document_title: Militia (United States)

question_text: who organizes arms and calls up the militia

question_tokens: who organizes arms and calls up the militia

text: Militia (United States)

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The term "militia" derives from Old English milite meaning soldiers (plural), militisc meaning military and also classical Latin milit-, miles meaning soldier.

text: The Modern English term militia dates to the year 1590, with the original meaning now obsolete: "the body of soldiers in the service of a sovereign or a state". Subsequently, since approximately 1665, militia has taken the meaning "a military force raised from the civilian population of a country or region, especially to supplement a regular army in an emergency, frequently as distinguished from mercenaries or professional soldiers".[11]

text: The spelling of millitia is often observed in written and printed materials from the 17th century through the 19th century.[12][13]

text: History[edit]

text: Early-mid Colonial era (1607–1754)[edit]

text: The early colonists of America considered the militia an important social institution, necessary to provide defense and public safety. [14]

text: French and Indian War (1754–1763)[edit]

text: During the French and Indian Wars, town militia formed a recruiting pool for the Provincial Forces. The legislature of the colony would authorize a certain force level for the season's campaign, based on that set recruitment quotas for each local militia. In theory, militia members could be drafted by lot if there were inadequate forces for the Provincial Regulars; however, the draft was rarely resorted to because provincial regulars were highly paid (more highly paid than their regular British Army counterparts) and rarely engaged in combat.

text: In September 1755, George Washington, then adjutant-general of the Virginia militia, upon a frustrating and futile attempt to call up the militia to respond to a frontier Indian attack:[15]

text: ... he experienced all the evils of insubordination among the troups, perverseness in the militia, inactivity in the officers, disregard of orders, and reluctance in the civil authorities to render a proper support. And what added to his mortification was, that the laws gave him no power to correct these evils, either by enforcing discipline, or compelling the indolent and refractory to their duty ... The militia system was suited for only to times of peace. It provided for calling out men to repel invasion; but the powers granted for effecting it were so limited, as to be almost inoperative.[15]

text: See New Hampshire Provincial Regiment for a history of a Provincial unit during the French and Indian War.

text: Pre-American Revolutionary War era (1763–1775)[edit]

text: Just prior to the American Revolutionary War, on October 26, 1774, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, observing the British military buildup, deemed their militia resources to be insufficient: the troop strength, "including the sick and absent, amounted to about seventeen thousand men... this was far short of the number wanted, that the council recommended an immediate application to the New England governments to make up the deficiency":[16]

text: ... they recommended to the militia to form themselves into companies of minute-men, who should be equipped and prepared to march at the shortest notice. These minute-men were to consist of one quarter of the whole militia, to be enlisted under the direction of the field-officers, and divide into companies, consisting of at least fifty men each. The privates were to choose their captains and subalterns, and these officers were to form the companies into battalions, and chose the field-officers to command the same. Hence the minute-men became a body distinct from the rest of the militia, and, by being more devoted to military exercises, they acquired skill in the use of arms. More attention than formerly was likewise bestowed on the training and drilling of militia.[16]

text: American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)[edit]

text: See article: List of United States militia units in the American Revolutionary War

text: The American Revolutionary War began near Boston, Massachusetts with the Battles of Lexington and Concord, in which a group of local militias constituted the American side (the "Patriots"). On April 19, 1775, a British force 800 strong marched out of Boston to Concord intending to destroy patriot arms and ammunition. At 5:00 in the morning at Lexington, they met about 70 armed militiamen whom they ordered to disperse, but the militiamen refused. Firing ensued; it is not clear which side opened fire. This became known as "the shot heard round the world". Eight militiamen were killed and ten wounded, whereupon the remainder took flight. The British continued on to Concord and were unable to find most of the arms and ammunition of the patriots. As the British marched back toward Boston, patriot militiamen assembled along the route, taking cover behind stone walls, and sniped at the British. At Meriam's Corner in Concord, the British columns had to close in to cross a narrow bridge, exposing themselves to concentrated, deadly fire. The British retreat became a rout. It was only with the help of an additional detachment of 900 troops that the British force managed to return to Boston.[17] This marked the beginning of the war. It was "three days after the affair of Lexington and Concord that any movement was made towards embodying a regular army".[18]

text: In 1777, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Articles of Confederation, which contained a provision for raising a confederal militia that consent would be required from nine of the 13 States. Article VI of the Articles of Confederation states,

text: ... every State shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use, in public stores, a due number of field pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition and camp equipage.

text: Some militia units appeared without adequate arms, as evidenced in this letter from John Adams to his wife, dated August 26, 1777:

text: The militia are turning out with great alacrity both in Maryland and Pennsylvania. They are distressed for want of arms. Many have none, we shall rake and scrape enough to do Howe's business, by favor of the Heaven.[19]

text: The initial enthusiasm of Patriot militiamen in the beginning days of the war soon waned. The historian Garry Wills explains,

text: The fervor of the early days in the reorganized militias wore off in the long grind of an eight-year war. Now the right to elect their own officers was used to demand that the men not serve away from their state. Men evaded service, bought substitutes to go for them as in the old days, and had to be bribed with higher and higher bounties to join the effort – which is why Jefferson and Samuel Adams called them so expensive. As wartime inflation devalued the currency, other pledges had to be offered, including land grants and the promise of "a healthy slave" at the end of the war. Some men would take a bounty and not show up. Or they would show up for a while, desert, and then, when they felt the need for another bounty, sign up again in a different place. ... This practice was common enough to have its own technical term – "bounty jumping".[20]

text: The burden of waging war passed to a large extent to the standing army, the Continental Army. The stay-at-home militia tended then to perform the important role of the internal police to keep order. British forces sought to disrupt American communities by instigating slave rebellions and Indian raids. The militia fended off these threats. Militias also spied on Loyalists in the American communities. In Albany County, New York, the militia established a Committee for Detecting and Defeating Conspiracies to look out for and investigate people with suspicious allegiances.[21]

text: Confederation period (1783–1787)[edit]

text: Politically, the militia was highly popular during the postwar period, though to some extent, based more on pride of victory in the recent war than on the realities.[22] This skepticism of the actual value of relying upon the militia for national defense, versus a trained regular army was expressed by Gouverneur Morris:

text: An overweening vanity leads the fond many, each man against the conviction of his own heart, to believe or affect to believe, that militia can beat veteran troops in the open field and even play of battle. This idle notion, fed by vaunting demagogues, alarmed us for our country, when in the course of that time and chance, which happen to all, she should be at war with a great power.[23]

text: Robert Spitzer, citing Daniel Boorstin, describes this political dichotomy of the public popularity of the militia versus the military value:[22]

text: While the reliance upon militias was politically satisfying, it proved to be an administrative and military nightmare. State detachments could not be easily combined into larger fighting units; soldiers could not be relied on to serve for extended periods, and desertions were common; officers were elected, based on popularity rather than experience or training; discipline and uniformity were almost nonexistent."

text: General George Washington defended the militia in public, but in correspondence with Congress expressed his opinion of the militia quite to the contrary:

text: To place any dependence on the Militia, is, assuredly, resting upon a broken staff. Men just dragged from the tender Scenes of domestic life; unaccustomed to the din of Arms; totally unacquainted with every kind of military skill, which being followed by a want of confidence in themselves, when opposed to Troops regularly trained, disciplined, and appointed, superior in knowledge and superior in Arms, makes them timid, and ready to fly from their own shadows ... if I was called upon to declare upon Oath, whether the Militia have been most serviceable or hurtful upon the whole, I should subscribe to the latter.[24]

text: In Shays' Rebellion, a Massachusetts militia that had been raised as a private army defeated the main Shays site force on February 3, 1787. There was a lack of an institutional response to the uprising, which energized calls to reevaluate the Articles of Confederation and gave strong impetus to the Constitutional Convention which began in May 1787.

text: At the end of the Revolutionary War, a political atmosphere developed at the local level where the militia was seen with fondness, despite their spotty record on the battlefield. Typically, when the militia did act well was when the battle came into the locale of the militia, and local inhabitants tended to exaggerate the performance of the local militia versus the performance of the Continental Army. The Continental Army was seen as the protector of the States, though it also was viewed as a dominating force over the local communities. Joseph Reed, president of Pennsylvania viewed this jealousy between the militia forces and the standing army as similar to the prior frictions between the militia and the British Regular Army a generation before during the French and Indian War. Tensions came to a head at the end of the war when the Continental Army officers demanded pensions and set up the Society of the Cincinnati to honor their own wartime deeds. The local communities did not want to pay national taxes to cover the Army pensions, when the local militiamen received none.[25]

text: Constitution and Bill of Rights (1787–1789)[edit]

text: The delegates of the Constitutional Convention (the founding fathers/framers of the United States Constitution) under Article 1; section 8, clauses 15 and 16 of the federal constitution, granted Congress the power to "provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the Militia", as well as, and in distinction to, the power to raise an army and a navy. The US Congress is granted the power to use the militia of the United States for three specific missions, as described in Article 1, section 8, clause 15: "To provide for the calling of the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions." The Militia Act of 1792[26] clarified whom the militia consists of:

text: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, That each and every free able-bodied white male citizen of the respective States, resident therein, who is or shall be of age of eighteen years, and under the age of forty-five years (except as is herein after excepted) shall severally and respectively be enrolled in the militia, by the Captain or Commanding Officer of the company, within whose bounds such citizen shall reside, and that within twelve months after the passing of this Act.

