document_title: Emperor penguin

question_text: where do female emperor penguins go in the winter

text: Emperor penguin

text: Taxonomy

text: Emperor penguins were described in 1844 by English zoologist George Robert Gray, who created the generic name from Ancient Greek word elements, ἀ-πτηνο-δύτης [a-ptēno-dytēs], "without-wings-diver". Its specific name is in honour of the German naturalist Johann Reinhold Forster, who accompanied Captain James Cook on his second voyage and officially named five other penguin species.[3] Forster may have been the first person to sight the penguins in 1773–74; he recorded a sighting of what he believed to be A. patagonicus but, given the location, may well have been A. forsteri.[4]

text: Together with the similarly coloured but smaller king penguin (A. patagonicus), the emperor penguin is one of two extant species in the genus Aptenodytes. Fossil evidence of a third species—Ridgen's penguin (A. ridgeni)—has been found in fossil records from the late Pliocene, about three million years ago, in New Zealand.[5] Studies of penguin behaviour and genetics have proposed that the genus Aptenodytes is basal; in other words, that it split off from a branch which led to all other living penguin species.[6] Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA evidence suggests this split occurred around 40 million years ago.[7]

text: Description

text: Adult emperor penguins stand up to 110–130 cm (43–51 in) tall.[8] The weight ranges from 22.7 to 45.4 kg (50 to 100 lb) and varies by sex, with males weighing more than females. It is the fifth heaviest living bird species, after only the larger varieties of ratite.[9] The weight also varies by season, as both male and female penguins lose substantial mass while raising hatchlings and incubating their egg. A male emperor penguin must withstand the Antarctic cold for more than two months to protect his egg from extreme cold. During this entire time he does not eat anything. Most male penguins will lose about 12 kg (26 lb) while they wait for their chicks to hatch.[10] The mean weight of males at the start of the breeding season is 38 kg (84 lb) and that of females is 29.5 kg (65 lb). After the breeding season this drops to 23 kg (51 lb) for both sexes.[11][12][13]

text: Like all penguin species, emperor penguins have streamlined bodies to minimize drag while swimming, and wings that are more like stiff, flat flippers.[14] The tongue is equipped with rear-facing barbs to prevent prey from escaping when caught.[15] Males and females are similar in size and colouration.[11] The adult has deep black dorsal feathers, covering the head, chin, throat, back, dorsal part of the flippers, and tail. The black plumage is sharply delineated from the light-coloured plumage elsewhere. The underparts of the wings and belly are white, becoming pale yellow in the upper breast, while the ear patches are bright yellow. The upper mandible of the 8 cm (3 in) long bill is black, and the lower mandible can be pink, orange or lilac.[16] In juveniles, the auricular patches, chin and throat are white, while its bill is black.[16] Emperor penguin chicks are typically covered with silver-grey down and have black heads and white masks.[16] A chick with all-white plumage was found in 2001, but was not considered to be an albino as it did not have pink eyes.[17] Chicks weigh around 315 g (11 oz) after hatching, and fledge when they reach about 50% of adult weight.[18]

text: The emperor penguin's dark plumage fades to brown from November until February (the Antarctic summer), before the yearly moult in January and February.[16] Moulting is rapid in this species compared with other birds, taking only around 34 days. Emperor penguin feathers emerge from the skin after they have grown to a third of their total length, and before old feathers are lost, to help reduce heat loss. New feathers then push out the old ones before finishing their growth.[19]

text: The average yearly survival rate of emperor penguins has been measured at 95.1%, with an average life expectancy of 19.9 years. The same researchers estimated that 1% of emperor penguins hatched could feasibly reach an age of 50 years.[20] In contrast, only 19% of chicks survive their first year of life.[21] Therefore, 80% of the emperor penguin population comprises adults five years and older.[20]

text: Vocalization

text: As the species has no fixed nest sites that individuals can use to locate their own partner or chick, emperor penguins must rely on vocal calls alone for identification.[22] They use a complex set of calls that are critical to individual recognition between parents, offspring, and mates,[11] displaying the widest variation in individual calls of all penguins.[22] Vocalizing emperor penguins use two frequency bands simultaneously.[23] Chicks use a frequency-modulated whistle to beg for food and to contact parents.[11]

text: Adaptations to cold

text: The emperor penguin breeds in the coldest environment of any bird species; air temperatures may reach −40 °C (−40 °F), and wind speeds may reach 144 km/h (89 mph). Water temperature is a frigid −1.8 °C (28.8 °F), which is much lower than the emperor penguin's average body temperature of 39 °C (102 °F). The species has adapted in several ways to counteract heat loss.[24] Feathers provide 80–90% of its insulation, and it has a layer of sub-dermal fat which may be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) thick before breeding.[25] This resultant blubber layer impedes the mobility of emperor penguins on land compared to their less fat-insulated cousins, the Magellanic penguins.[26] While the density of contour feathers is approximately 9 per square centimetre (58 per square inch), a combination of dense afterfeathers and down feathers (plumules) likely play a critical role for insulation.[27][28] Muscles allow the feathers to be held erect on land, reducing heat loss by trapping a layer of air next to the skin. Conversely, the plumage is flattened in water, thus waterproofing the skin and the downy underlayer.[29] Preening is vital in facilitating insulation and in keeping the plumage oily and water-repellent.[30]

text: The emperor penguin is able to thermoregulate (maintain its core body temperature) without altering its metabolism, over a wide range of temperatures. Known as the thermoneutral range, this extends from −10 to 20 °C (14 to 68 °F). Below this temperature range, its metabolic rate increases significantly, although an individual can maintain its core temperature from 38.0 °C (100.4 °F) down to −47 °C (−53 °F).[31] Movement by swimming, walking, and shivering are three mechanisms for increasing metabolism; a fourth process involves an increase in the breakdown of fats by enzymes, which is induced by the hormone glucagon.[32] At temperatures above 20 °C (68 °F), an emperor penguin may become agitated as its body temperature and metabolic rate rise to increase heat loss. Raising its wings and exposing the undersides increases the exposure of its body surface to the air by 16%, facilitating further heat loss.[33]

text: Adaptations to pressure and low oxygen

text: In addition to the cold, the emperor penguin encounters another stressful condition on deep dives—markedly increased pressure of up to 40 times that of the surface, which in most other terrestrial organisms would cause barotrauma. The bones of the penguin are solid rather than air-filled,[34] which eliminates the risk of mechanical barotrauma.

text: While diving, the emperor penguin's oxygen use is markedly reduced, as its heart rate is reduced to as low as 15–20 beats per minute and non-essential organs are shut down, thus facilitating longer dives.[15] Its haemoglobin and myoglobin are able to bind and transport oxygen at low blood concentrations; this allows the bird to function with very low oxygen levels that would otherwise result in loss of consciousness.[35]

text: Distribution and habitat

text: The emperor penguin has a circumpolar distribution in the Antarctic almost exclusively between the 66° and 77° south latitudes. It almost always breeds on stable pack ice near the coast and up to 18 km (11 mi) offshore.[11] Breeding colonies are usually located in areas where ice cliffs and icebergs shelter them from the wind.[11] Three land colonies have been reported: one (now disappeared) on a shingle spit at the Dion Islands on the Antarctic Peninsula,[36] one on a headland at Taylor Glacier in Victoria Land,[37] and most recently one at Amundsen Bay.[4] Since 2009, a number of colonies have been reported on shelf ice rather than sea ice, in some cases moving to the shelf in years when sea ice forms late.[38]

text: The northernmost breeding population is on Snow Island, near the northern tip of the Peninsula.[4] Individual vagrants have been recorded on Heard Island,[39] South Georgia,[40] and in New Zealand.[13][41]

text: The total population was estimated in 2009 to be at around 595,000 adult birds, in 46 known colonies spread around the Antarctic and sub-Antarctic; around 35% of the known population lives north of the Antarctic Circle. Major breeding colonies were located at Cape Washington, Coulman Island in Victoria Land, Halley, Cape Colbeck, and Dibble Glacier.[42] Colonies are known to fluctuate over time, often breaking into "suburbs" which move apart from the parent group, and some have been known to disappear entirely.[4] The Cape Crozier colony on the Ross Sea dropped drastically in size between the first visits by the Discovery Expedition in 1902–03[2] and the later visits by the Terra Nova Expedition in 1910–11; it was reduced to a few hundred birds, and may have come close to extinction due to changes in the position of the ice shelf.[43] By the 1960s it had rebounded dramatically,[43] but by 2009 was again reduced to a small population of around 300.[42]

text: Conservation status

text: In 2012 the emperor penguin was uplisted from a species of least concern to near threatened by the IUCN.[1][44] Along with nine other species of penguin, it is currently under consideration for inclusion under the US Endangered Species Act. The primary causes for an increased risk of species endangerment are declining food availability, due to the effects of climate change and industrial fisheries on the crustacean and fish populations. Other reasons for the species's placement on the Endangered Species Act's list include disease, habitat destruction, and disturbance at breeding colonies by humans. Of particular concern is the impact of tourism.[45] One study concluded that emperor penguin chicks in a crèche become more apprehensive following helicopter approach to 1,000 m (3,300 ft).[46]

text: Population declines of 50% in the Terre Adélie region have been observed due to increased adult mortality, especially of males, during an abnormally prolonged warm period in the late 1970s, which resulted in reduced sea-ice coverage. On the other hand, egg hatching success rates declined when the sea-ice extent increased. The species is therefore considered to be highly sensitive to climatic changes.[47] In 2009, the Dion Islands colony, which has been extensively studied since 1948, was reported to have disappeared at some point over the previous decade, the first confirmed loss of a colony.[48]

text: A Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution study in January 2009 found that emperor penguins could be pushed to the brink of extinction by the year 2100 due to global climate change. The study constructed a mathematical model to predict how the loss of sea ice from climate warming would affect a big colony of emperor penguins at Terre Adélie, Antarctica. The study forecasted an 87% decline in the colony's population, from three thousand breeding pairs in 2009 to four hundred breeding pairs in 2100.[49]

