document_title: Premier League records and statistics

question_text: who has scored the most goals in a premier league game

text: Premier League records and statistics

text: League records[edit]

text: Titles[edit]

text:
Most titles: 13, Manchester United[1]
Most consecutive title wins: 3

Manchester United (1998–99, 1999–2000, 2000–01)[1]
Manchester United (2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09)[1]

Biggest title-winning margin: 19 points, 2017–18; Manchester City (100 points) over Manchester United (81 points)[2]
Smallest title-winning margin: 0 points and 8 goal difference – 2011–12; Manchester City (+64) over Manchester United (+56). Both finished on 89 points, but Manchester City won the title with a superior goal difference – the only time that goal difference has determined the Premier League.[3]

text: Points[edit]

text:
Most points in a season: 100, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest points in a season: 11, Derby County (2007–08)[4]
Most home points in a season: 55, joint record:[5]

Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]

Fewest home points in a season: 7, Sunderland (2005–06)[7]
Most away points in a season: 50, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away points in a season: 3, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most points in a season without winning the league: 89, Manchester United (2011–12)[8]
Fewest points in a season while winning the league: 75, Manchester United (1996–97)[9]
Most points in a season while being relegated:

42 games: 49, Crystal Palace (1992–93)[10]
38 games: 42, West Ham United (2002–03)[10]

Fewest points in a season while surviving relegation: 34, West Bromwich Albion (2004–05)[11]

text: Wins[edit]

text:
Most wins in total: 629, Manchester United[12]
Most wins in a season (38 games): 32, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest wins in a season (38 games): 1, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most home wins in a season (19 games): 18, joint record:[13]

Chelsea (2005–06)
Manchester United (2010–11)
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]

Fewest home wins in a season (19 games): 1, joint record:[7]

Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)

Most away wins in a season (19 games): 16, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest away wins in a season (19/21 games): 0, joint record:[7][14][15]

Leeds United (1992–93)
Coventry City (1999–2000)
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2003–04)
Norwich City (2004–05)
Derby County (2007–08)
Hull City (2009–10)

Most consecutive wins: 18, Manchester City (between 26 August 2017 and 27 December 2017)[16][2]
Most consecutive home wins: 20, Manchester City (between 5 March 2011 and 21 March 2012)[17]
Most consecutive away wins: 11, joint record:[18][16]

Chelsea (between 6 April 2008 and 7 December 2008)
Manchester City (between 21 May 2017 and 27 December 2017)

Most consecutive games without a win: 32, Derby County (2007–08)[7]
Most consecutive games without a win from beginning of season: 16, Queens Park Rangers (between 18 August 2012 and 8 December 2012)[19]

text: Defeats[edit]

text:
Most defeats in total: 351, Everton[20]
Longest unbeaten run: 49 games, Arsenal (7 May 2003 – 24 October 2004)[21]
Fewest defeats in a season (38 games): 0, Arsenal (2003–04)[22]
Fewest home defeats in a season (19 games): 0, joint record:

Manchester United (1995–96, 1999–2000, 2010–11)[23][24][25]
Arsenal (1998–99, 2003–04, 2007–08)[26][27][28]
Chelsea (2004–05, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2014–15)[28][29][30][31][32]
Liverpool (2008–09, 2017–18)[33]
Manchester City (2011–12)[6]
Tottenham Hotspur (2016–17)

Fewest away defeats in a season (19 games): 0, Arsenal (2001–02, 2003–04)[27][34]
Most consecutive home games undefeated: 86, Chelsea (20 March 2004 – 5 October 2008)[35]
Most consecutive away games undefeated: 27, Arsenal (5 April 2003 – 25 September 2004)[36]
Most defeats in a season (42 games or 38 games): 29, joint record:

Ipswich Town (1994–95)
Sunderland (2005–06)
Derby County (2007–08)[37]

Most home defeats in a season (19 games): 14, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[38]
Most away defeats in a season (19 games): 17, Burnley (2009–10)[39]
Most consecutive defeats over more than one season (38 games): 20, Sunderland (2002–03, 2005–06)[40]

text: Draws[edit]

text:
Most draws in total: 287, Everton[20]
Most draws in a season (42 games): 18 – joint record:

Manchester City (1993–94)[41]
Sheffield United (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]

Most draws in a season (38 games): 17 – joint record:

Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Aston Villa (2006–07, 2011–12)[41]
Sunderland (2014–15)[41]

Most home draws in a season: 10 – joint record:

Sheffield Wednesday (1996–97)[41]
Leicester City (1997–98, 2003–04)[41]
Manchester United (2016–17)[41]

Most away draws in a season: 10, Newcastle United (2003–04)[41]
Fewest draws in a season: 3, Chelsea (1997–98, 2016–17)[41]
Fewest home draws in a season: 0 – joint record:

Manchester City (2008–09)[41]
Manchester United (2012–13)[41]
Chelsea (2016–17)[41]

Fewest away draws in a season: 1 – joint record:

Bolton Wanderers (1995–96)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (1995–96, 2014–15)[41]
Barnsley (1997–98)[41]
Chelsea (1997–98)[41]
Bradford City (1999–2000)[41]
Everton (2000–01)[41]
Ipswich Town (2000–01)[41]
Portsmouth (2005–06, 2007–08)[41]
Burnley (2009–10)[41]
Liverpool (2011–12)[41]
Newcastle United (2013–14)[41]
Queens Park Rangers (2014–15)[41]

Most consecutive draws: 7 – joint record:

Norwich City (1993–94)[41]
Southampton (1994–95)[41]
Manchester City (2009–10)[41]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
Most goals scored in a season: 106, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Fewest goals scored in a season: 20, Derby County (2007–08)[42]
Most goals conceded in a season (42 games): 100, Swindon Town (1993–94)[43]
Most goals conceded in a season (38 games): 89, Derby County (2007–08)[44]
Fewest goals conceded in a season: 15, Chelsea (2004–05)[45]
Best goal difference in a season: 79, Manchester City (2017–18)[2]
Worst goal difference in a season: –69, Derby County (2007–08)[46]
Most goals scored in a season by a relegated team: 55, Blackpool (2010–11)[47]
Most goals scored at home in a season: 68, Chelsea (2009–10)[45]
Fewest goals scored at home in a season: 10, Manchester City (2006–07)[48]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (21 games): 45, Swindon Town (1993–94)[49]
Most goals conceded at home in a season (19 games): 43

Derby County (2007–08)[49]
Wolverhampton Wanderers (2011–12)[49]

Fewest goals conceded at home in a season (21 games or 19 games): 4, Manchester United (1994–95)[49]
Most goals scored away in a season: 48, Liverpool (2013–14)[49]
Fewest goals scored away in a season: 8

Middlesbrough (1995–96)[49]
Southampton (1998–99)[49]
Sheffield United (2006–07)[49]
Derby County (2007–08)[49]

Most goals conceded away in a season (21 games): 59, Ipswich Town (1994–95)[49]
Most goals conceded away in a season (19 games): 55, Wigan Athletic (2009–10)[49]
Fewest goals conceded away in a season: 9, Chelsea (2004–05)[49]
Fewest failures to score in a match in a season: 0 (scored in every game), Arsenal (2001–02)[50]
Most goals scored in total: 1,924, Manchester United[20]
Most goals conceded in total: 1,267, Tottenham Hotspur[20]

text: Attendances[edit]

text:
Highest attendance, single game: 83,222, Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 Arsenal (at Wembley Stadium, 10 February 2018)[51]
Lowest attendance, single game: 3,039, Wimbledon 1–3 Everton (at Selhurst Park, 26 January 1993)[52][53]
Highest season average attendance: 75,821 – Old Trafford, Manchester United (2006–07)[54]
Lowest season average attendance: 8,353 – Selhurst Park, Wimbledon (1992–93)[54]

text: Player records[edit]

text: Appearances[edit]

text:
Most Premier League appearances: 653, Gareth Barry (2 May 1998 to 24 February 2018)[55]
Oldest player: John Burridge, 43 years and 162 days (for Manchester City v. Queens Park Rangers, 14 May 1995)[56]
Youngest player: Matthew Briggs, 16 years and 65 days (for Fulham v. Middlesbrough, 13 May 2007)[57]
Most consecutive Premier League appearances: 310, Brad Friedel (14 August 2004 until 7 October 2012)[58]
Most seasons appeared in: 22, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2013–14)[59]

text: Goals[edit]

text:
First Premier League goal: Brian Deane (for Sheffield United v. Manchester United, 15 August 1992)[60]
Most Premier League goals: 260, Alan Shearer[61]
Most Premier League goals at one club: 183, Wayne Rooney (Manchester United)[62]
Oldest goalscorer: 40 years and 268 days, Teddy Sheringham (for West Ham United v. Portsmouth, 26 December 2006)[63]
Youngest goalscorer: 16 years and 271 days, James Vaughan (for Everton v. Crystal Palace, 10 April 2005)[64]
Most consecutive Premier League matches scored in: 11, Jamie Vardy (for Leicester City, 29 August to 28 November 2015)[65]
Most seasons scored in: 21, Ryan Giggs (every season from 1992–93 to 2012–13)[66]

text:
Rank
Name
Goals
Games
Goals per game
Playing position
First goal
Last goal

1
 Alan Shearer
260
441
0.59
Forward
1992–93
2005–06

2
 Wayne Rooney
208
491
0.42
Forward
2002–03
2017–18

3
 Andy Cole
187
414
0.45
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

4
 Frank Lampard
177
609
0.29
Midfield
1997–98
2014–15

5
 Thierry Henry
175
258
0.68
Forward
1999–2000
2011–12

6
 Robbie Fowler
163
379
0.43
Forward
1993–94
2006–07

7
 Jermain Defoe
162
492
0.33
Forward
2001–02
2017–18

8
 Michael Owen
150
326
0.46
Forward
1996–97
2012–13

9
 Les Ferdinand
149
351
0.42
Forward
1992–93
2004–05

10
 Teddy Sheringham
146
418
0.35
Forward
1992–93
2006–07

text:
Most goals in a season (42 games): 34, joint record:[68]

Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

text:
Most goals in a season (38 games): 32, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[69]
Most games scored in during a Premier League season: 24, Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)[70]
Most Premier League goals in a calendar year: 39, Harry Kane (Tottenham Hotspur, 2017)[71]
Number of teams scored against in a season: 17, joint record:

20-team league:[69]

Ian Wright (Arsenal, 1996–97)
Robin van Persie (Arsenal, 2011–12)
Mohamed Salah (Liverpool, 2017–18)

22-team league:[citation needed]

Andy Cole (Newcastle United, 1993–94)
Alan Shearer (Blackburn Rovers, 1994–95)

Most goals in a debut season: 30, Kevin Phillips (Sunderland, 1999–2000)[72]
Most Premier League hat-tricks in a season: 5, Alan Shearer (38 games) (Blackburn Rovers, 1995–96)[73]
Most Premier League hat-tricks: 11, Alan Shearer[74]
Most goals in a game: 5, joint record:[75]

