document_title: British jump racing Champion Trainer

question_text: retired racehorse trainer who was champion trainer national hunt racing 15 x

text: British jump racing Champion Trainer

text: Winners[edit]

text:
1945–46 - Tommy Rayson
1946–47 - Fulke Walwyn
1947–48 - Fulke Walwyn
1948–49 - Fulke Walwyn
1949–50 - Peter Cazalet
1950–51 - Fred Rimell
1951–52 - Neville Crump
1952–53 - Vincent O'Brien
1953–54 - Vincent O'Brien
1954–55 - Ryan Price
1955–56 - William Hall
1956–57 - Neville Crump
1957–58 - Fulke Walwyn
1958–59 - Ryan Price
1959–60 - Peter Cazalet
1960–61 - Fred Rimell
1961–62 - Ryan Price
1962–63 - Keith Piggott
1963–64 - Fulke Walwyn
1964–65 - Peter Cazalet
1965–66 - Ryan Price
1966–67 - Ryan Price
1967–68 - Denys Smith
1968–69 - Fred Rimell

text:
1969–70 - Fred Rimell
1970–71 - Fred Winter
1971–72 - Fred Winter
1972–73 - Fred Winter
1973–74 - Fred Winter
1974–75 - Fred Winter
1975–76 - Fred Rimell
1976–77 - Fred Winter
1977–78 - Fred Winter
1978–79 - Peter Easterby
1979–80 - Peter Easterby
1980–81 - Peter Easterby
1981–82 - Michael Dickinson
1982–83 - Michael Dickinson
1983–84 - Michael Dickinson
1984–85 - Fred Winter
1985–86 - Nicky Henderson
1986–87 - Nicky Henderson
1987–88 - David Elsworth
1988–89 - Martin Pipe
1989–90 - Martin Pipe
1990–91 - Martin Pipe
1991–92 - Martin Pipe
1992–93 - Martin Pipe

text:
1993–94 - David Nicholson
1994–95 - David Nicholson[2]
1995–96 - Martin Pipe
1996–97 - Martin Pipe
1997–98 - Martin Pipe
1998–99 - Martin Pipe
1999–00 - Martin Pipe
2000–01 - Martin Pipe
2001–02 - Martin Pipe
2002–03 - Martin Pipe
2003–04 - Martin Pipe
2004–05 - Martin Pipe[3]
2005–06 - Paul Nicholls
2006–07 - Paul Nicholls
2007–08 - Paul Nicholls
2008–09 - Paul Nicholls
2009–10 - Paul Nicholls
2010–11 - Paul Nicholls
2011–12 - Paul Nicholls
2012–13 - Nicky Henderson[4]
2013-14 - Paul Nicholls[5]
2014-15 - Paul Nicholls
2015-16 - Paul Nicholls[6]
2016-17 - Nicky Henderson
2017-18 - Nicky Henderson

text: Records[edit]

text:
Most titles - 15, Martin Pipe
Most consecutive titles - 10, Martin Pipe (1996-2005)


document_title: List of India national cricket coaches

question_text: who is the coach of indian cricket team now

root

text: List of India national cricket coaches

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: This is a list of all cricketers who have coached Indian national cricket team at the international level. India became a full member of the Imperial Cricket Conference (now the International Cricket Council) on 31 May 1926. On 25 June 1932 it became the Test nation after England, Australia, South Africa, the West Indies and New Zealand when they took on England at Lord's. They played only seven tests, which were all against England, before the Second World War, losing five matches and drawing twice. Their first game against other opposition came in 1947–49 when they played Australia.

tag: p

text: The Indian team's greatest successes came in 1983, when they won the Cricket World Cup under the captaincy of Kapil Dev, and 2011, when they won the world cup again under M.S. Dhoni. Also, they won the Under-19 World Cup three times under the captaincy of Mohammad Kaif in 2000, 2008 under Virat Kohli and in 2012 under Unmukt Chand . Also, under the captaincy of Mahendra Singh Dhoni, India won the inaugural ICC T20 World Cup. India came runner-up in World Cup 2003 under Saurav Ganguly who has the record of most number of Indian test wins (21) under his leadership. Mithali Raj led India to its best result in Women's ODI cricket when the team advanced to the finals of the 2005 Women's Cricket World Cup. Raj is also one of the three women's captains who have led their side to a victory in women's Test cricket, the others being Shantha Rangaswamy and Mamatha Maben.

text:
Number
Coach
Started Contract
Ended Contract
Country
Assistant Coach

1

Bishen Singh Bedi
(1990–1991)
1990
1991
India

2[1]

Abbas Ali Baig
(1991–1992)
1991
1992
India

3

Ajit Wadekar
(1992–1996)
1992
1996
India

4

Sandeep Patil
(1996)
1996
1996
India

5

Madan Lal
(1996–1997)
1996
1997
India

6

Anshuman Gaekwad
(1997–1999)
1997
1999
India

7

Kapil Dev
(1999–2000)
1999
2000
India

8

John Wright
(2000–2005)
2000
2005
New Zealand

9

Greg Chappell
(2005–2007)
2005
2007
Australia

10

Gary Kirsten
(2007–2011)
2008
2011
South Africa
Venkatesh Prasad
Robin Singh

11

Duncan Fletcher
(2011–2015)
2011
2015
Zimbabwe
Sanjay Bangar
Bharat Arun

12

Ravi Shastri
(2014-2016)
(Team Director)
2014
2016
India
Sanjay Bangar
Bharat Arun

13

Sanjay Bangar
(2016)
(interim coach)
2016
2016
India
Bharat Arun
Abhay Sharma

14

Anil Kumble
(2016–2017)
2016
2017
India
Sanjay Bangar
Abhay Sharma

15

Ravi Shastri
(2017–Present)
2017
Present
India
Bharat Arun
Sanjay Bangar


document_title: Shimla

question_text: shimla is built on the top of how many hills

question_tokens: shimla is built on the top of how many hills

text: Shimla

text: History[edit]

text: Most of the area occupied by present-day Shimla city was dense forest during the 18th century. The only civilisation was the Jakhoo temple and a few scattered houses.[5] The area was called 'Shimla', named after a Hindu goddess, Shyamala Devi, an incarnation of Kali.[1]

text: The area of present-day Shimla was invaded and captured by Bhimsen Thapa of Nepal in 1806. The British East India Company took control of the territory as per the Sugauli Treaty after the Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–16). The Gurkha leaders were quelled by storming the fort of Malaun under the command of David Ochterlony in May 1815. In a diary entry dated 30 August 1817, the Gerard brothers, who surveyed the area, describe Shimla as "a middling-sized village where a fakir is situated to give water to the travellers". In 1819, Lieutenant Ross, the Assistant Political Agent in the Hill States, set up a wood cottage in Shimla. Three years later, his successor and the Scottish[citation needed] civil servant Charles Pratt Kennedy built the first pucca house in the area in 1822, near what is now the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly building. The accounts of the Britain-like climate started attracting several British officers to the area during the hot Indian summers. By 1826, some officers had started spending their entire vacation in Shimla. In 1827, Lord Amherst, the Governor-General of Bengal, visited Shimla and stayed in the Kennedy House. A year later, Lord Combermere, the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in India, stayed at the same residence. During his stay, a three-mile road and a bridge were constructed near Jakhu. In 1830, the British acquired the surrounding land from the chiefs of Keonthal and Patiala in exchange for the Rawin pargana and a portion of the Bharauli pargana. The settlement grew rapidly after this, from 30 houses in 1830 to 1,141 houses in 1881.[5][6]

text: In 1832, Shimla saw its first political meeting: between the Governor-General William Bentinck and the emissaries of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. In a letter to Colonel Churchill, he wrote:[7]

text:
“

Shimla is only four days march from Loodianah (Ludhiana), is easy of access, and proves a very agreeable refuge from the burning plains of Hindoostaun (Hindustan).

”

text: Combermere's successor Earl Dalhousie visited Shimla in the same year. After this, the town saw regular visits from the Governors General and Commanders-in-Chief of British India. A number of young British officers started visiting the area to socialise with the higher-ups; they were followed by ladies looking for marriage alliances for their relatives. Shimla thus became a hill station famous for balls, parties and other festivities. Subsequently, residential schools for pupils from upper-class families were established nearby. By the late 1830s, the city also became a centre for theatre and art exhibitions. As the population increased, a number of bungalows were built and a big bazaar was established in the town. The Indian businessmen, mainly from Sood[disambiguation needed] and Parsi communities, arrived in the area to cater to the needs of the growing European population. On 9 September 1844 the foundation of the Christ Church was laid. Subsequently, several roads were widened and the construction of the Hindustan-Tibet road with a 560-feet tunnel was taken up in 1851–52. This tunnel, now known as the Dhalli Tunnel, was started by a Major Briggs in 1850 and completed in the winter of 1851–52.[8] The 1857 uprising caused a panic among the European residents of the town, but Shimla remained largely unaffected by the rebellion.[5]

text: In 1863, the Viceroy of India, John Lawrence, decided to shift the summer capital of the British Raj to Shimla.[5] He took the trouble of moving the administration twice a year between Calcutta and this separate centre over 1,000 miles away, despite the fact that it was difficult to reach.[9] Lord Lytton (Viceroy of India 1876–1880) made efforts to plan the town from 1876, when he first stayed in a rented house, but began plans for a Viceregal Lodge, later built on Observatory Hill. A fire cleared much of the area where the native Indian population lived (the "Upper Bazaar" nowadays known as the Ridge[10]), and the planning of the eastern end to become the centre of the European town forced them to live in the Middle and Lower Bazaars on the lower terraces descending the steep slopes from the Ridge. The Upper Bazaar was cleared for a town hall, with many facilities such as library and theatre, as well as offices for police and military volunteers as well as municipal administration.

