document_title: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

question_text: most goals scored in a hockey game olympics

question_tokens: most goals scored in a hockey game olympics

text: Ice hockey at the Olympic Games

text: Inception as an Olympic sport[edit]

text: The first Olympic ice hockey tournament took place at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp, Belgium.[3] At the time, organized international ice hockey was still relatively new.[4] The International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the sport's governing body, was created on 15 May 1908, under the name Ligue Internationale de Hockey sur Glace.[5] At the 1914 Olympic Congress in Paris, ice hockey was added to the list of optional sports that Olympics organizers could include.[6] The decision to include ice hockey for the 1920 Summer Olympics was made in January, three months before the start of the Games.[7] Several occurrences led to the sport's inclusion in the programme. Five European nations had committed to participating in the tournament and the managers of Antwerp's Palais de Glace stadium refused to allow the building to be used for figure skating unless ice hockey was included.[7] The IIHF considers the 1920 tournament to be the first Ice Hockey World Championship. From then on, the two events occurred concurrently, and every Olympic tournament until 1968 is counted as the World Championship.[8] The Olympic Games were originally intended for amateur athletes, so the players of the National Hockey League (NHL) and other professional leagues were not allowed to play.[9]

text: The first Winter Olympic Games were held in 1924 in Chamonix, France.[10] Chapter 1, article 6, of the 2007 edition of the Olympic Charter defines winter sports as "sports which are practised on snow or ice".[11] Ice hockey and figure skating were permanently integrated in the Winter Olympics programme.[12] The IOC made the Winter Games a permanent fixture and they were held the same year as the Summer Games until 1992. Following that, further Winter Games have been held on the third year of each Olympiad.[13]

text: Events[edit]

text: Men's tournament[edit]

text: 1920 Summer Olympics[edit]

text: The men's tournament held at the 1920 Summer Olympics was organized by a committee that included future IIHF president Paul Loicq. The tournament used the Bergvall System, in which three rounds were played.[14] The first round was an elimination tournament that determined the gold medal winner. The second round consisted of the teams that were defeated by the gold medal winner; the winner of that round was awarded the silver medal. The final round was played between teams that had lost to the gold or silver medal winners; the winner of that round received the bronze medal.[15]

text: The tournament was played from 23 to 29 April and seven teams participated: Canada, Czechoslovakia, the United States, Switzerland, Sweden, France and Belgium. Canada chose to send the Allan Cup-winning Winnipeg Falcons. The Americans began a tournament to determine their representative team but abandoned it, deciding instead to send an all-star team that included four Canadian-born players. The Swedish team consisted of mostly bandy players, many of whom had only started playing hockey in preparation for the tournament.[15] Canada won all three of the team's games in the first round and won the gold medal, defeating Sweden in the final and outscoring opponents 27–1.[16] In the two subsequent rounds, the United States and Czechoslovakia won the silver and bronze medals respectively.[17] The Bergvall System was criticized, especially in Sweden, because the Swedish team had to play six games (winning three) while the bronze medal winning Czech team only had to play three (winning one). Erik Bergvall, the creator of the system, stated that it was used incorrectly and that a tournament of all of the losing teams from the first round should have been played for the silver medal.[15] Because of these criticisms, the Bergvall System was not used again for ice hockey.[15]

text: In 1924, the tournament was played in a round-robin format, consisting of a preliminary round and a medal round. The medals were awarded based on win–loss records during the medal round.[18] This format was used until 1988, although the number of teams and games played varied slightly. The Toronto Granites, representing Canada, became one of the dominant hockey teams in Olympic history, outscoring opponents 110–3, led by Harry Watson, who scored 36 goals.[19] The United States won silver and Great Britain won bronze.[20] Watson's 36 goals remains the tournament record for career goals. He also set the record for career points with 36 (assists were not counted at the time), which stood until 2010.[21]

text: Eleven teams participated in the 1928 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The Canadian team was given a bye to the medal round and won all of its games by a combined score of 38–0.[22] The Swedish and Swiss teams won their first medals—silver and bronze respectively—and a German team participated for the first time, finishing ninth.[23] At the 1932 Winter Olympics, Canada won gold in a tournament that consisted of four teams that played each other twice.[24] Germany won bronze, the nation's first medal in the sport.[25]

text: Two days before the 1936 Winter Olympics in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, Canadian officials protested that two players on the British team—James Foster and Alex Archer—had played in Canada but transferred without permission to play for clubs in the English National League. The IIHF agreed with Canada, but Great Britain threatened to withdraw the team if the two were barred from competing. To avoid a conflict, Canada withdrew the protest shortly before the Games began. The tournament consisted of four groups and fifteen teams. Great Britain became the first non-Canadian team to win gold; Canada won silver and the United States bronze.[26] World War II forced the cancellation of the 1940 and 1944 Winter Olympics.[27]

text: During the run-up to the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz, Switzerland, a conflict broke out between two American ice hockey bodies, the American Hockey Association (AHA) and the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU). The AAU, which had run amateur hockey in the United States since 1930, was expelled by the IIHF in 1947 when it refused to support a team composed of players from the AHA. The AAU stated that the AHA players were "openly paid salaries"; at the time, the Olympics were strictly for amateur players.[28] The Swiss Olympic Organizing Committee (SOOC) had accepted the AHA's application, but Avery Brundage of the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) threatened to withdraw the entire American team if the AHA participated in the Olympics. The IIHF countered by threatening to withdraw hockey from the Games if the AHA were banned. The IOC suggested that both American teams be banned but the SOOC rejected this proposal. The IOC decided to switch hockey to an unofficial event but relented when a compromise was reached. The AHA team was allowed to compete but would not be considered an official participant or allowed to win a medal. The AHA team finished fourth in the standings.[28][29][30] Both Czechoslovakia and Canada won seven games and tied when they played each other. The gold medal winner was determined by goal difference: Canada won the gold because it had an average of 13.8 goals per game compared to Czechoslovakia's average of 4.3.[31] Czechoslovakia's team was quickly improving; it won the 1947 and 1949 World Championships.[32]

text: At the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway, the gold medal was won by Canada's team for the second consecutive Games. It would be the last time that a Canadian team would win a gold medal in hockey for 50 years.[33] The United States won silver and Sweden won bronze. A team from Finland competed for the first time.[34]

text: The Soviet Union competed in its first World Championship in 1954, defeating Canada and winning the gold medal.[35] At the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy, the Soviet team went undefeated and won its first gold medal. Canada's team lost to the Soviets and the United States in the medal round, winning the bronze.[35] The 1960 Winter Olympics, in Squaw Valley, United States, saw the first, and to date only, team from Australia compete in the tournament. Canada, the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia and Sweden were the top four teams heading into the Games, but were all defeated by the American team, which won all seven games en route to its first Olympic gold medal. Canada won the silver medal and the Soviet Union won the bronze.[36]

text: At the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, the Soviet team won all seven of its games, earning the gold medal. Canada finished the tournament with five wins and two losses, putting the team in a three-way tie for second place with Sweden and Czechoslovakia. Before 1964, the tie-breaking procedure was based on goal difference in games against teams in the medal round; under that system, Canada would have placed third ahead of the Czechoslovakian team. During the tournament the procedure was changed to take all games into consideration, which meant that the Canadians finished fourth.[37] At the time, the Olympics counted as the World Championships; under their (unchanged) rules, Canada should have received bronze for the World Championships.[38][39][40]

text: The Soviet Union won its third gold medal with a 7-1 record in the 1968 Grenoble Olympics. Czechoslovakia and Canada won the silver and bronze medals.[41] It was the last time that the Olympics were counted as the World Championships. In 1970, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition protesting the use of full-time "amateurs" by the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia,[42][43][44] and the team did not participate in the 1972 and 1976 Winter Olympics.[44] Led by goaltender Vladislav Tretiak and forwards Valeri Kharlamov, Alexander Yakushev, Vladimir Petrov and Boris Mikhailov, the Soviet team won gold at both the 1972 Games in Sapporo, Japan and 1976 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria.[45] In 1971, the United States finished last at the World Championships and was relegated to Pool B. The team qualified for the 1972 Olympics and won silver, making it the first Pool B team to win an Olympic medal.[46] Czechoslovakia won the bronze medal in 1972.[47] In 1976, Czechoslovakia won the silver and West Germany won bronze.[48] Along with Canada, the Swedish team did not participate in the 1976 tournament joining the boycott.[49]

