document_title: How to Train Your Dragon (film)

question_text: who is the dragon in how to train your dragon

text: How to Train Your Dragon (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: On Berk, a Viking village located on a remote island from which dragons periodically steal livestock, Hiccup, the awkward fifteen-year-old son of the village chieftain, Stoick the Vast, works as a blacksmith's apprentice. As he is too small and weak to fight the dragons, he instead fashions mechanical devices under his apprenticeship with Gobber, the senior blacksmith, though his inventions often malfunction or backfire. During one attack, Hiccup shoots down a Night Fury, an extremely rare and dangerous dragon, with a bola launcher of his; he later finds it in the forest trapped in his bolas, but finding that he cannot bring himself to kill the dragon, he instead sets it free.

text: Stoick assembles a fleet to find the dragons' nest, entering Hiccup in a dragon-killing class taught by Gobber. Hiccup returns to the forest to find the Night Fury still there; he realizes the dragon is unable to fly properly because of its crippled tail fin. Hiccup befriends the dragon, gradually taming it and giving it the name 'Toothless' due to its retractable teeth. Feeling guilty for crippling Toothless, Hiccup eventually makes a harness and prosthetic fin that allows him to guide the dragon in flight.

text: By observing Toothless's behavior, Hiccup becomes increasingly proficient in subduing the captive dragons during training nonviolently, earning him the admiration of his peers but causing Astrid, a tough Viking girl on whom Hiccup has a crush, to become increasingly suspicious of his behavior. Meanwhile, Stoick's fleet arrives home unsuccessful, though he is cheered by Hiccup's unexpected success in dragon training. Astrid eventually discovers that he is training Toothless. Hiccup takes her for a flight to demonstrate his relationship with the dragon before she can tell the village. Toothless unexpectedly takes the pair to the dragons' nest where they discover a gargantuan dragon named the Red Death,2 which eats the smaller dragons unless they bring it stolen livestock; the pair realize that the dragons have been attacking Berk under its control as opposed to their own free will.

text: Back at the village, Hiccup, having won dragon training, is given the task of killing a captive Monstrous Nightmare dragon; he, instead, subdues it in front of his father and village instead of killing it in an attempt to prove that the dragons are harmless. However, Stoick inadvertently angers the dragon into attacking. Toothless attempts to protect Hiccup in the ensuing panic but is instead captured by the Vikings in the process. Hiccup accidentally reveals to Stoick that Toothless is capable of locating the dragons' nest; Stoick disowns his son and sets off for the nest with Toothless chained to the lead ship as a guide.

text: The Viking attack force locates and breaks open the dragon's nest, allowing most of the dragons to fly out but also awakening the Red Death, soon overwhelming the attack force. Hiccup, Astrid, and their fellow pupils fly in riding the training dragons from Berk, providing cover fire for the attack force and distracting the Red Death. Hiccup almost drowns trying to break Toothless free, but Stoick saves them both, reconciling with his son. Working together, Toothless and Hiccup destroy the Red Death; Hiccup, however, is injured in the fight, losing his lower left leg and requiring a prosthesis. Hiccup regains consciousness on Berk to find himself admired amongst the tribe and by Astrid, with the Vikings and the dragons now living in harmony.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jay Baruchel as Hiccup Horrendous Haddock III, the awkward son of Stoick the Vast.[2]
Gerard Butler as Stoick the Vast, the chieftain of Berk and Hiccup's father.[2]
Craig Ferguson as Gobber the Belch, Berk's blacksmith, a close friend of Stoick's and teacher of the tribe's young dragon-training recruits.[3][2]
America Ferrera as Astrid Hofferson, Hiccup's fellow student in dragon training and his crush.[2]
Christopher Mintz-Plasse as Fishlegs Ingerman, an enthusiastic youth knowledgeable in dragon lore which he often relates in role-playing game style.[4][2]
Jonah Hill as Snotlout Jorgenson, one of Hiccup's dragon-training classmates. Snotlout is brash, overconfident, and fairly unintelligent, but reliable.
T. J. Miller and Kristen Wiig as Tuffnut and Ruffnut Thorston, a pair of quarrelsome twins.
David Tennant as Spitelout, Snotlout's father.[5]

text: Production[edit]

text: The book series by Cressida Cowell began coming to attention to the executives at DreamWorks Animation in 2004. Coming off her success in Over the Hedge, producer Bonnie Arnold shortly became interested in the newly acquired property. She kept focusing on the project as time went on, and when DreamWorks Animation co-president of production Bill Damaschke asked her what she wanted to work on next, she chose “How to Train Your Dragon”.[6]

text: In initial development, the plot followed the original novel closely, but about halfway through production Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois, the writer-directors of Disney's Lilo & Stitch, took over as co-directors and it was altered. The original plot was described as, "heavily loyal to the book", but was regarded as being too "sweet" and "whimsical" as well as geared towards a too-young demographic, according to Baruchel.[7] In the novel, Hiccup's dragon, Toothless, is a Common or Garden Dragon, a small breed. In the film, Toothless is a Night Fury, the rarest of all dragons, and is large enough to serve as a flying mount for both Hiccup and Astrid. The filmmakers hired cinematographer Roger Deakins (known for frequently collaborating with the Coen brothers) as a visual consultant to help them with lighting and overall look of the film and to "add a live-action feel".[7] Extensive research was done to depict both flight, as the directors knew they would be the biggest draw of the film's 3D effects, and fire, given animation could break away from the limitations seen in live-action films, where propane flames are usual due to being easier to extinguish. The dragons' design made sure to create animals that were comical and also innovative compared to other dragon fiction. Toothless in particular tried to combine various dragon traits in a black panther-inspired design, that also had large ears and eyes to convey emotion better.[8]

text: The directors made sure to cash in the improvisation abilities of the secondary cast—Christopher Mintz-Plasse, Jonah Hill, Kristen Wiig and T.J Miller—by frequently bringing them together in the recording sessions.[2]

text: Music[edit]

text: John Powell returned to DreamWorks Animation to score How to Train Your Dragon, making it his sixth collaboration with the studio, following his previous score for Kung Fu Panda (which he scored with Hans Zimmer). Powell composed an orchestral score, combining bombastic brass with loud percussion and soothing strings, while also using exotic, Scottish and Irish tones with instruments like the penny whistle and bagpipes. Additionally, Icelandic singer Jónsi wrote and performed the song "Sticks & Stones" for the film. The score was released by Varèse Sarabande on March 23, 2010.

text: Overall, the score was well received by film score critics. Powell earned his first Academy Award nomination for his work on the film, ultimately losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross for their score for The Social Network.

text: Release[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon had its United States premiere on March 21, 2010, at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Universal City, California.[9] It was theatrically released on March 26, 2010, in the United States.[10] The film was digitally re-mastered into IMAX 3D, and released to 186 North American IMAX theatres, and approximately 80 IMAX theatres outside North America.[10]

text: Competition for 3D screens[edit]

text: A month before the release, DreamWorks Animation CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg protested Warner Bros.' decision to convert Clash of the Titans from 2D to 3D, then to release it one week after How to Train Your Dragon.[11] Entertainment reporter Kim Masters described the 3D release schedule around March 2010 as a "traffic jam", and speculated that the lack of 3D screen availability could hurt Katzenberg's prospects despite his support of the 3D format.[12]

text: In March 2010, theater industry executives accused Paramount of using high-pressure tactics to coerce theaters to screen How to Train Your Dragon rather than the competing 3D releases, Clash of the Titans and Tim Burton's Alice in Wonderland. As theater multiplexes often had just one 3D screen, theaters were unable to accommodate more than one 3D presentation at a time.[13]