text: During the "Hot Weather", Shimla was also the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief, India, the head of the Indian Army, and many Departments of the Government. The summer capital of the regional Government of the Punjab moved from Murree, in modern-day Pakistan, to Shimla in 1876. They were joined by many of the British wives and daughters of the men who remained on the plains. Together these formed Shimla Society, which, according to Charles Allen,[11] "was as close as British India ever came to having an upper crust." This may have been helped by the fact that it was very expensive, having an ideal climate and thus being desirable, as well as having limited accommodation. British soldiers, merchants and civil servants moved here each year to escape from the heat during summer in the Indo-Gangetic plain. The presence of many bachelors and unattached men, as well as the many women passing the hot weather there, gave Shimla a reputation for adultery, and at least gossip about adultery: as Rudyard Kipling said in a letter cited by Allen, it had a reputation for "frivolity, gossip and intrigue". (See also.[12])

text: The 500-foot (150 m) Lower Bazaar tunnel was built in 1905 and christened Khachhar Surang. The Elysium tunnel (now known as the Auckland Tunnel), about 120 feet (37 m) in length, was also built in 1905.[8]

text: The Kalka–Shimla railway line, opened in 1903, added to Shimla's accessibility and popularity. The railway route from Kalka to Shimla, with more than 806 bridges and 103 tunnels, was touted as an engineering feat and came to be known as the "British Jewel of the Orient".[12] In 2008, it became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, Mountain railways of India.[13]  In addition, Shimla was the capital of the undivided state of Punjab in 1871, and remained so until the construction of the new city of Chandigarh (the present-day capital of the Indian states of Punjab and Haryana). Upon the formation of the state of Himachal Pradesh in 1971, Shimla was named its capital.

text: [[File:Entrance the Crow Brough Rest House (built in 1921) Shimla.jpg|thumb|140px|Entrance of the Crowborough Rest House built in 1921]]

text: After independence the Chief Commissioner's Province of H.P. came into being on 15 April 1948 as a result of integration of 28 petty princely states (including feudatory princes and zaildars) in the promontories of the western Himalaya, known in full as the Shimla Hills States & four Punjab southern hill states by issue of the Himachal Pradesh (Administration) Order, 1948 under Sections 3 & 4 of the Extra-Provincial Jurisdiction Act, 1947 (later renamed as the Foreign Jurisdiction Act, 1947 vide A.O. of 1950). The State of Bilaspur was merged in the Himachal Pradesh on 1 April 1954 by the Himachal Pradesh and Bilaspur (New State) Act, 1954. Himachal became a part C state on 26 January 1950 with the implementation of the Constitution of India and the Lt. Governor was appointed. Legislative Assembly was elected in 1952. Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 1 November 1956.[14] Following area of Punjab State namely Shimla, Kangra, Kulu and Lahul and Spiti Districts, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala District, Lohara, Amb and Una kanungo circles, some area of Santokhgarh kanungo circle and some other specified area of Una tehsil of Hoshiarpur District besides some parts of Dhar Kalan Tehsil of Pathankot District; were merged with Himachal Pradesh on 1 November 1966 on enactment of Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 by the Parliament. On 18 December 1970, the State of Himachal Pradesh Act was passed by Parliament and the new state came into being on 25 January 1971. Thus Himachal emerged as the eighteenth state of the Indian Union.[14]

text: Pre-independence structures still dot Shimla; buildings such as the former Viceregal Lodge, Auckland House, Christ Church, Gorton Castle, Shimla Town Hall and the Gaiety Theatre are reminders of British rule in India.[15][16] The original Peterhoff, another Viceregal residence, burned down in 1981. British Shimla extended about a mile and a half along the ridge between Jakhoo Hill and Prospect Hill. The central spine was the Mall, which ran along the length of the ridge, with a Mall Extension southwards, closed to all carriages except those of the Viceroy and his wife.

text: Geography[edit]

text: Shimla is on the south-western ranges of the Himalayas at 31°37′N 77°06′E / 31.61°N 77.10°E / 31.61; 77.10. It has an average altitude of 2,206 metres (7,238 ft) above mean sea level and extends along a ridge with seven spurs. The city stretches nearly 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi) from east to west.[17] Shimla was built on top of seven hills: Inverarm Hill, Observatory Hill, Prospect Hill, Summer Hill, Bantony Hill, Elysium Hill and Jakhoo Hill. The highest point in Shimla is the Jakhoo hill, which is at a height of 2,454 metres (8,051 ft).

text: The city is a Zone IV (High Damage Risk Zone) per the Earthquake hazard zoning of India. Weak construction techniques and an increasing population pose a serious threat to the already earthquake prone region.[18][19] There are no water bodies near the main city and the closest river, the Sutlej, is about 21 km (13 mi) away.[20] Other rivers that flow through the Shimla district, although further from the city, are the Giri, and Pabbar (both tributaries of Yamuna).

text: The green belt in the Shimla planning area is spread over 414 hectares (1,020 acres).[12] The main forests in and around the city are of pine, deodar, oak and rhododendron.[21] Environmental degradation due to the increasing number of tourists every year without the infrastructure to support them has resulted in Shimla losing its popular appeal as an ecotourism spot.[22] Another rising concern in the region are the frequent number of landslides that often take place after heavy rains.[18][23]

text: The city is situated 88 km (55 miles) northeast of Kalka, 116 km (72 miles) northeast of Chandigarh, 247 km (154 miles) south of Manali and 350 km (219 miles) northeast of Delhi, the national capital. Kalka can be reached within 2.5 hours, Chandigarh can be reached in 3 hours and 15 minutes. Delhi and Manali are both around 7 hours away from Shimla.

text: Climate[edit]

text: Shimla features a subtropical highland climate (Cwb) under the Köppen climate classification. The climate in Shimla is predominantly cool during winters and moderately warm during summer.[24] Temperatures typically range from −4 °C (25 °F) to 31 °C (88 °F) over the course of a year.[25]

text: The average temperature during summer is between 19 and 28 °C (66 and 82 °F), and between −1 and 10 °C (30 and 50 °F) in winter. Monthly precipitation varies between 15 millimetres (0.59 in) in November and 434 millimetres (17.1 in) in August. It is typically around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) per month during winter and spring, and around 175 millimetres (6.9 in) in June as the monsoon approaches.

text: The average total annual precipitation is 1,575 millimetres (62 in), which is much less than most other hill stations but still much heavier than on the plains. Snowfall in the region, which historically has taken place in the month of December, has lately (over the last fifteen years) been happening in January or early February every year.[26]

text: The maximum snowfall received in recent times was 38.6 centimetres (15.2 in) on 18 January 2013. On two consecutive days (17 and 18 January 2013), the town received 63.6 centimetres (25.0 in) of snow.[27]

text:
hideClimate data for Shimla (1971–2000)

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high °C (°F)

21.4 (70.5)

22.6 (72.7)

25.8 (78.4)

29.6 (85.3)

32.4 (90.3)

31.5 (88.7)

28.9 (84)

27.8 (82)

28.6 (83.5)

25.6 (78.1)

23.5 (74.3)

20.5 (68.9)

32.4 (90.3)

Average high °C (°F)

9.3 (48.7)

10.3 (50.5)

14.5 (58.1)

19.8 (67.6)

23.0 (73.4)

23.8 (74.8)

21.3 (70.3)

20.5 (68.9)

20.4 (68.7)

18.9 (66)

15.4 (59.7)

11.9 (53.4)

17.5 (63.5)

Average low °C (°F)

−1.2 (29.8)

2.4 (36.3)

6.1 (43)

10.8 (51.4)

13.6 (56.5)

15.1 (59.2)

14.6 (58.3)

14.2 (57.6)

12.9 (55.2)

10.5 (50.9)

7.0 (44.6)

4.0 (39.2)

9.5 (49.1)

Record low °C (°F)

−10.6 (12.9)

−8.5 (16.7)

−6.1 (21)

−1.3 (29.7)

1.4 (34.5)

7.8 (46)

9.4 (48.9)

10.6 (51.1)

5.0 (41)

0.2 (32.4)

−1.1 (30)

−12.2 (10)

−12.2 (10)

Average precipitation mm (inches)

53.0 (2.087)

63.8 (2.512)

68.9 (2.713)

61.3 (2.413)

83.8 (3.299)

185.3 (7.295)

333.0 (13.11)

296.7 (11.681)

148.7 (5.854)

36.3 (1.429)

22.5 (0.886)

21.4 (0.843)

1,374.6 (54.118)

Average snowfall cm (inches)

42 (16.5)

43 (16.9)

7 (2.8)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

7 (2.8)

99 (39)

Average rainy days

4.5

5.3

5.9

4.6

6.3

10.1

17.2

16.2

8.8

2.2

1.5

1.8

84.5

Average snowy days

4.2

4.2

1.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

1.3

11.2

Source: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010, snow, 1990–2010)[28][29][30]

text: Economy[edit]

text: Employment is largely driven by the government and tourism sectors.[31] Education sector and horticultural produce processing comprise most of the remainder. Recently a Model Career Centre has been set-up at Regional Employment Exchange, Shimla to enable bridging the gap between job-seekers and employers.

text: In addition to being the local hub of transport and trade, Shimla is the area's healthcare centre, hosting a medical college and four major hospitals:[32] Indira Gandhi Hospital (Snowdown Hospital,) Deen Dayal Upadhyay Hospital (formerly called Ripon Hospital), Kamla Nehru Hospital and Indus Hospital. The city's development plan aims make Shimla an attractive health tourism spot.[31]

text: The hotel industry is one of the major source of income generation for the city. Shimla leads the list of Indian cities with the highest ranked hotels.[33]

text: Shimla had always been famous for its quality of education and many important schools have been imparting quality education throughout the state. Along with schools of higher education, several institutes are also present, namely Himachal Pradesh University and Indian Institute of Advanced Study. Recruitment to the IAAS is through the joint competitive examinations (the Civil Services Examination) and through promotion from the subordinate cadre. Once recruited to IAAS, the directly recruited officers are trained mainly at the National Academy of Audit and Accounts, Shimla.[34] Students from across India prefer to study in Shimla because of its climate and Queen of Hill Stations status. These have added to the economy of the district as well as the state.

text: Government is trying to promote technology and IT sector as the new area for growth and promotion[35] although not many companies have yet settled in Shimla. There are many new startups in and around Shimla. There are over six call centres in Shimla, including Alturist Technologies and 31 Parallel. Two notable companies that are registered in Shimla are Netgen IT Solutions, an international website development startup with partner offices in USA and Australia, and Himachal Media, a company that deals with content and media publishing.

text: Civic administration[edit]

text: The administrative responsibilities of the city of Shimla and merged areas of Dhalli, Totu and New Shimla reside with the Shimla Municipal Corporation (SMC). All three areas were taken under SMC in 2006–07. Established in 1851, the Shimla Municipal Corporation is an elected body comprising 27 councillors, three of whom are nominated by the Government of Himachal Pradesh.[17] The nominations are based on prominence in the fields of social service, academics and other activities. Thirty-three percent of the seats are reserved for women. The elections take place every five years and the mayor and deputy mayor are elected by and amongst the councilors themselves. Kusum Sadrate and Rakesh Kumar Sharma of BJP are the present Mayor and Deputy Mayor respectively.[36]

text: The administrative head of the corporation is the commissioner who is appointed by the state government.

