document_title: The Amityville Horror

question_text: where did the movie amityville horror take place

root

text: The Amityville Horror

text: Historical basis[edit]

text: On November 13, 1974, Ronald DeFeo, Jr. shot and killed six members of his family at 112 Ocean Avenue, a large Dutch Colonial house situated in a suburban neighborhood in Amityville, on the south shore of Long Island, New York. He was convicted of second-degree murder in November 1975.

tag: p

text: In December 1975, George and Kathy Lutz and their three children moved into the house. After 28 days, the Lutzes left the house, claiming to have been terrorized by paranormal phenomena while living there.[2]

text: Story[edit]

text: The book, which is based on a true story, describes the house at 112 Ocean Avenue as remaining empty for 13 months after the DeFeo murders. In December 1975, George and Kathleen Lutz bought the house for what was considered to be a bargain price of $80,000. The five-bedroom house was built in Dutch Colonial style and had a distinctive gambrel roof. It also had a swimming pool and a boathouse, as it was located on a canal. George and Kathy married in July 1975 and each had their own homes, but they wanted to start fresh with a new property. Kathy had three children from a previous marriage: Daniel, 9, Christopher, 7, and Melissa (Missy), 5. They also owned a crossbreed Malamute/Labrador dog named Harry. During their first inspection of the house, the real estate broker told them about the DeFeo murders and asked if this would affect their decision. After discussing the matter, they decided that it was not a problem.

text: The Lutz family moved in December 19, 1975.[a] Much of the DeFeo family's furniture was still in the house, because it was included for $400 as part of the deal.[3] A friend of George Lutz learned about the history of the house, and insisted on having it blessed. At the time, George was a non-practicing Methodist and had no experience of what this would entail. Kathy was a non-practicing Catholic and explained the process. George knew a Catholic priest named Father Ray who agreed to carry out the house blessing (in Anson's book, real-life priest Father Ralph J. Pecoraro is referred to as Father Mancuso for privacy reasons).[4]

text: Father Mancuso was a lawyer, judge of the Catholic Court and psychotherapist who lived at the local Sacred Heart Rectory. He arrived to perform the blessing while George and Kathy were unpacking their belongings on the afternoon of December 18, 1975, and went into the building to carry out the rites. When he flicked the first holy water and began to pray, he heard a masculine voice demand that he "get out." When leaving the house, Father Mancuso did not mention this incident to either George or Kathy. On December 24, 1975, Father Mancuso called George Lutz and advised him to stay out of the second floor room where he had heard the mysterious voice, the former bedroom of Marc and John Matthew DeFeo that Kathy planned to use as a sewing room, but the call was cut short by static. Following his visit to the house, Father Mancuso allegedly developed a high fever and blisters on his hands similar to stigmata. At first George and Kathy experienced nothing unusual in the house. Talking about their experiences subsequently, they reported that it was as if they "were each living in a different house."

text: Some of the experiences of the Lutz family at the house are described in the book as follows:

text:
George would wake up around 3:15 every morning and would go out to check the boathouse. Later he would learn that this was the estimated time of the DeFeo killings.
The house was plagued by swarms of flies despite the winter weather.
Kathy had vivid nightmares about the murders and discovered the order in which they occurred and the rooms where they took place. The Lutz children also began sleeping on their stomachs, in the same way that the dead bodies in the DeFeo murders had been found.
Kathy would feel a sensation as if "being embraced" in a loving manner, by an unseen force.
George discovered a small hidden room (around four feet by five feet) behind shelving in the basement. The walls were painted red and the room did not appear in the blueprints of the house. The room came to be known as "The Red Room." This room had a profound effect on their dog Harry, who refused to go near it and cowered as if sensing something ominous.
There were cold spots and odors of perfume and excrement in areas of the house where no wind drafts or piping would explain the source.
While tending to the fire, George and Kathy saw the image of a demon with half his head blown out. It was burned into the soot in the back of the fireplace.
The Lutzes' 5-year-old daughter, Missy, developed an imaginary friend named "Jodie," a demonic pig-like creature with glowing red eyes.
In the early morning hours of Christmas Day 1975, George looked up at the house after checking on the boathouse and saw the pig standing behind Missy at her bedroom window. When he ran up to her room he found her fast asleep with her small rocking chair slowly rocking back and forth.
George would wake up to the sound of the front door slamming. He would race downstairs to find the dog sleeping soundly at the front door. Nobody else heard the sound although it was loud enough to wake the house.
George would hear what was described as a "marching band tuning up" or what sounded like a clock radio playing not quite on frequency. When he went downstairs the noise would cease.
George realized that he bore a strong resemblance to Ronald DeFeo, Jr., and began drinking at The Witches' Brew, the bar where DeFeo was once a regular customer.
When closing Missy's window, which Missy said Jodie climbed out of, Kathy saw red eyes glowing at her.
While in bed, Kathy received red welts on her chest caused by an unseen force and was levitated two feet in the air.
Locks, doors and windows in the house were damaged by an unseen force.
Cloven hoof prints attributed to an enormous pig appeared in the snow outside the house January 1, 1976.
Green gelatin-like slime oozed from walls in the hall, and also from the keyhole of the playroom door in the attic.
A 12-inch (30 cm) crucifix, hung in the living room by Kathy, revolved until it was upside down and gave off a sour smell.
George tripped over a 4-foot-high (1.2 m) China lion ornament in the living room and found bite marks on one of his ankles. Later this lion would reappear in the living room after George had moved it back upstairs into the sewing room.
George saw Kathy transform into an old woman of 90, "the hair wild, a shocking white, the face a mass of wrinkles and ugly lines, and saliva dripping from the toothless mouth."
Missy would sing constantly while in her room. Whenever she left the room, she would stop singing, and upon returning, she would resume singing where she left off.
On one occasion Kathy heard what sounded like a window being opened and closed through the sewing room door even though she was sure no one was in there.

tag: ul

text: After deciding that something was wrong with their house they could not explain rationally, George and Kathy Lutz carried out a blessing of their own on January 8, 1976. George held a silver crucifix while they both recited the Lord's Prayer and, while in the living room, George allegedly heard a chorus of voices asking them "Will you stop?!"

text: By mid-January 1976, after another attempt at a house blessing by George and Kathy, they experienced what would turn out to be their final night in the house. The Lutzes declined to give a full account of the events that took place on this occasion, describing them as "too frightening."

text: After getting in touch with Father Mancuso, the Lutzes decided to take some belongings and stay at Kathy's mother's house in nearby Deer Park, New York, until they had sorted out the problems with the house. They claimed that the phenomena followed them there, with the final scene of Anson's book describing "greenish-black slime" coming up the staircase towards them. On January 14, 1976, George and Kathy Lutz, with their three children and their dog Harry, left 112 Ocean Avenue, leaving all of their possessions behind. The next day, a mover came in to remove the possessions to send to the Lutzes. He reported no paranormal phenomena while inside the house.[5]

text: The book was written after Tam Mossman, an editor at the publishing house Prentice Hall, introduced George and Kathy Lutz to Jay Anson. The Lutzes did not work directly with Anson, but submitted around 45 hours of tape-recorded recollections to him, which were used as the basis of the book. Estimates of the sales of the book are around 10 million copies from its numerous editions. Anson is said to have based the title of The Amityville Horror on "The Dunwich Horror" by H. P. Lovecraft, which was published in 1929.[6]

text: Other books[edit]

text: The story of The Amityville Horror was continued in a series of books by John G. Jones, with The Amityville Horror Part II (1982), Amityville: The Final Chapter (1985), Amityville: The Evil Escapes (1988), and Amityville: The Horror Returns (1989). In 1991, Amityville: The Nightmare Continues by Robin Karl was published.[7]

text: Hans Holzer wrote three books relating the story: Murder in Amityville, The Amityville Curse, and The Secret of Amityville. Murder in Amityville was used as the basis of the 1982 film sequel Amityville II: The Possession and the 1990 film The Amityville Curse was based on the book of the same name. William Weber, the defense attorney for Ronald DeFeo, Jr. at his trial, recommended Holzer to DeFeo in 1979 as a way for DeFeo to obtain a book deal telling his side of the story.[8] The 1983 film Amityville 3-D was also turned into a novelization by Gordon McGill. Mentally Ill In Amityville, a factual account of the case by Will Savive, was published in 2008.

text: Criticism and controversy[edit]

text: One edition of the book has a quote from a review in the Los Angeles Times on the front cover stating: "A fascinating, frightening book... the scariest true story I have read in years", while the tagline states: "More hideously frightening than The Exorcist because it actually happened!" The reference to The Exorcist is revealing, because the 1973 film had been a box office success and had received generous media coverage.

text: The role of Father Pecoraro in the story has been given considerable attention. During the course of the lawsuit surrounding the case in the late 1970s, Father Pecoraro stated in an affidavit that his only contact with the Lutzes concerning the matter had been by telephone.[9] Other accounts say that Father Pecoraro did visit the house but experienced nothing unusual there.[10] Father Pecoraro gave what may have been his only on-camera interview about his recollections during a 1980 episode of In Search of..., a documentary series hosted by Leonard Nimoy.[dubious – discuss]

text: Father Pecoraro's face was obscured during the interview to preserve his anonymity. In the interview, he repeated the claim that he heard a voice saying "Get out", but stopped short of giving it a paranormal origin. He also stated that he felt a slap on his face during the visit, and that he did subsequently experience blistering on his hands.

