who is Mowgli's mentor and protector.
Idris Elba as Shere Khan, a fearsome, scar-faced tiger with a grudge against Mowgli.
Lupita Nyong'o as Raksha, a female wolf who is Mowgli's adoptive mother.
Scarlett Johansson as Kaa, an enormous python.
Giancarlo Esposito as Akela, a male wolf who leads the pack.
Christopher Walken as King Louie, a giant ape who rules the Bandar-log.
Garry Shandling as Ikki, a porcupine that observes the Water Truce.[1]
Brighton Rose as Grey Brother, a wolf cub that is Mowgli's adoptive brother.[1]
Jon Favreau as Fred, a Pygmy Hog.[1]
Sam Raimi as a giant squirrel.[1]
Russell Peters as Rocky, a rhinoceros.[1]
Madeleine Favreau as Raquel, a rhinoceros.[1]
Sara Arrington as an antelope [1]

text: Emjay Anthony, Max Favreau, Chloe Hechter, Asher Blinkoff, Knox Gagnon, Sasha Schrieber, and Kai Schrieber voice the Young Wolves.[1]

text: Dee Bradley Baker, Artie Esposito, Sean Johnson, and Allan Trautman provide additional animal voices.[1]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development and casting[edit]

text:
"The idea of going out to the jungle and shooting this, it just felt like it wouldn't have the magic that the 1967 film had had. There was a dreamlike quality to it. There was a surreal quality to it. It was a high-water mark for character animation and to me, that's what I remember about it. And so I wanted to make sure we preserved that...But what [Alan] Horn said was: Look at the technology. Look at Life of Pi, Avatar. Why not use the technology to create a whole world that transports you? Let's really embrace this new technology and see what we can do if we push its limit."

— Jon Favreau on approaching the film's technical intent.[9]

tag: div

text: Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live-action remake of The Jungle Book was in development on July 9, 2013, with Justin Marks set to write the script.[10] The film would be Disney's second live-action adaptation of Rudyard Kipling's works, following the 1994 film, and the studio's third overall after the 1967 animated musical. Jon Favreau was later confirmed as director on November 5, 2013.[11] Favreau as a child used to watch Disney's 1967 animated musical version.[12] He felt the need to strike a balance between the two films by retaining the buoyant spirit of the 1967 film, including some of its memorable songs, while crafting a movie with more realism and peril. He also stressed the importance of nature and realized how things have shifted during Kipling's time and now, "In Kipling's time, nature was something to be overcome. Now nature is something to be protected."[12] He was encouraged by Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn to take advantage of the film's setting and story as an opportunity to use the latest advancements in photorealistic rendering, computer-generated imagery, and motion capture technologies.[13] The story of the film is not independently taken from Kipling's works, but also borrows cinematic inspirations from other films, including the child-mentor relationship in Shane (1953), the establishment of rules in a dangerous world from Goodfellas (1990) and the use of a shadowy jungle figure in Apocalypse Now (1979).[12]

text: The cast was announced between March and August 2014, with Idris Elba being announced to voice Shere Khan during early stages and Bill Murray eventually confirmed as the voice of Baloo in August 2014. Between then, Scarlett Johansson, Ben Kingsley, and Christopher Walken were confirmed to play Kaa, Bagheera, and King Louie.[14][15][16][17] Favreau decided to cast Johansson to play Kaa, originally a male character, as he felt the original film was "a little too male-oriented."[18] Favreau and Marks noticed the lack of female characters in the 1967 film version and wanted to address that by featuring Raksha's character more prominently, as in Kipling's tales.[12] Lupita Nyong'o was cast as Raksha as Favreau believed her voice imbued the emotion required for the role, "Lupita has tremendous depth of emotion in her performance. There's an emotional underpinning she brings, and a strength, and we wanted that for this surrogate mother. Much of that comes from her voice."[19] Favreau also decided to change King Louie from an orangutan to a Gigantopithecus due to the fact that orangutans are not native to India, where the story takes place.[7] His character was given a slight alteration from the 1967 film and was partly inspired by Marlon Brando's character Colonel Kurtz in Apocalypse Now,[12] as well as incorporating Walken's own physical mannerisms.[20] In regards to Louie's changes, Favreau stated, "We created this looming figure that was trying to extract the secret of fire from Mowgli. And also this gave Mowgli the idea that if he had fire, he could have power over Shere Khan, whether it was good or bad. So there was a Lord of the Rings aspect to that; the fire was almost like the ring in that was going to give someone ultimate power, but corrupt them as well as create destruction."[21] The film is dedicated to Garry Shandling, who voiced a porcupine in the film and died of a heart attack before the film's release.

text: The search for casting Mowgli was extensive, with thousands of children auditioning from the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and Canada. Eventually, newcomer Neel Sethi was confirmed for the role, with casting director Rebecca Williams describing him as embodying "the heart, humor, and daring of the character. He's warm and accessible, yet also has an intelligence well beyond his years and impressed us all with his ability to hold his own in any situation."[22] Sethi underwent parkour training in preparation for the role.[8] Pixar Animation Studios assisted in the development of the story, as well as providing suggestions for the film's end credits sequence.[23]

text: Filming and visual effects[edit]

text: Principal photography took place entirely on sound stages at L.A. Center Studios[21] in downtown Los Angeles.[19][24] The animal characters were created entirely in key frame computer animation, with the assistance of footage of real animal movement, the actors recording their lines, and performance capture for reference.[7] The production team underwent a thorough process to realistically convey the animals' speaking, while still making them perceptually believable to the audience. Favreau researched earlier films featuring anthropomorphic animals—including Walt Disney's animated features, such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Bambi, as well as modern films such as Babe—and adopted certain techniques from those films into The Jungle Book.[21] Nearly 70 separate species of animals native to India are featured in the film, with several species being portrayed as "150% larger" than their actual counterparts.[21]

text: Jim Henson's Creature Shop was brought in to provide animal puppet figures for Sethi to act against, although none appear in the finished film.[25] The animal puppets were performed by Artie Esposito, Sean Johnson, Allan Trautman, and April Warren.[1] Favreau utilized motion capture with certain actors, expressing a desire to avoid overusing the technology in order to prevent evoking an uncanny valley effect.[7][18]

text: Moving Picture Company (MPC) and Weta Digital created the film's visual effects.[13] MPC developed new software for animating muscular structure in the animals.[21] Around 1,000 remote jungle locations in India were photographed and used as reference in post-production.[26] Weta was responsible for animating the King Louie sequence, with visual effects supervisor Keith Miller adding that, "It was important for Jon to see Christopher Walken in the creature. So we took some of the distinctive Walken facial features—iconic lines, wrinkles and folds—and integrated them into the animated character."[27] Favreau expressed desire in wanting the film's 3D shots to imbue the abilities of the multiplane camera system utilized in Disney's earlier animated films.[23] At Favreau's behest, the idea was extended into the film's version of the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo, which was recreated as "a hand-painted, cel-animated multi-plane logo" in homage to the animated films of that era, also incorporating the word "Presents" in the same style as the 1967 film's opening credits.[23] The film's ending also features the original physical book that opened the 1967 film.[23]

text: Sound[edit]

text: Director Jon Favreau and composer John Debney sought to recreate the Fantasound experience Walt Disney, himself, had in mind. When mixing the soundtrack in Dolby Atmos, as Favreau said, "we isolated instruments when we could. And in the sound mix, we created a Fantasound mix. If you see the film in Atmos, you will feel that there are instruments that move around the theater."[28] A mention for Fantasound appears in the film's closing credits.

text: Music[edit]

text: The musical score for The Jungle Book was composed and conducted by frequent Favreau collaborator John Debney,[29] mostly drawing from George Bruns' original music. Though Favreau decided not to make the film a musical, nevertheless, he and Debney incorporated several songs from the 1967 animated film.[30] "The Bare Necessities," written by Terry Gilkyson, is performed by Murray and Sethi,[12] and a cover version by Dr. John is featured in the end credits. "I Wan'na Be Like You" and "Trust in Me"—written by the Sherman Brothers—are performed by Walken and Johansson, respectively; Richard M. Sherman wrote revised lyrics for Walken's version of "I Wan'na Be Like You."[12] Johansson's rendition of "Trust in Me" was produced by Mark Ronson and appears in the end credits only.[12]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Jungle Book (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

Film score by John Debney

Released
April 15, 2016

Recorded
2015–16

Studio
Sony Pictures Studios (score)
Esplanade Studios, New Orleans
Chalice Recording Studios
Music Shed Studios, New Orleans

Genre
Orchestral, swing jazz

Length
74:17

Label
Walt Disney

Producer
John Debney

John Debney chronology

The Young Messiah
(2016) The Young Messiah2016
The Jungle Book
(2016) The Jungle Book2016
Mother's Day
(2016) Mother's Day2016

text: Walt Disney Records released the film's soundtrack on April 15, 2016.[31]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"The Bare Necessities"
Terry Gilkyson
Dr. John and The Nite Trippers
3:36

2.
"Trust in Me"
Richard M. Sherman, Robert B. Sherman
Scarlett Johansson
2:55

3.
"Main Titles[Note 1] / Jungle Run"
John Debney & George Bruns

2:27

4.
"Wolves / Law of the Jungle"
John Debney

2:16

5.
"Water Truce"
John Debney

3:40

6.
"Rains Return"
John Debney

1:46

7.
"Mowgli's Leaving / Elephant Theme"
John Debney

3:28

8.
"Shere Khan Attacks / Stampede"
John Debney

2:06

9.
"Kaa / Baloo to the Rescue"

5:21

10.
"Honeycomb Climb"

3:31

11.
"Man Village"

2:59

12.
"Mowgli and the Pit"

3:26

13.
"Monkeys Kidnap Mowgli"

1:52

14.
"Arriving at King Louie's Temple"

4:35

15.
"Cold Lair Chase"

4:03

16.
"Red Flower"

3:15

17.
"To the River"

3:05

18.
"Shere Khan's War Theme"

2:37

19.
"Shere Khan and the Fire"

4:52

20.
"Elephant Waterfall"

3:27

21.
"Mowgli Wins the Race"

0:41

22.
"Jungle Book Closes"