text: In June 2014 a study by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution concluded that emperor penguins are at risk from global warming, which is melting the sea ice. This study predicted that by 2100 all 45 colonies of emperor penguins will be declining in numbers, mostly due to loss of habitat. Loss of ice reduces the supply of krill, which is a primary food for emperor penguins.[50]

text: Behaviour

text: The emperor penguin is a social animal in its nesting and its foraging behaviour; birds hunting together may coordinate their diving and surfacing.[51] Individuals may be active day or night. A mature adult travels throughout most of the year between the nesting area and ocean foraging areas; the species disperses into the oceans from January to March.[13]

text: The American physiologist Gerry Kooyman revolutionized the study of penguin foraging behaviour in 1971 when he published his results from attaching automatic dive-recording devices to emperor penguins. He found that the species reaches depths of 265 m (869 ft), with dive periods of up to 18 minutes.[51] Later research revealed a small female had dived to a depth of 535 m (1,755 ft) near McMurdo Sound. It is possible that emperor penguins can dive even deeper, as the accuracy of the recording devices is diminished at greater depths.[52] Further study of one bird's diving behaviour revealed regular dives to 150 m (490 ft) in water around 900 m (3,000 ft) deep, and shallow dives of less than 50 m (160 ft), interspersed with deep dives of more than 400 m (1,300 ft) in depths of 450 to 500 m (1,480 to 1,640 ft).[53] This was suggestive of feeding near or at the sea bottom.[54]

text: Both male and female emperor penguins forage for food up to 500 km (311 mi) from colonies while collecting food to feed chicks, covering 82–1,454 km (51–903 mi) per individual per trip. A male returning to the sea after incubation heads directly out to areas of permanent open water, known as polynyas, around 100 km (62 mi) from the colony.[53]

text: An efficient swimmer, the emperor penguin exerts pressure with both its upward and downward strokes while swimming.[55] The upward stroke works against buoyancy and helps maintain depth.[56] Its average swimming speed is 6–9 km/h (3.7–5.6 mph).[57] On land, the emperor penguin alternates between walking with a wobbling gait and tobogganing—sliding over the ice on its belly, propelled by its feet and wing-like flippers. Like all penguins, it is flightless.[14] The emperor penguin is a very powerful bird. In one case, a crew of six men, trying to capture a single male penguin for a zoo collection, were repeatedly tossed around and knocked over before all of the men had to collectively tackle the bird, which weighs about half as much as a man.[58]

text: As a defence against the cold, a colony of emperor penguins forms a compact huddle (also known as the turtle formation) ranging in size from ten to several hundred birds, with each bird leaning forward on a neighbour. As the wind chill is the least severe in the center of the colony, all the juveniles are usually huddled there. Those on the outside upwind tend to shuffle slowly around the edge of the formation and add themselves to its leeward edge, producing a slow churning action, and giving each bird a turn on the inside and on the outside.[59][60]

text: Predators

text: The emperor penguin's predators include birds and aquatic mammals. Southern giant petrels (Macronectes giganteus) are the predominant land predator of chicks, responsible for up to 34% of chick deaths in some colonies though they often scavenge dead penguins as well. The south polar skua (Stercorarius maccormicki) mainly scavenges for dead chicks, as the live chicks are too large to be attacked by the time of its annual arrival in the colony.[61] Occasionally, a parent may defend their chick from attack, although it may be more passive if the chick is sickly.[62]

text: The only known predators thought to attack healthy adults, and who attack emperor penguins in the water, are both mammals. The first is the leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), which takes some adult birds, as well as fledglings soon after they enter the water.[63] Orcas (Orcinus orca), mostly take adult birds, although they will attack penguins of any age in or near water.[62]

text: Courtship and breeding

text: Emperor penguins are able to breed at around three years of age, and usually commence breeding around one to three years later.[18] The yearly reproductive cycle begins at the start of the Antarctic winter, in March and April, when all mature emperor penguins travel to colonial nesting areas, often walking 50 to 120 km (31 to 75 mi) inland from the edge of the pack ice.[64] The start of travel appears to be triggered by decreasing day lengths; emperor penguins in captivity have been induced successfully into breeding by using lighting systems mimicking seasonal Antarctic day lengths.[65]

text: The penguins start courtship in March or April, when the temperature can be as low as −40 °C (−40 °F). A lone male gives an ecstatic display, where it stands still and places its head on its chest before inhaling and giving a courtship call for 1–2 seconds; it then moves around the colony and repeats the call. A male and female then stand face to face, with one extending its head and neck up and the other mirroring it; they both hold this posture for several minutes. Once in pairs, couples waddle around the colony together, with the female usually following the male. Before copulation, one bird bows deeply to its mate, its bill pointed close to the ground, and its mate then does the same.[66]

text: Emperor penguins are serially monogamous. They have only one mate each year, and stay faithful to that mate. However, fidelity between years is only about 15%.[66] The narrow window of opportunity available for mating appears to be an influence, as there is a priority to mate and breed which often precludes waiting for the appearance of the previous year's partner.[67]

text: The female penguin lays one 460–470 g (1.01–1.04 lb) egg in May or early June;[66] it is vaguely pear-shaped, pale greenish-white, and measures around 12 cm × 8 cm (4 3⁄4 in × 3 1⁄4 in).[64] It represents just 2.3% of its mother's body weight, making it one of the smallest eggs relative to the maternal weight in any bird species.[68] 15.7% of the weight of an emperor penguin egg is shell; like those of other penguin species, the shell is relatively thick, which minimizes risk of breakage.[69]

text: After laying, the mother's nutritional reserves are exhausted and she very carefully transfers the egg to the male, before immediately returning to the sea for two months to feed.[64] The transfer of the egg can be awkward and difficult, and many couples drop the egg in the process. When this happens, the chick inside is quickly lost, as the egg cannot withstand the freezing temperatures on the icy ground. The male spends the dark winter incubating the egg in his brood pouch, balancing it on the tops of his feet, for 64 consecutive days until hatching.[66] The emperor penguin is the only species where this behaviour is observed; in all other penguin species both parents take shifts incubating.[70] By the time the egg hatches, the male will have fasted for around 115 days since arriving at the colony.[66] To survive the cold and winds of up to 200 km/h (120 mph), the males huddle together, taking turns in the middle of the huddle. They have also been observed with their backs to the wind to conserve body heat. In the four months of travel, courtship, and incubation, the male may lose as much as 20 kg (44 lb), from a total mass of 38 to 18 kg (84 to 40 lb).[71][72]

text: Hatching may take as long as two or three days to complete, as the shell of the egg is thick. Newly hatched chicks are semi-altricial, covered with only a thin layer of down and entirely dependent on their parents for food and warmth.[73] If the chick hatches before the mother's return, the father feeds it a curd-like substance composed of 59% protein and 28% lipid, which is produced by a gland in his oesophagus.[74] This ability to produce "milk" in birds is only found in pigeons, flamingos and male Emperor penguins.[75] The young chick is brooded in what is called the guard phase, spending time balanced on its parent's feet and sheltered in the brood pouch.[73]

text: The female penguin returns at any time from hatching to ten days afterwards, from mid-July to early August.[64] She finds her mate among the hundreds of fathers by his vocal call and takes over caring for the chick, feeding it by regurgitating the food that she has stored in her stomach. The male then leaves to take his turn at sea, spending around 24 days there before returning.[64] The parents then take turns, one brooding while the other forages at sea.[66] If the incubating parent is not relieved by its partner before its own energy reserves are depleted, then it returns to the sea to re-feed, abandoning its doomed egg or chick at the colony site.[76] Abandoned chicks do not survive.[77]

text: About 45–50 days after hatching, the chicks form a crèche, huddling together for warmth and protection. During this time, both parents forage at sea and return periodically to feed their chicks.[73] A crèche may comprise up to several thousand birds densely packed together and is essential for surviving the low Antarctic temperatures.[78]

text: From early November, chicks begin moulting into juvenile plumage, which takes up to two months and is often not completed by the time they leave the colony; adults cease feeding them during this time. All birds make the considerably shorter trek to the sea in December or January and spend the rest of the summer feeding there.[63][79]

text: Feeding

text: The emperor penguin's diet consists mainly of fish, crustaceans and cephalopods,[80] although its composition varies from population to population. Fish are usually the most important food source, and the Antarctic silverfish (Pleuragramma antarcticum) makes up the bulk of the bird's diet. Other prey commonly recorded include other fish of the family Nototheniidae, the glacial squid (Psychroteuthis glacialis), and the hooked squid species Kondakovia longimana, as well as Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba).[54] The emperor penguin searches for prey in the open water of the Southern Ocean, in either ice-free areas of open water or tidal cracks in pack ice.[11] One of its feeding strategies is to dive to around 50 m (160 ft), where it can easily spot sympagic fish like the bald notothen (Pagothenia borchgrevinki) swimming against the bottom surface of the sea-ice; it swims up to the bottom of the ice and catches the fish. It then dives again and repeats the sequence about half a dozen times before surfacing to breathe.[81]

text: Relationship with humans

text: In zoos and aquariums

text: Starting in the 1930s, there were several attempts of keeping emperor penguins in captivity, but these were often short-lived, as knowledge of penguin keeping in general was limited. The first to achieve a level of success was Aalborg Zoo in the 1960s where they provided a chilled house for this Antarctic species. An individual lived for 20 years at the zoo and a chick was hatched but died shortly after.[82]

text: Today the species is only kept at a few zoos and public aquariums in North America and Asia. It was first successfully bred at SeaWorld San Diego; more than 20 individuals have hatched there since 1980.[83][84] Considered a flagship species, 55 individuals were counted in captivity in North American zoos and aquaria in 1999.[85] In China, the emperor penguin was first bred at Nanjing Underwater World in 2009,[86] followed by Laohutan Ocean Park in Dalian in 2010.[87] Since then it has been kept and bred at a few other facilities in China, and the first known twin emperor penguins (the species normally only lays one egg) hatched at Sun Asia Ocean World in Dalian in 2017.[88] In Japan, the species is housed at Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium and Wakayama Adventure World, with successful hatching in the latter place.[89]