text: Box-office[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon topped the North American box office with $43.7 million in its first weekend of release.[14] The film grossed $217,581,231 in the United States and Canada and $277,297,528 in foreign countries with a worldwide total of $494,878,759.[1] How to Train Your Dragon is DreamWorks Animation's highest-grossing film in the American and Canadian box office other than the Shrek films.[15] It is the fifth-highest-grossing animated film of 2010 with $494.8 million, behind Toy Story 3 with $1,063.2 million, Shrek Forever After with $752.6 million, Tangled with $576.6 million, and Despicable Me with $543.1 million and the 10th-highest-grossing movie of 2010.[16] As of 2018, the How to Train Your Dragon series has grossed over $1 billion worldwide.[17]

text: Critical reception[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon received critical acclaim upon its release. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 98% of critics gave the film a positive review, based on 204 reviews from professional critics, with an overall rating average of 7.9/10.[18] The website's critical consensus states, "Boasting dazzling animation, a script with surprising dramatic depth, and thrilling 3-D sequences, How to Train Your Dragon soars."[18] By "Tomatometer" score, the film is DreamWorks Animation's highest-rated film.[citation needed] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average rating of 74 based on 33 reviews from critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[19] CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave How to Train Your Dragon was A on an A+ to F scale.[20]

text: Roger Ebert of The Chicago Sun-Times gave it 3 stars out of 4, stating that: "It devotes a great deal of time to aerial battles between tamed dragons and evil ones, and not much to character or story development. But it's bright, good-looking, and has high energy".[21] Claudia Puig of USA Today gave it 3.5 out of 4 stars, saying, "It's a thrilling action-adventure saga with exhilarating 3-D animation, a clever comedy with witty dialogue, a coming-of-age tale with surprising depth and a sweetly poignant tale of friendship between man and animal."[22] Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers praised the film, giving it three out of four stars and in his print review wrote, "[The film] works enough miracles of 3-D animation to charm your socks off."[23] Roger Moore of The Orlando Sentinel, who gave the film 2½ stars out of 4, wrote a mixed review describing the film as a "more coming-of-age dramedy or 'everything about your world view is wrong' message movie than it is a comedy, and that seems like a waste of a funny book, some very funny actors and some darned witty animation."[24] Kyle Smith of the New York Post gave the film 2/4 stars labeling the film as, "Avatar for simpletons. But that title is already taken, by Avatar".[25] Contrarily, Brett Michel of The Boston Phoenix stated that the film was better than Avatar. A. O. Scott of At The Movies felt the characters and the story were not strong points, but loved the cinematography and said, "that swooping and soaring, they are worth the price of a ticket, so go see it."[26] Village Voice film critic Ella Taylor gave a more negative review of the film, describing it as an "adequate but unremarkable animated tale".[27] Film critic James Berardinelli of ReelViews praised the film and its story, giving it 3.5 out of 4 stars he wrote, "Technically proficient and featuring a witty, intelligent, surprisingly insightful script, How to Train Your Dragon comes close to the level of Pixar's recent output while easily exceeding the juvenilia DreamWorks has released in the last nine years."[28] Entertainment Weekly film critic Owen Gleiberman praised the film giving it an A- and wrote, "How to Train Your Dragon rouses you in conventional ways, but it's also the rare animated film that uses 3-D for its breathtaking spatial and emotional possibilities."[29] ViewLondon's Mathew Turner gave the film 4/5 stars, calling it, "beautifully animated and superbly written", and praised the voice cast, humor, and action. Matt Risley of Variety gave the film a perfect score of 5/5 stars, hailing it as, "undoubtedly Dreamworks' best film yet, and quite probably the best dragon movie ever made".[30]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Awards

Award

Category

Name

Outcome

Academy Awards[31]

Academy Award for Best Animated Feature

Chris SandersDean DeBlois

Nominated

Academy Award for Best Original Score

John Powell

Alliance of Women Film Journalists[32]

Best Animated Feature

Best Animated Female

America Ferrera (Astrid)

Won

Annie Awards[33][34]

Annie Award for Best Animated Feature

Bonnie ArnoldChris SandersDean DeBlois

Annie Award for Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production

Brett Miller

Jason Mayer

Nominated

Annie Award for Best Character Animation in a Feature Production

Gabe Hordos

Won

Jakob Hjort Jensen

Nominated

David Torres

Annie Award for Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production

Nico Marlet

Won

Annie Award for Best Directing in an Animated Feature Production

Chris SandersDean DeBlois

Annie Award for Best Music in an Animated Feature Production

John Powell

Annie Award for Production Design in an Animated Feature Production

Pierre-Olivier Vincent

Annie Award for Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production

Tom Owens

Alessandro Carloni

Nominated

Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production

Jay Baruchel (Hiccup)

Won

Gerard Butler (Stoick)

Nominated

Annie Award for Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production

William DaviesChris SandersDean DeBlois

Won

British Academy Film Awards[35]

BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film

Nominated

BAFTA Award for Best Film Music

John Powell

Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[36]

Best Animated Film

Chris SandersDean DeBlois

Critics' Choice Awards[37]

Best Animated Feature Film

Genesis Awards[38]

Best Feature Film

Won

Golden Globe Awards[39]

Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film

Nominated

Golden Reel Awards[40]

Best Sound Editing in an Animated Feature Film

Won

International Film Music Critics Association[41][42]

Film Score of the Year

John Powell

Best Original Score for an Animated Feature

John Powell

Film Music Composition of the Year

John Powell – "Forbidden Friendship"

Nominated

John Powell – "Test Drive"

Kids' Choice Awards[43]

Favorite Animated Movie

Online Film Critics Society Awards[44]

Best Animated Feature

Chris SandersDean DeBlois

People's Choice Awards[45]

Favorite Family Movie

Producers Guild of America Awards

Outstanding Producer of Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures

Bonnie Arnold

Satellite Awards[46]

Motion Picture (Animated or Mixed)

Saturn Awards[47]

Saturn Award for Best Music

John Powell

Saturn Award for Best Production Design

Kathy Altieri

Saturn Award for Best Animated Film

Chris SandersDean DeBlois

Teen Choice Awards[48]

Choice Animated Movie

Toronto Film Critics Association[49]

Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film

Won

Venice Film Festival[50]

Most Creative 3D Film of the Year

Chris Sanders and Dean DeBloisTied with James Cameron for Avatar

Visual Effects Society[51]

Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture

Simon OttoCraig RingBonnie Arnold

Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Feature Motion Picture

Gabe HordosCassidy CurtisMariette MarinusBrent Watkins

Visual Effects Society Award for Outstanding Effects Animation in an Animated Feature Motion Picture

Andy HayesLaurent KermelJason MayerBrett Miller

Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards[52]

Best Animated Feature

Chris SandersDean DeBlois

Nominated

World Soundtrack Academy[53]

World Soundtrack Award for Soundtrack Composer of the Year

John Powell

World Soundtrack Award for Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film

Jón Þór Birgisson

text: Home media[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon was released on single-disc DVD, two-disc double DVD pack and Blu-ray/DVD combo pack in Canada and the United States on Friday, October 15, 2010. Among the features available in the two-disc DVD edition is an original sequel short film, Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon. As of July 18, 2012, units sold for the DVD stand at more than 6.5 million copies and has grossed $121,663,692.[54]

text: Samsung signed a deal with DreamWorks to gain exclusive distribution rights to a Blu-ray 3D version of the film. The exclusive agreement ended on September 11, 2011, when How to Train Your Dragon - 3D was released in a two-disc Blu-ray combo pack.

text: It was re-released by Paramount Home Entertainment on Blu-ray and DVD on May 27, 2014.[55]

text: Expanded franchise[edit]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: A sequel, How to Train Your Dragon 2, was confirmed on April 27, 2010.[56] The film was directed and written by Dean DeBlois, the co-director of the first film. Bonnie Arnold, the producer of the first film, also returned.[57] The film was released on June 13, 2014 by 20th Century Fox, to critical acclaim.[58][59] The entire original voice cast—Baruchel, Butler, Ferguson, Ferrera, Hill, Mintz-Plasse, Miller, and Wiig—returned for the sequel[60] with the addition of Cate Blanchett, Djimon Hounsou, and Kit Harington.