2:16

23.
"I Wan'na Be Like You"
Richard M. Sherman, Robert B. Sherman
Christopher Walken
3:02

24.
"The Bare Necessities"
Terry Gilkyson
Bill Murray, Kermit Ruffins
3:01

Total length:
74:17

text: Note 1. ^ Original "When You Wish Upon a Star" melody composed by Leigh Harline; Walt Disney Pictures logo melody composed by Mark Mancina.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was originally scheduled for October 9, 2015, but the film's release date was later postponed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures to April 15, 2016.[32][33] The film was released in the Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema in the United States,[34] and is the first film to be released in Dolby Vision 3D (in a few select theaters in New York City and Chicago).[35] The Jungle Book held its world premiere at the El Capitan Theatre on April 4, 2016.[36] It was released in 15 countries, a week ahead of its U.S. debut on April 15, in countries like Argentina, Australia, Russia, Malaysia, and most notably in India on April 8.[37] The release date in India was strategic for the film as it coincided with the Indian New Year and was a holiday in most parts of the country.[38] Disney India commissioned a contemporary recording of "Jungle Jungle Baat Chali Hai," overseen by the song's composers Vishal Bhardwaj and Gulzar, and released it as part of the film's promotional campaign in India.[39][40]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The film was released digitally on August 23, 2016, and on DVD and Blu-ray on August 30 (August 22 in the UK[41]). A 3D Blu-ray was said to be coming by the end of the year.[42] The film topped the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart for two consecutive weeks.[43][44]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film became a huge financial success and a surprise hit.[45] It briefly held the record for the biggest remake of all time until the studio's own Beauty and the Beast surpassed it the following year.[46] It grossed $364 million in the United States and Canada and $602.5 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $966.6 million, against a budget of $175 million.[5] Worldwide, the film was released across 28,000 RealD 3D screens[35] and had an IMAX worldwide opening of $20.4 million from 901 IMAX screens, a new record for a PG film.[47] It grossed a total of $39 million in IMAX screens worldwide.[48] On May 13, it became the second film of 2016 (after the studio's own Zootopia) to pass the $800 million mark.[49][50] On June 10, it became the third film of 2016 after Zootopia and Captain America: Civil War to pass the $900 million mark.[51] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $258 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film, making it the sixth-most profitable release of 2016.[52]

text: United States and Canada[edit]

text: Projections for its opening weekend in the United States and Canada were continuously revised upwards, starting from $60 million to as high as $88 million, with female and older male quadrants being the prime draw.[3][35][53][54] The Jungle Book was shown across 4,028 theaters of which 3,100 theaters (75%) were in 3D, including 376 IMAX screens, 463 premium large format screens, and 145 D-Box locations.[3][4][55] It opened Friday, April 15, 2016, on around 9,500 screens across 4,028 theaters, and earned $32.4 million, the fourth-biggest April Friday.[35][56] This includes $4.2 million from Thursday previews, the biggest preview number for a Disney live-adaptation film (tied with Maleficent),[57] an almost unheard-of for a PG title which rarely attracts many ticketbuyers later in the night.[58] In total, it earned $103.3 million in its opening weekend, exceeding expectations by 40% and recorded the biggest PG-rated April opening (breaking Hop's record), the second-biggest Disney live-action adaptation opening (behind Alice in Wonderland), and the second-biggest April opening (behind Furious 7).[35][59][60] It also performed exceptionally well in both 3D and IMAX formats, where they both generated an income of $44 million and $10.4 million of the film's opening-weekend gross, respectively, the later broke the record for the biggest April Disney release IMAX opening.[35][47] Notably, it also became the only second PG-rated release to ever open above $100 million (following Alice in Wonderland) and the third film of 2016 overall to open above $100 million (following Deadpool and Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice).[35][61] It earned $130.7 million in its first full week, the second-biggest for a Disney live-action adaptation, behind only Alice in Wonderland's $146.6 million seven-day gross.[62]

text: Buoyed by excellent word of mouth and benefiting from spring break, it fell only by 40% in its second weekend earning $61.5 million, still maintaining the top position and far surpassing newcomer The Huntsman: Winter's War.[63] That puts The Jungle Book in the top fifteen second weekends of all time and in terms of films that opened above $100 million, it scored the fourth-smallest drop behind Shrek 2 (−33%), Spider-Man (−39%), and Star Wars: The Force Awakens (−39%).[64][65] Of those numbers, $5.6 million came from IMAX shows for a two weekend cumulative total of $18.4 million which represents about 10% of its entire North American box office gross.[63] It crossed $200 million on its twelfth day of release[66] and managed to hold the top spot for the third consecutive weekend with $43.7 million from 4,041 theaters (an addition of 13 more theaters), a fall of only 29%, outgrossing the next six pictures combined (including the openings of three newcomers)[67] and recorded the sixth-biggest third weekend of all time.[68] Moreover, the 29% drop is the smallest third-weekend drop (from its second weekend) for a $100 million opener ever.[68] Disney added an additional 103 theaters for the film's fourth weekend of release which propelled its theater count to 4,144 theaters,[69] but nevertheless, it was overtaken by Disney's own Captain America: Civil War after experiencing a 50% decline.[70][71] It passed $300 million on its thirtieth day of release, on May 14, as it continued to witness marginal declines in the wake of several new releases weekend after weekend.[72] It made 3.53 times its opening weekend numbers, which is one of the biggest of all time for a film opening above $100 million. It became one of the few surprise hits and one of the highest-grossing films of the year, alongside Finding Dory, The Secret Life of Pets, and Zootopia, centered around talking animals to dominate the year-end chart.[45]

text: Other Countries[edit]

text: The film was released in approximately 70 countries.[73] Outside the US and Canada, it opened across 15 markets and 69 IMAX screens a week ahead of its US debut, and faced notable competition from newcomer The Huntsman: Winter's War and holdover Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, the latter of which was entering its third weekend. The reason behind the divided release pattern was because Disney wanted to get some space before Captain America: Civil War releases in early May, as well as availing school holidays and avoiding local competitors.[74] It eventually grossed $31.7 million, debuting at first place in all markets and second overall at the international box office, behind Dawn of Justice, which was playing across 67 markets.[74] In its second weekend, it expanded to an additional 49 countries (88% of its total marketplace) and grossed $138.6 million from 64 countries, easily topping the international box office, a bulk of it came from China.[75] Approximately 63% or $85 million of that came from 3D screenings, with the largest 3D opening haul represented by China (98%), Germany (83%), Brazil (73%), Russia (60%), Mexico (47%), and the UK (39%).[75] $10 million alone came from 525 IMAX screens, a record for a PG and April release.[47] It further continued to hold the top spot in its third weekend after adding another $98.9 million from 53 territories, falling only by a marginal 32%. IMAX generated another $6.1 million from 484 IMAX theaters for a three-weekend total of $20.6 million.[48] After three straight No. 1 runs, it was finally dethroned by the studio's Captain America: Civil War in its fourth weekend.[76]

text: In India, it scored the second-biggest opening day for a Hollywood film, earning $1.51 million (behind Avengers: Age of Ultron) from around 1,500 screens[77] and went on to score the second-biggest Hollywood opening weekend of all time, with $8.4 million from 1,600 screens, behind only Furious 7 in terms of local as well as U.S. currency,[78][79] performing better than expected and its initial $5–6 million opening projection.[77] Its opening weekend in India alone surpassed the entire lifetime total of Disney's other live-fantasy adaptations—Cinderella, Maleficent, Oz the Great and Powerful, and Alice in Wonderland—in the country.[74] It then went on to score the biggest opening and single week for a Hollywood film with $15.1 million.[73][80] In its second weekend, it dropped just by a mere 40% to $4.97 million.[81] In just ten days, it became the fourth-highest-grossing Hollywood film there with $21.2 million.[59] On Wednesday, April 19—its twelfth day of release—it surpassed Furious 7 to become the highest-grossing Hollywood/foreign release of all time there.[82][83] By the end of its theatrical run, the film made an estimated $38.8 million with half of its revenue—58%—coming from local dubbed versions, compared to Avengers: Age of Ultron, which saw 45% of its revenue from dubbed versions.[84]

text: In China, where the film was locally known as Fantasy Forest, expectations were high, with projections going as high $154–200 million or more.[85][86][87][88] Ultimately, it was unable to hit these marks.[72] Before the release of the film in the state, Disney had a very successful run at the box office with Zootopia the previous month, in which anthropomorphic animals were the central figure.[89] Forbes noted that The Jungle Book was precisely the sort of film that Chinese audiences love with its 3D visuals, heartwarming story, and talking animal cast.[86] It earned around $12 million on its opening day, including $300,000 worth of previews from 65,000 screenings.[86] Buoyed by good word of mouth and positive reception (albeit mostly from audiences with polarized reception from Chinese critics),[90] it rose 72% on its second day to $20 million.[88] Through its opening weekend it grossed $48.5 million, including $5.1 million from 279 IMAX screens, a new record for April release.[59][91] Its opening marked the biggest Walt Disney Pictures film opening ever,[92] the second-biggest for a family film (behind Kung Fu Panda 3), the second-biggest April debut (behind Furious 7), and the fourth-biggest Disney opening (behind Avengers: Age of Ultron, Iron Man 3, and Star Wars: The Force Awakens).[93] It topped the daily box office through the whole opening week and went on to remain at the top of the box office for a second weekend, after dropping by a mere 20% to $29.8 million, despite facing some competitions.[94] It ended its run there with a total of $150.1 million after thirty days of playing in theaters, adding $1.2 million on its last day. Albeit falling just below expectations, it nevertheless emerged as a huge financial success and becoming the fourth-biggest Disney release there.[72][95]

text: In the United Kingdom and Ireland, it had an opening weekend total of £9.9 million ($14.1 million) from 594 theaters[96] and in France with $8.1 million.[75] Elsewhere, the highest openings were recorded in Russia and the CIS ($7.4 million), Germany ($5.1 million), Spain ($3.9 million), Australia ($2.8 million), Argentina ($2.3 million), and in Malaysia, where it scored the biggest opening weekend for a live-action Disney film with $2.3 million.[74][75] In the UK, it became the first film of 2016 to earn over £5 million in three straight weekends and the first film since Jurassic World, Spectre, and Star Wars: The Force Awakens (all 2015 films) to achieve such an accomplishment,[97] and the first film of 2016 to earn above £40 million ($58 million).[98] In South Korea, it faced competition with Warcraft, but ended up debuting atop the charts with $6.2 million.[99] It has so far grossed a total of $18 million there.[100]

