document_title: Kidney

question_text: what are the hormones produced by the kidney

question_tokens: what are the hormones produced by the kidney

text: Kidney

text: Structure[edit]

text: In humans, the kidneys are located high in the abdominal cavity, one on each side of the spine, and lie in a retroperitoneal position at a slightly oblique angle.[2] The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by the position of the liver, typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney.[3][4][5] The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3,[6] and the right is slightly lower. The right kidney sits just below the diaphragm and posterior to the liver. The left sits below the diaphragm and posterior to the spleen. On top of each kidney is an adrenal gland. The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs. Each kidney, with its adrenal gland is surrounded by two layers of fat: the perirenal fat present between renal fascia and renal capsule and pararenal fat superior to the renal fascia.

text: The kidney is a bean-shaped structure with a convex and a concave border. A recessed area on the concave border is the renal hilum, where the renal artery enters the kidney and the renal vein and ureter leave. The kidney is surrounded by tough fibrous tissue, the renal capsule, which is itself surrounded by perirenal fat, renal fascia, and pararenal fat. The anterior (front) surface of these tissues is the peritoneum, while the posterior (rear) surface is the transversalis fascia.

text: The superior pole of the right kidney is adjacent to the liver. For the left kidney, it is next to the spleen. Both, therefore, move down upon inhalation.

text: In adult males, the kidney weighs between 125 and 170 grams. In females the weight of the kidney is between 115 and 155 grams.[7] A Danish study measured the median renal length to be 11.2 cm (4.4 in) on the left side and 10.9 cm (4.3 in) on the right side in adults. Median renal volumes were 146 cm3 on the left and 134 cm3 on the right.[8]

text: Gross anatomy[edit]

text: The substance, or parenchyma, of the kidney is divided into two major structures: the outer renal cortex and the inner renal medulla. Grossly, these structures take the shape of eight to 18 cone-shaped renal lobes, each containing renal cortex surrounding a portion of medulla called a renal pyramid.[7] Between the renal pyramids are projections of cortex called renal columns. Nephrons, the urine-producing functional structures of the kidney, span the cortex and medulla. The initial filtering portion of a nephron is the renal corpuscle which is located in the cortex. This is followed by a renal tubule that passes from the cortex deep into the medullary pyramids. Part of the renal cortex, a medullary ray is a collection of renal tubules that drain into a single collecting duct.

text: The tip, or papilla, of each pyramid empties urine into a minor calyx; minor calyces empty into major calyces, and major calyces empty into the renal pelvis. This becomes the ureter. At the hilum, the ureter and renal vein exit the kidney and the renal artery enters. Hilar fat and lymphatic tissue with lymph nodes surrounds these structures. The hilar fat is contiguous with a fat-filled cavity called the renal sinus. The renal sinus collectively contains the renal pelvis and calyces and separates these structures from the renal medullary tissue.[9]

text: The kidneys possess no overtly moving structures

text: Blood supply[edit]

text: The renal circulation supplies the blood to the kidneys via the renal arteries, left and right, which branch directly from the abdominal aorta. Despite their relatively small size, the kidneys receive approximately 20% of the cardiac output.[7]

text: Each renal artery branches into segmental arteries, dividing further into interlobar arteries, which penetrate the renal capsule and extend through the renal columns between the renal pyramids. The interlobar arteries then supply blood to the arcuate arteries that run through the boundary of the cortex and the medulla. Each arcuate artery supplies several interlobular arteries that feed into the afferent arterioles that supply the glomeruli.

text: After filtration occurs, the blood moves through a small network of venules that converge into interlobular veins. As with the arteriole distribution, the veins follow the same pattern: the interlobular provide blood to the arcuate veins then back to the interlobar veins, which come to form the renal vein exiting the kidney for transfusion for blood.

text: The table below shows the path that blood takes when it travels through the glomerulus, traveling "down" the arteries and "up" the veins. However, this model is greatly simplified for clarity and symmetry. Some of the other paths and complications are described at the bottom of the table. The interlobar artery and vein (not to be confused with interlobular) are between two renal lobes, also known as the renal column (cortex region between two pyramids).

text:
Arteries (down)
Veins (up)

Abdominal aorta
Vena cava

Renal artery (Note 1)
Renal vein

Segmental arteries (Note 2)
–

Lobar arteries
–

Interlobar artery
Interlobar vein

Afferent arterioles
Efferent arterioles (Note 4)

Glomerulus
Glomerulus

text:
Note 1: The renal artery also provides a branch to the inferior suprarenal artery to supply the adrenal gland.
Note 2: Each renal artery partitions into an anterior and posterior branch. The anterior branch further divides into the superior (apical), anterosuperior, anteroinferior and inferior segmental arteries. The posterior branch continues as the posterior segmental artery.
Note 3: Also called the cortical radiate arteries. The interlobular artery also supplies to the stellate veins.
Note 4: The efferent arterioles do not directly drain into the interlobular vein, but rather they go to the peritubular capillaries first. The efferent arterioles of the juxtamedullary nephron drain into the vasa recta.

text: Nerve supply[edit]

text: The kidney and nervous system communicate via the renal plexus, whose fibers course along the renal arteries to reach each kidney.[10] Input from the sympathetic nervous system triggers vasoconstriction in the kidney, thereby reducing renal blood flow.[10] The kidney also receives input from the parasympathetic nervous system, by way of the renal branches of the vagus nerve; the function of this is yet unclear.[10][11] Sensory input from the kidney travels to the T10-11 levels of the spinal cord and is sensed in the corresponding dermatome.[10] Thus, pain in the flank region may be referred from corresponding kidney.[10]

text: Microanatomy[edit]

text: Renal histology studies the microscopic structure of the kidney. Distinct cell types include:

text:
Kidney glomerulus parietal cell
Kidney glomerulus podocyte
Kidney proximal tubule brush border cell
Loop of Henle thin segment cell
Thick ascending limb cell
Kidney distal tubule cell
Collecting duct principal cell
Collecting duct intercalated cell
Interstitial kidney cells

text: Gene and protein expression[edit]

text: About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and almost 70% of these genes are expressed in normal, adult kidneys.[12][13] Just over 300 genes are more specifically expressed in the kidney, with only some 50 genes being highly specific for the kidney. Many of the corresponding kidney specific proteins are expressed in the cell membrane and function as transporter proteins. The highest expressed kidney specific protein is uromodulin, the most abundant protein in urine with functions that prevent calcification and growth of bacteria. Specific proteins are expressed in the different compartments of the kidney with podocin and nephrin expressed in glomeruli, Solute carrier family protein SLC22A8 expressed in proximal tubules, calbindin expressed in distal tubules and aquaporin 2 expressed in the collecting duct cells.[14]

text: Development[edit]

text: The mammalian kidney develops from intermediate mesoderm. Kidney development, also called nephrogenesis, proceeds through a series of three successive developmental phases: the pronephros, mesonephros, and metanephros. The metanephros are primordia of the permanent kidney.[15]

text: Function[edit]

text: The microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. It processes the blood supplied to it via filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion; the consequence of those processes is the production of urine.

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: Filtration[edit]

text: Filtration, which takes place at the renal corpuscle, is the process by which cells and large proteins are retained while materials of smaller molecular weights are [16] filtered from the blood to make an ultrafiltrate that eventually becomes urine. The kidney generates 180 liters of filtrate a day. The process is also known as hydrostatic filtration due to the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the capillary walls.

text: Reabsorption[edit]

text: Reabsorption is the transport of molecules from this ultrafiltrate and into the peritubular capillary. It is accomplished via selective receptors on the luminal cell membrane. Water is 65% reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Glucose at normal plasma levels is completely reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. The mechanism for this is the Na+/glucose cotransporter. A plasma level of 350 mg/dL will fully saturate the transporters and glucose will be lost in the urine. A plasma glucose level of approximately 160 is sufficient to allow glucosuria, which is an important clinical clue to diabetes mellitus. Amino acids are reabsorbed by sodium dependent transporters in the proximal tubule. Hartnup disease is a deficiency of the tryptophan amino acid transporter, which results in pellagra.[17]

text:
Location of Reabsorption
Reabsorbed nutrient
Notes

Early proximal tubule
Glucose (100%), amino acids (100%), bicarbonate (90%), Na+ (65%), Cl− (65%), phosphate (65%) and H2O (65%)

PTH will inhibit phosphate reabsorption.
AT II stimulates Na+, H2O and HCO3− reabsorption.

Thin descending loop of Henle
H2O

Reabsorbs via medullary hypertonicity and makes urine hypertonic.

Thick ascending loop of Henle
Na+ (10–20%), K+, Cl−; indirectly induces para cellular reabsorption of Mg2+, Ca2+

This region is impermeable to H2O and the urine becomes less concentrated as it ascends.

Early distal convoluted tubule
Na+, Cl−

PTH causes Ca2+ reabsorption.