text: The claims of physical damage to the locks, doors and windows were rejected by Jim and Barbara Cromarty, who bought the house for $55,000 in March 1977. In a television interview filmed at the house for That's Incredible!,[clarification needed] Barbara Cromarty argued that they appeared to be the original items and had not been repaired. The That's Incredible! feature also showed that the "Red Room" was a small closet in the basement, and would have been known to the previous owners of the house (Lutzes) because it was not concealed in any way. The claim made in Chapter 11 of the book that the house was built on a site where the local Shinnecock Indians had once abandoned the mentally ill and the dying was rejected by local Native American leaders.[11]

text: The claim of cloven hoof prints in the snow on January 1, 1976, was rejected by other researchers,[who?] because weather records showed that there had been no snow in Amityville on that date.[citation needed] Neighbors[who?] reported nothing unusual during the time that the Lutzes were living there. Police officers are depicted visiting the house in the book and 1979 film, but records showed that the Lutzes did not call the police during the period that they were living on Ocean Avenue.[12] There was no bar in Amityville called The Witches' Brew at the time; Ronald DeFeo, Jr. was a regular customer at Henry's Bar, a short distance from 112 Ocean Avenue.[citation needed]

text: Critics including Stephen Kaplan pointed out that changes were made to the book as it was reprinted in different editions.[citation needed] In the original hardcover edition, Father Pecoraro's car is "an old tan Ford" and he experiences an incident in which the hood flies up against the windshield while he is driving it. In later editions the car is described as a Chevrolet Vega, before reverting to a Ford.[13][14]

text: In May 1977 George and Kathy Lutz filed a lawsuit against William Weber (the defense lawyer for Ronald DeFeo, Jr. at his trial), Paul Hoffman (a writer working on an account of the hauntings), Bernard Burton and Frederick Mars (both alleged clairvoyants who had examined the house), along with Good Housekeeping magazine, the New York Sunday News and the Hearst Corporation, all of which had published articles related to the hauntings.[citation needed] The Lutzes alleged invasion of privacy, misappropriation of names for trade purposes, and mental distress, and claimed $4.5 million in damages.[citation needed] Hoffman, Weber, and Burton immediately filed a countersuit for $2 million alleging fraud and breach of contract.[citation needed] The claims against the news corporations were dropped for lack of evidence,[citation needed] and the remainder of the lawsuit was heard by Brooklyn U.S. District Court judge Jack B. Weinstein. In September 1979, Judge Weinstein dismissed the Lutzes' claims and observed in his ruling: "Based on what I have heard, it appears to me that to a large extent the book is a work of fiction, relying in a large part upon the suggestions of Mr. Weber."[citation needed] In the September 17, 1979 issue of People magazine, William Weber wrote: "I know this book is a hoax. We created this horror story over many bottles of wine." This refers to a meeting that Weber is said to have had with George and Kathy Lutz, during which they discussed what would later become the outline of Anson's book. Judge Weinstein also expressed concern about the conduct of William Weber and Bernard Burton relating to the affair, stating: "There is a very serious ethical question when lawyers become literary agents."[15]

text: George Lutz maintained that events in the book were "mostly true" and denied any suggestion of dishonesty on his part.[citation needed] In June 1979, George and Kathy Lutz took a polygraph test relating to their experiences at the house, the results of which, in Mr. Rice's[who?] opinion, did not indicate lying.[16][17] In October 2000, The History Channel broadcast Amityville: The Haunting and Amityville: Horror or Hoax?, a two-part documentary made by horror screenwriter/producer Daniel Farrands to mark the 25th anniversary of the case. George Lutz commented in an interview for the program: "I believe this has stayed alive for 25 years because it's a true story. It doesn't mean that everything that has ever been said about it is true. It's certainly not a hoax. It's real easy to call something a hoax. I wish it was. It's not."

text: The debate about the accuracy of The Amityville Horror continues and, despite the lack of evidence to corroborate much of the story, it remains one of the most popular haunting accounts in American folklore.[citation needed] The various owners of the house since the Lutz family left in 1976 have reported no problems while living there. James Cromarty, who bought the house in 1977 and lived there with his wife Barbara for ten years, commented: "Nothing weird ever happened, except for people coming by because of the book and the movie."[18][19][20]

text: Films[edit]

text: The Amityville Horror has been the subject of a series of films:

text:
The Amityville Horror (1979)
Amityville II: The Possession (1982)
Amityville 3-D (1983) (made in 3-D, and has also been released as Amityville III: The Demon)
Amityville 4: The Evil Escapes (1989)
The Amityville Curse (1990)
Amityville: It's About Time (1992)
Amityville: A New Generation (1993)
Amityville Dollhouse (1996)
The Amityville Horror (2005 remake)
The Amityville Haunting (2011)
The Amityville Asylum (2013)
Amityville Death House (2015)
The Amityville Playhouse (2015)
Amityville: No Escape (2017)
Amityville: The Awakening (2017)

text: The 1979 film, based on Jay Anson's novel, is the most well known in the series. James Brolin and Margot Kidder portray the couple George and Kathy Lutz. The part of the priest who blesses the house (renamed Father Delaney in the film) was played by Academy Award-winning actor Rod Steiger. The first three Amityville films received a theatrical release, while the fourth film was made for television by NBC. The sequels from the 1990s were released direct to video, and contain virtually no material relating to the Lutz family or the DeFeo murders. Instead, they concentrate on paranormal phenomena caused by cursed items supposedly linked to the house.

text: One of the famous features of the Amityville Horror films is the distinctive pumpkin head appearance of the house, which was created by two quarter round windows on the third floor attic level. The windows are often illuminated in the films, giving the appearance of malevolent eyes. The first three films were filmed at a house in Toms River, New Jersey which had been converted to look like 112 Ocean Avenue after the authorities in Amityville denied permission for location filming. Although not all of the films in The Amityville Horror series are set at the former Lutz home on Ocean Avenue, the distinctive Dutch Colonial house is traditionally used as the main image in promotional material.

text: In 2005, a remake of the original Amityville Horror film was released, with the tagline Katch em and kill em, referring to the claimed link between the house in Ocean Avenue and John Ketcham, whose name has been linked to witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts but remains a controversial and elusive figure.[21] This version exaggerates the isolation of 112 Ocean Avenue by depicting it as a remote house similar to the Overlook Hotel in Stephen King's The Shining. In reality, 112 Ocean Avenue is a suburban house within 50 feet (15 m) of other houses in the neighborhood. The house used in the 2005 version was in Silver Lake, Wisconsin, while other location work was shot in nearby Antioch, Illinois. The child character Jodie DeFeo, appearing in the film, is fictional and was not one of the victims of the shootings by Ronald DeFeo, Jr. in November 1974. George Lutz described the 2005 remake as "drivel" and sued the makers for defamation, libel, and breach of contract.[22] He objected particularly to the scene in the film where the male lead – named as George Lutz and played by Ryan Reynolds – is shown killing the family dog with an axe. The film also shows the George Lutz character building coffins for members of his own family. The defamation claim was dismissed by a Los Angeles court in November 2005, while other issues related to the lawsuit remained unresolved at the time of George Lutz's death.[23]

text: The documentary My Amityville Horror was released in March 2013. It featured interviews with Daniel Lutz, one of the children who lived in the house during the period on which the book and films are based. Lutz echos the original story as told by his mother and step-father. He also makes additional claims that both he and George Lutz were possessed, that George Lutz demonstrated telekinetic abilities, and strongly suggests that George's dabbling in the occult may have initiated the demonic events.[24]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Kathleen Theresa Lutz (October 13, 1946 – August 17, 2004) died of emphysema and George Lee Lutz (January 1, 1947 – May 8, 2006) died of heart disease. The couple had divorced in the late 1980s, but remained on good terms.

text: During the period in which the Lutz family was living at 112 Ocean Avenue, Dr. Stephen Kaplan, a self-styled vampirologist and ghost hunter, was called in to investigate the house. Kaplan and the Lutzes fell out after Kaplan said that he would expose any fraud that was found. Kaplan went on to write a critical book titled The Amityville Horror Conspiracy with his wife Roxanne Salch Kaplan. The book was published in 1995.

text: On the night of March 6, 1976, the house was investigated by Ed and Lorraine Warren, a husband and wife team self-described as demonologists, together with a crew from the television station Channel 5 New York and reporter Michael Linder of WNEW-FM. During the course of the investigation Gene Campbell took a series of infrared time-lapse photographs. One of the images allegedly showed a "demonic boy" with glowing eyes who was standing at the foot of a staircase.[25] The photograph did not emerge into the public domain until 1979, when George and Kathy Lutz and Rod Steiger appeared on The Merv Griffin Show to promote the release of the first film. 112 Ocean Avenue was also investigated by the parapsychologist Hans Holzer. The Warrens and Holzer have suggested that the house is occupied by malevolent spirits due to its history.

text: George Lutz registered the phrase The Amityville Horror as a trademark in 2002, and it is referred to as The Amityville Horror™ on his official website.[26] Lutz claimed that the film producers embellished or fabricated events portrayed in the 1979 version and the 2005 remake. He also claimed that the producers of the 2005 film did not involve his family, and that they used his name without permission.[27]

text: The house known as 112 Ocean Avenue still exists but it has been renovated and the address changed in order to discourage sightseers from visiting it. The famous quarter round windows have been removed and the house today looks considerably different from its depiction in the films. The house in Toms River used as the location for the first three films has also been modified for the same reason. For the 2005 film version, the house was renamed 412 Ocean Avenue. The 2005 film remake says that the basement of the Lutz home was built in 1692, but 112 Ocean Avenue – also known as High Hopes – was built around 1924 for John and Catherine Moynahan.[19]

text: The local residents and authorities in Amityville, New York, are unhappy with the attention that The Amityville Horror brings to the town and tend to decline requests to discuss it publicly.[28][29] The website of the Amityville Historical Society makes no mention of the murders by Ronald DeFeo, Jr. in 1974 or the period that the Lutz family lived at 112 Ocean Avenue. When the History Channel made its documentary about The Amityville Horror in 2000, no member of the Historical Society would discuss the matter on camera.[30]

text: The episode of CSI: NY first broadcast on October 31, 2007, was a Halloween edition based on The Amityville Horror. Entitled "Boo", it features a house in Amityville where a family has died in circumstances similar to the DeFeo murders.[31]

text: In May 2010, the house was placed on the market with an asking price of $1.15 million. In August 2010, the house was sold to a local resident for $950,000.[32][33] On August 21, 2010, the departing owner held a moving sale at the house, and hundreds of people turned up for the event. They were allowed to go inside the house, but not to visit the upstairs rooms or the basement.[34]


document_title: Empirical formula

question_text: what is the empirical formula of a compound

text: Empirical formula

text: In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest positive integer ratio of atoms present in a compound.[1] A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or SO, would simply be SO, as is the empirical formula of disulfur dioxide, S2O2. This means that sulfur monoxide and disulfur dioxide, both compounds of sulfur and oxygen, will have the same empirical formula. However, their chemical formulas, which express the number of atoms in each molecule of a chemical compound, may not be the same.