text: Civilian control of a peacetime army[edit]

text: At the time of the drafting of the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights, a political sentiment existed in the newly formed United States involving suspicion of peacetime armies not under civilian control. This political belief has been identified as stemming from the memory of the abuses of the standing army of Oliver Cromwell and King James II, in Great Britain in the prior century, which led to the Glorious Revolution and resulted in placing the standing army under the control of Parliament.[27] During the Congressional debates, James Madison discussed how a militia could help defend liberty against tyranny and oppression. (Source I Annals of Congress 434, June 8, 1789) Though during his presidency, after enduring the failures of the militia in the War of 1812, Madison came to favor the maintenance of a strong standing army.

text: The shift from States' power to Federal power[edit]

text: A major concern of the various delegates during the constitutional debates over the Constitution and the Second Amendment to the Constitution revolved around the issue of transferring militia power held by the States (under the existing Articles of Confederation) to Federal control.

text: Congress shall have the power ... to provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress

text: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment.

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (June 2008)

tag: table

text: Political debate regarding compulsory militia service for pacifists[edit]

text: Records of the constitutional debate over the early drafts of the language of the Second Amendment included significant discussion of whether service in the militia should be compulsory for all able bodied men, or should there be an exemption for the "religiously scrupulous" conscientious objector.

text: The concern about risks of a "religiously scrupulous" exemption clause within the second amendment to the Federal Constitution was expressed by Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts (from 1 Annals of Congress at 750, 17 August 1789):

text: Now, I am apprehensive, sir, that this clause would give an opportunity to the people in power to destroy the constitution itself. They can declare who are those religiously scrupulous, and prevent them from bearing arms. What, sir, is the use of a militia? It is to prevent the establishment of a standing army, the bane of liberty. Now it must be evident, that under this provision, together with their other powers, congress could take such measures with respect to a militia, as make a standing army necessary. Whenever Governments mean to invade the rights and liberties of the people, they always attempt to destroy the militia, in order to raise an army upon their ruins.

text: The "religiously scrupulous" clause was ultimately stricken from the final draft of second amendment to the Federal Constitution though the militia clause was retained. It should be noted that the Supreme Court of the United States has upheld a right to conscientious objection to military service.[28]

text: Concern over select militias[edit]

text: William S. Fields & David T. Hardy write:[29]

text: While in The Federalist No. 46, Madison argued that a standing army of 25,000 to 30,000 men would be offset by "a militia amounting to near a half million of citizens with arms in their hands, officered by men chosen from among themselves ..." [119] The Antifederalists were not persuaded by these arguments, in part because of the degree of control over the militia given to the national government by the proposed constitution. The fears of the more conservative opponents centered upon the possible phasing out of the general militia in favor of a smaller, more readily corrupted, select militia. Proposals for such a select militia already had been advanced by individuals such as Baron Von Steuben, Washington's Inspector General, who proposed supplementing the general militia with a force of 21,000 men given government- issued arms and special training. [120] An article in the Connecticut Journal expressed the fear that the proposed constitution might allow Congress to create such select militias: "[T]his looks too much like Baron Steuben's militia, by which a standing army was meant and intended." [121] In Pennsylvania, John Smiley told the ratifying convention that "Congress may give us a select militia which will in fact be a standing army", and worried that, [p.34] with this force in hand, "the people in general may be disarmed". [122] Similar concerns were raised by Richard Henry Lee in Virginia. In his widely-read pamphlet, Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican, Lee warned that liberties might be undermined by the creation of a select militia that "[would] answer to all the purposes of an army", and concluded that "the Constitution ought to secure a genuine and guard against a select militia by providing that the militia shall always be kept well organized, armed, and disciplined, and include, according to the past and general usage of the states, all men capable of bearing arms".

text: Note: In Federalist Paper 29 Hamilton argued the inability to train the whole Militia made select corps inevitable and, like Madison, paid it no concern.

text: Federalist period (1789–1801)[edit]

text: In 1794, a militia numbering approximately 13,000 was raised and personally led by President George Washington to quell the Whiskey Rebellion in Pennsylvania. From this experience, a major weakness of a States-based citizen militia system was found to be the lack of systematic army organization, and a lack of training for engineers and officers. George Washington repeatedly warned of these shortcomings up until his death in 1799. Two days before his death, in a letter to General Alexander Hamilton, George Washington wrote: "The establishment of a Military Academy upon a respectable and extensive basis has ever been considered by me as an object of primary importance to this country; and while I was in the chair of government, I omitted no proper opportunity of recommending it in my public speeches, and otherwise to the attention of the legislature."[30]

text: Early republic (1801–1812)[edit]

text: In 1802, the federal military academy at West Point was established, in part to rectify the failings of irregular training inherent in a States-based militia system.[30]

text: War of 1812 (1812–1815)[edit]

text: In the War of 1812, the United States militia, because of a lack of discipline and poor training, were often routed in battle on open ground by British regulars.[31] They fared better and proved more reliable when protected behind defensive entrenchments and fixed fortifications, as was effectively shown at Plattsburgh, Baltimore, and New Orleans. Because of their overall ineffectiveness and failure during the war, militias were not adequate for the national defense. Military budgets were greatly increased at this time and a smaller, standing federal army, rather than States' militias, was deemed better for the national defense.[31]

text: Antebellum era (1815–1861)[edit]

text: Though the States' militia continued service, notably, in the slave holding states, to maintain public order, by performing slave patrols, to round up fugitive slaves.

text: Responding to criticisms of failures of the militia, Adjutant General William Sumner wrote an analysis and rebuttal in a letter to John Adams, May 3, 1823:

text: The disasters of the militia may be ascribed chiefly, to two causes, of which the failure to train the men is a principle one; but, the omission to train the officers is as so much greater, that I think the history of its conduct, where it has been unfortunate, will prove that its defects are attributable, more to their want of knowledge or the best mode of applying the force under their authority to their attainment of their object than to all others. It may almost be stated, as an axiom, that the larger the body of undisciplined men is, the less is its chance of success; ...[32]

text: During this inter-war period of the nineteenth century, the states' militia tended towards being disorderly and unprepared.

text: The demoralizing influences even of our own militia drills has long been notorious to a proverb. It has been a source of general corruptions to the community, and formed habits of idleness, dissipation and profligacy... musterfields have generally been scenes or occasions of gambling, licentiousness, and almost every vice. ... An eye-witness of a New England training, so late as 1845, says, "beastly drunkenness, and other immoralities, were enough to make good men shudder at the very name of a muster".[33]

text: Joseph Story laments in 1842 how the militia has fallen into serious decline:

text: And yet, though this truth would seem so clear, and the importance of a well regulated militia would seem so undeniable, it cannot be disguised, that among the American people there is a growing indifference to any system of militia discipline, and a strong disposition, from a sense of its burdens, to be rid of all regulations. How it is practicable to keep the people duly armed without some organization, it is difficult to see. There is certainly no small danger, that indifference may lead to disgust, and disgust to contempt; and thus gradually undermine all the protection intended by this clause of our National Bill of Rights.[34]

text: The Mormon militia, in 1857 and 1858, fought against US federal troops in the Utah War over control of government territory.

text: During the violent political confrontations in the Kansas Territory involving anti-slavery Free-Staters and pro-slavery "Border Ruffians" elements, the militia was called out to enforce order on several occasions,[35] notably during the incidents referred to as the Wakarusa War.