Andy Cole (for Manchester United v. Ipswich Town, 4 March 1995) W 9–0
Alan Shearer (for Newcastle United v. Sheffield Wednesday, 19 September 1999) W 8–0
Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1
Dimitar Berbatov (for Manchester United v. Blackburn Rovers, 27 November 2010) W 7–1
Sergio Agüero (for Manchester City v. Newcastle United, 3 October 2015) W 6–1

text:
Most goals in one half: 5, Jermain Defoe (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Wigan Athletic, 22 November 2009) W 9–1[76]
Fastest goal: 10 seconds, Ledley King (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Bradford City, 9 December 2000)[77]
Most goals scored by a substitute in a game: 4, Ole Gunnar Solskjær (for Manchester United v. Nottingham Forest, 6 February 1999)[78]
Most consecutive away league matches scored in: 9, Robin van Persie (for Arsenal, 1 January 2011 to 22 May 2011)[79]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 30 goals: 3 (1993–1996), Alan Shearer (all for Blackburn Rovers)[80]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 25 goals: 4 (1993–1997), Alan Shearer (1993–1996 for Blackburn Rovers, 1996–1997 for Newcastle United)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 20 goals: 5 (2001–2006), Thierry Henry (all for Arsenal)[81]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 10 goals: 11 (2004–2015), Wayne Rooney (all for Manchester United)[82]
Most consecutive seasons to score at least 1 goal: 21 (1992–2013), Ryan Giggs (all for Manchester United)[66]
Fastest Premier League hat-trick: 2 minutes 56 seconds, Sadio Mané (for Southampton v. Aston Villa, 16 May 2015)[83]
Most different clubs to score for: 7, Craig Bellamy (for Coventry City, Newcastle United, Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool, West Ham United, Manchester City, Cardiff City)[84]
Most own goals: 10, Richard Dunne[85]
Most own goals in a season: 4, joint record:

Martin Škrtel (2013–14)[86]
Lewis Dunk (2017–18)[87]

Most hat-tricks against a single club: 3, Luis Suárez (for Liverpool v. Norwich City)[88]
Most goals in a calendar month: 10 (December 2013), Luis Suárez (Liverpool)[89]

text: Assists[edit]

text:
Most assists (career)

Rank
Player
Assists

1
 Ryan Giggs
162

2
 Cesc Fàbregas
111

3
 Wayne Rooney
103

4
 Frank Lampard
102

5
 Dennis Bergkamp
94

6
 Steven Gerrard
92

7
 David Beckham
80

8
 James Milner
78

9
 Teddy Sheringham
76

10
 David Silva
75

text:
Most Premier League assists in a season: 20, Thierry Henry (Arsenal, 2002–03)[91]
Most consecutive Premier League matches with an assist: 7, Mesut Özil (for Arsenal, 26 September to 21 November 2015)[92]
Most assists in a single Premier League match: 4, joint record:[93]

Dennis Bergkamp (for Arsenal v. Leicester City, 20 February 1999)
José Antonio Reyes (for Arsenal v. Middlesbrough, 14 January 2006)
Cesc Fàbregas (for Arsenal v. Blackburn Rovers, 4 October 2009)
Emmanuel Adebayor (for Tottenham Hotspur v. Newcastle United, 11 February 2012)
Santi Cazorla (for Arsenal v. Wigan Athletic, 14 May 2013)
Dušan Tadić (for Southampton v. Sunderland, 18 October 2014)[94]

text: Goalkeepers[edit]

text:
Most clean sheets (career)

Rank
Player
Clean
sheets

1
 Petr Čech
201

2
 David James
169

3
 Mark Schwarzer
151

4
 David Seaman
140

5
 Nigel Martyn
137

6
 Pepe Reina
134

7
 Edwin van der Sar
132

 Tim Howard

 Brad Friedel

10
 Peter Schmeichel
128

text:
Most clean sheets in one season: 24, Petr Čech (for Chelsea, 2004–05)[95]
Longest consecutive run without conceding a goal: 14 games (1,311 minutes), Edwin van der Sar (for Manchester United, 2008–09)[96]
Goalscoring goalkeepers (excluding own goals):

Peter Schmeichel (Everton 3–2 Aston Villa, 20 October 2001)[97]
Brad Friedel (Charlton Athletic 3–2 Blackburn Rovers, 21 February 2004)[98]
Paul Robinson (Tottenham Hotspur 3–1 Watford, 17 March 2007)[99]
Tim Howard (Everton 1–2 Bolton Wanderers, 4 January 2012)[100]
Asmir Begović (Stoke City 1–1 Southampton, 2 November 2013)[101]

text: Disciplinary[edit]

text:
Most red cards: 8, joint record:[55]

Duncan Ferguson
Patrick Vieira
Richard Dunne

Most yellow cards for a player: 103, Gareth Barry[67]
Most yellow cards for a single team in one game: 9 (Tottenham Hotspur v. Chelsea, 2 May 2016)[102]
Fouling record: 782, Kevin Davies (since 2000–01, the first season for which reliable records are available)[103]
Longest ban: 12 matches, Joey Barton. After being dismissed for violent conduct, Barton was found guilty of two further separate counts of violent conduct after his dismissal against Manchester City, 23 May 2012[104]

text: Youngest goalscorers[edit]

text: This is a list of the top 10 youngest players to score a goal in the Premier League.[105]

text:
Player
Date
Team
Age
Opposition

1
James Vaughan
10 April 2005
Everton
16 years, 270 days
Crystal Palace

2
James Milner
26 December 2002
Leeds United
16 years, 346 days
Sunderland

3
Wayne Rooney
19 October 2002
Everton
16 years, 351 days
Arsenal

4
Cesc Fàbregas
25 August 2004
Arsenal
17 years, 114 days
Blackburn Rovers

5
Michael Owen
6 May 1997
Liverpool
17 years, 144 days
Wimbledon

6
Andy Turner
5 September 1992
Tottenham
17 years, 166 days
Everton

7
Federico Macheda
5 April 2009
Manchester United
17 years, 226 days
Aston Villa

8
Raheem Sterling
20 October 2012
Liverpool
17 years, 317 days
Reading

9
Mikael Forssell
20 February 1999
Chelsea
17 years, 342 days
Nottingham Forest

10
Danny Cadamarteri
20 September 1997
Everton
17 years, 344 days
Barnsley

text: Match records[edit]

text: Scorelines[edit]

text:
Biggest home win: 9–0, Manchester United v. Ipswich Town (4 March 1995)[106]
Biggest away win: 1–8, Nottingham Forest v. Manchester United (6 February 1999)[106]
Biggest aggregate win: 12–1, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 7–0 Nottingham Forest (18 November 1995) & Nottingham Forest 1–5 Blackburn Rovers (13 April 1996)
Tottenham Hotspur 9–1 Wigan Athletic (22 November 2009) & Wigan Athletic 0–3 Tottenham Hotspur (21 February 2010)

Biggest loss by reigning champions: 1–6, joint record:[107]

Manchester United 1–6 Manchester City (23 October 2011), after Manchester United won the 2010–11 season
Leicester City 1–6 Tottenham Hotspur (18 May 2017), after Leicester City won the 2015–16 season

Largest goal deficit overcome to win: 3

Leeds United 4–3 Derby County (8 November 1997)[108]
West Ham United 3–4 Wimbledon (9 September 1998)[109]
Tottenham Hotspur 3–5 Manchester United (29 September 2001)[110]
Wolverhampton Wanderers 4–3 Leicester City (25 October 2003)[111]

Largest goal deficit overcome to draw: 4, Newcastle United 4–4 Arsenal (5 February 2011)[112]
Highest scoring: 7–4, Portsmouth v. Reading (29 September 2007)[113]
Highest scoring draw: 5–5, West Bromwich Albion v. Manchester United (19 May 2013)[114]
Highest scoring in the first half: 7 goals, joint record:

Blackburn Rovers 3–4 Leeds United (14 September 1997 – final score; 3–4)[115]
Bradford City 4–3 Derby County (21 April 2000 – final score; 4–4)[116]
Reading 3–4 Manchester United (1 December 2012 – final score; 3–4)[117]

Most individual goal scorers in one game: 9, joint record:

Tottenham Hotspur 4–5 Arsenal (13 November 2004)[118]
Portsmouth 7–4 Reading (29 September 2007)[119]

Most individual goal scorers in one game for the same team: 7, joint record:

Chelsea 8–0 Aston Villa (23 December 2012)[120]
Manchester City 7–0 Norwich City (2 November 2013)[121]
Southampton 8–0 Sunderland (18 October 2014)[122]

text: All-time Premier League table[edit]

text: The all-time Premier League table is a cumulative record of all match results, points and goals of every team that has played in the Premier League since its inception in 1992. The table that follows is accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 season. Teams in bold are part of the 2018–19 Premier League. Numbers in bold are the record (highest either positive or negative) numbers in each column.[123]

text:
Pos.
Club
Seasons
Pld
Win
Draw
Loss
GF
GA
GD
Pts
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Relegated
Avg
Pts
Best
Pos.