text: It opened in Japan on August 11, alongside the superhero film X-Men: Apocalypse[92][101] and delivered a four-day opening of $6.2 million from 676 screens ($3 million in two days), debuting at second place behind The Secret Life of Pets. Although the opening figure was considered mediocre, Deadline.com noted that Japan is a market that can see big multiples.[102][103] It fell just 30% in its second weekend earning $2.1 million for an eleven-day total of $13.7 million.[104][105]

text: In total earnings, its biggest markets outside of the US and Canada were China ($150.1 million), the United Kingdom ($66.2 million) and India ($38.8 million).[95] It was the highest-grossing film of 2016 in Europe with a total of $209 million,[106] the United Kingdom and Ireland,[107] and in India (although it was later surpassed by Sultan, in terms of Hollywood/imported films, it is still the biggest).[108]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received praise for its visual effects, vocal performances, direction, musical score, and its faithfulness to the animated film.[113][114][115] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95%, based on 293 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "As lovely to behold as it is engrossing to watch, The Jungle Book is the rare remake that actually improves upon its predecessors—all while setting a new standard for CGI."[116] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 77 out of 100, based on 49 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."[117] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. Ninety-seven percent of the audience gave the film an A or a B. It got As from both the under- and over-25 crowd and A+ among those under 18 years of age, and also for the over-50 audience.[35]

text: Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "Exceptionally beautiful to behold and bolstered by a stellar vocal cast, this umpteenth film rendition of Rudyard Kipling's tales of young Mowgli's adventures amongst the creatures of the Indian jungle proves entirely engaging, even if it's ultimately lacking in subtext and thematic heft."[118] Andrew Barker of Variety felt that this version "can't rival the woolly looseness of Disney's 1967 animated classic, of course, but it succeeds on its own so well that such comparisons are barely necessary."[119] Robbie Collin of The Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five, and deemed it "a sincere and full-hearted adaptation that returns to Kipling for fresh inspiration."[120] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap says "This 'Book' might lack the post-vaudeville razzamatazz of its predecessor, but director Jon Favreau and a team of effects wizards plunge us into one of the big screen's most engrossing artificial worlds since Avatar."[121] Peter Bradshaw, writing for The Guardian, gave the film four out of five stars and felt that the film had a touch of Apocalypto in it, finding the plot elements to be similar to those in The Lion King. He wrote that the film was "spectacular, exciting, funny and fun" and that it "handsomely revives the spirit of Disney's original film."[122] Pete Hammond of Deadline.com wrote that the film had laughs, excitement, an exceptional voice cast and, most importantly, a lot of heart, calling it a cinematic achievement like no other. He particularly praised Murray's performance and the visual effects, deeming it "simply astonishing."[123] Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly graded the film an "A–," calling it one of the biggest surprises of 2016. He, however, felt the two songs were rather unnecessary and distracting, and believed the film to be a little too frightening for children.[124]

text: Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film three-and-a-half stars, pointing out the CGI as the apex achievement of the film. He labelled it "a beautifully rendered, visually arresting take on Rudyard Kipling's oft-filmed tales" but found the musical numbers to be trivial, saying that without the musical numbers, the film might have been a more exhilarating streamlined adventure.[125] Los Angeles Times' Kenneth Turan remarked that "The Jungle Book is the kind of family film calculated to make even those without families wish they had one to take along."[126] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone awarded the film three-and-a-half stars out of four, labeling it scary and thrilling, yet unique and unforgettable, and adding that it "fills us with something rare in movies today—a sense of wonder."[127] The Village Voice's Bilge Ebiri hailed the film as fast and light and that it "manages to be just scary enough to make us feel the danger of solitude in the middle of a massive jungle, but never indulgent or gratuitous."[128] The New York Times' Manohla Dargis was less enthusiastic.[129] Cath Clarke of Time Out compared Elba's character of Shere Khan to Scar from The Lion King, calling him "baddie of the year."[130] Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com also had high praise for Elba's portrayal of Shere Khan stating: "His loping menace is envisioned so powerfully that he'd be scary no matter what, but the character becomes a great villain through imaginative empathy. We understand and appreciate his point-of-view, even though carrying it out would mean the death of Mowgli."[111]

text: The film's visual effects and 3D photography received acclaim, with comparisons being made to the likes of Avatar, Gravity, Hugo, and Life of Pi.[113][121][131] Sarah Ward of Screen International wrote that the level of detail on display in the film "is likely to evoke the same jaw-dropping reaction as James Cameron's box office topper."[132] Entertainment Weekly called it "one of the few 3D movies that actually benefits from being in 3D."[124] The film also garnered a positive reception from Indian contemporary critics and publications,[133] such as The Times of India,[134] The Hindu,[135] India Today,[136] The Indian Express,[137] and The Economic Times.[138]

text: The film also had its share of negative reviews with most reviewers criticizing the inconsistent tone of the film and the director's indecision to stick to one vision. Sam C. Mac of Slant Magazine wrote, "Jon Favreau draws heavily on his film's animated predecessor for plot, characterizations, songs, and set pieces, but doesn't know how to fit these familiar elements into his own coherent vision".[139] Josh Spiegel of Movie Mezzanine also echoed these feelings, saying that the film "stumbles because the people involved aren't willing to fully commit to either making a near-shot-for-shot remake or going in a completely different direction".[140] Rene Rodriguez of the Miami Herald felt that the movie was soulless, writing that "The better these talking beasts look, the more the film resembles a gorgeous screen saver. You admire The Jungle Book, but you can't lose yourself in it".[141]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Following the film's early financial and critical success, the studio has begun working on a sequel. Jon Favreau is reported to return as director and Neel Sethi is reported to reprise his role of Mowgli, while screenwriter Justin Marks is also in negotiations to return.[142] It was announced on April 25, 2016 that Favreau and Marks will return to direct and write, and the sequel could potentially have a release sometime in 2019 and will be shot back-to-back with a live-action remake of The Lion King.[143][144][145] However, it was reported in March 2017 that the sequel was put on hold in order for Favreau to instead focus mainly on The Lion King.[146]


document_title: Paracetamol

question_text: when did paracetamol become available in the uk

question_tokens: when did paracetamol become available in the uk

root

text: Paracetamol

text: Medical uses[edit]

text: Fever[edit]

text: Paracetamol is used for reducing fever in people of all ages.[24] The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that paracetamol be used to treat fever in children only if their temperature is higher than 38.5 °C (101.3 °F).[25] The efficacy of paracetamol by itself in children with fevers has been questioned[26] and a meta-analysis showed that it is less effective than ibuprofen.[27] Paracetamol does not have significant anti-inflammatory effects.

tag: p

text: Pain[edit]

text: Paracetamol is used for the relief of mild to moderate pain. The use of the intravenous form of paracetamol for short term pain in people in the emergency department is supported by limited evidence.[28]

text: Osteoarthritis[edit]

text: The American College of Rheumatology recommends paracetamol as one of several treatment options for people with arthritis pain of the hip, hand, or knee that does not improve with exercise and weight loss.[29] A 2015 review, however, found it provided only a small benefit in osteoarthritis.[30]

text: Paracetamol has relatively little anti-inflammatory activity, unlike other common analgesics such as the NSAIDs, aspirin, and ibuprofen, but ibuprofen and paracetamol have similar effects in the treatment of headache. Paracetamol can relieve pain in mild arthritis, but has no effect on the underlying inflammation, redness, and swelling of the joint.[31] It has analgesic properties comparable to those of aspirin, while its anti-inflammatory effects are weaker. It is better tolerated than aspirin due to concerns about bleeding with aspirin.

text: Low back pain[edit]

text: Based on a systematic review, paracetamol is recommended by the American Pain Society as a first-line treatment for low back pain.[32] In contrast, the American College of Physicians found good evidence for NSAIDs but only fair evidence for paracetamol, while other systematic reviews have concluded that evidence for its efficacy is lacking entirely.[30][33][34][35]

text: Headaches[edit]

text: A joint statement of the German, Austrian, and Swiss headache societies and the German Society of Neurology recommends the use of paracetamol in combination with caffeine as one of several first line therapies for treatment of tension or migraine headache.[36] In the treatment of acute migraine, it is superior to placebo, with 39% of people experiencing pain relief at one hour compared with 20% in the control group.[37]

text: Postoperative pain[edit]

text: Paracetamol combined with NSAIDs may be more effective for treating postoperative pain than either paracetamol alone or NSAIDs alone.[38]

text: Dental use[edit]

text: NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac are more effective than paracetamol for controlling dental pain or pain arising from dental procedures; combinations of NSAIDs and paracetamol are more effective than either alone.[39] Paracetamol is particularly useful when NSAIDs are contraindicated due to hypersensitivity or history of gastrointestinal ulceration or bleeding.[40] It can also be used in combination with NSAIDs when these are ineffective in controlling dental pain alone.[41] The Cochrane review of preoperative analgesics for additional pain relief in children and adolescents shows no evidence of benefit in taking paracetamol before dental treatment to help reduce pain after treatment for procedures under local anaesthetic, however the quality of evidence is low.[42]

text: Other[edit]

text: The efficacy of paracetamol when used in combination with weak opioids (such as codeine) improved for approximately 50% of people but with increases in the number experiencing side effects.[43][44] Combination drugs of paracetamol and strong opioids like morphine improve analgesic effect.[45]

text: The combination of paracetamol with caffeine is superior to paracetamol alone for the treatment of common pain conditions including dental pain, postpartum pain, and headache.[46]

text: Patent ductus arteriosus[edit]

text: Paracetamol is used to treat patent ductus arteriosus, a condition that affects newborns when a blood vessel used in developing the lungs fails to close as it normally does, but evidence for the safety and efficacy of paracetamol for this purpose is lacking.[47][48] Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), particularly indomethacin and ibuprofen, have also been used but the evidence for them is also not strong.[47]  The condition appears to be caused in part by overactive prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), signalling primarily through its EP4 receptor but possibly also through its EP2 receptor and EP3 receptors.[47]

text: Adverse effects[edit]

text: Healthy adults taking regular doses of up to 4,000 mg a day show little evidence of toxicity (although some researchers disagree). They are more likely to have abnormal liver function tests, but the significance of this is uncertain.[30]

text: Liver damage[edit]

text: Acute overdoses of paracetamol can cause potentially fatal liver damage. In 2011 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration launched a public education program to help consumers avoid overdose, warning: "Acetaminophen can cause serious liver damage if more than directed is used."[49][50][51] In a 2011 Safety Warning the FDA immediately required manufacturers to update labels of all prescription combination acetaminophen products to warn of the potential risk for severe liver injury and required that such combinations contain no more than 325 mg of acetaminophen.[52][53] Overdoses are frequently related to high-dose recreational use of prescription opioids, as these opioids are most often combined with acetaminophen.[54] The overdose risk may be heightened by frequent consumption of alcohol.