text: The two major political parties are the Bharatiya Janata Party and Indian National Congress with a third party, Communist Party of India (Marxist), emerging.[37]

text: The city contributes one seat to the state assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and one seat to the lower house of parliament (Lok Sabha).[38] Law and order in the city is collectively maintained by the police force, Vigilance Department, enforcement directorate, forensics, fire brigade, prisons service and Home Guard. There are five police stations and three fire stations in Shimla.[39] The Superintendent of Police, Shimla heads the police force. The First Armed Police Battalion, one of the four armed police battalions in the state, is available for assistance to the local police.[40]

text: There are eleven courts in the district including a fast-track court.[41]

text: Demographics[edit]

text: Population[edit]

text: According to 2011 census, Shimla city spread over an area of 35.34 km2 had a population of 169,578 with 93,152 males and 76,426 females.[2][3] Shimla urban agglomeration had a population of 171,817 as per provisional data of 2011 census, out of which males were 94,797 and females were 77,020.[42] The literacy rate of city was 93.63 percent[3] and that of urban agglomeration was 94.14 per cent.[42]

text: The city area has increased considerably along with passage of time. It has stretched from Hiranagar to Dhalli from one side & from Tara Devi to Malyana in the other. As per the 2001 India Census,[43] the city has a population of 142,161 spread over an area of 19.55 km².[17] A floating population of 75,000 is attributed to service industries such as tourism.[17] The largest demographic, 55%, is 16–45 years of age. A further 28% of the population are younger than 15 years. The low sex ratio – 930 girls for every 1,000 boys in 2001[44] – is cause for concern, and much lower than the 974 versus 1,000 for Himachal Pradesh state as a whole.

text: The unemployment rate in the city has come down from 36% in 1992 to 22.6% in 2006. This drop is attributed to recent industrialisation, the growth of service industries, and knowledge development.[45]

text: Literacy[edit]

text:
Literacy in Shimla

Literacy

Percent

Male

94.79%

Female

92.19%

Others

93.60%

text:
The literacy rate of Shimla is 93.6%. For males it is 94.7% and 95.12% for females[46].
The majority of Shimla's population consists of natives of Himachal Pradesh.

text: Language[edit]

text: Hindi is the lingua franca of the city, it is the principal spoken language of the city and also the most commonly used language for the official purposes. English is also spoken by a sizeable population, and is the second official language of the city. Other than Hindi, Pahari languages are spoken by the ethnic Pahari people, who form a major part of the population in the city. Punjabi language is prevalent among the ethnic Punjabi migrant population of the city, most of whom are refugees from West Punjab, who settled in the city after the Partition of India in 1947.

text: Religion[edit]

text:
Religions in Shimla

Religion

Percent

Hinduism

93. 5%

Islam

2.29%

Sikhism

1.95%

Others/not stated

2.26%

text: According to 2011 census, the majority religion of the city is Hinduism practised by 93.5% of the population, followed by Islam (2.29%), Sikhism (1.95%), Buddhism (1.33%),  Christianity (0.62%), and Jainism (0.10%).[3]

text: Culture[edit]

text: The people of Shimla are informally called Shimlaites. With largely cosmopolitan crowds, a variety of festivals are celebrated here. The Shimla Summer Festival, held every year during peak tourist season,[47] and lasting 3–4 days, is celebrated on the Ridge. The highlights of this event include performances by popular singers from all over the country. Since 2015, 95.0 BIG FM[48] and Himachal Tourism have been jointly organizing a 7-days long winter carnival on the Ridge from Christmas to New year.[49][50][51]

text: Shimla has a number of places to visit. Local hangouts like the Mall and the Ridge are in the heart of the city. Most of the heritage buildings in the city are preserved in their original 'Tudorbethan' architecture. The former Viceregal Lodge, which now houses the Indian Institute of Advanced Study, and Wildflower Hall, now a luxury hotel, are some of the famous ones. A collection of paintings, jewellery and textiles of the region can be found at the State Museum (built in 1974).

text: Lakkar Bazaar, a market extending off the Ridge, is famous for souvenirs and crafts made of wood. Tatta Pani, 55 kilometres (34.2 mi) from the main city, is the name of hot sulfur springs that are believed to have medicinal value located on the banks of the River Satluj. Shimla is also home to South Asia's only natural ice skating rink.[52] State and national level competitions are often held at this venue. Shimla Ice Skating Club, which manages the rink, hosts a carnival every year in January, which includes a fancy dress competition and figure skating events. Due to effects of global warming and increasing urban development in and around Shimla, the number of sessions on ice every winter have been decreasing in the past few years.

text: Shimla has many temples and is often visited by devotees from nearby towns and cities. The Kali Bari temple, dedicated to the Hindu goddess Kali is near the mall. Jakhoo Temple, for the Hindu god Hanuman is located at the highest point in Shimla.[53] Sankat Mochan, another Hanuman temple, is famous for the numerous monkeys that are always found in its vicinity. It is located on Shimla-Kalka Highway about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the city. The nearby temple of Tara Devi is a place for performing rituals and festivals. Other prominent places of worship include a Gurudwara near the bus terminus and Christ Church on the Ridge.

text: Shimla arts and crafts are highly in demand by the tourists. They range from excellent pieces of jewellery, embroidered shawls and garments to leather made articles and sculptures. Shimla is full of pine and deodar trees. The wood has been extensively used in all major buildings of Shimla. The various kinds crafts of Shimla made out of wood includes small boxes, utensils, image carvings and souvenirs.

text: Carpet making of Shimla is a great attraction for the tourists. Different floral and other motifs are used. Wool is used to make blankets and rugs. The embroidery includes handkerchiefs, hand fans, gloves and caps.

text: The shawls of Shimla are very well known for their fine quality. The leather craft of Shimla comprises shoes, slippers and belts. The other arts and crafts of Shimla includes a huge collection of beaded and metal jewellery.

text: The culture of Shimla throwbacks religious, agnostic Kumauni people with simple lifestyle living away from the hustle and bustle of metro cities.

text: Shimla has the largest natural ice skating rink in South Asia. The ice skating season usually begins in the start of December and goes on till the end of February. The city has sporting venues like the Indira Gandhi Rajya Khel Parisar, the main sports complex. Further out from the city is the Naldehra nine-hole golf course, the oldest of its kind in India.[54] Kufri is a ski resort (winter only) located 19 kilometres (11.8 mi) from the main city.

text: Education[edit]

text: The city has 13 anganwadis and 64 primary schools.[17] There are many schools from the British era. Some of the popular convent schools in the city are Bishop Cotton School, St. Edward's School, Shimla, Auckland House School, Shimla Public School, Sacred Heart Convent, Tara Hall, Convent of Jesus & Mary (Chelsea). Other public schools include Kendriya Vidyalaya Jakhoo, DAV New Shimla, Hainault Public School, DAV Lakkar Bazaar, DAV Totu, Dayanand Public School, Himalayan International School and Chapslee Garden School. Bishop Cotton School and St. Edward's School, Shimla are for boys only, whereas, Tara Hall and Convent of Jesus & Mary (Chelsea) are for girls only.

text: The medical institutes in Shimla are Indira Gandhi Medical College and Dental College. St. Bede's and Rajkiya Kanya MahaVidayaliya (RKMV) are girls-only colleges. Government College, Sanjauli, and Government College Chaura Maidan are also located in the city. The Indian Institute of Advanced Study, housed in the Viceregal lodge, is a residential centre for research in Humanities, Indian culture, religion and social and natural sciences. The Himachal Pradesh University (state University of himachal Pradesh) is also located in Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University Business School (HPUBS), the best Business school of Himachal Pradesh and University Institute of Information Technology, Himachal Pradesh University (UIIT), a premier technical education institute are also located here.

text: There is one Private University by the name of APG (Alakh Prakash Goyal) Shimla University. The university had also been awarded as the Best University in Hills by Assocham India.[55][56]

text: Shimla has two state libraries with a collection of over 47,000 old books divided between them. The one at Gandhi Bhavan in the university has over 40,000 books and the other library, also a heritage building on the ridge, has 7,000.[57]

text: Other institutes of higher education and research located in Shimla are the Central Potato Research Institute, a member of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) and National Academy of Audit and Accounts for training of officers of the Indian Audit and Accounts services (IA&AS).

text: Places of interest[edit]

text:
The Mall: The Mall is the main shopping street of Shimla. It has many restaurants, clubs, banks, bars, post offices and tourist offices. The Gaiety Theatre is situated there.
The Ridge: The Ridge is a large open space, which is situated alongside the Mall Road and hosts all the cultural activities in the city. Christ Church, The State Library and Gaiety Heritage Cultural Complex are some of the notable buildings located here.
Christ Church: Situated on the Ridge, Christ Church is the second oldest church in Northern India. Inside there are stained glass windows which represent faith, hope, charity, fortitude, patience and humility.
Jakhoo: 2 km from Shimla, at a height of 8,000 ft, Jakhu Hill is the highest peak in the city and has views of the city and of the snow-covered Himalayas. At the top of the hill is an old temple of Lord Hanuman, a Hindu deity which is popular among tourists and locals alike. A 108 feet (33 metre) statue of Lord Hanuman, at 8,500 feet (2,591 metres) above sea level, is the statue standing at the highest altitude among several other masterpieces in the world, overtaking the Christ Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.[58]
Jakhu Ropeway: This ropeway connects Jakhu temple to the ridge ground and is the first ropeway in Shimla.[59]
Jutogh: Located 8 km from the city centre, this army cantonment is near Totu, an important suburb of Shimla city.
Shimla State Museum: The museum, which was opened in 1974, has tried to protect hill-out and the cultural wealth of the state. There is a collection of miniature Pahari paintings, sculptures, bronzes wood-carvings and also costumes, textiles and jewellery of the region.
Indian Institute of Advanced Study: This institute is housed at the former Viceregal Lodge, built in 1884–88.
Summer Hill: The township of Summer Hill is at a height of 6,500 ft on the Shimla-Kalka railway line. Mahatma Gandhi lived in these quiet surroundings during his visits to Shimla. Himachal Pradesh University is situated here.
Annandale: Developed as the racecourse of Shimla, Annandale is 2–4 km from the Ridge at a height of 6,117 ft. It is now used by the Indian Army.
Tara Devi: 11 km from the Shimla bus-stand. Tara Devi Hill has a temple dedicated to the goddess of stars on top of the hill. There is a military Dairy Town here as well as the headquarters of Bharat Scouts and Guides.
Sankat Mochan: It is a famous Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Hanuman.
Junga: Junga is nearest Tehsil, 26 km from Shimla. Its original name (with diacritics) is "Jūnga", and it is a former royal retreat of the princely state of Keonthal. It is known as the Keonthal Estate.
Anand Vilas: Midway between Shimla and Junga. "Sarva Dharma Mandir", Temple of all faiths, is a spiritual group dedicated to Mother Nature. Thousands of visitors and devotees come here every year. There is an "Art is Values" school with pupils from all over India. Classes are provided free of cost.
Totu: A major suburb of Shimla on NH-88. Houses Jutogh railway station & HimFed under Govt. of Himachal Pradesh.
Mashobra: 13 km from Shimla, site of the annual Sipi fair in June.
Kufri: 16 km from Shimla at a height of 8,600 ft, Kufri is the local winter sports centre, and has a small zoo.
Chharabra: 13 km from Shimla on route to Kufri.
Naldehra: 22 km from Shimla, with a nine-hole Naldehra Golf Club. The annual Sipi fair in June is held in Naldehra.