text: An empirical formula makes no mention of the arrangement or number of atoms. It is standard for many ionic compounds, like calcium chloride (CaCl2), and for macromolecules, such as silicon dioxide (SiO2).

text: The molecular formula, on the other hand, shows the number of each type of atom in a molecule. The structural formula shows the arrangement of the molecule. It is also possible for different types of compounds to have equal empirical formulas.

text: Samples are analyzed in specific elemental analysis tests to determine what percent of a particular element the sample is composed of.

text: Examples[edit]

text:
Glucose (C6H12O6), ribose (C5H10O5), acetic acid (C2H4O2), and formaldehyde (CH2O) all have different molecular formulas but the same empirical formula: CH2O. This is the actual molecular formula for formaldehyde, but acetic acid has double the number of atoms, ribose has five times the number of atoms, and glucose has six times the number of atoms.
The chemical compound n-hexane has the structural formula CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3, which shows that it has 6 carbon atoms arranged in a chain, and 14 hydrogen atoms. Hexane's molecular formula is C6H14, and its empirical formula is C3H7, showing a C:H ratio of 3:7.

text: Calculation[edit]

text: Suppose you are given a compound such as methyl acetate, a solvent commonly used in paints, inks, and adhesives. When methyl acetate was analyzed in an elemental analysis test, the compound was found to contain 48.64% carbon (C), 8.16% hydrogen (H), and 43.20% oxygen (O). For the purposes of determining empirical formulas, we assume that we have 100 g of the compound. If this is the case, the percentages will be equal to the mass of each element in grams.

text: Thus, the empirical formula of methyl acetate is C3H6O2. This formula also happens to be methyl acetate's molecular formula.


document_title: List of songs featured in Shrek

question_text: what is the name of the hallelujah song in shrek

text: List of songs featured in Shrek

text: Shrek (2001)[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text: Shrek introduced a new element to give the film a unique feel; the film used pop music and other oldies to make the story more forward. Covers of songs like "On the Road Again" and "Try a Little Tenderness" were integrated in the film's score.[1] As the film was about to be completed, Katzenberg suggested the filmmakers redo the film's ending in order to "go out with a big laugh"; instead of ending the film with a storybook closing over Shrek and Fiona as they ride off into the sunset, they decided to add the song "I'm a Believer" by Smash Mouth and show all the fairytale creatures in the film.[2]

text: Although Rufus Wainwright's version of the song "Hallelujah" appeared in the soundtrack album, it was John Cale's version that appeared in the film. Wainwright was an artist for DreamWorks and John Cale was not, thus licensing issues prohibited Cale's version from appearing in the soundtrack album.[3]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Shrek: Music from the Original Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
May 15, 2001

Recorded
1988-2001

Genre
Alternative rock, pop, pop rock, soul

Label
DreamWorks

Producer
Ron Aniello, Joe Barresi, Jon Brion, Jimmy Harry, Oliver Leiber, Patrick Leonard, Michael Mangini, Eric Valentine, Pete Wingfield, Gavin Greenaway, Harry Gregson-Williams, John Powell, Steve Greenberg, Marylata E. Jacob[4]

Shrek chronology

Shrek: Music from the Original Motion Picture
(2001)
Shrek: Original Motion Picture Score
(2001)Shrek: Original Motion Picture Score2001

tag: table

text: Shrek: Music from the Original Motion Picture is the soundtrack of the 2001 Academy Award-winning and Golden Globe-nominated animated feature Shrek.

text: The album was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Film Music (lost to the score of Moulin Rouge!) and the Grammy Award for "Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media" (lost to the score of O Brother, Where Art Thou?).

text: The album has sold 2,475,000 copies in the US as of April 2014.[5]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Producer(s)
Length

1.
"Stay Home" (Performed by Self)
Matt Mahaffey

3:31

2.
"I'm a Believer" (Performed by Smash Mouth)
Neil Diamond
Eric Valentine
3:05

3.
"Like Wow!" (Performed by Leslie Carter)
Jimmy Harry, Sandra St. Victor
Oliver Leiber, David Gamson
3:34

4.
"It Is You (I Have Loved)" (Performed by Dana Glover)
Harry Gregson-Williams, John Powell, Gavin Greenaway, Dana Glover
Gavin Greenaway, Harry Gregson-Williams
3:58

5.
"Best Years of Our Lives" (Performed by Baha Men)
David Jaymes, Geoffrey Deane
Michael Mangini, Steve Greenberg
2:58

6.
"Bad Reputation" (Performed by Halfcocked (Original version by Joan Jett used in the film) [6])
Joan Jett, Kenny Laguna, Ritchie Cordell, Marty Kupersmith
Joe Barresi
2:20

7.
"My Beloved Monster" (Performed by Eels)
E
Jon Brion, E
2:10

8.
"You Belong to Me" (Performed by Jason Wade)
Pee Wee King, Redd Stewart, Chilton Price
Ron Aniello
2:41

9.
"All Star" (Performed by Smash Mouth)
Greg Camp
Eric Valentine
3:20

10.
"Hallelujah" (Performed by Rufus Wainwright[6][Note 1])
Leonard Cohen
Patrick Leonard
4:08

11.
"I'm on My Way" (Performed by The Proclaimers)
Charlie Reid, Craig Reid
Pete Wingfield
3:39

12.
"I'm a Believer (Reprise)" (Performed by Eddie Murphy)
Neil Diamond
N/A
1:13

13.
"True Love's First Kiss" (Composed by Harry Gregson-Williams and John Powell)
Harry Gregson-Williams, John Powell
Harry Gregson-Williams, John Powell
3:10

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[8]

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (2001)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[9]
2

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[10]
9

Danish Albums (Hitlisten)[11]
19

French Albums (SNEP)[12]
42

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[13]
21

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[14]
48

US Billboard 200[4]
28

US Soundtracks (Billboard)[4]
2

text: Songs that appear in the film but not on the soundtrack album[edit]

text:
[show]Extra songs in the film but not the soundtrack album

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Meditation" (Performed by Antonio Carlos Jobim)

2.
"On the Road Again" (Performed by Eddie Murphy)

3.
"Friends" (Performed by Eddie Murphy)

4.
"Escape (The Piña Colada Song)" (Performed by Rupert Holmes)

5.
"Try a Little Tenderness" (Performed by Eddie Murphy)

6.
"Whipped Cream" (Performed by Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass)

text: Songs in Shrek in the Swamp Karaoke Dance Party![edit]

text: These songs feature in the party at the end of the movie.

text:
"Just the Way You Are" by Billy Joel
"Like a Virgin" by Madonna
"Baby Got Back" by Sir Mix-a-Lot
"Feelings" by Morris Albert
"YMCA" by The Village People
"Do You Really Want to Hurt Me" by Culture Club
"Stayin' Alive" by Bee Gees
"Who Let the Dogs Out?" by Baha Men
"Mustang Sally" by Mack Rice
"Dance to the Music" by Sly & The Family Stone
"Happy Together" by The Turtles

text: Score[edit]

text:
Shrek: Original Motion Picture Score

Soundtrack album by Harry Gregson-Williams and John Powell

Released
December 4, 2001

Recorded
2000-01

Genre
Score

Length
44:16

Label
Varèse Sarabande

Shrek chronology

Shrek: Music from the Original Motion Picture
(2001)Shrek: Music from the Original Motion Picture2001
Shrek: Original Motion Picture Score
(2001)
Shrek 2: The Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2004)Shrek 2: The Motion Picture Soundtrack2004

text: Shrek: Original Motion Picture Score is the film score to the 2001 Academy Award winning animated feature, Shrek. It is composed by Harry Gregson-Williams and John Powell and was the second soundtrack released from the film. It is also the third collaboration between Gregson-Williams and Powell for a DreamWorks animated film, the first two being Antz and Chicken Run.

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Harry Gregson-Williams and John Powell.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Fairytale" (Composed by Rolf Løvland[15][Note 2])
1:26

2.
"Ogre Hunters/Fairytale Deathcamp"
1:35

3.
"Donkey Meets Shrek"
2:37

4.
"Eating Alone"
1:17

5.
"Uninvited Guests"
2:09

6.
"March of FarQuaad"
0:38

7.
"The Perfect King"
1:17

8.
"Welcome to Duloc"
0:34

9.
"Tournament Speech"
0:51

10.
"What Kind of Quest"
2:22

11.
"Dragon!/Fiona Awakens"
2:06

12.
"One of a Kind Knight"
1:19

13.
"Saving Donkey's Ass"
0:43

14.
"Escape from the Dragon"
1:58

15.
"Helmet Hair"
2:08

16.
"Delivery Boy Shrek/Making Camp"
0:47

17.
"Friends Journey to Duloc"
2:42

18.
"Starry Night"
0:58

19.
"Singing Princess"
1:35

20.
"Better Out Than In/Sunflower/I'll Tell Him"
2:10

21.
"Merry Men"
0:43

22.
"Fiona Kicks Ass"
0:28

23.
"Fiona's Secret"
3:02

24.
"Why Wait to Be Wed/You Thought Wrong"
1:58

25.
"Ride the Dragon"
1:36

26.
"I Object"
1:51

27.
"Transformation/The End"
3:26

Total length:
44:16

text: Shrek 2 (2004)[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Shrek 2: Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
May 11, 2004[16]

Recorded
1979-2004

Genre
Rock, alternative rock, pop rock, glam rock, experimental rock

Length
47:35

Label
DreamWorks, Geffen

Producer
Brad Jones, Brendan O'Brien, Gustavo Santaolalla, Guy Sigsworth, Eric Valentine, Tony Visconti, Andy Zulla, John Alagia, Andrew Sherman, Joseph Arthur, Robin Eaton, Harry Gregson-Williams, Ken Rich, Butterfly Boucher, Juan Campodónico, Mark Oliver Everett[17]

Various artists chronology

Shrek: Original Motion Picture Score
(2001)Shrek: Original Motion Picture Score2001
Shrek 2: Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2004)
Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score
(2004)Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score2004

Singles from Shrek 2: Motion Picture Soundtrack

"Accidentally in Love"
Released: July 2004

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[16]

text: Shrek 2: Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack for the hit animated comedy film Shrek 2 and was released in May 2004, to accompany the release of the film. The soundtrack reached the Top 10 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Soundtrack Albums as well as topping the albums chart in Australia. The lead single, "Accidentally in Love" by the Counting Crows, reached the Top 10 of the Billboard Adult Top 40, the Top 20 of singles charts worldwide and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Song. The soundtrack also features two versions of the 1980s Bonnie Tyler hit "Holding Out for a Hero".