text: A third film, How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World, is in production. The film will also be directed and written by DeBlois, produced by Bonnie Arnold, and exec-produced by Chris Sanders, with all the main cast set to return. Cate Blanchett and Djimon Hounsou will also reprise their roles as Valka and Drago respectively from the second film.[61][62] It is scheduled to be released on March 1, 2019 by Universal Pictures.[63]

text: Short films[edit]

text: Four post-movie short films were released: Legend of the Boneknapper Dragon (2010), Book of Dragons (2011), Gift of the Night Fury (2011),[64] and Dawn of the Dragon Racers (2014).[65]

text: Television series[edit]

text: A television series based on the film premiered on Cartoon Network in Autumn 2012. Jay Baruchel, America Ferrera, Christopher Mintz-Plasse, and T. J. Miller reprise their roles as Hiccup, Astrid, Fishlegs, and Tuffnut. The series, set between the first and second film, follows Hiccup and his friends as they learn more about dragons, discover new ones, teach others to feel comfortable around them, adapt traditions within the village to fit their new friends and battle against enemies as they explore new worlds. Hiccup has been made head of Berk Dragon Academy.[66]

text: Video games[edit]

text: An action adventure video game released by Activision, called How to Train Your Dragon, was released for the Wii, Xbox 360, PS3 and Nintendo DS gaming consoles. It is loosely based on the film and was released on March 23, 2010.

text: School of Dragons, a 3D free-to-play MMO, was released on July 17, 2013, at the San Diego Comic-Con.[67][68] The game is available for PC, Android and iOS.[69]

text: Arena show[edit]

text: How to Train Your Dragon Arena Spectacular is an arena show adaptation of the first film featuring 24 animatronic dragons, acrobats and projections. It premiered on March 2, 2012, in Melbourne, Australia.[70]


document_title: Civil Rights Act of 1964

question_text: amendments to title vii of civil rights act

question_tokens: amendments to title vii of civil rights act

root

text: Civil Rights Act of 1964

text: Origins[edit]

text: The bill was called for by President John F. Kennedy in his Report to the American People on Civil Rights of June 11, 1963,[7] in which he asked for legislation "giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public—hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments", as well as "greater protection for the right to vote". Kennedy delivered this speech following the immediate aftermath of the Birmingham campaign and the growing number of demonstrations and protests throughout the southern United States. Kennedy was moved to action following the elevated racial tensions and wave of black riots in the spring 1963.[8]

tag: p

text: Emulating the Civil Rights Act of 1875, Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations, and to enable the U.S. Attorney General to join in lawsuits against state governments which operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. However, it did not include a number of provisions deemed essential by civil rights leaders including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, or granting the Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits.[9]

text: Legislative history[edit]

text: House of Representatives[edit]

text: On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with the Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later, Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Congressmen drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written, saying legislative action was "imperative".[10][11] The president's bill went first to the House of Representatives, where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee, chaired by Emanuel Celler, a Democrat from New York. After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial "Title III" that had been removed from the 1957 and 1960 Acts. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights.

text: Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October, 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage.[12] The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963, and referred to the Rules Committee, whose chairman, Howard W. Smith, a Democrat and avid segregationist from Virginia, indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely.

text: Johnson's appeal to Congress[edit]

text: The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president, Lyndon Johnson, made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the bully pulpit he wielded as president, in support of the bill. In his first address to a joint session of Congress on November 27, 1963, Johnson told the legislators, "No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long."[13]

text: Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a petition to discharge the bill from the Rules Committee; it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many congressmen who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed.

text: After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to pass through the Rules Committee.

text: Lobbying Efforts[edit]

text: Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell, Sr. of the NAACP.[14]

text: Passage in the Senate[edit]

text: Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that the bill would be quickly considered by the Senate. Normally, the bill would have been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee, chaired by Senator James O. Eastland, Democrat from Mississippi. Given Eastland's firm opposition, it seemed impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield took a novel approach to prevent the bill from being relegated to Judiciary Committee limbo. Having initially waived a second reading of the bill, which would have led to it being immediately referred to Judiciary, Mansfield gave the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, and then proposed, in the absence of precedent for instances when a second reading did not immediately follow the first, that the bill bypass the Judiciary Committee and immediately be sent to the Senate floor for debate.

text: When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the "Southern Bloc" of 18 southern Democratic Senators and one Republican Senator led by Richard Russell (D-GA) launched a filibuster to prevent its passage.[16] Said Russell: "We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races in our (Southern) states."[17]

text: The most fervent opposition to the bill came from Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC): "This so-called Civil Rights Proposals, which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the Reconstruction proposals and actions of the radical Republican Congress."[18]

text: After 54 days of filibuster, Senators Hubert Humphrey (D-MN), Mike Mansfield (D-MT), Everett Dirksen (R-IL), and Thomas Kuchel (R-CA), introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would attract enough Republican swing votes in addition to the core liberal Democrats behind the legislation to end the filibuster. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version in regard to government power to regulate the conduct of private business, but it was not so weak as to cause the House to reconsider the legislation.[19]

text: On the morning of June 10, 1964, Senator Robert Byrd (D-W.Va.) completed a filibustering address that he had begun 14 hours and 13 minutes earlier opposing the legislation. Until then, the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days, including six Saturdays. A day earlier, Democratic Whip Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, the bill's manager, concluded he had the 67 votes required at that time to end the debate and end the filibuster. With six wavering senators providing a four-vote victory margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never in history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to cut off a filibuster on a civil rights bill. And only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to cloture for any measure.[20]

text:
"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964"

Play media

Public statement by Lyndon B. Johnson of July 2, 1964 about the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

"Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964"

audio only

Problems playing these files? See media help.

tag: table

text: On June 19, the substitute (compromise) bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73–27, and quickly passed through the House–Senate conference committee, which adopted the Senate version of the bill. The conference bill was passed by both houses of Congress, and was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, 1964.[21]

text: Vote totals[edit]

text: Totals are in "Yea–Nay" format:

text:
The original House version: 290–130   (69–31%).
Cloture in the Senate: 71–29   (71–29%).
The Senate version: 73–27   (73–27%).
The Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289–126   (70–30%).

tag: ul

text: By party[edit]

text: The original House version:[22]

text:
Democratic Party: 152–96   (61–39%)
Republican Party: 138–34   (80–20%)

text: Cloture in the Senate:[23]

text:
Democratic Party: 44–23   (66–34%)
Republican Party: 27–6   (82–18%)

text: The Senate version:[22]

text:
Democratic Party: 46–21   (69–31%)
Republican Party: 27–6   (82–18%)

text: The Senate version, voted on by the House:[22]

text:
Democratic Party: 153–91   (63–37%)
Republican Party: 136–35   (80–20%)

text: By party and region[edit]

text: Note: "Southern", as used in this section, refers to members of Congress from the eleven states that made up the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War. "Northern" refers to members from the other 39 states, regardless of the geographic location of those states.[24]

text: The original House version:

text:
Southern Democrats: 7–87   (7–93%)
Southern Republicans: 0–10   (0–100%)
Northern Democrats: 145–9   (94–6%)
Northern Republicans: 138–24   (85–15%)

text: The Senate version:

text:
Southern Democrats: 1–20   (5–95%) (only Ralph Yarborough of Texas voted in favor)
Southern Republicans: 0–1   (0–100%) (John Tower of Texas)
Northern Democrats: 45–1   (98–2%) (only Robert Byrd of West Virginia voted against)
Northern Republicans: 27–5   (84–16%)