1
Manchester United
26
1000
629
215
156
1924
875
1049
2102
13
6
3
1

80.85
1

2
Arsenal
26
1000
544
253
203
1772
962
810
1885
3
6
5
7

72.50
1

3
Chelsea
26
1000
537
248
215
1707
963
744
1859
5
4
4
2

71.50
1

4
Liverpool
26
1000
499
255
246
1685
1024
661
1752

3
5
7

67.38
2

5
Tottenham Hotspur
26
1000
423
255
322
1480
1267
213
1524

1
2
2

58.62
2

6
Everton
26
1000
362
287
351
1303
1265
38
1373

1

52.81
4

7
Manchester City
21
810
359
194
257
1279
952
327
1271
3
2
2
1
2
60.52
1

8
Newcastle United
23
882
334
225
323
1207
1187
20
1227

2
2
1
2
53.35
2

9
Aston Villa
24
924
316
275
333
1117
1186
−69
1223

1

1
1
50.96
2

10
West Ham United
22
844
275
221
348
1012
1214
−202
1046

2
47.55
5

11
Blackburn Rovers
18
696
262
184
250
927
907
20
970
1
1

1
2
53.89
1

12
Southampton
19
734
229
202
303
892
1022
−130
889

1
46.79
6

13
Leeds United
12
468
189
125
154
641
573
68
692

1
2
1
57.67
3

14
Middlesbrough
15
574
165
169
240
648
794
−146
661[124]

4
44.01
7

15
Sunderland
16
608
153
159
296
612
904
−292
618

4
38.63
7

16
Fulham
13
494
150
136
208
570
697
−127
586

1
45.08
7

17
Bolton Wanderers
13
494
149
128
217
575
745
−170
575

3
44.23
6

18
Leicester City
12
460
142
129
189
572
670
−98
555
1

3
46.25
1

19
West Bromwich Albion
12
456
112
128
216
475
696
−221
464

4
38.67
8

20
Stoke City
10
380
116
109
155
398
525
−127
457

1
45.70
9

21
Coventry City
9
354
99
112
143
387
490
−103
409

1
45.40
11

22
Sheffield Wednesday
8
316
101
89
126
409
453
−44
392

1
49.00
7

23
Wimbledon
8
316
99
94
123
384
472
−88
391

1
48.88
6

24
Crystal Palace
9
350
97
89
164
374
511
−137
380

4
42.22
10

25
Charlton Athletic
8
304
93
82
129
342
442
−100
361

2
45.13
7

26
Norwich City
8
316
89
92
135
365
510
−145
359

1

4
44.88
3

27
Wigan Athletic
8
304
85
76
143
316
482
−166
331

1
41.38
10

28
Swansea City
7
266
82
66
118
306
383
−77
312

1
44.57
8

29
Queens Park Rangers
7
278
81
65
132
339
431
−92
308

3
44.00
5

30
Birmingham City
7
266
73
82
111
273
360
−87
301

3
43.00
9

31
Portsmouth
7
266
79
65
122
292
380
−88
293[125]

1
41.86
8

32
Derby County
7
266
68
70
128
271
420
−149
274

2
39.14
8

33
Nottingham Forest
5
198
60
59
79
229
287
−58
239

1

3
47.80
3

34
Ipswich Town
5
202
57
53
92
219
312
−93
224

2
44.80
5

35
Watford
5
190
45
43
102
188
318
−130
178

2
35.60
13

36
Hull City
5
190
41
48
101
181
323
−142
171

3
34.20
16

37
Burnley
4
152
40
37
75
145
229
−84
157

2
39.25
7

38
Wolverhampton Wanderers
4
152
32
40
80
156
281
−125
136

2
34.00
15

39
Sheffield United
3
122
32
36
54
128
168
−40
132

2
44.00
14

40
Bournemouth
3
114
34
30
50
145
195
−50
132

44.00
9

41
Reading
3
114
32
23
59
136
186
−50
119

2
39.67
8

42
Oldham Athletic
2
84
22
23
39
105
142
−37
89

1
44.50
19

43
Bradford City
2
76
14
20
42
68
138
−70
62

1
31.00
17

44
Brighton & Hove Albion
1
38
9
13
16
34
54
–20
40

40
15

45
Blackpool
1
38
10
9
19
55
78
−23
39

1
39.00
19

46
Huddersfield Town
1
38
9
10
19
28
58
–30
37

37
16

47
Barnsley
1
38
10
5
23
37
82
−45
35

1
35.00
19

48
Cardiff City
1
38
7
9
22
32
74
−42
30

1
30.00
20

49
Swindon Town
1
42
5
15
22
47
100
−53
30

1
30.00
22

text: League or status at 2018–19:

text:
2018–19 Premier League

2018–19 EFL Championship

2018–19 EFL League One

2018–19 EFL League Two

Defunct: by a 2007 agreement, neither Milton Keynes Dons nor AFC Wimbledon regards itself as custodian of Wimbledon F.C.'s statistics.[126][127]

text: Managers[edit]

text:
Most Premier League titles: 13, Sir Alex Ferguson (Manchester United) – 1993, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013
Most Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 27, Sir Alex Ferguson
Most consecutive Premier League Manager of the Month awards: 4, Pep Guardiola[128]
Most promotions to the Premier League: 4, Steve Bruce (Birmingham City in 2001–02 and 2006–07 and Hull City in 2012–13 and 2015–16)
Most relegations from the Premier League: 3, Dave Bassett (Sheffield United in 1993–94, Nottingham Forest in 1996–97, and Leicester City in 2001–02)[129]
Longest spell as manager: 21 years, 224 days, Arsène Wenger (Arsenal, 1 October 1996 to 13 May 2018)[130]
Shortest spell as manager (excluding caretakers): 41 days, Les Reed (Charlton Athletic, 14 November 2006 to 24 December 2006) (8 games)[131]


document_title: List of airports in Barbados

question_text: what is the name of the main airport in barbados

root

text: List of airports in Barbados

text: This is a list of airports in Barbados.

tag: p

text: Barbados, situated just east of the Caribbean Sea, is a West Indian continental island-nation in the western Atlantic Ocean. It is considered a part of the Lesser Antilles. Its closest island neighbours are Martinique, Saint Lucia and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the west. To the south lies Trinidad and Tobago with which Barbados now shares a fixed official maritime boundary and also the South American mainland. Bridgetown is the capital and largest city in Barbados.

text: Barbados has one airport. Grantly Adams International Airport, located on the south coast of the island in Christ Church.[citation needed]

text: Airports[edit]

text: Airport names shown in bold indicate the airport has scheduled service on commercial airlines.

text:
Location served

Parish

ICAO

IATA

Airport name

Coordinates

Status

Bridgetown

Christ Church

TBPB

BGI

Grantley Adams International Airport

13°04′29″N 059°29′33″W / 13.07472°N 59.49250°W / 13.07472; -59.49250 (Grantley Adams International Airport)

Operational

Bridgetown

Saint Michael

TBPO

Bridgetown Heliport

13°05′45″N 059°37′07″W / 13.09583°N 59.61861°W / 13.09583; -59.61861 (Bridgetown Heliport)

Closed

tag: table


document_title: F Is for Family

question_text: who voices jimmy in f is for family

question_tokens: who voices jimmy in f is for family

text: F Is for Family

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Bill Burr as Francis X. "Frank" Murphy – Frank is a disillusioned, short-tempered, Irish-American, Korean War veteran and father of three who lives in a Great Lakes region town in during the mid-1970s. He is prone to angry, profane rants. As a parent, Frank often responds to his children with threatening language and emotional abuse. The Murphy children often go out of their way to avoid upsetting their father. Frank works as a baggage handler at the local Mohican Airlines, and is promoted to management after his boss dies in a violent workplace accident. Frank is usually seen spending many hours in front of his television set while at home. Frank's favorite show is an action series called Colt Luger. Luger, an overweight middle-aged character who is portrayed as an unerringly victorious hero. When facing dire situations, Luger utters the phrase "Sometimes, a man's got to do...what a man does", much to Frank's excitement.
Laura Dern as Sue Murphy[2] – Frank's wife who is a housewife, and also sells Plast-a-Ware (a play on words of Tupperware.)
Justin Long as Kevin Murphy[1][2] – Kevin is Frank's teenage son, who is a bit of a juvenile delinquent. Despite his rebellious personality, Kevin often shows signs of love and respect for his parents and a desire to better himself (although he rarely, if ever, follows through on the latter).
Debi Derryberry as Maureen Murphy [2][6] – Maureen is Frank's young daughter who he often refers to as "Princess". However, even though Frank sees Maureen as a princess, Maureen is an intelligent child and can be destructive like the rest of her family members. However, Maureen is smart enough to hide it.
Haley Reinhart as Bill Murphy, Frank's younger son.[7][8] Bill tends to be shy and is skinny. He gets bullied frequently. He is 11 years old in the first season.[9]
Sam Rockwell as Vic – Frank's wealthy, womanizing neighbor, who brags a lot. Frank loathes him for his playboy lifestyle, cheerful attitude, and successful career.

tag: ul

text: Co-starring[edit]

text:
Mo Collins as Jimmy, Vivian, Ben, Brandy, Ginny[10]
Trevor Devall as Red, Bolo, Mr. Goomer, others[11][12]
Phil Hendrie as Jim Jeffords, Colt Luger, others[13][14]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Kevin Michael Richardson as Rosie, others
David Koechner as Robert "Bob Pogo" Pogrohvich, Frank's obese, chainsmoking boss.[15][16]
Kevin Farley as Babe, Carl, others[17]
Gary Cole as Rodger Dunbarton, the owner and founder of the airlines where Frank and his co-workers work.
Joe Buck as Lou Gagliardi, others[18]
John DiMaggio as Scoop Dunbarton
Allison Janney as Henrietta Van Horne[19]
T.J. Miller as Randy
Michael K. Williams as Smoky

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
6
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)

2
10
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)

text: Season 1 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

1
1
"The Bleedin' in Sweden"
Benjamin Marsaud
Story by : Bill Burr and Michael Price
Teleplay by : Michael Price
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
101

Frank is excited at the prospect of having the entire neighborhood over to watch an upcoming boxing match, but when Vic threatens to ruin his chances with his much more expensive and exciting television set, Frank overpromises that he has a color TV to convince the neighbors to come to his house instead. After he purchases one, Bill accidentally ruins it when he sticks a magnet on it as part of a school project. Frank initially believes that the store sold him a lemon and has an outburst in front of all the employees and customers when they refuse to give him a refund, embarrassing Sue. Bill eventually confesses, but after being gloated over by one of the store's employees when Frank and Sue take him to apologize, Bill uses his magnet to ruin every single television set in the store, and Frank gets refunded. At the end of the episode, the neighbors watch the match at Frank's house, while Vic watches it at his house "alone".

2
2
"Saturday Bloody Saturday"
Laurent Nicolas
David Richardson
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
102

After finding out that Kevin is failing nearly every single one of his classes, Frank takes him to his job at the airport, where he's recently been promoted after his former boss was decapitated in a violent work accident, to demonstrate to him the responsibilities of caring for a family. Frank is torn between his underpaid, hard-working co-workers who are contemplating a strike, and his employer, who worries a strike will shut down Mohican Airways for good. Although Kevin is initially unimpressed and spends most of the day hanging around with some pill-popping, underachieving airport staff, he realizes the difficulties of his father's job after he witnesses Frank being yelled at and insulted by an old woman, who accuses the airport of stealing her medication, and comes to appreciate how hard Frank works to put food on the table. Meanwhile, after his father puts him in charge of Maureen for the day, Bill struggles to keep her rebellious nature under wraps, while Sue begins to doubt her solitary role as a mother and wife.

3
3
"The Trough"
Benjamin Marsaud
Michael Price
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
103

Despite Kevin's promises to get back on track to improve his grades, Frank is outraged when he finds out that Kevin is still falling behind, and as a punishment, takes Bill to a football game where he was given corporate seats by the management at Mohican Airways, which Frank had initially promised Kevin to go to. While there, they meet Rodger Dunbarton, CEO at Mohican Airways, who speaks to Frank about talks of a strike and how he must no longer sympathize with his co-workers. On the drive home, their car breaks down, and they are rescued by Rosie, one of Frank's colleagues, but when Bill innocently reveals they had been given tickets to a football game and his father's conversation with Dunbarton, Frank faces a hostile situation at work. Meanwhile, Sue goes to the mall with Maureen, where she is accosted by a talkative friend, and Maureen learns of her mother's underwhelming home life during a surprise outburst. Kevin hangs out with friends and gets high, reminiscing of the loving relationship he and his father had when he was young.

4
4
"'F' is for Halloween"
Laurent Nicolas
Tom Gianas
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
104

On Halloween, Frank attempts to dissuade Sue from a promotion, leading to tensions between them; Bill is reluctant to trick-or-treat due to his fear of being bullied.

5
5
"Bill Murphy's Day Off"
Benjamin Marsaud
Emily Towers
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
105

Bill tries to hide his recent suspension while Frank earns the ire of his co-workers for befriending the aloof CEO of the airline. In addition, Frank struggles to make good on a promise to Kevin.