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Accidentally in Love"
Counting Crows
3:08

2.
"Holding Out for a Hero"
Frou Frou
3:21

3.
"Changes"
David Bowie & Butterfly Boucher
3:22

4.
"As Lovers Go"
Dashboard Confessional
3:29

5.
"Funkytown"
Lipps Inc.
3:59

6.
"I'm on My Way"
Rich Price
3:21

7.
"I Need Some Sleep"
Eels
2:28

8.
"Ever Fallen in Love"
Pete Yorn
2:32

9.
"Little Drop of Poison"
Tom Waits
3:11

10.
"You're So True"
Joseph Arthur
3:53

11.
"People Ain't No Good"
Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds
5:39

12.
"Fairy Godmother Song"
Jennifer Saunders
1:52

13.
"Livin' la Vida Loca"
Antonio Banderas & Eddie Murphy
3:24

14.
"Holding Out for a Hero" (Bonus track)
Jennifer Saunders
3:56

Total length:
47:35

text:
"Funkytown" was originally produced by Lipps Inc., but in the motion picture, Donna Summer's remake was used.
Eddie Murphy is briefly heard singing "One" and the theme song from "Rawhide"
Ben Folds song "Rockin' the Suburbs" was used in the trailer of the film but was not included on the soundtrack nor in the film.
The first trailer features "All Star" by Smash Mouth
When the messengers come to Shrek's swamp, a trumpeter plays the melody of the Hawaii 5-O Opening Theme by Morton Stevens.
After Shrek's friends start a party in Shrek's House, Chic's song Le Freak is heard.
In the mid-credits scene, Eddie Murphy is heard singing "Friends"

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (2004)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[18]
1

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[19]
13

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[20]
61

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[21]
98

French Albums (SNEP)[22]
35

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[23]
40

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[24]
2

Polish Albums (ZPAV)[25]
6

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[26]
37

US Billboard 200[17]
8

US Soundtracks (Billboard)[17]
1

text:
Preceded by
For All You've Done by Hillsong Church
Australian ARIA Albums Chart number-one album
July 26 - August 1, 2004
Succeeded by
One Determined Heart by Paulini

text: Songs from Far Far Away Idol[edit]

text: This media article uses IMDb for verification. IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Please help by replacing IMDb with third-party reliable sources. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Most of the original voice–actors reprised their roles, with some performed by additional singers.[27]

text:
"Disco Inferno" by The Trammps; sung by Donkey (Eddie Murphy)
"Mr. Roboto" by Styx; sung by Pinocchio (Cody Cameron)
"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun" by Cyndi Lauper; sung by Doris, The Ugly Stepsister (Larry King)
"Hungry Like the Wolf" by Duran Duran; sung by the Three Pigs (Cody Cameron) and the Big Bad Wolf (Aron Warner)
"I'm Too Sexy" by Right Said Fred; sung by Prince Charming (Randy Crenshaw)
"I Can See Clearly Now" by Johnny Nash; sung by The Three Blind Mice (Randy Crenshaw)
"Sugar Sugar" by The Archies; sung by Gingy (Conrad Vernon)
"Hooked on a Feeling" by Blue Swede; sung by Captain Hook (Matt Mahaffey)
"These Boots Are Made for Walking" by Nancy Sinatra; sung by Puss in Boots (Antonio Banderas)
"What I Like About You" by The Romantics; sung by Shrek (Mike Myers, singing voice by Michael Gough) and Fiona (Cameron Diaz, singing voice by Renee Sands)[footnote 1]
"My Way" by Frank Sinatra; sung by Simon Cowell (singing voice by Rick Riso)

tag: ol

text: Shrek 2: Party CD[edit]

text:
Shrek 2: Party CD

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
November 5, 2004

Recorded
2004

Genre
Rock, alternative rock, pop rock, glam rock, experimental rock

Length
33:06

Label
DreamWorks, Geffen

Producer
Matt Mahffey, Mike Himelstein, Sunny Park[28]

Various artists chronology

Shrek 2: Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2004)Shrek 2: Motion Picture Soundtrack2004
Shrek 2: Party CD
(2004)
Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score
(2004)Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score2004

text: Shrek 2: Party CD is a bonus CD released exclusively at US Walmart stores[29] alongside the Shrek 2 film. The bonus CD features six songs taken from the Far Far Away Idol ending featured at the end of the film as well as six karaoke tracks of the same six songs.[30] The songs are credited to the characters who sang the songs.[28]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Writer(s)
Performer(s)
Length

1.
"Disco Inferno"
Leroy Green, Ron Kersey
Donkey
2:48

2.
"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'"
Lee Hazlewood
Puss in Boots
2:25

3.
"I Can See Clearly Now"
Johnny Nash
Three Blind Mice
2:26

4.
"Hooked on a Feeling"
Mark James
Captain Hook
2:18

5.
"I'm Too Sexy"
Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairbrass, Rob Manzoli
Prince Charming
2:57

6.
"What I Like About You"
Wally Palmar, Mike Skill, Jimmy Marinos
Shrek & Fiona
3:21

7.
"Disco Inferno" (Karaoke)
Green, Kersey

2:51

8.
"These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" (Karaoke)
Hazlewood

2:27

9.
"I Can See Clearly Now" (Karaoke)
Nash

2:41

10.
"Hooked on a Feeling" (Karaoke)
James

2:39

11.
"I'm Too Sexy" (Karaoke)
Fairbrass, Fairbrass, Manzoli

3:05

12.
"What I Like About You" (Karaoke)
Palmar, Skill, Marinos

3:01

Total length:
33:06

text: Score[edit]

text:
Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score

Soundtrack album by Harry Gregson-Williams

Released
December 7, 2004

Recorded
2003-04

Genre
Score, classical

Length
40:25

Label
Varèse Sarabande

Shrek chronology

Shrek 2: Party CD
(2004)Shrek 2: Party CD2004
Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score
(2004)
Shrek the Third: The Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2007)Shrek the Third: The Motion Picture Soundtrack2007

text: Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score is the film score to the 2004 animated feature, Shrek 2, the sequel to the Academy Award winner Shrek. Unlike its predecessor, the score for Shrek 2 was only composed by Harry Gregson-Williams.

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[31]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: All tracks written by Harry Gregson-Williams.

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Prince Charming"
2:05

2.
"Leaving Home"
1:12

3.
"Far Far Away"
1:44

4.
"Family Dinner"
2:10

5.
"Fiona's Room"
1:01

6.
"We Need to Talk"
1:32

7.
"The Poison Apple"
1:20

8.
"The Factory"
1:40

9.
"By the Ol' Oak"
2:02

10.
"Annoying Talking Animal"
2:56

11.
"The Potion Room"
3:08

12.
"Deep Fried"
2:02

13.
"Not Meant to Be"
2:49

14.
"The Ball"
1:09

15.
"The Prince of Her Dreams"
2:16

16.
"Tonight on "Knights""
0:48

17.
"Magic Tea"
1:50

18.
"The Mission"
1:29

19.
"Muffin Man"
1:10

20.
"Get the Wand"
2:08

21.
"All Is Revealed"
3:16

22.
"Dragon!!"
0:38

Total length:
40:25

text: Footnotes:

text: Jump up ^ Renee Sandstrom as credited

text: Shrek the Third (2007)[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Shrek the Third: Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
May 15, 2007

Recorded
1970-2007

Genre
Hard rock, rock, pop

Length
46:50

Label
Geffen

Producer
Ron Fair, Abraham Laboriel, Sr., Thom Panunzio, Jack Joseph Puig, Philip White, The Underdogs, Harry Gregson-Williams, will.i.am, Tal Herzberg, Mark Oliver Everett, Jared Gosselin, Mateo Laboriel[32]

Shrek chronology

Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score
(2004)Shrek 2: Original Motion Picture Score2004
Shrek the Third: The Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2007)
Shrek the Third: Original Motion Picture Score
(2007)Shrek the Third: Original Motion Picture Score2007

text: Shrek the Third: Motion Picture Soundtrack, the soundtrack for the film Shrek the Third was released on May 15, 2007 on Geffen Records.[33] A wide range of artists are featured in this soundtrack, including Paul McCartney & Wings, Led Zeppelin, Eels, The Ramones, pop/R&B singer Fergie, and Wolfmother. Eddie Murphy and Antonio Banderas perform another duet, a cover of Sly & the Family Stone's "Thank You (Falettinme Be Mice Elf Agin)".

text:
Professional ratings

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[34]

Rolling Stone
[35]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"Royal Pain"
Eels
2:28

2.
"Do You Remember Rock 'n' Roll Radio?"
The Ramones
3:50

3.
"Immigrant Song"
Led Zeppelin
2:25

4.
"Barracuda"
Fergie
4:39

5.
"Live and Let Die"
Paul McCartney & Wings
3:13

6.
"Best Days"
Matt White
3:01

7.
"Joker & the Thief"
Wolfmother
4:41

8.
"Other Ways"
Trevor Hall
3:25

9.
"Cat's in the Cradle"
Harry Chapin
3:46

10.
"Losing Streak"
Eels
2:50

11.
"What I Gotta Do"
Macy Gray
3:09

12.
"Thank You (Falletin Me Be Mice Elf Again) (End Titles)"
Eddie Murphy, Antonio Banderas
4:39

13.
"Final Showdown"
Maya Rudolph, Rupert Everett
1:55

14.
"Charming's Plan"
Harry Gregson-Williams
2:49

Total length:
46:50

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (2007)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[36]
32