text: Penguin rescue, rehabilitation and release

text: In June 2011, a juvenile emperor penguin was found on the beach at Peka Peka, north of Wellington in New Zealand. He had consumed 3 kg (6.6 lb) of sand, which he had mistaken for snow, as well as sticks and stones, and had to undergo a number of operations to remove these to save his life. Following recovery, on 4 September, the juvenile, named "Happy Feet" (after the 2006 film), was fitted with a tracking device and released into the Southern Ocean 80 km (50 mi) north of Campbell Island.[90][91] However, 8 days later scientists lost contact with the bird, suggesting that the transmitter had fallen off (considered likely) or that he had been eaten by a predator (considered less likely).[92]

text: Cultural references

text: The species' unique life cycle in such a harsh environment has been described in print and visual media. Apsley Cherry-Garrard, the Antarctic explorer, said: "Take it all in all, I do not believe anybody on Earth has a worse time than an emperor penguin".[93] Widely distributed in cinemas in 2005, the French documentary La Marche de l'empereur, which was also released with the English title March of the Penguins, told the story of the penguins' reproductive cycle.[94][95] The subject has been covered for the small screen four times by the BBC and presenter David Attenborough: first in episode five of the 1993 series on the Antarctic Life in the Freezer,[96] again in the 2001 series The Blue Planet,[97] once again in the 2006 series Planet Earth,[98] and finally Frozen Planet in 2011.[99]

text: The computer-animated movie Happy Feet (2006) features emperor penguins as its primary characters, with one in particular that loves to dance; although a comedy, it too depicts their life cycle and promotes an underlying serious environmental message of threats from global warming and depletion of food sources by overfishing.[100] The computer-animated movie Surf's Up (2007) features a surfing emperor penguin named Zeke "Big-Z" Topanga.[101] More than 30 countries have depicted the bird on their stamps – Australia, Great Britain, Chile and France have each issued several.[102] It has also been depicted on a 1962 10 franc stamp as part of an Antarctic expedition series.[103] Canadian band The Tragically Hip composed the song "Emperor Penguin" for their 1998 album Phantom Power.

text: Notes

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Jump up ^ Giese M, Riddle M (1997). "Disturbance of emperor penguin Aptenodytes forsteri chicks by helicopters". Polar Biology. 22 (6): 366–71. doi:10.1007/s003000050430.
Jump up ^ Barbraud, C.; Weimerskirch H. (2001). "Emperor penguins and climate change". Nature. 411 (6834): 183–186. doi:10.1038/35075554. PMID 11346792.
Jump up ^ Trathan, P. N.; Fretwell, P. T.; Stonehouse, B. (2011). Briffa, Mark, ed. "First Recorded Loss of an Emperor Penguin Colony in the Recent Period of Antarctic Regional Warming: Implications for Other Colonies". PLoS ONE. 6 (2): e14738. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...614738T. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014738. PMC 3046112 . PMID 21386883.
Jump up ^ Jenouvrier, S.; Caswell, H.; Barbraud, C.; Holland, M.; Str Ve, J.; Weimerskirch, H. (2009). "Demographic models and IPCC climate projections predict the decline of an emperor penguin population". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (6): 1844–1847. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1844J. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806638106. PMC 2644125 . PMID 19171908.
Jump up ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (30 June 2014). "Emperor penguins at risk of extinction, scientists warn". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media Limited. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
^ Jump up to: a b Kooyman GL, Drabek CM, Elsner R, Campbell WB (1971). "Diving behaviour of the Emperor Penguin Aptenodytes forsteri" (PDF). Auk. 88 (4): 775–95. doi:10.2307/4083837. JSTOR 4083837.
Jump up ^ Williams 1995, p. 89.
^ Jump up to: a b Ancel A, Kooyman GL, Ponganis PJ, Gendner JP, Lignon J, Mestre X (1992). "Foraging behaviour of Emperor Penguins as a resource detector in Winter and Summer". Nature. 360 (6402): 336–39. Bibcode:1992Natur.360..336A. doi:10.1038/360336a0.
^ Jump up to: a b Williams 1995, p. 156.
Jump up ^ Hile J (29 March 2004). "Emperor Penguins: Uniquely Armed for Antarctica". National Geographic website. National Geographic. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Lovvorn, J. R. (2001). "Upstroke thrust, drag effects, and stroke-glide cycles in wing-propelled swimming by birds". American Zoologist. 41 (2): 154–165. doi:10.1093/icb/41.2.154.
Jump up ^ Kooyman GL, Ponganis PJ, Castellini MA, Ponganis EP, Ponganis KV, Thorson PH, Eckert SA, LeMaho Y (1992). "Heart rates and swim speeds of emperor penguins diving under sea ice" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 165 (1): 1161–80.
Jump up ^ Wood, Gerald (1983). The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
Jump up ^ Pinshow B.; Fedak M.A.; Battles D.R; Schmidt-Nielsen K. (1976). "Energy expenditure for thermoregulation and locomotion in emperor penguins". American Journal of Physiology. 231 (3): 903–12. PMID 970474.
Jump up ^ Rebecca Morelle (2 June 2011). "Penguin huddle secrets revealed with time lapse footage". BBC News. Retrieved 4 June 2011. The mystery of how penguins stay warm while they huddle has been revealed by an international team of scientists. ... Dr Zitterbart explained: "The colony would stay still for most of the time, but every 30–60 seconds one penguin or a group of penguin starts to move – just a little bit. "This makes the surrounding ones move – and all of a sudden this moves throughout the colony like a wave."
Jump up ^ Williams 1995, p. 40.
^ Jump up to: a b Prévost, J (1961). Ecologie du manchot empereur. Paris: Hermann.
^ Jump up to: a b Kooyman GL, Croll DA, Stone S, Smith S (1990). "Emperor penguin colony at Cape Washington, Antarctica". Polar Record. 26 (157): 103–08. doi:10.1017/S0032247400011141.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Williams 1995, p. 158.
Jump up ^ Groscolas, R; Jallageas, M; Goldsmith, A; Assenmacher, I (1986). "The endocrine control of reproduction and molt in male and female Emperor (Aptenodytes forsteri) and Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) Penguins. I. Annual changes in plasma levels of gonadal steroids and luteinizing hormone". Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 62 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1016/0016-6480(86)90092-4. PMID 3781216.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Williams 1995, p. 157.
Jump up ^ Williams 1995, p. 55.
Jump up ^ Williams 1995, p. 23.
Jump up ^ Williams 1995, p. 24
Jump up ^ Williams 1995, p. 27.
Jump up ^ Robin, J. P.; M. Frain; C. Sardet; R. Groscolas; Y. Le Maho (1988). "Protein and lipid utilization during long-term fasting in emperor penguins". Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 254 (1 Pt 2): R61–R68. PMID 3337270.
Jump up ^ Le Maho, Y.; P. Delclitte; J Chatonnet (1976). "Thermoregulation in fasting emperor penguins under natural conditions". Am. J. Physiol. 231 (3): 913–922. PMID 970475.
^ Jump up to: a b c Williams 1995, p. 28.
Jump up ^ Prévost J, Vilter V (1963). "Histologie de la sécrétion oesophagienne du Manchot empereur". Proceedings of the XIII International Ornithological Conference (in French): 1085–94.
Jump up ^ ScienceAlert 19 SEP 2011
Jump up ^ Robin, Jean-Patrice; Boucontet, Laurent; Chillet, Pascal; Groscolas, René (1998). "Behavioral changes in fasting emperor penguins: evidence for a "refeeding signal" linked to a metabolic shift". Am. J. Physiol. 274 (Regulatory Integrative Comp. Physiol. 43): R746–R753.
Jump up ^ "Cold comfort". Life in the Freezer. David Attenborough (narrator). BBC. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
Jump up ^ Williams 1995, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Pütz, K.; Plötz, J. (1991). "Moulting starvation in emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) chicks". Polar Biology. 11 (4): 253–258. doi:10.1007/BF00238459.
Jump up ^ Cherel Y, Kooyman GL (1998). "Food of emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) in the western Ross Sea, Antarctica". Marine Biology. 130 (3): 335–44. doi:10.1007/s002270050253.
Jump up ^ Ponganis PJ, Van Dam RP, Marshall G, Knower T, Levenson DH (2003). "Sub-ice foraging behavior of emperor penguins" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Biology. 203 (21): 3275–78.
Jump up ^ "75 år med dyrebare oplevelser" (PDF). Aalborg Zoo. 2010. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Todd, FS (1986). "Techniques for propagating King and Emperor penguins Aptenodytes patagonica and A. forsteri at Sea World, San Diego". International Zoo Yearbook. 26 (1): 110–24. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1986.tb02208.x.
Jump up ^ "Animal Bytes – Penguins". SeaWorld official website. SeaWorld. 2008. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Diebold EN, Branch S, Henry L (1999). "Management of penguin populations in North American zoos and aquariums" (PDF). Marine Ornithology. 27: 171–76. Retrieved 31 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "First emperor penguin egg laid in China". english.sina.com. 11 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ Tong, Xiong (19 August 2010). "China hatches first emperor penguin". english.news.cn. Archived from the original on 9 November 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "World's first twin penguins born in China". ecns.cn. 4 November 2017. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
Jump up ^ "Penguin chick makes public debut". The Japan Times. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
Jump up ^ "Happy Feet's trek a boon for scientists". Television New Zealand. 6 September 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
Jump up ^ New Zealand releases penguin Happy Feet. Associated Press, 5 September 2011
Jump up ^ Concern mounts for 'missing' penguin Happy Feet, BBC, 12 September 2011.
Jump up ^ Cherry-Garrard, A (1922). "introduction". The Worst Journey in the World. Carroll & Graf. pp. xvii. ISBN 0-88184-478-0.
Jump up ^ Bowes P (19 August 2005). "Penguin secrets captivate US viewers". BBC website. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
Jump up ^ "La Marche de l'empereur, un film de Luc Jacquet". Official Site (in French). Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 19 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Presenter – David Attenborough (1993). "The Big Freeze". Life in the Freezer. Season 1. Episode 5. BBC.
Jump up ^ Presenter – David Attenborough (2001). "Frozen Seas". The Blue Planet. Season 1. Episode 4. BBC.
Jump up ^ Presenter – David Attenborough (2006). "Ice Worlds". Planet Earth. Season 1. Episode 6. BBC.
Jump up ^ Presenter – David Attenborough (2011). "Winter". Frozen Planet. Season 1. Episode 5. BBC.
Jump up ^ Lovgren S (16 November 2006). ""Happy Feet": Movie Magic vs. Penguin Truths". National Geographic website. National Geographic. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Lovgren S (2007). "Behind the Scenes of the New Movie "Surf's Up"". National Geographic website. National Geographic. Archived from the original on 10 March 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Scharning K (2008). "Penguins Spheniscidae". Theme Birds on Stamps. self. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
Jump up ^ Scharning K (2008). "Bird stamps from Belgium". Theme Birds on Stamps. self. Retrieved 29 March 2008.