6
6
"O Holy Moly Night"
Laurent Nicolas
David Richardson
December 18, 2015 (2015-12-18)
106

When Christmas comes near, Frank is desperate to remedy the hostility of his co-workers and his supervisors at the airport while the family dog is missing. Kevin starts his part-time job. Bill becomes an altar boy at the church and gets into trouble.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date
Prod.
code

7
1
"Heavy Sledding"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Michael Price
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Three weeks after he got fired, Frank is still unemployed. On a snow day, Sue decides to take the family sledding to get them out of their slump.

8
2
"A Girl Named Sue"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
David Richardson
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank's old boss, Bob Pogo, calls him to offer him a job, only for things to turn out bad for Frank. Meanwhile, Sue ponders a change in her life.

9
3
"The Liar's Club"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Bill Burr
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

After bailing out of the unemployment office, Frank turns to Rosie's friend, Smokey, for a job, but not before helping Kevin move into the basement after he ditches school. Meanwhile, Sue gets a new job as a secretary, but is mistreated by the sexist heads of her company.

10
4
"Night Shift"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Emily Towers
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank gets a job as a stocking man courtesy of Smokey, consequently sleeping through the day and ignoring Sue and his family. All the while, Kevin and his band try to get a gig and Sue has an idea for a new Plast-a-Ware product.

11
5
"Breaking Bill"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Joe Heslinga
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

After Frank learns that Kevin and his band are performing on a school night, his attempts at halting it cause intense tension between him and Kevin. Meanwhile, Bill, having received money from his job as a paperboy, tries to buy a hockey-stick for hockey tryouts, but a run-in with the local bully, Jimmy, pushes him over the edge. Also, when Sue pitches her idea, she still receives a lack of respect.

12
6
"This is Not Good"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Henry Gammill
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

When Frank's new job includes a stop at the airport, he ends up in a predicament with Bob. Kevin tries to get a date with a 'haircut' girl, but due to erection problems, he bails and this attracts the attention of Vic's new girlfriend. Also, Bill begins to enjoy lifting his legs on the law, much to the concern of his friend Phillip.

13
7
"Fight Night"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Eric Goldberg & Peter Tibbals
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue's individual underhanded actions causes them to have a major fight on their anniversary when they're called into a meeting with Maureen's school teacher.

14
8
"F is for Fixing It"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Valeri Vaughn
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue try to deal with their marital problems; Kevin feels guilty for having sex with Vic's new girlfriend; and when Jimmy tried to make amends after he has been released from Catholic Military School, a fearful revelation from Phillip reveals Bill's part in sending him away, causing Jimmy to go back to his bullying ways.

15
9
"Pray Away"
Romain Bounoure, Olivier Schramm & Mike Roberts
Marc Wilmore
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

Frank and Sue go to a couple's retreat to get help from a religious psychiatrist when their marriage begins to hit a snag, which only leads to a moment of truth between them. Meanwhile, Bill and his friends try to deal with a vengeful Jimmy, while Kevin is forced to deal with Vic when the latter finds out about his girlfriend's affair with Kevin.

16
10
"Landing the Plane"
Romain Bounoure & Olivier Schramm
Michael Price
May 30, 2017 (2017-05-30)
TBA

The day takes a traumatic turn for the Murphys when the founder of Plast-a-Wares takes credit for Sue's idea and Frank and his friends attempt to get rid of "Scoop," the mentally unstable new manager (Roger Dunbarton's nephew), which inadvertently causes them to be caught in the middle of a terrorist attack caused by a Black Panthers-esque band of domestic terrorists.

text: Production[edit]

text: The series was announced in October 2014 as part of a partnership between Netflix, Gaumont International Television, and Wild West Television.[20] The show is a "family comedy" based on the standup of Bill Burr.[21] Moreover, the show takes place in the 1970s, "a time when you could smack your kid, smoke inside, and bring a gun to the airport".[21] Burr voices the Murphy family patriarch, with Laura Dern as his wife, Justin Long as his eldest son, Debi Derryberry as his daughter Maureen, and Haley Reinhart as his young son.[7][8][21] The first season consists of six episodes, shown in a serial manner, written by Bill Burr and Michael Price.[22] Price is best known for his Emmy and Writers Guild award-winning work on The Simpsons.[22] The series is co-directed by Ben Marsaud (director of Counterfeit Cat & former storyboard artist on The Amazing World of Gumball).

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series has received generally positive reviews.[23] On Rotten Tomatoes the series holds a rating of 87% based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "While the humor relies on vulgarity, the strength of F Is for Family is its substantial heart."[24] On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 75 out of 100, based on 14 reviews, indicating "Generally favorable reviews".[25]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee
Result

2017
69th Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance
Mo Collins as Ginny, Jimmy Fitzsimmons, Lex, Ben, and Cutie Pie (Episode: Pray Away)
Nominated


document_title: Kidney transplantation

question_text: where is a transplanted kidney placed in the body

text: Kidney transplantation

text: History[edit]

text: One of the earliest mentions about the real possibility of a kidney transplant was by American medical researcher Simon Flexner, who declared in a reading of his paper on "Tendencies in Pathology" in the University of Chicago in 1907 that it would be possible in the then-future for diseased human organs substitution for healthy ones by surgery, including arteries, stomach, kidneys and heart.[3]

text: In 1933 surgeon Yuriy Voroniy from Kherson in the Soviet Union attempted the first human kidney transplant, using a kidney removed six hours earlier from the deceased donor to be reimplanted into the thigh. He measured kidney function using a connection between the kidney and the skin. His first patient died two days later, as the graft was incompatible with the recipient's blood group and was rejected.[4]

text: It was not until June 17, 1950, when a successful transplant could be performed on Ruth Tucker, a 44-year-old woman with polycystic kidney disease, by Dr. Richard Lawler[5] at Little Company of Mary Hospital in Evergreen Park, Illinois. Although the donated kidney was rejected ten months later because no immunosuppressive therapy was available at the time—the development of effective antirejection drugs was years away—the intervening time gave Tucker's remaining kidney time to recover and she lived another five years.[6]

text: The first kidney transplants between living patients were undertaken in 1952 at the Necker hospital in Paris by Jean Hamburger although the kidney failed after 3 weeks of good function [7]  and later in 1954 in Boston. The Boston transplantation, performed on December 23, 1954, at Brigham Hospital was performed by Joseph Murray, J. Hartwell Harrison, John P. Merrill and others. The procedure was done between identical twins Ronald and Richard Herrick to eliminate any problems of an immune reaction. For this and later work, Dr. Murray received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1990. The recipient, Richard Herrick, died eight years after the transplantation.[8]

text: In 1955, Charles Rob, William James "Jim" Dempster (St Marys and Hammersmith, London) carried out the first deceased donor transplant in United Kingdom, which was unsuccessful. In July 1959, "Fred" Peter Raper (Leeds) performed first successful (8 months) deceased donor transplant in the UK. A year later, in 1960, the first successful living kidney transplant in the UK occurred, when Michael Woodruff performed one between identical twins in Edinburgh.[9]

text: Until the routine use of medications to prevent and treat acute rejection, introduced in 1964, deceased donor transplantation was not performed. The kidney was the easiest organ to transplant: Tissue typing was simple, the organ was relatively easy to remove and implant, live donors could be used without difficulty, and in the event of failure, kidney dialysis was available from the 1940s. Tissue typing was essential to the success; early attempts in the 1950s on sufferers from Bright's disease had been very unsuccessful.

text: The major barrier to organ transplantation between genetically non-identical patients lay in the recipient's immune system, which would treat a transplanted kidney as a "non-self" and immediately or chronically reject it. Thus, having medications to suppress the immune system was essential. However, suppressing an individual's immune system places that individual at greater risk of infection and cancer (particularly skin cancer and lymphoma), in addition to the side effects of the medications.

text: The basis for most immunosuppressive regimens is prednisolone, a corticosteroid. Prednisolone suppresses the immune system, but its long-term use at high doses causes a multitude of side effects, including glucose intolerance and diabetes, weight gain, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, hypercholesterolemia, and cataract formation. Prednisolone alone is usually inadequate to prevent rejection of a transplanted kidney. Thus other, non-steroid immunosuppressive agents are needed, which also allow lower doses of prednisolone.

text: Indications[edit]

text: The indication for kidney transplantation is end-stage renal disease (ESRD), regardless of the primary cause. This is defined as a glomerular filtration rate < 15 ml/min/1.73  m2. Common diseases leading to ESRD include malignant hypertension, infections, diabetes mellitus, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis; genetic causes include polycystic kidney disease, a number of inborn errors of metabolism, and autoimmune conditions such as lupus.

text: Diabetes is the most common known cause of kidney transplantation, accounting for approximately 25% of those in the US. The majority of renal transplant recipients are on dialysis (peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis) at the time of transplantation. However, individuals with chronic kidney disease who have a living donor available may undergo pre-emptive transplantation before dialysis is needed.  If a patient is put on the waiting list for a deceased donor transplant early enough, they may also be transplanted pre-dialysis.

text: Contraindications and requirements[edit]

text: Contraindications include both cardiac and pulmonary insufficiency, as well as hepatic disease and some cancers. Concurrent tobacco use and morbid obesity are also among the indicators putting a patient at a higher risk for surgical complications.

text: Kidney transplant requirements vary from program to program and country to country. Many programs place limits on age (e.g. the person must be under a certain age to enter the waiting list) and require that one must be in good health (aside from the kidney disease).  Significant cardiovascular disease, incurable terminal infectious diseases and cancer are often transplant exclusion criteria.  In addition, candidates are typically screened to determine if they will be compliant with their medications, which is essential for survival of the transplant.  People with mental illness and/or significant on-going substance abuse issues may be excluded.

text: HIV was at one point considered to be a complete contraindication to transplantation.  There was fear that immunosuppressing someone with a depleted immune system would result in the progression of the disease.  However, some research seem to suggest that immunosuppressive drugs and antiretrovirals may work synergistically to help both HIV viral loads/CD4 cell counts and prevent active rejection.

text: Sources of kidneys[edit]

text: Since medication to prevent rejection is so effective, donors do not need to be similar to their recipient. Most donated kidneys come from deceased donors; however, the utilisation of living donors in the United States is on the rise. In 2006, 47% of donated kidneys were from living donors.[10] This varies by country: for example, only 3% of kidneys transplanted during 2006 in Spain came from living donors.[11] In Spain all citizens are potential organ donors in the case of their death, unless they explicitly opt out during their lifetime.[12]

text: Living donors[edit]

text: Approximately one in three donations in the US, UK, and Israel is now from a live donor.[13][14][15] Potential donors are carefully evaluated on medical and psychological grounds. This ensures that the donor is fit for surgery and has no disease which brings undue risk or likelihood of a poor outcome for either the donor or recipient. The psychological assessment is to ensure the donor gives informed consent and is not coerced. In countries where paying for organs is illegal, the authorities may also seek to ensure that a donation has not resulted from a financial transaction.