text: 1980: The "Miracle on Ice"[edit]

text: The Winter Olympics returned to Lake Placid, New York in 1980. Twelve teams participated in the tournament, including Canada for the first time since 1968. The Soviet Union entered the tournament as favourites and were considered natural rivals with the American team due to the Cold War.[51] The Americans, coached by Herb Brooks and consisting mainly of college students, tied Sweden and scored an upset win over Czechoslovakia in the preliminary round. They advanced to the medal round along with Sweden, Finland and the Soviet Union.[51]

text: The 22 February medal-round game between the Soviet Union and the United States became famously known as the "Miracle on Ice." The Soviets took a 2–1 lead, but the Americans tied the game with one second left in the first period.[52] In the second period, Soviet goaltender Vladislav Tretiak was replaced by Vladimir Myshkin.[51] The Soviets regained the lead early in the second period. However, the Americans kept the game close due to the goaltending of Jim Craig. In the third period, the Americans scored two goals, including the game winner by captain Mike Eruzione with exactly 10 minutes left to give the Americans a 4–3 lead.[52] Craig withstood another series of Soviet shots to preserve the win. In the final seconds of the game, American Broadcasting Company sportscaster Al Michaels delivered his famous line: "Do you believe in miracles? Yes!"[51][53]

text: The final rankings were based on points accumulated in matches against the other teams in the medal round. Despite the common misconception that the Americans won gold the night they beat the Soviets, this did not occur until 24 February when they defeated Finland 4–2 and finished the tournament undefeated.[54] The Soviets finished with silver; Sweden won the bronze. In 2008, the IIHF picked the Miracle on Ice as the top international hockey story of the past 100 years.[51]

text: At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union won its sixth gold medal. Czechoslovakia and Sweden won the silver and bronze medals.[55] The 1988 Winter Olympics were held in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, where the Soviet team captured its seventh and final gold medal. The Soviets' last Olympic game was a loss to Finland. The Finnish team was not considered a serious medal contender—it had competed in the World Championships since 1939 and had not won a single medal. However, Finland upset the Soviets 2–1 and won silver.[56] The IIHF decided to change the tournament format because in several cases, the gold medal winner had been decided before the final day of play. During a congress in 1990, the IIHF introduced a playoff system.[57] The new system was used at the 1992 Winter Olympics in Albertville, France. Preliminary round-robin games were held and followed by an eight-team cup-system style medal round that culminated in a gold medal game.[8]

text: Before 1989, players who lived in the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and other nations behind the Iron Curtain were not allowed to leave and play in the NHL.[59] Soviet officials agreed to allow players to leave following the 1989 World Championships.[60] Many of the Soviet Union's top players left to play in the NHL, including the entire "Green Unit"—Igor Larionov, Viacheslav Fetisov, Vladimir Krutov, Sergei Makarov and Alexei Kasatonov.[61] The Soviet Union dissolved in December 1991. Nine former Soviet states became part of the IIHF and started competing internationally, including Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia and Ukraine.[62] At the 1992 Olympics, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan competed as one entity, known as the Unified Team.[63] In the final, the Unified Team defeated Canada to win gold while Czechoslovakia won the bronze.[63]

text: Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in January 1993. The IIHF recognized the Czech Republic as the successor to Czechoslovakia, allowing the team to retain its position in the top World Championship division, while Slovakia started in the lowest division (Pool C) in 1994 and was forced to work its way up.[64] Both nations competed in the tournament at the 1994 Winter Olympics, as did Russia. Slovakia and Finland both finished the preliminary round undefeated. Slovakia lost their medal round quarter-final game to Russia 2–3 OT, who later lost to Sweden 3–4 in the semi-final and Finland (who was defeated by Canada in the another semi-final) 0–4 in the bronze medal game. In the gold medal game between Sweden and Canada, both teams finished regulation and overtime play with a 2–2 tie. In the resulting shootout, the first in Olympic competition,[65] both nations scored two goals, which resulted in a sudden death shootout. Peter Forsberg of Sweden scored one of the most famous goals in Olympic history by faking a forehand shot, then sliding a one-handed backhand shot past goaltender Corey Hirsch.[66][67][68] Canada's final shooter Paul Kariya's shot was saved by Tommy Salo and Sweden won the game and its first gold medal.[69]

text: In 1995, an agreement to allow NHL players to participate in Olympics was reached between the IOC, IIHF, NHL, and National Hockey League Players' Association (NHLPA).[70] The format of the 1998 tournament was adjusted to accommodate the NHL's schedule. Canada, considered a pre-tournament favourite, was upset in the semi-final round by the Czech Republic and then lost the bronze medal game to Finland.[71] Led by goaltender Dominik Hašek, the Czech team defeated Russia, winning its first gold medal in the sport.[9] Following the tournament, NHL commissioner Gary Bettman commented that it "was what we had predicted and hoped for from a pure hockey perspective, [it was] a wonderful tournament".[72]

text: The next tournament format was hosted at in Salt Lake City, United States. Finnish centre Raimo Helminen became the first ice hockey player to compete in six tournaments.[58] In the quarter-finals, Belarus defeated Sweden in one of the biggest upsets since the Miracle on Ice.[73][74] The team lost to Canada 7-1 in the semi-final and Russia 7-2 in the bronze medal game, respectively.[75] The Canadian team rebounded from a disappointing first round and defeated the American team (who eliminated Russia 3–2 in the semi-final) in the gold medal game, winning their first gold medal in 50 years and seventh in men's hockey overall.[76]

text: The tournament format was adjusted for 2006. In the semi-finals, Sweden defeated the Czech Republic 7–3, and Finland ousted Russia 4–0. Sweden won the gold medal over Finland 3–2 and the Czech Republic won the bronze medal over Russia 3–0. Three months later, Sweden won the 2006 World Championships and became the first team to win the Olympic and World Championship gold in the same year.[77]

text: The 2010 Winter Olympics were held in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the first time since NHL players started competing that the Olympics were held in a city with an NHL team. Teemu Selänne of Finland scored his 37th point, breaking the record of 36 first set by Canadian Harry Watson in 1924 and later tied by Vlastimil Bubník of Czechoslovakia, and Valeri Kharlamov of the Soviet Union.[21] Slovakia made the final four for the first time, but lost the bronze medal game to Finland 3–5.[78] In the gold medal game, Canada and the United States ended regulation play with a 2–2 tie, making it only the second Olympic gold medal match to go into overtime. Canadian player Sidney Crosby scored the winning goal 7:40 into overtime play to give Canada its eighth gold medal in men's hockey.[79]

text: The 2014 Winter Olympics were held in Sochi, Russia, and retained the same game format used in Vancouver 2010, while returning to the larger international-sized ice rinks.[80] Slovenia participated for the first time, upsetting Slovakia in the round-robin before losing to Sweden in the quarterfinals 0–5, for its best finish in any international tournament.[81] Latvia upset Switzerland 3–1 in the qualification playoffs, also making it to the Olympic quarterfinals for the first time, where they were narrowly defeated by Canada 2–1.[82] Host nation Russia, considered a pre-tournament favourite, lost 3–1 in the quarterfinals to Finland and finished 5th.[83] Entering the semi-finals undefeated after outscoring opponents 20–6, the United States lost to Canada 0–1, then lost the bronze medal game against Finland 0–5. Teemu Selänne scored six more points in the tournament, was named tournament MVP and boosted his modern-era Olympic career record for points to 43 (24 goals, 19 assists). At the age of 43, he also set records as both the oldest Olympic goal-scorer and oldest Olympic ice hockey medal winner.[84] Canada defeated Sweden 3–0 to win its ninth Olympic gold medal. The team did not trail at any point over the course of the tournament, and became the first back-to-back gold medal winner since the start of NHL participation in 1998, as well as the first team to go undefeated since 1984.[85]

text: Women's tournament[edit]

text: Addition to the programme[edit]