Collecting tubules
Na+(3–5%), H2O

Na+ is reabsorbed in exchange for K+, and H+, which is regulated by aldosterone.
ADH acts on the V2 receptor and inserts aquaporins on the luminal side

Source:[17]

text: Secretion[edit]

text: Secretion is the reverse of reabsorption: molecules are transported from the peritubular capillary through the interstitial fluid, then through the renal tubular cell and into the ultrafiltrate.

text: Excretion[edit]

text: Homeostasis[edit]

text: The kidney participates in whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure. The kidney accomplishes these homeostatic functions both independently and in concert with other organs, particularly those of the endocrine system. Various endocrine hormones coordinate these endocrine functions; these include renin, angiotensin II, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide, among others.

text: The kidneys excrete a variety of waste products produced by metabolism into the urine. These include the nitrogenous wastes urea, from protein catabolism, and uric acid, from nucleic acid metabolism. The ability of mammals and some birds to concentrate wastes into a volume of urine much smaller than the volume of blood from which the wastes were extracted is dependent on an elaborate countercurrent multiplication mechanism. This requires several independent nephron characteristics to operate: a tight hairpin configuration of the tubules, water and ion permeability in the descending limb of the loop, water impermeability in the ascending loop, and active ion transport out of most of the ascending limb. In addition, passive countercurrent exchange by the vessels carrying the blood supply to the nephron is essential for enabling this function.

text: Acid-base balance[edit]

text: Two organ systems, the kidneys and lungs, maintain acid-base homeostasis, which is the maintenance of pH around a relatively stable value. The lungs contribute to acid-base homeostasis by regulating carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration. The kidneys have two very important roles in maintaining the acid-base balance: to reabsorb and regenerate bicarbonate from urine, and to excrete hydrogen ions and fixed acids (anions of acids) into urine.

text: Regulation of osmolality[edit]

text: Maintaining water and salt level of the body. Any significant rise in plasma osmolality is detected by the hypothalamus, which communicates directly with the posterior pituitary gland. An increase in osmolality causes the gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone (ADH), resulting in water reabsorption by the kidney and an increase in urine concentration. The two factors work together to return the plasma osmolality to its normal levels.

text: ADH binds to principal cells in the collecting duct that translocate aquaporins to the membrane, allowing water to leave the normally impermeable membrane and be reabsorbed into the body by the vasa recta, thus increasing the plasma volume of the body.

text: There are two systems that create a hyperosmotic medulla and thus increase the body plasma volume: Urea recycling and the 'single effect.'

text: Urea is usually excreted as a waste product from the kidneys. However, when plasma blood volume is low and ADH is released the aquaporins that are opened are also permeable to urea. This allows urea to leave the collecting duct into the medulla creating a hyperosmotic solution that 'attracts' water. Urea can then re-enter the nephron and be excreted or recycled again depending on whether ADH is still present or not.

text: The 'single effect' describes the fact that the ascending thick limb of the loop of Henle is not permeable to water but is permeable to sodium chloride. This allows for a countercurrent exchange system whereby the medulla becomes increasingly concentrated, but at the same time setting up an osmotic gradient for water to follow should the aquaporins of the collecting duct be opened by ADH.

text: Blood pressure regulation[edit]

text: Although the kidney cannot directly sense blood, long-term regulation of blood pressure predominantly depends upon the kidney. This primarily occurs through maintenance of the extracellular fluid compartment, the size of which depends on the plasma sodium concentration. Renin is the first in a series of important chemical messengers that make up the renin–angiotensin system. Changes in renin ultimately alter the output of this system, principally the hormones angiotensin II and aldosterone. Each hormone acts via multiple mechanisms, but both increase the kidney's absorption of sodium chloride, thereby expanding the extracellular fluid compartment and raising blood pressure. When renin levels are elevated, the concentrations of angiotensin II and aldosterone increase, leading to increased sodium chloride reabsorption, expansion of the extracellular fluid compartment, and an increase in blood pressure. Conversely, when renin levels are low, angiotensin II and aldosterone levels decrease, contracting the extracellular fluid compartment, and decreasing blood pressure.

text: Hormone secretion[edit]

text: The kidneys secrete a variety of hormones, including erythropoietin, and the enzyme renin. Erythropoietin is released in response to hypoxia (low levels of oxygen at tissue level) in the renal circulation. It stimulates erythropoiesis (production of red blood cells) in the bone marrow. Calcitriol, the activated form of vitamin D, promotes intestinal absorption of calcium and the renal reabsorption of phosphate. Part of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, renin is an enzyme involved in the regulation of aldosterone levels.

text: Calculations of function[edit]

text: Calculations of kidney performance are an important part of physiology and can be estimated using the calculations below.

text: Filtration fraction[edit]

text: The filtration fraction is the amount of plasma that is actually filtered through the kidney. This can be defined using the equation:

text: FF=GFR/RPF

text:
FF is the filtration fraction
GFR is the glomerular filtration rate
RPF is the renal plasma flow

text: Normal human FF is 20%.

text: Renal clearance[edit]

text: Renal clearance is the volume of plasma from which the substance is completely cleared from the blood per unit time.

text: Cx=(Ux)V/Px

text:
Cx is the clearance of X (normally in units of mL/min).
Ux is the urine concentration of X.
Px is the plasma concentration of X.
V is the urine flow rate.

text: Mathematical modelling of function[edit]

text: The kidney is a very complex organ and mathematical modelling has been used to better understand kidney function at several scales, including fluid uptake and secretion.[18][19]

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: Kidney disease is an abnormal structure, function or process in the kidney(s). Nephrosis is non-inflammatory nephropathy and nephritis is inflammatory kidney disease. Nephrology is the speciality that deals with kidney function and disease. Medical terms related to the kidneys commonly use terms such as renal and the prefix nephro-. The adjective renal, meaning related to the kidney, is from the Latin rēnēs, meaning kidneys; the prefix nephro- is from the Ancient Greek word for kidney, nephros (νεφρός).[20] For example, surgical removal of the kidney is a nephrectomy, while a reduction in kidney function is called renal dysfunction.

text: Acquired[edit]

text:
Diabetic nephropathy
Glomerulonephritis
Hydronephrosis is the enlargement of one or both of the kidneys caused by obstruction of the flow of urine.
Interstitial nephritis
Kidney stones (nephrolithiasis) are a relatively common and particularly painful disorder. A chronic condition can result in scars to the kidneys. The removal of kidney stones involves ultrasound treatment to break up the stones into smaller pieces, which are then passed through the urinary tract. One common symptom of kidney stones is a sharp to disabling pain in the middle and sides of the lower back or groin.
Kidney tumour

Wilms tumor
Renal cell carcinoma

Lupus nephritis
Minimal change disease
In nephrotic syndrome, the glomerulus has been damaged so that a large amount of protein in the blood enters the urine. Other frequent features of the nephrotic syndrome include swelling, low serum albumin, and high cholesterol.
Pyelonephritis is infection of the kidneys and is frequently caused by complication of a urinary tract infection.
Kidney failure

Acute kidney failure
Stage 5 Chronic Kidney Disease

Renal artery stenosis
Renovascular hypertension

text: Kidney injury and failure[edit]

text: Generally, humans can live normally with just one kidney, as one has more functioning renal tissue than is needed to survive. Only when the amount of functioning kidney tissue is greatly diminished does one develop chronic kidney disease. Renal replacement therapy, in the form of dialysis or kidney transplantation, is indicated when the glomerular filtration rate has fallen very low or if the renal dysfunction leads to severe symptoms.

text: Dialysis[edit]

text: Dialysis is a treatment that takes over jobs that healthy kidneys normally do. Kidneys are in need of dialysis when approximately 85%-90% of kidney function is lost, in addition to a Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) of less than 15. Dialysis maintains homeostasis by removing excess water and other salts, regulating blood pressure, and maintaining chemical levels within the body. Dialysis is a treatment that does not cure kidney disease, a kidney transplant will cure kidney disease. While a costly procedure, Dialysis has a life expectancy of 5–10 years with patients having lived up to 30 years while receiving treatment. However, patients receiving the dialysis treatments are able to lead normal lives, despite the regular appointments.[21]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)

text: Congenital disease[edit]

text:
Congenital hydronephrosis
Congenital obstruction of urinary tract
Duplex kidneys, or double kidneys, occur in approximately 1% of the population. This occurrence normally causes no complications, but can occasionally cause urinary tract infections.[22][23]
Duplicated ureter occurs in approximately one in 100 live births
Horseshoe kidney occurs in approximately one in 400 live births
Nutcracker syndrome
Polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease afflicts patients later in life. Approximately one in 1000 people will develop this condition
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is far less common, but more severe, than the dominant condition. It is apparent in utero or at birth.

Renal agenesis. Failure of one kidney to form occurs in approximately one in 750 live births. Failure of both kidneys to form used to be fatal; however, medical advances such as amnioinfusion therapy during pregnancy and peritoneal dialysis have made it possible to stay alive until a transplant can occur.
Renal dysplasia
Unilateral small kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney occurs in approximately one in every 2400 live births
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction or UPJO; although most cases appear congenital, some appear to be an acquired condition[24]

text: Diagnosis[edit]

text: Many renal diseases are diagnosed on the basis of a detailed medical history, and physical examination.[citation needed] The medical history takes into account present and past symptoms, especially those of kidney disease; recent infections; exposure to substances toxic to the kidney; and family history of kidney disease.

text: Kidney function is tested for using blood tests and urine tests. A usual blood test is for urea and electrolytes, known as a U and E. Creatinine is also tested for. Urine tests such as urinalysis can evaluate for pH, protein, glucose, and the presence of blood. Microscopic analysis can also identify the presence of urinary casts and crystals.[25] The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be calculated.[25]

text: Imaging[edit]

text: Renal ultrasonography is essential in the diagnosis and management of kidney-related diseases.[26] Other modalities, such as CT and MRI, should always be considered as supplementary imaging modalities in the assessment of renal disease.[26]

text: Biopsy[edit]

text: The role of the renal biopsy is to diagnose renal disease in which the etiology is not clear based upon noninvasive means (clinical history, past medical history, medication history, physical exam, laboratory studies, imaging studies). In general, a renal pathologist will perform a detailed morphological evaluation and integrate the morphologic findings with the clinical history and laboratory data, ultimately arriving at a pathological diagnosis. A renal pathologist is a physician who has undergone general training in anatomic pathology and additional specially training in the interpretation of renal biopsy specimens.

text: Ideally, multiple core sections are obtained and evaluated for adequacy (presence of glomeruli) intraoperatively. A pathologist/pathology assistant divides the specimen(s) for submission for light microscopy, immunofluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy.

text: The pathologist will examine the specimen using light microscopy with multiple staining techniques (hematoxylin and eosin/H&E, PAS, trichrome, silver stain) on multiple level sections. Multiple immunofluorescence stains are performed to evaluate for antibody, protein and complement deposition. Finally, ultra-structural examination is performed with electron microscopy and may reveal the presence of electron-dense deposits or other characteristic abnormalities that may suggest an etiology for the patient's renal disease.