text: During John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, local militia companies from villages within a 30-mile radius of Harpers Ferry cut off Brown's escape routes and trapped Brown's men in the armory.[36]

text: American Civil War[edit]

text: At the beginning of the American Civil War, neither the North or the South was nearly well enough prepared for war, and few people imagined the demands and hardships the war would bring. Just prior to the war the total peacetime army consisted of a paltry 16,000 men. Both sides issued an immediate call to forces from the militia, followed by the immediate awareness of an acute shortage of weapons, uniforms and trained officers. Among the available States' militia regiments there existed an uneven quality, and none had anything resembling combat training. The typical militia drilling at the time amounted to, at best, parade-ground marching. The militia units, from local communities, had never drilled together as a larger regiment. Thereby lacking in the extremely important skill, critically necessary for the war style of the time, to maneuver from a marching line into a fighting line. Yet, both sides were equally unready, and rushed to prepare.[37]

text: Confederate militia[edit]

text: The most important:

text:
Arkansas Militia
Missouri State Guard

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2014)

text: Union militia[edit]

text: Following the Confederate taking of Fort Sumter, which marked the beginning of the Civil War, President Lincoln called up 75,000 States' militiamen to retake the seized Federal property and found that the militia "strength was far short of what the Congressional statute provided and required".[38]

text: In the summer of 1861, military camps circled around Washington D.C. composed of new three-year army volunteers and 90-day militia units. The generals in charge of this gathering had never handled large bodies of men before, and the men were simply inexperienced civilians with arms having little discipline and less understanding of the importance of discipline.[39]

text: In the West, Union State and territorial militias existed as active forces in defense of settlers there. California especially had many active militia companies at the beginning of the war that rose in number until the end of the war. It would also provide the most Volunteers from west of the Rocky Mountains: eight regiments and two battalions of infantry, two regiments and a battalion of cavalry. It also provided most of the men for the infantry regiment from Washington Territory. Oregon raised an infantry and a cavalry regiment. Colorado Territory militias were organized both to resist the Confederacy and any civil disorder caused by secessionists, Copperheads, Mormons, or most particularly the Native tribes. The Colorado Volunteers participated in the Battle of Glorieta Pass turning back a Confederate invasion of New Mexico Territory. Later they initiated the Colorado War with the Plains Indians and committed the Sand Creek massacre. The California Volunteers of the California Column were sent east across the southern deserts to drive the Confederates out of southern Arizona, New Mexico and west Texas around El Paso, then fought the Navajo and Apache until 1866. They also were sent to guard the Overland Trail, keep the Mormons under observation by the establishment of Fort Douglas in Salt Lake City, and fought a campaign against the Shoshone culminating in the Battle of Bear River. In Nevada, Oregon and Idaho Territory, California, Oregon and Washington Territorial Volunteers tried to protect the settlers and pacified tribes from each other and they fought the Goshute, Paiute, Ute and hostile Snake Indians in the Snake War from 1864 until 1866. In California, volunteer forces fought the Bald Hills War in the northwestern forests until 1864 and also the Owens Valley Indian War in 1862–1863.

text: Reconstruction era[edit]

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text: With passage of federal reconstruction laws between 1866 and 1870 the U.S. Army took control of the former rebel states and ordered elections to be held. These elections were the first in which African Americans could vote. Each state (except Virginia) elected Republican governments, which organized militia units.[40] The majority of militiamen were black.[41] Racial tension and conflict, sometimes intense, existed between the Negro freedmen and the ex-Confederate whites.

text: In parts of the South, white paramilitary groups and rifle clubs formed to counter this black militia; regardless of the laws prohibiting drilling, organizing, or parading except for duly authorized militia. These groups engaged in a prolonged series of retaliatory, vengeful, and hostile acts against this black militia.[42]

text: ... the militia companies were composed almost entirely of Negroes and their marching and counter-marching through the country drove the white people to frenzy. Even a cool-headed man like General George advised the Democrats to form military organizations that should be able to maintain a front against the negro militia. Many indications pointed to trouble. A hardware merchant of Vicksburg reported that with the exceptions of the first year of the war his trade had never been so brisk. It was said that 10,000 Spencer rifles had been brought into the State.[43]

text: The activity of the official black militia, and the unofficial illegal white rifle clubs typically peaked in the autumn surrounding elections, for instance the race riot of Clinton, Mississippi in September 1875, and the following month in Jackson, Mississippi, an eyewitness account:

text: I found the town in great excitement; un-uniformed militia were parading the streets, both white and colored. I found that the white people—democrats—were very much excited in consequence of the governor organizing the militia force of the state. ... I found that these people were determined to resist his marching the militia (to Clinton) with arms, and they threatened to kill his militiamen.[44]

text: Outright war between the state militia and the white rifle clubs was avoided only by the complete surrender of one of the belligerents, though tensions escalated in the following months leading to a December riot in Vicksburg, Mississippi resulting in the deaths of two whites and thirty-five black people. Reaction to this riot was mixed, with the local Democrats upset at the influx of federal troops that followed, and the Northern press expressing outrage: "Once more, as always, it is the Negroes that are slaughtered while the whites escape."[45]

text: The Posse Comitatus Act[edit]

text: Enacted in the wake of the Civil War, the Federal Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act intended to prohibit federal troops and militia from supervising elections. This act substantially limits the powers of the Federal government to use the military serving on active duty under Title 10 for law enforcement, but does not preclude governors from using the National Guard in a law enforcement role as long as the guardsmen are serving under Title 32 or on state active duty.

text: Spanish–American War[edit]

text: Despite a lack of initial readiness, training, and supplies, the Militas of the United States fought heroically and achieved victory in the Spanish–American War.[46]

text: The Ludlow massacre[edit]

text: In 1914, in Ludlow, Colorado, the militia was called out to calm the situation during a coal mine strike, but the sympathies of the militia leaders allied with company management and resulted in the deaths of roughly 19 to 25 people.[citation needed]

text: The state National Guard was originally called out, but the company was allowed to organize an additional private militia consisting of Colorado Fuel & Iron Company (CF&I) guards in National Guard uniforms augmented by non-uniformed mine guards.

text: The Ludlow Massacre was an attack by the Colorado National Guard and Colorado Fuel & Iron Company camp guards on a tent colony of 1,200 striking coal miners and their families at Ludlow, Colorado on April 20, 1914.[citation needed] In retaliation for Ludlow, the miners armed themselves and attacked dozens of mines over the next ten days, destroying property and engaging in several skirmishes with the Colorado National Guard along a 40-mile front from Trinidad to Walsenburg. The entire strike would cost between 69 and 199 lives. Thomas Franklin Andrews described it as the "deadliest strike in the history of the United States".[citation needed]

text: Mexican Revolution[edit]

text: American organized and unorganized militias fought in the Mexican Revolution. Some campaigned in Mexico as insurgent forces and others fought in battles such as Ambos Nogales and Columbus in defense of the interests of United States.

text: World War I[edit]

text: The Plattsburg Movement. The Hays Law.[47]

text: Twentieth century and current[edit]

text: Organized militia[edit]

text: Each state has two mandatory forces, namely the Army National Guard and the Air National Guard. Many states also have state defense forces and a naval militia, which assist, support and augment National Guard forces.

text: National Guard[edit]

text: The National Guard (or National Guard of a State) differs from the National Guard of the United States; however, the two do go hand-in-hand.

text: The National Guard is a militia force organized by each of the states and territories of the United States. Established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code, state National Guard serves as part of the first-line defense for the United States.[48] The state National Guard is divided up into units stationed in each of the 54 states and U.S. territories and operates under their respective state governor or territorial government.[49] The National Guard may be called up for active duty by the state governors or territorial commanding generals to help respond to domestic emergencies and disasters, such as those caused by hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes.[49]

text: The National Guard of the United States is a military reserve force composed of state National Guard members or units under federally recognized active or inactive armed force service for the United States.[50][51] Created by the Militia Act of 1903, the National Guard of the United States is a joint reserve component of the United States Army and the United States Air Force. The National Guard of the United States maintains two subcomponents: the Army National Guard of the United States [50] for the Army and the Air Force's Air National Guard of the United States.[50]

text: The current United States Code, Title 10 (Armed forces), section 311 (Militia: Composition and Classes), paragraph (a) states: "The militia of the United States consists of all able-bodied males at least 17 years of age and, except as provided in section 313 of title 32, under 45 years of age who are, or who have made a declaration of intention to become, citizens of the United States and of female citizens of the United States who are members of the National Guard."[52] Section 313 of Title 32 refers to persons with prior military experience. ("Sec. 313. Appointments and enlistments: age limitation (a) To be eligible for original enlistment in the National Guard, a person must be at least 17 years of age and under 45, or under 64 years of age and a former member of the Regular Army, Regular Navy, Regular Air Force, or Regular Marine Corps. To be eligible for reenlistment, a person must be under 64 years of age. (b) To be eligible for appointment as an officer of the National Guard, a person must – (1) be a citizen of the United States; and (2) be at least 18 years of age and under 64.")

text: These persons remain members of the militia until age 64. Paragraph (b) further states, "The classes of the militia are: (1) the organized militia, which consists of the National Guard and the Naval Militia; and (2) the unorganized militia, which consists of the members of the militia who are not members of the National Guard or the Naval Militia."[53]

text: The National Guard of the United States is the largest of the organized federal reserve military forces in the United States.[citation needed] The National Guard of the United States is classified (under title 10, United States Code (see above)) as the organized federal reserve military force. Under federal control, the National Guard of the United States can be called up for active duty by the President of the United States. Since the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, many National Guard units have served overseas – under the Total Force Policy of 1973[54] which effectively combined the National Guard with the armed forces, making them regular troops. This can lead to problems for states that also face internal emergencies while the Guard is deployed overseas. To address such issues, many of the states, such as New York and Maryland also have organized state "militia" forces or state guards which are under the control of the governor of a state; however, many of these "militia" also act as a reserve for the National Guard and are thus a part of it (this varies from state to state depending on individual state statutory laws). New York and Ohio also have active naval militias, and a few other states have on-call or proposed ones. In 1990, the United States Supreme Court ruled in the case of Perpich v. Department of Defense that the federal government has plenary power over the National Guard, greatly reducing (to the point of nonexistence) the state government's ability to withhold consent to federal deployments and training missions of the National Guard.[55]

text: State defense forces[edit]

text: Since the Militia Act of 1903, many states have created and maintained a reserve military force known as state defense forces (Some states refer to them as state military reserve, state guard, or foot guard). They were created to assist, support and augment National Guard forces during peacetime conditions. Also during the call up of National Guard forces for wartime deployments, state defense forces can be used to assume the full military responsibilities of the state. Their mission includes the defense of the state and the enforcement of military orders when ordered by their Governor.