text: At the 99th IOC Session in July 1992, the IOC voted to approve women's hockey as an Olympic event beginning with the 1998 Winter Olympics as part of their effort to increase the number of female athletes at the Olympics.[88] Women's ice hockey had not been in the programme when Nagano, Japan had won the right to host the Olympics in June 1991, and the decision required approval by the Nagano Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (NAOOC). The NAOOC was initially hesitant to include the event because of the additional costs of staging the tournament and because they felt their team, which had failed to qualify for that year's World Championships, could not be competitive.[89] According to Glynis Peters, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association's (CAHA) head of female hockey, "the Japanese would have to finance an entirely new sports operation to bring their team up to Olympic standards in six years, which they were also really reluctant to do."[90] In November 1992, the NWOOC and IOC Coordination Committee reached an agreement to include a women's ice hockey tournament in the programme.[89] Part of the agreement was that the tournament would be limited to six teams, and no additional facilities would be built. The CAHA also agreed to help build and train the Japanese team so that it could be more competitive.[90] The IOC had agreed that if the NAOOC had not approved the event, it would be held at the 2002 Winter Olympics.[89] The format of the first tournament was similar to the men's: preliminary round-robin games followed by a medal round playoff.[91]

text: Before 1998, women's hockey had been dominated by Canada. Canadian teams had won every World Championship up to that point; however, by 1997, the American team had improved and was evenly matched with Canada. In thirteen games played between the two teams in 1997, Canada won seven and the United States won six. The 1998 Olympic tournament also included teams from Finland, Sweden, China and host Japan. Canada and the United States dominated the round-robin portion. In their head-to-head match, the United States overcame a 4–1 deficit to win 7–4.[92] The two teams met in the final, which the United States won 3–1 to become the third American ice hockey team to win Olympic gold. Finland defeated China 4–1 to win the bronze medal.[93]

text: For the 2002 Winter Olympics, the number of teams was increased to eight with Russia, Germany and Kazakhstan qualifying for the first time.[94] The Canadian and American teams went undefeated in the first round and semi-finals, setting up a gold medal rematch that the Canadian team won 3–2.[95] Following the game, members of the Canadian team accused the Americans of stomping on a Canadian flag in their dressing room, although an investigation later proved the rumour false.[96] The Swedish team won the bronze medal over Finland 2–1, the nation's first in women's ice hockey.[97]

text: In 2006, the American team was upset in the semi-final game, by Sweden 2–3 SO, marking the first time that it had lost to an opponent other than Canada.[98] The upset drew comparisons to the Miracle on Ice from 1980.[99][100] In the medal games, Canada defeated Sweden 4–1 to claim its second consecutive gold medal, while the Americans beat Finland 4–0 to win the bronze.[101][102]

text: In 2010, eight teams participated, including Slovakia for the first time.[103] In the gold medal game, Canada defeated the United States 2–0 to win their third consecutive gold. The Finnish team won the bronze medal over Sweden 3–2 OT, their first since 1998.[104]

text: At the 2014 Winter Olympics, Canada defeated the United States 3–2, as Marie-Philip Poulin scored at 8:10 of overtime to win their fourth consecutive gold, rebounding from a two-nothing deficit late in the game. With the win, Canadians Hayley Wickenheiser, Jayna Hefford and Caroline Ouellette became the first athletes to win four ice hockey gold medals. They also joined Soviet biathlete Alexander Tikhonov and German speedskater Claudia Pechstein as the only athletes to win gold medals in four straight Winter Olympics.[105] In the bronze medal game Switzerland beat Sweden 4–3 to win their first women's medal.[106]

text: Team USA beat Canada at the 2018 games in Pyeongchang in a shootout to win their first gold medal in 20 years.

text: The 2022 edition will be played with ten teams.[107]

text: Rules[edit]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Since 1976, 12 teams have participated in the men's tournament, except in 1998 and 2002, when the number was raised to 14. The number of teams has ranged from 4 (in 1932) to 16 (in 1964). After the NHL allowed its players to compete at the 1998 Winter Olympics, the "Big Six" teams (Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Russia, Sweden and the United States) were given automatic qualification and byes to the final round.[108] The number of teams was increased to 14 so that a preliminary round-robin tournament consisting of eight teams could be held. The top two teams from the preliminary round (Belarus and Kazakhstan) joined the "Big Six" in the finals. A similar system was used in 2002.[109] For the following tournament, the number of teams was lowered to 12 so that all teams played fewer games.[110] Qualification for the men's tournament at the 2010 Winter Olympics was structured around the 2008 IIHF World Ranking. Twelve spots were made available for teams. The top nine teams in the World Ranking after the 2008 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths. Teams ranked 19th through 30th played in a first qualification round in November 2008. The top three teams from the round advanced to the second qualification round, joined by teams ranked 10th through 18th. The top three teams from this round advanced to the Olympic tournament.[111][112]

text: The women's tournament uses a similar qualification format. The top six teams in the IIHF Women's World Ranking after the 2008 Women's World Ice Hockey Championships received automatic berths. Teams ranked 13th and below were divided into two groups for a first qualification round in September 2008. The two group winners advanced to the second qualification round, where the teams ranked seventh through twelfth joined them.[113]

text: Players[edit]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: The IIHF lists the following requirements for a player to be eligible to play in international tournaments:[114]

text:
"Each player must be under the jurisdiction of an IIHF member national association."
"Each player must be a citizen of the country he/she represents."

text: If a player who has never played in an IIHF competition changes their citizenship, they must participate in national competitions in their new country for at least two consecutive years and have an international transfer card (ITC).[114] If a player who has previously played in an IIHF tournament wishes to change their national team, they must have played in their new country for four years. A player can only do this once.[114] The original IOC rules stated that an athlete that had already played for one nation could not later change nations under any circumstances.[7]

text: Use of professional players[edit]

text: Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the IOC, was influenced by the ethos of the aristocracy as exemplified in the English public schools.[115] The public schools subscribed to the belief that sport formed an important part of education and there was a prevailing concept of fairness in which practicing or training was considered cheating.[115] As class structure evolved through the 20th century, the definition of the amateur athlete as an aristocratic gentleman became outdated.[115] The advent of the state-sponsored "full-time amateur athlete" of the Eastern Bloc countries further eroded the ideology of the pure amateur, as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.[1] Nevertheless, the IOC held to the traditional rules regarding amateurism until 1988.[116]

text: Near the end of the 1960s, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the IIHF and IOC. Avery Brundage, president of the IOC from 1952 to 1972, was opposed to the idea of amateur and professional players competing together. At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players[44] at the 1970 World Championships in Montreal and Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.[117] The decision was reversed in January 1970 after Brundage said that ice hockey's status as an Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made.[44] In response, Canada withdrew from international ice hockey competition and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.[44][118] Günther Sabetzki became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.[119]

text: Before the 1984 Winter Olympics, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the United States Olympic Committee maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games.[120] This made five players on Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two Italians and two Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the World Hockey Association—were allowed to play.[120] Canadian hockey official Alan Eagleson stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in European leagues were still considered amateurs.[121] Murray Costello of the CAHA suggested that a Canadian withdrawal was possible.[122] In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in the Olympic Games starting in 1988.[123][124]

text: NHL participation[edit]

text: The NHL decided not to allow all players to participate in 1988, 1992, 1994 and 2018 because the Winter Olympics typically occur in February, during the league's regular season. To allow participation, the NHL would have been forced to take a break in its schedule.[125]

text: In 1992, National Basketball Association (NBA) players participated in the 1992 Summer Olympics. The American "Dream Team" dominated the tournament, and NHL commissioner Gary Bettman (an NBA executive in 1992) commented that the "[NBA]'s worldwide awareness grew dramatically". He hoped that NHL participation would "get exposure like the world has never seen for hockey".[70] The typical NBA season is held in the winter and spring, so the Summer Olympics do not conflict with the regular season schedule. Bettman "floated a concept of moving hockey to the Summer Games", but this was rejected because of the Olympic Charter.[70] In March 1995, Bettman, René Fasel, IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch and NHLPA executive director Bob Goodenow met in Geneva, Switzerland. They reached an agreement that allowed NHL players to participate in the Olympics, starting with the 1998 Games in Nagano, Japan.[70] The deal was officially announced by the NHL on 2 October 1995. Bettman said: "We're doing this to build the game of hockey, pure and simple, we think whatever benefits are recouped, it will end up making this game bigger, stronger and healthier."[126]