tag: ol


document_title: F the Prom

question_text: who plays the principle in f the prom

question_tokens: who plays the principle in f the prom

root

text: F the Prom

text: Plot[edit]

text: Maddy Datner and her best friend Cole Reed attend their first day of high school at Charles Adams High. Cole is subjected to a prank by a fellow student, revealing his white underwear, earning him the nickname "Tighty". Rather than stand up for him, Maddy decides not to intervene, and refuses to talk to Cole from that point on. Three years later, Maddy is at the top of the social hierarchy, and is dating the hottest guy at school, Kane. Cole, still shunned by his peers, has decided to apply to a prestigious art college.

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text: Maddy catches her best friend Marissa making out with Kane. Revealing her disgust with Maddy's recent self-centered behavior, Marissa explains that she intends to be crowned Queen at the upcoming senior prom, which Maddy was expected to win. That night, Maddy goes to Cole's house, and they reconnect, reminiscing about their former friendship. Maddy suggests that they ruin the prom, enlisting Cole's friend Felicity to help. Felicity refuses to help at first, but when Maddy stands up for Cole against Kane, she agrees, and enlists the help of other social outcasts to execute the plan.

text: Maddy announces that she intends to take Cole to the prom, which greatly increases his status. Marissa tries to steal Cole's affections, but he rebuffs her. Kane, meanwhile, seeks forgiveness from Maddy. Felicity reveals that at one time, she and Kane were together, until Marissa manipulated Kane into dumping her for Maddy. As the date for prom approaches, Maddy forgives Kane and reneges on her commitment to take Cole as her date. Feeling hurt, Cole nearly calls the plan off, but his father intervenes. A former prom king himself, he has come to regret his behavior in high school, and believes his lack of humility was the reason why he and Cole's mother ultimately separated. He urges Cole to humble the popular kids so they don't turn out like him.

text: The night of the prom, Felicity and the other conspirators rig the voting system, drug Marissa's punch, and turn the popular kids against each other using social media, including posting fake pornographic images of one boy. At the end of the night, Maddy is crowned prom queen, and is thus doused with tar—the punishment intended for Marissa—before one of the kids pulls the fire alarm. Marissa takes revenge on Cole for rejecting her by once again pantsing him in front of the crowd. Enraged, Cole delivers a lengthy speech in which he criticizes how the students have hurt each other in pursuit of popularity that is ultimately without meaning or worth.

text: Cole ignores Maddy for the rest of the school year due to her betrayal at prom. After graduation, however, Cole stops by Maddy's house to give her a graphic novel of his drawings as a going away present. He also confesses his feelings for her. Maddy reciprocates, and they kiss, but Cole ultimately rejects her offer of a relationship, wishing to remain friends instead.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Danielle Campbell as Maddy Datner[3]
Joel Courtney as Cole Reed
Madelaine Petsch as Marissa[4]
Cameron Palatas as Kane
Meg DeLacy as Felicity Stufts/ City / Stuffs
Jill Cimorelli as TIG / Abbey
Luke Bilyk as T.J.
Michael Chey as Sweats / Larry
Brendan Calton as Strings / Efraim
Adan Allende as Mutey / Emile
Ian Ziering as Ken Reed
Cheri Oteri as Christine Datner
Richard Karn as Murphy Datner
Nicholle Tom as Principal Statszill
Diamond White as Rayna
Brenna Bloom as Sarah
Tom Phelan as Jerry
Ethan James Teague as Barry
Eric Beckerman as Akiva
Jeannie Elise Mai as Anna
Edward Zo as Yang
Aidan Alexander as Nick
Lilly Singh as Miss Fallsburg
Marcin Gortat as Cab Driver
Marnie Alexenburg as Mrs. Carter
Corey Allen Kotler as Uncle Moish
Kaleb King as Dave
Josh Pinkowski as Dov
Alexa Speyer as Alexa
Logan Shroyer as Young Ken
Mika Cigic as Young Christine
Michael McLean as Young Murphy
Gabriel Johnson as Mollie
Monique Birtwell as Allie
Marcin Gortat as a Taxi driver

tag: ul


document_title: Leslie Carrara-Rudolph

question_text: who does abby's voice on sesame street

question_tokens: who does abby 's voice on sesame street

text: Leslie Carrara-Rudolph

text: This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text:
Leslie Carrara-Rudolph

Born
(1962-12-09) December 9, 1962 (age 54)
Walnut Creek, California, United States

Other names

Leslie Carrara
Leslie Carrera-Rudolph
Leslie Rudolph
Leslie Carrara Rudolph

Occupation
Actress, singer, performer, puppeteer, voice actress, speaker, artist

Years active
1996–present

Website
Official website

text: Leslie Carrara-Rudolph (born December 9, 1962) is an American actress, singer, performer, puppeteer, voice actress, speaker, and artist. She is sometimes credited as Leslie Carrara or the misspelling Leslie Carrera-Rudolph.

text: Career[edit]

text: Leslie Carrara-Rudolph is known for performing the fairy Abby Cadabby on the PBS Kids show Sesame Street, for which she was nominated for a 2009 Emmy Award for best performer in a children's series. She is also known for her puppeteer role as Ginger on Playhouse Disney's Johnny and the Sprites. She performed the muppet Jesse for Sesame Street's military outreach project Touch, Listen, and Connect, which starred Katie Couric. Carrara-Rudolph plays various characters on Sesame Street throughout the season. She got her start on ABC's Muppets Tonight as Spamela Hamderson. Other puppeteering credits include Edi the Zebra on the Learning Channel's Animal Jam and the evil blonde vampire puppet in the movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall. Carrara-Rudolph is one of the founding members of the Henson improv group Puppet Up!, which was later renamed Stuffed and Unstrung. She was part of the improv cast for its debut at the Aspen Comedy Festival. She toured with them to the Australian comedy festival and was a cast member for the off-Broadway show at the Union Square Theater. She also played the main role of Blue, the female blue puppy in Nick Jr.'s Blue's Room.

text: Her original character Lolly Lardpop has a musical Comedy CD out called Sunkinsass. Carrara-Rudolph portrayed the human kiddie-show star Miss Poppy in the satirical play Pigeon-Holed, written by Sesame writer Annie Evans and Sesame puppeteer regulars. She does regular voice-over work, including characters in Zatch Bell, Ratchet & Clank, and The Simpsons. She has a BA degree from San Francisco State University in her major "Child Development Through the Arts." When she is not performing, she illustrates children's books and paints.

text: Carrara-Rudolph performs an original, candy-obsessed character, Lolly, in several clubs and events in New York and Los Angeles, and works in children's outreach programs.[citation needed] Carrara-Rudolph released a Lolly children's CD called Spunkinsass.[when?]

text: Carrara-Rudolph has written and produced several one-woman shows. Her latest musical, Entertaining a Thought, which was developed at the 2009 Ojai Play Write Conference, recently received a Jim Henson Foundation Grant and a 2009–2010 UNIMA Citation of Excellence in the Art of Puppetry. She just finished a run of her newest interactive show, Wake Up Your Weird, at the Center for Puppetry Arts in Atlanta. The show she created for the Disney company, The Wahoo Wagon, ran for six months at the El Capitan Theater in Hollywood and featured all of her original characters.

text: Some of Carrara-Rudolph's voice-over credits include the voice of Peg Puppy for Nickelodeon's cartoon series T.U.F.F. Puppy, and background voices for The Simpsons and for The Electric Company, for which she voices Wolfman, Bat, and Mummy. She joined the cast of the podcast series The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd in the season three premiere and has guest starred several times since.

text: She plays the character Bubbles in Splash and Bubbles.

text: She was an additional puppeteer in Julie's Greenroom.


document_title: This too shall pass

question_text: where did this too shall pass come from

question_tokens: where did this too shall pass come from

text: This too shall pass

text: History[edit]

text: A 10th century Anglo Saxon wrote a poem known as "Deor's Lament". Each stanza of the elegy ends in the repetition of the refrain "Þæs ofereode,þisses swa mæg" translated variously as "That passed away; this also may" or "That was overcome, so may this be" [1]. Another English reference to the adage may be found in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice (Vol. III, Ch. 6), published in 1813. The "philosophic composure" of Mr. Bennet leads him to reply to his daughter, Elizabeth, who has counseled him not to become inconsolable after a recent family misfortune, that "You may well warn me against such an evil. Human nature is so prone to fall into it! ...I am not afraid of being overpowered by the impression. It will pass away soon enough."