tag: ul

text: Chail: Situated at 45 kilometers from Shimla, Chail was built as summer retreat by the Maharaja of Patiala during the British Raj, it is known for the world’s highest cricket ground at a height of 7220 feet situated in the cantonment area.

text:
Sanjauli: The main suburb of Shimla.
Rashtrapati Niwas
Lakkar Bazar[60]

text: Transport[edit]

text: Local transport in Shimla is by bus or private vehicles. Buses ply frequently on the circular road surrounding the city centre. Like any other growing city, Shimla is also expanding with new habitats in the vicinity.Transport services in these areas are also expanding rapidly. Tourist taxis are also an option for out of town trips. Locals typically traverse the city on foot. Private vehicles are prohibited on the Mall, Ridge and nearby markets. Due to narrow roads and steep slopes, the auto rickshaws which are common in other Indian cities are largely absent.

text: Road[edit]

text: Shimla is well-connected by road network to all major cities in north India and to all major towns and district headquarters within the state. National Highway 22 (NH 22) connects Shimla to the nearest big city of Chandigarh.

text: Distance between major towns and Shimla:

text:
Kalka: 90 km
Chandigarh: 120 km
Ambala: 165 km
Patiala: 172 km
Bathinda: 330 km
Amritsar: 342 km
Panipat: 275 km
Delhi: 380 km
Dehradun: 227 km
Jammu: 482 km
Agra: 568 km
Jaipur: 629 km
Haridwar: 278 km
Srinagar: 787 km
Pithoragarh: 703 km
Kolkata: 1460 km
Mumbai: 1742 km
Kanya Kumari: 2500;km

text: Air[edit]

text: Shimla Airport is situated at Jubbarhatti, 23 kilometres (14 mi) from the city.[61] Regular flights to Delhi operate from the airport. The nearest major airport is Chandigarh Airport in Chandigarh about 116 km away.

text: Rail[edit]

text: The scenic Kalka Shimla Railway, a narrow gauge track, is listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the steepest rise in altitude in a distance of 96 km.[62] Kalka, the plains rail terminus, has daily departures to major Indian cities. The city has a total of three railway stations with Shimla the main station and two others located at Summer Hill and Totu (Jutogh) respectively. It was built to connect Shimla, the summer capital of India during the British Raj, with the Indian rail system. The route is famous for its scenery and improbable construction.

text: In 2007, the government of Himachal Pradesh declared the railway a heritage property.[63] For about a week starting on 11 September 2007, an expert team from UNESCO visited the railway to review and inspect it for possible selection as a World Heritage Site. On 8 July 2008, the Kalka–Shimla Railway became part of the World Heritage Site Mountain railways of India.[64] alongside Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.[65]

text: Media and communications[edit]

text: State-owned All India Radio and Reliance Broadcast owned 95.0 BIG FM have local radio stations in Shimla, which transmits various programmes of mass interest. Apart from a wide range of other national and international TV channels of different languages, the national TV broadcaster Doordarshan also broadcast channels like DD Shimla, DD National and DD Sports in the city. There are a number of private FM radio channels like 95.0 BIG FM and Radio Mirchi.

text: Amar Ujala,[66] Divya Himachal, Punjab Kesari, and Dainik Bhaskar are the widely circulated Hindi dailies while The Tribune, The Times of India, Hindustan Times and Indian Express are popular English newspapers in the city.

text: Notable people born in Shimla[edit]

text:
Ashish R Mohan, film director
Manvinder Singh Banga, businessman, former CEO, fund manager
Shahid Javed Burki, Pakistani economist, born during British rule
Charlie Chauhan, television actress
Raja Dina Nath, Sikh Khalsa Diwan member
Rubina Dilaik, television actress
Guy Penrose Gibson, WW2 RAF VC
Horatio Boileau Goad, British policeman and former secretary of the municipal corporation of Shimla
Samuel Boileau Goad, one of the principal property owners in Shimla
Robin Jackman, former England cricket player
Celina Jaitley, Bollywood actress
M.M. Kaye, novelist
Rahat Kazmi, Pakistani television actor
Anupam Kher, Bollywood actor
Ram Kumar, painter
Lady Constance Bulwer-Lytton, suffragate
Jamila Massey, British actress
Asghar Qadir, Pakistani cosmologist
Sadiq Hussain Qureshi, Governor of Punjab, Pakistan
Sheila Ramani, Miss Shimla
Anwar Shemza, Kashmiri writer and radio broadcaster
Asmita Sood, television actress
Shakti Singh (actor), Bollywood actor
Simranjit Singh Mann, Sikh politician
Hanif Ramay, former Chief Minister of Punjab
Idries Shah, writer on Sufism
Salmaan Taseer, Pakistani businessman
Nirmal Verma, Hindi writer
Priety Zinta, Bollywood actress
Motilal Rajvansh, Bollywood actor

text: .            Vivek Mohan 1st National Film Award winner and twice IFFI-IP Jury who returns to his hometown regularly to share his expertise.

text: Sister cities[edit]

text: Sister relationships with towns and regions worldwide include:

text: Carbondale, Illinois, United States[67][68]


document_title: Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus

question_text: when was samsung galaxy grand prime plus released

text: Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus

text: This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources. (May 2018)

text:
Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime+
Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus running Android 6.0.1 MarshmallowManufacturer
Samsung ElectronicsSeries
Galaxy J, Galaxy GrandModel
SM-G532M (Asia)SM-G532F (Grand Prime+)SM-G532G (PH)Compatible networks
(GSM/HSPA/LTE)2G: GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 - SIM 1 & SIM 2 (dual-SIM model only) 3G UMTS: HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1900 / 2100 4G FDD LTE: LTE band 1(2100), 3(1800), 5(8509), 7(2600), 8(900), 20(800)First released
November 2016,Predecessor
Samsung Galaxy Grand PrimeType
Touchscreen smartphoneForm factor
SlateDimensions
144.8 mm (5.70 in) H72.1 mm (2.84 in) W8.9 mm (0.35 in) DWeight
160 g (5.64 oz)Operating system
Android 6.0.1 Marshmallow with Samsung ExperienceCPU
Quad-core 1.4GPU
Mali-T720MP2

LPDDR3 RAMStorage
8 or 16 GBRemovable storage
microSD up to 256 GBBattery
Li-Ion 2600 mAh batteryDisplay
5 in (130 mm) 540 × 960 pixels (220 ppi) PLS TFTRear camera
8 MP, 4128 × 3096 pixels, autofocus, LED flashFront camera
5 megapixels (720p) HD video recording @ 30 Hz     Front camera with selfie flash(only SM-G532F Model)Connectivity

List[show]
Wi-Fi :802.11 a/b/g/n/ac (2.4/5 GHz)
Wi-Fi Direct
Wi-Fi hotspot
DLNA
GPS/GLONASS/BEIDOU
NFC
Bluetooth 4.1 USB 3.0 (Micro-B port, USB charging) USB OTG
3.50 mm (0.138 in) headphone jack

text: Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus is an Android smartphone produced by Samsung Electronics. It was unveiled and released in November 2016.[1] It has an advanced 64-bit class system on a chip (SoC) backed by 1.5 GB RAM.

text: The Galaxy J2 Prime has a 8 megapixels rear camera with LED flash, f/2.2 aperture, auto-focus and a 5 megapixels with f/2.2 aperture, also equipped with LED flash.[1]

text: Other names are Samsung Galaxy J2 Ace and Samsung Galaxy Grand Prime Plus.


document_title: Deccan Education Society

question_text: who founded the deccan education society to impart teachings about indian culture to india’s youth

question_tokens: who founded the deccan education society to impart teachings about indian culture to india 's youth

text: Deccan Education Society

text: History[edit]

text: In 1880 Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Bal Gangadhar Tilak established the New English School, one of the first native-run schools offering Western education in Pune.[1] In 1884 they created the Deccan Education Society[2][3] with Gopal Ganesh Agarkar, Mahadev Ballal Namjoshi, V. S. Apte, V. B. Kelkar, M. S. Gole and N. K. Dharap. Soon afterwards,they established Fergusson College with Tilak and Agharkar as early lecturers.

text: Institutes run by the Deccan Education Society include:

text:
College
Established

Fergusson College, Pune
1885

Willingdon College, Sangli
1919

Brihan Maharashtra College of Commerce(BMCC), Pune
1943

IMDR, Pune
1974

Kirti M. Doongursee College, Mumbai
1954

Chintamanrao College of Commerce, Sangli
1960


document_title: United States presidential visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland

question_text: how many us presidents have had a state visit to the uk

text: Twelve United States presidents have made presidential visits to the United Kingdom and Ireland. The first visit by an incumbent president to the United Kingdom was made in December 1918 by Woodrow Wilson, and was an offshoot of American diplomatic interactions with the Principal Allied Powers at the conclusion of World War I prior to the Paris Peace Conference. The first visit by an incumbent president to Ireland was made in June 1963 by John F. Kennedy. To date, 33 visits have been made to the United Kingdom and nine to Ireland.