text: The 2004–05 NHL season was locked out and eventually cancelled because of a labour dispute between the league and its players. In January 2005, Bettman commented that he was hesitant to allow league participation in the Olympics because he did not like the idea of stopping play mid-season after the cancellation of the previous season.[128] The lockout was resolved in July 2005 and the newly negotiated NHL Collective Bargaining Agreement allowed league participation in the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics.[129] Some NHL team owners were against their players participating in the tournament because of concerns about injury or exhaustion. Philadelphia Flyers owner Ed Snider commented that "I'm a believer in the Olympics and I think it's good for the NHL to participate, having said that, the people who participate should be the ones who are absolutely healthy."[130] Some NHL players used the break as an opportunity to rest and did not participate in the tournament,[131] and several players were injured during the Olympics and were forced to miss NHL games. Bettman said that several format changes were being discussed so that the tournament would be "a little easier for everybody".[132]

text: It was originally thought that for NHL participating in the 2014 Winter Olympics a deal would have to be negotiated between the NHL and NHLPA in the Collective Bargaining Agreement.[134] In January 2013, the NHL and NHLPA agreed on a new Collective Bargaining Agreement.[135] However, the decision on NHL participation at the Olympics was later announced on 19 July 2013. As part of the deal, the NHL will go on break for 17 days during the Olympics and will send 13 on-ice officials to help with the Games.[136] NHL management was hesitant to commit to the tournament; Bettman argued the Olympic break is a "strain on the players, on the schedule and on fans", adding that "the benefits we get tend to be greater when the Olympics are in North America than when they're in distant time zones."[137] According to Bettman, most of the NHL team owners agree with his position, and feel that the league does not receive enough benefits to justify the schedule break and risk of player injuries.[138] René Fasel wants NHL participation and vowed that he would "work day and night to have NHL players in Sochi".[139]

text: At an October 2008 press conference, then-NHLPA executive director Paul Kelly stated that the players want to return to the Olympics and would try to include the ability in the next agreement.[138] Russian NHL players Alexander Ovechkin and Evgeni Malkin stated that they want to participate in the tournament and would do so without the permission of the NHL, if necessary.[133]  Paul Kelly also believed that the NHL's strained relationship with the Ice Hockey Federation of Russia and the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) could affect participation.[134] In a 2009 interview, KHL president Alexander Medvedev claimed that the unwillingness of NHL officials to immediately commit to the Sochi Games was "an instrument of pressure" to force a transfer agreement between the two leagues.[140]

text: A major sticking point over NHL participation has been the insurance of players; for the 2014 Winter Olympics, the IOC paid around US$7 million to insure NHL players participating in the Games. In April 2016, the IOC announced that beginning in 2018, it would no longer cover accommodations, insurance, or travel for NHL players in the Olympics, prompting the IIHF to ask for support from national ice hockey associations and National Olympic Committees to help cover costs; Matti Nurminen of the Finnish Ice Hockey Association argued that it was the responsibility of the event's organizer to cover costs, and that "In our opinion, the same party should pay the bills, and that’s not us. All the countries replied to the IIHF that they are not willing to pay for the insurance or the travel or any of the other expenses that are related to having the NHL players participate in Pyeongchang." The New York Times felt that the removal of this financial support would put NHL participation at Pyeongchang in jeopardy, noting the already-strenuous relationship between the NHL and the IOC; Gary Bettman noted that the NHL does not profit from their presence, adding that "in fact, we kind of disappear for two weeks because historically the IOC hasn't even let us join in promoting our participation in the Olympics."[141]

text: On 3 April 2017, the NHL announced that it would not participate in the 2018 Winter Olympics. In that statement, the NHL said that it had been open to hearing from the IOC, the IIHF, and the players' association on ways to make Olympic participation more attractive to team owners, but no meaningful dialogue on that matter had materialized. As to reasons the Board of Governors might be interested in re-evaluating their strongly held views on the subject, the NHLPA "confirmed that it has no interest or intention of engaging in any discussion that might make Olympic participation more attractive to the Clubs", and that it would not schedule a break for the Olympics in the 2017–18 season.[142]

text: Game rules[edit]

text: At the first tournament in 1920, there were many differences from the modern game: games were played outdoors on natural ice, forward passes were not allowed,[15] the rink (which had been intended to be used only for figure skating) was 56 m × 18 m (165 ft × 58.5 ft)[7] and two 20-minute periods were played.[14] Each team had seven players on the ice, the extra position being the rover.[8] Following the tournament, the IIHF held a congress and decided to adopt the Canadian rules—six men per side and three periods of play.[15]

text: The tournaments follow the rules used by the IIHF. At the 1969 IIHF Congress, officials voted to allow body-checking in all three zones in a rink similar to the NHL. Before that, body-checking was only allowed in the defending zone in international hockey.[143] Several other rule changes were implemented in the early 1970s: players were required to wear helmets starting in 1970, and goaltender masks became mandatory in 1972.[8] In 1992, the IIHF switched to using a playoff system to determine medalists and decided that tie games in the medal round would be decided in a shootout.[144] In 1998, the IIHF passed a rule that allowed two-line passes. Before then, the neutral zone trap had slowed the game down and reduced scoring.[145]

text: The current IIHF rules differ slightly from the rules used in the NHL.[146] One difference between NHL and IIHF rules is standard rink dimensions: the NHL rink is narrower, measuring 61 m × 26 m (200 ft × 85 ft), instead of the international size of 61 m × 30.5 m (200 ft × 100 ft)[147] The larger international size allows for a faster and less physical style of play.[148][149] Another rule difference between the NHL and the IIHF rules concerns how icing is called. In the NHL, a linesman stops play due to icing if a defending player (other than the goaltender) is not behind an attacking player in the race to the end-zone faceoff dots in his defensive zone,[150] in contrast to the IIHF rules in which play is stopped the moment the puck crosses the goal line.[150] The NHL and IIHF also differ in penalty rules. The NHL calls five-minute major penalties for more dangerous infractions of the rules, such as fighting, in addition to the minor and double minor penalties called in IIHF games.[151] This is in contrast to the IIHF rule, by which players who fight are ejected from the game.[152] Beginning with the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted several new rules. Some were already used by the IIHF, such as the shootout and the two-line pass.[153] Others were not picked up by the IIHF, such as those requiring smaller goaltender equipment and the addition of the goaltender trapezoid to the rink.[154] However, the IIHF did agree to follow the NHL's zero-tolerance policy on obstruction and required referees to call more hooking, holding, and interference penalties.[155][156]

text: Each team is allowed to have between 15 and 20 skaters (forwards and defencemen) and two or three goaltenders, all of whom must be citizens of the nation they play for.[157][158]

text: One of the conditions of the NHL's participation in the Olympics is to include regular NHL referees and linesmen in the tournament, despite the fact that they are American or Canadian, and thus gives the perception of American or Canadian bias in the officiating.[159][160][161]

text: Banned substances[edit]

text: The IIHF follows the World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) regulations on performance-enhancing drugs. The IIHF maintains a Registered Testing Pool, a list of top players who are subjected to random in-competition and out-of-competition drug tests.[162] According to the WADA, a positive in-competition test results in disqualification of the player and a suspension that varies based on the number of offences. When a player tests positive, the rest of their team is subjected to testing; another positive test can result in a disqualification of the entire team.[163] In 2001, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) pushed for American NHL players who were potential Olympians to be subject to random drug tests. The USOC requires all Olympic-bound athletes to be randomly tested by the United States Anti-Doping Agency, but had exempted NHL players in 1998. The NHL preferred a more uniform method, in which all players would undergo the same number of tests from the WADA.[164][165] An agreement was reached that the WADA would start testing players after the NHL playoffs were finished.[166]

text:
Players who have tested positive for banned substances

Athlete

Nation

Olympics

Substance

Punishment

Notes

Alois Schloder

 West Germany

1972

Ephedrine

Six month suspension from IIHF

The first Winter Olympics athlete to test positive for a banned substance,[167] Schloder was banned from the rest of the Games but his team was allowed to continue playing.[47]

František Pospíšil

 Czechoslovakia

1976

Codeine

None

Team doctor Otto Trefny, who prescribed Pospíšil the drug as treatment for the flu, received a lifetime ban. The team was forced to forfeit a game against Poland but went on to win the silver medal, which Pospíšil also received.[168][169]

Jarosław Morawiecki

 Poland

1988

Testosterone

18-month suspension from IIHF

The Polish team was allowed to continue playing without Morawiecki, but were stripped of two points they earned in a victory over France.[170]

Mattias Öhlund

 Sweden

2002

Acetazolamide

None

Öhlund had inadvertently ingested the substance in medication he was taking after undergoing eye surgery and was not suspended.[171]