text: Throughout the 20th century, state defense forces were used in every major war. New York Guard Soldiers patrolled and secured the water aqueduct of New York, mass transit areas, and were even deployed to France to assist in logistical operations in World War I. The Texas State Guard's soldiers suppressed a riot and maintained peace and order in Texas throughout World War II.

text: Today state defense forces continue to assist, support and augment the National Guard of the state. They provide logistical, administration, medical, transportation, security, and ceremonial assistance. Some states have provided additional support such as the New York State Defense Force (New York Guard) providing its Soldiers to help support and augment the National Guard CERFP Team[Jargon]. The California State Military Reserve provides the National Guard with Soldiers to assist with military police training and the Alaska State Defense Force constantly provides armed military police troops to assist with the security of Alaska. One of the major roles of the Mississippi State Guard is providing operational support during natural disasters such as hurricanes relief operations.

text: The reserve militia[edit]

text: All able bodied men, 17 to 45 of age, are ultimately eligible to be called up into military service and belong to the class known as the reserve militia, also known as the unorganized militia (10 USC). Able bodied men who are not eligible for inclusion in the reserve militia pool are those aliens not having declared their intent to become citizens of the United States (10 USC 246) and former regular component veterans of the armed forces who have reached the age of 64 (32 USC 313). All female citizens who are members of National Guard units are also included in the reserve militia pool (10 U.S.C. § 246).

text: Other persons who are exempt from call to duty (10 U.S.C. § 247) and are not therefore in the reserve militia pool include:

text:
The Vice President (also constitutionally the President of the Senate, that body which confirms the appointment of senior armed forces officers made by the Commander in Chief).
The judicial and executive officers of the United States, the several States and Territories, and Puerto Rico.
Members of the armed forces, except members who are not on active duty.
Customhouse clerks.
Persons employed by the United States in the transmission of mail.
Workmen employed in armories, arsenals, and naval shipyards of the United States.
Pilots on navigable waters.
Mariners in the sea service of a citizen of, or a merchant in, the United States.

text: Many individual states have additional statutes describing their residents as part of the state militia; for example Washington law specifies all able-bodied citizens or intended citizens over the age of eighteen as members of the state militia, as explicitly distinct from the National Guard and Washington State Guard.[56]

text: Modern citizen-militia organizations[edit]

text: Within the United States, since approximately 1992, there have been a number of private organizations that call themselves militia or unorganized militia.[57] In states such as Texas, the state constitution classifies male citizens between the ages of 17 and 45 to belong to the "Unorganized Reserve Militia".[58] The Texas constitution also grants the county sheriff and the governor of the state the authority to call upon the unorganized reserve militia to uphold the peace, repel invasion, and suppress rebellion, similar to the early "Texas Rangers".

text: List of militia in the United States[edit]

text: U.S. federal militia forces[edit]

text: United States National Guard

text: U.S. states' militia[edit]

text:
State defense forces

Naval Militia


document_title: Nam Sang-mi

question_text: nam sang mi and lee seung gi movie

question_tokens: nam sang mi and lee seung gi movie

root

text: Nam Sang-mi

text: Career[edit]

text: Nam Sang-mi was working in a Lotteria restaurant near Hanyang University in the fall of 2001 when someone posted her personal photos on the internet.[1] Her popularity as an ulzzang led to her discovery as an actress. She made her debut in the 2003 melodrama series Love Letter, and began her acting career by taking small roles in films, TV dramas, and commercials.[2] Her first leading role came with Sweet Spy in 2005.[3]

tag: p

text: Nam said regarding her role in horror film Possessed (2009), "The moment I read the script, I wanted this part badly. After such a long time away from films, it excited me, and I can show a completely different side than I've shown in dramas."[4]

text: After starring in close friend Ku Hye-sun's short film You (2010), Ku cast her as the leading lady of her second feature film The Peach Tree (2012).[5]

text: In 2014, Nam reunited with Time Between Dog and Wolf costar Lee Joon-gi in the period drama Gunman in Joseon.[6][7] This was followed by a starring role in the comedy film Slow Video.[8]

text: Personal life[edit]

text: Nam married a businessman at a small church in Yangpyeong County, Gyeonggi Province on January 24, 2015.[9][10][11][12][13] She gave birth to a baby girl on the afternoon of November 12, 2015.[14][15]

text: Filmography[edit]

text: Film[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role

2004
Spy Girl
Nam Jin-ah

Too Beautiful to Lie
Jae-eun

Dead Friend
Su-in

2005
She's on Duty
Cha Seung-hee

Never to Lose
Lee Hae-ryung

2009
Possessed
Hee-jin

2010
You (short film)

2012
The Peach Tree
Park Seung-ah

2014
Slow Video
Bong Soo-mi

text: Television drama[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Role
Network

2003
Love Letter
young Im Kyung-eun
MBC

Open Drama Man & Woman
"Spring Came to Me Like a Hooligan"
Sun-young
SBS

Drama City
"The Truth about Wormwood and Garlic"
Sa-rang
KBS2

Escape from Unemployment
Wang Bit-na
SBS

2004
Not Alone
Sang-mi
SBS

2005
Drama City
"Freesias, Teddy Bears, Hot Chocolate and..."
Choi Da-young
KBS2

My Sweetheart, My Darling
Yoo In-kyung
KBS1

Sweet Spy
Lee Soon-ae
MBC

2006
Bad Family
Kim Yang-ah
SBS

2007
Time Between Dog and Wolf
Seo Ji-woo
MBC

2008
Gourmet
Kim Jin-soo
SBS

2009
Invincible Lee Pyung Kang
Lee Pyung-kang
KBS2

2010
Life Is Beautiful
Boo Yeon-joo
SBS

2011
Lights and Shadows
Lee Jung-hye
MBC

2012
Drama Special "Like a Miracle"
Han Myung-joo
KBS2

2013
Goddess of Marriage
Song Ji-hye
SBS

2014
Gunman in Joseon
Jung Soo-in
KBS2

2017
Good Manager
Yoon Ha-kyung

text: Variety show[edit]

text:
Year
Title
Network
Notes

2003
Declaration of Freedom Saturday Big Operation
- The War of Roses
KBS2

2004
Brain Survival
MBC

Real Situation Saturday - X-Man
SBS

2005
Good Sunday - X-Man

2006
Live TV Entertainment
MC

text: Music video[edit]

text:
Year
Song title
Artist

2002
"Christmas Miracle"
Shin Seung-hun

2004
"She's Laughing..."
Kim Hyung-joong

2005
"Love Is..."
Vintage Blue

2006
"Difficult Words to Say"
Lee Seung-gi

2009
"Have a Drink"
Zia

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominated work
Result

2006
42nd Baeksang Arts Awards
Best New Actress (TV)
Sweet Spy
Nominated

MBC Drama Awards
Best New Actress
Won

2007
MBC Drama Awards
Excellence Award, Actress
Time Between Dog and Wolf
Won

2008
3rd Seoul International Drama Awards
Most Popular Actress
Won

SBS Drama Awards
Excellence Award, Actress in a Special Planning Drama
Gourmet
Nominated

2009
KBS Drama Awards
Excellence Award, Actress in a Miniseries
Invincible Lee Pyung Kang
Nominated

2010
SBS Drama Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Weekend/Daily Drama
Life Is Beautiful
Nominated

2012
MBC Drama Awards
Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Special Project Drama
Lights and Shadows
Nominated

2013
SBS Drama Awards[16]
Top Excellence Award, Actress in a Weekend/Daily Drama
Goddess of Marriage
Won

Top 10 Stars
Won

2014
KBS Drama Awards
Top Excellence Award, Actress
Gunman in Joseon
Nominated

Excellence Award, Actress in a Mid-length Drama
Won

Best Couple Award with Lee Joon-gi
Won


document_title: State of Origin series

question_text: who has played the most state of origins

question_tokens: who has played the most state of origins

text: State of Origin series

text: Teams[edit]

text: Since the 1908 establishment of rugby league in Australia, the sport's two major states, New South Wales and Queensland, have played representative matches against each other which have continued into the "state of origin" era which began in the 1980s. The two states' teams are frequently referred to as the Blues and Maroons, reflecting the respective colours of their jerseys. These were the colours of the Australia national rugby league team's jersey until the adoption of the green and gold. The Blues team is administered by the New South Wales Rugby League and the Maroons by the Queensland Rugby League. The New South Wales team are sometimes referred to by the nickname "Cockroaches" and the Queensland team as "Cane Toads", due to names given to them by Barry Muir and Johnny Raper respectively.  It was reinforced by a marketing campaign used in the 1980s where the respective teams were caricatured as such.