text: The United States is bound together with both Ireland and the United Kingdom by shared history, an overlap in religion and a common language and legal system, plus kinship ties that reach back hundreds of years, including kindred, ancestral lines among Cornish Americans, English Americans, Manx Americans, Irish Americans, Scotch-Irish Americans, Scottish Americans, Welsh Americans, and American Britons respectively.

text: Table of visits[edit]

text:
President

Dates

Nation

Locations

Major events

Woodrow Wilson

December 26–28, 1918

 United Kingdom

London,Carlisle,Manchester

Met with Prime Minister David Lloyd George and King George V.[1]

Harry S. Truman

August 2, 1945

Plymouth

Informal meeting with King George VI.[2]

Dwight D. Eisenhower

August 27 – September 2, 1959

London,Balmoral,Chequers

Informal visit. Met with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Queen Elizabeth II.[3]

September 4–7, 1959

Culzean Castle

Rested before returning to the United States.[3]

John F. Kennedy

June 4–5, 1961

London

Private visit. Met with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Queen Elizabeth II.[4]

June 26–29, 1963

 Ireland

Dublin,Wexford,Cork,Galway,Limerick

Addressed Oireachtas. Visited ancestral home.[5]

June 29–30, 1963

 United Kingdom

Birch Grove

Informal visit with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan at his home.[4]

Richard Nixon

February 24–26, 1969

London

Informal visit. Delivered several public addresses.[6]

August 3, 1969

RAF Mildenhall

Informal meeting with Prime Minister Harold Wilson.[6]

October 3, 1970

Chequers

Met informally with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Edward Heath.[6]

October 3–5, 1970

 Ireland

Limerick,Timahoe,Dublin

State visit. Met with Prime Minister Jack Lynch.[6]

Jimmy Carter

May 5–11, 1977

 United Kingdom

London,Newcastle,Sunderland

Attended the 3rd G7 summit. Also met with the Prime Ministers of Greece, Belgium, Turkey, Norway, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, and with the President of Portugal. Addressed the NATO Ministers meeting.[7]

Ronald Reagan

June 7–9, 1982

London,Windsor Castle

Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Addressed Parliament.[8][9]

June 1–4, 1984

 Ireland

Shannon, Galway, Ballyporeen, Dublin

Met with President Patrick Hillery and Prime Minister Garret FitzGerald. Visited ancestral home. Addressed Parliament.[8]

June 4–10, 1984

 United Kingdom

London

Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Attended the 10th G7 summit.[8]

June 2–3, 1988

Met with Queen Elizabeth II, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Japanese Prime Minister Noboru Takeshita.[8]

George H. W. Bush

May 31–June 2, 1989

Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[10]

July 5–6, 1990

Attended NATO Summit Meeting.[10]

July 14–18, 1991

Attended the 17th G7 summit. Also met with Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.[10]

Bill Clinton

June 4–5, 1994

Cambridge,London,Portsmouth

Visited U.S. Military Cemetery. Met with Prime Minister John Major. Attended state dinner with Queen Elizabeth II and heads of state and government of Canada, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Australia, New Zealand, Norway and Belgium. Attended D-Day commemorative ceremonies.[11]

June 8, 1994

Oxford

Received honorary degree from Oxford University.[11]

November 28–December 1, 1995

London,Belfast,Derry

Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister John Major. Addressed Parliament. Delivered several public addresses in Northern Ireland.[11]

December 1–2, 1995

 Ireland

Dublin

Met with President Mary Robinson  and Prime Minister John Bruton.[11]

May 28–29, 1997

 United Kingdom

London

Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair and attended a Cabinet meeting.[11]

May 14–18, 1998

Birmingham,Weston-under-Lizard,London

Attended the 24th G8 summit and the U.S.-EU Summit Meeting.[11]

September 3, 1998

Belfast,Armagh,Omagh

Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair and Northern Irish political leaders. Addressed the Northern Ireland Assembly.[11]

September 3–5, 1998

 Ireland

Dublin,Adare,Limerick,Ballybunion

Met with Prime Minister Bertie Ahern. Delivered several public addresses and played golf.[11]

December 12, 2000

Dublin,Dundalk

Met with Prime Minister Bertie Ahern. Delivered several public addresses.[11]

December 12–14, 2000

 United Kingdom

Belfast,London,Coventry

Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair and Northern Irish political leaders in Belfast. Met with Queen Elizabeth II; made a speech at the University of Warwick.[11]

George W. Bush

July 18–20, 2001

London,Chequers,Halton,Brize Norton

Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair and Queen Elizabeth II.[12]

April 7–8, 2003

Belfast,Hillsborough

Met with Prime Minister Tony Blair to discuss the reconstruction of Iraq. Also met with the Irish Prime Minister Bertie Ahern and Northern Irish political leaders.[12]

November 18–21, 2003

London,Sedgefield

State visit. Met with Queen Elizabeth II, gave an address at Banqueting House, and accompanied Prime Minister Blair on a tour of the latter's constituency in Sedgefield.[12]

June 25–26, 2004

 Ireland

Shannon,Dromoland Castle

Attended the U.S.-EU summit meeting. Met with Prime Minister Bertie Ahern.[12]

July 6–8, 2005

 United Kingdom

Gleneagles

Attended the 31st G8 summit.[12]

February 28, 2006

 Ireland

Shannon

Met with U.S. Marines who were en route to Iraq.[12]

June 15–16, 2008

 United Kingdom

London,Belfast

Met with Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle. Met with Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Quartet Representative Tony Blair. In Belfast, met with the Northern Ireland First Minister Peter Robinson and the Deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness.[12]

Barack Obama

March 31–April 3, 2009

London

Met with Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Gordon Brown. Attended the G-20 summit meeting.[13][14]

May 23, 2011

 Ireland

Dublin,Moneygall

Met with President Mary McAleese and Prime Minister Enda Kenny. Visited ancestral home.

May 23–26, 2011

 United Kingdom

London

State visit. Met with Queen Elizabeth II. Laid a wreath at the Tomb of The Unknown Warrior in Westminster Abbey. Addressed a joint session of the British Parliament. Met with Prime Minister David Cameron and Labour Party leader Ed Miliband.[13]

June 17–18, 2013

Belfast,Lough Erne

Attended the 39th G8 summit.[13]

September 4–5, 2014

Newport

Attended the NATO Summit Meeting.[13]

April 21–24, 2016

London, Windsor, Watford

Met with Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle. Met with Prime Minister David Cameron and Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn.

Donald Trump

July 12–15, 2018

London, Blenheim Palace, Windsor, Chequers, Girvan

Met with Prime Minister Theresa May, and also with Queen Elizabeth II at Windsor Castle. Played golf at Trump Turnberry golf resort.


document_title: Willie Hutch

question_text: who sings brothers gonna work it out

question_tokens: who sings brothers gon na work it out

text: Willie Hutch

text: Biography[edit]

text: Born in 1944 in Los Angeles, Hutch was raised in Dallas, Texas. He joined a doo-wop group, The Ambassadors, as a teenager. After graduating from Booker T. Washington High School for the Performing and Visual Arts, he shortened his surname when he started his music career in 1964 on the Soul City label[3] with the song "Love Has Put Me Down".

text: After his move to Los Angeles, his music caught the eye of the mentor for pop/soul quintet The 5th Dimension, and Hutch was soon writing, producing, and arranging songs for the group. In 1969, he signed with RCA Records and put out two albums before he was spotted by Motown producer Hal Davis, who wanted lyrics to his musical composition "I'll Be There", a song he penned for The Jackson 5. The song was recorded by the group the morning after Hutch received the call.[3] Motown CEO Berry Gordy signed Hutch to be a staff writer, arranger, producer, and musician shortly thereafter.

text: Hutch later co-wrote songs that were recorded by the Jackson 5 and their front man Michael Jackson, Smokey Robinson, the Miracles, and Marvin Gaye.[2] In 1973, Hutch started recording albums for Motown, releasing the Fully Exposed album that year. That same year, Hutch recorded and produced the soundtrack to the Blaxploitation film, The Mack. Hutch had several R&B hits during this period, including "Brother's Gonna Work It Out" and "Slick". He also recorded the soundtrack for the 1974 film Foxy Brown.[2] He recorded at least six albums for Motown, peaking with 1975's single "Love Power", which reached number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100. He left Motown in 1977 for Norman Whitfield's Whitfield Records.

text: Hutch returned to Motown in 1982, where he scored the disco hit, "In and Out", that same year and also recorded a couple of songs – "The Glow" and "Inside You" – for the 1985 film The Last Dragon. He had a club hit with the song "Keep on Jammin'" as well. Hutch left Motown again by the end of the decade and by 1994 had moved back to Dallas.

text: He died in 2005, aged 60.[1] He is survived by six children, and was the uncle of Cold 187um of the rap group Above the Law.[1] His manager, Anthony Voyce, said of Hutch: "I've never met a more generous and caring person."[1]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Albums[edit]

text:
1969: Soul Portrait
1970: Seasons for Love

text:
1973: Fully Exposed (R&B #15, Pop #183)
1973: The Mack Soundtrack (R&B #17, Pop #114)
1974: Foxy Brown Soundtrack (R&B #36, Pop #179)
1974: Mark of the Beast (R&B #41)
1975: Ode to My Lady (R&B #24, Pop #150)
1976: Color Her Sunshine (R&B #54)
1976: Concert in Blues (R&B #22, Pop #163)
1977: Havin' a House Party (R&B #26)
1983: In and Out (compilation)
1985: Making a Game Out of Love

text:
1978: In Tune (R&B #63)
1979: Midnight Dancer

text:
1994: From the Heart (G.G. It)
1996: The Mack Is Back (Midwest)
2002: Sexalicious (G.G. It)

text: Charting singles[edit]

text:
1973: "Brother's Gonna Work It Out" (#18 R&B, #67 Pop)
1973: "Slick" (#18 R&B, #65 Pop)
1973: "Sunshine Lady" (#72 R&B)
1974: "If You Ain't Got No Money (You Can't Get No Honey) Pt. I" (#70 R&B)
1974: "Theme Of Foxy Brown" (#64 R&B)
1975: "Get Ready For The Get Down" (#24 R&B)
1975: "Love Power" (#8 R&B, #41 Pop)
1976: "Let Me Be The One, Baby" (#95 R&B)
1976: "Party Down" (#19 R&B)
1977: "Shake It, Shake It" (#60 R&B)
1977: "We Gonna Party Tonight" (#49 R&B)
1978: "All American Funkathon" (#62 R&B)
1978: "What You Gonna Do After The Party" (#40 R&B)
1978: "Paradise" (#74 R&B)
1982: "In And Out" (#55 R&B, #29 Dance) (UK #51[4])
1985: "Keep on Jammin'" (UK #73[4])


document_title: Indian English

question_text: who is the founder of english in india

question_tokens: who is the founder of english in india

text: Indian English

text: English proficiency[edit]

text: Though English is one of the two official languages of the Union Government of India, only a few hundred thousand Indians have English as their first language.[3][4][5][6]

text: According to 2001 Census, English is known to 12.6% Indians in the 2001 census.[7] An analysis of the 2001 Census of India[8] concluded that approximately 86 million Indians reported English as their second language, and another 39 million reported it as their third language. No data was available whether these individuals were English speakers or users.