text: Another early English citation of "this too shall pass" appears in 1848:

text: When an Eastern sage was desired by his sultan to inscribe on a ring the sentiment which, amidst the perpetual change of human affairs, was most descriptive of their real tendency, he engraved on it the words : — "And this, too, shall pass away." It is impossible to imagine a thought more truly and universally applicable to human affairs than that expressed in these memorable words, or more descriptive of that perpetual oscillation from good to evil, and from evil to good, which from the beginning of the world has been the invariable characteristic of the annals of man, and so evidently flows from the strange mixture of noble and generous with base and selfish inclinations, which is constantly found in the children of Adam.[1]

text: It was also used in 1852, in a retelling of fable, entitled "Solomon's Seal", by  the English poet Edward Fitzgerald.[2] In it, a sultan requests of King Solomon a sentence that would always be true in good times or bad; Solomon responds, "This too will pass away".[3] On September 30, 1859, Abraham Lincoln recounted a similar story:

text: It is said an Eastern monarch once charged his wise men to invent him a sentence, to be ever in view, and which should be true and appropriate in all times and situations. They presented him the words: "And this, too, shall pass away." How much it expresses! How chastening in the hour of pride! How consoling in the depths of affliction![4][5]

text: Origin of the fable[edit]

text: The fable retold by Fitzgerald can be traced to the first half of the 19th century, appearing in American papers by at least as early as 1839.[3] It usually involved a nameless "Eastern monarch". Its origin has been traced to the works of Persian Sufi poets, such as Sanai and Attar of Nishapur.[3] Attar records the fable of a powerful king who asks assembled wise men to create a ring that will make him happy when he is sad. After deliberation the sages hand him a simple ring with the words "This too will pass" etched on it, which has the desired effect to make him happy when he is sad. It also, however, became a curse for whenever he is happy.[3]

text: This story also appears in the Jewish folklore.[6] Many versions of the story have been recorded by the Israel Folklore Archive at the University of Haifa.[7] Jewish folklore often casts Solomon as either the king humbled by the adage, or as the one who delivers it to another.

text: In some versions the phrase is simplified  even further, appearing as only the Hebrew letters gimel, zayin, and yodh, which begin the words "Gam zeh ya'avor" (Hebrew: גַּם זֶה יַעֲבֹר, gam zeh yaavor), "this too shall pass."


document_title: Horse racing in Great Britain

question_text: what is the oldest horse race in england

question_tokens: what is the oldest horse race in england

text: Horse racing in Great Britain

text: Types of racing[edit]

text: There are two main forms of horse racing in Great Britain.

text:
Flat racing, which is run over distances between 5 furlongs and 2 miles 5 furlongs 159 yards on courses without obstacles
National Hunt racing, races run over distances between 2 miles and 4 1/2 miles, where horses usually jump either hurdles or fences (races known as steeplechases).  There is also a category of National Hunt races known as National Hunt flat races, which are run under National Hunt rules, but where no obstacles are jumped.

text: Collectively, the above racing is often referred to as racing "under rules", since there is another form of racing which is run on an altogether more informal and ad hoc basis, known as point-to-point racing. Point-to-point is a form of steeplechasing for amateur riders.

text: All the above forms of the sport are run under the auspices of the governing and regulatory body for horse racing in Great Britain, the British Horseracing Authority.[4] with the exception of point-to-pointing which is administered by the Point-to-Point Authority with the BHA taking on regulatory functions.[5] There is also a limited amount of harness racing which takes place under the auspices of the British Harness Racing Society and Arabian racing which takes place under the auspices of the Arabian Racing Organisation.

text: History[edit]

text: Roman era to Middle Ages[edit]

text:
Horses were used as beasts of burden in pre-Roman times, but it is thought that the first horse races to take place in Britain were organised by Carl in Yorkshire around 200 AD.[6] It is believed that Romans at the encampment at Wetherby matched horses against Arabian horses brought to England by Emperor Severus Septimus.[7] The Venerable Bede reports that the English began to saddle their horses about the year 631.
[8]

text: The earliest written mention of 'running-horses' is a record of Hugh, from the French House of Capet, gifting some as a present to King Athelstan of England in the 9th/10th century.[6] During Athelstan's reign a ban was placed on the export of English horses, such was supposed to be their superiority to continental ones. Continental ones were still permitted for import, and many were brought to England by William the Conqueror. Roger de Montgomerie, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury introduced Spanish stallions to the country.[8]

text: The first recorded race meetings were during the reign of Henry II at Smithfield, London, during the annual St Bartholomew's horse fair.  The event is attested by William Fitzstephen writing at some time after 1174 and the poet Drayton.[6]  The Middle English romance Sir Bevis of Hampton has couplets which refer to races taking place in the time of Richard I.[9]

text: For the next three centuries there are numerous records of Kings of England keeping 'running horses'.  Edward III bought horses at £13 6s 8d each, and was also gifted two by the King of Navarre.  The royal stud continued to grow throughout the reign of Henry VII.[10]

text: 16th Century[edit]

text: Records become more substantial during the time of Henry VIII.  He passed a number of laws relating to the breeding of horses[11] and also imported a large number of stallions and mares for breeding.  He kept a training establishment at Greenwich  and a stud at Eltham.[3]

text: Formal race meetings began to be instigated too.  It is believed that the first occurrence of a trophy being presented to the winner of a race was in 1512 by organisers of a fair in Chester and was a small wooden ball decorated with flowers.[citation needed]  Meanwhile, the oldest horse race still in existence, the Kiplingcotes Derby was first run in 1519. The Carlisle Bells, reputedly the oldest sporting trophy in the world, were first competed for in the 16th century, in a race that still bears their name.  One of the bells is inscribed "The sweftes horse thes bel tak" ("The swiftest horse takes this bell").[12]

text: Racing was established at Chester, the oldest surviving racecourse in England, by 1540.[7] In the 1580s Queen Elizabeth I is recorded as attending races on Salisbury Plain.[7]. Leith Races were established by 1591, and at Doncaster by 1595.[7]

text: 17th century[edit]

text: During the reign of Elizabeth, interest in horse racing appears to have waned, for reasons unrecorded,[13] although she is noted to have attended races on Salisbury Plain in the 1580s.[7] But this changed when in 1605, James I discovered the little village of Newmarket whilst out hawking or riding.  He began to spend time there racing horses, and from then on it has been known as the home of horse racing in England.  In fact, James spent so much time there that the House of Commons petitioned him to concentrate more of his time on running the country.[citation needed]  The region has had a long association with horses going back to the time of Boudica and the Iceni.[citation needed] The first recorded race there was a match for £100 between horses owned by Lord Salisbury and Marquess of Buckingham in 1622, and the racecourse was founded in 1636.[7]

text: The first known Rules of Racing date from Kiplingcotes in 1619.[7]

text: Race meetings began to spring up elsewhere in the country.  Races were run for silver bells at Gatherley, Yorkshire, Croydon and Theobalds on Enfield Chase.  Jockey weights began to be measured and rigorously enforced.[14]

text: Around the time that Charles I of England came to the throne, Spring and Autumn race meetings were introduced to Newmarket and in 1634 the first Gold Cup event was held.  All horse racing was then banned in 1654 by Oliver Cromwell, and many horses were requisitioned by the state. Despite this Cromwell himself kept a stud running of his own.[15]  With the restoration of Charles II racing flourished and he instituted the Newmarket Town Plate in 1664, writing the rules himself:

text:
Articles ordered by His Majestie to be observed by all persons that put in horses to ride for the Plate, the new round heat at Newmarket set out on the first day of October, 1664, in the 16th year of our Sovereign Lord King Charles II, which Plate is to be rid for yearly, the second Thursday in October for ever
King Charles II, Rules of the Newmarket Town Plate

tag: div

text: The three foundation sires of the modern thoroughbred, the Byerley Turk, Darley Arabian and Godolphin Barb were imported to England in the late 17th and early 18th centuries and founded the lines which can be traced down to every modern thoroughbred racehorse.[3]

text: The improvement of the breed was not purely for sporting purposes though. Warfare and conquest were also factors. As Whyte noted, "to the excellence of the British horse... may be ascribed much of our superiority over other nations, both in commerce and in war."[16]

text: 18th century[edit]

text: In the early 18th century, Queen Anne kept a large string of horses and was instrumental in the founding of Royal Ascot where the opening race each year is still called the Queen Anne Stakes.  The first published account of race results was John Cheney's Historical list of all the Horse Matches run, and all plates and prizes run for in England and Wales which dates to 1727.[17]  The Weatherby family succeeded Cheney as the keepers of the most complete set of racing records,[18] and in a later work which came into their possession, published in York in 1748, the result is recorded of a race run in September 1709 on Clifton and Rawcliffe Ings, near York, for a gold cup of £50.[19]

text: In 1740, Parliament introduced an act "to restrain and to prevent the excessive increase in horse racing"; this was largely ignored and in the 1750 the Jockey Club was formed to create and apply the Rules of Racing. However, until the 1760s, individual horses seldom ran more than five or six times, due to the scarcity of prizes on offer, but this began to change with major race meetings expanding the prizes on offer. Newmarket and York led the way in this.[20]

text:
Races were still generally for mature horses, and were typically run in matches, or in best-of-three heats over long distances.[21]
Three year old races were first run in 1731 and two year olds raced for the first time at Newmarket in 1769.[22] In 1791, Cash became the first yearling to race, and beat a three year old in a match at Newmarket, in receipt of 3 stones.[23]

text: Interest in the sport was at a high throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.  As Whyte's History of the English Turf noted in 1840, "For nearly a century and a half, the "Turf" has formed a favourite amusement of "Kings, Lords and Commons".[24]  Or as Rice's History reported in 1879, "for some two hundred years the pursuit of Horse-racing has been attractive to more of our countrymen than any other out-door pastime"[25]

text: At the end of the century the 12th Earl of Derby and Sir Charles Bunbury were key influencers in the sport. Under their auspices the Derby and Oaks were established at Epsom, inspired by the St Leger and the growing popularity of shorter races, for younger horses. These races, along with the Leger and the Guineas, became known as the Classics.[21] The first handicap was run at Ascot in 1791.[23]

text: At around the same time, jockeys began to earn a reputation in their own right, with early pioneers including Frank Buckle, Sam Chifney Sr and Jem Robinson.[21]

text: 19th century to modern day[edit]

text: Steeplechasing first became organised by Tom Colman at St Albans in the early 1830s. By the end of that decade, the Grand National had been established at Aintree by William Lynn.[21]

text: In 1875, Sandown Park became the first racecourse to open a separate members' enclosure.[26]

text: In 1947 Hamilton hosted the first evening race meeting in the UK. Now Wolverhampton Racecourse holds the most evening meetings, with nearly 50 a year.

