document_title: PAW Patrol

question_text: what type of dog is skye in paw patrol

question_tokens: what type of dog is skye in paw patrol

text: PAW Patrol

text: Format[edit]

text: Each episode of PAW Patrol follows a similar pattern and features recurring themes. Episodes normally open with a scene depicting the dogs going about their everyday lives, often playing with dog toys or engaging in activities at the local playground. Ryder, a ten-year-old boy, is advised of a problem by receiving a call for help or by witnessing a situation himself. His most frequent caller is an accident-prone marine biologist named Cap'n Turbot, who knows much about Adventure Bay's wildlife. Ryder always alerts the dogs via their blinking pet tags. The team members report to their base, the Lookout, and enter its elevator. Marshall typically arrives last causing a humorous mishap that makes the other dogs laugh as the elevator rises. When they reach the top floor, they arrange themselves in a line. Chase announces that the team is ready for action as Ryder tells the pups what has happened. He chooses several members of the team, normally two first responders, to help solve whatever problem has emerged. They ride a slide down to their vehicles and complete their mission. When they have finished, Ryder says his catchphrase: "Whenever you're in trouble, just yelp for help!", and congratulates the pups.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Characters[edit]

text: PAW Patrol members[edit]

text: Original members[edit]

text:
Ryder is the human leader of the PAW Patrol. He is a ten-year-old boy who gives the dogs their mission instructions and builds the vehicles and equipment they use. His vehicle is an ATV. He is the only character to be featured in every mission, and the only member to use his vehicle in every episode. He was voiced by Owen Mason from 2013–2015, by Elijha Hammill from 2015–2016, and by Jaxon Mercey from 2016 onward.
Marshall is a Dalmatian. He serves as a firedog and medic. His vehicle is a fire engine, which transforms into an ambulance. He is known for being exceptionally clumsy. A running gag in every episode is that Marshall will encounter some kind of humorous problem while trying to enter the PAW Patrol's elevator. His catchphrase after one of these mishaps is often "I'm good." He was voiced by Gage Munroe from 2013–2014 and by Drew Davis from 2014 onward.
Chase is a German Shepherd. He serves as a police, spy dog and is the dog leader of the PAW Patrol. His vehicle is a police car. He is the most mature of the dogs, and will always announce "Ready for action, Ryder, sir!" when the PAW Patrol is called on a mission. He was voiced by Tristan Samuel from 2013–2014, by Max Calinescu from 2014–2018, and by Justin Kelley from 2018 onward.
Rubble is an English bulldog. He serves as a construction dog. His vehicle is a bulldozer. He is often a source of comic relief and usually makes jokes or comments about his love of eating. He is voiced by Devan Cohen.
Rocky is a grey-and-white mongrel of an unspecified breed. He serves as a recycling dog. His vehicle is a recycling truck, which can also transform into a salvage tugboat. A running gag in the series is Rocky's irrational fear of water to the point where he refuses to bathe. He was voiced by Stuart Ralston from 2013–2015 and by Samuel Faraci from 2015 onward.
Zuma is a chocolate Labrador retriever. He serves as an aquatic rescue pup. His vehicle is a hovercraft, which can also convert into a submarine. He was voiced by Alex Thorne from 2013–2017 and by Carter Thorne from 2017 onward.
Skye is a cockapoo. She serves as an aviator. Her vehicle is a helicopter, and she has wings built into her backpack. She is voiced by Kallan Holley.

text: Later members[edit]

text:
Cap'n Turbot is the PAW Patrol's most frequent caller, who serves as an occasional member of the team in the Merpup-themed special episodes. He is a marine biologist and the watchman of Adventure Bay. His main vehicle is a boat called the Flounder. In the second season, an orange diving bell is introduced as his second vehicle. He is the team's best human friend and their source of information on all kinds of wildlife in the bay. He is voiced by Ron Pardo. Along with Everest, Cap'n Turbot was added to the opening theme in season three.
Everest is a Siberian husky who serves as a snow rescue dog in emergencies relating to snow or ice. Her vehicle is a snowmobile. Like Tracker, she does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead lives at Adventure Bay's ski resort, but will answer a call for assistance whenever her services are needed. She is voiced by Berkley Silverman. Everest, along with Cap'n Turbot, was added to the opening theme in season three.
Tracker is a brown-and-white chihuahua who serves as a jungle rescue pup. His vehicle is a Jeep, and he is bilingual, speaking fluently in Spanish and English. Like Everest, he does not stay with the PAW Patrol and instead resides in the jungle with his human caretaker, a boy named Carlos. He is voiced by David Lopez. As of season four, he and Robo-Dog have not been added to the opening theme.
Robo-Dog is a robotic dog introduced in "Pups Save Ryder's Robot." He serves as the driver of the PAW Patrol's multi-member vehicles. Unlike the other pups, Robo-Dog does not speak in sentences and only communicates through barks. His vehicle (the PAW Patroller) was added to the opening theme in season three, but Robo-Dog himself does not appear.

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Mayor Goodway is the overdramatic but friendly mayor of Adventure Bay. She owns a pet chicken named Chickaletta, which she keeps in her purse. She shares a rivalry with Mayor Humdinger of the neighbouring town Foggy Bottom. She is voiced by Deann Degruijter.
Chickaletta is the mayor's pet chicken. She is not quick-witted or observant and often unintentionally causes trouble for herself and Mayor Goodway. She is introduced in "Pup Pup and Away" when she jumps into Mayor Goodway's purse during a hot air balloon race.
Francois Turbot is Cap'n Turbot's cousin and sidekick, who lives with him in the Seal Island lighthouse. He is very self-centered and loves to show off, but also cares deeply about animals. Francois works as a zoologist, artist, and nature photographer. He has a thick French accent and often uses French phrases in place of English words. He is voiced by Peter Cugno.
Wally is Cap'n Turbot's pet walrus, who lives in the waters surrounding Seal Island. He has a wife named Walinda and an unnamed baby child. Although he cannot talk, Ryder and Cap'n Turbot can understand Wally when he communicates by barking and moving his flippers.
Mayor Humdinger is the mayor of a neighbouring town called Foggy Bottom. He is Mayor Goodway's rival who spends most of his time devising unfair schemes to make his town seem better than Adventure Bay. He lives in a cave and leads a team of troublesome cats called the Kitten Catastrophe Crew. He is voiced by Ron Pardo.
The Kitten Catastrophe Crew is Mayor Humdinger's group of cats who closely resemble the six original PAW Patrol pups. Each one is equipped with a uniform and a tool pack that mirror a particular pup's outfits and abilities.
Katie is a girl Ryder's age. She runs Adventure Bay's pet clinic. She is voiced by Katherine Forrester.
Cali is Katie's pet cat. She has lavender-colored fur. Her meows are provided by Julie Lemieux.
Mr. Porter is a grocer in Adventure Bay. He is voiced by Blair Williams.
Alex Porter is Mr. Porter's young grandson. He is voiced by Christian Distefano.
Farmer Yumi and Farmer Al are two married farmers who live near Adventure Bay. They own a barn and have several animals, such as a pair of pigs and a cow. Farmer Yumi was voiced by Hiromi Okuyama from 2013–2014 and by Stephany Seki from 2014 onward. Farmer Al is voiced by Ron Pardo.
Jake is the owner of a ski resort near Adventure Bay. He becomes Everest's caretaker after she is introduced. He is voiced by Scott McCord.
Carlos is a jungle explorer who is Tracker's caretaker. He was voiced by Lucius Hoyos and later by Jaiden Cannatelli.
Danny is a daredevil boy who appears in the third season episode "Pups Save Daring Danny X".
Sweetie is a villainous pup and the pet of the Princess of Barkingburg. She acts as an antagonist in "Mission PAW"-themed episodes in the fourth season. She has a chew toy named Busby that she treats as a robot minion. She is voiced by Anya Cooke.