text: Women's rights[edit]

text: Just one year earlier, the same Congress had passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963, which prohibited wage differentials based on sex. The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith, a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate Smith's motivation, whether it was a cynical attempt to defeat the bill by someone opposed to civil rights both for blacks and women, or an attempt to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women.[26][27][28][29] Smith expected that Republicans, who had included equal rights for women in their party's platform since 1944,[30] would probably vote for the amendment. Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because the clause was opposed by labor unions. Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama later claimed, "Smith didn't give a damn about women's rights...he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who didn't favor women's rights,"[31] and the Congressional Record records that Smith was greeted by laughter when he introduced the amendment.[32]

text: Smith asserted that he was not joking; he sincerely supported the amendment and, indeed, along with Rep. Martha Griffiths,[33] he was the chief spokesperson for the amendment.[32] For twenty years Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment (with no linkage to racial issues) in the House because he believed in it. He for decades had been close to the National Woman's Party and its leader Alice Paul, who was also the leader in winning the right to vote for women in 1920, the author of the first Equal Rights Amendment, and a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then. She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 trying to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category. Now was the moment.[34] Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women, and that was unfair to white women. Furthermore, she argued that the laws "protecting" women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs, and that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs.[35] The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats. The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats. Thus, as Justice William Rehnquist explained in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, "The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives... the bill quickly passed as amended, and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's prohibition against discrimination based on 'sex.'"[36]

text: Desegregation[edit]

text: One of the most damaging arguments by the bill's opponents was that once passed, the bill would require forced busing to achieve certain racial quotas in schools.[37] Proponents of the bill, such as Emanuel Celler and Jacob Javits, said that the bill would not authorize such measures. Leading sponsor Senator Hubert Humphrey (D-MN) wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing.[37] Humphrey said "if the bill were to compel it, it would be a violation [of the Constitution], because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race."[37] While Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes "would be making a fool of himself," two years later the Department of Health, Education and Welfare said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing.[37]

text: Political repercussions[edit]

text: The bill divided and engendered a long-term change in the demographic support of both parties. President Johnson realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen that "I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway."[38] Senator Richard Russell, Jr. later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill "will not only cost you the South, it will cost you the election".[39] Johnson, however, went on to win the 1964 election by one of the biggest landslides in American history. The South, which had five states swing Republican in 1964, became a stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s.[40]

text: Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill, there were notable exceptions. Though he opposed forced segregation,[41] Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona voted against the bill, remarking, "You can't legislate morality." Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as the 24th Amendment outlawing the poll tax. He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II, which in his opinion violated individual liberty and states' rights. Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 83-day filibuster, including Senators Albert Gore, Sr. (D-TN) and J. William Fulbright (D-AR), as well as Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV), who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight.

text: Major features[edit]

text: (The full text of the Act is available online.)

text: Title I[edit]

text: Barred unequal application of voter registration requirements.

text: Title I did not eliminate literacy tests, which were one of the main methods used to exclude Black voters, other racial minorities, and poor Whites in the South, nor did it address economic retaliation, police repression, or physical violence against nonwhite voters. While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races, it did not abolish the concept of voter "qualification", that is to say, it accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but rather might have to meet some standard beyond citizenship.[42][43] It was the Voting Rights Act, enacted one year later in 1965, that directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship.

text: Title II[edit]

text: Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; exempted private clubs without defining the term "private".[44]

text: Title III[edit]

text: Prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion or national origin.

text: Title IV[edit]

text: Encouraged the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act.

text: Title V[edit]

text: Expanded the Civil Rights Commission established by the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1957 with additional powers, rules and procedures.

text: Title VI[edit]

text: Prevents discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds. If an agency is found in violation of Title VI, that agency may lose its federal funding.

text: General

text: This title declares it to be the policy of the United States that discrimination on the ground of race, color, or national origin shall not occur in connection with programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance and authorizes and directs the appropriate Federal departments and agencies to take action to carry out this policy. This title is not intended to apply to foreign assistance programs. Section 601 – This section states the general principle that no person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against on the ground of race, color, or national origin under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.

text: Section 602 directs each Federal agency administering a program of Federal financial assistance by way of grant, contract, or loan to take action pursuant to rule, regulation, or order of general applicability to effectuate the principle of section 601 in a manner consistent with the achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the assistance. In seeking the effect compliance with its requirements imposed under this section, an agency is authorized to terminate or to refuse to grant or to continue assistance under a program to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding pursuant to a hearing of a failure to comply with the requirements under that program, and it may also employ any other means authorized by law. However, each agency is directed first to seek compliance with its requirements by voluntary means.

text: Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds. Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency's requirements imposed under section 602, and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law, judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. § 1009). The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10. The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10, section 10 itself has an exception for action "committed to agency discretion," which might otherwise be carried over into section 603. It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603, however, otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act.

text: Title VII[edit]

text: Title VII of the Act, codified as Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of title 42 of the United States Code, prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin (see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2[45]). Title VII applies to and covers an employer "who has fifteen (15) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year" as written in the Definitions section under 42 U.S.C. §2000e(b). Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of his or her association with another individual of a particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, such as by an interracial marriage.[46] The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy, age, and disability discrimination (See Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978, Age Discrimination in Employment Act,[47] Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990).

text: In very narrowly defined situations, an employer is permitted to discriminate on the basis of a protected trait where the trait is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise. To prove the bona fide occupational qualifications defense, an employer must prove three elements: a direct relationship between the protected trait and the ability to perform the duties of the job, the BFOQ relates to the "essence" or "central mission of the employer's business", and there is no less-restrictive or reasonable alternative (United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc., 499 U.S. 187 (1991) 111 S.Ct. 1196). The Bona Fide Occupational Qualification exception is an extremely narrow exception to the general prohibition of discrimination based on protected traits (Dothard v. Rawlinson, 433 U.S. 321 (1977) 97 S.Ct. 2720). An employer or customer's preference for an individual of a particular religion is not sufficient to establish a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha School — Bishop Estate, 990 F.2d 458 (9th Cir. 1993)).

text: Title VII allows for any employer, labor organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency to bypass the "unlawful employment practice" for any person involved with the Communist Party of the United States or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950.[48]

text: There are partial and whole exceptions to Title VII for four types of employers:

text:
Federal government; (Comment: The proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-16)
Federally recognized Native American tribes
Religious groups performing work connected to the group's activities, including associated education institutions;
Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations.

text: The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as well as certain state fair employment practices agencies (FEPAs) enforce Title VII (see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-4[45]). The EEOC and state FEPAs investigate, mediate, and may file lawsuits on behalf of employees. Where a state law is contradicted by a federal law, it is overridden.[49] Every state, except Arkansas and Mississippi, maintains a state FEPA (see EEOC and state FEPA directory ). Title VII also provides that an individual can bring a private lawsuit. An individual must file a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of learning of the discrimination or the individual may lose the right to file a lawsuit. Title VII only applies to employers who employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the current or preceding calendar year (42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b)).

text: Precedents and history[edit]

text: In the early 1980s, the EEOC and some federal courts began holding that sexual harassment is also prohibited under the Act. In 1986, the Supreme Court held in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986), that sexual harassment is sex discrimination and is prohibited by Title VII. Same-sex sexual harassment has also been held in a unanimous decision written by Justice Scalia to be prohibited by Title VII (Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., 523 U.S. 75 (1998), 118 S.Ct. 998).