text: Whilst other Australian states also have representative rugby league teams, they have not competed in State of Origin.

text: History[edit]

text: Interstate Rugby League prior to 1980[edit]

text: The first calls for a state of origin selection policy in interstate rugby football came before the schism between the union and league codes eventuated in Australia. In 1900 a journalist known as 'The Cynic' wrote in The Referee that star rugby player and recent immigrant to Queensland, Stephen Spragg, should be able to play for his home state of New South Wales.[1]

text: Since the beginning of Australian rugby league in 1908, an interstate competition between New South Wales and Queensland has been conducted from time to time. Until 1982 each team drew its players from the clubs based in that state. No consideration was given to the origins of the players themselves.[2]

text: The first of these interstate games was played at Sydney's Agricultural Ground on 11 July 1908, before Queensland had even commenced its club competition. New South Wales easily accounted for Queensland in a 43–0 victory. The local media were unimpressed.

text: The interstate series was dominated by New South Wales, apart from a golden period for Queensland in the 1920s. From 1922 to 1925 Queensland defeated New South Wales 11 times in 12 matches. At the end of the 1925 season a Kangaroo team was to be picked for touring Great Britain. Instead of announcing an Australian team dominated by Queenslanders, the Australian Rugby League Board of Control informed the media that the Rugby Football League had decided that the Kiwis would provide stronger opposition, and that there would be no Australian tour.[4] The period spanning 1922 to 1929 saw no Australian team play in Great Britain, the only such hiatus outside the two World Wars.[5]

text: The New South Wales dominance of interstate football increased after 1956 when gaming machines were legalised for all registered clubs in New South Wales. This provided New South Wales football clubs with a revenue source unmatched by Queensland clubs. From this time on an increasing number of Queensland players moved to the much stronger Sydney competition, becoming ineligible for Queensland state selection. Paul Hogan famously told a Queensland Rugby League gathering in 1977 that "every time Queensland produces a good footballer, he finishes up being processed through a New South Wales poker machine."[6]

text: Prior to 1956, NSW had won 75% and Qld only 25% of series played. From 1956–1981, NSW dominance soared even higher and Qld wins dwindled to only 3.8% with only 1 series win, in 1959.

text: Conception of State of Origin football[edit]

text: By the 1970s the prestige of interstate matches had been seriously downgraded. Matches were played mid-week, so as not to interfere with the Sydney club competition, and the small crowds in New South Wales were hosted at suburban grounds.[12] Interstate football reached its nadir in 1977 when the New South Wales Rugby Football League (NSWRFL) declined to host the Queensland team, and both interstate games were played in Queensland.[7]

text: Former Queensland captain and Australian vice-captain Jack Reardon, who had later become a journalist, was the first to suggest that Sydney-based Queenslanders should be available for selection to represent their state.[13]

text: Brisbane Courier-Mail reporter Hugh Lunn, Barry Maranta (the future co-founder of the Brisbane Broncos) [8] and Maranta's business partner Wayne Reid played a part in persuading QRL chairman Ron McAullife that the concept could be used in rugby league.[9] Lunn told McAullife that "you can take the Queenslander out of Queensland, Ron, but you can't take the Queensland out of the Queenslander."[10] McAuliffe was initially sceptical. "What if we recall our boys from Sydney to play, and we are beaten. Where would we go from there?" Reid spoke to NSWRFL president Kevin Humphreys and suggested that a one-off state of origin match could be used as a Test Match selection trial. [11]

text: New South Wales clubs were reticent in their support of the concept and set two conditions:

text:
If the third game was to decide the series it was not to act as a selection trial, and also,
that the expatriate Queenslanders would be under the supervision of a representative of the NSWRFL whose duty it would be to protect the interests of both the NSWRFL and the clubs to which they were contracted. (From 1980 this role was filled by Bob Abbott, a Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks official.)

tag: ul

text: Three Sydney clubs remained opposed to the plan: St. George Dragons, South Sydney Rabbitohs and Eastern Suburbs Roosters. As these clubs were refusing to release players, Humphreys threatened to make the game an official Australian Rugby League trial, which would make release mandatory. The clubs backed down.[12]

text: Experimentation[edit]

text: After Queensland lost the first two interstate matches in 1980 (35–3 and 17–7, the second game in front of only 1,638 Sydneysiders) it was announced that a 'state of origin' match would take place on 8 July at Lang Park in Brisbane. The New South Wales media gave both the event, and Queensland's chance of winning it, little credence, calling the game a "three day wonder". Australia's 1978 captain Bob Fulton called the match "the non-event of the century". Ron MacAullife however, was now committed to the concept and vigorously promoted the match. Thousands of tickets were sold before the game had been officially sanctioned. Although interstate matches in Brisbane had still been well attended (24,653 had attended the opening match of the 1979 series), few expected the sell-out crowd of 33,210 Queensland rugby league fans, delighted to see their heroes in the likes of Arthur Beetson representing their home state for the first time ever. Queensland convincingly beat New South Wales 20–10.[13]

text: I was strongly against such a match, but last night's gripping clash showed that such a fixture would be a welcome addition to the League program.[14]

text: In 1981 the first two interstate matches were again played under the old selection rules. As New South Wales won the first two matches in the series, state of origin selection rules were used once more in the third match. Although New South Wales ran out to an early 15–0 lead in the game, Queensland rallied to win 22–15.

text: Adoption[edit]

text: The interest generated by the experimental state of origin matches of 1980 and 1981 and the potential for financial rewards were enough to convince the authorities to play all three games under state of origin rules the following year.[14]

text: The State of Origin format is the only possible way to allow the interstate series to survive.

text: Despite the Maroons' success so far in the State of Origin experiments, the New South Wales media dismissed the seriousness of the Queensland threat to the Blues' long-held dominance in series wins. Queensland however, under the leadership of immortal captain Wally Lewis, was inspired by this, and for the first three State of Origin series Queensland won 2 matches to 1.

text: However, in 1985, under the leadership of captain Steve Mortimer, New South Wales won the deciding match in front of 29,068 spectators at the Sydney Cricket Ground, claiming the series for the first time. The following year the Blues were able to go one better and complete the first state of origin whitewash, taking the series 3–0.[15]

text: 1987: American controversy[edit]

text: After Queensland had won the 1987 series 2–1, a fourth game was played at Long Beach, California to showcase rugby league to the American public.[16]

text: In Origin: Rugby League's Greatest Contest 1980–2002 (2003) Queensland writer Jack Gallaway tells a story:

text: In 1987 the Australian Rugby League (ARL), New South Wales Rugby League and Queensland Rugby League agreed that the match would only count towards the players' individual statistics. On 15 July 2003 the Australian Rugby League (whose primary members are originally from the New South Wales Rugby League) announced that the fourth 1987 game was to be classified as an official match, and that a win in the state of origin match on 16 July 2003 would take New South Wales into the overall lead.

text: ARL and NSWRL chief executive Geoff Carr said: "There had been some debate over whether the Origin fixture . . . in 1987 was counted as an official match but a search of ARL records has confirmed the status conferred on that clash by the game's governing body at the time. In announcing the match in Big League in April 1987, Ken Arthurson, the ARL's chief executive in 1987, was quoted as saying 'It's an exciting experiment but the match isn't and won't be billed as an exhibition match'."

text: After the controversy of the match played in the United States, the Queensland halves pairing of Allan Langer and Wally Lewis led the Maroons in their 3–0 series wins in both 1988 and 1989. The rise of the Canberra Raiders in the then Winfield Cup club competition produced for the Blues the formidable halves combination of Ricky Stuart and Laurie Daley who brought New South Wales back from defeat with two wins in the opening games of the 1990 series. It was evident that as the rivalry between the two states grew, the Origin matches had become much more physical forward orientated game than the open running play seen in earlier series.[18]

text: As the great Queensland players from the 1980s began to retire from the game, the Maroons struggled with a team of fresh faces and considerable inexperience. The 1992, 1993 and 1994 series all went to NSW as the talent and experience of Blues players such as Brett Mullins, Daley and Stuart in the backs and Benny Elias and Bradley Clyde in the forwards gave the Blues the edge when the games were on the line. It wasn't until the upheaval of the Super League war in 1995 that the Maroons were able to again clinch a series.