text: Production[edit]

text: According to Spin Master, the concept for PAW Patrol stemmed from a prototype for a transforming truck toy that Spin Master co-founder Ronnen Harary designed in 2010.[7] Later the same year, the company requested proposals for a television show based on the transforming toy, and accepted one from Bob the Builder creator Keith Chapman. Chapman sketched early designs of the PAW Patrol team under the working title Raffi & the Rescue Dogs. Spin Master hired toy designers to develop the format further; after the concept was in place, they began designing merchandise.[8]

text: Chapman's original pitch focused on the idea that the six PAW Patrol dogs were rescued by Ryder before joining the team. Scott Kraft, the show's first writer, and Jamie Whitney, the show's first director, decided to abandon the rescued dog theme in 2012. The name of the series' protagonist, Ryder, was changed multiple times during production; he was originally called Raffi, Roddy, and Robbie before Spin Master settled on Ryder.

text: According to a 2017 Spin Master interview, "everything pup-related was debated endlessly: names, sizes, ages, breeds."[9] The pups' designs underwent major changes after Chapman's pitch; they were originally very realistic, with unique fur and textures based on their breeds, but they were later simplified and made more cartoonish. The visual appearance of Cap'n Turbot, mainly his distinctive bead eyes and large nose, was based on the design of Chapman's Bob the Builder character. Ryder's hairstyle was based on that of Ronnen Harary.[9]

text: In January 2012, Spin Master began approaching television broadcasters. The company negotiated a broadcast partnership with Nickelodeon, and the network first announced that it had picked up PAW Patrol at the 2013 Licensing Expo in Las Vegas, Nevada.[10] The series became Spin Master's first solely-owned intellectual property (IP)[11] once it was released in August 2013.[12]

text: Since it began production, the show's animation has been provided by Guru Studio. In a 2016 interview with Maclean's Magazine, Guru president Frank Falcone stated that his studio's animators were originally suspicious of the show's "toyetic" concept.[13] The series' rock-inspired[14] original score was composed by the Ontario-based group Voodoo Highway Music & Post. The opening theme song, and the ending song used in each episode include vocals performed by Scott Simons.

text: With each season of the show, new supporting characters and themes are introduced in its episodes. In a May 2016 interview for the Toronto Star, Spin Master president Ben Gadbois stated that his company would continue to introduce additional characters and concepts to increase the franchise's longevity and to expand upon the success of tie-in merchandise.[15] In August of the same year, Ronnen Harary explained that these changes were intended to keep the show's content "fresh" and "relevant".[16]

text: The first season aired from August 2013 to August 2014. The second season premiered in August 2014; in Canada, it concluded in September 2015 and in the United States, it concluded in December 2015. A third season premiered in November 2015. A fourth season premiered February 6, 2017. Spin Master has confirmed that fifth and sixth seasons are in development.[17] The fifth season premiered on February 6, 2018.[18]

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The series has been sold to TV networks in over 160 countries.[19]

text: In Canada, the series is shown on TVOKids,[20] Knowledge Kids, Télé-Québec and City Kids. In the United States, the series is aired on Nickelodeon with reruns on Nick Jr.

text: As required for Canadian programs aired on federally-funded networks, PAW Patrol has been dubbed in French for Quebec broadcasts and for its broadcast in France on TF1.[21] Canal Panda airs a European Portuguese dub.[22] and it aired on MBC3 in the Middle East. A British English dub, which uses the same scripts as the Canadian version with minor changes, is shown on Channel 5 and Nick Jr. UK.[23] Anione, JEI TV, and KBS have all broadcast the Korean-dubbed version.[24] The show has been aired in the Icelandic language on Iceland's public broadcaster RÚV since 2015.[25] The first two seasons were shown in Finnish on Yle TV2.[26] The video on demand platform Le.com obtained broadcast rights for a Mandarin Chinese-dubbed version of PAW Patrol in April 2016.[27] it will air on MiniMini+ in Poland, e-Junior in the United Arab Emirates, and Clan TVE in Spain.

text: In July 2016, film distribution company Notorious Pictures acquired the rights to an Italian theatrical release of the series.[28] Six episodes of PAW Patrol were screened as a package film in select Italian cinemas from December 22, 2016 until January 8 of the following year.[29] Sabahat Khan, of Spin Master partner RBC Capital Markets, has stated that he "wouldn't be surprised by a [North American] feature film down the line."[3] In November 2017, Ronnen Harary confirmed that Spin Master is "currently considering whether to extend the PAW Patrol franchise into feature films at some point in the next 12 to 24 months."[30]

text: DVD releases[edit]

text:
Title

Region 1

Region 2

PAW Patrol

May 13, 2014

March 30, 2015

Winter Rescues

October 7, 2014[31]

October 19, 2015

Marshall and Chase On the Case!

March 3, 2015[32]

July 27, 2015

Pups and the Pirate Treasure

N/A

March 4, 2016

Meet Everest!

September 1, 2015[33]

July 18, 2016

Brave Heroes, Big Rescues

March 1, 2016[34]

February 13, 2017

All Wings on Deck

N/A

October 24, 2016

Sports Day!Game On!

August 2, 2016[35]

May 22, 2017

Pups Save Christmas

November 1, 2016[36]

October 31, 2016

Pups Save the BunniesEaster Egg Hunt

March 7, 2017[37]

March 13, 2017

Air Pups

N/A

July 17, 2017

The Great Pirate Rescue!

September 5, 2017[38]

N/A

The Great Snow Rescue

October 24, 2017[39]

Sea Patrol

March 6, 2018[40]

Summer Rescues

May 1, 2018[41]

text: Video game[edit]

text: Nickelodeon and Outright Games announced a game, PAW Patrol: On a Roll, for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows consoles.[42]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: PAW Patrol has received consistently high ratings on Nickelodeon. Viacom CEO Philippe Dauman cited the series as a source of Nickelodeon's 2014 ratings growth.[43] It ranked as the highest-rated, preschool TV program in the United States in November 2013[44] and held that position throughout the spring 2014 season.[45] The spot was briefly overtaken by Team Umizoomi reruns in July 2016, but PAW Patrol reclaimed the title later the same month.[46] Bloomberg L.P. described PAW Patrol as part of a "creative resurgence" that increased the Nick Jr. channel's viewership in 2016.[47] At Nickelodeon's 2016 upfront presentation for future advertisers, Cyma Zarghami named PAW Patrol one of two preschool shows to have significantly helped boost ratings for the network (the other being Blaze and the Monster Machines).[48]

text: In March 2015, two back-to-back premieres of the show ranked among the top twenty weekday showings (among total viewers) in Australia.[49] In May 2015, it was reported that PAW Patrol broadcasts on TF1 had been viewed by 45 per cent of households in France with preschool-aged children.[50]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: Common Sense Media reviewer Emily Ashby gave the show a four-star rating, stating that "perhaps the show's best attribute is how it demonstrates the value of thoughtful problem-solving".[51] Randy Miller of DVD Talk recommended the show, calling it "packed with all the harmless action and cornball jokes that kids ... can't help but snicker at".[52] Stuff.co.nz reviewer Pattie Pegler also wrote favourably of the series, but felt that some of the characters "seem rather arbitrary, like Rocky the Recycling Pup".[53] The About Group's Carey Bryson gave the series a mixed review, criticizing its "formulaic" nature but affirming that the "show is not without funny moments".[14]

text: A research study, commissioned by Sky in March 2016, reported that 16 per cent of surveyed British and Irish children named PAW Patrol as their favourite program.[54]

text: Criticism has been directed toward the show's unequal gender representation because the team of dogs is primarily male and includes only one main female. Cat Conway of Dan Abrams' The Mary Sue rhetorically asked, "the police pup, firefighting pup, builder pup, sea-rescue pup, and whatever the hell Rocky does are all coded male, because of course you couldn't have a female police dog, could you?"[55] Brandy King of the Center on Media and Child Health "found the gender imbalance immediately noticeable" while watching the program.[56] Today's Parent noted in April 2015 that PAW Patrol images appeared frequently on Twitter with the hashtag "#IncludeTheGirls".[57]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: In 2014, the series' theme song was nominated for Outstanding Original Song – Main Title and Promo in the 41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards.[58] In 2016, the season two episode "Pups Save a Mer-Pup" was nominated for Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production for Preschool Children in the 43rd Annie Awards.[59] As of 2017, PAW Patrol has received four Canadian Screen Award nominations, winning one of them in 2016[60] and two in 2017.[61]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref.