text: Paracetamol toxicity is the foremost cause of acute liver failure in the Western world and accounts for most drug overdoses in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand.[55][56][57][58] According to the FDA, in the United States there were "56,000 emergency room visits, 26,000 hospitalizations, and 458 deaths per year related to acetaminophen-associated overdoses during the 1990s. Within these estimates, unintentional acetaminophen overdose accounted for nearly 25% of the emergency department visits, 10% of the hospitalizations, and 25% of the deaths."[59]

text: Paracetamol is metabolised by the liver and is hepatotoxic; side effects are multiplied when combined with alcoholic drinks, and are very likely in chronic alcoholics or people with liver damage.[60][61] Some studies have suggested the possibility of a moderately increased risk of upper gastrointestinal complications such as stomach bleeding when high doses are taken chronically.[62] Kidney damage is seen in rare cases, most commonly in overdose.[63]

text: Skin reactions[edit]

text: On August 2, 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a new warning about paracetamol. It stated that the drug could cause rare and possibly fatal skin reactions such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Prescription-strength products will be required to carry a warning label about skin reactions, and the FDA has urged manufacturers to do the same with over-the-counter products.[64]

text: Asthma[edit]

text: There is an association between paracetamol use and asthma, but whether this association is causal is still debated as of 2017.[65] Certain evidence suggests that this association likely reflects confounders[66] rather than being truly causal.[67] A 2014 review found that among children the association disappeared when respiratory infections were taken into account.[68]

text: As of 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) continue to recommend paracetamol for pain and discomfort in children,[69][70][71][72][73][74] but some experts have recommended that paracetamol use by children with asthma or at risk for asthma should be avoided.[75][76]

text: Other factors[edit]

text: In contrast to aspirin, paracetamol does not prevent blood from clotting (it is not an antiplatelet), and thus may be used in people who have concerns with blood coagulation. Additionally it does not cause gastric irritation.[77] However, paracetamol does not help reduce inflammation, while aspirin does.[78] Compared with ibuprofen—whose side effects may include diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain—paracetamol has fewer adverse gastrointestinal effects.[79] Unlike aspirin, paracetamol is generally considered safe for children, as it is not associated with a risk of Reye's syndrome in children with viral illnesses.[80] If taken recreationally with opioids, there is weak evidence suggesting that it may cause hearing loss.[81]

text: Overdose[edit]

text: Untreated paracetamol overdose results in a lengthy, painful illness. Signs and symptoms of paracetamol toxicity may initially be absent or non-specific symptoms. The first symptoms of overdose usually begin several hours after ingestion, with nausea, vomiting, sweating, and pain as acute liver failure starts.[82] People who take overdoses of paracetamol do not fall asleep or lose consciousness, although most people who attempt suicide with paracetamol wrongly believe that they will be rendered unconscious by the drug.[83] The process of dying from an overdose takes from 3–5 days to 4–6 weeks.

text: Paracetamol hepatotoxicity is by far the most common cause of acute liver failure in both the United States and the United Kingdom.[58][84] Paracetamol overdose results in more calls to poison control centers in the US than overdose of any other pharmacological substance.[85] Toxicity of paracetamol is believed to be due to its quinone metabolite.[86]

text: Untreated overdose can lead to liver failure and death within days. Treatment is aimed at removing the paracetamol from the body and replenishing glutathione.[86] Activated charcoal can be used to decrease absorption of paracetamol if the person comes to the hospital soon after the overdose. While the antidote, acetylcysteine (also called N-acetylcysteine or NAC), acts as a precursor for glutathione, helping the body regenerate enough to prevent or at least decrease the possible damage to the liver, a liver transplant is often required if damage to the liver becomes severe.[55][87] NAC was usually given following a treatment nomogram (one for people with risk factors, and one for those without) but the use of the nomogram is no longer recommended as evidence to support the use of risk factors was poor and inconsistent, and many of the risk factors are imprecise and difficult to determine with sufficient certainty in clinical practice.[88] NAC also helps in neutralizing the imidoquinone metabolite of paracetamol.[86] Kidney failure is also a possible side effect.

text: Until 2004, tablets were available (brand-name in the UK Paradote) that combined paracetamol with an antidote (methionine) to protect the liver in case of an overdose. One theoretical, but rarely if ever used, option in the United States is to request a compounding pharmacy to make a similar drug mix for people who are at risk.

text: In June 2009, a U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advisory committee recommended that new restrictions be placed on paracetamol usage in the United States to help protect people from the potential toxic effects. The maximum dosage at any given time would be decreased from 1000 mg to 650 mg, while combinations of paracetamol and opioid analgesics would be prohibited. Committee members were particularly concerned by the fact that the then present maximum dosages of paracetamol had been shown to produce alterations in hepatic function.[89]

text:
In January 2011, the FDA asked manufacturers of prescription combination products containing paracetamol to limit the amount of paracetamol to no more than 325 mg per tablet or capsule and began requiring manufacturers to update the labels of all prescription combination paracetamol products to warn of the potential risk of severe liver damage.[90][91][92][93] Manufacturers had three years to limit the amount of paracetamol in their prescription drug products to 325 mg per dosage unit.[91][93]
In November 2011, the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency revised UK dosing of liquid paracetamol for children.[94]

text: Pregnancy[edit]

text: Experimental studies in animals and cohort studies in humans indicate no detectable increase in congenital malformations associated with paracetamol use during pregnancy.[95] Additionally, paracetamol does not affect the closure of the fetal ductus arteriosus as NSAIDs can.[96]

text: Paracetamol use by the mother during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma.[97] It is also associated with an increase in ADHD but it is unclear whether the relationship is causal.[98] A 2015 review states that paracetamol remains a first-line recommended medication for pain and fever during pregnancy, despite these concerns.[99]

text: Cancer[edit]

text: Some studies have found an association between paracetamol and a slight increase in kidney cancer,[100] but no effect on bladder cancer risk.[101]

text: Pharmacology[edit]

text: Mechanism of action[edit]

text: The mechanism of action of paracetamol is not completely understood.  Unlike NSAIDs such as aspirin, paracetamol does not appear to inhibit the function of any cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme outside the central nervous system, and this appears to be the reason why it is not useful as an anti-inflammatory.[102]  It does appear to selectively inhibit COX activities in the brain, which may contribute to its ability to treat fever and pain.[102]  This activity does not appear to be direct inhibition by blocking an active site, but rather by reducing COX, which must be oxidized in order to function.[102]

text: It also appears that paracetamol might modulate the endogenous cannabinoid system in the brain through paracetamol's metabolite, AM404.  AM404 appears to inhibit the reuptake of the endogenous cannabinoid/vanilloid anandamide by neurons, making it more available to reduce pain.  AM404 also appears to be able to directly activate the TRPV1 (older name: vanilloid receptor), which also inhibits pain signals in the brain.[102]

text: Pharmacokinetics[edit]

text: After being taken by mouth it is rapidly absorbed by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (although absorption through the stomach is negligible);[103] its volume of distribution is roughly 50 L.[104] The concentration in serum after a typical dose of paracetamol usually peaks below 30 µg/ml (200 µmol/L).[105] After four hours the concentration is usually less than 10 µg/mL (66 µmol/L).[105]

text: Paracetamol is metabolised primarily in the liver, into toxic and non-toxic products. Three metabolic pathways are notable:[86]

text:
Glucuronidation (45-55%),[3] by UGT1A1 and UGT1A6;[101]
Sulfation (sulfate conjugation) (20–30%)[3] by SULT1A1;[101]
N-hydroxylation and dehydration, then glutathione conjugation, (less than 15%). The hepatic cytochrome P450 enzyme system metabolises paracetamol (mainly CYP2E1), forming a minor yet significant alkylating metabolite known as NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) (also known as N-acetylimidoquinone).[86][106] NAPQI is then irreversibly conjugated with the sulfhydryl groups of glutathione.[106]

text: All three pathways yield final products that are inactive, non-toxic, and eventually excreted by the kidneys. In the third pathway, however, the intermediate product NAPQI is toxic. NAPQI is primarily responsible for the toxic effects of paracetamol; this constitutes an example of toxication.[107] Production of NAPQI is due primarily to two isoenzymes of cytochrome P450: CYP2E1[101] and CYP3A4.[107] At usual doses, NAPQI is quickly detoxified by conjugation with glutathione.[86][106]

text: Chemistry[edit]

text: Chemical properties[edit]

text: Paracetamol consists of a benzene ring core, substituted by one hydroxyl group and the nitrogen atom of an amide group in the para (1,4) pattern.[108] The amide group is acetamide (ethanamide). It is an extensively conjugated system, as the lone pair on the hydroxyl oxygen, the benzene pi cloud, the nitrogen lone pair, the p orbital on the carbonyl carbon, and the lone pair on the carbonyl oxygen are all conjugated. The presence of two activating groups also make the benzene ring highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution. As the substituents are ortho, para-directing and para with respect to each other, all positions on the ring are more or less equally activated. The conjugation also greatly reduces the basicity of the oxygens and the nitrogen, while making the hydroxyl acidic through delocalisation of charge developed on the phenoxide anion.