text: The relationship the donor has to the recipient has evolved over the years.  In the 1950s, the first successful living donor transplants were between identical twins.  In the 1960s–1970s, live donors were genetically related to the recipient.  However, during the 1980s–1990s, the donor pool was expanded further to emotionally related individuals (spouses, friends).  Now the elasticity of the donor relationship has been stretched to include acquaintances and even strangers ('altruistic donors'). In 2009, Minneapolis transplant recipient Chris Strouth received a kidney from a donor who connected with him on Twitter, which is believed to be the first such transplant arranged entirely through social networking.[16][17]

text: The acceptance of altruistic donors has enabled chains of transplants to form.  Kidney chains are initiated when an altruistic donor donates a kidney to a patient who has a willing but incompatible donor. This incompatible donor then 'pays it forward' and passes on the generosity to another recipient who also had a willing but incompatible donor.  Michael Rees from the University of Toledo developed the concept of open-ended chains.[18]  This was a variation of a concept developed at Johns Hopkins University.[19]  On July 30, 2008, an altruistic donor kidney was shipped via commercial airline from Cornell to the University of California, Los Angeles, thus triggering a chain of transplants.[20]  The shipment of living donor kidneys, computer-matching software algorithms, and cooperation between transplant centers has enabled long-elaborate chains to be formed.[21]

text: In carefully screened kidney donors, survival and the risk of end-stage renal disease appear to be similar to those in the general population.[22] However, some more recent studies suggest that lifelong risk of chronic kidney disease is several-fold higher in kidney donors although the absolute risk is still very small.[23] A 2017 article in the New England Journal of Medicine suggests that persons with only one kidney including those who have donated a kidney for transplantation should avoid high protein diet and limit their protein intake to less than one gram per kilogram body weight per day in order to reduce the long-term risk of chronic kidney disease.[24] Women who have donated a kidney have a higher risk of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia than matched nondonors with similar indicators of baseline health.[25] Traditionally, the donor procedure has been through a single incision of 4–7 inches (10–18 cm), but live donation is being increasingly performed by laparoscopic surgery. This reduces pain and accelerates recovery for the donor. Operative time and complications decreased significantly after a surgeon performed 150 cases.  Live donor kidney grafts have higher long-term success rates than those from deceased donors.[26]  Since the increase in the use of laparoscopic surgery, the number of live donors has increased.  Any advance which leads to a decrease in pain and scarring and swifter recovery has the potential to boost donor numbers.  In January 2009, the first all-robotic kidney transplant was performed at Saint Barnabas Medical Center through a two-inch incision. In the following six months, the same team performed eight more robotic-assisted transplants.[27]

text: In 2004 the FDA approved the Cedars-Sinai High Dose IVIG therapy which reduces the need for the living donor to be the same blood type (ABO compatible) or even a tissue match.[28][29] The therapy reduced the incidence of the recipient's immune system rejecting the donated kidney in highly sensitized patients.[29]

text: In 2009 at the Johns Hopkins Medical Center, a healthy kidney was removed through the donor's vagina.  Vaginal donations promise to speed recovery and reduce scarring.[30]  The first donor was chosen as she had previously had a hysterectomy.[31]  The extraction was performed using natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery, where an endoscope is inserted through an orifice, then through an internal incision, so that there is no external scar.  The recent advance of single port laparoscopy requiring only one entry point at the navel is another advance with potential for more frequent use.

text: Organ trade[edit]

text: In the developing world some people sell their organs illegally. Such people are often in grave poverty[32] or are exploited by salespersons. The people who travel to make use of these kidneys are often known as 'transplant tourists'. This practice is opposed by a variety of human rights groups, including Organs Watch, a group established by medical anthropologists, which was instrumental in exposing illegal international organ selling rings. These patients may have increased complications owing to poor infection control and lower medical and surgical standards. One surgeon has said that organ trade could be legalised in the UK to prevent such tourism, but this is not seen by the National Kidney Research Fund as the answer to a deficit in donors.[33]

text: In the illegal black market the donors may not get sufficient after-operation care,[34] the price of a kidney may be above $160,000,[35] middlemen take most of the money, the operation is more dangerous to both the donor and receiver, and the buyer often gets hepatitis or HIV.[36] In legal markets of Iran the price of a kidney is $2,000 to $4,000.[36][37]

text: An article by Gary Becker and Julio Elias on "Introducing Incentives in the market for Live and Cadaveric Organ Donations"[38] said that a free market could help solve the problem of a scarcity in organ transplants. Their economic modeling was able to estimate the price tag for human kidneys ($15,000) and human livers ($32,000).

text: Jason Brennan and Peter Jaworski of the CATO Institute have also argued that any moral objections to a market for organs aren't inherent in the market, but rather, the activity itself.[39]

text: Now monetary compensation for organ donors is being legalised in Australia and Singapore. Kidney disease organisations in both countries have expressed their support.[40][41]

text: Deceased donors[edit]

text: Deceased donors can be divided in two groups:

text:
Brain-dead (BD) donors
Donation after Cardiac Death (DCD) donors

text: Although brain-dead (or 'heart beating') donors are considered dead, the donor's heart continues to pump and maintain the circulation. This makes it possible for surgeons to start operating while the organs are still being perfused (supplied blood). During the operation, the aorta will be cannulated, after which the donor's blood will be replaced by an ice-cold storage solution, such as UW (Viaspan), HTK, or Perfadex. Depending on which organs are transplanted, more than one solution may be used simultaneously. Due to the temperature of the solution, and since large amounts of cold NaCl-solution are poured over the organs for a rapid cooling, the heart will stop pumping.

text: 'Donation after Cardiac Death' donors are patients who do not meet the brain-dead criteria but, due to the unlikely chance of recovery, have elected via a living will or through family to have support withdrawn. In this procedure, treatment is discontinued (mechanical ventilation is shut off). After a time of death has been pronounced, the patient is rushed to the operating room where the organs are recovered. Storage solution is flushed through the organs. Since the blood is no longer being circulated, coagulation must be prevented with large amounts of anti-coagulation agents such as heparin.  Several ethical and procedural guidelines must be followed; most importantly, the organ recovery team should not participate in the patient's care in any manner until after death has been declared.

text: Compatibility[edit]

text: In general, the donor and recipient should be ABO blood group and crossmatch (human leukocyte antigen — HLA) compatible.  If a potential living donor is incompatible with their recipient, the donor could be exchanged for a compatible kidney.[clarification needed]  Kidney exchange, also known as "kidney paired donation" or "chains" have recently gained popularity.

text: In an effort to reduce the risk of rejection during incompatible transplantation, ABO-incompatible and densensitization protocols utilizing intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) have been developed, with the aim to reduce ABO and HLA antibodies that the recipient may have to the donor.

text: In the 1980s, experimental protocols were developed for ABO-incompatible transplants using increased immunosuppression and plasmapheresis. Through the 1990s these techniques were improved and an important study of long-term outcomes in Japan was published.[42] Now, a number of programs around the world are routinely performing ABO-incompatible transplants.[43]

text: The level of sensitization to donor HLA antigens is determined by performing a panel reactive antibody test on the potential recipient. In the United States, up to 17% of all deceased donor kidney transplants have no HLA mismatch. However, HLA matching is a relatively minor predictor of transplant outcomes. In fact, living non-related donors are now almost as common as living (genetically)-related donors.

text: Procedure[edit]

text: In most cases the barely functioning existing kidneys are not removed, as removal has been shown to increase the rates of surgical morbidity. Therefore, the kidney is usually placed in a location different from the original kidney. Often this is in the iliac fossa so it is often necessary to use a different blood supply:

text:
The renal artery of the new kidney, previously branching from the abdominal aorta in the donor, is often connected to the external iliac artery in the recipient.
The renal vein of the new kidney, previously draining to the inferior vena cava in the donor, is often connected to the external iliac vein in the recipient.

text: The donor ureter is anastomosed with the recipient bladder.

text: There is disagreement in surgical textbooks regarding which side of the recipient’s pelvis to use in receiving the transplant. Campbell's Urology (2002) recommends placing the donor kidney in the recipient’s contralateral side (i.e. a left sided kidney would be transplanted in the recipient's right side) to ensure the renal pelvis and ureter are anterior in the event that future surgeries are required. In an instance where there is doubt over whether there is enough space in the recipient’s pelvis for the donor's kidney, the textbook recommends using the right side because the right side has a wider choice of arteries and veins for reconstruction. Smith's Urology (2004) states that either side of the recipient's pelvis is acceptable; however the right vessels are 'more horizontal' with respect to each other and therefore easier to use in the anastomoses. It is unclear what is meant by the words 'more horizontal'. Glen's Urological Surgery (2004) recommends putting the kidney in the contralateral side in all circumstances. No reason is explicitly put forth; however, one can assume the rationale is similar to that of Campbell, i.e. to ensure that the renal pelvis and ureter are most anterior in the event that future surgical correction becomes necessary.

text: Kidney-pancreas transplant[edit]

text: Occasionally, the kidney is transplanted together with the pancreas. University of Minnesota surgeons Richard Lillehei and William Kelly perform the first successful simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant in the world in 1966.[44] This is done in patients with diabetes mellitus type 1, in whom the diabetes is due to destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas and in whom the diabetes has caused renal failure (diabetic nephropathy). This is almost always a deceased donor transplant.  Only a few living donor (partial) pancreas transplants have been done.  For individuals with diabetes and renal failure, the advantages of earlier transplant from a living donor (if available) are far superior to the risks of continued dialysis until a combined kidney and pancreas are available from a deceased donor.[citation needed] A patient can either receive a living kidney followed by a donor pancreas at a later date (PAK, or pancreas-after-kidney) or a combined kidney-pancreas from a donor (SKP, simultaneous kidney-pancreas).

text: Transplanting just the islet cells from the pancreas is still in the experimental stage, but shows promise.  This involves taking a deceased donor pancreas, breaking it down, and extracting the islet cells that make insulin.  The cells are then injected through a catheter into the recipient and they generally lodge in the liver.  The recipient still needs to take immunosuppressants to avoid rejection, but no surgery is required.  Most people need two or three such injections, and many are not completely insulin-free.

text: Post operation[edit]

text: The transplant surgery takes about three hours.[45] The donor kidney will be placed in the lower abdomen and its blood vessels connected to arteries and veins in the recipient's body. When this is complete, blood will be allowed to flow through the kidney again. The final step is connecting the ureter from the donor kidney to the bladder.  In most cases, the kidney will soon start producing urine.

text: Depending on its quality, the new kidney usually begins functioning immediately. Living donor kidneys normally require 3–5 days to reach normal functioning levels, while cadaveric donations stretch that interval to 7–15 days.  Hospital stay is typically for 4–10 days. If complications arise, additional medications (diuretics) may be administered to help the kidney produce urine.