text: In 2012, the EEOC ruled that employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity or transgender status is prohibited under Title VII. The decision held that discrimination on the basis of gender identity qualified as discrimination on the basis of sex whether the discrimination was due to sex stereotyping, discomfort with the fact of an individual's transition, or discrimination due to a perceived change in the individual's sex.[50][51] In 2014, the EEOC initiated two lawsuits against private companies for discrimination on the basis of gender identity, with additional litigation under consideration.[52] As of November 2014, Commissioner Chai Feldblum is making an active effort to increase awareness of Title VII remedies for individuals discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity.[53][54]

text: On December 15, 2014, under a memorandum issued by Attorney General Eric Holder, the United States Department of Justice (DoJ) took a position that aligned with the EEOC, namely the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII encompassed the prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity or transgender status. DoJ had already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees.[55]

text: In October 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions issued a directive that withdrew the Holder memorandum.[56] According to a copy of the directive reviewed by BuzzFeed News, Sessions stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between "men and women". Attorney General Session stated as a matter of law, “Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se.”[57] Devin O'Malley, speaking on behalf of the DoJ, stated "the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle [that the Department of Justice cannot expand the law beyond what Congress has provided], which necessitated today's action." Sharon McGowan, a lawyer with Lambda Legal who previously served in the Civil Rights division of DoJ, rejected that argument, saying "[T]his memo is not actually a reflection of the law as it is — it's a reflection of what the DOJ wishes the law were" and "The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court."[56]

text: On December 11, 2017, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal in Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital, in which a lower court ruled against the plaintiff, who had argued Title VII protections applied to sexual orientation. The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals stated in its earlier ruling that only the Supreme Court could determine if Title VII applied.[58]

text: Title VIII[edit]

text: Required compilation of voter-registration and voting data in geographic areas specified by the Commission on Civil Rights.

text: Title IX[edit]

text: Title IX made it easier to move civil rights cases from state courts to federal court. This was of crucial importance to civil rights activists[who?] who contended that they could not get fair trials in state courts.[citation needed]

text: Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 should not be confused with Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972, which prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities.

text: Title X[edit]

text: Established the Community Relations Service, tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination.

text: Title XI[edit]

text: Title XI gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial. If convicted, the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months.

text: Continued resistance[edit]

text: There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, "the fundamental question…is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers".[59] Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the Fourteenth Amendment and also violated the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendments by depriving him of "liberty and property without due process".[59] In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims.

text: Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South.[60] When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the "Orangeburg massacre."[61] Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the end of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968) court decision.[62]

text: Amendments[edit]

text: Between 1965 and 1972, Title VII lacked any strong enforcement provisions. Instead, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was authorized only to investigate external claims of discrimination. The EEOC could then refer cases to the Justice Department for litigation if reasonable cause was found. The EEOC documented the nature and magnitude of discriminatory employment practices, the first study of this kind done.

text: In 1972, Congress passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. The Act amended Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation. The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation. The commission was also permitted for the first time to define "discrimination," a term excluded from the 1964 Act.[63]

text: Subsequent court rulings[edit]

text: The Constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was, at the time, in some dispute as it applied to the private sector. In the landmark Civil Rights Cases the United States Supreme Court had ruled, in 1883, that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping the Civil Rights Act of 1875 of much of its ability to protect civil rights.[64]

text: In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality.

text: In the 1930s, during the New Deal, the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the commerce clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause.

text: After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law.

text: In Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp., a 1971 Supreme Court case regarding the gender provisions of the Act, the Court ruled that a company could not discriminate against a potential female employee because she had a preschool-age child unless they did the same with potential male employees.[29] A federal court overruled an Ohio state law that barred women from obtaining jobs which required the ability to lift 25 pounds and required women to take lunch breaks when men were not required to.[29] In Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations, the United States Supreme Court decided that printing separate job listings for men and women was illegal, which ended that practice among the country's newspapers. The United States Civil Service Commission ended the practice among federal jobs which designated them "women only" or "men only".[29]

text: In 1974, the Supreme Court also ruled that the San Francisco school district was violating non-English speaking students' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them.[65]

text: In 1975, a federal civil rights agency warned a Phoenix, Arizona school that its end-of-year father-son and mother-daughter baseball games were illegal according to the 1964 Civil Rights Act.[29] President Gerald Ford intervened, and the games were allowed to continue.[29]

text: In 1977, the Supreme Court struck down state minimum height requirements for police officers as violating the Act; women usually could not meet these requirements.[29]

text: On April 4, 2017, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago, sitting en banc, ruled that Title VII of the Act forbids discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation by a vote of 8–3.[66][67] Over the prior month, panels of both the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Atlanta and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New York City had reached the opposite conclusion, finding that Title VII sex discrimination does not include claims based on sexual orientation.[68]

text: Influence[edit]

text: Despite its lack of influence during its time, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had considerable impact on later civil rights legislation in the United States. It paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990—which has been called "the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964"—was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act was arguably of equal importance, and "draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation [Civil Rights Act of 1964]". The Americans With Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally, drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes. For example, "Title I of the ADA, which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability, parallels Title VII of the Act". Similarly, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, "which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered." The Americans with Disabilities Act extended "the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities",[69] an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968, aiding not only African Americans, but also women.


document_title: List of tallest players in National Basketball Association history

question_text: who is the tallest player that ever played in the nba

text: This is a list of the tallest players in National Basketball Association history. Twenty five of them have been listed at 7 feet, 3 inches or taller. Two are active as of the 2017–18 season; Kristaps Porziņģis of the New York Knicks and Boban Marjanović of the Detroit Pistons. The tallest player inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame is 7 feet, 6 inch Yao Ming. In addition to Yao, Ralph Sampson and Arvydas Sabonis were the only other players 7'3" or taller selected to the Hall of Fame.

text: In the seventh round of the 1981 NBA Draft, the Golden State Warriors used the 171st pick to select Yasutaka Okayama, a Japanese basketball player who was measured at 7 feet 8 inches (2.34 m) and 330 pounds (150 kg).[1][2] Okayama, who attended and played junior varsity basketball at the University of Portland for one and a half years in 1976 as an exchange student, declined to try out for the Warriors and never played in the NBA.[3] He is the tallest person ever drafted and would have been the tallest player in the NBA had he played in the league.[4]

text:
^
Active NBA player

*
Inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

GP
Games played
Pts
Points
PPG
Points per game

FG%
Field goal percentage
FT%
Free throw percentage
Reb
Rebounds

RPG
Rebounds per game
Blk
Blocks
BPG
Blocks per game

text:
Height
Weight
Player
Nationality
Teams
GP
Pts
PPG
FG%
FT%
Reb
RPG
Blk
BPG
Notes

7 ft 7 in (2.31 m)
315 lb (143 kg)
Mureșan, GheorgheGheorghe Mureșan
 ROU
Washington Bullets (1993–1997)
New Jersey Nets (1998–2000)
307
3,020
9.8
.573
.644
1,957
6.4
455
1.5
Generally considered slightly taller than Manute Bol. Bol was officially measured at 7 feet, 6 3/4 inches tall by the Guinness Book of World Records.

7 ft 6.75 in (2.31 m)
200 lb (91 kg)
Bol, ManuteManute Bol
 SUD
Washington Bullets (1985–1988, 1994)
Golden State Warriors (1988–1990, 1994)
Philadelphia 76ers (1990–1993, 1994)
Miami Heat (1994)
624
1,599
2.6
.407
.561
2,647
4.2
2,086
3.3
Played alongside the shortest player in NBA history, Muggsy Bogues, during the 1987–88 season for the Washington Bullets; their difference in height was 28 inches. Only player in NBA history to have more blocked shots than points scored in his career. Weighed just 195 pounds (89 kg)[citation needed] when he entered the league in 1985.

7 ft 6 in (2.29 m)
275 lb (125 kg)
Bradley, ShawnShawn Bradley
 USA
 GER
Philadelphia 76ers (1993–1995)
New Jersey Nets (1995–1997)
Dallas Mavericks (1997–2005)
832
6,752
8.1
.457
.716
5,268
6.3
2,119
2.5
Born to American parents in the former West Germany.