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[37]
61

US Billboard 200[32]
34

US Soundtracks (Billboard)[32]
2

text: Songs that appear in the film but not the soundtrack album[edit]

text:
"9 Crimes" (Damien Rice and Lisa Hannigan) – 3:37
"I Wanna Have Your Babies" (Natasha Bedingfield) – 4:25
"Aria (Sheep May Safely Graze)" (Johann Sebastian Bach) – 5:39
"I've Never Been to Me" (Nancy Wilson)
"Danse Macabre" (Camille Saint-Saëns)
"I'll Never Break Your Heart" (Backstreet Boys)
"That's What Friends Are For" (Dionne Warwick and Friends)

text: Score[edit]

text:
Shrek the Third: Original Motion Picture Score

Soundtrack album by Harry Gregson-Williams

Released
June 19, 2007

Recorded
2006-07

Genre
Score

Length
37:13

Label
Varèse Sarabande[38]

Shrek chronology

Shrek the Third: The Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2007)Shrek the Third: The Motion Picture Soundtrack2007
Shrek the Third: Original Motion Picture Score
(2007)
Shrek Forever After: Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2010)Shrek Forever After: Motion Picture Soundtrack2010

text: Shrek the Third: Original Motion Picture Score is the film score to the 2007 animated feature Shrek the Third, the third movie in the Shrek series. It was composed by British composer Harry Gregson-Williams.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"The Royal Treatment"
2:31

2.
"Fatherly Dreams"
2:19

3.
"The Frog King Dies"
2:51

4.
"Another Adventure"
2:33

5.
"Little Ogre Feet"
1:53

6.
"Worcestershiree?"
1:53

7.
"Charmed & Dangerous"
3:25

8.
"Artie's Sob Story"
1:33

9.
"A Warm & Fuzzy Navel"
2:17

10.
"The Campfire"
1:34

11.
"The Hook Attack"
1:22

12.
"Merlin"
1:48

13.
"The Trip Home"
2:15

14.
"Princess Resistance"
2:26

15.
"The Dressing Room"
2:19

16.
"The Show Begins"
2:03

17.
"King Arthur"
3:30

18.
"(Almost) Alone at Last"
2:01

Total length:
37:13

text: Shrek Forever After (2010)[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Shrek Forever After: Music from the Motion Picture

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
May 18, 2010[39]

Recorded
1972-2010

Genre
Soundtrack

Length
60:13

Label
DGC,[39] Interscope

Shrek chronology

Shrek the Third: Original Motion Picture Score
(2007)Shrek the Third: Original Motion Picture Score2007
Shrek Forever After: Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2010)
Shrek Forever After: Original Motion Picture Score
(2010)Shrek Forever After: Original Motion Picture Score2010

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Artist
Length

1.
"It's the Rumpelstiltskin Show!" (skit)

0:30

2.
"Isn't It Strange"
Scissor Sisters
2:18

3.
"Tough Love for Baba" (skit)

0:12

4.
"One Love"
Antonio Banderas
2:50

5.
"Sunshine and Rainbows" (skit)

0:19

6.
"Top of the World"
The Carpenters
2:58

7.
"Cupcake Party" (skit)

0:19

8.
"Rumpel's Party Palace"
Mike Simpson
1:33

9.
"Pinocchio Gets His Wish" (skit)

0:39

10.
"Click Click"
Light FM featuring Lloyd Hemmings
1:32

11.
"Gingy's Lil' Sugar" (skit)

0:20

12.
"Darling I Do"
Landon Pigg and Lucy Schwartz
3:24

13.
"Shake Your Groove Thing"
Mike Simpson
1:34

14.
"Hello"
Lionel Richie
4:08

15.
"Birthday Bash" (skit)

0:30

16.
"Sure Shot"
Beastie Boys
3:19

17.
"Hook's Garrrrden" (skit)

0:24

18.
"Right Back Where We Started From"
Maxine Nightingale
3:13

19.
"Wheezer Wig" (skit)

0:16

20.
"I'm a Believer"
Weezer
2:59

21.
"Home to Fifi" (skit)

0:30

Total length:
33:47

text: Omitted tracks[edit]

text:
"Wearing My Rolex" by Wiley
"Orinoco Flow" by Enya
"For Once in My Life" by Stevie Wonder

text: Chart positions[edit]

text:
Chart (2010)
Peak
position

Greek Albums (IFPI)[40]
35

text: Score[edit]

text:
Shrek Forever After: Original Motion Picture Score

Soundtrack album by Harry Gregson-Williams

Released
May 25, 2010[41]

Recorded
2009-10

Genre
Score

Length
42:24[41]

Label
Varèse Sarabande[41]

Shrek chronology

Shrek Forever After: Motion Picture Soundtrack
(2010)Shrek Forever After: Motion Picture Soundtrack2010
Shrek Forever After: Original Motion Picture Score
(2010)
Puss in Boots
(2011)Puss in Boots2011

text: Shrek Forever After: Original Motion Picture Score is the film score to the 2010 animated feature Shrek Forever After, the fourth and final movie in the Shrek series. It was composed by British composer Harry Gregson-Williams.

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Length

1.
"Once (More) Upon a Time"
1:59

2.
"Rumpelstiltskin"
3:30

3.
"Same Day, Every Day"
3:32

4.
"Shrek Signs the Deal"
3:36

5.
"Rumpel's Kingdom"
4:21

6.
"The Exit Clause"
2:36

7.
"Ogre Resistance"
1:50

8.
""Din Din!""
0:28

9.
"Rumpel's Announcement"
3:17

10.
"Planning the Attack"
2:10

11.
"Fiona Doesn't Love Me"
3:17

12.
"Deal of a Lifetime"
3:04

13.
"The Main Event"
1:49

14.
"Rumpel's Defeat"
2:22

15.
"His Day Is Up"
2:43

16.
"Never Been Better"
1:31

Total length:
42:24

text: Songs featured in Specials and Extra Shorts[edit]

text: Scared Shrekless[edit]

text: Happy Together

text: Shrek the Halls[edit]

text:
Summer Breeze
Jingle Bells (sung by Donkey)
Here We Come A-wassailing (sung by Donkey)
Because We Can
Jingo (Gin Go La Ba)
Ride of the Valkyries
The Twelve Days of Christmas
Santa Claus is Comin' to Town
O Fortuna
Christmas Wrapping
Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)
Don't Stop Believin'
Hello Ma Baby
Hallelujah Chorus
Deck the Halls
The Stars Shine in the Sky Tonight

text: Donkey’s Caroling Christmas-tacular[edit]

text:
It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year by Donkey
Jingle Bells by Shrek, Fiona, the Ogre Babies & the Ogres
Feliz Navidad (as "Fleas Navidad") by Puss in Boots
Jingle Bell Rock (as Fairy Tale Rock) by all the cast

text: Thriller Night[edit]

text: Thriller

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Although the song was performed John Cale in the film, it didn't appear on the soundtrack album due to licensing.[7]
Jump up ^ Uncredited plagiarism of the melody from the folk song "Nocturne" composed by Rolf Løvland, who was released in 1995 by the neo-classical band Secret Garden.[15]


document_title: Atmosphere of Earth

question_text: which gases make up the largest percentage of earth's atmosphere

question_tokens: which gases make up the largest percentage of earth 's atmosphere

text: Atmosphere of Earth

text: Composition

text: The three major constituents of Earth's atmosphere are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor).[5] The remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases,[6] among which are the greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of many other chemical compounds. Many substances of natural origin may be present in locally and seasonally variable small amounts as aerosols in an unfiltered air sample, including dust of mineral and organic composition, pollen and spores, sea spray, and volcanic ash. Various industrial pollutants also may be present as gases or aerosols, such as chlorine (elemental or in compounds), fluorine compounds and elemental mercury vapor. Sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide (SO2) may be derived from natural sources or from industrial air pollution.

text:
Major constituents of dry air, by volume[7]

Gas

Volume(A)

Name

Formula

in ppmv(B)

in %

Nitrogen

N2

780,840

78.084

Oxygen

O2

209,460

20.946

Argon

Ar

9,340

0.9340

Carbon dioxide

CO2

400

0.04[8]

Neon

Ne

18.18

0.001818

Helium

He

5.24

0.000524

Methane

CH4

1.79

0.000179

Not included in above dry atmosphere:

Water vapor(C)

H2O

10–50,000(D)

0.001%–5%(D)

notes:
(A) volume fraction is equal to mole fraction for ideal gas only,     also see volume (thermodynamics)
(B) ppmv: parts per million by volume
(C) Water vapor is about 0.25% by mass over full atmosphere
(D) Water vapor strongly varies locally[5]

text: The relative concentration of gasses remains constant until about 10,000 m (33,000 ft).[9]

text: Structure of the atmosphere

text: Principal layers

text: In general, air pressure and density decrease with altitude in the atmosphere. However, temperature has a more complicated profile with altitude, and may remain relatively constant or even increase with altitude in some regions (see the temperature section, below). Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers. In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers. Excluding the exosphere, the atmosphere has four primary layers, which are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere.[10] From highest to lowest, the five main layers are:

text:
Exosphere: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 miles)
Thermosphere: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 miles)[11]
Mesosphere: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 miles)
Stratosphere: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 miles)
Troposphere: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 miles)[12]

text: Exosphere

text: The exosphere is the outermost layer of Earth's atmosphere (i.e. the upper limit of the atmosphere). It extends from the exobase, which is located at the top of the thermosphere at an altitude of about 700 km above sea level, to about 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft) where it merges into the solar wind.

text: This layer is mainly composed of extremely low densities of hydrogen, helium and several heavier molecules including nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide closer to the exobase. The atoms and molecules are so far apart that they can travel hundreds of kilometers without colliding with one another. Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space. These free-moving particles follow ballistic trajectories and may migrate in and out of the magnetosphere or the solar wind.

text: The exosphere is located too far above Earth for any meteorological phenomena to be possible. However, the aurora borealis and aurora australis sometimes occur in the lower part of the exosphere, where they overlap into the thermosphere. The exosphere contains most of the satellites orbiting Earth.