2014

41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Original Song – Main Title and Promo

Scott KrippayneSmidi Smith

Nominated

[62]

Parents' Choice Foundation

"Fun Stuff" Award

Spin Master

Won

[63]

Environmental Media Awards

Environmental Media Award in Children's Television

Spin Master

Won

[64]

2015

Toy of the Year Awards

Property of the Year, 2015

Spin Master

Nominated

[65]

Preschool Toy of the Year, 2015

Spin Master

Nominated

[65]

2016

Toy of the Year Awards

Property of the Year, 2016

Spin Master

Nominated

[66]

43rd Annie Awards

Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production for Preschool Children

Spin Master

Nominated

[59]

4th Canadian Screen Awards

Best Pre-School Program or Series

Spin Master

Nominated

[67]

Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series

Jamie Whitney

Won

[67]

Licensing.biz People Awards

Licensee Team of the Year

Spin Master

Won

[68]

Australian Toy Association

Preschool License of the Year

Spin Master

Won

[69]

Canadian Cinema Editors Awards

Best Editing in Animation

Tom Berger

Nominated

[70]

SOCAN Awards

International TV Series Music Award

Voodoo Highway Music & Post

Won

[71]

2017

5th Canadian Screen Awards

Best Pre-School Program or Series

Spin Master

Won

[61]

Best Direction in an Animated Program or Series

Jamie Whitney

Won

[61]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: On May 18, 2014, Spin Master introduced a toy line based on the television series at Toys "R" Us locations across Canada.[72] The line was not distributed to international markets until June 22 of the same year.[73] Dion Vlachos, a representative from Nickelodeon, was in charge of the U.S. product launch.[74]

text: PAW Patrol has since become one of Spin Master's most profitable brands. Analysts for the National Bank of Canada reported that toys and games based on the show accounted for approximately $245 million U.S. (or 25 per cent) of Spin Master's gross product sales for 2015.[3] Spin Master chairman Anton Rabie noted in August 2016 that the "continuing strength" of PAW Patrol toys, in addition to new acquisitions and movie licenses, made up 40.5 per cent of the firm's second quarter revenue.[75] Marketing manager Emma Eden said that the toys were responsible for increasing the company's presence in the preschool market.[76] Throughout 2016, Spin Master's revenue grew more in this market than in any other toy category. PAW Patrol has been cited as the sole reason for this.[77]

text: The NPD Group named PAW Patrol the top new toy brand of 2015 in the United Kingdom.[78] The group also reported that it was the best-selling preschool license in France in the first quarter of 2015.[50] Dave Brandon, the chief executive officer of Toys "R" Us, listed the PAW Patroller vehicle toy as one of the 2015 holiday season's "hottest" items.[79][80] Argos the U.K. catalogue retailer included the PAW Patrol Air Patroller vehicle on its list of the toys it predicts will be bestsellers during the Christmas 2016 season.[81]

text: Live events[edit]

text: In April 2016, a stage show titled PAW Patrol Live: Race to the Rescue was announced.[82] The show features the PAW Patrol characters competing in a race. It toured Canada, the United States, Mexico, Australia and the Philippines.[83][84] A sequel show, titled PAW Patrol Live: The Great Pirate Adventure, was announced in June 2017. It follows the PAW Patrol as they rescue Cap'n Turbot from a cavern, and it will tour the same countries as its predecessor.[85] The shows are produced by VStar Entertainment Group, which is best known for producing the popular Sesame Street Live touring shows for 37 years.

text: Mascots based on the PAW Patrol characters have appeared at events across Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. They joined an "Etch A Sketch Day" celebration at Spin Master's office in Toronto on July 26, 2016.[86] The characters, along with replicas of the Lookout tower from the program, were included as part of the Nick Jr. Play Date Tour in autumn 2015.[87] Marshall and Chase made appearances at shopping malls throughout Nottingham, Suffolk, and Somerset in the U.K. in the summer of 2016.[88] Multiple meet-and-greet events attracted far more attendees than expected, with some reaching over 5,000 visitors.[89][90] They appeared for the first time in Northern Ireland at Glenarm Castle on July 13, 2016.[91] They are scheduled to appear regularly in a Nickelodeon-themed area of the Thurrock's Lakeside Shopping Centre located on the outskirts of London, England.[92]

text: Unauthorized productions and events featuring the show's characters have attracted the attention of the show's distributor. In February 2016, several Greene King pubs in the U.K. scheduled breakfast events with costumed characters modelled after the pups. Nickelodeon forced the chain to stop every event by threatening a lawsuit if they went ahead.[93] There was some consumer backlash as a result, but the events were not held.[94]


document_title: Jewish wedding

question_text: when do you break glass at a jewish wedding

root

text: Jewish wedding

text: Signing of the marriage contract[edit]

text: Before the wedding ceremony, the chatan (groom) agrees to be bound by the terms of the ketubah, or marriage contract, in the presence of two witnesses, whereupon the witnesses sign the ketubah.[4] The ketubah details the obligations of the groom to the kallah (bride), among which are food, clothing, and marital relations. This document has the standing of a legally binding agreement. It is often written as an illuminated manuscript that is framed and displayed in their home.[5] Under the chuppah, it is traditional to read the signed ketubah aloud, usually in the Aramaic original, but sometimes in translation. Traditionally, this is done to separate the two basic parts of the wedding.[6] Non-Orthodox Jewish couples may opt for a bilingual ketubah, or for a shortened version to be read out.

tag: p

text: Bridal canopy[edit]

text: A traditional Jewish wedding ceremony takes place under a Chuppah or wedding canopy, symbolizing the new home being built by the couple when they become husband and wife.[7][8]

text: Covering of the bride[edit]

text: Prior to the ceremony, Ashkenazi Jews have a custom to cover the face of the bride (usually with a veil), and a prayer is often said for her based on the words spoken to Rebecca in Genesis 24:60.[9] The veiling ritual is known in Yiddish as badeken. Various reasons are given for the veil and the ceremony, a commonly accepted reason is that it reminds the Jewish people of how Jacob was tricked by Laban into marrying Leah before Rachel, as her face was covered by her veil (see Vayetze).[10] Sephardi Jews do not perform this ceremony.

text: Unterfirers[edit]

text: In many Orthodox Jewish communities, the groom escorted to the chuppah by the two fathers and the bride by the two mothers,[11] known by Ashkenazi Jews as unterfirers (Yiddish, lit. ones who lead under). Less traditional brides and grooms are escorted by their parents.