text: Immunosuppressant drugs are used to suppress the immune system from rejecting the donor kidney. These medicines must be taken for the rest of the recipient's life. The most common medication regimen today is a mixture of tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and prednisolone. Some recipients may instead take ciclosporin, sirolimus, or azathioprine. The risk of early rejection of the transplanted kidney is increased if corticosteroids are avoided or withdrawn after the transplantation.[46] Ciclosporin, considered a breakthrough immunosuppressive when first discovered in the 1980s, ironically causes nephrotoxicity and can result in iatrogenic damage to the newly transplanted kidney. Tacrolimus, which is a similar drug, also causes nephrotoxicity. Blood levels of both must be monitored closely and if the recipient seems to have declining renal function or proteinuria, a biopsy may be necessary to determine whether this is due to rejection [47][48] or ciclosporin or tacrolimus intoxication .

text: Imaging[edit]

text: Post operatively, kidneys are periodically assessed by ultrasound to assess for the imaging and physiologic changes that accompany transplant rejection. Imaging also allows evaluation of supportive structures such as the anastomosed transplant artery, vein, and ureter, to ensure they are stable in appearance.

text: The major sonographic scale in quantitative ultrasound assessment is with a multipoint assessment of the resistive index (RI), beginning at the main renal artery and vein and ending at the arcuate vessels. It is calculated as follows:

text: The normal value is ≈ 0.60, with 0.70 being the upper limits of normal.[49]

text: Diet[edit]

text: Kidney transplant recipients are discouraged from consuming grapefruit, pomegranate and green tea products. These food products are known to interact with the transplant medications, specifically tacrolimus, cyclosporin and sirolimus; the blood levels of these drugs may be increased, potentially leading to an overdose.[50]

text: Acute rejection occurs in 10–25% of people after transplant during the first 60 days.[citation needed] Rejection does not necessarily mean loss of the organ, but it may necessitate additional treatment and medication adjustments.[51]

text: Complications[edit]

text:
Problems after a transplant may include:
Post operative complication, bleeding, infection, vascular thrombosis and urinary complications

text:
Transplant rejection (hyperacute, acute or chronic)
Infections and sepsis due to the immunosuppressant drugs that are required to decrease risk of rejection
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (a form of lymphoma due to the immune suppressants)
Imbalances in electrolytes including calcium and phosphate which can lead to bone problems
Proteinuria[48]
Hypertension
Other side effects of medications including gastrointestinal inflammation and ulceration of the stomach and esophagus, hirsutism (excessive hair growth in a male-pattern distribution) with ciclosporin, hair loss with tacrolimus, obesity, acne, diabetes mellitus type 2, hypercholesterolemia, and osteoporosis.

text: A patient's age and health condition before transplantation affect the risk of complications. Different transplant centers have different success at managing complications and therefore, complication rates are different from center to center.

text: The average lifetime for a donated kidney is ten to fifteen years.  When a transplant fails, a patient may opt for a second transplant, and may have to return to dialysis for some intermediary time.

text: Infections due to the immunosuppressant drugs used in people with kidney transplants most commonly occur in mucocutaneous areas (41%), the urinary tract (17%) and the respiratory tract (14%).[52] The most common infective agents are bacterial (46%), viral (41%), fungal (13%), and protozoan (1%).[52] Of the viral illnesses, the most common agents are human cytomegalovirus (31.5%), herpes simplex (23.4%), and herpes zoster (23.4%).[52] BK virus is now being increasingly recognised. Infection is the cause of death in about one third of people with renal transplants, and pneumonias account for 50% of the patient deaths from infection.[52]

text:
Play media

Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound[53]

Play media

Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound[53]

Play media

Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound[53]

Postoperative bleeding following kidney transplant as seen on ultrasound[53]

text: Prognosis[edit]

text: Kidney transplantation is a life-extending procedure.[54] The typical patient will live 10 to 15 years longer with a kidney transplant than if kept on dialysis.[55] The increase in longevity is greater for younger patients, but even 75-year-old recipients (the oldest group for which there is data) gain an average four more years of life. People generally have more energy, a less restricted diet, and fewer complications with a kidney transplant than if they stay on conventional dialysis.

text: Some studies seem to suggest that the longer a patient is on dialysis before the transplant, the less time the kidney will last. It is not clear why this occurs, but it underscores the need for rapid referral to a transplant program. Ideally, a kidney transplant should be pre-emptive, i.e., take place before the patient begins dialysis. The reason why kidneys fail over time after transplantation has been elucidated in recent years. Apart from recurrence of the original kidney disease, also rejection (mainly antibody-mediated rejection) and progressive scarring (multifactorial) play a decisive role.[56] Avoiding rejection by strict medication adherence is of utmost importance to avoid failure of the kidney transplant.

text: At least four professional athletes have made a comeback to their sport after receiving a transplant: New Zealand rugby union player Jonah Lomu, German-Croatian Soccer Player Ivan Klasnić, and NBA basketballers Sean Elliott and Alonzo Mourning.[citation needed]

text: Statistics[edit]

text:
Statistics by country, year and donor type

Country
Year
Cadaveric donor
Living donor
Total transplants

Canada[57]

2000
724
388
7003111200000000000♠1,112

France[58]

2003
7003199100000000000♠1,991
136
7003212700000000000♠2,127

Italy[58]

2003
7003148900000000000♠1,489
135
7003162400000000000♠1,624

Japan[59]

2010
7002208000000000000♠208
1276
7003148400000000000♠1,484

Spain[58]

2003
7003199100000000000♠1,991
60
7003205100000000000♠2,051

United Kingdom[58]

2003
7003129700000000000♠1,297
439
7003173600000000000♠1,736

United States[60]

2008
7004105510000000000♠10,551
7003596600000000000♠5,966
7004165170000000000♠16,517

text: In addition to nationality, transplantation rates differ based on race, sex, and income. A study done with patients beginning long-term dialysis showed that the socio-demographic barriers to renal transplantation are relevant even before patients are on the transplant list.[61] For example, different socio-demographic groups express different interest and complete pre-transplant workup at different rates. Previous efforts to create fair transplantation policies have focused on patients currently on the transplantation waiting list.

text: In the U.S. health system[edit]

text: Transplant recipients must take immunosuppressive anti-rejection drugs for as long as the transplanted kidney functions. The routine immunosuppressives are tacrolimus (Prograf), mycophenolate (Cellcept), and prednisolone; these drugs cost US$1,500 per month. In 1999 the United States Congress passed a law that restricts Medicare from paying for more than three years for these drugs, unless the patient is otherwise Medicare-eligible. Transplant programs may not transplant a patient unless the patient has a reasonable plan to pay for medication after the Medicare expires; however, patients are almost never turned down for financial reasons alone. Half of end-stage renal disease patients only have Medicare coverage.

text: In March 2009 a bill was introduced in the U.S. Senate, 565 and in the House, H.R. 1458 that will extend Medicare coverage of the drugs for as long as the patient has a functioning transplant. This means that patients who have lost their jobs and insurance will not also lose their kidney and be forced back on dialysis. Dialysis is currently using up $17 billion yearly of Medicare funds and total care of these patients amounts to over 10% of the entire Medicare budget.

text: The United Network for Organ Sharing, which oversees the organ transplants in the United States, allows transplant candidates to register at two or more transplant centers, a practice known as 'multiple listing'.[62] The practice has been shown to be effective in mitigating the dramatic geographic disparity in the waiting time for organ transplants,[63] particularly for patients residing in high-demand regions such as Boston.[64] The practice of multiple-listing has also been endorsed by medical practitioners.[65][66]

text: Notable recipients[edit]

text:
Steven Cojocaru (born 1970), Canadian fashion critic, transplants in ???? and 2005
Natalie Cole (1950–2015), American singer, transplant in 2009 (survival: 6 years)
Gary Coleman (1968–2010), American actor, transplant dates unknown
Lucy Davis (born 1973), English actress, transplant in 1997
Kenny Easley (born 1959), American football player, transplant in 1990
Aron Eisenberg (born 1969), American actor, transplant in 2015
Sean Elliott (born 1968), American basketball player, transplant in 1999
Selena Gomez (born 1992), American singer and actress, transplant in 2017
Jennifer Harman (born 1964), American poker player, transplants in ???? and 2004
Ken Howard (born 1932), English artist, transplant in 2000
Ivan Klasnić (born 1980), Croatian footballer, transplant in 2007
Jimmy Little (1937–2012), Australian musician and actor, transplant in 2004 (survival: 8 years)
Jonah Lomu (1975–2015), New Zealand rugby player, transplant in 2004 (survival: 11 years)
George Lopez (born 1961), American comedian and actor, transplant in 2005
Alonzo Mourning (born 1970), American basketball player, transplant in 2003
Kerry Packer (1937–2005), Australian businessman, transplant in 2000 (survival: 5 years)
Charles Perkins (1936–2000), Australian footballer and activist, transplant in 1972 (survival: 28 years)
Billy Preston (1946–2006), American musician, transplant in 2002 (survival: 4 years)
Neil Simon (born 1927), American playwright, transplant in 2004
Ron Springs (1956–2011), American football player, transplant in 2007 (survival: 4 years)[citation needed]
Tomomi "Jumbo" Tsuruta (1951–2000), Japanese professional wrestler, transplant in 2000 (survival: 1 month)


document_title: Municipal governance in India

question_text: who presides over the meetings of a municipal corporation

text: Municipal governance in India

text: History[edit]

text: According to the 1991 Census of India, there were 3255 urban local bodies (ULBs) in the country; classified into the four major categories of:

text:
Municipal corporation (Nagar Nigam)
Municipality (municipal council, municipal board, municipal committee) (Nagar Parishad)
Town area committee
Notified area committee

tag: ol

text: The municipal corporations and municipalities are fully representative bodies, while the notified area committees and town area committees are either fully or partially nominated bodies.

text:
As per the Constitution of India, 74th Amendment Act of 1992, the latter two categories of towns are to be designated as municipalities or nagar panchayats with elected bodies.[2]
Until the amendments in state municipal legislations, which were mostly made in 1994, municipal authorities were organised on an ultra vires (beyond the authority) basis and the state governments were free to extend or control the functional sphere through executive decisions without an amendment to the legislative provisions.

text: After the 74th Amendment was enacted there are only three categories of urban local bodies:

text:
Mahanagar nigam (municipal corporation)
Nagar palika (municipality)
Nagar panchayat (notified area council, city council)

text:
This article provides that there be a nagar panchayat for transitional areas i.e. an area in transition from rural to urban, a municipality for a smaller urban area, and a municipal corporation for a larger urban area.[3]
Article 243Q of the 74th Amendment requires that municipal areas shall be declared having regard to the population of the area, the density of population therein, the revenue generated for local administration, the percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, the economic importance or such other factors as may be specified by the state government by public notification for this purpose.

text: Among all urban local governments, municipal corporations enjoy a greater degree of fiscal autonomy and functions although the specific fiscal and functional powers vary across the states, these local governments have larger populations, a more diversified economic base, and deal with the state governments directly. On the other hand, municipalities have less autonomy, smaller jurisdictions and have to deal with the state governments through the Directorate of Municipalities or through the collector of a district. These local bodies are subject to detailed supervisory control and guidance by the state governments.