text: Paracetamol is part of the class of drugs known as "aniline analgesics"; it is the only such drug still in use today.[109] It is not considered an NSAID because it does not exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity (it is a weak COX inhibitor).[110][111] This is despite the evidence that paracetamol and NSAIDs have some similar pharmacological activity.[112]

text: Synthesis[edit]

text: Original (Boots) method[edit]

text: The original method for production involves the nitration of phenol with sodium nitrate gives a mixture of two isomers, from which the wanted 4-nitrophenol (bp 279 °C) can easily be separated by steam distillation. In this electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction, phenol's oxygen is strongly activating, thus the reaction requires only mild conditions as compared to nitration of benzene itself. The nitro group is then reduced to an amine, giving 4-aminophenol. Finally, the amine is acetylated with acetic anhydride.[113] Industrially direct hydrogenation is used, but in the laboratory scale sodium borohydride serves.[114][115]

text: Green synthesis[edit]

text: An alternative industrial synthesis developed by Hoechst–Celanese involves direct acylation of phenol with acetic anhydride catalyzed by HF, conversion of the ketone to a ketoxime with hydroxylamine, followed by the acid-catalyzed Beckmann rearrangement to give the amide.[115][116]

text: Direct synthesis[edit]

text: More recently (2014) a "one-pot" synthesis from hydroquinone has been described before the Royal Society of Chemistry.[117][118] The process may be summarized as follows:

text: The authors go on to claim an 88% yield and 99% purity.

text: Reactions[edit]

text: 4-Aminophenol may be obtained by the amide hydrolysis of paracetamol. 4-Aminophenol prepared this way, and related to the commercially available Metol, has been used as a developer in photography by hobbyists.[119] This reaction is also used to determine paracetamol in urine samples: After hydrolysis with hydrochloric acid, 4-aminophenol reacts in ammonia solution with a phenol derivate, e.g. salicylic acid, to form an indophenol dye under oxidization by air.[120]

text: History[edit]

text: Acetanilide was the first aniline derivative serendipitously found to possess analgesic as well as antipyretic properties, and was quickly introduced into medical practice under the name of Antifebrin by A. Cahn and P. Hepp in 1886.[121] But its unacceptable toxic effects, the most alarming being cyanosis due to methemoglobinemia, prompted the search for less toxic aniline derivatives.[109] Harmon Northrop Morse had already synthesized paracetamol at Johns Hopkins University via the reduction of p-nitrophenol with tin in glacial acetic acid in 1877,[122][123] but it was not until 1887 that clinical pharmacologist Joseph von Mering tried paracetamol on humans.[109] In 1893, von Mering published a paper reporting on the clinical results of paracetamol with phenacetin, another aniline derivative.[124] Von Mering claimed that, unlike phenacetin, paracetamol had a slight tendency to produce methemoglobinemia. Paracetamol was then quickly discarded in favor of phenacetin. The sales of phenacetin established Bayer as a leading pharmaceutical company.[125] Overshadowed in part by aspirin, introduced into medicine by Heinrich Dreser in 1899, phenacetin was popular for many decades, particularly in widely advertised over-the-counter "headache mixtures", usually containing phenacetin, an aminopyrine derivative of aspirin, caffeine, and sometimes a barbiturate.[109]

text: Paracetamol is the active metabolite of phenacetin and acetanilide, both once popular as analgesics and antipyretics in their own right.[104][126] However, unlike phenacetin, acetanilide and their combinations, paracetamol is not considered carcinogenic at therapeutic doses.[127]

text: Von Mering's claims remained essentially unchallenged for half a century, until two teams of researchers from the United States analyzed the metabolism of acetanilide and paracetamol.[125] In 1947 David Lester and Leon Greenberg found strong evidence that paracetamol was a major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and in a subsequent study they reported that large doses of paracetamol given to albino rats did not cause methemoglobinemia.[128] In three papers published in the September 1948 issue of the Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bernard Brodie, Julius Axelrod and Frederick Flinn confirmed using more specific methods that paracetamol was the major metabolite of acetanilide in human blood, and established that it was just as efficacious an analgesic as its precursor.[129][130][131] They also suggested that methemoglobinemia is produced in humans mainly by another metabolite, phenylhydroxylamine. A follow-up paper by Brodie and Axelrod in 1949 established that phenacetin was also metabolised to paracetamol.[132] This led to a "rediscovery" of paracetamol.[109] It has been suggested that contamination of paracetamol with 4-aminophenol, the substance von Mering synthesised it from, may be the cause for his spurious findings.[125]

text: Paracetamol was first marketed in the United States in 1950 under the name Triagesic, a combination of paracetamol, aspirin, and caffeine.[123] Reports in 1951 of three users stricken with the blood disease agranulocytosis led to its removal from the marketplace, and it took several years until it became clear that the disease was unconnected.[123] Paracetamol was marketed in 1953 by Sterling-Winthrop Co. as Panadol, available only by prescription, and promoted as preferable to aspirin since it was safe for children and people with ulcers.[123][125][133] In 1955, paracetamol was marketed as Children's Tylenol Elixir by McNeil Laboratories.[134] In 1956, 500 mg tablets of paracetamol went on sale in the United Kingdom under the trade name Panadol, produced by Frederick Stearns & Co, a subsidiary of Sterling Drug Inc. In 1963, paracetamol was added to the British Pharmacopoeia, and has gained popularity since then as an analgesic agent with few side-effects and little interaction with other pharmaceutical agents.[123] Concerns about paracetamol's safety delayed its widespread acceptance until the 1970s, but in the 1980s paracetamol sales exceeded those of aspirin in many countries, including the United Kingdom. This was accompanied by the commercial demise of phenacetin, blamed as the cause of analgesic nephropathy and hematological toxicity.[109] In 1988 Sterling Winthrop was acquired by Eastman Kodak which sold the over the counter drug rights to SmithKline Beecham in 1994.[135]

text: Available without a prescription since 1959,[136] it has since become a common household drug.[137] Patents on paracetamol have long expired, and generic versions of the drug are widely available.[2][138]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Naming[edit]

text: Acetaminophen is the name generally used in the United States (USAN), Japan (JAN), Canada[139] Venezuela, Colombia, and Iran; paracetamol is used in international venues (INN, AAN, BAN).[139][140][141] In some contexts, such as on prescription bottles of painkillers that incorporate this medicine, it is simply abbreviated as APAP, for acetyl-para-aminophenol.

text: Both acetaminophen and paracetamol come from a chemical name for the compound: para-acetylaminophenol and para-acetylaminophenol.

text: Cost[edit]

text: The wholesale price in the developing world is less than 0.01 USD per dose.[22] In the United States it costs about 0.04 USD per dose.[23]

text: In the UK, paracetamol is one of the most prescribed drug by the NHS.[142] In the UK, Paracetamol costs 19p in the supermarket, while the NHS spends 80 m pounds yearly.[143] In Europe, prices differ from country to country; low-cost prices for 10 doses could reach €0.54 in Portugal, €0.91 in France and €1.97 in Germany.[144]

text: Available forms[edit]

text: Paracetamol is available in a tablet, capsule, liquid suspension, suppository, intravenous, intramuscular and effervescent forms.[145][146]

text: In some formulations, paracetamol is combined with the opioid codeine, sometimes referred to as co-codamol (BAN) and Panadeine in Australia. In the U.S., this combination is available only by prescription, while the lowest-strength preparation is over the counter in Canada, and in other countries other strengths may be available over the counter.[citation needed] Paracetamol is also combined with other opioids such as dihydrocodeine, referred to as co-dydramol (BAN), oxycodone or hydrocodone. Another very commonly used analgesic combination includes paracetamol in combination with propoxyphene napsylate. A combination of paracetamol, codeine, and the calmative doxylamine succinate is also available. The efficacy of paracetamol/codeine combinations has been questioned by recent research.[45]

text: Paracetamol is commonly used in multi-ingredient preparations for migraine headache, typically including butalbital and paracetamol with or without caffeine, and sometimes containing codeine.

text: Paracetamol is sometimes combined with phenylephrine hydrochloride.[147] Sometimes a third active ingredient, such as ascorbic acid,[147][148] caffeine,[149][150] chlorpheniramine maleate,[151] or guaifenesin[152][153][154] is added to this combination.

text: When marketed in combination with diphenhydramine hydrochloride, it is frequently given the label "PM" and is meant as a sleep aid. Diphenhydramine hydrochloride is known to have hypnotic effects and is non-habit forming. Unfortunately it has been implicated in the occasional development of restless leg syndrome.[155]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In September 2013, an episode of This American Life titled "Use Only as Directed"[156] highlighted deaths from paracetamol overdose. This report was followed by two reports by ProPublica[157][158] alleging that the "FDA has long been aware of studies showing the risks of acetaminophen. So has the maker of Tylenol, McNeil Consumer Healthcare, a division of Johnson & Johnson" and "McNeil, the maker of Tylenol, ... has repeatedly opposed safety warnings, dosage restrictions and other measures meant to safeguard users of the drug."

text: A report prepared by an internal FDA working group describes a history of FDA initiatives designed to educate consumers about the risk of paracetamol overdose and notes that one challenge to the Agency has been "identifying the appropriate message about the relative safety of acetaminophen, especially compared to other OTC pain relievers (e.g., aspirin and other NSAIDs)". The report notes that "Chronic use of NSAIDs is also associated with significant morbidity and mortality. NSAID gastrointestinal risk is substantial, with deaths and hospitalization estimated in one publication as 3200 and 32,000 per year respectively. Possible cardiovascular toxicity with chronic NSAID use has been a major discussion recently", finally noting that "The goal of the educational efforts is not to decrease appropriate acetaminophen use or encourage substitution of NSAID use, but rather to educate consumers so that they can avoid unnecessary health risks."[159]

text: Veterinary use[edit]

text: Cats[edit]

text: Paracetamol is extremely toxic to cats, which lack the necessary UGT1 enzyme to break it down safely. Initial symptoms include vomiting, salivation, and discoloration of the tongue and gums.

text: Unlike an overdose in humans, liver damage is rarely the cause of death; instead, methemoglobin formation and the production of Heinz bodies in red blood cells inhibit oxygen transport by the blood, causing asphyxiation (methemoglobemia and hemolytic anemia).[160]

text: Treatment with N-acetylcysteine,[161] methylene blue or both is sometimes effective after the ingestion of small doses of paracetamol.