text: Thermosphere

text: The thermosphere is the second-highest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from the mesopause (which separates it from the mesosphere) at an altitude of about 80 km (50 mi; 260,000 ft) up to the thermopause at an altitude range of 500–1000 km (310–620 mi; 1,600,000–3,300,000 ft). The height of the thermopause varies considerably due to changes in solar activity.[11] Because the thermopause lies at the lower boundary of the exosphere, it is also referred to as the exobase. The lower part of the thermosphere, from 80 to 550 kilometres (50 to 342 mi) above Earth's surface, contains the ionosphere.

text: The temperature of the thermosphere gradually increases with height. Unlike the stratosphere beneath it, wherein a temperature inversion is due to the absorption of radiation by ozone, the inversion in the thermosphere occurs due to the extremely low density of its molecules. The temperature of this layer can rise as high as 1500 °C (2700 °F), though the gas molecules are so far apart that its temperature in the usual sense is not very meaningful. The air is so rarefied that an individual molecule (of oxygen, for example) travels an average of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi; 3300 ft) between collisions with other molecules.[13] Although the thermosphere has a high proportion of molecules with high energy, it would not feel hot to a human in direct contact, because its density is too low to conduct a significant amount of energy to or from the skin.

text: This layer is completely cloudless and free of water vapor. However, non-hydrometeorological phenomena such as the aurora borealis and aurora australis are occasionally seen in the thermosphere. The International Space Station orbits in this layer, between 350 and 420 km (220 and 260 mi).

text: Mesosphere

text: The mesosphere is the third highest layer of Earth's atmosphere, occupying the region above the stratosphere and below the thermosphere. It extends from the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 km (31 mi; 160,000 ft) to the mesopause at 80–85 km (50–53 mi; 260,000–280,000 ft) above sea level.

text: Temperatures drop with increasing altitude to the mesopause that marks the top of this middle layer of the atmosphere. It is the coldest place on Earth and has an average temperature around −85 °C (−120 °F; 190 K).[14][15]

text: Just below the mesopause, the air is so cold that even the very scarce water vapor at this altitude can be sublimated into polar-mesospheric noctilucent clouds. These are the highest clouds in the atmosphere and may be visible to the naked eye if sunlight reflects off them about an hour or two after sunset or a similar length of time before sunrise. They are most readily visible when the Sun is around 4 to 16 degrees below the horizon. Lightning-induced discharges known as transient luminous events (TLEs) occasionally form in the mesosphere above tropospheric thunderclouds. The mesosphere is also the layer where most meteors burn up upon atmospheric entrance. It is too high above Earth to be accessible to jet-powered aircraft and balloons, and too low to permit orbital spacecraft. The mesosphere is mainly accessed by sounding rockets and rocket-powered aircraft.

text: Stratosphere

text: The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It lies above the troposphere and is separated from it by the tropopause. This layer extends from the top of the troposphere at roughly 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft) above Earth's surface to the stratopause at an altitude of about 50 to 55 km (31 to 34 mi; 164,000 to 180,000 ft).

text: The atmospheric pressure at the top of the stratosphere is roughly 1/1000 the pressure at sea level. It contains the ozone layer, which is the part of Earth's atmosphere that contains relatively high concentrations of that gas. The stratosphere defines a layer in which temperatures rise with increasing altitude. This rise in temperature is caused by the absorption of ultraviolet radiation (UV) radiation from the Sun by the ozone layer, which restricts turbulence and mixing. Although the temperature may be −60 °C (−76 °F; 210 K) at the tropopause, the top of the stratosphere is much warmer, and may be near 0 °C.[16]

text: The stratospheric temperature profile creates very stable atmospheric conditions, so the stratosphere lacks the weather-producing air turbulence that is so prevalent in the troposphere. Consequently, the stratosphere is almost completely free of clouds and other forms of weather. However, polar stratospheric or nacreous clouds are occasionally seen in the lower part of this layer of the atmosphere where the air is coldest. The stratosphere is the highest layer that can be accessed by jet-powered aircraft.

text: Troposphere

text: The troposphere is the lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere. It extends from Earth's surface to an average height of about 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft), although this altitude varies from about 9 km (5.6 mi; 30,000 ft) at the geographic poles to 17 km (11 mi; 56,000 ft) at the Equator,[12] with some variation due to weather. The troposphere is bounded above by the tropopause, a boundary marked in most places by a temperature inversion (i.e. a layer of relatively warm air above a colder one), and in others by a zone which is isothermal with height.[17][18]

text: Although variations do occur, the temperature usually declines with increasing altitude in the troposphere because the troposphere is mostly heated through energy transfer from the surface. Thus, the lowest part of the troposphere (i.e. Earth's surface) is typically the warmest section of the troposphere. This promotes vertical mixing (hence, the origin of its name in the Greek word τρόπος, tropos, meaning "turn"). The troposphere contains roughly 80% of the mass of Earth's atmosphere.[19] The troposphere is denser than all its overlying atmospheric layers because a larger atmospheric weight sits on top of the troposphere and causes it to be most severely compressed. Fifty percent of the total mass of the atmosphere is located in the lower 5.6 km (3.5 mi; 18,000 ft) of the troposphere.

text: Nearly all atmospheric water vapor or moisture is found in the troposphere, so it is the layer where most of Earth's weather takes place. It has basically all the weather-associated cloud genus types generated by active wind circulation, although very tall cumulonimbus thunder clouds can penetrate the tropopause from below and rise into the lower part of the stratosphere. Most conventional aviation activity takes place in the troposphere, and it is the only layer that can be accessed by propeller-driven aircraft.

text: Other layers

text: Within the five principal layers that are largely determined by temperature, several secondary layers may be distinguished by other properties:

text:
The ozone layer is contained within the stratosphere. In this layer ozone concentrations are about 2 to 8 parts per million, which is much higher than in the lower atmosphere but still very small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion of the stratosphere from about 15–35 km (9.3–21.7 mi; 49,000–115,000 ft), though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. About 90% of the ozone in Earth's atmosphere is contained in the stratosphere.
The ionosphere is a region of the atmosphere that is ionized by solar radiation. It is responsible for auroras. During daytime hours, it stretches from 50 to 1,000 km (31 to 621 mi; 160,000 to 3,280,000 ft) and includes the mesosphere, thermosphere, and parts of the exosphere. However, ionization in the mesosphere largely ceases during the night, so auroras are normally seen only in the thermosphere and lower exosphere. The ionosphere forms the inner edge of the magnetosphere. It has practical importance because it influences, for example, radio propagation on Earth.
The homosphere and heterosphere are defined by whether the atmospheric gases are well mixed. The surface-based homosphere includes the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, and the lowest part of the thermosphere, where the chemical composition of the atmosphere does not depend on molecular weight because the gases are mixed by turbulence.[21] This relatively homogeneous layer ends at the turbopause found at about 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the very edge of space itself as accepted by the FAI, which places it about 20 km (12 mi; 66,000 ft) above the mesopause.

text: The planetary boundary layer is the part of the troposphere that is closest to Earth's surface and is directly affected by it, mainly through turbulent diffusion. During the day the planetary boundary layer usually is well-mixed, whereas at night it becomes stably stratified with weak or intermittent mixing. The depth of the planetary boundary layer ranges from as little as about 100 metres (330 ft) on clear, calm nights to 3,000 m (9,800 ft) or more during the afternoon in dry regions.

text: The average temperature of the atmosphere at Earth's surface is 14 °C (57 °F; 287 K)[22] or 15 °C (59 °F; 288 K),[23] depending on the reference.[24][25][26]

text: Physical properties

text: Pressure and thickness

text: The average atmospheric pressure at sea level is defined by the International Standard Atmosphere as 101325 pascals (760.00 Torr; 14.6959 psi; 760.00 mmHg). This is sometimes referred to as a unit of standard atmospheres (atm). Total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×1018 kg (1.135×1019 lb),[28] about 2.5% less than would be inferred from the average sea level pressure and Earth's area of 51007.2 megahectares, this portion being displaced by Earth's mountainous terrain. Atmospheric pressure is the total weight of the air above unit area at the point where the pressure is measured. Thus air pressure varies with location and weather.

text: If the entire mass of the atmosphere had a uniform density from sea level, it would terminate abruptly at an altitude of 8.50 km (27,900 ft). It actually decreases exponentially with altitude, dropping by half every 5.6 km (18,000 ft) or by a factor of 1/e every 7.64 km (25,100 ft), the average scale height of the atmosphere below 70 km (43 mi; 230,000 ft). However, the atmosphere is more accurately modeled with a customized equation for each layer that takes gradients of temperature, molecular composition, solar radiation and gravity into account.

text: In summary, the mass of Earth's atmosphere is distributed approximately as follows:[29]

text:
50% is below 5.6 km (18,000 ft).
90% is below 16 km (52,000 ft).
99.99997% is below 100 km (62 mi; 330,000 ft), the Kármán line. By international convention, this marks the beginning of space where human travelers are considered astronauts.

text:
By comparison, the summit of Mt. Everest is at 8,848 m (29,029 ft);
commercial airliners typically cruise between 10 and 13 km (33,000 and 43,000 ft) where the thinner air improves fuel economy; weather balloons reach 30.4 km (100,000 ft) and above; and the highest X-15 flight in 1963 reached 108.0 km (354,300 ft).

text: Even above the Kármán line, significant atmospheric effects such as auroras still occur. Meteors begin to glow in this region, though the larger ones may not burn up until they penetrate more deeply. The various layers of Earth's ionosphere, important to HF radio propagation, begin below 100 km and extend beyond 500 km. By comparison, the International Space Station and Space Shuttle typically orbit at 350–400 km, within the F-layer of the ionosphere where they encounter enough atmospheric drag to require reboosts every few months. Depending on solar activity, satellites can experience noticeable atmospheric drag at altitudes as high as 700–800 km.

text: Temperature and speed of sound

text: The division of the atmosphere into layers mostly by reference to temperature is discussed above. Temperature decreases with altitude starting at sea level, but variations in this trend begin above 11 km, where the temperature stabilizes through a large vertical distance through the rest of the troposphere. In the stratosphere, starting above about 20 km, the temperature increases with height, due to heating within the ozone layer caused by capture of significant ultraviolet radiation from the Sun by the dioxygen and ozone gas in this region. Still another region of increasing temperature with altitude occurs at very high altitudes, in the aptly-named thermosphere above 90 km.