7 ft 6 in (2.29 m)
310 lb (141 kg)
Yao Ming, Yao Ming*
 CHN
Houston Rockets (2002–2011)
481
9,196
19.1
.525
.832
4,467
9.3
912
1.9
Tallest player to play in at least one All-Star Game. Also tallest player inducted into the Hall of Fame.

7 ft 5 in (2.26 m)
359 lb (163 kg)
Bhullar, SimSim Bhullar
 CAN
Sacramento Kings (2015)
3
2
0.7
.500
—
1
0.3
1
0.3
First NBA player of Indian descent. Played 16 seconds in his debut on April 7, 2015.

7 ft 5 in (2.26 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
Nevitt, ChuckChuck Nevitt
 USA
Houston Rockets (1982–1983, 1988–1990)
Los Angeles Lakers (1984–1985)
Detroit Pistons (1985–1988)
Chicago Bulls (1991)
San Antonio Spurs (1993)
155
251
1.6
.438
.589
239
1.5
111
0.7
Tallest player to win an NBA Championship.

7 ft 5 in (2.26 m)
305 lb (138 kg)
Podkolzin, PavelPavel Podkolzin
 RUS
Dallas Mavericks (2004–2006)
6
4
0.7
.000
.500
9
1.5
1
0.1

7 ft 5 in (2.26 m)
294 lb (133 kg)
Vraneš, SlavkoSlavko Vraneš
 MNE
Portland Trail Blazers (2004)
1
0
0.0
.000
—
0
0.0
0
0.0
Played in one game, on 000000002004-01-08-0000January 8, 2004 against the Minnesota Timberwolves. Played 3 minutes, with one shot attempt from the field (missed) and one personal foul. Vraneš was officially listed as 7'5" while playing in the NBA, and has since grown taller (7'6" or 2.30 m), according to most sources.

7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)
290 lb (132 kg)
Eaton, MarkMark Eaton
 USA
Utah Jazz (1982–1993)
875
5,216
6.0
.458
.649
6,939
7.9
3,064
3.5
He set records for most blocked shots per game in a single season (5.56 bpg in 1984–85) and for an entire career (3.50 bpg) - both marks still stand today.

7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
Smits, RikRik Smits
 NED
Indiana Pacers (1988–2000)
867
12,871
14.8
.507
.773
5,277
6.1
1,111
1.3

7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)
235 lb (107 kg)
Sampson, RalphRalph Sampson*
 USA
Houston Rockets (1983–1987)
Golden State Warriors (1987–1989)
Sacramento Kings (1989–1991)
Washington Bullets (1991–1992)
456
7,039
15.4
.486
.661
4,011
8.8
752
1.6

7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)
325 lb (147 kg)
Lauderdale, PriestPriest Lauderdale
 USA
Atlanta Hawks (1996–1997)
Denver Nuggets (1997–1998)
74
255
3.4
.472
.554
143
1.9
26
0.4

7 ft 3.5 in (2.22 m)
293 lb (133 kg)
Marjanović, BobanBoban Marjanović^
 SER
San Antonio Spurs (2015–2016)
Detroit Pistons (2016–present)
89
488
5.5
.578
.779
324
3.6
35
0.4

7 ft 3.5 in (2.22 m)
290 lb (132 kg)
Ramos, Peter JohnPeter John Ramos
 PUR
Washington Wizards (2004–2005)
6
11
1.8
.500
.500
4
0.7
1
0.2

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
263 lb (119 kg)
Breuer, RandyRandy Breuer
 USA
Milwaukee Bucks (1983–1990)
Minnesota Timberwolves (1990–1992)
Atlanta Hawks (1992–1993)
Sacramento Kings (1993)
681
4,599
6.8
.467
.628
2,986
4.4
750
1.1

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
212 lb (96 kg)
Closs, KeithKeith Closs
 USA
Los Angeles Clippers (1997–2000)
130
502
3.9
.471
.606
372
2.9
163
1.3
During his collegiate career, Closs averaged 5.9 blocks per game, which is the NCAA Division I record.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
235 lb (107 kg)
Halbrook, SwedeSwede Halbrook
 USA
Syracuse Nationals (1960–1962)
143
786
5.5
.347
.591
949
6.6
—
—

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
260 lb (118 kg)
Ilgauskas, ŽydrūnasŽydrūnas Ilgauskas
 LTU
Cleveland Cavaliers (1997–2010)
Miami Heat (2010–2011)
771
10,616
13.8
.475
.780
5,904
7.7
1,269
1.6

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
250 lb (113 kg)
Radojević, AleksandarAleksandar Radojević
 BIH
 MNE
Toronto Raptors (1999–2000)
Utah Jazz (2004–2005)
15
26
1.7
.308
.625
36
2.4
3
0.2

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
292 lb (132 kg)
Sabonis, ArvydasArvydas Sabonis*
 LTU
Portland Trail Blazers (1995–2001, 2002–2003)
470
5,629
12.0
.500
.786
3,436
7.3
494
1.1
Sabonis was originally drafted into the NBA in 1986 (Rd. 1, #24 overall), but he was not allowed to play in the NBA for most of his career due to restrictions by the former Soviet Union.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
305 lb (138 kg)
Seung-Jin, HaHa Seung-Jin
 KOR
Portland Trail Blazers (2005–2006)
46
70
1.5
.519
.500
67
1.5
13
0.3
Only Korean player to play in the NBA.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
290 lb (132 kg)
Thabeet, HasheemHasheem Thabeet^
 TZA
Memphis Grizzlies (2009–2011)
Houston Rockets (2011–2012)
Portland Trail Blazers (2012)
Oklahoma City Thunder (2012–2014)
224
483
2.2
.567
.578
595
2.7
184
0.8
Only Tanzanian player to play in the NBA.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
256 lb (116 kg)
Pleiß, TiborTibor Pleiß
 GER
Utah Jazz (2015–2016)
12
24
2.0
.440
1.000
15
1.3
2
0.2

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
265 lb (120 kg)
Tavares, WalterWalter Tavares
 CPV
Atlanta Hawks (2015–2016)
Cleveland Cavaliers (2017)
13
33
2.5
.625
.273
32
2.5
12
0.9
Only Cape Verdean player to play in the NBA.

7 ft 3 in (2.21 m)
240 lb (109 kg)
Porziņģis, KristapsKristaps Porziņģis^
 LAT
New York Knicks (2015–Present)
138
2,224
16.1
.436
.811
1001
7.3
263
1.9
Was measured at 7'1" during the NBA Draft Combine, but grew two inches before officially playing for the New York Knicks. Is the tallest winner of the Taco Bell Skills Challenge.


document_title: Sex and the City (film)

question_text: when was the first sex and the city movie made

text: Sex and the City (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: Carrie walks through the streets of New York City thinking about events that have happened to her and her friends during Sex and the City. Charlotte is now happily married to Harry Goldenblatt, but she had a hard time getting pregnant - so they adopted a Chinese girl named Lily; Miranda has settled down in Brooklyn with Steve (David Eigenberg) to raise their son Brady together; and Samantha has relocated her business to Los Angeles to be close to Smith (Jason Lewis), who is now a superstar, although she misses her old life and takes every opportunity to fly East to be with Carrie, Miranda and Charlotte.

text: Carrie herself is now in a relationship with Big (Chris Noth), and they are viewing apartments with plans to move in together. Carrie falls in love with a penthouse far from their price range. Big immediately agrees to pay for it. Carrie offers to sell her own apartment, although she also voices her fear that she would have no legal rights to their home in case they separate, as they are not married. To quell her fears, Big suggests that they marry. Carrie announces the news to her friends. Charlotte and Miranda are happy at the news, but Samantha - as Carrie points out dryly - sounds more excited at the thought of Carrie "finally getting Botox". Charlotte suggests her longtime gay friend, Anthony Marantino, as the pushy wedding planner.