text: Other animals[edit]

text: In the majority of vertebrates, the mesonephros persists into the adult, albeit usually fused with the more advanced metanephros; only in amniotes is the mesonephros restricted to the embryo. The kidneys of fish and amphibians are typically narrow, elongated organs, occupying a significant portion of the trunk. The collecting ducts from each cluster of nephrons usually drain into an archinephric duct, which is homologous with the vas deferens of amniotes. However, the situation is not always so simple; in cartilaginous fish and some amphibians, there is also a shorter duct, similar to the amniote ureter, which drains the posterior (metanephric) parts of the kidney, and joins with the archinephric duct at the bladder or cloaca. Indeed, in many cartilaginous fish, the anterior portion of the kidney may degenerate or cease to function altogether in the adult.[27]

text: In the most primitive vertebrates, the hagfish and lampreys, the kidney is unusually simple: it consists of a row of nephrons, each emptying directly into the archinephric duct. Invertebrates may possess excretory organs that are sometimes referred to as "kidneys", but, even in Amphioxus, these are never homologous with the kidneys of vertebrates, and are more accurately referred to by other names, such as nephridia.[27] In amphibians, kidneys and the urinary bladder harbour specialized parasites, monogeneans of the family Polystomatidae.[28]

text: The kidneys of reptiles consist of a number of lobules arranged in a broadly linear pattern. Each lobule contains a single branch of the ureter in its centre, into which the collecting ducts empty. Reptiles have relatively few nephrons compared with other amniotes of a similar size, possibly because of their lower metabolic rate.[27]

text: Birds have relatively large, elongated kidneys, each of which is divided into three or more distinct lobes. The lobes consists of several small, irregularly arranged, lobules, each centred on a branch of the ureter. Birds have small glomeruli, but about twice as many nephrons as similarly sized mammals.[27]

text: The human kidney is fairly typical of that of mammals. Distinctive features of the mammalian kidney, in comparison with that of other vertebrates, include the presence of the renal pelvis and renal pyramids, and of a clearly distinguishable cortex and medulla. The latter feature is due to the presence of elongated loops of Henle; these are much shorter in birds, and not truly present in other vertebrates (although the nephron often has a short intermediate segment between the convoluted tubules). It is only in mammals that the kidney takes on its classical "kidney" shape, although there are some exceptions, such as the multilobed reniculate kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans.[27]

text: Evolutionary adaptation[edit]

text: Kidneys of various animals show evidence of evolutionary adaptation and have long been studied in ecophysiology and comparative physiology. Kidney morphology, often indexed as the relative medullary thickness, is associated with habitat aridity among species of mammals,[29] and diet (e.g., carnivores have only long loops of Henle).[19]

text: Society and culture[edit]

text: Significance[edit]

text: Egyptian[edit]

text: In ancient Egypt, the kidneys, like the heart, were left inside the mummified bodies, unlike other organs which were removed. Comparing this to the biblical statements, and to drawings of human body with the heart and two kidneys portraying a set of scales for weighing justice, it seems that the Egyptian beliefs had also connected the kidneys with judgement and perhaps with moral decisions.[30]

text: Hebrew[edit]

text: According to studies in modern and ancient Hebrew, various body organs in humans and animals served also an emotional or logical role, today mostly attributed to the brain and the endocrine system. The kidney is mentioned in several biblical verses in conjunction with the heart, much as the bowels were understood to be the "seat" of emotion – grief, joy and pain.[31] Similarly, the Talmud (Berakhoth 61.a) states that one of the two kidneys counsels what is good, and the other evil.

text: In the sacrifices offered at the biblical Tabernacle and later on at the temple in Jerusalem, the priests were instructed [32] to remove the kidneys and the adrenal gland covering the kidneys of the sheep, goat and cattle offerings, and to burn them on the altar, as the holy part of the "offering for God" never to be eaten.[33]

text: India: Ayurvedic system[edit]

text: In ancient India, according to the Ayurvedic medical systems, the kidneys were considered the beginning of the excursion channels system, the 'head' of the Mutra Srotas, receiving from all other systems, and therefore important in determining a person's health balance and temperament by the balance and mixture of the three 'Dosha's – the three health elements: Vatha (or Vata) – air, Pitta – bile, and Kapha – mucus. The temperament and health of a person can then be seen in the resulting color of the urine.[34]

text: Modern Ayurveda practitioners, a practice which is characterized as pseudoscience,[35] have attempted to revive these methods in medical procedures as part of Ayurveda Urine therapy.[36] These procedures have been called "nonsensical" by skeptics.[37]

text: Medieval Christianity[edit]

text: The Latin term renes is related to the English word "reins", a synonym for the kidneys in Shakespearean English (e.g. Merry Wives of Windsor 3.5), which was also the time when the King James Version of the Bible was translated. Kidneys were once popularly regarded as the seat of the conscience and reflection,[38][39] and a number of verses in the Bible (e.g. Ps. 7:9, Rev. 2:23) state that God searches out and inspects the kidneys, or "reins", of humans, together with the heart.

text: As food[edit]

text: The kidneys, like other offal, can be cooked and eaten.

text: Kidneys are usually grilled or sautéed, but in more complex dishes they are stewed with a sauce that will improve their flavor. In many preparations, kidneys are combined with pieces of meat or liver, as in mixed grill. Dishes include the British steak and kidney pie, the Swedish hökarpanna (pork and kidney stew), the French rognons de veau sauce moutarde (veal kidneys in mustard sauce) and the Spanish riñones al Jerez (kidneys stewed in sherry sauce) .[40]

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
[show]Dissection images

Right Kidney

Kidney

Right Kidney

Right kidney

Left kidney

Kidneys

Left kidney


document_title: Lower Peninsula of Michigan

question_text: what is the highest point in michigan's lower peninsula

question_tokens: what is the highest point in michigan 's lower peninsula

root

text: Lower Peninsula of Michigan

text: Geography[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (March 2009)

tag: table

text: The Lower Peninsula is bounded on the south by the states of Indiana and Ohio. It is bounded by the west by Lake Michigan and on the northeast by Lake Huron, which connect at the Straits of Mackinac. In the southeast, the waterway of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, and Lake Erie separate it from the province of Ontario, Canada.

tag: p

text: At its widest points, the Lower Peninsula is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314 km) from east to west. It contains nearly two-thirds of Michigan's total land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. The western coast features extensive sandy beaches and dunes. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is not definitely established but is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).

text: Flora and fauna[edit]

text: The American Bird Conservancy and the National Audubon Society have designated several locations as internationally Important Bird Areas.[5]

text: Geology[edit]

text: The Lower Peninsula is dominated by a geological basin known as the Michigan Basin. That feature is represented by a nearly circular pattern of geologic sedimentary strata in the area with a nearly uniform structural dip toward the center of the peninsula. The basin is centered in Gladwin County where the Precambrian basement rocks are 16,000 feet (4,900 m) deep. Around the margins, such as under Mackinaw City, Michigan, the Precambrian surface is around 4,000 feet (1,200 m) down. This 4,000-foot (1,200 m) contour on the bedrock clips the northern part of the lower peninsula and continues under Lake Michigan along the west. It crosses the southern counties of Michigan and continues on to the north beneath Lake Huron.

text: Transportation[edit]

text: Major airports[edit]

text:
Alpena County Regional Airport (APN) (Alpena)
Bishop International Airport (FNT) (Flint)
Capital Region International Airport (LAN) (Lansing)
Cherry Capital Airport (TVC) (Traverse City)
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW) (Romulus)
Gerald R. Ford International Airport (GRR) (Grand Rapids)
Kalamazoo/Battle Creek International Airport (AZO) (Kalamazoo)
MBS International Airport (MBS) (Saginaw)
Pellston Regional Airport (PLN) (Pellston)

tag: ul

text: Highways[edit]

text: Primary Interstate Highways have two digits on their shields; auxiliary Interstate Highways have three digits. Interstate Highways include:

text:
I-69
 I-75

 I-275
 I-375
 I-475
 I-675

 I-94

 I-194

 I-96

 I-196
 I-296
 I-496
 I-696

text: U.S. Highways include:

text:
US 10
 US 12
 US 23
 US 24
 US 31
 US 127
 US 131
 US 223

text: The Great Lakes Circle Tour is a designated scenic road system connecting all of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River.[6]

text: Regions[edit]

text: Michigan's Lower Peninsula can be divided into four main regions based on geological, soil, and vegetation differences; amount of urban areas or rural areas; minority populations; and agriculture. The four principal regions listed below can further be separated into sub-regions and overlapping areas.

text:
Northern Michigan
Central/Mid-Michigan

The Thumb
Tri-Cities
Southern Michigan

West Michigan

Southern Michigan
Michiana

Southeast Michigan

Metro Detroit


document_title: Life of the Party (2018 film)

question_text: who plays the husband in life of the party

text: Life of the Party (2018 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: The movie starts with Deanna Miles (Melissa McCarthy) going with her husband Dan (Matt Walsh) to drop off their daughter Maddie (Molly Gordon) to her senior year at Decatur University in Atlanta. After saying bye to Maddie, Deanna tells Dan how she's looking forward to their trip to Italy until Dan flat-out tells her he wants a divorce because he has fallen in love with another woman. To make things worse, he is selling their house since everything is under his name, meaning Deanna has to leave. Deanna angrily kicks his car and takes an Uber home.

text: Deanna goes to the home of her parents, Mike (Stephen Root) and Sandy (Jacki Weaver). They note that Dan was always a jerk for making Deanna drop out of her last year of college when she got pregnant, meaning she never graduated, as well as making her put up with his overbearing ways during their marriage. Mike threatens to use a gun on Dan but then almost accidentally shoots their dog.

text: Deanna goes to play tennis with her best friend Christine (Maya Rudolph). There, Deanna bemoans what's become of her life until she decides that she won't just sit around and let Dan ruin her life.

text: Deanna surprises Maddie in her dorm by announcing to her that she and Dan are divorcing and that she is now going to take a year at Decatur so that she can graduate and earn a degree in archaeology. Maddie is stunned by both bits of news and is left speechless.

text: Maddie introduces Deanna to her friends - Amanda (Adria Arjona), neurotic Debbie (Jessie Ennis), and Helen (Gillian Jacobs), who was in a coma for eight years and is now getting a chance to go to college. Deanna later meets her roommate Leonor (Heidi Gardner), who is agoraphobic and chronically depressed.

text: One of Deanna's first classes is an archaeology class with Helen, and her professor is a former classmate of hers named Wayne (Chris Parnell). There, Deanna also meets resident "mean girl" Jennifer (Debby Ryan) and her friend Trina (Yani Simone). They mock Deanna's mom sweater and for her laughing at Wayne's corny archaeology-related jokes.

text: Deanna later goes to sign the divorce papers with Christine while Dan shows up with his new fiancee Marcie (Julie Bowen). They exchange a lot of insults through the mediator.