text: According to the 2005 India Human Development Survey,[9] of the 41,554 surveyed households reported that 72 percent of men (29,918) did not speak any English, 28 percent (11,635) spoke at least some English, and 5 percent (2,077, roughly 17.9% of those who spoke at least some English) spoke fluent English. Among women, the corresponding percentages were 83 percent (34,489) speaking no English, 17 percent (7,064) speaking at least some English, and 3 percent (1,246, roughly 17.6% of those who spoke at least some English) speaking English fluently.[10] According to statistics of District Information System for Education (DISE) of National University of Educational Planning and Administration under Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, enrollment in English-medium schools increased by 50% between 2008–09 and 2013–14. The number of English-medium school students in India increased from over 15 million in 2008–09 to 29 million by 2013–14.[11]

text: India ranks 22 out of 72 countries in the 2016 EF English Proficiency Index published by the EF Education First. The index gives the country a score of 57.30 indicating "moderate proficiency". India ranks 4th out of 19 Asian countries included in the index.[12] Among Asian countries, Singapore (63.52), Malaysia (60.70) and the Philippines (60.33) received higher scores than India.

text: Court language[edit]

text: In December 2015, the Supreme Court of India ruled that English is the only court language.[13]

text: Features of the dialect[edit]

text: Indian English generally uses the Indian numbering system. Idiomatic forms derived from Indian literary languages and vernaculars have been absorbed into Indian English. Nevertheless, there remains general homogeneity in phonetics, vocabulary, and phraseology between variants of the Indian English dialect.[14][15][16][17]

text: History[edit]

text: English language public instruction began in India in the 1830s during the rule of the East India Company (India was then, and is today, one of the most linguistically diverse regions of the world[18]). In 1835, English replaced Persian as the official language of the Company. Lord Macaulay played a major role in introducing English and western concepts to education in India. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers.[19] Throughout the 1840s and 1850s, primary-, middle-, and high-schools were opened in many districts of British India, with most high schools offering English language instruction in some subjects. In 1857, just before the end of Company rule, universities modelled on the University of London and using English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During subsequent Crown Rule in India, or the British Raj, lasting from 1858 to 1947, English language penetration increased throughout India. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the civil services. At the time of India's independence in 1947, English was the only functional lingua franca in the country.

text: After Indian Independence in 1947, Hindi was declared the first official language, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language of India. Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This hasn't yet occurred, and it is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between the central government and the non-Hindi states.

text: The view of the English language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India.[20]

text: While there is an assumption that English is readily available in India, available studies show that its usage is actually restricted to an elite,[21] because of inadequate education to large parts of the Indian population. The use of outdated teaching methods and the poor grasp of English exhibited by the authors of many guidebooks, disadvantage students who rely on these books.[22]

text: Phonology[edit]

text: Indian accents vary greatly. Most Indians speak with a more vernacular, native-tinted accent.

text: Vowels[edit]

text: In general, the Indian English has fewer peculiarities in its vowel sounds than the consonants, especially as spoken by native speakers of languages like Hindi, the vowel phoneme system having some similarities with that of English. Among the distinctive features of the vowel-sounds employed by some Indian English speakers:

text:
Modern Indians, especially a minority of English students and teachers along with some people in various professions like telephone customer service agents, often speak with a non-rhotic accent. So, flower is pronounced as /flaʊ.ə/, never as /nevə/, water as /wɔːtə etc.
Most South Indian English speakers have the tail-tale split which is unique to South Indians, affecting word pairs such as plain/plane, main/mane and eight/ate (/plejn///pleːn/, /mejn///meːn/ and /eɪʈ/, /eːʈ/, respectively)
Many North Indians have a sing-song quality as they speak English, which perhaps, results from a similar tone used while speaking Hindi. Indian English speakers have the cot-caught merger and thus do not make a clear distinction between /ɒ/ and /ɔː/.
Most Indians have the trap–bath split of Received Pronunciation, affecting words such as class, staff and last (/klɑːs/, /stɑːf/ and /lɑːst/ respectively). Though the trap-bath split is prevalent in Indian English, it varies greatly. Many younger Indians who read and listen to American English do not have this split. The distribution is somewhat similar to Australian English in Regional Indian English varieties, but it has a complete split in Cultivated Indian English and Standard Indian English varieties.[citation needed]

text: Consonants[edit]

text: Among the most distinctive features of consonants in Indian English are:

text:
Pronunciations vary between rhotic and non-rhotic; with pronunciations leaning towards native phonology being generally rhotic, and others being non-rhotic.
Standard Hindi and most other vernaculars (except Punjabi, Marathi, Assamese and Bengali) do not differentiate between /v/ (voiced labiodental fricative) and /w/ (voiced labiovelar approximant). Instead, many Indians use a frictionless labiodental approximant [ʋ] for words with either sound, possibly in free variation with [v] and/or [w] depending upon region. Thus, wet and vet are often homophones.[23]
Related to the previous characteristic, many Indians prefer to pronounce words such as <flower> as [flaː(r)], as opposed to [flaʊə(r)], and <our> as [aː(r)] as opposed to [aʊə(r)].
The voiceless plosives /p/, /t/, /k/ are always unaspirated in Indian English, (aspirated in cultivated form) whereas in RP, General American and most other English accents they are aspirated in word-initial or stressed syllables. Thus "pin" is pronounced [pɪn] in Indian English but [pʰɪn] in most other dialects. In native Indian languages (except in Dravidian languages such as Tamil), the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated plosives is phonemic, and the English stops are equated with the unaspirated rather than the aspirated phonemes of the local languages.[24] The same is true of the voiceless postalveolar afficate /tʃ/.
The alveolar stops English /d/, /t/ are often retroflex [ɖ], [ʈ], especially in the South of India.[25] In Indian languages there are two entirely distinct sets of coronal plosives: one dental and the other retroflex. Native speakers of Indian languages prefer to pronounce the English alveolar plosives sound as more retroflex than dental,[26] and the use of retroflex consonants is a common feature of Indian English.[27][28] In the Devanagari script of Hindi, all alveolar plosives of English are transcribed as their retroflex counterparts. One good reason for this is that unlike most other native Indian languages, Hindi does not have true retroflex plosives (Tiwari, [1955] 2001). The so-called retroflexes in Hindi are actually articulated as apical post-alveolar plosives, sometimes even with a tendency to come down to the alveolar region. So a Hindi speaker normally cannot distinguish the difference between their own apical post-alveolar plosives and English's alveolar plosives. However, languages such as Tamil have true retroflex plosives, wherein the articulation is done with the tongue curved upwards and backwards at the roof of the mouth. This also causes (in parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar) the /s/ preceding alveolar /t/ to allophonically change to [ʃ] (<stop> /stɒp/ → /ʃʈap/). Mostly in south India, some speakers allophonically further change the voiced retroflex plosives to voiced retroflex flap, and the nasal /n/ to a nasalised retroflex flap.
Many speakers of Indian English do not use the voiced postalveolar fricative (/ʒ/). Some Indians use /z/ or /dʒ/ instead, e.g. treasure /ˈtrɛzəːr/,[25] and in the south Indian variants, with /ʃ/ as in <"sh'"ore>, e.g. treasure /ˈtrɛʃər/.
All major native languages of India (except Bengali) lack the dental fricatives (/θ/ and /ð/; spelled with th). Usually, the aspirated voiceless dental plosive [t̪ʰ] is substituted for /θ/ in the north (it would be unaspirated in the south) and the unaspirated voiced dental plosive [d̪], or possibly the aspirated version [d̪ʱ], is substituted for /ð/.[29] For example, "thin" would be realised as [t̪ʰɪn] instead of /θɪn/ for North Indian speakers, whereas it would be pronounced unaspirated in the south.
South Indians tend to curl the tongue (retroflex accentuation) more for /l/ and /n/.[citation needed]
Most Indian languages (except Urdu varieties and Assamese) lack the voiced alveolar fricative /z/. A significant portion of Indians thus, even though their native languages do have its nearest equivalent: the unvoiced /s/, often use the voiced palatal affricate (or postalveolar) /dʒ/, just as with a Korean accent. This makes words such as <zero> and <rosy> sound as [ˈdʒiːro] and [ˈroːdʒiː] (the latter, especially in the North). This replacement is equally true for Persian and Arabic loanwords into Hindi. The probable reason is the confusion created by the use of the Devanagari grapheme < ज > (for /dʒ/) with a dot beneath it to represent the loaned /z/ (as < ज़ >). This is common among people without formal English education.
Many Indians with lower exposure to English also may pronounce /f/ as aspirated voiceless bilabial plosive [pʰ]. Again note that in Hindi (Devanagari) the loaned /f/ from Persian and Arabic is written by putting a dot beneath the grapheme for native [pʰ] < फ >: < फ़ >. This substitution is rarer than that for [z], and in fact in many Hindi /f/ is used by native speakers instead of /pʰ/, or the two are used interchangeably.
Inability to pronounce certain (especially word-initial) consonant clusters by people of rural backgrounds, as with some Spanish-speakers. This is usually dealt with by epenthesis. e.g., school /isˈkuːl/.
Sometimes, Indian speakers interchange /s/ and /z/, especially when plurals are being formed, unlike speakers of other varieties of English, who use [s] for the pluralisation of words ending in a voiceless consonant, [z] for words ending in a voiced consonant or vowel, and [ɨz] for words ending in a sibilant.
Again, in Assamese and dialects like Bhojpuri, all instances of /ʃ/ are spoken like [s], a phenomenon which is also apparent in their English. Exactly the opposite is seen for many Bengalis.[citation needed]
In Assamese, /tʃ/ and /ʃ/ is pronounced as /s/; and /dʒ/ and /ʒ/ is pronounced as /z/. Retroflex and dental consonants are not present and only alveolar consonants are used unlike other Indian languages. Similar to Bengali, /v/ is pronounced as /bʱ/ and /β/ in Assamese. For example; change is pronounced as [sɛɪnz], vote is pronounced as [bʱʊt] and English is pronounced as [iŋlis].
In case of the postalveolar affricates /tʃ/ /dʒ/, native languages like Hindi have corresponding affricates articulated from the palatal region, rather than postalveolar, and they have more of a stop component than fricative; this is reflected in their English.
Whilst retaining /ŋ/ in the final position, many Indian speakers add the [ɡ] sound after it when it occurs in the middle off a word. Hence /ˈriŋiŋ/ → /ˈriŋɡiŋ/ (ringing).[citation needed]
Syllabic /l/, /m/ and /n/ are usually replaced by the VC clusters [əl], [əm] and [ən] (as in button /ˈbuʈʈən/), or if a high vowel precedes, by [il] (as in little /ˈliʈʈil/). Syllable nuclei in words with the spelling er/re (a schwa in RP and an r-coloured schwa in GA) are also replaced VC clusters. e.g., metre, /ˈmiːtər/ → /ˈmiːʈər/.[citation needed]
Indian English uses clear [l] in all instances like Irish English whereas other varieties use clear [l] in syllable-initial positions and dark [l] (velarised-L) in coda and syllabic positions.