text: Miranda confesses to her friends that she has been so busy she hasn’t had sex with Steve in six months. When Steve confesses he has cheated on her, Miranda is devastated and immediately separates from him. At Carrie and Big's rehearsal dinner, Steve tries to reconcile with Miranda, but she rebuffs him. Still upset with Steve, she tells Big bluntly that marriage ruins everything.

text: On the wedding day, (partially due to Miranda's words at the rehearsal dinner) Big is too fearful to go through with the ceremony. Carrie, devastated, flees the wedding. Samantha stays behind to clear the guests. Big changes his mind and catches up with Carrie in an attempt to reconcile in the middle of a one-way street. Carrie furiously attacks him with her bouquet while he earns scathing looks from Miranda and Charlotte, as well as from the crowds of New Yorkers watching the scene unfold. To console Carrie (who is depressed, and at the beginning of the holiday doesn't eat anything for two days), the four women take the honeymoon that Carrie had booked to Mexico, where they de-stress and collect themselves.

text: Upon returning to New York, Carrie hires an assistant, Louise (Jennifer Hudson), to help her manage her life. Miranda eventually confesses to Carrie about what happened at the rehearsal dinner, and the two briefly fall out as Carrie storms out of a restaurant on Valentine's Day. After reflecting on the argument she had with Carrie, Miranda agrees to attend couples counseling with Steve, and they are eventually able to reconcile. Samantha finds her five-year-old relationship passionless, and begins over-eating to keep from cheating on Smith with a gorgeous neighbour, Dante. She eventually decides to say farewell to Smith and moves back to New York. Around the same time, Louise quits her job as Carrie's assistant to get married and move back permanently to her hometown of St Louis.

text: Charlotte learns she is pregnant, and for most of her pregnancy is fearful that something might happen to her baby, so she stops her regular running around Central Park. Carrie puts her fear to rest by telling her that, since she already soiled herself in Mexico, her bad luck is finished. Later, Charlotte has a surprise encounter with Big that leaves her so outraged that her water breaks. Big takes her to the hospital and waits until baby Rose is born, hoping to see Carrie. Harry passes on the message that Big would like her to call him, and that he has written to her frequently, but never received a reply. Carrie searches her correspondence and finds in Louise's personal assistant file that he has sent her dozens of letters copied from the book she read him before their wedding, culminating with one of his own where he apologizes for screwing up and promises to love her forever.

text: Carrie travels to the exquisite penthouse Big had bought for them to collect a pair of brand new Manolo Blahnik shoes (that later become one of the icons of the movie) that she had left there. She finds Big in the walk-in closet he had built for her, and the moment she sees him, her anger at his betrayal dissipates. They share a passionate kiss, and Big proposes to Carrie properly, using one of her diamond-encrusted shoes in place of a ring. They later marry alone, in a simple wedding in New York City Hall, with Carrie wearing the simple suit that she had intended to wear before being enticed away by the Vivienne Westwood dress that she had modelled in the bridal issue of Vogue. Miranda, Samantha, and Charlotte turn up to surprise Carrie, having been called by Big. The film ends with the four women sipping cosmopolitans, celebrating Samantha's fiftieth birthday, with Carrie making a toast to the next fifty.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Sarah Jessica Parker as Carrie Bradshaw
Kim Cattrall as Samantha Jones
Kristin Davis as Charlotte York Goldenblatt
Cynthia Nixon as Miranda Hobbes
Chris Noth as John James "Mr. Big" Preston

text: Supporting[edit]

text:
Jennifer Hudson as Louise, Carrie's assistant
David Eigenberg as Steve Brady
Jason Lewis as Smith Jerrod
Evan Handler as Harry Goldenblatt
Willie Garson as Stanford Blatch
Mario Cantone as Anthony Marantino
Lynn Cohen as Magda
Candice Bergen as Enid Frick
Annaleigh Ashford as Spoiled Label Queen
André Leon Talley (cameo) as Vogue magazine executive
Joseph Pupo as Brady Hobbes, Miranda and Steve's son
Alexandra and Parker Fong as Lily Goldenblatt, Charlotte and Harry's daughter
Gilles Marini as Dante
Monica Mayhem as Dante's Lover #1
Julie Halston as Bitsy von Muffling
Daphne Rubin-Vega as Baby-voiced girl
Ben Rindner as Waiter

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: At the end of Sex and the City's run in February 2004, there were indications of a movie being considered following the series. HBO announced that Michael Patrick King was working on a possible script for the movie which he would direct.[4] Later that year, Kim Cattrall declined to work on the project citing reasons that the script and the start date were overly prolonged and she decided to take other offers at hand.[5] As a result, the immediate follow-up ideas for the movie were dropped.

text: It was in mid-2007 that the plans for making the movie were announced again. This reportedly resulted after Cattrall's conditions being accepted along with a future HBO series.[6] In May 2007 the project was halted after HBO decided it was no longer in a position to finance the movie on its own. The project was pitched within the Time Warner family (owners of HBO) and was picked by sister concern New Line Cinema.

text: In February 2009 it was officially announced that a sequel would be made including all four actresses and writer-director Michael Patrick King.[7]

text: Filming[edit]

text: The film was prominently shot in New York between September–December 2007.[8][9] The locations included a number of places around Manhattan and a certain portion was shot in Steiner Studios and Silvercup Studios. The shooting was continually interrupted by paparazzi and onlookers with the security and police authorities employed in order to control the crowd.[10] Efforts were taken to keep the film's plot secret, including the shooting of multiple endings.[11] As a defense strategy, scenes shot in public or in presence of number of extras were termed by Ryan Jonathan Healy and the main cast as "dream sequences."[12]

text: Costumes[edit]

text: As in the TV series, fashion played a significant role in plot and production of the movie. Over 300 ensembles were used over the course of entire film.[13] Patricia Field, who created costume designs for the series, also undertook the job in the film.[14] Field has stated that she initially was ambivalent to do the film, for monetary and creative reasons.[15] Field rose to fame particularly after designing for the series from 1998 to 2004, wherein she popularized the concept of using designer clothes with day-to-day fashion.

text: While dressing the characters for the film, Field decided to stay clear from the latest fashion trends defining the characters and instead focused on the evolution of individual character and the actor portraying it, over the last four years.[15] While Samantha's dressing was influenced by American TV soap opera Dynasty (see Nolan Miller), Jackie Kennedy was the inspiration for Charlotte's clothes. Miranda, according to Field, has evolved the most from the series in terms of fashion. This was influenced significantly by development in actress Cynthia Nixon in past years.[15]

text:
The iconic and glamorous wedding dress was made by Vivienne Westwood.[16]
The tutu outfit that Carrie models for the other girls is the same outfit she wears on the show's credits.
Carrie's assistant, Louise, rents her designer handbags from Bag Borrow or Steal.[17]
Hats for Vivienne Westwood in the film are made by Prudence Millinery.
H. Stern lent more than 300 pieces of jewelry to the film.
Costumes were also selected from collections by haute couture designer Gilles Montezin.[18]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The soundtrack was released May 27, 2008, by New Line Records. The soundtrack includes new songs by Fergie and Jennifer Hudson (who plays Carrie's assistant in the film).

text: The film's soundtrack debuted at #2 on the Billboard 200, the highest debut for a multi-artist theatrical film soundtrack since 2005's Get Rich or Die Tryin',[19] and debuting at #6 on the UK Albums Chart, selling to date more than 55,000 copies.

text: A second soundtrack, Sex and the City: Volume 2, was released on September 23, 2008, coinciding with the film's DVD release, featuring the British singers Estelle, Craig David, Mutya Buena and Amy Winehouse. It also featured Janet Jackson, Ciara, and Elijah Kelley.