text: Responsibilities of urban local bodies[edit]

text: The municipal bodies of India are vested with a long list of functions delegated to them by the state governments under the municipal legislation. These functions broadly relate to public health, welfare, regulatory functions, public safety, public infrastructure works, and development activities.

text: Public health includes water supply, sewerage and sanitation, eradication of communicable diseases etc.; welfare includes public facilities such as education, recreation, etc.; regulatory functions related to prescribing and enforcing building regulations, encroachments on public land, birth registration and death certificate, etc.; public safety includes fire protection, street lighting, etc.; public works measures such as construction and maintenance of inner city roads, etc.; and development functions related to town planning and development of commercial markets. In addition to the legally assigned functions, the sectoral departments of the state government often assign unilaterally, and on an agency basis, various functions such as family planning, nutrition and slum improvement, disease and epidemic control, etc.

text: The Twelfth Schedule of Constitution (Article 243 w) provides an illustrative list of eighteen functions, that may be entrusted to the municipalities.[4]

text: Besides the traditional core functions of municipalities, it also includes development functions like planning for economic development and social justice, urban poverty alleviation programs and promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects. However, conformity legislation enacted by the state governments indicate wide variations in this regard. Whereas Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Manipur, Punjab and Rajasthan have included all the functions as enlisted in the Twelfth Schedule in their amended state municipal laws, Andhra Pradesh has not made any changes in the existing list of municipal functions. Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal states have amended their municipal laws to add additional functions in the list of municipal functions as suggested in the twelfth schedule.

text: There is a lot of difference in the assignment of obligatory and discretionary functions to the municipal bodies among the states. Whereas functions like planning for the social and economic development, urban forestry and protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects are obligatory functions for the municipalities of Maharashtra, in Karnataka these are discretionary functions.

text: Provision of water supply and sewerage in several states has either been taken over by the state governments or transferred to state agencies. For example, in Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, water supply and sewerage works are being carried out by the state level Public Health Engineering Department or Water Supply and Sewerage Boards, while liability for repayment of loans and maintenance are with the municipalities. Besides these state level agencies, City Improvement Trusts and Urban Development Authorities, like Delhi Development Authority (DDA), have been set up in a number of cities. These agencies usually undertake land acquisition and development works, and take up remunerative projects such as markets and commercial complexes, etc. The Municipal bodies in most cases have been left only with the functions of garbage collection, garbage disposal, street lighting, construction and maintenance of roads, etc.

text: In terms of fiscal federalism, functions whose benefits largely confine to municipal jurisdictions and may be termed as the essentially municipal functions. Similarly, functions that involve substantial economics of scale or are of national interest may not be assigned to small local bodies. For valid reasons, certain functions of higher authorities are appropriate to be entrusted with the Municipalities – as if under principal-agent contracts and may be called agency functions that need to be financed by intergovernmental revenues. Thus instead of continuing the traditional distinction between obligatory and discretionary functions the municipal responsibilities may be grouped into essentially municipal, joint and agency functions.

text: Suggested municipal functions[edit]

text: The suggested functions to municipal corporations, municipalities and nagar panchayats are listed in the table below.[5]

text:
Essentially Municipal Functions
Municipal Corporation
Municipal Council
Nagar Panchayat

Urban planning including town planning

Yes

Yes

Yes

Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings

Yes

Yes

Yes

Planning for economic and social development

Yes

Yes

Yes

Roads and bridges

Yes

Yes

Yes

Water supply domestic, Industrial and commercial purposes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Public health, sanitation, conservancy and solid waste management

Yes

Yes

Yes

Fire services

Yes

Yes

No

Urban forestry

Yes

Yes

Yes

Preventive Health Care

Yes

Yes

Yes

Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens, playgrounds

Yes

Yes

Yes

Burials and burial grounds, cremations, cremation ghats/grounds and electric crematoria

Yes

Yes

Yes

Cattle pounds, prevention of cruelty to animals

Yes

Yes

Yes

Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths

Yes

Yes

Yes

Street lighting

Yes

No

Yes

Parking lots, bus stops and public conveniences

Yes

Yes

Yes

Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries

Yes

Yes

Yes

Slum improvement and up gradation

Yes

Yes

Yes

Agency Functions

Protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including the handicapped and the mentally retarded

Yes

Yes

Yes

Urban poverty alleviation

Yes

Yes

Yes

Promotion of cultural, education and aesthetic aspects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Primary Education

Yes

Yes

Yes

Primary Health Care

Yes

Yes

Yes

text: Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam/Mahanagar Palika)[edit]

text: Nagar Nigam a.k.a. Mahanagar Palika or by some other names in different states(translated in english as Municipal Corporation) in India are state government formed departments that works for the development of a metropolitan city, which has a population of more than 1 million. The growing population and urbanisation in various cities of India were in need of a local governing body that can work for providing necessary community services like health centres, educational institutes and housing and property tax.

text: They are formed under the Corporations Act of 1835 of panchayati raj system which mainly deals in providing essential services in every small town as well as village of a district/city. Their elections are held once in five year and the people choose the candidates. The largest corporations are in the eight metropolitan cities of India, namely Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad and Pune. These cities not only have a large population, but are also the administrative as well as commercial centres of the country.

text: Municipality  (Nagar Palika)[edit]

text: In India, a Nagar Palika or Municipality or is an urban local body that administers a city of population 100,000 but less than 1,000,000. However, there are exceptions to that, as previously nagar palikas were constituted in urban centers with population over 20,000 so all the urban bodies which were previously classified as Nagar palika were reclassified as Nagar palika even if their population was under 100,000. Under the Panchayati Raj system, it interacts directly with the state government, though it is administratively part of the district it is located in. Generally smaller district cities and bigger towns have a Nagar palika. Nagar palikas are also a form of local self-government, entrusted with some duties and responsibilities, as enshrined and guided upon by the Constitutional (74th Amendment)Act,1992.

text: The members of the Nagar palika are elected representatives for a term of five years. The town is divided into wards according to its population, and representatives are elected from each ward. The members elect a president among themselves to preside over and conduct meetings. A chief officer, along with officers like an engineer, sanitary inspector, health officer and education officer who come from the state public service are appointed by the state government to control the administrative affairs of the Nagar Palika.

text: Notified Area Council (Nagar Panchayat)[edit]

text: A Nagar Panchayat or Notified Area Council or City Council is a form of an urban political unit in India comparable to a municipality. An urban centre with more than 11,000 and less than 25,000 inhabitants is classified as a "Nagar Panchayat".

text: Each Nagar Panchayat has a committee consisting of a chairman with ward members. Membership consists of a minimum of ten elected ward members and three nominated members. The N.A.C. members of the Nagar Panchayat are elected from the several wards of the Nagar Panchayat on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years. There are seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, backward classes and women. The Councillors or Ward Members are chosen by direct election from electoral wards in the Nagar Panchayat.


document_title: Process state

question_text: when does a process enters a blocked state

text: Process state

text: Primary process states[edit]

text: The following typical process states are possible on computer systems of all kinds. In most of these states, processes are "stored" on main memory.

text: Created[edit]

text: (Also called New) When a process is first created, it occupies the "created" or "new" state. In this state, the process awaits admission to the "ready" state. Admission will be approved or delayed by a long-term, or admission, scheduler. Typically in most desktop computer systems, this admission will be approved automatically. However, for real-time operating systems this admission may be delayed. In a realtime system, admitting too many processes to the "ready" state may lead to oversaturation and overcontention of the system's resources, leading to an inability to meet process deadlines.

text: Ready[edit]

text: A "ready" or "waiting" process has been loaded into main memory and is awaiting execution on a CPU (to be context switched onto the CPU by the dispatcher, or short-term scheduler). There may be many "ready" processes at any one point of the system's execution—for example, in a one-processor system, only one process can be executing at any one time, and all other "concurrently executing" processes will be waiting for execution.

text: A ready queue or run queue is used in computer scheduling. Modern computers are capable of running many different programs or processes at the same time. However, the CPU is only capable of handling one process at a time. Processes that are ready for the CPU are kept in a queue for "ready" processes. Other processes that are waiting for an event to occur, such as loading information from a hard drive or waiting on an internet connection, are not in the ready queue.

text: Running[edit]

text: A process moves into the running state when it is chosen for execution. The process's instructions are executed by one of the CPUs (or cores) of the system. There is at most one running process per CPU or core. A process can run in either of the two modes, namely kernel mode or user mode.[1][2]

text: Kernel mode[edit]

text:
Processes in kernel mode can access both: kernel and user addresses.
Kernel mode allows unrestricted access to hardware including execution of privileged instructions.
Various instructions (such as I/O instructions and halt instructions) are privileged and can be executed only in kernel mode.
A system call from a user program leads to a switch to kernel mode.

text: User mode[edit]

text:
Processes in user mode can access their own instructions and data but not kernel instructions and data (or those of other processes).
When the computer system is executing on behalf of a user application, the system is in user mode. However, when a user application requests a service from the operating system (via a system call), the system must transition from user to kernel mode to fulfill the request.
User mode avoids various catastrophic failures:

There is an isolated virtual address space for each process in user mode.
User mode ensures isolated execution of each process so that it does not affect other processes as such.
No direct access to any hardware device is allowed.

text: Blocked[edit]

text: A process transitions to a blocked state when it cannot carry on without an external change in state or event occurring. For example, a process may block on a call to an I/O device such as a printer, if the printer is not available. Processes also commonly block when they require user input, or require access to a critical section which must be executed atomically. Such critical sections are protected using a synchronization object such as a semaphore or mutex.

text: Terminated[edit]

text: A process may be terminated, either from the "running" state by completing its execution or by explicitly being killed. In either of these cases, the process moves to the "terminated" state. The underlying program is no longer executing, but the process remains in the process table as a zombie process until its parent process calls the wait system call to read its exit status, at which point the process is removed from the process table, finally ending the process's lifetime. If the parent fails to call wait, this continues to consume the process table entry (concretely the process identifier or PID), and causes a resource leak.

text: Additional process states[edit]

text: Two additional states are available for processes in systems that support virtual memory. In both of these states, processes are "stored" on secondary memory (typically a hard disk).

text: Swapped out and waiting[edit]

text: (Also called suspended and waiting.) In systems that support virtual memory, a process may be swapped out, that is, removed from main memory and placed on external storage by the scheduler. From here the process may be swapped back into the waiting state.

text: Swapped out and blocked[edit]

text: (Also called suspended and blocked.) Processes that are blocked may also be swapped out. In this event the process is both swapped out and blocked, and may be swapped back in again under the same circumstances as a swapped out and waiting process (although in this case, the process will move to the blocked state, and may still be waiting for a resource to become available).


document_title: CNN Heroes

question_text: who won the 2016 cnn superhero of the year

text: CNN Heroes

text: Awards[edit]

text:
In 2017, the program received a News & Documentary Emmy Award for its 2016 10th Annual show.
In 2012, the program received a Peabody Award for its 2011 campaign and show. CNN Heroes has also been nominated for the News & Documentary Emmy Awards and is the winner of 3 Gracies.