text: The Jockey Club governed the sport until its governance role was handed to the British Horseracing Board, (formed in June 1993) and while the BHB became responsible for strategic planning, finance, politics, race planning, training and marketing, the Jockey Club continued to regulate the sport. In 2006 it formed the Horseracing Regulatory Authority to carry out the regulatory process whilst it focused on owning 13 racecourses and the gallops in Newmarket and Lambourn. In July 2007 the HRA merged with the BHB to form the British Horseracing Authority.

text: Racecourses[edit]

text: There are 60 licensed racecourses in Great Britain, with a further two in Northern Ireland (Down Royal and Downpatrick). Apart from Chelmsford City and Ffos Las (which opened in 2009), all the courses date back to 1927 or earlier.  The oldest is Chester Racecourse, which dates to the early 16th century.[27]

text: Unlike some other countries, notably the United States, racing in Britain usually takes place on turf.  However, there are six courses which have all-weather tracks - Kempton Park, Lingfield, Southwell, Wolverhampton, Chelmsford City and Newcastle.  Southwell's surface is Fibresand. Wolverhampton installed a Tapeta surface in August 2014, replacing the existing Polytrack; Newcastle converted its historic Gosforth Park flat racing turf track to a Tapeta course with the addition of a floodlit all-weather straight mile in May 2016. All flat racing at Newcastle now takes place on the Tapeta surface with a turf course retained solely for a winter programme of jumps racing. The other three British all-weather tracks are all Polytrack. Ireland has a single all-weather Polytrack course at Dundalk. Courses also vary wildly in layout.  There are very few which are regular ovals, as is the typical layout of other countries like the United States.  Each course has its own idiosyncrasies, and horses are known to be more suited to some tracks than others, hence the idiom "horses for courses."

text: There are two main operating groups of British racecourses - Jockey Club Racecourses, which runs fifteen courses, and Arena Racing Company, which runs sixteen courses.

text: Important races and meetings[edit]

text: Flat[edit]

text: Britain is home to some of the world's most important flat races and race meetings.  While ancient horse races like the Kiplingcotes Derby and Newmarket Town Plate are now mainly curiosities, there are many older races which retain modern relevance.  The five British Classics - the 1,000 Guineas, 2,000 Guineas, The Oaks, The Derby and the St. Leger - were founded in the late 18th and early 19th centuries and still represent the pinnacle of achievement for each generation of horses.  The structure and distances of these races, if not the exact names, have been adopted by many other European horse racing authorities, such as Ireland.  Royal Ascot is the major flat racing festival in Europe and attracts horses from all over the world.  The modern flat season in Britain now also climaxes with British Champions Day, a festival of championship races, also held at Ascot.

text: National Hunt[edit]

text: Britain is the home of National Hunt racing, although the sport has more national significance and popularity in Ireland.[citation needed]  The Cheltenham Festival is the foremost jump racing festival in the world, and is an annual target for both British and Irish trainers.  The festival hosts races such as the Cheltenham Gold Cup and Champion Hurdle, which are seen as the peak of their disciplines and over the years have been won by horses whose appeal has transcended the sport, including Kauto Star and Desert Orchid.  More widely known still is the Grand National at Aintree, which despite being an anomalously long and difficult race that is historically contested by a lower grade of horses than races at Cheltenham, has produced some of the sports equine superstars, like Red Rum.  It has an estimated global audience of 600 million viewers.[28]

text: Major festivals[edit]

text:
March
Cheltenham - The Cheltenham Festival
Lingfield Park - Blue Square Winter Derby
April
Aintree - Aintree Grand National
Ayr - Scottish Grand National
Newmarket - Craven Meeting
Sandown Park - Bet365 Gold Cup Celebration
May
Newmarket - Guineas Meeting
Chester - Chester's May Festival
York - Dante Meeting
June
Epsom Downs - Epsom Derby Meeting
Ascot - Royal Ascot
Newcastle - John Smith's Northumberland Plate
July
Sandown Park - Coral-Eclipse Meeting
Newmarket - Newmarket's July Meeting
Ascot - King George Day
Goodwood - Glorious Goodwood

August
York - Ebor Festival
September
Haydock Park - William Hill Sprint Cup
Doncaster - St. Leger Meeting
Ayr - Western Meeting
Ascot - Ascot's September Festival
October
Newmarket - Totesport Cambridgeshire Meeting
Newmarket - Newmarket's October Meeting
Ascot - Champions Day
Doncaster - Racing Post Trophy
November
Cheltenham - The Paddy Power Open
Haydock & Aintree - North West Masters
Newbury - Hennessy Meeting
December
Sandown Park - Tingle Creek Meeting
Kempton Park - Stan James Christmas Festival
Chepstow - Coral Welsh National

text: Media coverage[edit]

text: Newspapers[edit]

text: British horse racing is served by a daily, national newspaper, the Racing Post, founded in 1986.  This carries industry news, racecards for all British and Irish race meetings, tipping columns and betting information, as well as smaller sections on greyhound racing and general sport.  There are also dedicated weekly publications including Racing Plus and monthly magazines such as Thoroughbred Owner & Breeder.  In addition, there is a limited amount of racing coverage in broader equestrian magazines, such as Horse & Hound.  Many national dailies also carry racing news and information in their sports pages.

text: At various times in history, there has been more than one racing daily, and fierce rivalries have existed between them.[29]  For most of the 20th century, the Sporting Life and Sporting Chronicle were the two competing papers, before the Manchester-based Chronicle closed in 1983 due to debts and falling circulation. The Racing Post was founded in 1986 to fill the gap and challenge the Sporting Life monopoly that resulted and these two were rivals throughout the 80s and 90s.  Ultimately, the Post won the battle when the owners of the Sporting Life, Trinity Mirror, closed the Life and took over the Racing Post trademark.

text: Going back to Victorian times, there was a wide range of sporting newspapers that carried racing news to a greater or lesser extent.  These include Bell's Life in London (forerunner to the Sporting Life),  The Sporting Times and The Sportsman (not to be confused with the short-lived 2006 newspaper of the same name).  In 1840, Bell's Life is reported to compete with the Sunday Times as the two weekly turf newspapers.[30]  There were also four monthly magazines at that time - the Old Sporting Magazine (founded 1792), the New Sporting Magazine (founded 1824), the Sporting Review (founded 1837) and the Sportsman (stated to have originated in 1829, so not the same as the Sportsman above which was founded in 1865).[30]  However, coverage of horse racing in newspapers is believed to date as far back as the Evening English Chronicle in 1779.[31]

text: Television[edit]

text: There are two dedicated horse racing channels on British digital television - At The Races (free to air) and Racing UK (subscription only).  Daily broadcasts of British race meetings are split between the two according to contracts arranged by racecourses and racecourse owning groups.  Saturday racing and key midweek festival meetings are also broadcast on terrestrial television by Channel 4, who have been covering the sport since 1984.  The channel broadcasts a four-hour afternoon programme of live racing and an hour-long weekly magazine show on Saturday mornings called The Morning Line.  Since the start of 2013, the network's horse racing output has been fronted by Clare Balding,[32] with support from other presenters such as Nick Luck, Jim McGrath, Alice Plunkett and Mick Fitzgerald.

text: For many years, racing was also broadcast on the BBC, who pioneered coverage of the sport in the 1950s.  The network retained the rights to key race meetings, such as the Grand National, Royal Ascot and the Derby until 2012 when it was outbid for the rights by Channel 4.[33]  The BBC broadcast some of the key moments in the history of British horse racing, such as Red Rum winning his third Grand National and the 1967 victory of Foinavon in the same race after most of the field fell at the same fence.  ITV began to show horse racing in its first weeks on air in 1955, and in the 1970s it provided an alternative to BBC coverage with the ITV Seven which featured as part of the channel's World of Sport programme.  This lasted until the early 1980s, when coverage was gradually transferred to Channel 4.

text: As with other sports, many of the people who have presented racing on TV through the years have become inseparably linked with racing in the public consciousness.   Foremost among these for many years was the BBC's Sir Peter O'Sullevan, known as 'the voice of racing', who commentated on 50 Grand Nationals.[34]  Channel 4's most recognisable racing figure was John McCririck, famed for his eccentric dress sense and use of the bookmakers' sign language 'tic-tac'.  Channel 4 chose not to renew his contract when they became the sole terrestrial racing broadcaster in 2013, leading McCririck to sue them on grounds of ageism.[35]

text: Betting[edit]

text: Wagering money on horse races is as old as the sport itself, but in the United Kingdom the links between horse racing and nationwide wagering are very strong.  Betting shops are common sights in most towns, tending to be sited wherever a significant number of people with disposable cash can be expected.  At one point in the 1970s it was said that the ideal location was "close to a pub, the Labour Exchange and the Post Office",[by whom?] the first being a source of customers in a good mood, the other two being sources of ready cash in the form of "the dole" and state pension money, which was dispensed through Post Offices at the time.

text: As early as 1938, £500,000,000 was being gambled on horse racing in England according to the Christian Social Council Committee on Gambling.[36]  However, betting shops were not legalised until 1960,[37] at which time many of the famous British betting shop chains such as William Hill, Ladbrokes and Corals were legally established on the high street.  Previously betting was either on course, via certain credit betting offices, or illegally conducted often in or around public houses, with 'bookies runners' ferrying the bets from bookmaker to client.