text: Encircling the groom[edit]

text: The bride traditionally walks around the groom three or seven times when she arrives at the Chuppah. This may derive from Jeremiah 31:22, “A woman shall surround a man”. The three circuits may represent the three virtues of marriage: righteousness, justice and loving kindness (see Hosea 2:21). Seven circuits derives from the Biblical concept that seven denotes perfection or completeness.[11] Sephardic Jews do not perform this ceremony.[12]

text: Presentation of the ring (Betrothal)[edit]

text: In traditional weddings, two blessings are recited before the betrothal; a blessing over wine, and the betrothal blessing, which is specified in the Talmud.[13] The wine is then tasted by the couple.[14]

text: The groom gives the bride a ring, traditionally a plain wedding band,[15] and recites the declaration: Behold, you are consecrated to me with this ring according to the law of Moses and Israel. The groom places the ring on the bride’s right index finger. According to traditional Jewish law, two valid witnesses must see him place the ring.[14]

text: During some egalitarian weddings, the bride will also present a ring to the groom,[16][17] often with a quote from the Song of Songs: "Ani l'dodi, ve dodi li" (I am my beloved's and my beloved is mine), which may also be inscribed on the ring itself.[18][19] This ring is sometimes presented outside the chuppa to avoid conflicts with Jewish law.[20][21][22]

text: Seven blessings[edit]

text: The Sheva Brachot or seven blessings are recited by the hazzan or rabbi, or by select guests who are called up individually. Being called upon to recite one of the seven blessings is considered an honour. The groom is given the cup of wine to drink from after the seven blessings. The bride also drinks the wine. In some traditions, the cup will be held to the lips of the groom by his new father-in-law and to the lips of the bride by her new mother-in-law.[23] Traditions vary as to whether additional songs are sung before the seven blessings.

text: Breaking the glass[edit]

text: After the bride has been given the ring, or at the end of the ceremony (depending on local custom), the groom breaks a glass, crushing it with his right foot, and the guests shout "Mazel tov!" ("Congratulations"). At some contemporary weddings, a lightbulb may be substituted because it is thinner and more easily broken, and it makes a louder popping sound.[24]

text: The origin of this custom is unknown, although many reasons have been given. The primary reason is that joy must always be tempered.[25] This is based on two accounts in the Talmud of rabbis who, upon seeing that their son's wedding celebration was getting out of hand, broke a vessel – in the second case a glass – to calm things down. Another explanation is that it is a reminder that despite the joy, Jews still mourn the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Because of this, some recite the verses "If I forget thee / O Jerusalem..." at this point.[15] Many other reasons have been given by traditional authorities.[25]

text: Former Sephardic Chief Rabbi of Israel Ovadia Yosef has strongly criticized the way this custom is sometimes carried out, arguing that "Many unknowledgeable people fill their mouths with laughter during the breaking of the glass, shouting 'mazel tov' and turning a beautiful custom meant to express our sorrow" over Jerusalem's destruction "into an opportunity for lightheadedness."[26]

text: Reform Judaism has a new custom where brides and grooms break the wine glass together.

text: Yichud[edit]

text: Yichud (Hebrew for "togetherness" or "seclusion") refers to the Ashkenazi practice of leaving the bride and groom alone for 10–20 minutes after the wedding ceremony. The couple retreats to a private room. Yichud can take place anywhere, from a rabbi's study to a synagogue classroom.[27] The reason for yichud is that according to several authorities, standing under the canopy alone does not constitute chuppah, and seclusion is necessary to complete the wedding ceremony.[2] However, Sephardic Jews do not have this custom, as they consider it a davar mechoar, a "repugnant thing", compromising the couple's modesty.[28]

text: In Yemen, the Jewish practice was not for the groom and his bride to be secluded in a canopy (chuppah), as is widely practiced today in Jewish weddings, but rather in a bridal chamber that was, in effect, a highly decorated room in the house of the groom. This room was traditionally decorated with large hanging sheets of colored, patterned cloth, replete with wall cushions and short-length mattresses for reclining.[29] Their marriage is consummated when they have been left together alone in this room. This ancient practice finds expression in the writings of Isaac ben Abba Mari (c. 1122 – c. 1193), author of Sefer ha-'Ittur,[30] concerning the Benediction of the Bridegroom: "Now the chuppah is when her father delivers her onto her husband, bringing her into that house wherein is some new innovation, such as the sheets… surrounding the walls, etc. For we recite in the Jerusalem Talmud, Sotah 46a (Sotah 9:15), 'Those bridal chambers, (chuppoth hathanim), they hang within them patterned sheets and gold-embroidered ribbons,' etc."

text: Special dances[edit]

text: Dancing is a major feature of Jewish weddings. It is customary for the guests to dance in front of the seated couple and entertain them.[31] Traditional Ashkenazi dances include:

text:
The Krenzl, in which the bride's mother is crowned with a wreath of flowers as her daughters dance around her (traditionally at the wedding of the mother's last unwed daughter).
The Mizinke, a dance for the parents of the bride or groom when their last child is wed.
The "Horah" is a Middle Eastern/Israeli style dance[32] usually played as a second dance set.
The gladdening of the bride, in which guests dance around the bride, and can include the use of "shtick"—silly items such as signs, banners, costumes, confetti, and jump ropes made of table napkins.
The Mitzvah tantz, in which family members and honored rabbis are invited to dance in front of the bride (or sometimes with the bride in the case of a father or grandfather), often holding a gartel, and then dancing with the groom. At the end the bride and groom dance together themselves.

tag: ul

text: Birkat hamazon and sheva brachot[edit]

text: After the meal, Birkat Hamazon (Grace after meals) is recited, followed by sheva brachot. At a wedding banquet, the wording of the blessings preceding Birkat Hamazon is slightly different from the everyday version.[33] Prayer booklets called benchers, may be handed out to guests. After the prayers, the blessing over the wine is recited, with two glasses of wine poured together into a third, symbolizing the creation of a new life together.[31]

text: Jewish prenuptial agreements[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: In recent years, the governing bodies of several branches of Judaism have developed standard Jewish prenuptial agreements designed to prevent a man from withholding a get (Jewish bill of divorce) from his wife, should she want one. Such documents have been developed and widely used in the United States, Israel, the United Kingdom and other places.


document_title: Phase 10

question_text: how many cards are in a deck of phase 10

text: Phase 10

text: Objective[edit]

text: The object of the game is to be the first person to complete all ten phases.  In the case of two players completing the last phase in the same hand, the player who completed the last phase with the lowest overall score is the winner. If those scores also happen to be tied, a tiebreaker round is played where the tying players attempt to complete phase ten (or in variants, the last phase each player had tried to complete in the previous round).

text: For each hand, each player's object is to complete and lay down the current phase, and then rid their hand of remaining cards by discarding them on laid-down Phases, called "hitting". The player who does this first wins the hand and scores no penalty; all other players earn penalty points according to the value of cards remaining in their hand.

text: There are one hundred and eight cards in a deck:

text:
ninety-six numbered cards: two of each value from one through twelve, in each of four colors. Therefore, there are 24 cards of each color and eight of each value.
eight Wild cards;
four Skip cards;

text: With two regular decks of cards, the suits can represent the four different colors, kings can represent the wild cards, and jokers can represent the skip cards.

text: Special cards[edit]

text:
Wild: A "Wild" card may be used in place of a number card and can be used as any color to complete any phase. Original print runs of Phase 10 had two Wilds in each color; to reduce confusion, current print runs use black Wilds.
More than one “Wild” card may be used in completing a Phase. Players can use as many “Wild” cards as they want as long as they use one  natural card.
Once a "Wild" card has been played in a Phase, it cannot be replaced by the intended card and used elsewhere.  It must remain as that card until the hand is over.
If the dealer starts the discard pile with a "Wild" card, the card may be picked up by the first player.
A "Wild" card may not be used as a "skip" card.
Skip: Skip cards have only one purpose: to cause another player to lose a turn.  To use, a player discards the "Skip" card on their turn and chooses the player who will lose a turn.
When a "Skip" card is drawn it may be discarded immediately or saved for a later turn.
A "Skip" card may never be picked up from the discard pile.
A "Skip" card cannot be used to complete any phase, including Phase 8 (seven cards of one color). The original print runs of Phase 10 had blue Skip cards, causing confusion with normal blue cards in the deck; Skip cards are now black in current editions.
Any player can be skipped, not just the person who would normally play next.
A player cannot be skipped twice in the same round; they must lose turn in the round before being skipped again. (They can be skipped twice in a row but not until they miss their turn.)
If the first card that starts the discard pile is a "skip" card then the first players first turn is skipped.[3]

text: Phases[edit]

text:
A phase is a combination of cards. Phases are usually composed of sets (multiple cards of the same value), runs (multiple cards in consecutive ascending order), cards of one color, or a combination of these. As the name suggests, there are ten phases:
Also if you get 30 or 31 cards you skip a phase.