text: Maddie takes Deanna to hang out with her and her friends. After being mocked by Jennifer again, Maddie gives her mom a makeover so that she can look more party-ready. Deanna meets Maddie's boyfriend Tyler (Jimmy O. Yang) and another boy named Jack (Luke Benward). After many shots and beers, Deanna and Maddie wake up the next morning mortified to see each other leaving a frat house doing the "walk of shame", which leads Maddie to realize Deanna slept with Jack.

text: Jack starts to constantly text Deanna since he has basically fallen in love with her. She tells him it was just a one-time thing, but they then go to the stacks in the library to have sex again.

text: Deanna tends to Debbie when she expresses a personal issue she is having, along with the other girls talking about their problems. Deanna encourages the girls to use their strengths to their advantage. They then go to an 80's themed party where Deanna has a dance-off with Jennifer that results in her winning and earning the respect of her schoolmates.

text: Deanna must do a presentation for her archaeology class, but she gets so nervous that she sweats profusely and finally ends up fainting.

text: Deanna goes out to dinner with Christine, her husband, and their couple friends (that they don't even like). To Deanna and Christine's dismay, Dan and Marcie show up to gloat about taking the trip to Italy. However, Deanna gets the last laugh when they see that not only is Jack their waiter, but he is also Marcie's son and Deanna gloats about sleeping with him to gross Marcie out.

text: On the night of Dan and Marcie's wedding, Deanna and her friends get high off chocolate bark laced with weed, and they head to the reception. Deanna is initially ready to make peace with Dan until they see posters outside that are basically saying Dan did better than Deanna by getting with Marcie. Deanna and the girls then start trashing the reception room. Dan, Marcie, and Maddie find them after they wreck the place, and Marcie tells Deanna she is cut off financially from Dan. Deanna is filled with shame, if only because of how Maddie saw her.

text: Deanna tries to make amends with Maddie, but she tells her that she is leaving college since she has no means of completing the rest of the year on her own. The girls then come up with a plan to throw a party to raise money to pay for Deanna's tuition.

text: The party turns out to be a flop since everyone is at a Christina Aguilera concert. Helen, who has three million Twitter followers, posts that Christina will be at the party after her show. This brings in almost the whole school, but they all start to ask when Christina will be there. Christine shows up with her husband, as do Mike and Sandy. Mike offers to give Deanna a check out of his 401K to pay off her tuition, but Deanna refuses to take it. Things get hectic when Jennifer and Helen get into a fight that is broken up after Jennifer accidentally punches Deanna in the breasts. Before the girls decide to issue refunds, they are surprised when Leonor shows up and reveals that Christina Aguilera is her cousin, and because of Deanna showing her kindness, she decided to help her out. Christina says she supports Deanna's cause, and she puts on a show with Deanna and the girls to an excited crowd.

text: Later on, Deanna is up to repeat her presentation in class. She is still nervous until Maddie, Helen, Amanda, Debbie, and all the sorority sisters show up to support her, and Deanna manages to give the presentation with ease.

text: At the end of the year, Deanna and Maddie graduate together, with all their friends and family there to support them. Maddie encourages Deanna to throw her cap in the air. She does so, and it hits Dan in the face, knocking out an earring he was wearing while Marcie berates him for losing the expensive diamond stud.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Melissa McCarthy as Deanna "Dee Rock" Miles
Molly Gordon as Maddie Miles, Dan and Deanna's daughter
Gillian Jacobs as Helen, a sorority sister who is older than the rest due to having been in a coma for eight years.
Maya Rudolph as Christine Davenport, Deanna's neurotic and heavy drinking best friend
Adria Arjona as Amanda, a sorority sister with "issues"
Jessie Ennis as Debbie, another sorority sister with "issues"
Debby Ryan as Jennifer, a "mean girl" in Deanna's archaeology class
Matt Walsh as Daniel "Dan" Miles, Deanna's ex-husband, Maddie's father
Julie Bowen as Marcie Strong, a real estate agent, Deanna's nemesis and Dan's lover
Jacki Weaver as Sandy, Deanna's mother and Maddie's grandmother
Stephen Root as Mike, Deanna's father and Maddie's grandfather
Luke Benward as Jack Strong, a frat boy infatuated with Deanna
Jimmy O. Yang as Tyler, Maddie's boyfriend and Jack's friend
Yani Smone as Trina, Jennifer's snarky sidekick
Shannon Purser as Connie
Chris Parnell as Wayne Truzack, Deanna's professor
Damon Jones as Frank Davenport, Christine's husband
Heidi Gardner as Leonor, Deanna's reclusive Goth roommate
Christina Aguilera as herself
Ben Falcone as Uber Driver
Nat Faxon as Lance
Sarah Baker as Gildred
Kevin Gutierrez as Water Bottle Student

text: Production[edit]

text: Filming began in August 2016 in the metro Atlanta area. The sorority house used in the film is The Twelve Oaks Bed & Breakfast (www.thetwelveoaks.com) located in Covington, GA. The interior of the mansion was replicated in a warehouse in Decatur, GA for the interior scenes and the exterior scenes were filmed on location at the inn.

text: Release[edit]

text: Life of the Party was released on May 11, 2018.[5] The first official trailer for the film was released on February 5, 2018.[6]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: As of June 17, 2018[update], Life of the Party has grossed 51.8 million in the United States and Canada, and $9.7 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $61.5 million.[3]

text: In the United States and Canada, Life of the Party was released alongside Breaking In, and was projected to gross $18–21 million from 3,656 theaters in its opening weekend.[7] It made $4.9 million on its first day, including $700,000 from Thursday night previews, down from the $985,000 McCarthy's The Boss grossed in March 2016, and similar to the $650,000 grossed by Snatched on the Thursday before the same weekend the previous year.[2] The film went on to debut to $17.9 million, the lowest solo-starring opening of McCarthy's career, and finished second behind Avengers: Infinity War ($62 million in its third week); 80% of its audience was over the age of 25, while 70% was female.[8] It fell 57% in its second weekend, to $7.6 million, finishing fourth at the box office,[9] and another 33% to $5.1 million in its third, finishing fifth.[10]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 121 reviews, and an average rating of 5/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Life of the Party's good-natured humor and abundance of onscreen talent aren't enough to make up for jumbled direction and a script that misses far more often than it hits."[11] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 46 out of 100, based on reviews from 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."[12] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, higher than the "C+" earned by each of McCarthy and Falcone's previous two film collaborations.[8]

text: Matt Zoller-Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film two out of four stars, calling it "the latest Melissa McCarthy star vehicle that fails to do justice to the sheer awesomeness of its leading lady."[13]


document_title: List of Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees

question_text: who was just inducted into the music hall of fame

text: Inductees[edit]

text: Performers[edit]

text: The performers category is meant for recording artists and bands that have "influence and significance to the development and perpetuation of rock and roll."[2] Artists become eligible for induction in that category 25 years after the release of their first record. In order to be inducted, an artist must be nominated by a committee that selects anywhere from nine to a dozen candidates. Ballots are sent to 600 "rock experts" who then evaluate the candidates and vote on who should be inducted. The performers who receive the highest number of votes and more than 50 percent of the vote are inducted. In 2011, the number inducted was five. The rest of the categories are voted on by special committees.[2] In 2012, six additional bands and groups were inducted as performers by a special committee, due to the controversial nature of their band being excluded when their lead singer was inducted. "There was a lot of discussion about this," said Terry Stewart, a member of the nominating committee. "There had always been conversations about why the groups weren't included when the lead singers were inducted. Very honestly, nobody could really answer that question – it was so long ago... We decided we'd sit down as an organization and look at that. This is the result."[10]

text:
Year

Image

Name

Inducted members

Inducted by[11]

1986

Chuck Berry

Keith Richards[N2]

1986

James Brown

Steve Winwood[N2]

1986

Ray Charles

Quincy Jones[N2]

1986

Sam Cooke

Herb Alpert[N2]

1986

Fats Domino

Billy Joel[N2]

1986

The Everly Brothers

Don Everly and Phil Everly.[12]

Neil Young[N2]

1986

Buddy Holly

John Fogerty[N2]

1986

Jerry Lee Lewis

Hank Williams Jr.

1986

Little Richard

Roberta Flack

1986

Elvis Presley

Julian and Sean Lennon

1987

The Coasters

Carl Gardner, Cornell Gunter, Billy Guy, and Will "Dub" Jones.[13]

Lester Sill

1987

Eddie Cochran

Mick Jones

1987

Bo Diddley

ZZ Top[N2]

1987

Aretha Franklin

Keith Richards[N2]

1987

Marvin Gaye

Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson

1987

Bill Haley

Chuck Berry[N3]

1987

B.B. King

Sting[N2]

1987

Clyde McPhatter

Ben E. King[N2]

1987

Ricky Nelson

John Fogerty[N2]

1987

Roy Orbison

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1987

Carl Perkins

Sam Phillips[N3]

1987

Smokey Robinson

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1987

Big Joe Turner

Doc Pomus[N2]

1987

Muddy Waters

Paul Butterfield[N2]

1987

Jackie Wilson

Peter Wolf

1988

The Beach Boys

Al Jardine, Mike Love, Brian Wilson, Carl Wilson, and Dennis Wilson.[14]

Elton John[N2]

1988

The Beatles

George Harrison, John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and Ringo Starr.[15]

Mick Jagger[N2]

1988

The Drifters

Ben E. King, Rudy Lewis, Clyde McPhatter, Johnny Moore, Bill Pinkney, Charlie Thomas, and Gerhart Thrasher.[16]

Billy Joel[N2]

1988

Bob Dylan

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1988

The Supremes

Florence Ballard, Diana Ross, and Mary Wilson.[17]

Little Richard[N3]

1989

Dion

Lou Reed[N2]

1989

Otis Redding

Little Richard[N3]

1989

The Rolling Stones

Mick Jagger, Brian Jones, Keith Richards, Ian Stewart, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts, Ronnie Wood, and Bill Wyman.[18]

Pete Townshend[N2]

1989

The Temptations

Melvin Franklin, Eddie Kendricks, David Ruffin, Otis Williams, Paul Williams, Dennis Edwards.[19]

Daryl Hall[N2] and John Oates[N2]

1989

Stevie Wonder

Paul Simon[N2]

1990

Hank Ballard

Boz Scaggs

1990

Bobby Darin

Paul Anka

1990

The Four Seasons

Tom DeVito, Bob Gaudio, Nick Massi, and Frankie Valli.[20]