text: A main cause for concern for Queensland was the fact that the Brisbane Broncos, its players and many other Queenslanders were not aligned with the ARL prohibiting any players signed with the Super League to play for the Maroons. Despite this the Queenslanders won the 1995 series 3–0 in a shocking white-wash. The 1996 series saw the off-field contract dramas put aside as all players were allowed, regardless of contract, state of origin selection. Having the majority of the Queenslanders back didn't help the Maroons though as the Blues 1996 white-wash with a 3–0 series win of their own.

text: The Australian game divided in 1997 into two competitions, one run by the ARL and one by the News Limited-owned Super League, and an interstate series was played in each. Under the Super League banner there was a Tri-Origin series with a New Zealand side added to the competition. The ARL meanwhile stuck to its traditional format. The teams were selected using origin rules, and New South Wales and Queensland met twice. These matches do not count towards the official state of origin record. As with the premiership, players were spread between two representative tournaments as well.

text: The competitions merged again in 1998 as the current National Rugby League, and the series that year proved to be enthralling as both sides won a game each away from home, setting up a decider at the Sydney Football Stadium where 39,000 fans witnessed the visiting Queenslanders take the series 2–1. The end of the decade saw a dramatic series with each side taking one game each and game three ending in a draw. Queensland were awarded the series as at the time the previous winners retained the interstate honours.

text: The early to mid-2000s saw New South Wales starting to assert its traditional interstate dominance, causing some critics [who?] to question the future of State of Origin. However, this imbalance tipped in the third and deciding game of the 2006 State of Origin series, which is seen as the starting point of Queensland's unprecedented dynasty. Queensland followed by winning the 2007 series, as well as the 2008 series, which made Queensland's streak three series in a row. New South Wales won Game 1 on 21 May 2008, however Queensland won Game 2 on 11 June 2008, and Game 3 on 2 July 2008. Queensland continued to follow this up by winning the first two games of the 2009 series becoming the first state to win four series in a row.

text: In 2010, Queensland won its historic, record breaking, fifth consecutive Origin series with a 23–18 win in the third and final match. This was the first Queensland team to win all three consecutive State of Origin Games in 15 years. Queensland full back Billy Slater won man of the match in the third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series in 2010. The 2010 State of Origin series was also the second televised program in Australia to be shot in 3D 1080i DVB-T as well as being simultaneously broadcast in regular 576i and 1080i DVB-T and PAL.

text: In the first game of the 2011 series Queensland defeated New South Wales 16–12.  In the second game New South Wales defeated Queensland 18–8.  Queensland won the series 34–24 in the 2011 decider in what was Queensland captain Darren Lockyer's 36th and final game. Cameron Smith won man of the match in both the first and third game and was awarded the Wally Lewis Medal as Man of the Series.

text: In 2012, then NRL CEO David Gallop introduced the Under-20s State of Origin for Toyota Cup players which saw New South Wales winning. Queensland went on to win an historic 7th series win in 2012, winning the final game by 1 point.

text: In 2013, New South Wales defeated Queensland 14 to 6 in game 1, Queensland defeated New South Wales 26 to 6 in game 2, while in game 3 Queensland defeated New South Wales 12 to 10 to take out the overall Origin title for the eighth consecutive time. The 2013 series set a new State of Origin television ratings record for a whole series since the 2001 introduction of the ratings system.[16]

text: In 2014, New South Wales defeated Queensland 12-8 in the first game of the series, and 6-4 in the second.[17] In the third game Queensland defeated New South Wales 32-8 after scoring the first try of the game in the 37th minute, with Queensland leading 6-2 in the first half. This gave the Blues the first series win in 8 years.

text: In 2015, Queensland defeated New South Wales 11-10 in game 1 played in Sydney, New South Wales defeated Queensland 26-18 in game 2 played in Melbourne, Queensland defeated New South Wales 52-6 in game 3 played in Brisbane, winning the series 2-1.

text: In 2016, Queensland defeated New South Wales 6-4 in game 1 and clinched the series with a 26-16 win in the second match. New South Wales closed off the series with a 18-14 win over Queensland.

text: In 2017, New South Wales won Game 1, 28-4 sparking the New South Wales media to start proclaiming the beginning of the Blues Dynasty.[citation needed] Queensland won Game 2, 18-16 after making changes to the team with the returning Billy Slater and Johnathan Thurston, who kicked the winning goal for Queensland. Thurston injured his shoulder in the 30th minute of the match, essentially disabling it as he played out the whole match. Thurston was later ruled out for the rest of the year after scans revealed his shoulder needed a reconstruction, ending his representative career as he announced 2017 would be his last representative year. In Game 3, New South Wales went in with an unchanged lineup for all three games, the first to do so since 1996. Queensland dominated the Blues, winning 22-6, with Queensland winger Dane Gagai winning the Wally Lewis Medal for Best Player in the series. It also had Johnathan Thurston raise the Origin Shield with Queensland Captain Cameron Smith, before being chaired off the ground by his teammates, ending Thurston's representative career on a high note.

text: In 2018, New South Wales won their first State of Origin series in four years, defeating Queensland 22–12 and 18–14 in the first two games. Queensland scored a consolation victory 18–12 in the final game.

text: Venues[edit]

text: Queensland[edit]

text:
Venue
City
No. of Games
Highest Crowd
Lowest Crowd

Lang Park (Brisbane Stadium/Suncorp Stadium)
Brisbane
52
52,540
16,559

Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre (QE2 Stadium)
Brisbane
2
49,441
47,989

text: New South Wales[edit]

text:
Venue
City
No. of Games
Highest Crowd
Lowest Crowd

Stadium Australia (Telstra Stadium/ANZ Stadium)
Sydney
25
88,336
55,421

Sydney Football Stadium (Allianz Stadium)
Sydney
14
41,955
16,910

Sydney Cricket Ground (SCG)
Sydney
6
42,048
20,242

text: Interstate & International[edit]

text:
Venue
City
State
Country
No. of Games
Highest Crowd
Lowest Crowd

Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)
Melbourne
Victoria
Australia
4
91,513
25,105

Docklands Stadium (Telstra Dome/Etihad Stadium)
Melbourne
Victoria
Australia
3
56,021
50,967

Olympic Park Stadium
Melbourne
Victoria
Australia
1
25,800
–

Veterans Memorial Stadium
Long Beach
California
United States
1
12,439
–

text: Popularity[edit]

text: In 2013, each individual game in the series drew a higher Australian television audience than any other sporting event.[18] In recent years the series has gained popularity outside of New South Wales and Queensland, with games played in Melbourne drawing record crowds for rugby league[19] and local television ratings comparable to those of some Victorian AFL matches.[20] Internationally, the series is televised in 91 countries,[21] and is a national obsession in Papua New Guinea, occasionally sparking riots, violence and deaths.[22][23] It also draws a strong following in neighbouring New Zealand.[24]

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: Within Australia, Nine Network is the main broadcaster for the series, with replays airing on Fox Sports. The series is also broadcast on radio by ABC Grandstand.

text: Setanta Sports broadcasts live matches in Asia. In the United States, Fox Soccer televised all matches live using the Nine feed since 2011, with the coverage moving to Fox Sports 2 when Fox Soccer was discontinued in August 2013.[25][26] Premier Sports broadcasts live coverage of State of Origin in the UK.

text: Another twist on the coverage was Roy and HG's State of Origin commentary on Australian youth radio network Triple J. This broadcast was presented by the characters "Rampaging" Roy Slaven and HG Nelson (played by John Doyle and Greig Pickhaver), who commentated the game with a unique comedic style. Roy and HG's broadcasts began in the late 1980s, and continued until 2008. Roy and HG moved from Triple J to radio network Triple M in 2009, at which point the duo ceased their State of Origin commentary.

text: Selection rules[edit]

text: Under State of Origin rules players were previously selected for the state in which they first played senior (or registered) rugby league.[19] In 2012, the NSWRL, CRL, QRL and ARLC agreed on new criteria in determining Origin eligibility, to encompass other factors, such as place of birth [20]. Players must also be eligible to represent Australia at international level.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: From time to time the selection of players under the State of Origin rules creates controversy. Since 1980, Queensland has completed just the 7 series with a team completely made up of players of a Queensland birth, while for New South Wales the total is only 6.[27] However, place of birth has only been a relevant factor in eligibility since 2012.

text: An issue of contention has been the selection of players such as Peter Sterling, Ken Nagas, James McManus, Israel Folau and Greg Inglis. Israel Folau was born and raised in New South Wales but is eligible to play for Queensland as he played his first senior rugby league match in Queensland. Ken Nagas was born and raised in Queensland but decided to play for New South Wales, Peter Sterling was born in Toowoomba, Queensland and raised in Wagga Wagga, Newcastle & Sydney, all in New South Wales, while McManus was born in Scotland and was raised in the Northern Territory, but was ruled eligible to play for New South Wales in the 2009 series.