text: Original and Master's Edition Phases:

text:
Phase 1:  2 sets of 3
Phase 2:  1 set of 3 + 1 run of 4
Phase 3:  1 set of 4 + 1 run of 4
Phase 4:  1 run of 7
Phase 5:  1 run of 8
Phase 6:  1 run of 9
Phase 7:  2 sets of 4
Phase 8:  7 cards of one color
Phase 9:  1 set of 5 + 1 set of 2
Phase 10: 1 set of 5 + 1 set of 3

text: Phase 10 Twist Phases:

text:
Phase 1:  3 sets of 3
Phase 2:  4 sets of 2
Phase 3:  1 set of 5 + 1 run of 4
Phase 4:  2 sets of 3 + 1 run of 3
Phase 5:  1 set of 3 + 1 run of 6
Phase 6:  2 runs of 4
Phase 7:  1 run of 4 + 4 cards of one color
Phase 8:  1 run of 5 of one color
Phase 9:  8 cards of one color
Phase 10: 9 cards of one color

text: Each player can make only one phase per hand. For instance, a run of nine cards when the player is on Phase 4 cannot also count as Phase 5 and/or 6. In the original and Phase 10 Twist versions, the phases must also be completed in order, but the Master's Edition variant has a rule allowing players to choose the phase they will attempt to complete after being dealt their hand and before play begins.

text: Definitions[edit]

text:
Set: A set is made of two or more cards with the same number and any color.
Run: A run (similar to a straight) is made of two or more cards numbered in order, in any color. (though in older versions all numbers must be of the same color.) Runs can go from one to twelve. (Do not mix the two separate decks)
Color: Phase 8 of the original and Master's Edition, and several phases of Phase 10 Twist, require the player to collect cards that are all the same color (or suit, if using ordinary playing cards). This is the ONLY time the colors of the cards are relevant in the game; runs do not have to be all one color (as in many standard-deck Rummy variants). Wilds, despite having a printed color in certain editions, can be used to represent any color, and Skips, despite being blue in certain editions, cannot be used to complete this (or any) Phase.
Even or Odd: An even or odd is made of two or more cards that are either even (2,4,6,8,10,12), or odd (1,3,5,7,9,11).

text: Play[edit]

text: One player is chosen to be the dealer (alternately, the deal can rotate to the left after each hand).  The dealer shuffles the deck and deals 10 cards, face down, one at a time, to each player.  Players hold their 10 cards in hand so that the other players cannot see them.  The remaining deck is placed face-down in the center of the play area to become the draw pile. A wild card turned up goes to the next player.  The dealer then turns the top card of the draw pile over and places it next to the draw pile, to become the discard pile.  During the first hand, all players try to complete Phase 1. Play consists of;

text:
1. Drawing a card from either the draw pile or the discard pile
2. Laying down their completed current phase (if possible)
3. Hitting on other players phases once they have laid down their own phase.
4. Placing one card on the discard pile.

text: Completing phases[edit]

text: If, during a player's turn, they are able to make their current Phase with the cards in their hand, they lay the Phase down, face-up on the table before discarding.

text:
Phases must be made in order, from 1 to 10.
A player must have the whole Phase in hand before laying it down.
A player may lay down more than the minimum requirements of a Phase, but only if the additional cards can be directly added to the cards already in the Phase. For instance, if a Phase requires a set of 3 but the player has four of that card, the player may lay down all four cards when completing the Phase.
Only one Phase may be made per hand. For instance, a player who must make a run of 7 cards (Phase 4) cannot complete the next two Phases in the same hand by laying down a run of 9.
If a player successfully makes a Phase, then they try to make the next Phase in the next hand.  If they fail to make a Phase, they must try to make the same Phase again in the next hand.  As a result, players may not all be working on the same Phase in the same hand.
Players receive credit for making a Phase as soon as it is laid down.  A player does not need to win the hand in order to receive credit for the Phase.  Several players will often complete their Phase in the same hand.

text: Hitting[edit]

text: Hitting is the way to get rid of leftover cards after making a Phase.  A hit is made by putting a card directly on a Phase already laid down.  The cards must properly fit with the cards already down.  Before a player can make a hit, their own Phase must already be laid down.  A player may only hit during their turn.  A player may hit any combination of their own Phase and other player's Phases, and may hit with as many cards as can be played from the player's hand on a single turn.  Players are not allowed to replace a wild card in a Phase with the card from their hand matching the card the Wild stands for. Replacing Wild Cards is possible Variant Rule.

text: Going out / finishing a hand[edit]

text: After laying down a Phase, players try to "go out" as soon as possible.  To go out, a player must get rid of all of their cards by hitting and discarding. The player to go out first wins the hand.  The winner of the hand, and any other players who also complete their Phase, will advance to the next Phase for the next hand, while any player not able to complete their Phase remain stuck on that Phase.  Players count up the total value of cards left in their hands (the fewer cards left in their hand, the better) and score them as follows;

text:
five points for each card with value 1-9
ten points for each card with value 10-12
fifteen points for a Skip
twenty-five points for a Wild

text: Each player's score for the hand is added to that player's running total (players who did not complete their Phase cannot have a score of less than 50 for the hand and often have far more with the inclusion of extra points for large values and wilds; this is known as being "set" similar to Hearts or Spades), the deal rotates to the left, all the cards are shuffled and a new hand begins. Again, if a player did not complete their Phase before another player went out, they must work on the same Phase again in the next hand.

text: Winning[edit]

text: The first player that has completed Phase 10 at the end of a hand wins the game, regardless of whether they also discarded all their cards.  If two or more players complete Phase 10 in the same hand, then the player who has the lowest total points is the winner.  In the event of a tie, the players that tied replay Phase number 10 and the first player to complete their phase and discard all their cards wins.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Official Variation Phase Sets[edit]

text: Phase 10 Island Paradise:

text:
Phase 1: 1 run of 7
Phase 2: 1 set of 2 + 2 sets of 3
Phase 3: 1 run of 6 + 1 set of 2
Phase 4: 3 sets of 2 + 1 set of 3
Phase 5: 1 set of 3 + 1 run of 6
Phase 6: 2 runs of 4
Phase 7: 3 cards of one color + 1 set of 4
Phase 8: 8 cards of one color
Phase 9: 4 cards of one color + 1 set of 5
Phase 10: 9 cards of one color

text: Phase 10 Cocoa Canyon:

text:
Phase 1: 6 cards of one color
Phase 2: 7 cards of one color
Phase 3: 4 cards of one color + 5 cards of one color
Phase 4: 2 sets of 3
Phase 5: 1 run of 8
Phase 6: 1 run of 9
Phase 7: 1 set of 4 + 1 run of 4
Phase 8: 6 cards of even or odd
Phase 9: 1 set of 4 + 1 run of 6
Phase 10: 1 set of 5 + 1 run of 4

text: Phase 10 Disco Fever:

text:
Phase 1: 1 even or odd of 8
Phase 2: 1 even or odd of 9
Phase 3: 1 color run of 3 + 2 sets of 2
Phase 4: 7 of one color
Phase 5: 1 color run of 5 + 2 sets of 2
Phase 6: 1 color even or odd of 3 + 1 color even or odd of 4
Phase 7: 1 color run of 4 + 1 set of 4
Phase 8: 1 color run of 4 + 3 sets of 2
Phase 9: 1 run of 3 + 2 sets of 3
Phase 10: 1 run of 3 + 1 set of 4 + 1 set of 3

text: Phase 10 Cupcake Lounge / Savannah Sunset:

text:
Phase 1: 3 of one color + 3 of one color + 4 of one color
Phase 2: 1 color run of 3 + set of 2 + set of 2
Phase 3: 7 of one color
Phase 4: 1 set of 3 + 1 set of 3
Phase 5: 1 set of 4 + 1 set of 2
Phase 6: 1 set of 5
Phase 7: 2 color even or odd of 4
Phase 8: 1 run of 9
Phase 9: 1 color run of 5 + 2 sets of 2
Phase 10: 1 color run of 6 + 1 set of 2

text: Phase 10 Candy Castle / Mountain Vista:

text:
Phase 1: 1 run of 3 + 3 sets of 2
Phase 2: 1 run of 8
Phase 3: 1 run of 9
Phase 4: 1 color run of 3 + 1 set of 3
Phase 5: 1 set of 2 + 2 sets of 3
Phase 6: 1 set of 2 + 1 set of 3 + 1 set of 4
Phase 7: 4 of one color + 6 of one color
Phase 8: 5 of one color + 5 of one color
Phase 9: 1 run of 5 + 1 set of 3 + 1 set of 2
Phase 10: 1 run of 3 + 1 set of 4 + 1 set of 3

text: Phase 10 Prehistoric Valley:

text:
Phase 1: 1 even or odd of 9
Phase 2: 1 even or odd of 10
Phase 3: 1 run of 8
Phase 4: 1 run of 10
Phase 5: 2 sets of 3
Phase 6: 2 sets of 4
Phase 7: 1 color run of 4
Phase 8: 1 color run of 3 + 3 of one color
Phase 9: 1 set of 3 + 1 run of 4
Phase 10: 1 set of 4 + 1 run of 6

text: Phase 10 Moonlight Drive-In:

text:
Phase 1: 1 set of 4 + 1 set of 2
Phase 2: 2 sets of 3
Phase 3: 1 run of 7
Phase 4: 1 run of 8
Phase 5: 1 set of 2 + 2 sets of 3
Phase 6: 1 set of 5
Phase 7: 1 run of 9
Phase 8: 1 run of 6 + 2 sets of 2
Phase 9: 1 run of 8 + 1 set of 2
Phase 10: 1 set of 4 + 1 run of 6

text: Phase 10 Ancient Greece:

text:
Phase 1: 1 set of 2 + 1 run of 6
Phase 2: 1 even or odd of 9
Phase 3: 1 even or odd of 10
Phase 4: 1 color run of 3 + 1 set of 3
Phase 5: 1 set of 3 + 1 run of 5
Phase 6: 1 set of 5 + 1 run of 4
Phase 7: 1 color run of 5
Phase 8: 1 color even or odd of 3 + 1 color even or odd of 5
Phase 9: 5 sets of 2
Phase 10: 2 sets of 3 + 2 sets of 2

text: Phase 10 Jazz Club:

text:
Phase 1: 1 even or odd of 8
Phase 2: 1 color run of 3 + 1 set of 3
Phase 3: 1 even or odd of 9
Phase 4: 1 color run of 4
Phase 5: 1 even or odd of 10
Phase 6: 1 color run of 5
Phase 7: 1 color even or odd of 5
Phase 8: 1 color run of 5 + 1 set of 2
Phase 9: 1 color even or odd of 6
Phase 10: 1 color run of 3 + 3 of one color

text: Phase 10 Vintage Gas Station:

text:
Phase 1: 1 set of 3 + 1 run of 5
Phase 2: 1 run of 4 + 1 set of 3 + 1 set of 2
Phase 3: 1 run of 3 + 1 set of 3 + 2 sets of 2
Phase 4: 1 color run of 4
Phase 5: 1 color run of 4 + 1 set of 2
Phase 6: 1 color run of 4 + 2 sets of 2
Phase 7: 1 set of 5 + 1 run of 4
Phase 8: 1 color even or odd of 5
Phase 9: 1 color even or odd of 6
Phase 10: 1 color run of 3 + 3 of one color + 1 set of 2

text: Phase 10 Ocean Reef:

text:
Phase 1: 1 run of 7
Phase 2: 1 set of 4 + 1 set of 3
Phase 3: 1 color run of 5 + 1 set of 2
Phase 4: 1 even or odd of 10
Phase 5: 2 runs of 5
Phase 6: 3 sets of 3
Phase 7: 1 color run of 4 + 1 set of 3
Phase 8: 1 color even or odd of 3 + 1 color even or odd of 4
Phase 9: 1 run of 7 + 1 set of 2
Phase 10: 1 color run of 3 + 1 set of 3

text: Phase 10 Southwest:

text: Floating Variation[edit]

text: A variation of play is to allow Floating. Instead of going out by discarding their last card, a player draws a card and then play all cards in their hand without discarding. This is known as going out "floating". Because the player must be able to discard a card in order to actually end the hand, other players now have at least one extra turn in which to go out themselves or at least improve their score. In addition, a "floating" player must draw a card and play it if able, and must draw the top card from the discard pile if it can be played; thus the floating player can be forced to play on their next turn instead of drawing and discarding. The floating player can also be skipped as normal. If someone else goes out before the "floater", the floater receives a zero score, but does not technically win the hand.

text: The strategic value of floating is that the person immediately preceding the floating player is generally forced to try to "keep them afloat" for at least a few turns, either by discarding cards the floating player is required to pick up and play, or by skipping the floater. This generally puts the player preceding the floater at a disadvantage compared to the other players and makes it less likely that that player will be able to finish their Phase if they have not yet done so. Players can use this strategy to "gang up" on one player; the player after them will float, forcing the player to try to keep them afloat while all other players get a number of extra turns to try to lay down their Phase or go out. Of course, the player preceding the floater is not actually forced to keep them afloat and may be able to go out themselves, lay down their Phase (thus drastically reducing their score for the hand), or may simply concede the hand by allowing the floater to draw (the card drawn is likely to be an unplayable, thus discardable, card).

text: If a player is floating, and there is no possible card that could be discarded or drawn to prevent that player from being able to discard, they are known as "floating dead"; it is extremely likely the floating player will be forced to end the hand on their next turn. This is rare, and usually happens when the floating player completes a phase involving a long run of cards, no-one else has completed their Phase, and the floater's run has expanded through all 12 values. If no-one else can lay down a hittable Phase in that turn, only another player playing a Skip or the floater drawing a Skip will keep the hand going, and only four exist in the deck.

text: Alternate Wild Card Deal Up Method[edit]

text: If the dealer turns over a wild card at the beginning of the hand to start the discard pile, the dealer gets to decide who gets the wild card, instead of it automatically going to the player to the left of the dealer. The recipient of the wild card will choose a card from their hand to discard (the card cannot be a Skip), and then play continues with the player to the left of the dealer (or if that player had received the wild card, with the next player to the left after them). This slightly reduces the luck component inherent in the game, increasing the strategic and/or social element.

text: A similar rule can be used in the case of a Skip card being turned over as the first card.