Bob Crewe

1990

Four Tops

Renaldo "Obie" Benson, Abdul "Duke" Fakir, Lawrence Payton, and Levi Stubbs.[21]

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1990

The Kinks

Mick Avory, Dave Davies, Ray Davies, and Pete Quaife.[22]

Graham Nash[N2]

1990

The Platters

David Lynch, Herb Reed, Paul Robi, Zola Taylor, and Tony Williams.[23]

Phil Spector[N3]

1990

Simon & Garfunkel

Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel.[24]

James Taylor[N2]

1990

The Who

Roger Daltrey, John Entwistle, Keith Moon, and Pete Townshend.[25]

Bono[N2]

1991

LaVern Baker

Chaka Khan

1991

The Byrds

Gene Clark, Michael Clarke, David Crosby, Chris Hillman, and Roger McGuinn.[26]

Don Henley[N2]

1991

John Lee Hooker

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1991

—

The Impressions

Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, Arthur Brooks, Richard Brooks, and Jerry Butler.[27]

Tracy Chapman

1991

Wilson Pickett

Bobby Brown

1991

Jimmy Reed

ZZ Top[N2]

1991

Ike & Tina Turner

Ike Turner and Tina Turner.[28]

Phil Spector[N3]

1992

Bobby "Blue" Bland

B.B. King[N3]

1992

Booker T. & the M.G.'s

Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Donald "Duck" Dunn, Al Jackson Jr., and Lewie Steinberg.[29]

Jim Stewart

1992

Johnny Cash

Lyle Lovett

1992

The Isley Brothers

Ernie Isley, Marvin Isley, O'Kelly Isley Jr., Ronald Isley, Rudolph Isley, and Chris Jasper.[30]

Little Richard[N3]

1992

The Jimi Hendrix Experience

Jimi Hendrix, Mitch Mitchell, and Noel Redding.[31]

Neil Young[N2]

1992

Sam & Dave

Sam Moore and Dave Prater.[32]

Billy Joel[N2]

1992

The Yardbirds

Jeff Beck, Eric Clapton, Chris Dreja, Jim McCarty, Jimmy Page, Keith Relf, and Paul Samwell-Smith.[33]

The Edge[N2]

1993

Ruth Brown

Bonnie Raitt[N2]

1993

Cream

Ginger Baker, Jack Bruce, and Eric Clapton.[34]

ZZ Top[N2]

1993

Creedence Clearwater Revival

Doug Clifford, Stu Cook, John Fogerty, and Tom Fogerty.[35]

Bruce Springsteen[N2]

1993

The Doors

John Densmore, Robby Krieger, Ray Manzarek, and Jim Morrison.[36]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1993

Frankie Lymon & The Teenagers

Herman Santiago, Jimmy Merchant, Sherman Garnes, Frankie Lymon, and Joe Negroni[37]

Boyz II Men

1993

Etta James

k.d. lang

1993

Van Morrison

Robbie Robertson[N2]

1993

Sly and the Family Stone

Gregg Errico, Larry Graham, Jerry Martini, Cynthia Robinson, Freddie Stone, Rosie Stone, and Sly Stone.[38]

George Clinton[N2]

1994

The Animals

Eric Burdon, Chas Chandler, Alan Price, John Steel, and Hilton Valentine.[39]

Dave Pirner

1994

The Band

Rick Danko, Levon Helm, Garth Hudson, Richard Manuel, and Robbie Robertson.[40]

Eric Clapton[N3]

1994

Duane Eddy

Mick Jones

1994

Grateful Dead

Tom Constanten, Jerry Garcia, Donna Jean Godchaux, Keith Godchaux, Mickey Hart, Robert Hunter, Bill Kreutzmann, Phil Lesh, Ron McKernan, Brent Mydland, Bob Weir, and Vince Welnick.[41]

Bruce Hornsby

1994

Elton John

Axl Rose[N2]

1994

John Lennon

Paul McCartney[N2]

1994

Bob Marley

Bono[N2]

1994

Rod Stewart

Jeff Beck[N3]

1995

The Allman Brothers Band

Duane Allman, Gregg Allman, Dickey Betts, Jai Johanny Johanson, Berry Oakley, and Butch Trucks.[42]

Willie Nelson

1995

Al Green

Natalie Cole

1995

Janis Joplin

Melissa Etheridge

1995

Led Zeppelin

John Bonham, John Paul Jones, Jimmy Page, and Robert Plant[43]

Steven Tyler[N2] and Joe Perry[N2]

1995

Martha and the Vandellas

Rosalind Ashford, Annette Beard, Betty Kelly, Lois Reeves, and Martha Reeves.[44]

Fred Schneider and Kate Pierson

1995

Neil Young

Eddie Vedder[N2]

1995

Frank Zappa

Lou Reed[N2]

1996

David Bowie

Madonna[N2] and David Byrne[N2]

1996

Gladys Knight & the Pips

William Guest, Gladys Knight, Merald "Bubba" Knight, and Edward Patten.[45]

Mariah Carey

1996

Jefferson Airplane

Marty Balin, Jack Casady, Spencer Dryden, Paul Kantner, Jorma Kaukonen, and Grace Slick.[46]

Mickey Hart[N3] and Phil Lesh[N3]

1996

Little Willie John

Stevie Wonder[N3]

1996

Pink Floyd

Syd Barrett, David Gilmour, Nick Mason, Roger Waters, and Rick Wright.[47]

Billy Corgan

1996

The Shirelles

Shirley Alston Reeves, Addie Harris, Doris Kenner-Jackson, and Beverly Lee.[48]

Merry Clayton, Marianne Faithfull and Darlene Love[N2]

1996

The Velvet Underground

John Cale, Sterling Morrison, Lou Reed, and Maureen Tucker.[49]

Patti Smith[N2]

1997

Bee Gees

Barry Gibb, Maurice Gibb, and Robin Gibb.[50]

Brian Wilson[N3]

1997

Buffalo Springfield

Richie Furay, Dewey Martin, Bruce Palmer, Stephen Stills, and Neil Young.[51]

Tom Petty[N2]

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash

David Crosby, Graham Nash, and Stephen Stills.[52]

James Taylor[N2]

1997

The Jackson 5

Jackie Jackson, Jermaine Jackson, Marlon Jackson, Michael Jackson, and Tito Jackson.[53]

Diana Ross[N3]

1997

Joni Mitchell

Shawn Colvin

1997

Parliament-Funkadelic

Jerome Brailey, George Clinton, Bootsy Collins, Raymond Davis, Tiki Fulwood, Glenn Goins, Michael Hampton, Fuzzy Haskins, Eddie Hazel, Walter Morrison, Cordell Mosson, William "Billy Bass" Nelson, Garry Shider, Calvin Simon, Grady Thomas, and Bernie Worrell.[54]

Prince[N2]

1997

The (Young) Rascals

Eddie Brigati, Felix Cavaliere, Gene Cornish, and Dino Danelli.[55]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

1998

Eagles

Don Felder, Glenn Frey, Don Henley, Bernie Leadon, Randy Meisner, Timothy B. Schmit, and Joe Walsh.[56]

Jimmy Buffett

1998

Fleetwood Mac

Lindsey Buckingham, Mick Fleetwood, Peter Green, Danny Kirwan, Christine McVie, John McVie, Stevie Nicks, and Jeremy Spencer.[57]

Sheryl Crow

1998

The Mamas & the Papas

Denny Doherty, Cass Elliot, John Phillips, and Michelle Phillips.[58]

Shania Twain

1998

Lloyd Price

Tony Rich

1998

Santana

Jose Chepito Areas, David Brown, Michael Carabello, Gregg Rolie, Carlos Santana, and Michael Shrieve.[59]

John Popper

1998

Gene Vincent

John Fogerty[N3]

1999

Billy Joel

Ray Charles[N3]

1999

Curtis Mayfield

Sean Combs

1999

Paul McCartney

Neil Young[N3]

1999

Del Shannon

Art Alexakis

1999

Dusty Springfield

Elton John[N3]

1999

Bruce Springsteen

Bono[N2]

1999

The Staple Singers

Cleotha Staples, Mavis Staples, Pervis Staples, Pops Staples, and Yvonne Staples.[60]

Lauryn Hill

2000

Eric Clapton

Robbie Robertson[N3]

2000

Earth, Wind & Fire

Philip Bailey, Larry Dunn, Johnny Graham, Ralph Johnson, Al McKay, Fred White, Maurice White, Verdine White, and Andrew Woolfolk.[61]

Lil Kim

2000

The Lovin' Spoonful

Steve Boone, Joe Butler, John Sebastian, and Zal Yanovsky.[61]

John Mellencamp[N2]

2000

The Moonglows

Prentiss Barnes, Harvey Fuqua, Peter Graves, Billy Johnson, and Bobby Lester.[61]

Paul Simon[N3]

2000

Bonnie Raitt

Melissa Etheridge

2000

James Taylor

Paul McCartney[N3]

2001

Aerosmith

Tom Hamilton, Joey Kramer, Joe Perry, Steven Tyler, and Brad Whitford.[62]

Kid Rock

2001

Solomon Burke

Mary J. Blige

2001

The Flamingos

Jake Carey, Zeke Carey, Johnny Carter, Tommy Hunt, Terry "Buzzy" Johnson, Sollie McElroy, Nate Nelson, and Paul Wilson.[63]

Frankie Valli[N3]

2001

Michael Jackson

NSYNC

2001

Queen

John Deacon, Brian May, Freddie Mercury, and Roger Taylor.[64]

Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2001

Paul Simon

Marc Anthony

2001

Steely Dan

Walter Becker and Donald Fagen.[65]

Moby

2001

Ritchie Valens

Ricky Martin

2002

Isaac Hayes

Alicia Keys

2002

Brenda Lee

Jewel

2002

Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers

Tom Petty, Ron Blair, Mike Campbell, Howie Epstein, Stan Lynch, and Benmont Tench.[66]

Jakob Dylan

2002

Gene Pitney

Darlene Love[N2]

2002

Ramones

Dee Dee Ramone, Joey Ramone, Johnny Ramone, Marky Ramone, and Tommy Ramone.[67]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

2002

Talking Heads

David Byrne, Chris Frantz, Jerry Harrison, and Tina Weymouth.[68]

Anthony Kiedis[N2]

2003

AC/DC

Brian Johnson, Phil Rudd, Bon Scott, Cliff Williams, Angus Young, and Malcolm Young.[69]