text: The selection of Greg Inglis by Queensland was disputed. The Queensland Rugby League selected him based on the fact that either Wavell State High School or Brisbane Norths was Inglis' first senior football, making him eligible for both states per the rules at the time.[28][29][30] However Inglis had previously played for Hunter Sports High School in Newcastle, New South Wales, in the Arrive Alive Cup; considered to be a senior competition. Hunter Sports High coach Steve Dunn said "there was some talk the other day that he was actually brought to Queensland before his 16th birthday but I was coach of the team. He played for us at 16, he's a Blue".[31] The controversy led to the creation of the "That's In Queensland" viral video.

text: Due to the clarification of selection rules the Sims brothers are eligible for different States. Tariq and Ashton are eligible for New South Wales while Korbin Sims is eligible for Queensland.[32]  Previously father and son combinations, such as Steve and Mat Rogers have represented different states. This duo was especially notable because Mat was born in New South Wales and played for Queensland while Steve was born in Queensland and played for New South Wales. Steve Rogers played his first senior game of rugby league for the Southport Tigers on Queenslands Gold Coast

text: Foreign born players have also represented each state. New Zealand has had several players, such as Brad Thorn, Ben Te'o, Craig Smith, Willie Mason, Tonie Carroll, James Tamou and Karmichael Hunt play Origin. Tamou's selection by New South Wales in 2012 was controversial as he was born in Palmerston North and played for the Junior Kiwis, lived in New Zealand until he moved to Sydney when he was 13 and was included in the New Zealand Kiwis training squad for the 2011 Four Nations.[33] Both Hunt and Tamou played for Australia before being selected for State of Origin. Other players, such as Sam Kasiano and Jason Taumalolo are also eligible, creating concern in the New Zealand Rugby League.[34] Apart from representing Queensland, Brad Thorn is also a dual rugby international, having played international rugby league for Australia, and international rugby union for the All Blacks.

text: Papua New Guinea-born Adrian Lam and Fijian-born Lote Tuqiri, Akuila Uate and Petero Civoniceva have also played Origin. Benny Elias was born in Lebanon and has played for and captained NSW. Mario Fenech was born in Malta and has played for NSW. The most recent case of a foreign born player being selected was the selection of former Samoan international, Ben Te'o, by Queensland in game three of the 2012 season.[35]

text: A report into eligibility based on a player's birth state showed; "Of the 18 series that QLD has won, it had the greater percentage of non-State [born] players in its side on 14 of those occasions – revealing a 77.8% dependency. Of the 13 series that NSW has won, on five of those occasions it had the higher percentage of non-State [born] players across the series – revealing a 38.5% dependency."[27]

text: Anomalies[edit]

text:
In 1995 and 1997 Super League players were made ineligible for the ARL State of Origin series selection. This included most of Queensland's usual team, who now played for the Super League affiliated Brisbane Broncos. The ARL hence decided to relax the rules in those years, allowing Queensland to select Adrian Lam who had previously played for Papua New Guinea. The 1995 Origin series was the scene of the biggest upset in Origin history when the relatively inexperienced Maroon's swept aside NSW, who even without their Super League players could still boast a number of senior Origin and international players, 3-0.
During the 2000 World Cup a number of Australian players were granted dispensations to appear for other nations under the grandparent rule. The players affected were David Barnhill (NSW), Kevin Campion (Qld), Tonie Carroll (Qld), Graham Mackay (NSW), Willie Mason (NSW), Luke Ricketson (NSW), Lote Tuqiri (Qld) and Adrian Vowles (Qld), [21] [22]

tag: ol

text: Results[edit]

text: Year by year[edit]

text: Of the 36 full series played, Queensland have won 21, New South Wales 14, with 2 series drawn (Queensland retained the Shield on both occasions as the previous year's winner). With the addition of three one-off games that were played in 1980, 1981 and 1987, the total number of games played is 108. Queensland have won 58, New South Wales have won 51, with 2 matches being drawn.[36]

text: The series of 1999 and 2002 are considered drawn series, as both New South Wales and Queensland won a single game of each 3 match series, with the final game concluding in a draw. At that time there was no overtime rule to break the deadlock, and by the same set of rules, Queensland retained the shield as they were the previous holders, but did not win the series. Due to controversy around the second drawn series, and the rule awarding the series champions to Queensland, the rules were subsequently changed to rule out drawn matches and series. Equal points at the close of full-time are now resolved with the golden point method.

text:
State of Origin series

Year
Winner
Wins
Losses
Drawn
Shield Holder

1982
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

1983
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

1984
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

1985
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

1986
New South Wales
3
0
0
New South Wales

1987
Queensland
2
1[23]
0
Queensland

1988
Queensland
3
0
0
Queensland

1989
Queensland
3
0
0
Queensland

1990
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

1991
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

1992
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

1993
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

1994
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

1995
Queensland
3
0
0
Queensland

1996
New South Wales
3
0
0
New South Wales

1997
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

1998
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

1999
Draw
1
1
1
Queensland

2000
New South Wales
3
0
0
New South Wales

2001
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2002
Draw
1
1
1
Queensland

2003
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

2004
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

2005
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

2006
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2007
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2008
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2009
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2010
Queensland
3
0
0
Queensland

2011
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2012
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2013
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2014
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

2015
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2016
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2017
Queensland
2
1
0
Queensland

2018
New South Wales
2
1
0
New South Wales

text:
State of Origin non-series matches

Year
Winner
Wins
Losses
Drawn

1980
Queensland
1
0
0

1981
Queensland
1
0
0

1987
New South Wales
1
0
0

text: Wally Lewis Medal[edit]

text: From 1992 to 2003 the Wally Lewis Medal was awarded by the Queensland Rugby League for the Queensland player of the series. Since 2003 it has been awarded to the player of the series, irrespective of state. The following players have been awarded the Wally Lewis Medal for player of the series1. Cameron Smith has won the medal a record four times.

text:
Recipients

Year
Player
State
Position
Club

2004
Craig Fitzgibbon
New South Wales
Lock
Sydney Roosters

2005
Anthony Minichiello
New South Wales
Fullback
Sydney Roosters

2006
Darren Lockyer
Queensland
Five-eighth
Brisbane Broncos

2007
Cameron Smith
Queensland
Hooker
Melbourne Storm

2008
Johnathan Thurston
Queensland
Halfback, Five-eighth
North Queensland Cowboys

2009
Greg Inglis
Queensland
Centre
Melbourne Storm

2010
Billy Slater
Queensland
Fullback
Melbourne Storm

2011
Cameron Smith
Queensland
Hooker
Melbourne Storm

2012
Nate Myles
Queensland
Second-row
Gold Coast Titans

2013
Cameron Smith
Queensland
Hooker
Melbourne Storm

2014
Paul Gallen
New South Wales
Lock, Prop
Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks

2015
Corey Parker
Queensland
Lock
Brisbane Broncos

2016
Cameron Smith
Queensland
Hooker
Melbourne Storm

2017
Dane Gagai
Queensland
Wing
Newcastle Knights

2018
Billy Slater
Queensland
Fullback
Melbourne Storm

text: 1The award was originally a Queensland only award from Lewis' retirement in 1992 until 2003, where the best player of the series could win the award, regardless of their state. The Ron McAuliffe Medal replaced the Wally Lewis Medal as the Queensland exclusive award.

text: Records[edit]

text: Team[edit]

text:
Most points scored in a game: 72, New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland  (Game III, 2000)
Most points scored by a team: 56, New South Wales 56 - 16 Queensland  (Game III, 2000)
Largest winning margin: 46, Queensland 52 - 6 New South Wales  (Game III, 2015)
Most consecutive games won: 8, Queensland (Game II, 1987 - Game III, 1989)
Most consecutive series won: 8, Queensland (2006–2013)
Most series clean sweeps: 4, Queensland (1988–1989, 1995, 2010)

text: Individual[edit]

text:
Oldest player: 36 years 74 days, Petero Civoniceva (2012) (Queensland)
Youngest player: 18 years and 83 days, Ben Ikin (1995) (Queensland)

text: Playing[edit]

text:
Most games: 42 Cameron Smith (2003–2017) (Queensland)
Most consecutive games: 36 Johnathan Thurston (2005–2017) (Queensland)
Most games as captain: 30 Wally Lewis (1981–1991) (Queensland)
Most games won: 24 Cameron Smith (2003–2017) (Queensland)
Most series won: 11 Cameron Smith (2006–2013, 2015–present) (Queensland) & Johnathan Thurston (2006–2013, 2015–2017) (Queensland)1
Most Man of the Match Awards won: 8 Wally Lewis (1982–1991) (Queensland)
Most points: 224 Johnathan Thurston (2005–2017) (Queensland)
Most tries: 18 Greg Inglis (2006–present) (Queensland)
Most goals: 101 Johnathan Thurston (2005–2017) (Queensland)
Most field goals: 4 Andrew Johns (1995–2005) (New South Wales)
Most points in one game: 32 Ryan Girdler (Game III, 2000) (New South Wales)
Most points in one series: 52 Ryan Girdler (2000) (New South Wales)
Most tries in one game: 3 (Anderson, Boustead, Girdler, Tuqiri, Sing, King, Gagai, Holmes)
Most tries in one series: 5 Ryan Girdler (2000) (New South Wales), Lote Tuqiri (2002) (Queensland)
Most goals in one game: 10 Ryan Girdler (Game III, 2000) (New South Wales)
Most goals in one series: 16 Ryan Girdler (2000) (New South Wales)
Most field goals in one game: 2 Ben Elias (Game III, 1994) (New South Wales)
Most field goals in one series: 2 Ben Elias (1994) (New South Wales), Andrew Johns (2003) (New South Wales)

text: Coaching[edit]

text:
Most games: 30 Mal Meninga (2006–2015) (Queensland)
Most games won: 19 Mal Meninga (2006–2015) (Queensland)
Most series won: 9 Mal Meninga (2006–2015) (Queensland)

text: Other Records[edit]

text: Source

text:
Basic Records

Venue
Games
NSW
Drw
Qld
NSW pts
QLD pts
Total pts

Lang Park
52
18
1
33
745 (124-127-5)
1011 (170-167-8)
1756 (294-294-13)