text: Betting is taxed under the authority of various acts of Parliament.  A gross profit tax is levied on all UK based bookmakers which is payable to the exchequer, and a separate sum is agreed and collected by the Horserace Betting Levy Board, a non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, who use the funds for race prize money and the improvement of horse racing.[38]  For the latest year reported, the levy resulted in £103.5 million being collected.[citation needed]

text: Member of Parliament Clement Freud, who himself had owned racehorses, alleged in an article published in the 1970s, before his election to Parliament, that horse racing was organized purely to generate taxes.  He cited the large number of otherwise non-viable racecourses kept open (to ensure sufficient races being run) even as the financial rewards to the owners and trainers declined to the point where most could barely cover their expenses.[citation needed]

text: On 6 October 2001, the Government abolished the turnover-based tax on betting, which had been 9% of the stake or the winnings, the punter having the choice to pay a certain small amount or an uncertain large amount.[citation needed]  The tax, now based on gross profit, is now effectively indirectly levied on the punters, the cost being absorbed in the odds that bookmakers offer.[neutrality is disputed]

text: The last 10 years in the UK has seen massive growth in online gambling. Punters are now going online to place their bets[vague], where technology gives them access to a greater wealth of information and knowledge. Now racing punters exchange information on online forums, tipping sites etc.

text: Key people[edit]

text: Jockeys[edit]

text: In the early days of British horse racing, owners tended to ride their own horses in races.  This practice died out as racing became more organised and the owners, most of them aristocrats, had grooms ride the horses instead.  Jockeys at this time were often scruffy and unkempt and not well-regarded.[39]  Nevertheless, several Yorkshire-based jockeys became acclaimed in the mid-to-late 18th century.  These included John Mangle, Bill Pierse, John Shepherd, three different individuals named John Singleton, Ben Smith and Bill Clift.[40]  Between them they won many of the early runnings of the oldest classic, the St. Leger.  Their counterparts in the south became similarly celebrated, and exercised a similar dominance over the Newmarket classics. Amongst their number were Sam Chifney, Jem Robinson, the Arnull family - John, Sam and Bill - and "the first man to bring respectability to the profession" - Frank Buckle.[41]

text: The 19th century was dominated by three jockeys - Nat Flatman, George Fordham and Fred Archer - who between them won forty flat jockeys' championships. With the expansion of print media and the growth of interest in horse racing among ordinary people, these jockeys became nationally recognised figures, with a profile enjoyed by the footballers and TV celebrities of today. When Archer died at his own hand, it is said:

text:
In London, special editions of the evening papers were issued; crowds thronged Fleet Street to buy them and omnibuses stopped to allow passengers to read the billboards ... In tram or train, Archer's death was the sole topic of converstion.  No greater interest could have been aroused had he been Prime Minister or a member of the Royal family.
                  - Tanner & Cranham, pp 78-79

text: The high profile of jockeys at this time is illustrated (literally) by the number of caricatures of jockeys that feature in Victorian society magazine, Vanity Fair, alongside MPs, aristocrats and other national figures.

text: Three figures dominate the flat racing scene of the 20th century too - Steve Donoghue, Gordon Richards and Lester Piggott.  Richards is often regarded as the greatest jockey ever[42] and set many records which still stand, including most flat race victories and most flat jockey championships.  Piggott is descended from the great racing families of the 19th century, the Days and the Cannons, and for many is the greatest jockey still living.[citation needed]

text: In the modern day, Frankie Dettori is the jockey with the widest public profile beyond racing, appearing on Celebrity Big Brother[43] and launching his own food range.[44]  He has also gained public attention for his feats on the racetrack, including his 'Magnificent Seven' wins at Ascot in 1997[45] and three jockeys' championships. Kieren Fallon was a regular champion around the turn of the century and still rides today, and younger jockeys to have won multiple championships include Ryan Moore, Jamie Spencer and Paul Hanagan.  In recent years, Hayley Turner has come to prominence as the first British woman to win a Group 1 race outright[46] and as Champion Apprentice in 2005.

text: Historically, jumps jockeys have not had the same profile as their flat counterparts, but this changed to some extent in the 20th century. The large television audience enjoyed by the Grand National has helped in this regard.  Previously unknown jockeys like 2013 winner Ryan Mania have received their first nationwide coverage as a result of the race.[47]

text:
The most-celebrated jumps jockey of all-time is the Northern Irishman Tony McCoy, winner of every Jumps Jockeys' Championship from 1995/96 until 2014/15 and the only horse racing figure to ever win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year.[48]
He broke Gordon Richards' record for most winners in a season in 2001/02 and his total number of career wins by the time he retired was 4,358, well eclipsing the numbers set by Peter Scudamore and Richard Dunwoody who between them were the leading jumps jockeys of the 1980s and early 1990s.  Richard Johnson, who has been second to McCoy in nearly all of his championships has the second most wins jockey of all time, and gained tabloid fame in the late 1990s for his relationship with Zara Philips.[49]

text: Former champion jump jockeys Dick Francis and John Francome have become known to a wider public after enjoying second careers as writers of racing-based fiction,[50] while Francome (until the end of 2012) and Mick Fitzgerald are known as horse racing TV pundits.

text: As of November 2017, there are around 450 professional jockeys licensed in the United Kingdom, along with around 300 amateur riders.[51]

text: Trainers[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2013)

text: The two dominant forces in flat training in Britain in the modern era are Irish-based trainer Aidan O'Brien and Godolphin, through their trainers Saeed Bin Suroor and Charlie Appleby.  They largely concentrate on Group races.  Operating in much larger numbers of runners, but with a greater spread of quality, are trainers such as Mark Johnston, Richard Hannon Jr. and Richard Fahey.

text: In the jumps sphere, Nicky Henderson and Paul Nicholls dominate, along with the likes of David Pipe, Philip Hobbs, Jonjo O'Neill and Dan Skelton. In recent years, the Irish trainer Willie Mullins has enjoyed huge success in Britain, coming close to taking the Trainers Championship in 2015/16.

text: Owners[edit]

text: Aristocratic families have always owned horses in Britain and the list of Classic winners features names such as the Earl of Grafton, Earl Grosvenor and Earl of Egremont from early days.  In the modern era, the Queen continues to retain a stable of horses trained by the likes of Michael Stoute.  The Queen Mother was famously keen on horse racing and a race at the Cheltenham Festival, the Queen Mother Champion Chase, is named in her honour.

text: The two most prominent flat owners of the current era are Sheikh Mohammed, under the Godolphin banner and the team of Michael Tabor, John Magnier and others, based in Ireland.

text: Prominent jumps owners include JP McManus, Graham Wylie and Trevor Hemmings

text: Administrators[edit]

text: Modern-day racing originated in Britain, so many figures from British racing have shaped the sport.  Admiral Rous established the handicapping process for horse racing , including the weight-for-age scale, while in the 20th century, form expert and some time administrator of the sport, Phil Bull established Timeform whose ratings are often used to assess the all-time great horses.

text: Key data[edit]

text: Key data for 2004, 2005 and 2010 extracted from the British Horseracing Board's annual reports for  2004 and 2005, the 2010 annual reportfrom its successor organisation, the British Horseracing Authority and the 2011/12 British Horseracing Fact Book

text:
2004
2005
2010
2011

Fixtures

1,299
1,300
1,392
1,469

Races

8,757
8,588
9,566
10,147

Runners

92,761
94,659
92,025
94,376

Prize Money (Total)

£101.3 million
99.3 million
99.1 million
93.9 million

Prize Money (Flat)

£65.4 million
63.9 million
67.6 million
62.4 million

Prize Money (Jump)

£35.9 million
35.4 million
31.5 million
31.5 million

Racegoers (Total)

6,048,517
5,896,922
5,769,382
6,151,282

Racegoers (Flat)

3,873,508
3,704,567
3,854,863
3,917,510

Racegoers (Jump)

2,175,009
2,192,435
1,914,518
2,233,772

Monthly average horses in training

13,914
14,388
14,340
14,056

Monthly average owners with horses in training

9,266
9,403
8,774
8,425

text: The Chief Executive of the BHB stated in the 2005 annual report that "Success was achieved in an environment of great uncertainty." The sport is adapting to the loss of income from pre-race data following court ruling prohibiting the practice of charging for such in 2004 and 2005, to which the BHB attributes the fall in prize money in 2005. The data charges were themselves designed to replace income lost when a statutory levy was abolished. In 2004 attendances exceeded 6 million for the first time since the 1950s (2004 annual report). The decrease in 2005 is attributable to the closure of Ascot Racecourse for redevelopment for the entire year.

text: Racehorse welfare[edit]

text:
A 2006 investigation by The Observer found that each year 6-10,000 horses are slaughtered for consumption abroad, a significant proportion of which are horses bred for racing. [52]
The industry produces approximately 5,000 foals, whilst 4-5,000 racehorses are retired each year, 90 being taken into care by the industries charity Retraining of Racehorses. [52] Research conducted by the Equine Fertility Unit found that 66% of thoroughbred foals were never entered for a race, and more than 80% were no longer in training after four years. [52] Foal production has increased threefold since 1966. [52] Racehorses are capable of living for more than 30 years. [52]


document_title: List of National Basketball Association single-game scoring leaders

question_text: nba players to score more than 70 points

text: Key[edit]

text:
^
Denotes player who is currently active in the NBA

*
Denotes player who has been inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

Occurred in playoff competition

Player's team lost the game

MP
Minutes played
FGM
Field goals made
FGA
Field goal attempts

3PM
3-point field goals made
3PA
3-point field goal attempts
DNP
Did not play

FTM
Free throws made
FTA
Free throw attempts

text: List[edit]

text:
Rank
Points
Player
Date
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Team
Opponent
Score
MP
FGM
FGA
3PM
3PA
FTM
FTA
Notes
Ref.