text: Because in an ideal gas of constant composition the speed of sound depends only on temperature and not on the gas pressure or density, the speed of sound in the atmosphere with altitude takes on the form of the complicated temperature profile (see illustration to the right), and does not mirror altitudinal changes in density or pressure.

text: Density and mass

text: The density of air at sea level is about 1.2 kg/m3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm3). Density is not measured directly but is calculated from measurements of temperature, pressure and humidity using the equation of state for air (a form of the ideal gas law). Atmospheric density decreases as the altitude increases. This variation can be approximately modeled using the barometric formula. More sophisticated models are used to predict orbital decay of satellites.

text: The average mass of the atmosphere is about 5 quadrillion (5×1015) tonnes or 1/1,200,000 the mass of Earth. According to the American National Center for Atmospheric Research, "The total mean mass of the atmosphere is 5.1480×1018 kg with an annual range due to water vapor of 1.2 or 1.5×1015 kg, depending on whether surface pressure or water vapor data are used; somewhat smaller than the previous estimate. The mean mass of water vapor is estimated as 1.27×1016 kg and the dry air mass as 5.1352 ±0.0003×1018 kg."

text: Optical properties

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Solar radiation (or sunlight) is the energy Earth receives from the Sun. Earth also emits radiation back into space, but at longer wavelengths that we cannot see. Part of the incoming and emitted radiation is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. In May 2017, glints of light, seen as twinkling from an orbiting satellite a million miles away, were found to be reflected light from ice crystals in the atmosphere.[31][32]

text: Scattering

text: When light passes through Earth's atmosphere, photons interact with it through scattering. If the light does not interact with the atmosphere, it is called direct radiation and is what you see if you were to look directly at the Sun. Indirect radiation is light that has been scattered in the atmosphere. For example, on an overcast day when you cannot see your shadow there is no direct radiation reaching you, it has all been scattered. As another example, due to a phenomenon called Rayleigh scattering, shorter (blue) wavelengths scatter more easily than longer (red) wavelengths. This is why the sky looks blue; you are seeing scattered blue light. This is also why sunsets are red. Because the Sun is close to the horizon, the Sun's rays pass through more atmosphere than normal to reach your eye. Much of the blue light has been scattered out, leaving the red light in a sunset.

text: Absorption

text: Different molecules absorb different wavelengths of radiation. For example, O2 and O3 absorb almost all wavelengths shorter than 300 nanometers. Water (H2O) absorbs many wavelengths above 700 nm. When a molecule absorbs a photon, it increases the energy of the molecule. This heats the atmosphere, but the atmosphere also cools by emitting radiation, as discussed below.

text: The combined absorption spectra of the gases in the atmosphere leave "windows" of low opacity, allowing the transmission of only certain bands of light. The optical window runs from around 300 nm (ultraviolet-C) up into the range humans can see, the visible spectrum (commonly called light), at roughly 400–700 nm and continues to the infrared to around 1100 nm. There are also infrared and radio windows that transmit some infrared and radio waves at longer wavelengths. For example, the radio window runs from about one centimeter to about eleven-meter waves.

text: Emission

text: Emission is the opposite of absorption, it is when an object emits radiation. Objects tend to emit amounts and wavelengths of radiation depending on their "black body" emission curves, therefore hotter objects tend to emit more radiation, with shorter wavelengths. Colder objects emit less radiation, with longer wavelengths. For example, the Sun is approximately 6,000 K (5,730 °C; 10,340 °F), its radiation peaks near 500 nm, and is visible to the human eye. Earth is approximately 290 K (17 °C; 62 °F), so its radiation peaks near 10,000 nm, and is much too long to be visible to humans.

text: Because of its temperature, the atmosphere emits infrared radiation. For example, on clear nights Earth's surface cools down faster than on cloudy nights. This is because clouds (H2O) are strong absorbers and emitters of infrared radiation. This is also why it becomes colder at night at higher elevations.

text: The greenhouse effect is directly related to this absorption and emission effect. Some gases in the atmosphere absorb and emit infrared radiation, but do not interact with sunlight in the visible spectrum. Common examples of these are CO2 and H2O.

text: Refractive index

text: The refractive index of air is close to, but just greater than 1. Systematic variations in refractive index can lead to the bending of light rays over long optical paths. One example is that, under some circumstances, observers onboard ships can see other vessels just over the horizon because light is refracted in the same direction as the curvature of Earth's surface.

text: The refractive index of air depends on temperature,[33] giving rise to refraction effects when the temperature gradient is large. An example of such effects is the mirage.

text: Circulation

text: Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air through the troposphere, and the means (with ocean circulation) by which heat is distributed around Earth. The large-scale structure of the atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the basic structure remains fairly constant because it is determined by Earth's rotation rate and the difference in solar radiation between the equator and poles.

text: Evolution of Earth's atmosphere

text: Earliest atmosphere

text: The first atmosphere consisted of gases in the solar nebula, primarily hydrogen. There were probably simple hydrides such as those now found in the gas giants (Jupiter and Saturn), notably water vapor, methane and ammonia.[34]

text: Second atmosphere

text: Outgassing from volcanism, supplemented by gases produced during the late heavy bombardment of Earth by huge asteroids, produced the next atmosphere, consisting largely of nitrogen plus carbon dioxide and inert gases.[34] A major part of carbon-dioxide emissions dissolved in water and reacted with metals such as calcium and magnesium during weathering of crustal rocks to form carbonates that were deposited as sediments. Water-related sediments have been found that date from as early as 3.8 billion years ago.[35]

text: About 3.4 billion years ago, nitrogen formed the major part of the then stable "second atmosphere". The influence of life has to be taken into account rather soon in the history of the atmosphere, because hints of early life-forms appear as early as 3.5 billion years ago.[36] How Earth at that time maintained a climate warm enough for liquid water and life, if the early Sun put out 30% lower solar radiance than today, is a puzzle known as the "faint young Sun paradox".

text: The geological record however shows a continuous relatively warm surface during the complete early temperature record of Earth – with the exception of one cold glacial phase about 2.4 billion years ago. In the late Archean Eon an oxygen-containing atmosphere began to develop, apparently produced by photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (see Great Oxygenation Event), which have been found as stromatolite fossils from 2.7 billion years ago. The early basic carbon isotopy (isotope ratio proportions) strongly suggests conditions similar to the current, and that the fundamental features of the carbon cycle became established as early as 4 billion years ago.

text: Ancient sediments in the Gabon dating from between about 2,150 and 2,080 million years ago provide a record of Earth's dynamic oxygenation evolution. These fluctuations in oxygenation were likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion.[37]

text: Third atmosphere

text: The constant re-arrangement of continents by plate tectonics influences the long-term evolution of the atmosphere by transferring carbon dioxide to and from large continental carbonate stores. Free oxygen did not exist in the atmosphere until about 2.4 billion years ago during the Great Oxygenation Event and its appearance is indicated by the end of the banded iron formations.

text: Before this time, any oxygen produced by photosynthesis was consumed by oxidation of reduced materials, notably iron. Molecules of free oxygen did not start to accumulate in the atmosphere until the rate of production of oxygen began to exceed the availability of reducing materials that removed oxygen. This point signifies a shift from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidizing atmosphere. O2 showed major variations until reaching a steady state of more than 15% by the end of the Precambrian.[40] The following time span from 541 million years ago to the present day is the Phanerozoic Eon, during the earliest period of which, the Cambrian, oxygen-requiring metazoan life forms began to appear.

text: The amount of oxygen in the atmosphere has fluctuated over the last 600 million years, reaching a peak of about 30% around 280 million years ago, significantly higher than today's 21%. Two main processes govern changes in the atmosphere: Plants use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, releasing oxygen. Breakdown of pyrite and volcanic eruptions release sulfur into the atmosphere, which oxidizes and hence reduces the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. However, volcanic eruptions also release carbon dioxide, which plants can convert to oxygen. The exact cause of the variation of the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere is not known. Periods with much oxygen in the atmosphere are associated with rapid development of animals. Today's atmosphere contains 21% oxygen, which is great enough for this rapid development of animals.[41]

text: Air pollution

text: Air pollution is the introduction into the atmosphere of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to organisms.[42] Stratospheric ozone depletion is caused by air pollution, chiefly from chlorofluorocarbons and other ozone-depleting substances.

text: The scientific consensus is that the anthropogenic greenhouse gases currently accumulating in the atmosphere are the main cause of global warming.[43]

text: Images from space

text: On October 19, 2015 NASA started a website containing daily images of the full sunlit side of Earth on http://epic.gsfc.nasa.gov/. The images are taken from the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) and show Earth as it rotates during a day.[44]


document_title: Declaration of war by the United States

question_text: when did the united states last declare war

text: Declaration of war by the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun.[2] James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress.[3] Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.[4] Several Constitutional Amendments, such as the Ludlow Amendment, have been proposed that would require a national referendum on a declaration of war.

text: After Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971 and President Richard Nixon continued to wage war in Vietnam, Congress passed the War Powers Resolution (Pub.L. 93–148) over the veto of Nixon in an attempt to rein in some of the president's claimed powers. The War Powers Resolution proscribes the only power of the president to wage war which is recognized by Congress.[5]

text: Declarations of war[edit]

text: Formal[edit]

text: The table below lists the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations.[6] The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary).

text: In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind.[7][8]

text:
War
Declaration
Opponent(s)
Date of declaration
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

War of 1812
Declaration of War upon the U.K.
 United Kingdom
June 18, 1812
19–13
79–49
James Madison
Treaty of Ghent (December 24, 1814)

Mexican–American War
"An Act providing for the Prosecution of the existing War between the United States and the Republic of Mexico."[9]
 Mexico
May 13, 1846
40–2
173–14
James K. Polk
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848)

Spanish–American War
Declaration of War upon Spain
 Spain
April 25, 1898
42–35
310–6
William McKinley
Treaty of Paris (December 10, 1898)

World War I
Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
April 6, 1917
82–6
373–50
Woodrow Wilson
Treaty of Berlin (August 25, 1921)