text: Score[edit]

text: In December 2008, the orchestral score for the film was released, Sex And The City - The Score, containing 18 tracks of original score composed, co-orchestrated, and conducted by Aaron Zigman. Whilst the order of the tracks does not correspond directly to the order that the score is heard in the film, the score soundtrack contains almost every single piece of score that is present in the film.

text: Release[edit]

text: Premiere[edit]

text: The film's international premiere took place on Monday, May 12, 2008, at Odeon West End in London's Leicester Square to the audience of 1700.[20] It was next premiered at Sony Center at Potsdamer Platz in Berlin on May 15.[21] The film had its New York City premiere at Radio City Music Hall on Tuesday, May 27, 2008.[22]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film was a commercial success. Opening in 3,285 theaters, the film made $26.93 million in the US and Canada on its first day. The three-day opening weekend total was $57,038,404, aggregating $17,363 per theater.[23] The film recorded the biggest opening ever for an R-rated comedy and for a romantic comedy,[24] and also for a film starring all women.[25] As of March 2010, the film had grossed $152,647,258 at the US and Canadian box office, and $262,605,528 in other markets, bringing the worldwide total gross revenue to $415,252,786, making it the highest-grossing romantic comedy of 2008.[23]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Sex and the City received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 49%, based on 176 reviews, with the site's critical consensus reading, "Sex and the City loses steam in the transition to the big screen, but will still thrill fans of the show."[26] Metacritic gave the film a normalized average score of 53 out of 100, based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[27]

text: Brian Lowry of Variety said the film "...feels a trifle half-hearted",[28] while Carina Chocano of the Los Angeles Times stated "the film tackles weighty issues with grace but is still very funny". She praised Michael Patrick King's work saying very few movies "are willing to go to such dark places while remaining a comedy in the Shakespearean sense".[29] Colin Bertram of the New York Daily News dubbed the film a "great reunion", and was happy with the return of "The 'Oh, my God, they did not just do that!' moments, the nudity, the swearing, the unabashed love of human frailty and downright wackiness".[30] The Chicago Tribune's Jessica Reeves described it as "Witty, effervescent and unexpectedly thoughtful."[31] Michael Rechtshaffen at The Hollywood Reporter praised the performances of the four leading ladies and said the film kept the essence of the series, but resembled a super-sized episode.[32]

text: Manohla Dargis of The New York Times found the film "a vulgar, shrill, deeply shallow — and, at 2 hours and 22 turgid minutes, overlong — addendum to a show",[33] while The Daily Telegraph's Sukhdev Sandhu panned the film saying "the ladies have become frozen, Spice Girls-style types - angsty, neurotic, predatory, princess - rather than individuals who might evolve or surprise us".[34] Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail slammed the film commenting on lack of script and adding that the characters "don't perform so much as parade, fixed in their roles as semi-animated clothes hangers on a cinematic runway". He gave the film zero stars out of four.[35] Anthony Lane, a film critic for The New Yorker, called the film a "superannuated fantasy posing as a slice of modern life"; he noted that "almost sixty years after All About Eve, which also featured four major female roles, there is a deep sadness in the sight of Carrie and friends defining themselves not as Bette Davis, Anne Baxter, Celeste Holm, and Thelma Ritter did—by their talents, their hats, and the swordplay of their wits—but purely by their ability to snare and keep a man....All the film lacks is a subtitle: "The Lying, the Bitch, and the Wardrobe."[36]

text: Ramin Setoodeh of Newsweek speculated that some of the criticism for the film is derived possibly from sexism: "when you listen to men talk about it (and this is coming from the perspective of a male writer), a strange thing happens. The talk turns hateful. Angry. Vengeful. Annoyed...Is this just poor sportsmanship? I can't help but wonder—cue the Carrie Bradshaw voiceover here—if it's not a case of 'Sexism in the City.' Men hated the movie before it even opened...Movie critics, an overwhelmingly male demographic, gave it such a nasty tongue lashing you would have thought they were talking about an ex-girlfriend...The movie might not be Citizen Kane—which, for the record, is a dude flick—but it's incredibly sweet and touching."[25]

text: The movie featured on worst of 2008 lists including that of The Times,[37] Mark Kermode, The New York Observer,[38] The Tart[39] and The Daily Telegraph.[40]

text: Media releases[edit]

text: New Line Home Entertainment released a DVD and Blu-ray release of Sex and the City: The Movie on September 23, 2008.[41] There are two versions of the film released in the US on home video. There is a standard, single disc theatrical cut (the version seen in theaters) which comes in fullscreen or widescreen (in separate editions). Both discs are the same, except for the movie presentation. The only features are an audio commentary, deleted scenes, and a digital copy of the film. Also released on the same day as the standard edition is the two-disc special edition, which adds six minutes of footage to the film, along with the commentary from the standard edition DVD and a second disc that contains bonus features, as well as a digital copy of the widescreen theatrical version of the film. The only version of the film released on Blu-Ray is the two-disc extended cut, which is identical to the DVD version of the extended cut.

text: On December 9, 2008, New Line Home Entertainment released a third edition of Sex and the City: The Movie. This edition is a 4-disc set entitled Sex and the City: The Movie (The Wedding Collection). The 4-disc set features the previously released extended cut of the film on the first disc, the second disc has the bonus features from the extended cut and three additional featurettes, the third disc holds even more special features, and the fourth is a music CD with songs inspired by the movie, including the alternative mix of Fergie's "Labels or Love" from the beginning of the film. The set also comes with an exclusive hardcover book, featuring photos and quotes from the movie, and a numbered certificate of authenticity in a pink padded box.

text: A fourth edition was also released in Australia. This set contained the two discs from the Sex and the City: The Movie Special Edition and a bonus 'Sex and the City Inspired' Clutch Bag. This clutch being black in color in a tile or snake skin material.

text: The DVD has reached the #1 on the UK DVD Top Chart and is the fastest selling DVD release of 2008 in the UK, selling over 920,000 copies in one week. It is way ahead of the 700,000 copies sold for Ratatouille which was, prior to Sex and the City's release, the best selling DVD of 2008 in the UK. Although the record has since been beaten by Mamma Mia!

text: Sequel[edit]

text: Sex and the City 2 was released in cinemas on May 27, 2010, in the United States and May 28, 2010, in the United Kingdom. It was co-written, produced and directed by Michael Patrick King. The DVD was available for purchase in the United Kingdom on November 29, 2010. The film stars Sarah Jessica Parker, Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis, Cynthia Nixon, and Chris Noth, who reprised their roles from the previous film and television series. It also features cameos from Liza Minnelli, Miley Cyrus, Tim Gunn, Ron White, Omid Djalili, and Penélope Cruz, as well as Broadway actors Norm Lewis, Kelli O'Hara, and Ryan Silverman.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: 2008: Best Summer Movie So Far (Nominated)

text:
2008: Choice Movie Actress: Comedy (Sarah Jessica Parker, Nominated)
2008: Choice Movie: Chick Flick (Nominated)

text: 2008: Best Costume Design (Patricia Field, Nominated)

text:
2008: Favorite Cast (Sarah Jessica Parker, Kim Cattrall, Kristin Davis, Cynthia Nixon, Chris Noth, Nominated)
2008: Favorite Song from a Soundtrack (Fergie for "Labels or Love", Nominated)

text:
2008: Best Comedy (Nominated)
2008: Best Female Performance (Sarah Jessica Parker, Nominated)

text: 2008: Best Summer 2008 Blockbuster Poster (Nominated)

text: 2009: Excellence in Costume Design for Film - Contemporary (Patricia Field, Nominated)

text: 2009: Best Actress (Jennifer Hudson, Nominated)