Vasily Pankov

 Belarus

2002

19-Norandrosterone

Retroactively disqualified

Pankov was also forced to return his Olympic diploma. Evgeni Lositski, the team doctor, was banned from the following two Olympics.[172]

Ľubomír Višňovský

 Slovakia

2010

Pseudoephedrine

Issued a reprimand

Višňovský took Advil Cold & Sinus to combat a cold, unaware that it contained a WADA prohibited substance. He had consulted with the Slovak national team doctor and declared that he was taking the medication. Levels on samples two and three were well below WADA limits.[173]

Vitalijs Pavlovs

 Latvia

2014

Methylhexaneamine (dimethylpentylamine)

Disqualified from quarter-final game

Pavlovs was disqualified from the Canada-Latvia quarter-final game and was forced to return his Olympic diploma. According to Pavlovs, he had "been taking food supplements upon the recommendation of the doctor of his club team and that he did not understand how this substance entered his body."[174]

Nicklas Bäckström

 Sweden

2014

Pseudoephedrine

Pulled from gold medal game

Bäckström was taking an over-the-counter medication to treat a sinus condition. He consulted with the team doctor and was informed that there would not be a problem. Bäckström's medal was initially withheld but was returned the following month. The IOC determined that "there was no indication of any intent of the athlete to improve his performance by taking a prohibited substance."[175][176]
[177]

Ralfs Freibergs

 Latvia

2014

Anabolic androgenic steroid

Disqualified from quarter-final game

Freibergs was disqualified from the Canada-Latvia quarter-final game and was forced to return his Olympic diploma.

Inna Dyubanok

 Russia

Ice hockey Women's tournament

Disappearing Sample

Retroactively disqualified

IOC sanction imposed in 2017[178]

Yekaterina Lebedeva

 Russia

Ice hockey Women's tournament

Disappearing Sample

Retroactively disqualified

IOC sanction imposed in 2017[179]

Yekaterina Pashkevich

 Russia

Ice hockey Women's tournament

Disappearing Sample

Retroactively disqualified

IOC sanction imposed in 2017[180]

Anna Shibanova

 Russia

Ice hockey Women's tournament

Disappearing Sample

Retroactively disqualified

IOC sanction imposed in 2017[181]

Yekaterina Smolentseva

 Russia

Ice hockey Women's tournament

Disappearing Sample

Retroactively disqualified

IOC sanction imposed in 2017[182]

Galina Skiba

 Russia

Ice hockey Women's tournament

Disappearing Sample

Retroactively disqualified

IOC sanction imposed in 2017[183]

Tatiana Burina

 Russia

Ice hockey Women's tournament

Disappearing Sample

Retroactively disqualified

IOC sanction imposed in 2017[184]

Anna Shukina

 Russia

Ice hockey Women's tournament

Disappearing Sample

Retroactively disqualified

IOC sanction imposed in 2017[185]

text: In late 2005, two NHL players who had been listed as potential Olympians failed drug tests administered by the WADA. American Bryan Berard, who had competed in the 1998 Winter Olympics, tested positive for 19-Norandrosterone.[186] Canadian José Théodore failed a drug test because he was taking Propecia, a hair loss medication that contains the non-performance-enhancing drug Finasteride.[187] Both players received two-year bans from international competition, although neither had made their team's final roster.[188] On 6 December 2017 six Russian ice hockey players were disqualified for doping violations. Results of the Russian women's team at the 2014 Winter Olympics were made void.[189] Two other Russian players, Tatiana Burina and Anna Shukina, were also disqualified ten days later.[190]

text: Statistics[edit]

text: Participating nations[edit]

text: Key

text:
#

The final rank of the team.

=#

Indicates that two or more teams shared the same final rank.

–

The team did not participate that year.

Q

The team has qualified for the tournament.

DSQ

The team was disqualified during the tournament.

The nation did not exist with that designation at that time.

References:[191][192]

text: Men:

text:
Nation

1920

24

28

32

36

48

52

56

60

64

68

72

76

80

84

88

92

94

98

02

06

10

14

18

Total

 Australia (AUS)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
9
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1

 Austria (AUT)
–
–
5
–
7
7
–
10
–
13
13
–
8
–
10
9
–
12
14
12
–
–
10
–
13

 Belarus (BLR)

–
7
4
–
9
–
–
3

 Belgium (BEL)
6
7
8
–
9
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
4

 Bulgaria (BUL)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1

 Canada (CAN)
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
2
4
3
–
–
6
4
4
2
2
4
1
7
1
1
3
22

 Czech Republic (CZE)

5
1
7
3
7
6
4
7

 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
3
5
5
–
4
2
4
5
4
3
2
3
2
5
2
6
3

16

 Finland (FIN)
–
–
–
–
–
–
7
–
7
6
5
5
4
4
6
2
7
3
3
6
2
3
3
6
17

 France (FRA)
6
5
5
–
9
–
–
–
–
–
14
–
–
–
–
11
8
10
11
14
–
–
–
–
10

 Germany (GER)
–
–
8
3
5
–

6
7
9
8
10
11
–
2
10

 West Germany (FRG)

8
6
6
7
7
7
3
10
5
5

10

 East Germany (GDR)

–
–
–
–
8
–
–
–
–
–

1

 Great Britain (GBR)
–
3
4
–
1
5
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
4

 Hungary (HUN)
–
–
11
–
7
–
–
–
–
16
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
3

 Italy (ITA)
–
–
–
–
9
8
–
7
–
15
–
–
–
–
9
–
12
9
12
–
11
–
–
–
9

 Japan (JPN)
–
–
–
–
9
–
–
–
8
11
10
9
9
12
–
–
–
–
13
–
–
–
–
–
8

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)

–
8
–
9
–
–
–
2

 Latvia (LAT)
–
–
–
–
9

–
–
–
9
12
12
8
–
5

 Netherlands (NED)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
8
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
1

 Norway (NOR)
–
–
–
–
–
–
9
–
–
10
11
8
–
11
12
12
9
11
–
–
–
10
12
8
12

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)

1
1

 Poland (POL)
–
–
8
4
9
6
6
8
–
9
–
6
6
7
8
10
11
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
13

 Romania (ROU)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12
12
–
7
9
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
4

 Russia (RUS)

4
2
3
4
6
5
DSQ[193]
6

 Slovakia (SVK)

6
10
13
5
4
11
11
7

 Slovenia (SLO)

–
–
–
–
–
7
9
2

 South Korea (KOR)

–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
12
1

 Soviet Union (URS)

–
–
–
–
–
–
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1

9

 Sweden (SWE)
4
4
2
–
5
4
3
4
5
2
4
4
–
3
3
3
5
1
5
5
1
5
2
5
22

 Switzerland (SUI)
5
7
3
–
9
3
5
9
–
8
–
10
11
–
–
8
10
–
–
11
6
8
9
10
17

 Ukraine (UKR)

–
–
10
–
–
–
–
1

 Unified Team (EUN)

1

1

 United States (USA)
2
2
–
2
3
DSQ
2
2
1
5
6
2
5
1
7
7
4
8
6
2
8
2
4
7
23

 Yugoslavia (YUG)
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
14
9
11
10
–
11
–
–
–
–
–

5

Total teams
7
8
11
4
15
9
9
10
9
16
14
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
14
14
12
12
12
12
262

text: Women:

text:
Nation

98

02

06

10

14

18

Total

 Canada (CAN)
2
1
1
1
1
2
6

 China (CHN)
4
7
–
7
–
–
3

 Finland (FIN)
3
4
4
3
5
3
6

 Germany (GER)
–
6
5
–
7
–
3

 Italy (ITA)
–
–
8
–
–
–
1

 Japan (JPN)
6
–
–
–
8
6
3

 Kazakhstan (KAZ)
–
8
–
–
–
–
1

 Korea (COR)

8
1

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)

4
1

 Russia (RUS)
–
5
6
6
DSQ[194]
DSQ[195]
4

 Slovakia (SVK)
–
–
–
8
–
–
1

 Sweden (SWE)
5
3
2
4
4
7
6

 Switzerland (SUI)
–
–
7
5
3
5
4

 United States (USA)
1
2
3
2
2
1
6

Total teams
6
8
8
8
8
8
32

text: Medal winners[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text:
Games

Gold

Silver

Bronze

1920 Antwerp
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1924 Chamonix
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Great Britain (GBR)