text: Masters Edition[edit]

text: The Masters Edition of the game can be played by two to four players and includes additional rules:

text:
The ability to choose which Phase to attempt (not necessarily in numerical order) based on the cards dealt to the player.  Players must verbally declare which Phase they are attempting during the hand after cards are dealt.
The ability to set aside (or save) one card per hand. (note: you may not save your “Going Out” discard)
The ability to draw one card from their save pile per turn.

text: The Masters Edition comes with 10 Phase cards for each player to keep track of the Phases which they have completed during gameplay. The Masters Edition also includes only two Skip cards instead of the four that the original edition contains. This makes the playable number of cards 106, plus the forty phase cards, for a total of 146 cards in the box.

text: Masters Edition Variant #1[edit]

text: Same rules as Masters Edition except the player declares what phase they are completing as they lay down the phase.

text: Masters Edition Variant #2[edit]

text: Same rules as Masters Edition except;

text:
The player declares what phase they are completing as they lay down the phase.
After the player lays down the phase and hits on the other players, then they can(if they wish) discard their current laid down phase, perform the normal discard or save and bring their hand back up to ten by drawing from the draw pile and on next turn can work on a new phase. (has to be done on the same turn as phase lay down and cannot be done if the player discards their last card)

text: Anti-phase[edit]

text: In Anti-phase, you have to complete your phase in order to stay on your present phase, if you don't complete your phase you move down a phase.

text: Anti-phase for others[edit]

text: In Anti-phase for others, a rule card is left in the deck and  it is discarded as your last card. Then you get to name who moves down a phase...if it's stuck in your hand at the end of the hand you move down a phase. It also may be discarded face down but may be picked up by the next player who can draw from the deck.

text: Phase 10 Dice[edit]

text: Phase 10 Dice is dice game inspired by Phase 10 and also published by Fundex Games. The goal is the same, to try to complete the phases, 1-10, in order. Instead of cards, players each take turns rolling 10 six-sided dice, 6 marked with 5-10 and the other four with 1-4 and two wilds each. In each turn the player rolls all 10 dice, then may set aside any of them and re-roll the rest up to two times, for a total of three rolls. If they've completed a phase, the total sum of the dice used in the phase are added to their score and next turn they move on to a new phase. Like in the card game, failing to complete a set means having to try for it again next turn, and the game ends once a player finishes phase 10.[4]

text: Phase 10 Twist[edit]

text: The object of Phase 10 Twist is to be the first player to complete phase 10 by moving around the game board.  Every player starts with their pawn on phase 1 on the game board.  They must complete phase 1 in order to move their pawn.  There are three pawn movements; move 3 spaces if you complete the phase and discard all of your cards, move 2 spaces if you complete the phase but do not discard all of your cards, or move 1 space if you don't complete the phase.  If you land on a twist phase you can decide to play a twist phase or one of the phases on either side of the twist phase space.  If you play a twist phase the pawn movements change to 6 spaces if you complete the phase and discard all of your cards, 4 if you complete the phase but do not discard all of your cards, or move back one space if you do not complete the phase.[5]

text: Arkansas Rules[edit]

text: Arkansas Rules differs from standard Phase 10 rules in two ways: 1) Each player can complete all ten phases in any order he/she sees fit, and 2) SKIP cards are valid throughout a round (i.e. whenever a SKIP card is played, the appropriate player is skipped whether he/she has been skipped before or not).  Arkansas Rules allows players to capitalize on the hand that is dealt if it contains most of the cards needed for an uncompleted phase. The rule regarding completing phases in any order is similar to the commercialized "Masters Edition" of the game.

text: In order to win, a player must complete all ten phases.  Scoring is the same as standard rules Phase 10.

text: Postal Rules[edit]

text: Postal Rules follow the standard Phase 10 rules with two additions: 1) No player can go out (play all 10 cards), thus ending the hand, until play has completed one circuit of the table and play has returned to the dealer.  The dealer is the first player who can end the hand by playing all 10 of their cards.  2) Players working to complete any of the first seven phases can use the number card that matches the phase they are working to complete as a wild card.  For example, ones are wild for all players during the first hand. During the second hand twos are wild for those players who completed phase one in the previous hand, while ones remain wild for any player not completing phase one.  This adds the challenge of remembering the wild card of the person on your left so as to not discard cards that, for them are wild, but for you are not.  This variation is called Postal Rules in honor of the group of postal employees who have played Phase 10 everyday during lunch since 1996.

text: Mobile[edit]

text: In 2007 Fundex and Magmic signed a deal that brought Phase 10 to BlackBerry devices.[6]  In 2009 Magmic released the title for iOS,[7] with a Masters Edition in-app purchase available for download in February 2012.[8] In March 2012 Magmic released both a free and paid version of Phase 10 for Android devices.The Google Play Store also has a scorekeeper app for Phase 10. In September 2013, Magmic released Phase 10 Dice in the iTunes App Store.[9]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Livingstone Deals a Winning Hand to Fundex Games". Archived from the original on November 14, 2011. Retrieved 2012-11-23.

Jump up ^ "About Us" Fundex Games 2011. May 22, 2011.

Jump up ^ http://service.mattel.com/us/productDetail.aspx?prodno=W5800&siteid=27

Jump up ^ "Phase 10 Dice Instructions" Fundex Games 2011. Dec 18 2011.

Jump up ^ http://service.mattel.com/us/productDetail.aspx?prodno=W4732&siteid=27

Jump up ^ "Phase 10 Goes Mobile after 25 Years". Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved 2012-03-05.

Jump up ^ "Phase 10 Release Date". Retrieved 2012-03-05.

Jump up ^ "Phase 10 Masters Edition Release". Retrieved 2012-03-05.

Jump up ^ "Phase 10 Dice iTunes Preview". Retrieved 2013-09-16.

tag: ol


document_title: University of North Carolina

question_text: when was the university of north carolina founded

text: University of North Carolina

text: History[edit]

text: Founded in 1789, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is one of three schools to claim the title of oldest public university in the United States. It closed from 1871 to 1875, faced with serious financial and enrollment problems during the Reconstruction era. In 1877, the State of North Carolina began sponsoring additional higher education institutions. Over time the state added a women's college (now known as the University of North Carolina at Greensboro), a land-grant university (North Carolina State University), five historically black institutions (North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Central University, Winston-Salem State University, Fayetteville State University, and Elizabeth City State University) and one to educate American Indians (the University of North Carolina at Pembroke). Others were created to prepare teachers for public education and to instruct performing artists.

text: During the Depression, the North Carolina General Assembly searched for cost savings within state government. Towards this effort in 1931, it redefined the University of North Carolina, which at the time referred exclusively to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; the new Consolidated University of North Carolina was created to include the existing campuses of University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina State University, and the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. The three campuses came under the leadership of just one board and one president. By 1969, three additional campuses had joined the Consolidated University through legislative action: the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Asheville, and the University of North Carolina at Wilmington.

text: In 1971, North Carolina passed legislation bringing into the University of North Carolina all 16 public institutions that confer bachelor's degrees. This round of consolidation granted each constituent institution a Chancellor and a Board of Trustees. In 1985, the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, a residential high school for gifted students, was declared an affiliated school of the university. In 2007, the high school became a full member of the university.

text: Legal mandate[edit]

text: The legal authority and mandate for the University of North Carolina is contained in the State's first Constitution (1776),[7] which provided in Article XLI

text: That a school or schools shall be established by the Legislature, for the convenient instruction of youth, . . . and all useful learning shall be duly encouraged, and promoted, in one or more universities,

text: The state legislature did not get around to granting a charter for the University until 1789.[8]

text: Article IX of the current version of the North Carolina Constitution deals with all forms of public education in the state. Sections 8 and 9 of that article address higher education. Sec. 8. Higher education.