Steven Tyler[N3]

2003

The Clash

Terry Chimes, Topper Headon, Mick Jones, Paul Simonon, and Joe Strummer.[70]

The Edge[N2] and Tom Morello

2003

Elvis Costello & the Attractions

Elvis Costello, Steve Nieve, Bruce Thomas, and Pete Thomas.[71]

Elton John[N3]

2003

The Police

Stewart Copeland, Sting, and Andy Summers.[72]

Gwen Stefani

2003

The Righteous Brothers

Bobby Hatfield and Bill Medley.[73]

Billy Joel[N3]

2004

Jackson Browne

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2004

The Dells

Verne Allison, Chuck Barksdale, Johnny Carter, Johnny Funches, Marvin Junior, and Michael McGill.[74]

Robert Townsend

2004

George Harrison

Tom Petty[N3] and Jeff Lynne[N2]

2004

Prince

Outkast and Alicia Keys

2004

Bob Seger

Kid Rock

2004

Traffic

Jim Capaldi, Dave Mason, Steve Winwood, and Chris Wood.[75]

Dave Matthews

2004

ZZ Top

Frank Beard, Billy Gibbons, and Dusty Hill.[76]

Keith Richards[N3]

2005

Buddy Guy

Eric Clapton[N3] and B.B. King[N3]

2005

The O'Jays

Eddie Levert, Bobby Massey, William Powell, Sammy Strain, and Walter Williams.[77]

Justin Timberlake

2005

The Pretenders

Martin Chambers, Pete Farndon, James Honeyman-Scott, and Chrissie Hynde.[78]

Neil Young[N3]

2005

Percy Sledge

Rod Stewart[N3]

2005

U2

Bono, Adam Clayton, The Edge, and Larry Mullen, Jr..[79]

Bruce Springsteen[N3]

2006

Black Sabbath

Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, and Bill Ward.[80]

James Hetfield[N2] and Lars Ulrich[N2]

2006

Blondie

Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, and Gary Valentine.[81]

Shirley Manson

2006

Miles Davis

Herbie Hancock

2006

Lynyrd Skynyrd

Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, and Leon Wilkeson.[82]

Kid Rock

2006

Sex Pistols

Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, John Lydon, and Sid Vicious.[83]

Jann Wenner[N3]

2007

Grandmaster Flash and The Furious Five

Melvin "Melle Mel" Glover, Nathaniel "The Kidd Creole" Glover, Eddie "Scorpio" Morris, Joseph "Grandmaster Flash" Sadler, Robert Keith "Keef Cowboy" Wiggins, and Guy Todd "Rahiem" Williams.[84]

Jay-Z

2007

R.E.M.

Bill Berry, Peter Buck, Mike Mills, and Michael Stipe.[85]

Eddie Vedder[N2]

2007

The Ronettes

Estelle Bennett, Ronnie Spector, and Nedra Talley.[86]

Keith Richards[N3]

2007

Patti Smith

Zack de la Rocha

2007

Van Halen

Michael Anthony, Sammy Hagar, David Lee Roth, Alex Van Halen, and Eddie Van Halen.[87]

Velvet Revolver

2008

The Dave Clark Five

Dave Clark, Lenny Davidson, Rick Huxley, Denis Payton, and Mike Smith.[88]

Tom Hanks

2008

Leonard Cohen

Lou Reed[N2]

2008

Madonna

Justin Timberlake

2008

John Mellencamp

Billy Joel[N3]

2008

The Ventures

Bob Bogle, Nokie Edwards, Gerry McGee, Mel Taylor, and Don Wilson.[89]

John Fogerty[N3]

2009

Jeff Beck

Jimmy Page[N3]

2009

Little Anthony and the Imperials

Clarence Collins, Anthony Gourdine, Tracy Lord, Glouster "Nat" Rogers, Sammy Strain, and Ernest Wright Jr.[90]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2009

Metallica

Cliff Burton, Kirk Hammett, James Hetfield, Jason Newsted, Robert Trujillo, and Lars Ulrich.[91]

Flea[N2]

2009

Run-DMC

Darryl "D.M.C." McDaniels, Jason "Jam-Master Jay" Mizell, and Joseph "DJ Run" Simmons.[92]

Eminem

2009

Bobby Womack

Ron Wood[N3]

2010

ABBA

Benny Andersson, Agnetha Fältskog, Anni-Frid Lyngstad, and Björn Ulvaeus.[93]

Barry[N3] and Robin Gibb[N3]

2010

Genesis

Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett, and Mike Rutherford.[94]

Trey Anastasio

2010

Jimmy Cliff

Wyclef Jean

2010

The Hollies

Bernie Calvert, Allan Clarke, Bobby Elliott, Eric Haydock, Tony Hicks, Graham Nash, and Terry Sylvester.[95]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2010

The Stooges

Dave Alexander, Ron Asheton, Scott Asheton, Iggy Pop, and James Williamson.[96]

Billie Joe Armstrong[N2]

2011

Alice Cooper

Alice Cooper, Michael Owen Bruce, Glen Buxton, Dennis Dunaway, and Neal Smith.[97]

Rob Zombie

2011

Neil Diamond

Paul Simon[N3]

2011

Dr. John

John Legend

2011

Darlene Love

Bette Midler

2011

Tom Waits

Neil Young[N3]

2012

Beastie Boys

Michael "Mike D" Diamond, Adam "Ad-Rock" Horovitz, and Adam "MCA" Yauch.[98]

Chuck D[N2] and LL Cool J

2012

—

The Blue Caps[N1]

Backing band for Gene Vincent. Inducted: Tommy Facenda, Cliff Gallup, Dickie Harrell, Bobby Jones, Johnny Meeks, Jack Neal, Paul Peek, and Willie Williams.[99]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Comets[N1]

Backing band for Bill Haley. Inducted: Joey Ambrose, Franny Beecher, Danny Cedrone, Johnny Grande, Ralph Jones, Marshall Lytle, Rudy Pompilli, Al Rex, Dick Richards, and Billy Williamson.[100]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Crickets[N1]

Backing band for Buddy Holly. Inducted: Jerry Allison, Sonny Curtis, Joe B. Mauldin, and Niki Sullivan.[101]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Donovan

John Mellencamp[N3]

2012

The Famous Flames[N1]

Backing vocal group for James Brown. Inducted: Bobby Bennett, Bobby Byrd, Lloyd Stallworth, and Johnny Terry.[102]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Guns N' Roses

Steven Adler, Duff McKagan, Dizzy Reed, Axl Rose, Slash, Matt Sorum, and Izzy Stradlin.[103]

Green Day[N2]

2012

—

The Midnighters[N1]

Backing vocal group for Hank Ballard. Inducted: Henry Booth, Billy Davis, Cal Green, Arthur Porter, Lawson Smith, Charles Sutton, Norman Thrasher, and Sonny Woods.[104]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

The Miracles[N1]

Backing vocal group for Smokey Robinson. Inducted: Claudette Rogers, Bobby Rogers, Ronald White, Marv Tarplin, and Pete Moore.[105]

Smokey Robinson[N3]

2012

Laura Nyro

Bette Midler

2012

Red Hot Chili Peppers

Flea, John Frusciante, Jack Irons, Anthony Kiedis, Josh Klinghoffer, Cliff Martinez, Hillel Slovak, and Chad Smith.[106]

Chris Rock

2012

—

Small Faces/Faces

Kenney Jones, Ronnie Lane, Ian McLagan, Steve Marriott, Rod Stewart, and Ronnie Wood.[107]

Steven Van Zandt[N2]

2013

Heart

Michael DeRosier, Roger Fisher, Steve Fossen, Howard Leese, Ann Wilson, and Nancy Wilson.[108]

Chris Cornell

2013

Albert King

John Mayer

2013

Randy Newman

Don Henley[N3]

2013

Public Enemy

Flavor Flav, Professor Griff, Terminator X, and Chuck D.[109]

Harry Belafonte and Spike Lee

2013

Rush

Geddy Lee, Alex Lifeson, and Neil Peart.[110]

Dave Grohl[N2] and Taylor Hawkins

2013

Donna Summer

Kelly Rowland

2014

Peter Gabriel

Chris Martin

2014

Hall & Oates

Daryl Hall and John Oates.[111]

Questlove

2014

Kiss

Peter Criss, Ace Frehley, Gene Simmons, and Paul Stanley.[112]

Tom Morello

2014

Nirvana

Kurt Cobain, Dave Grohl, and Krist Novoselic.[113]

Michael Stipe[N3]

2014

Linda Ronstadt

Glenn Frey[N3]

2014

Cat Stevens

Art Garfunkel[N3]

2015

The Paul Butterfield Blues Band

Paul Butterfield, Mike Bloomfield, Elvin Bishop, Mark Naftalin, Jerome Arnold,  Billy Davenport, and Sam Lay.[114]

Peter Wolf

2015

Joan Jett & the Blackhearts

Joan Jett, Gary Ryan, Lee Crystal, and Ricky Byrd.[115]

Miley Cyrus

2015

Lou Reed[116]

Patti Smith[N3]

2015

Green Day

Billie Joe Armstrong, Tré Cool, and Mike Dirnt.[117]

Fall Out Boy

2015

Stevie Ray Vaughan and Double Trouble

Stevie Ray Vaughan, Chris Layton, Tommy Shannon, and Reese Wynans.[118]

John Mayer

2015

Bill Withers

Stevie Wonder[N3]

2016

Cheap Trick

Bun E. Carlos, Rick Nielsen, Tom Petersson, and Robin Zander.[119]

Kid Rock

2016

Chicago

Peter Cetera, Terry Kath, Robert Lamm, Lee Loughnane, James Pankow, Walter Parazaider, and Danny Seraphine.[120]

Rob Thomas

2016

Deep Purple

Ritchie Blackmore, David Coverdale, Rod Evans, Ian Gillan, Roger Glover, Glenn Hughes, Jon Lord, and Ian Paice[121]

Lars Ulrich[N3]

2016

N.W.A

DJ Yella, Ice Cube, MC Ren, Eazy-E, and Dr. Dre[122]

Kendrick Lamar

2016

Steve Miller

The Black Keys

2017

Electric Light Orchestra

Bev Bevan, Jeff Lynne, Richard Tandy, and Roy Wood[123]

Dhani Harrison

2017

Joan Baez

Jackson Browne[N3]