S.C.G
6
3
0
3
68 (12-10-1)
76 (14-11-0
144 (26-21-1)

Long Beach
1
1
0
0
30 (5-5-0)
18 (3-3-0)
48 (8-8-0)

S.F.S
14
6
0
8
189 (33-28-1)
199 (34-31-1)
388 (77-59-2)

Olympic
1
1
0
0
12 (2-2-0)
6 (1-1-0)
18 (3-3-0)

M.C.G
4
3
0
1
67 (11-11-1)
52 (9-8-0)
119 (20-19-1)

Stadium Australia
25
16
1
8
471 (81-71-5)
318 (57-44-2)
789 (138-115-7)

QEII
2
0
0
2
32 (5-6-0)
66 (13-7-0)
98 (18-13-0)

Docklands
3
0
0
3
42 (8-5-0)
62 (11-9-0)
104 (19-14-0)

Totals
108
48
2
58
1656 (281-265-13)
1808 (312-281-11)
3464 (593-546-24)

text:
Leading Try Scorers

Try Scorer
State
Games
Tries (Ave.)

Greg Inglis
QLD
32
18 (0.60)

Darius Boyd
QLD
28
17(0.65)

Dale Shearer
QLD
26
12 (0.46)

Billy Slater
QLD
31
12 (0.44)

Michael O'Connor
NSW
19
11 (0.58)

Jarryd Hayne
NSW
23
11 (0.45)

Allan Langer
QLD
34
10 (0.29)

Darren Lockyer
QLD
36
9 (0.25)

Dane Gagai
QLD
10
10 (1.00)

Timana Tahu
NSW
12
8 (0.67)

Anthony Minichiello
NSW
11
8 (0.73)

Brad Fittler
NSW
31
8 (0.26)

text:
Leading Point Scores

Point Scorers
State
Games
Tries
Goals
Field Goals
Points (Ave.)

Johnathan Thurston
QLD
37
5
101
2
234 (5.94)

Mal Meninga
QLD
32
6
69
0
161 (5.03)

Michael O'Connor
NSW
19
11
42
1
129 (6.79)

Andrew Johns
NSW
23
4
38
4
96 (4.17)

Darren Lockyer
QLD
36
9
22
2
82 (2.28)

Ryan Girdler
NSW
8
7
27
0
82 (10.25)

Greg Inglis
QLD
32
18
0
0
72 (2.40)

Darius Boyd
QLD
28
17
0
0
68 (2.62)

Dale Shearer
QLD
26
12
9
0
66 (2.54)

Rod Wishart
NSW
22
5
22
0
64 (2.91)

Cameron Smith
QLD
42
5
19
0
64 (1.33)

text:
Venue Stats

Venue
State
Games
Total Attendance
Average

Lang Park
QLD
52
2,049,574
39,414

S.C.G
NSW
6
192,773
32,128

Long Beach
Neutral
1
12,439
12,439

S.F.S
NSW
14
521,836
37,274

Olympic
Neutral
1
25,800
25,800

M.C.G
Neutral
4
256,773
64,193

Stadium_Australia
NSW
25
1,862,616
74,504

QEII
QLD
2
97,430
48,715

Docklands
Neutral
3
161,821
53,940

text:
Appearance Stats

Players
State
Games
Years

Cameron Smith
QLD
42
2003-2017

Johnathan Thurston
QLD
37
2005-2017

Darren Lockyer
QLD
36
1998-2011

Allan Langer
QLD
34
1987-2002

Petero Civoniceva
QLD
33
2001-2012

Greg Inglis
QLD
32
2006-2018

Mal Meninga
QLD
32
1980-1994

Nate Myles
QLD
32
2006-2017

Wally Lewis
QLD
31
1980-1991

Brad Fittler
NSW
31
1990-2004

Billy Slater
QLD
30
2004-2018

text:
Leading Goal Kickers

Players
State
Games
Goals/Attempts (%)

Jamie Soward
NSW
3
9/11 (81.82%)

Mat Rogers
QLD
5
12/15 (80.00%)

James Maloney
NSW
11
21/23 (80.00%)

Jamie Lyon
NSW
10
8/10 (80.00%)

Johnathan Thurston
QLD
36
96/121 (79.34%)

Trent Hodkinson
NSW
6
12/16 (75.00%)

Tim Brasher
NSW
21
9/12 (75.00%)

Craig Fitzgibbon
NSW
11
20/27 (74.07%)

Darren Lockyer
QLD
36
22/30 (73.33%)

Ryan Girdler
NSW
8
27/37 (72.97%)

Cameron Smith
QLD
39
16/22 (72.73%)

text:
Most Points Scored In A Games

Players
State
Tries
Goals
Field Goals
Points
Game

Ryan Girdler
NSW
3
10
0
32
Game 3, 2000

Lote Tuqiri
QLD
3
3
0
18
Game 2, 2002

Johnathan Thurston
QLD
0
9
0
18
Game 3, 2015

Michael O'Connor
NSW
2
5
0
18
Game 1, 1985

Mal Meninga
QLD
2
4
0
16
Game 1, 1989

Darren Lockyer
QLD
2
4
0
16
Game 3, 2001

Dale Shearer
QLD
2
4
0
16
Game 3, 1989

Mal Meninga
QLD
0
7
0
14
Game 1, 1980

Darren Lockyer
QLD
1
5
0
14
Game 1, 2001

Johnathan Thurston
QLD
0
7
0
14
Game 2, 2008

Michael O'Connor
NSW
1
5
0
14
Game 4,1987

text:
Series List

Year
Winners
Games
Crowd Average

1982
Queensland
3
22,334

1983
Queensland
3
25,705

1984
Queensland
3
26,426

1985
New South Wales
3
30,301

1986
New South Wales
3
31,623

1987
Queensland
3
36,020

1988
Queensland
3
25,056

1989
Queensland
3
35,452

1990
New South Wales
3
32,817

1991
Queensland
3
35,715

1992
New South Wales
3
37,806

1993
New South Wales
3
35,465

1994
New South Wales
3
56,340

1995
Queensland
3
44,122

text: Under 20s[edit]

text: The Under 20s State of Origin has only had seven seasons so far (2012 to 2018)[37] with only one game a year, instead of three. New South Wales has won six of the seven, with Queensland winning their first in 2018[38]. They play for the Darren Lockyer Shield.

text:
Year
Winner
Wins
Losses
Drawn

2012
New South Wales
1
0
0

2013
New South Wales
1
0
0

2014
New South Wales
1
0
0

2015
New South Wales
1
0
0

2016
New South Wales
1
0
0

2017
New South Wales
1
0
0

2018
Queensland
1
0
0

text: Women's State of Origin[edit]

text: The Women's State of Origin is the Women's rugby league version of the game, and has been running since 1999. The players play for the Nellie Doherty Cup. Furthermore, the current record for series won in the competition rests with Queensland, who won every series from 1999-2014, a better straight record than their male counterparts.

text:
Year
Winner
Wins
Losses
Drawn

1999
Queensland
1
0
0

2000
Queensland
1
0
0

2001
Queensland
1
0
0

2002
Queensland
1
0
0

2003
Queensland
1
0
0

2004
Queensland
1
0
0

2005
Queensland
1
0
0

2006
Queensland
1
0
0

2007
Queensland
1
0
0

2008
Queensland
1
0
0

2009
Queensland
1
0
0

2010
Queensland
1
0
0

2011
Queensland
1
0
0

2012
Queensland
1
0
0

2013
Queensland
1
0
0

2014
Queensland
1
0
0

2015
Draw
0
0
1

2016
New South Wales
1
0
0

2017
New South Wales
1
0
0

2018
New South Wales
1
0
0

text: All-Team Records[edit]

text: Points

text: Queensland: 1808 Points

text: New South Wales: 1842 Points