Declaration of War upon Austria-Hungary[10][11]
 Austria-Hungary
December 7, 1917
74–0
365–1
1921 U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty (August 24, 1921), 1921 U.S.-Hungarian Peace Treaty (August 29, 1921)

World War II
Declaration of War upon Japan
 Japan
December 8, 1941
82–0
388–1
Franklin D. Roosevelt
V-J Day, Japanese Instrument of Surrender (September 2, 1945), Treaty of San Francisco (September 8, 1951)

Declaration of War upon Germany
 Germany
December 11, 1941
88–0
393–0
V-E Day, German Instrument of Surrender (May 8, 1945), Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany (September 12, 1990), Treaty of Vienna with Austria (May 15, 1955)

Declaration of War upon Italy
 Italy
90–0
399–0
Paris Peace Treaty (February 10, 1947)

Declaration of War upon Bulgaria
 Bulgaria
June 5, 1942
73–0
357–0

Declaration of War upon Hungary[10]
 Hungary
360–0

Declaration of War upon Romania[10]
 Romania
361–0

text: Undeclared wars[edit]

text: Military engagements authorized by Congress[edit]

text: In other instances, the United States has engaged in extended military combat that was authorized by Congress.

text:
War or conflict
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
Votes
President
Result

Senate
House

Quasi-War
 France
An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States
July 9, 1798
18–4

John Adams
Treaty of Mortefontaine

First Barbary War
 Morocco
 Tripolitania

February 6, 1802[12]

Thomas Jefferson
War ended 1805

Second Barbary War
 Algiers
May 10, 1815[13]

James Madison
War ended 1816

Enforcing 1808 slave trade ban; naval squadron sent to African waters to apprehend illegal slave traders
 Slave traders and pirates
"Act in addition to the acts prohibiting the Slave Trade" 1819

James Monroe
1822 first African-American settlement founded in Liberia, 1823 U.S. Navy stops anti-trafficking patrols

Redress for attack on U.S. Navy's USS Water Witch
 Paraguay
1858.[14]

James Buchanan

Mexican Revolution

United States occupation of Veracruz

 Mexico
H.J.R. 251, 38 Stat. 770
April 22, 1914

337–37
Woodrow Wilson
Force withdrawn after six months. However, the Joint Resolution was likely used to authorize the Pancho Villa Expedition. In the Senate, "when word reached the Senate that the invasion had gone forward before the use-of-force resolution had been approved, Republicans reacted angrily" saying it was a violation of the Constitution, but eventually after the action had already started, a resolution was passed after the action to "justify" it since Senators did not think it was a declaration of war.[15][16]

Russian Civil War

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War

 Commune of Estonia
 Far Eastern Republic
 Latvia
 Mongolian People's Party
 Russia
 Ukraine

1918[17]

Woodrow Wilson

Lebanon crisis of 1958
 Lebanese Opposition

 Al-Mourabitoun
 Lebanese Communist Party
 Progressive Socialist Party

H.J. Res. 117, Public Law 85-7, Joint Resolution "To promote peace and stability in the Middle East", March 9, 1957[18]
72–19
355–61
Dwight D. Eisenhower
U.S. forces withdrawn, October 25, 1958

Vietnam War

Laotian Civil War

Cambodian Civil War

 China
National United Front of Kampuchea

 Khmer Rouge
 Khmer Rumdo
 Khmer Việt Minh

 North Korea
 North Vietnam
 Pathet Lao
 South Vietnam

Việt Cộng

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, August 7, 1964
88–2
416–0
Lyndon B. Johnson
U.S. forces withdrawn under terms of the Paris Peace Accords signed January 27, 1973

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia and Druze militias; Syria
S.J.Res. 159
Pub.L. 98–119
September 29, 1983
54–46
253–156
Ronald W. Reagan
Forces withdrawn in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
H.J.Res. 77
January 12, 1991.
52–47
250–183
George H.W. Bush
The United Nations Security Council drew up terms for the cease-fire, April 3, 1991

War in Afghanistan

Operation Enduring Freedom – Afghanistan
Operation Freedom's Sentinel

al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen

Yemeni Civil War

Somali Civil War

Operation Enduring Freedom – Horn of Africa

War in North-West Pakistan

Moro conflict

Operation Enduring Freedom – Philippines

Iraqi Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Syrian Civil War

Operation Inherent Resolve

Second Libyan Civil War

 Afghanistan

Quetta Shura

Taliban

Haqqani network
Mullah Dadullah Front

 al-Qaeda

055 Brigade
Al-Nusra Front

Khorasan group

al-Qaeda Emirate in Yemen

Aden-Abyan Islamic Army
Islamic Jihad of Yemen

al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula

Ansar al-Sharia

al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent
Lashkar al-Zil

 Harakat Ahrar al-Sham al-Islamiyya
 Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin
 Islamic Jihad Union
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar
Jundallah
Lashkar-e-Islam
 Lashkar-e-Jhangvi
 Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi
 Turkistan Islamic Party
 Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan

 High Council of the Islamic Emirate
 Fidai Mahaz

 al-Itihaad al-Islamiya
 Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia
 Harakat al-Shabaab Mujahedeen
 Hizbul Islam
 Islamic Courts Union
 Jabhatul Islamiya
 Mu'askar Anole
 Ras Kamboni Brigades

 Abu Sayyaf
 Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
 Islamic State
 Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
 Maute group
 Khalifa Islamiyah Mindanao

S.J. Res. 23
September 14, 2001
98–0
420–1
George W. Bush

Iraq War[19]
 Iraq
H.J. Res. 114,
March 3, 2003
77–23
296–132
George W. Bush
Ba'athist Iraqi government deposed April 2003. U.S. combat operations ended August 31, 2010. War ended December 15, 2011. Destabilization of Iraq and emergence of ISIL in the region 2011–present.[20]

text: Military engagements authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by Congress[edit]

text: In many instances, the United States has engaged in extended military engagements that were authorized by United Nations Security Council Resolutions and funded by appropriations from Congress.

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
Initial authorization
President
Result

Korean War
 China
 North Korea
 Soviet Union

UNSCR 84, 1950
Harry S. Truman
Korean Armistice Agreement,[21] 1953

Multinational Force in Lebanon
Shia militias, Druze militias, Syria
UNSCR 425, 1978
UNSCR 426, 1978

Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan
U.S. forces withdrew in 1984

Persian Gulf War
 Iraq
UNSCR 678, 1990
George H. W. Bush
UNSCR 689, 1991

Bosnian War
 Republika Srpska
UNSCR 770, 1992
UNSCR 776, 1992
UNSCR 836, 1993
Bill Clinton
Reflagged as IFOR in 1995, Reflagged as SFOR in 1996, Completed in 2004

Second Liberian Civil War
Peacekeeping
UNSCR 1497, 2003
George W. Bush
U.S. forces are withdrawn in 2003 after the UNMIL is established.

Haitian coup d'état
UNSCR 1529, 2004
UNSCR 1542, 2004

2004

First Libyan Civil War

2011 military intervention in Libya

Operation Odyssey Dawn
Operation Unified Protector

 Libya
UNSCR 1973, 2011
Barack Obama
Debellation of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, October 31, 2011

text: Other undeclared wars[edit]

text:
Military engagement
Opponent(s)
President
Result

American Revolutionary War
 Great Britain

Quebec
Loyalists

German auxiliaries

 Hesse-Kassel
 Hesse-Hanau
 Hanover
 Waldeck
 Brunswick
 Ansbach
 Anhalt-Zerbst

Native Americans[22]

 Iroquois Confederacy

None
Peace of Paris

text: On at least 125 occasions, the President has acted without prior express military authorization from Congress.[23] These include instances in which the United States fought in the Philippine–American War from 1898–1903, in Nicaragua in 1927, as well as the NATO bombing campaign of Yugoslavia in 1999, and the 2017 missile strikes on Syria.

text: The United States' longest war was fought between approximately 1840 and 1886 against the Apache Nation. During that entire 46-year period, there was never more than 90 days of peace.[citation needed]

text: The Indian Wars comprise at least 28 conflicts and engagements. These localized conflicts, with Native Americans, began with European colonists coming to North America, long before the establishment of the United States. For the purpose of this discussion, the Indian Wars are defined as conflicts with the United States of America. They begin as one front in the American Revolutionary War in 1775 and had concluded by 1918. The United States Army still maintains a campaign streamer for Pine Ridge 1890–1891 despite opposition from certain Native American groups.[24]

text: The American Civil War was not an international conflict under the laws of war, because the Confederate States of America was not a government that had been granted full diplomatic recognition as a sovereign nation by other sovereign states.[25][26] The CSA was recognized by the United States government as a belligerent power, a different status of recognition that authorized Confederate warships to visit non-U.S. ports. This recognition of the CSA's status as a belligerent power did not impose any duty upon the United States to recognize the sovereignty of the Confederacy, and the United States never did so.

text: The War Powers Resolution[edit]

text: In 1973, following the withdrawal of most American troops from the Vietnam War, a debate emerged about the extent of presidential power in deploying troops without a declaration of war. A compromise in the debate was reached with the War Powers Resolution. This act clearly defined how many soldiers could be deployed by the President of the United States and for how long. It also required formal reports by the President to Congress regarding the status of such deployments, and limited the total amount of time that American forces could be deployed without a formal declaration of war.

text: Although the constitutionality of the act has never been tested, it is usually followed, most notably during the Grenada Conflict, the Panamanian Conflict, the Somalia Conflict, the Persian Gulf War, and the Iraq War[clarification needed]. The only exception was President Clinton's use of U.S. troops in the 78-day NATO air campaign against Yugoslavia during the Kosovo War.[citation needed] In all other cases, the President asserted the constitutional authority to commit troops without the necessity of Congressional approval, but in each case the President received Congressional authorization that satisfied the provisions of the War Powers Act.

text: On March 21, 2011, a number of lawmakers expressed concern that the decision of President Barack Obama to order the U.S. military to join in attacks of Libyan air defenses and government forces exceeded his constitutional authority because the decision to authorize the attack was made without Congressional permission.[27] Obama explained his rationale in a two-page letter, stating that as commander in chief, he had constitutional authority to authorize the strikes, which would be limited in scope and duration, and necessary to prevent a humanitarian disaster in Libya.