text: The General Assembly shall maintain a public system of higher education, comprising The University of North Carolina and such other institutions of higher education as the General Assembly may deem wise. The General Assembly shall provide for the selection of trustees of The University of North Carolina and of the other institutions of higher education, in whom shall be vested all the privileges, rights, franchises, and endowments heretofore granted to or conferred upon the trustees of these institutions. The General Assembly may enact laws necessary and expedient for the maintenance and management of The University of North Carolina and the other public institutions of higher education.

text: Sec. 9. Benefits of public institutions of higher education.

text: The General Assembly shall provide that the benefits of The University of North Carolina and other public institutions of higher education, as far as practicable, be extended to the people of the State free of expense.

text: Statutory provisions stipulate the current function and cost to students of the University of North Carolina.[10]

text: Institutions[edit]

text: Within its seventeen campuses, UNC houses two medical schools and one teaching hospital, ten nursing programs, two schools of dentistry, one veterinary school and hospital, and a school of pharmacy, as well as a two law schools, 15 schools of education, three schools of engineering, and a school for performing artists.[4] The oldest university, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, first admitted students in 1795. The smallest and newest member is the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, a residential two-year high school, founded in 1980 and a full member of the University since 2007. The largest university is North Carolina State University, with 34,340 students as of fall 2012.

text: While the official names of each campus are determined by the North Carolina General Assembly, abbreviations are determined by the individual school.[11]

text:
Official name
(Previous name)
Official abbrev.
Location
Enrollment
As of Fall 2016
Carnegie Classification
Founded
Nickname
Joined system
References

Appalachian State University
(Appalachian State Teacher's College, until 1967)
ASU,
App State
(for athletics)
Boone, Watauga County
18,295
Master's University
1899
Mountaineers
1972
[12][13]

East Carolina University
(East Carolina College, until 1967)
ECU,
East Carolina
(for athletics)
Greenville, Pitt County
28,962
Doctoral/Research University
1907
Pirates
1972
[14][15]

Elizabeth City State University
(Elizabeth City State College, until 1969)
ECSU
Elizabeth City, Pasquotank County
1,357
Baccalaureate College
1891
Vikings
1972
[16][17]

Fayetteville State University
(Fayetteville State College, until 1969)
FSU
Fayetteville, Cumberland County
6,223
Master's University
1867
Broncos
1972
[18][19]

North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University
(The Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina, until 1969)
NC A&T
Greensboro, Guilford County
11,177
Doctoral/Research University
1891
Aggies
1972
[20][21]

North Carolina Central University
(North Carolina College at Durham, until 1969)
NCCU,
NC Central
(for athletics)
Durham, Durham County
8,094
Master's University
1909
Eagles
1972
[22][23]

North Carolina State University
(North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering, until 1963)
NCSU,
NC State or State
(for athletics)
Raleigh, Wake County
33,755
Doctoral/Research University
1887
Wolfpack
1932
[24][25]

University of North Carolina at Asheville
(Asheville-Biltmore College until 1969)
UNCA or
Asheville
Asheville, Buncombe County
3,821
Baccalaureate College
1927
Bulldogs
1969
[26][27]

University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
(University of North Carolina, until 1963)
UNC-Chapel Hill,[28][29]
UNC-CH, North Carolina, or Carolina
(for athletics)
Chapel Hill, Orange County
29,468
Doctoral/Research University
1789
Tar Heels
1932
[30][31]

University of North Carolina at Charlotte
(Charlotte College, until 1965)
UNC Charlotte,
Charlotte
(for athletics)
Charlotte, Mecklenburg County
28,721
Doctoral/Research University
1946
49ers
1965
[32][33]

University of North Carolina at Greensboro
(The Woman's College of the University of North Carolina, until 1963)
UNCG
Greensboro, Guilford County
19,647
Doctoral/Research University
1891
Spartans
1932
[34][35]

University of North Carolina at Pembroke
(Pembroke State University, until 1996)
UNCP
Pembroke, Robeson County
6,268
Master's University
1887
Braves[36]
1972
[37][38]

University of North Carolina at Wilmington
(Wilmington College, until 1969)
UNCW
Wilmington, New Hanover County
15,740
Master's University
1947
Seahawks
1969
[39][40]

University of North Carolina School of the Arts
(North Carolina School of the Arts, until 2008)
UNCSA
Winston-Salem, Forsyth County
1,040
Special Focus Institution
1963
The Fighting Pickle
1972
[41][42]

Western Carolina University
(Western Carolina College, until 1967)
WCU,
Western Carolina
(for athletics)
Cullowhee, Jackson County
10,805
Master's University
1889
Western Carolina Catamounts
1972
[43][44]

Winston-Salem State University
(Winston-Salem Teacher's College, until 1969)
WSSU
Winston-Salem, Forsyth County
5,151
Baccalaureate College
1892
Rams
1972
[45][46]

North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics
NCSSM
Durham, Durham County
700
Residential High School
1980
Unicorns
2007
[47][48]

text: Notes[edit]

text: The enrollment numbers are the official headcounts (including all full-time and part-time, undergrad and postgrad students) from University of North Carolina website: https://web.archive.org/web/20100527154058/https://www.northcarolina.edu/web/facts.php . This does not include the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, the figure for NCSSM is taken from its own website: https://web.archive.org/web/20080919063321/http://www.ncssm.edu/about-ncssm/facts.php .

text: The following universities became four-year institutions after their founding (date each became a four-year institution in parentheses):

text:
East Carolina University (1920)
North Carolina Central University (1925)
Winston-Salem State University (1925)
Western Carolina University (1929)
Appalachian State University (1929)
Elizabeth City State University (1937)
University of North Carolina at Pembroke (1939)
Fayetteville State University (1939)
University of North Carolina at Asheville (1963)
University of North Carolina at Charlotte (1963)
University of North Carolina at Wilmington (1963)

text: With the exception of the University of North Carolina at Pembroke and the University of North Carolina School of the Arts, the institutions that joined the University of North Carolina in 1972 did so under their current name. As of 1972, all public four-year institutions in North Carolina are members of the University.

text: Affiliates[edit]

text:
Name
Location
Founded

North Carolina Arboretum
Asheville, Buncombe County
1989

North Carolina Center for International Understanding
Raleigh, Wake County

North Carolina Center for Nursing
Raleigh, Wake County

North Carolina State Approving Agency
Raleigh, Wake County

North Carolina State Education Assistance Authority
Raleigh, Wake County

UNC Center for Public Television (UNC-TV)
Research Triangle Park, Durham County
1955

UNC Faculty Assembly
Chapel Hill, Orange County

University of North Carolina Press
Chapel Hill, Orange County
1922

UNC Staff Assembly
Chapel Hill, Orange County

text: Presidents[edit]

text:
Name
Term

Rev. Joseph Caldwell
1804–1812

Robert Hett Chapman
1812–1816

Rev. Joseph Caldwell
1816–1835

Elisha Mitchell *
1835

David Lowry Swain
1835–1868

Rev. Solomon Pool
1869–1872

Rev. Charles Phillips
1875–1876

Kemp Plummer Battle
1876–1891

George Tayloe Winston
1891–1896

Edwin Anderson Alderman
1896–1900

Francis Preston Venable
1900–1914

Edward Kidder Graham
1914–1918

Marvin Hendrix Stacy
1918–1919

Harry Woodburn Chase
1919–1930

Frank Porter Graham
1930-1949
(UNC Consolidation in 1931)

William Donald Carmichael, Jr. *
1949–1950

Gordon Gray
1950–1955

J. Harris Purks *
1955–1956

William Clyde Friday
1956–1986
(acting until 1957)

Clemmie Spangler
1986–1997

Molly Corbett Broad
1997–2006

Erskine Bowles
2006–2011

Thomas W. Ross
2011–2016

Margaret Spellings
2016–present

text: An asterisk (*) denotes acting president.