Scoring by quarter

1
100
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-03-02-0000March 2, 1962
23
18
28
31
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
169–147
48
36
63
—
—
28
32
[A]
[1][2] [3][4][5]

2
81
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002006-01-22-0000January 22, 2006
14
12
27
28
Los Angeles Lakers
Toronto Raptors
122–104
41:56
28
46
7
13
18
20
[B]
[6][7][8]

3
78
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
147–151
63
31
62
—
—
16
31
[C]
[5]

4
73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-13-0000January 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–117
48
29
48
—
—
15
25
[D]
[5]

73
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-16-0000November 16, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
127–111
48
29
43
—
—
15
19
[E]
[9]

73
Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
32
21
9
11
Denver Nuggets
Detroit Pistons
137–139
43
28
38
—
—
17
20
[F]

7
72
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-03-0000November 3, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
115–127
—
29
48
—
—
14
18

[9]

8
71
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001960-11-15-0000November 15, 1960
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
123–108
45
28
48
—
—
15
18
[G]

71
Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
000000001994-04-24-0000April 24, 1994
18
6
19
28
San Antonio Spurs
Los Angeles Clippers
112–97
44
26
41
1
2
18
25
[H]
[10][11]

10
70
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-03-10-0000March 10, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
148–163
48
27
38
—
—
16
22

[9]

70
Booker, DevinDevin Booker^
000000002017-03-24-0000March 24, 2017
10
9
23
28
Phoenix Suns
Boston Celtics
120–130
45
21
40
4
11
24
26
[I]

12
69
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001990-03-28-0000March 28, 1990
16
15
20
18
Chicago Bulls
Cleveland Cavaliers
117–113
50
23
37
2
6
21
23
[J]
[12][13][14]

13
68
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001967-12-16-0000December 16, 1967
14
15
15
24
Philadelphia 76ers
Chicago Bulls
143–123
—
30
40
—
—
8
22

68
Maravich, PetePete Maravich*
000000001977-02-25-0000February 25, 1977
17
14
17
20
New Orleans Jazz
New York Knicks
124–107
43
26
43
—
—
16
19

15
67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-03-09-0000March 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–126
—
27
37
—
—
13
17

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-17-0000February 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
121–128
48
26
44
—
—
15
20

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-25-0000February 25, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
New York Knicks
135–149
48
25
38
—
—
17
22

[5]

67
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-11-0000January 11, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
129–134
—
28
47
—
—
11
17

[9]

19
66
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-02-09-0000February 9, 1969
17
17
22
10
Los Angeles Lakers
Phoenix Suns
134–116
48
29
35
—
—
8
18
[K]

20
65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-13-0000February 13, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
132–152
48
24
40
—
—
17
30

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-27-0000February 27, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
147–137
48
25
43
—
—
15
20

[5]

65
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-02-07-0000February 7, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
Los Angeles Lakers
132–125
—
28
43
—
—
9
20

65
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-16-0000March 16, 2007
4
19
9
24
Los Angeles Lakers
Portland Trail Blazers
116–111
49:58
23
39
8
12
11
12
[L]
[15]

24
64
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001959-11-08-0000November 8, 1959
13
12
17
22
Minneapolis Lakers
Boston Celtics
136–115
—
25
47
—
—
14
19
[M]

64
Barry, RickRick Barry*
000000001974-03-26-0000March 26, 1974
—
—
23
22
Golden State Warriors
Portland Trail Blazers
143–120
43
30
45
—
—
4
5

64
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001993-01-16-0000January 16, 1993
22
8
11
16
Chicago Bulls
Orlando Magic
124–128
47
27
49
1
5
9
11
[N]
[16]

27
63
Fulks, JoeJoe Fulks*
000000001949-02-10-0000February 10, 1949
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Indianapolis Jets
108–87
—
27
56
—
—
9
14
[O]

63
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001961-12-08-0000December 8, 1961
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
Philadelphia Warriors
151–147
—
23
55
—
—
17
24
[P]
[17]

63
West, JerryJerry West*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
129–121
39
22
36
—
—
19
22

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-14-0000December 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
118–120
—
24
41
—
—
15
20

[9]

63
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-26-0000November 26, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Philadelphia 76ers
117–128
—
27
58
—
—
9
20

63
Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
000000001978-04-09-0000April 9, 1978
20
33
10
DNP
San Antonio Spurs
New Orleans Jazz
132–153
33
23
49
—
—
17
20
[Q]

63
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001986-04-20-0000April 20, 1986
17
6
13
18
Chicago Bulls
Boston Celtics
131–135
53
22
41
0
0
19
21
[R]

34
62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-14-0000January 14, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Boston Celtics
136–145
48
27
45
—
—
8
10

[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-17-0000January 17, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
136–130
53
24
48
—
—
14
20
[S]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-01-21-0000January 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
139–132
53
25
42
—
—
12
17
[T]
[5]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001963-01-29-0000January 29, 1963
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
New York Knicks
123–103
—
27
44
—
—
8
17

[9]

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001964-11-15-0000November 15, 1964
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
122–106
—
26
44
—
—
10
21

62
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001966-03-03-0000March 3, 1966
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia 76ers
San Francisco Warriors
135–125
—
26
39
—
—
10
19

62
McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady*
000000002004-03-10-0000March 10, 2004
7
21
24
10
Orlando Magic
Washington Wizards
108–99
45:50
20
37
5
14
17
26

[18]

62
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002005-12-20-0000December 20, 2005
15
17
30
DNP
Los Angeles Lakers
Dallas Mavericks
112–90
32:53
18
31
4
10
22
25
[U]
[19][20]

62
Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
000000002014-01-24-0000January 24, 2014
20
17
19
6
New York Knicks
Charlotte Bobcats
125–96
38:39
23
35
6
11
10
10
[V]
[21]

43
61
Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
000000001952-01-20-0000January 20, 1952
18
18
—
—
Minneapolis Lakers
Rochester Royals
91–81
—
22
45
—
—
17
21
[W]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-09-0000December 9, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
135–113
48
28
48
—
—
5
10

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-22-0000February 22, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
139–121
48
21
36
—
—
19
34

[5]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-02-28-0000February 28, 1962
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Chicago Packers
128–119
48
24
46
—
—
13
17

[5]

61
Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
000000001962-04-14-0000April 14, 1962
18
15
13
15
Los Angeles Lakers
Boston Celtics
126–121
—
22
46
—
—
17
19
[X]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-11-21-0000November 21, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Cincinnati Royals
139–143
—
27
52
—
—
7
15

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-11-0000December 11, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
Syracuse Nationals
136–124
—
27
57
—
—
7
11

[9]

61
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001962-12-18-0000December 18, 1962
—
—
—
—
San Francisco Warriors
St. Louis Hawks
130–110
—
26
53
—
—
9
14

[9]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-03-04-0000March 4, 1987
14
10
7
26
Chicago Bulls
Detroit Pistons
125–120
43
22
39
0
0
17
18
[Y]
[22][23][24]

61
Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
000000001987-04-16-0000April 16, 1987
15
17
16
13
Chicago Bulls
Atlanta Hawks
114–117
41
22
38
0
3
17
21
[Z]
[25][26][27][28][29]

61
Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
000000001990-01-27-0000January 27, 1990
17
13
20
11
Utah Jazz
Milwaukee Bucks
144–96
33
21
26
0
0
19
23

[30]

61
O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
000000002000-03-06-0000March 6, 2000
10
16
16
19
Los Angeles Lakers
Los Angeles Clippers
123–103
44:52
24
35
0
0
13
22
[AA]
[31]

61
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002009-02-02-0000February 2, 2009
18
16
12
15
Los Angeles Lakers
New York Knicks
126–117
36:48
19
31
3
6
20
20

[32]

61
James, LeBronLeBron James^
000000002014-03-03-0000March 3, 2014
11
13
25
12
Miami Heat
Charlotte Bobcats
124–107
41:12
22
33
8
10
9
12
[AB]
[33][34]

57
60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-01-0000December 1, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
138–117
48
22
47
—
—
16
26

[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001961-12-29-0000December 29, 1961
—
—
—
—
Philadelphia Warriors
Los Angeles Lakers
123–118
48
24
43
—
—
12
19
[AC]
[5]

60
Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
000000001969-01-26-0000January 26, 1969
18
9
10
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Cincinnati Royals
126–113
—
22
36
—
—
16
24
[AD]

60
King, BernardBernard King*
000000001984-12-25-0000December 25, 1984
21
19
11
9
New York Knicks
New Jersey Nets
114–120
41
19
30
0
0
22
26

[35]

60
Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
000000001985-03-12-0000March 12, 1985
12
11
19
18
Boston Celtics
Atlanta Hawks
126–115
43
22
36
1
4
15
16
[AE]
[36]

60
Chambers, TomTom Chambers
000000001990-03-24-0000March 24, 1990
14
21
14
11
Phoenix Suns
Seattle SuperSonics
121–95
42
22
32
0
0
16
18

[37][38][39][40]

60
Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
000000002005-02-12-0000February 12, 2005
17
12
11
20
Philadelphia 76ers
Orlando Magic
112–99
42:01
17
36
2
5
24
27

[41][42]

60
Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas
000000002006-12-17-0000December 17, 2006
12
5
12
15
Washington Wizards
Los Angeles Lakers
147–141
49:00
17
32
5
12
21
27
[AF]
[43]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002007-03-22-0000March 22, 2007
13
11
19
17
Los Angeles Lakers
Memphis Grizzlies
121–119
45:11
20
37
3
7
17
18
[AG]
[44]

60
Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant
000000002016-04-13-0000April 13, 2016
15
7
15
23
Los Angeles Lakers
Utah Jazz
101–96
42
22
50
6
21
10
12
[AH]
[45][46]

60
Klay Thompson^
000000002016-12-05-0000December 5, 2016
17
23
20
DNP
Golden State Warriors
Indiana Pacers
142–106
29
21
33
8
14
10
11
[AI]
[47]

60
James Harden^
000000002018-01-30-0000January 30, 2018
16
13
13
18
Houston Rockets
Orlando Magic
114–107
46:26
19
30
5
14
17
18
[AJ]
[48]


document_title: Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister

question_text: who is the religious man named in soliloquy of the spanish cloister

text: Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister

text:
Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister

text: "Soliloquy of the Spanish Cloister" is a soliloquy written by Robert Browning, first published in his collection Dramatic Lyrics (1842). It is written in the voice of an unnamed Spanish monk. The poem consists of nine eight-line stanzas and is written in trochaic tetrameter. The plot of the poem centers around the speaker's hatred for "Brother Lawrence", a fellow monk in the cloister.

text: The speaker notes the trivial ways in which Brother Lawrence fails in his Christianity, and then plots to murder, or damn the soul of, Brother Lawrence. However, the poem ends before the speaker can finish, when he is interrupted by the bells proclaiming it is time for vespers.