text: Dogs[edit]

text: Although paracetamol is believed to have no significant anti-inflammatory activity, it has been reported to be as effective as aspirin in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain in dogs.[162]

text: A paracetamol-codeine product (trade name Pardale-V)[163] licensed for use in dogs is available for purchase under supervision of a vet, pharmacist or other qualified person.[163] It should be administered to dogs only on veterinary advice and with extreme caution.[163]

text: The main effect of toxicity in dogs is liver damage, and GI ulceration has been reported.[161][164][165][166] N-acetylcysteine treatment is efficacious in dogs when administered within two hours of paracetamol ingestion.[161][162]

text: Snakes[edit]

text: Paracetamol is also lethal to snakes, and has been suggested as a chemical control program for the invasive brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) in Guam.[167][168] Doses of 80 mg are inserted into dead mice scattered by helicopter.[169]


document_title: DD Form 214

question_text: how many copies of the dd214 are there

question_tokens: how many copies of the dd214 are there

text: DD Form 214

text: History and usage[edit]

text: The first DD Form 214s were issued in 1950, replacing the older "WD AGO" (War Department Adjutant General's Office) Forms and the NAVPERS (Naval Personnel) discharge documents. These documents had existed since 1941. In earlier versions of the form (1 November 1972) it was called a "Report of Separation from Active Duty"; the current title dates from 1 July 1979.

text: DD Form 214 is the capstone military service document, as it represents the complete, verified record of a service member's time in the military (Active and Reserve), awards and medals, and other pertinent service information, such as highest rank/rate and pay grade held on active duty, total military combat service and/or overseas service, Military Occupational Specialty (MOS), Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC) or Navy officer designator, Navy Officer Billet Code (NOBC), Additional Qualification Designation (ACD) or Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) identifiers and a record of training and schools completed. Individuals who served exclusively in the Air National Guard or Army National Guard do not receive a DD Form 214, but will receive a form called NGB-22 from the National Guard Bureau.

text: The DD Form 214 is commonly used by various government agencies, chief among them the Department of Veterans Affairs, to secure veteran benefits, and may be requested by employers should a person indicate he or she has served in the military.

text: This document also contains codes used by the Armed Forces to describe a former servicemember's reason for discharge and, in the case of enlisted personnel, their reenlistment eligibility. These codes are known as Separation Designator/Separation Justification (abbreviated as SPD/SJC) Codes and Reenlistment Eligibility (RE) Codes, respectively.

text: DD Form 214 is also generally required by funeral directors in order to immediately prove eligibility for interment in VA cemetery and/or obtaining a grave marker and/or provide military honors to a deceased veteran. On September 1, 2000, the National Defense Authorization Act enabled, upon the family's request, every eligible veteran to receive a military funeral honors ceremony to include the folding and presentation of the United States burial flag and the sounding of Taps, at no cost to the family.

text: Copies of DD Form 214s are typically maintained by the government as part of a service member's 201 file or OMPF (Official Military Personnel File). The 201 file generally contains additional personnel related forms.

text: Available versions[edit]

text: There are two versions of the DD Form 214, usually referred to simply as "short" or "redacted" or "deleted" (edited), and "long" or "unredacted" or "undeleted" (unedited) copies. The edited, or "short", copy omits a great deal of information, chiefly the Characterization of Service, Reason for Separation, and Authority for Separation.[1][2]

text: Copies[edit]

text: Service members are given the option of accepting the "short form" edited Member 1, "long form" unedited Member 4 or both copies upon separation.

text: The most important copy of the DD 214 for the individual is the long form copy. It is the standard form needed to obtain benefits such as GI Bill or government employment priority.

text: There are eight original DD214 copies. All but Member 1, the "short form" copy, contain information as to the nature and type of discharge, and the re-enlistment code. This code is used to determine whether or not the service member can go back into the service. For unemployment benefits, veterans affairs benefits, as well as for several other services, the "Member's Copy 4" is usually requested but any other "long form" copy is acceptable. All eight copies are identical except Member 1, the "short form," which lacks this critical information. The military will not provide a replacement "Member's Copy 4" (it is the service member's personal copy and physically given to him at separation) and any request for a replacement is always honored by providing a "Service 2," "Service 7" or "Service 8" copy. All but Member 1 are acceptable legal substitutes for Member 4.

text: Other versions of the DD Form 214 include the "Member 1" (deleted version), "Service 7 & 8" (additional copies of the "Service 2"), "Veterans Affairs 3" (sent directly to the Department of Veterans Affairs), "Member 6" (provided to the respective veteran's State Department of Veteran Affairs), and "Department of Labor 5" (provided directly to the United States Department of Labor).

text: If for whatever reason your original DD214 is unusable, unreadable, or destroyed, upon verification of your service the National Personnel Record Center can issue NA Form 13038, a Certification of Military Service, which is also a perfect legal substitute for DD214.

text: Electronic Cost-Free Copy of DD-214[edit]

text: eBenefits, a web portal[3] managed jointly by the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) and the United States Department of Defense (DoD) provides Service members with free electronic copies of their Official Military Personnel File, including their DD Form 214. Electronic copies will be provided within 48 hours from the time of request. In order for a Service member to request his/hers DD-214 in eBenefits, he/she must have an eBenefits Premium Account ( DS Logon Level 2[4]).

text: Paper Cost-Free Copy of DD-214[edit]

text: The National Personnel Records Center is the government agency tasked with replacing lost and destroyed DD Form 214s upon request from a veteran. Requested copies are mailed from the Military Personnel Records Center. Most veterans who separated from their service generally pre-1992 can obtain their DD 214 from the National Personnel Records Center, ("NPRC"). The NPRC has two distinct tracks available to obtain records for veterans. The first is for the veteran to submit a Department of Defense Standard Form 180 ("SF180") to the facility via mail or fax. The second is to appear in-person at the facility. The National Archives also maintains a list of independent researchers who will physically visit the St. Louis facility to request records in person.[5]

text: Corrections[edit]

text: The DD Form 215 ("Correction to DD Form 214, Certificate of Release or Discharge from Active Duty") is used to correct errors or additions to a DD Form 214 discovered after the original had been delivered and/or distribution had been made. It is distributed in the same manner as the DD Form 214.GED is not on DD214

text: Distribution[edit]

text: A DD Form 214/215 is prepared in eight copies and distributed as follows:

text:
Copy 1 – Service Member
Copy 2 – Service Personnel File
Copy 3 – United States Department of Veterans Affairs
Copy 4 – Member (if initialed in Block 30)
Copy 5 – United States Department of Labor
Copy 6 – State Director of Veteran Affairs
Copy 7 & 8 – Distributed in accordance with Military Service Department directions (shredded and retain)


document_title: The 5th Wave (novel)

question_text: where does cassie live in the 5th wave

question_tokens: where does cassie live in the 5th wave

text: The 5th Wave (novel)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Set roughly in present-day Dayton, Ohio, The 5th Wave follows 16-year-old Cassiopeia "Cass" Sullivan as she tries to survive in a world devastated by the waves of an alien invasion that decimated the Earth's population. She is headed to a "training" facility, in the hopes of saving her five-year-old brother, Sam, who was taken there.

text: Cassie comes across a gas station where she finds a wounded soldier. She kills him after mistaking the crucifix in his hand for a gun. This intensely disturbs her. While on an Ohio highway, on her way to find her brother, she comes across the recently deceased. Cassie is then suddenly shot in the leg by an unknown sniper. She takes cover under a car and has to make a difficult choice: try to flee the area and risk being shot by the sniper, or bleed to death under the car.

text: The plot then jumps to Ben Parish, Cassie's crush in high school, who is sick with the disease spread during the 3rd Wave; he is tended to by a friend named Chris. Ben is taken by soldiers to a woman named Dr. Pam and miraculously recovers from his disease. Dr. Pam tells him the Others raided his camp, Camp Haven at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, by inhabiting human hosts and posing as refugees. Dr. Pam puts Ben through a program called "Wonderland" and takes him to a hospital room, where Chris sits wired to a chair. Dr. Pam lets Ben look through a special eyepiece to find that a creature is attached to Chris's brain, which Dr. Pam confirms is an Other. She explains to Ben that the only way to kill the creature inside is to kill the host, which Reznik, a senior drill instructor, pressures Ben into doing.

text: Commander Vosch, who killed Cassie's father at their refugee camp, meets Ben in his room. Vosch is straightforward and tells Ben they will all die, but not without a fight. He gives Ben a position in Camp Haven's new army, and he becomes Private Zombie. Cassie awakens in a four-poster bed hooked up to an IV machine with her wounds nearly healed. She meets her savior, Evan Walker, who tells her they are in his rural country house, and he'd found her on the highway, crawling in blood. Cassie insists that she must go to Camp Haven to save her brother, but Evan is unsure that she is fit enough for the journey yet, and so they stay. Over time, the two grow closer. One night, Cassie and Evan get into a fight, but Evan ends it by saying that Cassie saved him, rather than vice versa, and kisses her.

text: Sammy Sullivan, Cassie's brother, has arrived at Camp Haven via the bus on which he was taken. The soldiers at Camp Haven mark the children: greens for unhealthy, reds for healthy. Sammy is marked red and is called to be processed and cleaned. He is put through the Wonderland program and asked many questions relating to his personal life. After Sammy is fully processed, Dr. Pam offers to let him see an Other.

text: Ben Parish, now Private Zombie, has been assigned to squad 53. His squad sergeant, Sergeant Reznik, is a cruel, uncaring man who taunts his members about their personal lives, which he learned about via the Wonderland program. He takes a liking to a member of another squad. Another member is added to squad 53, Sammy Sullivan, whom Reznik calls "Private Nugget". Reznik taunts Nugget, Zombie blurts out, "Leave him alone!", and Reznik punches Zombie in his throat, but respects his spirit and appoints him as the new leader of squad 53.

text: During a fire drill at Camp Haven, Nugget is scared, so Zombie slings him on his shoulder and runs with him. Zombie slows the squad down by 45 seconds, angering them. Private Tank goes "Dorothy", (meaning crazy), and pulls his gun out. Private Flintstone takes Tank down before anyone is hurt. Tank is later found dead in the P&D (Process and Disposal) hangar and is replaced by Private Ringer, whom Zombie had previously taken a liking to. Ringer attempts to improve the squad's marksmanship and succeeds; Squad 53 skyrockets through the ranks and graduates with the other top three squads.