2017

Journey

Jonathan Cain, Aynsley Dunbar, Steve Perry, Gregg Rolie, Neal Schon, Steve Smith, and Ross Valory[124]

Pat Monahan

2017

Pearl Jam

Jeff Ament, Matt Cameron, Stone Gossard, Dave Krusen, Mike McCready, and Eddie Vedder[125]

David Letterman

2017

Tupac Shakur

Snoop Dogg

2017

Yes

Jon Anderson, Bill Bruford, Steve Howe, Tony Kaye, Trevor Rabin, Chris Squire, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White[126]

Geddy Lee[N3] and Alex Lifeson[N3]

2018

Bon Jovi

Jon Bon Jovi, David Bryan, Hugh McDonald, Richie Sambora, Alec John Such and Tico Torres[127]

Howard Stern

2018

The Cars

Elliot Easton, Greg Hawkes, David Robinson, Ric Ocasek and Benjamin Orr[128]

Brandon Flowers

2018

Dire Straits

Alan Clark, Guy Fletcher, John Illsley, David Knopfler, Mark Knopfler and Pick Withers[129]

John Illsley[N4]

2018

The Moody Blues

Graeme Edge, Justin Hayward, Denny Laine, John Lodge, Mike Pinder and Ray Thomas[130]

Ann Wilson[N3]

2018

Nina Simone

Mary J. Blige

text: ^ Note 1. These backing bands were inducted by a separate committee, and not by the ballot voting used for all other performer inductees.

text: ^ Note 2. This artist was later inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame after inducting someone else.

text: ^ Note 3. This artist was already a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when they inducted someone else.

text: ^ Note 4. Dire Straits were the first artist in the hall's history to not have an official induction speaker. Band member John Illsley did the induction speech himself.[131]

text: Early influences[edit]

text: Artists inducted into the early influences category are those "whose music predated rock and roll but had an impact on the evolution of rock and roll and inspired rock's leading artists."[2] Unlike the performers category, these inductees are selected by a committee. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2]

text:
Year

Name

1986

Jimmie Rodgers

1986

Jimmy Yancey

1986

Robert Johnson

1987

Louis Jordan

1987

T-Bone Walker

1987

Hank Williams

1988

Woody Guthrie

1988

Lead Belly

1988

Les Paul

1989

The Ink Spots[A]

1989

Bessie Smith

1989

The Soul Stirrers[B]

1990

Charlie Christian

1990

Louis Armstrong

1990

Ma Rainey

1991

Howlin' Wolf

1992

Elmore James

1992

Professor Longhair

1993

Dinah Washington

1994

Willie Dixon

1995

The Orioles[C]

1996

Pete Seeger

1997

Mahalia Jackson

1997

Bill Monroe

1998

Jelly Roll Morton

1999

Bob Wills & His Texas Playboys[D]

1999

Charles Brown

2000

Nat King Cole

2000

Billie Holiday

2009

Wanda Jackson

2012

Freddie King[E]

2015

The "5" Royales[E][F]

2018

Sister Rosetta Tharpe[E]

text:
^ A. Inducted members: Bill Kenny, Charlie Fuqua, Deek Watson, and Orville "Hoppy" Jones.[132]
^ B. Inducted members: Roy Crain Sr., R. H. Harris, Jesse Farley, and E. A. Rundless.[133]
^ C. Inducted members: Sonny Til, Tommy Gaither, George Nelson, Johnny Reed, and Alexander Sharp.[134]
^ D. Inducted members: Bob Wills, Tommy Duncan, Leon McAuliffe, Johnny Gimble, Joe "Jody" Holley, Tiny Moore, Herb Remington, Eldon Shamblin, and Al Stricklin.[135]
^ E. Nominated as a performer.
^ F. Inducted members: John L. Tanner, Eugene Tanner, James E. Moore, Obadiah H. Carter and Lowman Pauling, Jr[136]

text: Non-performers (Ahmet Ertegun Award)[edit]

text: The non-performer category honors "songwriters, producers, disc jockeys, record executives, journalists and other industry professionals who have had a major influence on the development of rock and roll."[2] Several of the inductees in this category were in fact prominent performers as well. The inductees in this category are selected by the same committee that chooses the early influences. The full process is not transparent and it is unclear who comprises this selection committee.[2] This category has been criticized for inducting those that have "been coming to the dinner for years and paying for their tickets" and not revealing their full criteria.[137] In 2008, this category was renamed the "Ahmet Ertegün Award".[138]

text:
Year

Name

1986

Alan Freed

1986

Sam Phillips

1987

Leonard Chess

1987

Ahmet Ertegun

1987

Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller

1987

Jerry Wexler

1988

Berry Gordy, Jr.

1989

Phil Spector

1990

Gerry Goffin and Carole King

1990

Holland–Dozier–Holland

1991

Dave Bartholomew

1991

Ralph Bass

1992

Leo Fender

1992

Bill Graham

1992

Doc Pomus

1993

Dick Clark

1993

Milt Gabler

1994

Johnny Otis

1995

Paul Ackerman

1996

Tom Donahue

1997

Syd Nathan

1998

Allen Toussaint

1999

George Martin

2000

Clive Davis

2001

Chris Blackwell

2002

Jim Stewart

2003

Mo Ostin

2008

Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff

2010

David Geffen

2010

Otis Blackwell

2010

Jeff Barry and Ellie Greenwich

2010

Mort Shuman

2010

Jesse Stone

2010

Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil

2011

Jac Holzman

2011

Art Rupe

2012

Don Kirshner

2013

Lou Adler

2013

Quincy Jones

2014

Brian Epstein

2014

Andrew Loog Oldham

2016

Bert Berns

text: Award for Musical Excellence[edit]

text: This category, which replaced sidemen, "honors those musicians, producers and others who have spent their careers out of the spotlight working with major artists on various parts of their recording and live careers."

text:
Year

Name

2011

Leon Russell

2012

Cosimo Matassa

2012

Tom Dowd

2012

Glyn Johns

2014

E Street Band [G]

2015

Ringo Starr

2017

Nile Rodgers[139]

text: ^ G. Inducted members: Garry Tallent, Roy Bittan, Max Weinberg, Steven Van Zandt, Nils Lofgren, Patti Scialfa, Clarence Clemons, Danny Federici, Vini Lopez, David Sancious.

text: Singles[edit]

text: At the 2018 ceremony, a new induction category for singles was announced by Steven Van Zandt.[140] According to Van Zandt, the category is "a recognition of the excellence of the singles that shaped rock 'n' roll, kind of a rock 'n' roll jukebox, records by artists not in the Rock Hall -- which is not to say these artists will never be in the Rock Hall. They just are not in the Rock Hall at the moment."[140]

text:
Year

Artist

Song (Year)

2018

Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats

"Rocket 88" (1951)[141]

2018

Link Wray

"Rumble" (1958) [141]

2018

Chubby Checker

"The Twist" (1960)[141]

2018

The Kingsmen

"Louie Louie" (1963)[141]

2018

Procol Harum

"A Whiter Shade of Pale" (1967)[141]

2018

Steppenwolf

"Born to Be Wild" (1968)[141]

text: Sidemen[edit]

text: Established in 2000, the sidemen category "honors those musicians who have spent their careers out of the spotlight, performing as backup musicians for major artists on recording sessions and in concert." A separate committee, composed mainly of producers, chooses the inductees.[2] In 2010, the category was renamed to "Award for Musical Excellence". According to Joel Peresman, the president of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation, "This award gives us flexibility to dive into some things and recognize some people who might not ordinarily get recognized."[142]

text:
Year

Name

Instrument

2000

Hal Blaine

Drums[143]

2000

King Curtis

Saxophone[144]

2000

James Jamerson

Bass guitar[145]

2000

Scotty Moore

Guitar[146]

2000

Earl Palmer

Drums[147]

2001

James Burton

Guitar[148]

2001

Johnnie Johnson

Piano[149]

2002

Chet Atkins

Guitar[150]

2003

Benny Benjamin

Drums[151]

2003

Floyd Cramer

Piano[152]

2003

Steve Douglas

Saxophone[153]

2008

Little Walter

Harmonica[154]

2009

Bill Black

Bass guitar[155]

2009

D. J. Fontana

Drums[156]

2009

Spooner Oldham

Keyboard[157]

text: Lifetime achievement[edit]

text: The following were inducted for "Lifetime Achievement in the Non-Performer Category."[2]

text:
Year

Name

1986

John Hammond

1991

Nesuhi Ertegun

2004

Jann Wenner

2005

Frank Barsalona

2005

Seymour Stein

2006

Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss

text: Multiple inductees[edit]

text: As of 2017, 22 performers have been inducted twice or more; fourteen have been recognized as a solo artist and with a band and seven have been inducted with two separate bands. Eric Clapton is the only one to be inducted three times: as a solo artist, with  Cream and with The Yardbirds.[158] Clyde McPhatter was the first to ever be inducted twice and is one of three artists to be inducted first as a solo artist and then as a member of a band, the other artists being Neil Young and Rod Stewart. Stephen Stills is the only artist to be inducted twice in the same year. Crosby, Stills & Nash, inducted in 1997, is the only band to see all of its inducted members be inducted with other acts: David Crosby with The Byrds in 1991, Stephen Stills with Buffalo Springfield in 1997, and Graham Nash with The Hollies in 2010.

text: Two inducted bands were spinoffs of other inducted bands. Journey was founded by two former members of Santana. Led Zeppelin was founded by lead guitarist Jimmy Page after The Yardbirds broke up, with the encouragement of the band's management. They were originally billed as "The New Yardbirds."

text: The Beatles, inducted in 1988, is the second band to have all of its members be inducted, as well as the only band to have each of its members be inducted for their solo careers as their second induction. Ringo Starr is the first inductee to be inducted twice in different categories (The Beatles were inducted in the performers category in 1988 and Starr was inducted as a solo artist in the Award for Musical Excellence category in 2015). He also holds the record for the longest time between first and second inductions, at 27 years. Both of Stills' inductions happened during the 1997 ceremony and Clapton and McPhatter were inducted in back-to-back years (1987/88 for McPhatter, 1992/93 for Clapton, as well as his solo induction in 2000).

text: The Traveling Wilburys are the only band to have all of its members be inducted without the band itself having been inducted: Roy Orbison as a solo artist in 1987, Bob Dylan as a solo artist in 1988, George Harrison with the Beatles in 1988 and as a solo artist in 2004, Tom Petty with Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers in 2002, and Jeff Lynne with the Electric Light Orchestra in 2017.