1928 St. Moritz
 Canada (CAN)
 Sweden (SWE)
 Switzerland (SUI)

1932 Lake Placid
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Germany (GER)

1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
 Great Britain (GBR)
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)

1948 St. Moritz
 Canada (CAN)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
 Switzerland (SUI)

1952 Oslo
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Sweden (SWE)

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
 Soviet Union (URS)
 United States (USA)
 Canada (CAN)

1960 Squaw Valley
 United States (USA)
 Canada (CAN)
 Soviet Union (URS)

1964 Innsbruck
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Sweden (SWE)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1968 Grenoble
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
 Canada (CAN)

1972 Sapporo
 Soviet Union (URS)
 United States (USA)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1976 Innsbruck
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
 West Germany (FRG)

1980 Lake Placid
 United States (USA)
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Sweden (SWE)

1984 Sarajevo
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
 Sweden (SWE)

1988 Calgary
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Finland (FIN)
 Sweden (SWE)

1992 Albertville
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Canada (CAN)
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)

1994 Lillehammer
 Sweden (SWE)
 Canada (CAN)
 Finland (FIN)

1998 Nagano
 Czech Republic (CZE)
 Russia (RUS)
 Finland (FIN)

2002 Salt Lake City
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Russia (RUS)

2006 Turin
 Sweden (SWE)
 Finland (FIN)
 Czech Republic (CZE)

2010 Vancouver
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Finland (FIN)

2014 Sochi
 Canada (CAN)
 Sweden (SWE)
 Finland (FIN)

2018 Pyeongchang
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
 Germany (GER)
 Canada (CAN)

text: Women[edit]

text:
Games

Gold

Silver

Bronze

1998 Nagano
 United States (USA)
 Canada (CAN)
 Finland (FIN)

2002 Salt Lake City
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Sweden (SWE)

2006 Turin
 Canada (CAN)
 Sweden (SWE)
 United States (USA)

2010 Vancouver
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Finland (FIN)

2014 Sochi
 Canada (CAN)
 United States (USA)
 Switzerland (SUI)

2018 Pyeongchang
 United States (USA)
 Canada (CAN)
 Finland (FIN)

text: Medal table[edit]

text: Men[edit]

text:
Rank

Nation

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
9
4
3
16

2
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
1
1
9

3
 United States (USA)
2
8
1
11

4
 Sweden (SWE)
2
3
4
9

5
 Czech Republic (CZE)
1
0
1
2

 Great Britain (GBR)
1
0
1
2

7
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
0
0
1

 Unified Team (EUN)
1
0
0
1

9
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
0
4
4
8

10
 Finland (FIN)
0
2
4
6

11
 Germany (GER)
0
1
1
2

 Russia (RUS)
0
1
1
2

13
 Switzerland (SUI)
0
0
2
2

14
 West Germany (FRG)
0
0
1
1

text: Women[edit]

text:
Rank

Nation

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
4
2
0
6

2
 United States (USA)
2
3
1
6

3
 Sweden (SWE)
0
1
1
2

4
 Finland (FIN)
0
0
3
3

5
 Switzerland (SUI)
0
0
1
1

text: Overall[edit]

text:
Rank

Nation

Gold

Silver

Bronze

Total

1
 Canada (CAN)
13
6
3
22

2
 Soviet Union (URS)
7
1
1
9

3
 United States (USA)
4
11
2
17

4
 Sweden (SWE)
2
4
5
11

5
 Czech Republic (CZE)
1
0
1
2

 Great Britain (GBR)
1
0
1
2

7
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1
0
0
1

 Unified Team (EUN)
1
0
0
1

9
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
0
4
4
8

10
 Finland (FIN)
0
2
7
9

11
 Germany (GER)
0
1
1
2

 Russia (RUS)
0
1
1
2

13
 Switzerland (SUI)
0
0
3
3

14
 West Germany (FRG)
0
0
1
1

text: Men's gold medal game on-ice officials[edit]

text: The following is a list of the on-ice officials for the men's gold medal game beginning in 1920 and again from 1992 when such game was reintroduced. The editions in which National Hockey League players participated – from 1998 to 2014 – were primarily officiated by NHL officials.

text:
Olympics

Referee

Referee

Linesman

Linesman

2018

 Mark Lemelin

 Aleksi Rantala

 Jimmy Dahmén

 Sakari Suominen

2014

 Brad Meier

 Kelly Sutherland

 Derek Amell

 Greg Devorski

2010

 Bill McCreary

 Dan O'Halloran

 Stefan Fonselius

 Jean Morin

2006

 Paul Devorski

 Milan Mášik

 Thor Nelson

2002

 Bill McCreary

 Mike Cvik

 Antti Hämäläinen

1998

 Bill McCreary

 Ulf Rönnmark

 Ray Scapinello

1994

 Rob Hearn

 Jay Borman

 Václav Český

1992

 Sven-Erik Sold

 Johan Enestedt

 Janne Rautavuori

1920

 Joseph McCormick


document_title: The Perks of Being a Wallflower

question_text: when was the perks of being a wallflower banned

root

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower

text: Plot[edit]

text: Charlie, the 15-year-old protagonist, begins writing letters about his own life to an unknown recipient. In these letters he discusses his first year at high school and his struggles with two traumatic experiences: the suicide of his only middle-school friend, Michael Dobson, and the death of his favorite aunt, Helen.

tag: p

text: His English teacher, who encourages Charlie to call him Bill, notices Charlie's passion for reading and writing, and acts as a mentor by assigning him extracurricular books and reports. Although he is a wallflower, Charlie is befriended by two seniors: Patrick and Sam. Patrick is secretly dating Brad, a closeted football player, and Sam is Patrick's stepsister. Charlie quickly develops a crush on Sam and subsequently admits his feelings to her. It is revealed that Sam was sexually abused as a child, and she kisses Charlie to ensure that his first kiss is from someone who truly loves him.

text: In parallel, Charlie witnesses his sister's boyfriend hit her across the face, but she forbids him from telling their parents. He eventually mentions the occurrence to Bill, who tells Charlie's parents about it. Charlie's relationship with his sister rapidly deteriorates and she continues to see her boyfriend against her parents' wishes. Eventually, he discovers that his sister is pregnant and agrees to bring her to an abortion clinic without telling anyone. His sister breaks up with her boyfriend, after which her and Charlie's relationship begins to improve significantly.

text: Charlie is accepted by Sam and Patrick's group of friends and begins experimenting with tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. At a party Charlie trips on LSD. He cannot control his flashbacks of Aunt Helen, who died in a car crash on her way to buy him a birthday gift. He ends up in the hospital after falling asleep in the snow. At a Rocky Horror Picture Show performance, Charlie is asked to fill in as Rocky for Sam's boyfriend Craig, who is unavailable. Their friend Mary Elizabeth is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance and they enter into a desultory relationship. The relationship ends, however, during a game of truth or dare when Charlie is dared to kiss the prettiest girl in the room. He kisses Sam, and Mary Elizabeth storms out of the room in response. Following this, Patrick suggests that Charlie stay away from Sam for a while, and the rest of the friend group shuns him. His flashbacks of Aunt Helen return.

text: Patrick and Brad's relationship is discovered by Brad's abusive father, and Brad disappears from school for a few days. Upon returning, Brad is cold and mean toward Patrick, while Patrick attempts to reconnect with him. However, when Brad derogatorily attacks Patrick's sexuality in public, Patrick physically attacks Brad until other football players join in and gang up on Patrick. Charlie joins in the fight to help Patrick, and breaks it up, regaining the respect of Sam and her friends. Patrick begins spending much of his time with Charlie and Patrick kisses Charlie impulsively and then apologizes, but Charlie understands that he is recovering from his romance with Brad. Soon Patrick sees Brad engaging with a stranger in the park and Patrick is able to move on from the relationship.

text: As the school year ends, Charlie is anxious about losing his older friends—especially Sam, who is leaving for a summer college-preparatory program and has learned that her boyfriend cheated on her. When Charlie helps her pack, they talk about his feelings for her; she is angry that he never acted on them. They begin to engage sexually, but Charlie suddenly grows inexplicably uncomfortable and stops Sam. Charlie begins to realize that his sexual contact with Sam has stirred up repressed memories of him being molested by his Aunt Helen as a little boy. Charlie shows signs of PTSD from the incident and the revelation of his abuse helps the reader understand his view of relationships and love.