text: Spelling pronunciation[edit]

text: A number of distinctive features of Indian English are due to "the vagaries of English spelling".[29] Most Indian languages, unlike English, have a nearly phonetic spelling, so the spelling of a word is a highly reliable guide to its modern pronunciation. Indians' tendency to pronounce English phonetically as well can cause divergence from Western English. For example, "jewellery" is pronounced /dʒʋeləriː/ and "jewel" as /dʒʋel/ where Western Anglophones might omit the final e and perhaps the second one as well, pronouncing them as /dʒu(ə)lriː/ and /dʒuəl/ or /dʒuːl/.

text:
In words where the digraph <gh> represents a voiced velar plosive (/ɡ/) in other accents, some Indian English speakers supply a murmured version [ɡʱ], for example <ghost> [ɡʱoːst]. No other accent of English admits this voiced aspiration.[25]
Similarly, the digraph <wh> may be aspirated as [ʋʱ] or [wʱ], resulting in realisations such as <which> [ʋʱɪtʃ], found in no other English accent.[30] However, this is somewhat similar to the traditional distinction between wh and w present in English, wherein the former is /ʍ/, whilst the latter is /w/.
In unstressed syllables, which speakers of American English would realise as a schwa, speakers of Indian English would use the spelling vowel, making <sanity> sound as [ˈsæniti] instead of [ˈsænəti]. This trait is also present in other South Asian dialects (i.e. Pakistani and Sri Lankan English), and in RP, etc.Similarly, <above> and <ago> can be heard as [eːˈbəv] and [eːˈɡoː] instead of [əˈbʌv] and [əˈɡoʊ].[citation needed]
Final <a> is almost always pronounced as schwa /ə/ in other dialects (exceptions include words such as <spa>); but in Indian English the ending <a> is pronounced as the long open central unrounded vowel /aː/ (as in <spa>) instead of /ə/. So, <India> is pronounced as /ˈɪnɖɪaː/ instead of /ˈɪndɪə/, and <sofa> as /ˈsoːfaː/ instead of /ˈsoʊfə/.[citation needed]
The word "of" is usually pronounced with a /f/ instead of a /v/ as in most other accents.[29]
Use of [d] instead of [t] for the "-ed" ending of the past tense after voiceless consonants, for example "developed" may be [ˈdɛʋləpd] instead of RP /dɪˈvɛləpt/.[25]
Use of [s] instead of [z] for the "-s" ending of the plural after voiced consonants, for example <dogs> may be [daɡs] instead of [dɒɡz].[29]
Pronunciation of <house> as [hauz] in both the noun and the verb, instead of [haus] as noun and [hauz] as verb.
The digraph <tz> is pronounced as [tz] or [tdʒ] instead of [ts] (voicing may be assimilated in the stop too), making <Switzerland> sound like [ˈsʋɪtzərlænd] instead of [ˈswɪtsəɹlənd].[citation needed]
In RP, /r/ occurs only before a vowel. But some speakers of Indian English, primarily in the South, use /r/ in almost all positions in words using the letter 'r',[29] similar to most American and some Irish dialects. The allophone used is a mild trill or a tap. Indian speakers do not typically use the retroflex approximant /ɻ/ for <r>, which is common for American English speakers.[citation needed]
All consonants are distinctly doubled (lengthened) in most varieties of Indian English wherever the spelling suggests so. e.g., <drilling> /ˈdrilliŋɡ/.
In certain words, especially Latinate words ending in ile, is pronounced [ɪ] in America and [aɪ] in Britain. Indian English, like most other Commonwealth dialects, will invariably use the British pronunciation. Thus, <tensile> would be pronounced as [ˈtɛnsaɪl] like the British, rather than [ˈtɛnsɪl] like the American; <anti>, on the other hand, use i, as [ˈænti] like in Britain, rather than [ˈæntaɪ] like in America. Similar effects of British colonisation are 're', 'ise', and 'our' spellings in words like 'metre', 'realise', and 'endeavour', respectively, which Americans would spell as 'meter', 'realize' and 'endeavor'.
Deletion is not commonly used. For example, "salmon" is usually pronounced with a distinct "l".

text: Supra-segmental features[edit]

text: English is a stress-timed language, and both syllable stress and word stress, where only certain words in a sentence or phrase are stressed, are important features of received pronunciation. Indian native languages are actually syllable-timed languages, like Latin and French. Indian-English speakers usually speak with a syllabic rhythm.[31] Further, in some Indian languages, stress is associated with a low pitch,[32] whereas in most English dialects, stressed syllables are generally pronounced with a higher pitch. Thus, when some Indian speakers speak, they appear to put the stress accents at the wrong syllables, or accentuate all the syllables of a long English word. Certain Indian accents are of a "sing-song" nature, a feature seen in a few English dialects in Britain, such as Scouse and Welsh English.[33]

text: Morphology and syntax[edit]

text: This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (April 2014)

text: Numbering system[edit]

text: The Indian numbering system is preferred for digit grouping. When written in words, or when spoken, numbers less than 100,000/100 000 are expressed just as they are in Standard English. Numbers including and beyond 100,000 / 100 000 are expressed in a subset of the Indian numbering system. Thus, the following scale is used:

text:
In digits (International system)
In digits (Indian system)
In words (long and short scales)
In words (Indian system)

10
ten

100
one hundred

1,000
one thousand

10,000
ten thousand

100,000
1,00,000
one hundred thousand
one lakh (from lākh लाख/لاکھ)

1,000,000
10,00,000
one million
ten lakh (from lākh लाख/لاکھ)

10,000,000
1,00,00,000
ten million
one crore (from karoṛ करोड़/کروڑ)

text: Larger numbers are generally expressed as multiples of the above (for example, one lakh crores for one trillion).[34][35]

text: Vocabulary[edit]

text: Indian English, naturally, has words of Indian vernaculars that have made their way into the English language, such as jungle, tank (water, irrigation), bungalow, shampoo and verandah. It has political, sociological, and administrative terms of modern India: dharna, hartal, eve-teasing, vote bank, swaraj, swadeshi, scheduled caste, scheduled tribe, NRI; it has words of Anglo-India such as tiffin, hill station, gymkhana; and it has slang.

text: Some examples unique to, or chiefly used in, standard written Indian English include:

text:
academic (noun) (also Canadian and U.S. English): In pl.: Academic pursuits in contrast to technical or practical work.

Example: 1991 Hindu (Madras) 6 Dec. 27/2 For 14 years he immersed himself in academics and was a fine achiever.[36]

accomplish (verb, transitive), chiefly Indian English: To equip.

Example: 1992 H. L. Chopra in V. Grover Political Thinkers of Modern India XVII. lxiii. 488 His insatiable thirst for knowledge accomplished him with all modern standards of scholarship.[37]

airdash (verb intransitive) Indian English, to make a quick journey by air, especially in response to an emergency.

Example: 1973 Hindustan Times Weekly 25 Mar. 1 Governor B. K. Nehru, who airdashed to Shillong yesterday, flew back to Imphal.[38]

English-knowing (adjective) originally and chiefly Indian English (of a person or group of people) that uses or speaks English.

Example: 1941 J. Nehru Toward Freedom vii. 40 The official and Service atmosphere... set the tone for almost all Indian middle-class life, especially the English-knowing intelligentsia.[39]

freeship, Indian English. A studentship or scholarship which offers full payment of a student's fees.[40]

Example: 1893 Med. Reporter (Calcutta) 1 Feb. 57/1 Two permanent freeships, each tenable for one year and one of which is for the second and the other for the third year class.
Example: 2006 Economic Times (India) (Nexis) 12 Oct., Private institutions can only develop if they are allowed to charge reasonable fees, while also providing need based freeships and scholarships for a certain percentage of students.[41]

matrimonial (noun) B. 3b. Chiefly Indian English. Advertisements in a newspaper for the purpose of finding a marriageable partner.