text: Cassie continuously confronts the dilemma of whether or not to trust Evan. Either way, Evan and Cassie continue building a relationship. While Evan leaves for one of his night hunts, which Cassie suspects are something far more terrible than he lets on, she searches through his things for any evidence that points to Evan's being one of the Others. She finds her M16 in Evan's barn under a blanket, but Evan casually says that he simply found it near her when he found her. After a few more days, Cassie feels she is fit enough for the journey and Evan, against Cassie's wishes, sets out with her, burning his house down as a distraction to the Others.

text: Zombie and his squad are on their first patrol. They are given special headsets with lenses that can supposedly distinguish between a human and an Other. The squad is attacked, and Private Oompa is killed. Zombie and Ringer pursue their assailants, while Private Poundcake covers them from above with his sniper. While under the cover of a building, Ringer cuts out her implant, and her head lights up green through Zombie's lens. They piece the evidence together and conclude that Camp Haven is not a human training camp, but an "Other death camp". They find that their assailant is Reznik and kill him. Reznik is holding a piece of equipment with a map of green spots: the implants. Ringer and Zombie return to the squad and explain to them what they know. Flintstone, who is skeptical, snatches the equipment away and pulls a switch. He drops dead. Zombie is reluctant to leave whilst Nugget is still at Camp Haven and has Ringer shoot him, so that his story will look real. Zombie is then evacuated by a helicopter to Camp Haven.

text: While on their journey, Cassie and Evan are attacked by a group of juvenile soldiers. Cassie is shocked as she watches Evan take them down with ease, though he injures his thigh and buttocks in the process. Once the soldiers are taken down, Cassie makes Evan confirm that he is the Silencer who shot her. Cassie initially decides to leave him there to bleed to death, but afterwards decides to help him. The two then orchestrate a plan wherein Evan has little involvement, though he strongly disapproves of this.

text: Cassie arrives at the base on a bus and is called for processing. Dr. Pam meets with her, and Cassie knocks her unconscious. Zombie awakens in a hospital bed and sees Vosch, who tells him that Zombie will be put through Wonderland. After Vosch leaves, Zombie escapes and steals an outfit from a dead guard. Cassie finds Sammy/Nugget and meets Zombie, but the three are captured by Vosch. Vosch attempts to kill Nugget by electrocuting him.

text: It is revealed that Evan has planted bombs and hacked into the base's mainframe. When Vosch heads to Control, Evan appears and kills the soldiers guarding Zombie, Cassie, and Sam. Evan says goodbye before allegedly setting off "eyes", the same bombs Vosch used to destroy Cassie's refugee camp. The members of Squad 53 arrive and save Zombie, Cassie, and Sam. They ride off as Camp Haven is destroyed.

text: Characters[edit]

text: Cassiopeia Marie Sullivan or "Cassie"– the novel's protagonist, is 16 years old, short, and has curly strawberry-blonde hair. Before the waves hit, she had a crush on Ben Parish, a popular football player. She later has a relationship with her "silencer", Evan Walker.

text: Evan Walker – a boy from rural Ohio who lived with his large family; he is described as having chocolate brown eyes and brown hair. His family and girlfriend were all killed during the 3rd Wave. He has a brief relationship with Cassie.

text: Benjamin Thomas Parish/Zombie – a popular football player and honors student at Cassie's high school; he is described as tall, buff, and dark haired. While in high school, Cassie had a crush on Ben, but he never noticed her. After the 3rd Wave, Ben contracts the plague but is "rescued" by soldiers who take him to Camp Haven. There, he becomes a part of Squad 53 and is renamed Zombie. Zombie soon discovers the "soldiers" are actually aliens in disguise. He manages to escape with Cassie and Sammy.

text: Sissy Parish- Ben's little sister. She was killed by an other while escaping her house with Ben, and he left her behind, he keeps her locket she wore around her neck in her memory. She was described by Cassie to be hoisted onto Ben's shoulders after his football games, and she would join him in a parade. He says he misses Sissy terribly.

text: Samuel Jackson Sullivan/Nugget/Sammy – Cassie's younger brother who is 5 years old; he is described as having messy brown hair and large, teddy bear eyes. He is taken away from the refugee camp where he, his father, and Cassie had stayed. He is taken to Camp Haven to join Squad 53, after being renamed Nugget. Nugget and Zombie become good friends, and Zombie acts like Sam's big brother. Sammy manages to escape with Cassie and Zombie at the end of the novel.

text: Ringer/Marika – a girl who joins Squad 53 after Tank, a former member, goes "Dorothy" (slang for crazy); she is described as tall and skinny, with pale white skin and long, glossy, straight black hair, three quarters Asian and a quarter Apache. She is the best shot in the group and is very quiet, yet scary. She and Zombie become friends, and she helps him shoot better. She is often threatening and serious toward the other squad members, but can also be vulnerable at times.

text: Commander Vosch – the leader of the soldiers and the mastermind behind the plans. He is very sadistic, cruel, and unfeeling. He at first is shown as a "hero" to those at Cassie's refugee camp, but he soon reveals his true nature by personally killing Cassie's father, destroying the camp, and abducting the children, including Sam, to fight. He is also responsible for Camp Haven and becomes familiar with Cassie, Ringer, and Ben Parish.

text: Dumbo – a member of Squad 53; he is around 12 years old, has huge ears, and is good with medicine and anatomy.

text: Teacup/Allison – a member of Squad 53; she is seven years old. Originally, she was the only girl, and was the youngest in the squad before Nugget and Ringer arrived.

text: Poundcake – a member of Squad 53; he is around 8 years old, large and chubby, and rarely speaks, but is good with a gun.

text: Flintstone – the former leader of Squad 53; he was around 16 years old and had a unibrow. He often challenged Zombie's authority, mainly in jealousy over taking his job as leader. After Zombie reveals Reznik's device, Flintstone takes it and accidentally kills himself with it.

text: Tank – a former member of Squad 53. He went "Dorothy" (crazy) and was taken away. Dumbo and Zombie discover him dead in the P&D (Processing and Disposal) hangar.

text: Kenny/Oompa – a member of Squad 53; he was around 8 or 9 years old, chubby, and had crooked teeth. After Zombie sets off an explosion, Oompa is impaled with shrapnel and dies after an unsuccessful attempt to save him.

text: Waves[edit]

text: First Wave: Lights Out: During the first wave, the Others release an EMP wave that takes out all electronics/lights/technology and kills half a million people by shorting out all moving vehicles, including planes in mid-flight.

text: Second wave: Surf's Up: The Others, realizing that roughly 40 percent of Earth's population lives within 60 miles (97 km) of coastline, drop enormous rods "twice as tall as the Empire State Building and three times as heavy" (45) onto the Earth's fault lines, causing massive tsunamis that wipe out three billion people.

text: Third wave: Pestilence: The Others launch a scheme to infect as many remaining survivors as possible with a deadly virus. Using the Earth's birds as carriers (via falling excrement), the plague claims 97 percent of remaining survivors. The virus, which resembles an advanced form of Ebola, causes victims to slowly bleed to death until eventually "you've become a viral bomb. And when you explode, you blast everyone around you with the virus" (46).

text: Fourth wave: Silencers: After the 3rd wave, the remaining human population tries desperately to survive off whatever resources remain by looting, all the while clinging to the hope that "the people in charge", wherever they may be, are working toward a solution. Eventually, this belief seems legitimate when an impressive battalion of soldiers (with functioning vehicles) arrives at the makeshift camp where Cassie, Sam, and her father are staying. The soldiers and commander, however, only appear interested in the children and promptly load them onto waiting buses before ordering all the adults into the camp barracks. Once the humans are surrounded, Commander Vosch orders a massacre and kills everyone at the camp. Cassie, however, narrowly escapes and witnesses her father's death by Vosch's hand. At this moment, the 4th wave becomes clear: not all "humans" are actually humans.

text: Fifth wave: The Fifth wave is referenced in "The Last Star".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical reception of the book has been very positive. It received starred reviews from both Publishers Weekly and Kirkus,[3][4] and reviewers have noted that it has broad audience appeal, blurring the lines between young adult and adult fiction, and between genre and mainstream fiction, so that it cannot be easily wedged into one genre despite having many of the characteristics of young adult fiction.[1][5] The New York Times listed it as one of the best young adult books of 2013,[6] and it was a Goodreads finalist for Best Young Adult Fantasy or Science Fiction novel in 2013.[7]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The 5th Wave is the first book in a trilogy. The second book in the series, The Infinite Sea, was released on September 16, 2014.[8] The third book in the series, The Last Star, was released on May 24, 2016.[9]

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: A film adaption with the same name was released by Columbia Pictures on January 22, 2016. It was directed by J Blakeson, with a screenplay by Susannah Grant, Akiva Goldsman, and Jeff Pinkner.


question_text: how do you pronounce thor's hammer's name

question_tokens: how do you pronounce thor 's hammer 's name

text: Talk:Mjölnir

text: Pronunciation?[edit]

text: Does anyone know how to pronounce mjolnir? I've not been able to figure it out or find it. I've been saying it like (mah-law-ner) and im probably wrong. anybody know? User:SirParagon

text: I have heard, from not-necessarily-schollarly sources that the pronunciation is something like im-yole-nir with the stress on the first and second syllables.

text: can anybody give a pronunciation that is backed up and properly cited?

text: I pronounce it Myolnir. That's the approximate Scandinavian pronunciation (cf. Scandinavian languages). This is backed up by the Infoplease article, which cites the Random House Unabridged Dictionary. I have two other unabridged dictionaries I can check if that doesn't satisfy everyone. None that there is no vowel between the M and the y. If you find that difficult to pronounce, it could be approximated by saying "Me-olnir" with a really quick "e". --70.36.146.44 01:42, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

text: This is clering up a lot for me. I have been pronouncing it Maj-in-a-ler. This must be very wrong.