text: In an epilogue, Charlie is discovered by his parents in a catatonic state and does not show any movement despite being hit reluctantly by his father. After being admitted to a mental hospital, it is revealed that Helen actually sexually abused him when he was young, and his love for her (and empathy for her troubled youth) caused him to repress his traumatic memories. This psychological damage explains his flashbacks and derealization phases throughout the book. In two months Charlie is released, and Sam and Patrick visit him. In the epilogue, Sam, Patrick and Charlie go through the tunnel again and Charlie stands up and exclaims that he feels infinite.

text: Charlie eventually comes to terms with his past: "Even if we don't have the power to choose where we come from, we can still choose where we go from there". Charlie decides to "participate" in life, and his letter-writing ends.

text: Background and writing[edit]

text: Chbosky incorporated both fictional ideas and personal experiences to the novel.[1] After five years with these elements in mind,[1] he had the idea of writing the novel during a difficult period in his life.[2] He was experiencing an unpleasant breakup of his own,[2] which led him to ask, "Why good people let themselves get treated so badly?"[3] The author tried to answer the question with the sentence "we accept the love we think we deserve". This quoted references the struggle of finding self love, encompassing one's life and hope for the future, and not just romantic love.[4]

text: The story began when Chbosky was in school, evolving from another book on which he was working.[1] In that book he wrote the sentence, "I guess that's just one of the perks of being a wallflower", which led him to realize "that somewhere in that ... was the kid I was really trying to find."[1]  Chbosky began writing the novel in the summer of 1996 while he was in college,[5] and within ten weeks he completed the story.[1] He rewrote it into two more drafts, concluding the published version in the summer of 1998.[5]

text: Charlie was loosely based on Chbosky himself. In the novel, Chbosky included much of his own memories from the time he lived in Pittsburgh.[6] The other characters were manifestations of people Chbosky had known throughout his life;[7] Chbosky focused on people's struggles and what they are passionate about, attempting to pin down the very nature of each of the characters.[8] The characters of Sam and Patrick were an "amalgamate and celebration" of several people Chbosky has met; Sam was based on girls who confided in him, and Patrick was "all the kids I knew who were gay and finding their way to their own identity."[6]

text: Style and themes[edit]

text: The idea of anonymous letters came from a real experience; during his senior year in high school, Chbosky wrote an anonymous letter to Stewart Stern about how Rebel Without a Cause had influenced him. A year and a half later, Stern found Chbosky and became his mentor.[9] By using a series of letters from Charlie to an anonymous character, Chbosky found "the most intimate way" to talk directly to the reader.[6] He thought the letters would help him keep the story cohesive, "to convey the highs and lows of being young—one day, you're on top of the world and you’ve had the greatest of times".[6]

text: Critics have identified primary themes of teenage reality and nostalgia. According to David Edelstein of the New York Magazine, Chbosky captures the "feeling you belong when among friends, yet you'd soon be alone" and notes that "the pain of loss ... [is] almost as intense as the bliss ... it's nostalgia with an emphasis on nostos, pain [sic]."[10] Marty Beckerman of Word Riot said that The Perks of Being a Wallflower connects with young people because its scenes are "so universal and happen to so many teenagers."[11] Chbosky wanted to convey respect for teenagers, to "validate and respect and celebrate what [teenagers] are going through every day",[7] and said the novel is for "anyone who's felt like an outcast."[12]

text: Read by all ages, The Perks of Being a Wallflower is targeted at a teenage audience.[13] The book addresses a range of themes dispassionately.[11] These themes include drugs,[11] friendship, body image, first love, suicide, eating disorders and sexuality.[3] Chbosky appreciates the importance of entertainment in adolescence: "Books, songs, and movies are more than entertainment when we're young. They help all of us discover who we are, what we believe, and what we hope our life can be."[14] As such, the book contains several cultural references across all mediums: musically the book references The Smiths and Fleetwood Mac,[10][15] literarily the book references This Side of Paradise, On the Road, To Kill a Mockingbird[1][16] and theatrically the book references The Rocky Horror Picture Show.[16]

text: Publication and reception[edit]

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower was first published on February 1, 1999[17] by Pocket Books through its MTV Books imprint.[18] It became the subsidiary's best-selling book with 100,000 copies in print as of 2000,[18] and was included on school reading lists and gathered a cult following.[19] By 2012, the novel had been published in 16 countries in 13 languages,[20] and that same year it placed at number 16 on NPR's list of the "100 Best-Ever Teen Novels".[21]

text: Critical response was mixed; Publishers Weekly called the novel "trite", dealing with "standard teenage issues" in which "Chbosky infuses a droning insistence on Charlie's supersensitive disposition."[22] Although Kirkus Review said it had "the right combination of realism and uplift", the reviewer criticized Chbosky's "rip-off" of J. D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye.[23] Although other reviewers made similar comparisons, Chbosky said he "was not trying to mimic [Salinger's] style as a writer";[1] he saw "how readers could compare Charlie to Salinger's Holden Caulfield, but "they are very different people with unique problems and perspectives".[1] More positive was Francisca Goldsmith of the School Library Journal, who said the novel "cleverly" makes the readers the recipients of Charlie's letters, and it "will engage teen readers for years to come."[24] Common Sense Media's Kate Pavao praised its relevant themes for teenagers: "Readers will find themselves quickly feeling sorry for the protagonist and worrying about him throughout his transformative journey."[17] For The A.V. Club, Marah Eakin wrote that although for an adult "Perks suffers from an overabundance of pure, raw angst ... unlike some more arrested development-friendly young adult fare like Harry Potter, Perks speaks to a more specific age range and does it well."[25]

text: The Perks of Being a Wallflower has appeared six times on the American Library Association's list of 10 most-frequently-challenged books for its content.[11][26] A Wisconsin school board refused to ban the book, angering local parents. The Glen Ellyn District 41 school board in suburban Chicago unanimously voted to reinstate the novel after it was removed from eighth-grade classrooms at Hadley Junior High School because of a parent's objection to its sexual content.[27] Further objections to the book include the use of "profanity", "drug abuse", "sexually explicit" scenes, and "torture". Groups like PABBIS (Parents Against Bad Books in School) work to restrict literature considered "controversial" from being accessed by younger children. The group believes these "bad books" should be moved to the adult section.[28] In 2009, Perks was repeatedly challenged for descriptions of masturbation, sexually explicit conduct, drug use, and talk of suicide and there have been multiple pushes across the United States to move this literary work from the children and young adults section to the adult section.[29] Parents have raised issues with the novel for its "pornographic" content and "vulgarity", but others have argued that the book deals with real and common teen issues concerned with growing up, so it presents a truthful viewpoint.[30] Issues are also raised surrounding the books themes of homosexuality, as well as a "glorification" of the use of drugs and alcohol.[31] In an interview, Chbosky said that he knew of two school boards which have banned the book (in Massachusetts and on Long Island).[11] Since he "didn't write it to be a controversial book,"[11] he was "surprised"[32] by the bans.

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: Since he wrote The Perks of Being a Wallflower, Chbosky aspired to adapt it into a film, calling this "a lifelong dream of mine".[5] After the publication of the novel, the author said he received film offers, refusing them because he "owed the fans a movie that was worthy of their love for the book".[3] In 2010 Mr. Mudd began developing a film version,[33] and the author was signed to write and direct the film by producers John Malkovich, Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith.[33] The film, shot in the Pittsburgh area from May 9 to June 29, 2011,[34] starred Logan Lerman as Charlie, Emma Watson as Sam, Ezra Miller as Patrick, and Nina Dobrev as Charlie's sister, Candace.[35]

text: With the announcement of a film adaptation, the novel received more attention; its sales increased from 88,847 copies in 2011 to 425,933 in 2012,[36] and it reached the New York Times bestseller lists.[37] It entered the Children's Paperback Books category on the June 23, 2012 list,[38] and had 1.5 million copies in print in November 2012.[37] As of May 11, 2014 it appeared on The New York Times top 10 list for the 71st non-consecutive week,[39] and was in the top 15 on the November 23 list.[40]

text: It premiered on September 8, 2012 at the Toronto International Film Festival,[41] and was released theatrically in the United States by Summit Entertainment on September 21.[42] According to Metacritic it has received "generally favorable reviews", with an average of 67 out of 100 based on 36 reviews.[43] Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86% approval rate, based on 153 reviews.[44] The film grossed over $33 million worldwide[42] from a $13 million production budget.[37]