Example: 1999 Statesman (Calcutta) 10 Feb., (Midweek section) 4/3 When I have a job I'll have to begin a whole new search for my better half... Back to the newspaper matrimonials on Sundays.[42]

press person n. (chiefly Indian English, frequently as one word) a newspaper journalist, a reporter, a member of the press

Example: 2001 Hindu (Nexis) 20 June, The Prime Minister greeted the presspersons with a ‘namaskar’ and a broad smile.[43]

redressal (noun) now chiefly Indian English. = redress (noun)

Example: 1998 Statesman (India) (Nexis) 2 Apr., There is an urgent need for setting up an independent authority for redressal of telecom consumer complaints.
Example: 2002 Sunday Times of India 15 Sept. 8/4 Where does he go for the redressal of his genuine grievances?[44]

upgradation (noun) Indian English, the enhancement or upgrading of status, value or level of something

Example: 1986 Business India 8 Sept. 153/1 (advt.) Our Company lays great stress on technical training and knowledge upgradation.[45]

text: Spelling and national differences[edit]

text: Indian English generally uses the same British English spelling as Commonwealth nations such as Pakistan, Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand, and South Africa. Nowadays due to the growing usage of internet, the American English and its spelling is rapidly gaining popularity in India. Most computers in India use en-us (American English) localisation.

text: Similarly, in common with most of the Commonwealth, the final letter of the alphabet, Z is pronounced zed. In addition, the punctuation mark at the end of a sentence is referred to as a "full stop" rather than "period".


document_title: Manic Pixie Dream Girl

question_text: what is the male version of a manic pixie dream girl

text: Manic Pixie Dream Girl

text: Examples[edit]

text: MPDGs are usually static characters who have eccentric personality quirks and are unabashedly girlish. They invariably serve as the romantic interest for a (most often brooding or depressed) male protagonist. Examples of an MPDG are described below:

text:
An example is Natalie Portman's character in the movie Garden State (2004), written and directed by Zach Braff.[1][2][4] In his review of Garden State, Roger Ebert also described this kind of rather unbelievable "movie creature" as "completely available" and "absolutely desirable."[5]
The A.V. Club points to Katharine Hepburn's character in Bringing Up Baby (1938) as one of the earliest examples of the archetype.[3]
The Filmspotting podcast created a list of Top Five Manic Pixie Dream Girls; Nathan Rabin appeared as a guest and created his own, separate list of MPDGs.[6]

text:
Manic Pixie Dream Girls in film

Character

Portrayed by

Movie

Date

References

Susan Vance

Katharine Hepburn

Bringing Up Baby

1938

[3]

Jean Harrington

Barbara Stanwyck

The Lady Eve

1941

[6]

Gery Jeffers

Claudette Colbert

The Palm Beach Story

1942

[6]

Sugar "Kane" Kowalczyk

Marilyn Monroe

Some Like It Hot

1959

[6]

Fran Kubelik

Shirley MacLaine

The Apartment

1960

[3]

Patricia Franchini

Jean Seberg

Breathless

1960

[7]

Holly Golightly

Audrey Hepburn

Breakfast at Tiffany's

1961

[8]

Catherine

Jeanne Moreau

Jules and Jim

1962

[6]

Maria von Trapp

Julie Andrews

The Sound of Music

1965

[9]

Coquelicot

Geneviève Bujold

King of Hearts

1966

[10]

Sara Deever

Sandy Dennis

Sweet November

1968

[11]

Toni Simmons

Goldie Hawn

Cactus Flower

1969

[8]

Mary Ann "Pookie" Adams

Liza Minnelli

The Sterile Cuckoo

1969

[12]

Judy Maxwell

Barbra Streisand

What's Up, Doc?

1972

[2][3]

Jill Tanner

Goldie Hawn

Butterflies Are Free

1972

[8]

Annie Hall

Diane Keaton

Annie Hall

1977

[3]

Audrey Hankel, a.k.a. Lulu

Melanie Griffith

Something Wild

1986

[3]

SanDeE*

Sarah Jessica Parker

L.A. Story

1991

[13][14]

Belle

Paige O'Hara

Beauty and the Beast

1991

[7]

Faye

Faye Wong

Chungking Express

1995

[15]

Layla

Christina Ricci

Buffalo '66

1998

[16]

Penny Lane

Kate Hudson

Almost Famous

2000

[2]

Sara Deever

Charlize Theron

Sweet November

2001

[3][17]

Sam

Natalie Portman

Garden State

2004

[1][2][4]

Claire Colburn

Kirsten Dunst

Elizabethtown

2005

[1]

Kim

Rachel Bilson

The Last Kiss

2006

[3]

Allison

Zooey Deschanel

Yes Man

2008

[18]

Summer Finn

Zooey Deschanel

500 Days of Summer

2009

[19][20][21]

Maggie Murdock

Anne Hathaway

Love & Other Drugs

2010

[22]

Emma

Kate French

Language of a Broken Heart

2011

[23]

Penelope Lockhart

Keira Knightley

Seeking a Friend for the End of the World

2012

[10]

Bainsley

Mélanie Thierry

The Zero Theorem

2013

[24]

Sofi

Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey

I Origins

2014

[25]

Margo Roth Spiegelman

Cara Delevingne

Paper Towns

2015

[26]

text: Counterexamples[edit]

text:
The titular character of Annie Hall (1977) is often called a MPDG but is arguably not one, as she has her own goals independent of the male lead.[7]
Kate Winslet's character Clementine in Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) acknowledges the trope of the Manic Pixie Dream Girl and rejects the type, in a remark to Jim Carrey's Joel: "Too many guys think I'm a concept, or I complete them, or I'm gonna make them alive. But I'm just a fucked-up girl who's lookin' for my own peace of mind; don't assign me yours.”[6]
Although Zooey Deschanel's Summer in 500 Days of Summer (2009) is often identified as a MPDG, the movie can be seen as a deconstruction of the trope because it shows the dangers of idealising women as things, rather than respecting them as real people with their own complex outlooks. Director Marc Webb stated, "Yes, Summer has elements of the manic pixie dream girl – she is an immature view of a woman. She's Tom's view of a woman. He doesn't see her complexity and the consequence for him is heartbreak. In Tom's eyes, Summer is perfection, but perfection has no depth. Summer's not a girl, she's a phase."[27]
Eve, the lead character of Stuart Murdoch's musical film, God Help the Girl (2014), has also been noted as a subversion of the trope, with actress Emily Browning approaching the character as "the anti-manic pixie dream girl" and describing her as having "her own inner life" and being "incredibly self-absorbed; [...] Olly wants her to be his muse and she's like, 'No, I'm not having that. I'm gonna go do my own shit.'"[28][29]

text: Criticism and debate[edit]

text: In an interview with Vulture, the entertainment section of New York, about her film Ruby Sparks, actress and screenwriter Zoe Kazan criticized the term as reductive, diminutive, and misogynistic. She disagreed that Hepburn's character in Bringing Up Baby is a MPDG: "I think that to lump together all individual, original quirky women under that rubric is to erase all difference."[30]

text: In a December 2012 video, AllMovie critic Cammila Collar embraced the term as an effective description of one-dimensional female characters who only seek the happiness of the male protagonist, and who do not deal with any complex issues of their own. The pejorative use of the term, then, is mainly directed at writers who do not give these female characters more to do than bolster the spirits of their male partners.[31]

text: In December 2012, Slate's Aisha Harris posited that "critiques of the MPDG may have become more common than the archetype itself", suggesting that filmmakers had been forced to become "self-aware about such characters" in the years since Rabin's coining of the phrase and that the trope had largely disappeared from film.[32]

text: In July 2013, Kat Stoeffel, for The Cut, argued that the term itself had become sexist, citing her opinion that "it was levied, criminally at Diane Keaton in Annie Hall and Zooey Deschanel, the actual person. How could a real person's defining trait be a lack of interior life?"[33]

text: Similar sentiments were elucidated by Monika Bartyzel for The Week in April 2013, who wrote "this once-useful piece of critical shorthand has devolved into laziness and sexism". Bartyzel argues that "[The term] 'Manic Pixie Dream Girl' was useful when it commented on the superficiality of female characterizations in male dominated journeys, but it has since devolved into a pejorative way to deride unique women in fiction and reality."[34]

text: Retraction of the term[edit]

text: In July 2014, for Salon, Rabin prompted a retraction of the term "Manic Pixie Dream Girl". He argued that in "giving an idea a fuzzy definition", he inadvertently gave the phrase power it was not intended to have. The trope's popularity, Rabin suggested, led to discussions of a more precise definition, a reduction of the critic's all-encompassing classification of MPDG. While he coined the term to expose the sexist implications in modern culture, the "phrase was increasingly accused of being sexist itself". Backlash occurred when many well-loved female characters were placed under this trope. In response, Rabin suggested that nuanced characters cannot be classified in such a restricted nature, and thus he apologized to pop culture for "creating this unstoppable monster".[35]

text: The male gaze[edit]

text: One possible explanation for the lack of professional women in films may have to do with the male gaze, as described by Budd Boetticher, which is used in film so that the heroine is one who exists for the hero. He says, "What counts is what the heroine provokes, or rather what she represents. She is the one, or rather the love or fear she inspires in the hero, or else the concern he feels for her, who makes him act the way he does. In herself the woman has not the slightest importance." In this way, the male gaze plays a role in the creation of the MPDG, as the way it is put here makes it appear as if she would not exist without the male gaze.[36]

text: Manic Pixie Dream Boy[edit]

text: Recently there has been discussion of a male version of this trope, the Manic Pixie Dream Boy or Manic Pixie Dream Guy. Augustus Waters from the film version of The Fault in Our Stars (2014) was given this title in a 2014 Vulture article,[37] in which Matt Patches stated, "he's a bad boy, he's a sweetheart, he's a dumb jock, he's a nerd, he's a philosopher, he's a poet, he's a victim, he's a survivor, he's everything everyone wants in their lives, and he's a fallacious notion of what we can actually have in our lives."

text: The Manic Pixie Dream Boy trope has also been pointed out in sitcoms such as Parks and Recreation and 30 Rock. The female protagonists of these shows are married to men (Adam Scott's Ben Wyatt and James Marsden's Criss Chros, respectively), who, according to a 2012 Grantland article, "patiently [tamp] down her stubbornness and temper while appreciating her quirks, helping her to become her best possible self".[38]

text: The character Jesse, played by Skylar Astin, in the film Pitch Perfect (2012) embodies the Manic Pixie Dream Boy trope. His role in the film appears to be to coax the very serious character Beca, played by Anna Kendrick, out of her gloom and embrace life to the fullest. He has no backstory of his own, and no major goals of his own in the context of the film. According to an article on Ohio State's Entertainment News site.

text: Jesse, the male protagonist, never fails to break my heart. His character is seemingly flawless: he is sweet, charming, funny, boyishly handsome, and talented, but in a self-deprecating way. The character radiates youthful appeal in a way that makes me want to sit close to him and watch John Hughes movies with him. He takes on the selfless task of cracking open the stony girl protagonist by showing her The Breakfast Club and becomes a victim—Jesse is unusual. Jesse is a background story-less charisma machine.[39]

text: Similar tropes[edit]

text: Algorithm-defined fantasy girl[edit]

text: Another version of the Manic Pixie Dream Girl is the algorithm-defined fantasy girl. The difference is that the latter is not human, but a robot or artificial intelligence of some sort. The function is the same one: to fulfill the desires of the male character and to help him in his journey without having any desires or journey of her own. Some examples are: Joi in Blade Runner 2049 and Samantha in Spike Jonze's Her.[40][41]