text: I Know 7 19:53, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

text: Yes the most common misstake is putting a vowel sound between the M and J which is wrong. Suggestions to think of it as Me-ölnir is probably good for english speakers. Another thing to note is that ö is not pronounced like the o in body but more as the i in girl or bird. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.230.185.230 (talk) 22:07, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

text: Dubious: Mjolnir, the hammer's name in Norse myth and Stan Lee[edit]

text: Stan Lee, co-creater of Marvel Comics's The Mighty Thor claims that Mjolnir is a made up word.--Carlaude (talk) 16:47, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

text: I realize I'm very late to this discussion, but I think someone's misread Ol' Stan's comments (or maybe he stated them wrong, he does do that sometimes, bless him). I've never heard him say the name Mjolnir was made up, but rather that Uru, the name of the mystic material Thor's hammer is made from (in Marvel comics anyway) was made up.69.212.125.129 (talk) 19:17, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

text: Orchard Reference and Poor Editing[edit]

text: Dab recently altered a cited sentence and reformatted it to read "The term translated as "hammer"[clarification needed] might actually refer to an axe or club." Before this edit, the reference was attached to "though generally recognized and depicted as a hammer, Mjölnir is actually an axe or club but misconceived as a hammer", a line that is certainly not something Orchard would have in his handbook. This transparently wrong statement stems from an adjustment by an anonymous IP here. Prior to the IP edit, the sentence was a far more reasonable "Though generally recognized and depicted as a hammer, Mjölnir is sometimes referred to as an axe or club". This appears to be what was originally attached to the reference. This is obviously not the same as a supposed issue of translation that Dab conjures up in his edit.

text: It's most likely that Orchard's statement refers to Thor's weapon in Gesta Danorum (club) and to perhaps even some Bronze Age-related topics. Obviously, users editing this page need to be clear what they're doing, both to themselves and others; if it were up to me, edit summaries would be required (and gibberish would be auto-reverted). It should be obvious that adjusting a citation to make it seem more "reasonable" without checking the source is a bad idea.

text: All that said, I do own a copy of Orchard's handbook, but it's on the other side of the ocean. I'll check it when I return to see exactly what it says. This entire article could use a total rewrite (in fact, I've slated it for demolition since I rewrote many of the Thor-related articles to WP:GA standard some time ago). I hope to be able to take some appropriate time out for it soon. Meanwhile, edits like this are not helping this page get any better. :bloodofox: (talk) 09:51, 20 July 2013 (UTC)

text: Sons of Ivaldi[edit]

text: In the section discussing Mjoelnir's orgins from the Skáldskaparmál, the wording makes it very confusing as to who the sons of Ivaldi are. Are they the two he bets with? The two who made mjoelnir? Both? I forget who the two pairs of dwarves are, but I do believe that it was four distinct dwarves, not two.

text: Anyone remember? Utgardsloki (talk) 23:30, 15 August 2013 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Utgardsloki (talk • contribs) 21:11, 10 August 2013 (UTC)

text: Mjölnir, St. Martin Hammer[edit]

text: Kindly explain how you associate St. Martin of Tours and his hammer with Mjölnir. Also explain the etymological links between "Mjölnir" and "Vajra". Thanks. Kleuske (talk) 12:46, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

text: ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ That's an interesting possibility, because Parpola does argue that the name of Indra is derived from an Uralic god. NB: Parpola's book is about the Indo-Aryans and the Harappan civilization. Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 15:42, 19 November 2016 (UTC)

text:
The Origins and History of Religions. "May have been" and no further explanation, exept that "Indra was probably a thundergod" in some regions.
Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture No mention of Thor or Mjolnir
Paradise Rediscovered: The Roots of Civilisation, Volume 1 Hey, presto... It mentions Thor, Mjolnir and Indra but does not link them in any way. Let alone etymologically. Ok.
War and Sacrifice: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict. Not even a reference. No mention of Thor, Indra or Mjolnir.
History of Religious Ideas, Volume 2: From Gautama Buddha to the Triumph of ... Erotic tendencies in Indra a Thor dresses up as a bride. Hence they are connected. Whoop-di-do. Saying this is speculative is an understatement.
Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare A (vague) resemblance (use of club-like weapons) is noted between Indra, Perun and Thor. No association whatsoever is claimed.
Paradise rediscovered Again. Indra and Thor both use club-like weapons, and a transfer of the Labrys (another mythology) into the hands of The Patriarchy, personified by Zeus/Indra/Thor. Zeus is, etymologically associated with Tyr (Tiwaz), not Thor, to the best of my knowledge. Again, saying this is speculative is an understatement.
Van Anima tot Zeus: encyclopedie van begrippen uit mythologie, religie ... Claims both Thor and Indra are "archetypal symbols of power", but refrains from actually linking them.
Myths of Pre-Columbian America Are you kidding me? If I were to take you seriously on this, we could link Indra Zeus and Thor to Precolumbian Mayan deities.
Lightning: Nature and Culture Loads of cultures had a god of thunder, because it's a very impressive natural phenomenon. There's your explaination, btw.
Indian Myth and Legend (Illustrations) Loads of Gods with hammers. Gaelic, Hittite, Assyrian and Chinese ones, too. Interesting, but no connection (apart from lightning). Explanation (offered by me): Lightning is impressive, a blacksmith's hammer (or a metal club) strikes sparks and the human capacity for associations is virtually unlimited. Hence Hammers and lightning got linked in many cultures.
The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols Again... Are you kidding me? Thor is a "Teutonic" god? That claim alone dismisses the author as a reliable source on this subject.

tag: ol

text:
Regarding "Indo-European mythology": the shared roots of Indian and European languages, and also (aspects of) religion and mythology, is an obvious fact, and a topic that's been studied in the academics for a long time. See, for example, Jaan Puhvel, "Comparative Mythology." See also Proto-Indo-European religion.
Regarding my "last ditch attempt": WP:TRUTH. Wikipedia gives an overview of relevant info; if there is a recurrent theme of authors linking these two godheads, then that's relevant, and can be mentioned as "Thor and Indra, and their warhammer, have repeatedly been compared [source 1, 2, 3 etc.]."
Regarding "Loads of cultures have thundergods": sure. But not all cultures have Indo-European roots.
Regarding "sourcing a claim": this is just the Google-search. If I intend to write aboiut it, using those sources, you'll know.
Regarding "You are wasting my time": that's a misplaced comment. If that's how you're feeling, then you should ask yourself why you're editing anyway. See also WP:OWN.

text: ┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ My point, above, was that there is no "recurrent theme of authors linking these two godheads". At best, there's a recurrent theme of authors noting similarities, which isn't very surprising, givenm the similarities in their respective divine domains (thunder and lightning). It was also my point that authors on Tibetan Buddhism, precolumbian mythology or the origins of Hinduism are not reliable sources on Norse mythology. As to the text you now propose, we should also note similarities with every other thunder- or hammer/mace carrying deity. That's way outside the scope of this article, which concerns itself with one of these mythological weapons: Mjölnir, not Thor, not comparative theology, not speculative forays into imagined Proto-Indo-European mythology. it is about Mjölnir. Linking Thor to Indra is off-topic in this article. If you want to link Mjölnir to Indra's mace, let's have the source that links them. So far, none have been provided and I needed to read the entire copy/pasted list of Google results to find out. And since you're now, very much, shifting goalposts, I stick to my point that you're wasting my time for the reasons stated. Kleuske (talk) 17:49, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

text: The name in reference to Odin[edit]

text: In the Santa page on Wikipedia the word Jolnir is associated with Yule Figure when compared to Odin.

text: That, if true, is quite a coincidence. LeapUK (talk) 10:16, 29 November 2016 (UTC)

text: Lifting Mjöllnir[edit]

text: It is my understanding the "only the worthy can lift the hammer" is just a Marvel fiction, it has no historical root in the Norse mythology. Can someone please confirm or deny this?

text: If it is true than the article should state it.

text: If it is false then the article should probably mention it, too and we should remove the note 2 which refers to this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by UnoSD (talk • contribs) 11:21, 25 December 2016 (UTC)

text: C-Class Norse history and culture articlesHigh-importance Norse history and culture articlesC-Class Norse history and culture articles of High-importanceC-Class Mythology articlesMid-importance Mythology articlesNorse mythology work group articles


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2008

question_text: what was the number one song in march 2008

text: Chart history

text:
Key

Indicates best-performing single of 2008

tag: table

text:
Issue date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference(s)

January 5

"Low"

Flo Rida featuring T-Pain

[21]

January 12

[22]

January 19

[23]

January 26

[24]

February 2

[25]

February 9

[26]

February 16

[27]

February 23

[28]

March 1

[29]

March 8

[2]

March 15

"Love in This Club"

Usher featuring Young Jeezy

[30]

March 22

[31]

March 29

[32]

April 5

"Bleeding Love"

Leona Lewis

[33]

April 12

"Touch My Body"

Mariah Carey

[14][15]

April 19

[34]

April 26

"Bleeding Love"

Leona Lewis

[35]

May 3

"Lollipop"

Lil Wayne featuring Static Major

[8]

May 10

"Bleeding Love"

Leona Lewis

[36]

May 17

[37]

May 24

"Take a Bow"

Rihanna

[38][39]

May 31

"Lollipop"

Lil Wayne featuring Static Major

[40]

June 7

[41]

June 14

[42]

June 21

[43]

June 28

"Viva la Vida"

Coldplay

[9][44]

July 5

"I Kissed a Girl"

Katy Perry

[10][45]

July 12

[46]

July 19

[47]

July 26

[48]

August 2

[49]

August 9

[50]

August 16

[51]

August 23

"Disturbia"

Rihanna

[52]

August 30

[53]

September 6

"Whatever You Like"

T.I.

[11]

September 13

[54]

September 20

[55]

September 27

"So What"

Pink

[56]

October 4

"Whatever You Like"

T.I.

[57]

October 11

[58]

October 18

"Live Your Life"

T.I. featuring Rihanna

[59]

October 25

"Womanizer"

Britney Spears

[60][61]

November 1

"Whatever You Like"

T.I.

[62]

November 8

[5]

November 15

"Live Your Life"

T.I. featuring Rihanna

[63]

November 22

[64]

November 29

[65]

December 6

[66]

December 13

"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"

Beyoncé

[67]

December 20

"Live Your Life"

T.I. featuring Rihanna

[12]

December 27

"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"

Beyoncé

[68]