text: Even though the movie was directed and scripted by the author himself, some scenes were omitted from the film adaptation. In the book, Charlie's parents are notified by Bill that Candace is being abused by her boyfriend, to which his parents take direct intervention in the abusive relationship in the book. In addition, Candace gets pregnant by her abusive boyfriend and is accompanied by Charlie to the abortion clinic, a scene that is also omitted from the movie. In addition, one of the more important pieces of the book, the poem, was also one of the many deleted scenes. In the DVD, there is a special features section to watch scenes that were originally deleted from the movie. [45]


document_title: Monkey's uncle

question_text: where did the phrase i'll be a monkey's uncle come from

question_tokens: where did the phrase i 'll be a monkey 's uncle come from

text: Monkey's uncle

text: The term monkey's uncle, most notably seen in the idiom "(well) I'll be a monkey's uncle", is used to express complete surprise, amazement or disbelief.[1] It can also be used to acknowledge the impossibility of a situation, in the same way that "pigs might fly" is used. An example is if one says: "I may agree that if two plus two equals five, then I am a monkey's uncle". "I'll be a monkey's uncle" has been said to date from after 1925, the date of the widely publicized Scopes Trial in the United States, where the term first appears.[2] The Oxford English Dictionary's earliest example is the phrase If that's a joke I'm a monkey's uncle, from an Ohio newspaper on 8 February 1925.[3] It was originally a sarcastic remark made by creationists.[4] The notion "that [people] were descended from apes was considered blasphemous...by Darwin's contemporaries", and it was for this reason that the sarcastic phrase came into use.[5]

text: Michael Quinion notes that the phrase Monkey's uncle occurs in a parody of Longfellow's The Song of Hiawatha which was reprinted in James Parton's The Humorous Poetry of the English Language, published in 1881, and observes This may be just an accident of invention, but the date fits.[6] Monkey's Uncle is the name of a song by the Selecter on their album Reel to Real criticizing religious dogma that contradicts scientific evidence.


document_title: List of Governors of Lagos State

question_text: who was the first civilian governor of lagos state

text: List of Governors of Lagos State

text: This is a list of administrators and governors of Lagos State. Lagos State was formed in 1967-05-27 from Colony province and Lagos federal territory. The Office of is responsible for the effective coordination of all government activities for Lagos State.

text:
Name

Title

Took Office

Left Office

Party

Notes

Brigadier Mobolaji Johnson[1]

Governor

28 May 1967

July 1975

(military)

Commodore Adekunle Lawal[1]

Governor

July 1975

1977

(military)

Commodore Ndubuisi Kanu[1]

Governor

1977

July 1978

(military)

Commodore Ebitu Ukiwe[1]

Governor

July 1978

October 1979

(military)

Alhaji Lateef Jakande[1]

Governor

October 1979

December 1983

Unity Party of Nigeria - UPN

Air Commodore Gbolahan Mudasiru[1]

Governor

January 1984

1986

(military)

Navy Captain Mike Akhigbe[1]

Governor

1986

July 1988

(military)

Brigadier General Raji Rasaki[1]

Governor

July 1988

January 1992

(military)

Sir Michael Otedola[1]

Governor

January 1992

November 1993

[National Republican Congress (NRC)]

Colonel Olagunsoye Oyinlola[1]

Governor

9 December 1993

22 August 1996

(military)

Colonel Mohammed Buba Marwa[1]

Governor

22 Aug 1996

29 May 1999

(military)

Mr Bola Tinubu[1][2]

Governor

29 May 1999

29 May 2007

Alliance For Democracy

Mr Babatunde Fashola

Governor

29 May 2007

29 May 2015

All Progressives Congress

Mr Akinwunmi Ambode

Governor

29 May 2015

All Progressives Congress

tag: table


document_title: Wish Upon a Star

question_text: who is the band in wish upon a star

question_tokens: who is the band in wish upon a star

text: Wish Upon a Star

text: Plot[edit]

text: The two Wheaton sisters share a household and a high school, but both feel that they have little else in common. 18-year-old Alexia's (Katherine Heigl) days revolve around being popular, dressing stylishly, and spending time with her jock boyfriend, while exerting minimal effort academically; her sister, 15-year-old Hayley (Danielle Harris), is socially reserved, admiring her older sister's popularity from a distance while excelling in her studies, particularly science and mathematics. Hayley and Alexia don't get along well at all, with Hayley resenting her reliance on her frequently late sister for a ride to school and Alexia preferring not to be seen with her less-than-cool younger sister.

text: One night, Hayley is outside studying the night sky for her science class, while Alexia relaxes in the outdoor hot tub with her boyfriend, Kyle (Don Jeffcoat). When Hayley sees a shooting star, she wishes aloud to become her sister Alexia, then turns to see Alexia also watching the sky. The two of them awaken the next morning to find themselves trapped in each other's body. Hayley assumes responsibility for the swap, mentioning her wish.

text: Distraught, Alexia forbids Hayley to go to school in her place, and she instigates a variety of wish-making attempts for Hayley to reverse their condition, all of which are unsuccessful. Hayley is content to fill her sister's role for the day, as she can now experience the glamor of Alexia's life firsthand.

text: After the first day ends, they realize that they may be stuck like this for a while. They each spend the next day purposely trying to ruin anything important to the other, such as their social reputation and extra-curricular activities. Hayley (in Alexia's body) wears the same outfit that she had worn the day before, and Alexia (in Hayley's body) goes to school dressed up as a dominatrix.

text: Their parents choose not to interfere, as they had just started a "hands-off" approach to parenting. Eventually Hayley and Alexia learn to look at their lives with new perspective. As they each become accustomed to the other's life, they begin to relate to one another better and become closer as sisters.

text: While spending an evening outside searching for a shooting star to make their wish to switch back, they decide to spend one more day as each other. Hayley's task (in Alexia's body) is to help convince her teachers that Alexia is not an "airhead," and Alexia (in Hayley's body) is to help show Hayley how easily Hayley can get a guy.

text: Hayley's and Alexia's plans work, and they decide that it's time for them to switch back. Unfortunately, that night they fall asleep early; Hayley wakes up during the night in time to wish on a star. When she awakens the next morning, she finds that they didn't switch back and believes that they will never be able to return to their own bodies, but she doesn't tell Alexia.

text: Alexia and Hayley attend the Winter Festival dance, where Hayley breaks down and tells Alexia that they can't switch back. Alexia then confesses that she saw the first shooting star when she was with Kyle and wished to be Hayley, since she had been jealous of Hayley's intellect and well-structured plans for her future.

text: Realizing that it was their combined wishing that caused their switch, they sit outside and, seeing a shooting star, wish together to be themselves again. Opening their eyes, they are delighted to see their wish has come true. They return to the Winter Festival, where Alexia is crowned queen. She then dances on stage with her boyfriend, while Hayley finds their new neighbor Simon and dances with him.

text: Production[edit]

text: This movie was filmed at Hunter High School in West Valley City, Utah. Their school was the Hunter Vikings, but the real Hunter High are the Wolverines. The real Hunter High basketball team was the opposing team in the basketball game and were called the Wolverines. The movie was filmed in late 1995 and early 1996, which is why snow is present in some shots and Danielle Harris has visible breath when opening the door. Moonpools & Caterpillars was the rock band featured in the movie at the Winter Festival Dance. The movie shares similar elements with many other films also featuring the FreakyFridayFlip television trope.

text: In August 15, 2002, the movie re-aired in Disney Channel which had 3.4 million viewers.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Katherine Heigl - Alexia "Alex" or "Ally" Wheaton, the older sister of Hayley, who is in Hayley's body.
Danielle Harris - Hayley Wheaton, the younger sister of Alexia, who is in Alexia's body.
Don Jeffcoat - Kyle Harding, Alexia's Boyfriend
Scott Wilkinson - Benjamin "Ben" Wheaton
Mary Parker Williams - Nan Wheaton
Lois Chiles - Principal Mittermiller
Ivey Lloyd - Caitlin Sheinbaum
Matt Barker - Simon
Jacque Gray - Kazumi

tag: ul

text: Reception[edit]

text: The film has received a generally positive rating from FoxWeekly, giving the film an 8 out of 10.[2]