text:
Name

First

Year

Second

Year

Third

Year

Jeff Beck

The Yardbirds

1992

Solo career

2009

—

—

Johnny Carter

The Flamingos

2001

The Dells

2004

—

—

Eric Clapton

The Yardbirds

1992

Cream

1993

Solo career

2000

David Crosby

The Byrds

1991

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

—

—

Peter Gabriel

Genesis

2010

Solo career

2014

—

—

George Harrison

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

2004

—

—

Michael Jackson

The Jackson Five

1997

Solo career

2001

—

—

John Lennon

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

1994

—

—

Curtis Mayfield

The Impressions

1991

Solo career

1999

—

—

Paul McCartney

The Beatles

1988

Solo career

1999

—

—

Clyde McPhatter

Solo career

1987

The Drifters

1988

—

—

Graham Nash

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

The Hollies

2010

—

—

Jimmy Page

The Yardbirds

1992

Led Zeppelin

1995

—

—

Lou Reed

The Velvet Underground

1996

Solo career

2015

—

—

Gregg Rolie

Santana

1998

Journey

2017

—

—

Paul Simon

Simon and Garfunkel

1990

Solo career

2001

—

—

Ringo Starr

The Beatles

1988

Award For Musical Excellence, Solo career

2015

—

—

Rod Stewart

Solo career

1994

Faces

2012

—

—

Stephen Stills

Buffalo Springfield

1997

Crosby, Stills & Nash

1997

—

—

Sammy Strain

The O'Jays

2005

Little Anthony & The Imperials

2009

—

—

Ronnie Wood

The Rolling Stones

1989

Faces

2012

—

—

Neil Young

Solo career

1995

Buffalo Springfield

1997

—

—


document_title: List of cricketers who have played for two international teams

question_text: players who played for both indian and pakistan

text: Key[edit]

text:
General

Career – Year of debut to year of last game
Matches – Number of matches played

Batting

Runs – Runs scored in career
HS – Highest score
Avg – Runs scored per dismissal
100 – Centuries scored
* – Batsman remained not out

Bowling

Wkt – Wickets taken in career
BB – Best bowling in an innings
Avg – Average runs per wicket
5WI – Five wicket hauls

Fielding

Ct – Catches taken
St – Stumpings taken

text: Test cricket[edit]

text: Fifteen players have represented two nations in Test cricket.

text:
Name
Team
Career
Matches
Runs
HS
Avg
100
Wkt
BB
Avg
5WI
Ct
St
Ref(s)

Batting
Bowling
Fielding

Billy Midwinter
 Australia
1877–87
8
174
37
13.38
0
14
5/78
23.78
1
5
0
[5][6]

 England
1881–82
4
95
36
13.57
0
10
4/81
27.20
0
5
0

Billy Murdoch
 Australia
1877–90
18
896
211
32.00
2
–
–
–
–
14
0
[7][8]

 England
1892
1
12
12
12.00
0
–
–
–
–
0
1

J. J. Ferris
 Australia
1887–90
8
98
20*
8.16
0
48
5/26
14.25
4
4
0
[9]

 England
1892
1
16
16
16.00
0
13
7/37
7.00
2
0
0

Sammy Woods
 Australia
1888
3
32
18
5.33
0
5
2/35
24.20
0
1
0
[10]

 England
1896
3
122
53
30.50
0
5
3/28
25.80
0
4
0

Frank Hearne
 England
1889
2
47
27
23.50
0
–
–
–
–
1
0
[11]

 South Africa
1892–96
4
121
30
15.12
0
2
2/40
20.00
0
2
0

Albert Trott
 Australia
1895
3
205
85*
102.50
0
9
8/43
21.33
1
4
0
[12][13]

 England
1899
2
23
16
5.75
0
17
5/49
11.64
1
0
0

Frank Mitchell
 England
1899
2
88
41
22.00
0
–
–
–
–
2
0
[14]

 South Africa
1912
3
28
12
4.66
0
–
–
–
–
0
0

Nawab of Pataudi (snr)
 England
1932–34
3
144
102
28.80
1
–
–
–
–
0
0
[15][16]

 India
1946
3
55
22
11.00
0
–
–
–
–
0
0

Gul Mohammad
 India
1946–52
8
166
34
11.06
0
2
2/21
12.00
0
3
0
[17]

 Pakistan
1956
1
39
27*
39.00
0
–
–
–
–
0
0

Abdul Hafeez Kardar
 India
1946
3
80
43
16.00
0
–
–
–
–
1
0
[18]

 Pakistan
1952–58
23
847
93
24.91
0
21
3/35
45.42
0
15
0

Amir Elahi
 India
1947
1
17
13
8.50
0
–
–
–
–
0
0
[19]

 Pakistan
1952
5
65
47
10.83
0
7
4/134
35.42
0
0
0

Sammy Guillen
 West Indies
1951–52
5
104
54
26.00
0
–
–
–
–
9
2
[20]

 New Zealand
1956
3
98
41
16.33
0
–
–
–
–
4
1

John Traicos
 South Africa
1970
3
8
5*
4.00
0
4
2/70
51.75
0
4
0
[21]

 Zimbabwe
1992–93
4
11
5
2.75
0
14
5/86
40.14
1
4
0

Kepler Wessels
 Australia
1982–85
24
1761
179
42.95
4
0
–
–
0
18
0
[22]

 South Africa
1992–94
16
1027
118
38.03
2
–
–
–
–
12
0

Boyd Rankin
 England
2014
1
13
13
6.50
0
1
1/47
81.00
0
0
0
[23]

 Ireland
2018–
1
23
17
11.50
0
3
2/75
44.00
0
0
0

text: One Day International cricket[edit]

text: Ten men have played international cricket for two ODI teams. List updated to 23 June 2018 (ODI#4012).

text:
Name
Team
Career
Matches
Runs
HS
Avg
100
Wkt
BB
Avg
4WI
Ct
St
Ref(s)

Batting
Bowling
Fielding

Kepler Wessels
 Australia
1983–85
54
1740
107
36.25
1
18
2/16
36.38
0
19
0
[24][22]

 South Africa
1991–94
55
1627
90
32.54
0
0
–
–
0
30
0

Clayton Lambert
 West Indies
1990–98
11
368
119
33.45
1
0
–
–
0
0
0
[24][25]

 USA
2004
1
39
39
39.00
0
0
–
–
0
0
0

Anderson Cummins
 West Indies
1991–95
63
459
44*
15.30
0
78
5/31
28.79
3
11
0
[24][26][27]

 Canada
2007
13
27
9*
4.50
0
13
3/60
48.53
0
3
0

Dougie Brown
 England
1997–98
9
99
21
24.75
0
7
2/28
43.57
0
1
0
[24][28][29]

 Scotland
2006–07
16
220
50*
15.71
0
15
3/37
40.93
0
3
0

Geraint Jones
 England
2004–06
49
815
80
24.69
0
–
–
–
–
68
4
[24][30]

 PNG
2014
2
47
25
23.50
0
–
–
–
–
0
0

Ed Joyce
 England
2006–07
17
471
107
27.70
1
–
–
–
–
6
0
[24][31][32]

 Ireland
2011–18
61
2151
160*
41.36
5
–
–
–
–
21
0

Eoin Morgan
 Ireland
2006–09
23
744
115
35.42
1
–
–
–
–
9
0
[24][33][34]

 England
2009–18
181
5458
124*
37.64
10
–
–
–
–
66
0

Boyd Rankin
 Ireland
2007–12
2016–18
50
55
18*
6.11
0
70
4/15
28.15
3
15
0
[24][35]

 England
2013–14
7
5
4
5.00
0
10
4/46
24.10
1
0
0

Luke Ronchi
 Australia
2008
4
76
64
38.00
0
–
–
–
–
5
2
[24][36][37]

 New Zealand
2013–17
81
1321
170*
23.17
1
–
–
–
–
100
10

Mark Chapman
 Hong Kong
2015
2
151
124*
151.00
1
–
–
–
–
1
0
[24]

 New Zealand
2018
3
9
8
3.00
0
–
–
–
–
0
0

text: Twenty20 International cricket[edit]

text: Six cricketers have represented two countries in T20I cricket. List updated to 23 June 2018 (T20I#677).

text:
Name
Team
Career
Matches
Runs
HS
Avg
50
Wkt
BB
Avg
4WI
Ct
St
Ref(s)

Batting
Bowling
Fielding

Ed Joyce
 England
2006–07
2
1
1
1.00
0
–
–
–
–
0
0
[38][39]

 Ireland
2012–14
16
404
78*
36.72
1
–
–
–
–
5
0

Luke Ronchi
 Australia
2008–09
3
47
36
23.50
0
–
–
–
–
0
0
[38]

 New Zealand
2013–17
29
312
51*
18.35
1
–
–
–
–
24
5

Dirk Nannes
 Netherlands
2009
2
6
6
6.00
0
1
1/26
56.00
0
0
0
[38][40]

 Australia
2009–10
15
16
12*
16.00
0
27
4/18
14.92
1
1
0

Boyd Rankin
 Ireland
2009–13
2016–17
25
31
16*
15.50
0
27
3/16
20.03
0
9
0
[38]

 England
2013
2
–
–
–
–
1
1/24
24.00
0
0
0

Roelof van der Merwe
 South Africa
2009–10
13
57
48
19.00
0
14
2/14
21.78
0
6
0
[38]

 Netherlands
2015–18
12
154
40*
22.00
0
17
2/3
15.58
0
7
0

Mark Chapman
 Hong Kong
2014–16
19
392
63*
23.05
1
3
1/10
25.66
0
4
0
[38]

 New Zealand
2018
4
81
37*
27.00
0
–
–
–
–
2
0

text: Others[edit]

text: Gavin Hamilton played one Test match for England, also making 50 appearances for Scotland in ODIs (38) and Twenty20 Internationals (12).[41] Ryan Campbell played two ODI matches for Australia, and also played three T20I matches for Hong Kong.[42] In women's cricket, at least two players have played One Day Internationals for two international teams – Canada-born Nicola Payne and New Zealand-born Rowan Milburn both began their women's One Day International careers with the Dutch national side, but switched to play for the New Zealand national team later in their careers.[43][44]