text: 2017 Heroes[edit]

text: The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2017:[3]

text:
Stan Hays
Samir Lakhani
Jennifer Maddox
Rosie Mashale
Andrew Manzi
Leslie Morissette
Mona Patel
Khali Sweeney
Aaron Valencia
Amy Wright: 2017 CNN Hero of the year

text: 2016 Heroes[edit]

text: The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2016:[4]

text:
Jeison Aristizábal of Cali, Colombia: 2016 CNN Hero of the year[5]
Craig Dodson, United States
Sherri Franklin, United States
Brad Ludden, United States
Luma Mufleh, United States
Georgie Smith, United States
Umra Omar, Kenya
Sheldon Smith, United States
Becca Stevens, United States
Harry Swimmer, United States
Pushpa Basnet, of Kathmandu, Nepal: 2016  CNN Super Hero of the year [6]

text: 2015 Heroes[edit]

text: The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2015:[7]

text:
Maggie Doyne, of New Jersey, United States: 2015 CNN Hero of the year
Jim Withers, United States
Monique Pool, of Suriname
Richard Joyner, United States
Sean Gobin, United States
Bhagwati Agrawal, India
Kim Carter, United States
Rochelle Ripley, United States
Jody Farley-Berens
Daniel Ivankovich, United States

text: 2014 Heroes[edit]

text: The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2014 (in alphabetical order):[1]

text:
Arthur Bloom of the United States
Jon Burns of the United Kingdom
Pen Farthing of the United Kingdom: 2014 CNN Hero of the year
Elimelech Goldberg of the United States
Leela Hazzah of Kenya
Patricia Kelly of the United States
Annette March-Grier of the United States
Ned Norton of the United States
Juan Pablo Romero Fuentes of Guatemala
Dr. Wendy Ross of the United States

text: The 3 Young Wonders of 2014 (in alphabetical order):[8]

text:
Lily Born
Maria Keller, Read Indeed,
Joshua Williams, Joshua's Heart

text: 2013 Heroes[edit]

text: The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2013 (in alphabetical order):[9]

text:
Dale Beatty, co-founder of Purple Heart Homes
George Bwelle
Robin Emmons
Danielle Gletow, founder of One Simple Wish
Tawanda Jones
Richard Nares
Kakenya Ntaiya
Chad Pregracke of the USA: 2013 CNN Hero of the year[10]
Estella Pyfrom, creator of "Estalla's Brilliant Bus"
Laura Stachel

text: 2012 Heroes[edit]

text: The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2012 (in alphabetical order):[11]

text:
Pushpa Basnet of Kathmandu, Nepal: 2012 CNN Hero of the year
Wanda Butts of Ohio, United States
Mary Cortani of California, United States
Catalina Escobar of Cartagena, Colombia
Razia Jan of Afghanistan, with an organization located in Massachusetts, United States
Thulani Madondo of Kliptown, South Africa
Leo McCarthy of Montana, United States
Connie Siskowski of New Jersey, United States
Scott Strode of Colorado, United States
Malya Villard-Appolon of Kofaviv, Haiti

text: The 3 Young Wonders of 2012 (in alphabetical order):[8]

text:
Cassandra Lin
Will Lourcey
Jessica Rees

text: 2011 Heroes[edit]

text: The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2011 (in alphabetical order):[12]

text:
Eddie Canales of  Texas, United States
Taryn Davis of North Carolina, United States
Sal Dimiceli of Wisconsin, United States
Derreck Kayongo of Atlanta, United States
Diane Latiker of Chicago, United States
Robin Lim of Bali, Indonesia: 2011 CNN Hero of the year[13]
Patrice Millet of Haiti
Bruno Serato of Anaheim, California, United States
Richard St. Denis of Mexico
Amy Stokes of South Africa

text: 2010 Heroes[edit]

text: The top 10 CNN Heroes of 2010 (in alphabetical order):

text:
Guadalupe Arizpe De La Vega of  Juarez, Mexico
Susan Burton of California, United States
Linda Fondren of Mississippi, United States
Anuradha Koirala of Kathmandu, Nepal: 2010 CNN Hero of the year[14]
Narayanan Krishnan of Madurai, India
Magnus MacFarlane-Barrow of Scotland, United Kingdom
Harmon Parker of Kenya, Africa
Aki Ra of Cambodia
Evans Wadongo of Kenya, Africa
Dan Wallrath of Texas, United States

text: Also all of the 33 Chilean Miners came on the show to be honored after the 2010 Copiapó mining accident before awards were given out to the list of heroes shown above. Kareem Taylor is the promotional voice for the commercial campaign leading up to the show.

text: 2009 Heroes[edit]

text: The Top 10 CNN Heroes of 2009 were (in alphabetical order):

text:
Jorge Munoz, of Queens, New York, United States
Jordan Thomas, of Chattanooga, Tennessee, United States
Budi Soehardi, of Kupang, Indonesia
Betty Makoni, of London, United Kingdom
Doc Hendley, of Blowing Rock, North Carolina, United States
Efren Peñaflorida, of Cavite City, Philippines: 2009 Hero of the Year[15]
Derrick Tabb, of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
Roy Foster, of Palm Beach, Florida, United States
Andrea Ivory, of West Park, Florida, United States
Brad Blauser, of Dallas, Texas, United States

text: 2008 Heroes[edit]

text: The Top 10 CNN Heroes of 2008 were (in alphabetical order):

text:
Tad Agoglia, of Long Island, New York, United States
Yohannes Gebregeorgis, of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Carolyn LeCroy, of Norfolk, Virginia, United States
Anne Mahlum, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
Liz McCartney, of St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, United States: 2008 Hero of the Year
Phymean Noun, of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
David Puckett, of Savannah, Georgia, United States
Maria Ruiz, of El Paso, Texas, United States
Marie Da Silva, of (Malawi), residing in Los Angeles, California, United States
Viola Vaughn, of Kaolack, Senegal

text: 2007 Heroes[edit]

text: The 18 CNN Heroes finalists for 2007 were (in alphabetical order):

text:
Florence Cassassuce, La Paz, Mexico
Kayla Cornale, of Burlington, Ontario, Canada
Mathias Craig, of San Francisco
Irania Martinez Garcia, of Guantanamo, Cuba
Pablo Fajardo, of Ecuador
Rangina Hamidi, of Stone Ridge, Virginia, United States
Rick Hodes, of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Lynwood Hughes, of Rocky Mount, North Carolina, United States
Dallas Jessup, of Vancouver, Washington, United States
Peter Kithene, of Seattle, Washington, United States
Scott Loeff, of Chicago, Illinois, United States
Mark Maksimowicz, of St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
James McDowell, of Patchogue, New York, United States
Anne McGee, of Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
Josh Miller, of Santa Monica, California, United States
Rosemary Nyirumbe, of Uganda
Steve Peifer, of Kijabe, Kenya
S. Ramakrishnan, of Ayikydy, India
Julie Rems-Smario, of Oakland, California, United States
Scott Southworth, of USA[16]


document_title: Federal jurisdiction (United States)

question_text: where does the federal legislative branch get its power to create federal crimes

text: Federal jurisdiction (United States)

text: Legislative Branch[edit]

text: One aspect of federal jurisdiction is the extent of legislative power. Under the Constitution, Congress has power to legislate only in the areas that are delegated to it. Under clause 17 Article I Section 8 of the Constitution however, Congress has power to "exercise exclusive Legislation in all cases whatsoever" over the federal district (Washington, D.C.) and other territory ceded to the federal government by the states, such as for military installations.

text: Federal jurisdiction in this sense is important in criminal law because federal law does not supersede state criminal law. Congress has enacted the Assimilative Crimes Act (18 U.S.C. § 13), which provides that any act that would have been a crime under the laws of the state in which a federal enclave is situated is also a federal crime. Per the Article 1 of the United States Constitution "Enclave Clause" the State must cede jurisdiction to the federal gov't to establish a federal enclave, all cessions are recorded in state and federal law. As most such enclaves are occupied by the military, except large land masses such as Rocky Mountain National Park, military law is especially concerned with these enclaves, especially the issue of establishing who has jurisdiction and what type of jurisdiction. In such areas, the federal government may have a proprietorial interest only (rights as landowner), concurrent jurisdiction (with federal and state law applicable), or exclusive jurisdiction over the land where an act was committed. Courts-martial involving military members subject to the Uniform Code of Military Justice apply regardless of location. Some started to replace the term "proprietorial interest only", with "proprietary jurisdiction". This incorrectly implies that the federal government has obtained some form of legislative jurisdiction from the state. The correct and original term is "Proprietorial Interest Only".

text: Article Four of the United States Constitution also states that the Congress has the power to enact laws respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States. Federal jurisdiction exists over any territory thus subject to laws enacted by the Congress.

text: Judicial branch[edit]

text: The American legal system includes both state courts and federal courts. State courts hear cases involving state law, and such federal laws as are not restricted to hearing in federal courts. Federal courts may only hear cases where federal jurisdiction can be established. Specifically, the court must have both subject-matter jurisdiction over the matter of the claim and personal jurisdiction over the parties.

text: The Federal Courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, meaning that they only exercise powers granted to them by the Constitution and Federal Laws. There are several forms of subject-matter jurisdiction, but the two most commonly appealed to are federal-question jurisdiction and diversity jurisdiction. Federal question jurisdiction is available when the plaintiff raises a claim that arises under the laws, treaties, or Constitution of the United States, as opposed to claims arising under state law.[2] By the "Well-Pleaded Complaint" rule, federal question jurisdiction is not available if the federal issue arises only as a defense to a state-law claim.[3] Diversity jurisdiction, on the other hand, is available regarding state-law claims if every plaintiff is from a different state from every defendant (the requirement for so-called complete or total diversity) and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000.[4]

text: If a Federal Court has subject matter jurisdiction over one or more of the claims in a case, it has discretion to exercise ancillary jurisdiction over other state law claims.

text: The Supreme Court has "cautioned that ... Court[s] must take great care to 'resist the temptation' to express preferences about [certain types of cases] in the form of jurisdictional rules. Judges must strain to remove the influence of the merits from their jurisdictional rules. The law of jurisdiction must remain apart from the world upon which it operates".[5]

text: Generally, when a case has successfully overcome the hurdles of standing, Case or Controversy and State Action, it will be heard by a trial court. The non-governmental party may raise claims or defenses relating to alleged constitutional violation(s) by the government. If the non-governmental party loses, the constitutional issue may form part of the appeal. Eventually, a petition for certiorari may be sent to the Supreme Court. If the Supreme Court grants certiorari and accepts the case, it will receive written briefs from each side (and any amici curiae or friends of the court—usually interested third parties with some expertise to bear on the subject) and schedule oral arguments. The Justices will closely question both parties. When the Court renders its decision, it will generally do so in a single majority opinion and one or more dissenting opinions. Each opinion sets forth the facts, prior decisions, and legal reasoning behind the position taken. The majority opinion constitutes binding precedent on all lower courts; when faced with very similar facts, they are bound to apply the same reasoning or face reversal of their decision by a higher court.