document_title: Three wise monkeys

question_text: where did the phrase hear no evil see no evil speak no evil come from

text: Three wise monkeys

text: Origin[edit]

text: The source that popularized this pictorial maxim is a 17th-century carving over a door of the famous Tōshō-gū shrine in Nikkō, Japan. The carvings at Toshogu Shrine were carved by Hidari Jingoro, and believed to have incorporated  Confucius’s Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man’s life cycle. There are a total of eight panels, and the iconic three wise monkeys picture comes from panel 2.  The philosophy, however, probably originally came to Japan with a Tendai-Buddhist legend, from China in the 8th century (Nara Period). It has been suggested that the figures represent the three dogmas of the so-called middle school of the sect.

text: In Chinese, a similar phrase exists in the late Analects of Confucius from 2nd to 4th century B.C.: "Look not at what is contrary to propriety; listen not to what is contrary to propriety; speak not what is contrary to propriety; make no movement which is contrary to propriety" (非禮勿視，非禮勿聽，非禮勿言，非禮勿動).[8] It may be that this phrase was shortened and simplified after it was brought into Japan.

text: It is through the Kōshin rite of folk religion that the most significant examples are presented.  The Kōshin belief or practice is a Japanese folk religion with Chinese Taoism origins and ancient Shinto influence. It was founded by Tendai Buddhist monks in the late 10th century. A considerable number of stone monuments can be found all over the eastern part of Japan around Tokyo. During the later part of the Muromachi period, it was customary to display stone pillars depicting the three monkeys during the observance of Kōshin.

text: Though the teaching had nothing to do with monkeys, the concept of the three monkeys originated from a simple play on words. The saying in Japanese is mizaru, kikazaru, iwazaru (見ざる, 聞かざる, 言わざる) "see not, hear not, speak not", where the -zaru is a negative conjugation on the three verbs, matching zaru, the modified form of saru (猿) "monkey" used in compounds. Thus the saying (which does not include any specific reference to "evil") can also be interpreted as referring to three monkeys.

text: The shrine at Nikko is a Shinto shrine, and the monkey is an extremely important being in the Shinto religion. The monkey is believed to be the messenger of the Hie Shinto shrines, which also have connections with Tendai Buddhism. There are even important festivals that are celebrated during the year of the Monkey (occurring every twelve years) and a special festival is celebrated every sixteenth year of the Kōshin.

text: "The Three Mystic Apes" (Sambiki Saru) were described as "the attendants of Saruta Hito no Mikoto or Kōshin, the God of the Roads".[9] The Kōshin festival was held on the 60th day of the calendar. It has been suggested that during the Kōshin festival, according to old beliefs, one’s bad deeds might be reported to heaven "unless avoidance actions were taken…". It has been theorized that the three Mystic Apes, Not Seeing, Hearing, or Speaking, may have been the "things that one has done wrong in the last 59 days".

text: According to other accounts, the monkeys caused the Sanshi and Ten-Tei not to see, say or hear the bad deeds of a person. The Sanshi (三尸) are the Three Corpses living in everyone's body. The Sanshi keep track of the good deeds and particularly the bad deeds of the person they inhabit. Every 60 days, on the night called Kōshin-Machi (庚申待), if the person sleeps, the Sanshi will leave the body and go to Ten-Tei (天帝), the Heavenly God, to report about the deeds of that person. Ten-Tei will then decide to punish bad people, making them ill, shortening their time alive, and in extreme cases putting an end to their lives. Those believers of Kōshin who have reason to fear will try to stay awake during Kōshin nights. This is the only way to prevent the Sanshi from leaving their body and reporting to Ten-Tei.

text: An ancient representation of the "no see, no hear, no say, no do" can be found in four golden figurines in the Zelnik Istvan Southeast Asian Gold Museum. These golden statues date from the 6th to 8th century. The figures look like tribal human people with not very precise body carvings and strong phallic symbols.[10] This set indicates that the philosophy comes from very ancient roots.

text: It is not clear how or when the saying travelled; in Ethiopia the Ge'ez language has the saying "Let the eye fast, let the mouth fast, let the ears fast."[11]

text: Meaning of the proverb[edit]

text: Just as there is disagreement about the origin of the phrase, there are differing explanations of the meaning of "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil".

text:
In Buddhist tradition, the tenets of the proverb are about not dwelling on evil thoughts.
In the Western world both the proverb and the image are often used to refer to a lack of moral responsibility on the part of people who refuse to acknowledge impropriety, looking the other way or feigning ignorance.[12]
It may also signify a code of silence in gangs, or organized crime.

text: Variations[edit]

text: Sometimes there is a fourth monkey depicted, Shizaru, who symbolizes the principle of "do no evil". He may be shown crossing his arms or covering his genitals. Yet another variation has the fourth monkey hold its nose to avoid a stench and has been dubbed "smell no evil" accordingly.[3]

text: According to Osho Rajneesh, the monkey symbolism originated in ancient Hindu tradition and Buddhist monks spread this symbolism across Asia. The original Hindu and Buddhist version has four monkeys and the fourth monkey covers his genitals.The Buddhist version means this as "Don't do anything evil".

text: In Hindu original version the meaning of the fourth monkey is totally different from the popular Buddhist version. It means, "Hide your pleasures. Hide your enjoyment, don't show it to anybody."[13]

text: Osho Rajneesh gave his own meaning regarding this. The first monkey denotes 'Don't listen to the truth because it will disturb all your consoling lies'. The second monkey denotes 'Don't look at the truth; otherwise your God will be dead and your heaven and hell will disappear'. The third monkey denotes 'Don't speak the truth, otherwise you will be condemned, crucified, poisoned, tortured by the whole crowd, the unconscious people. You will be condemned, don't speak the truth!' The fourth monkey denotes "Keep your pleasures, your joys, hidden. Don't let anybody know that you are a cheerful man, a blissful man, an ecstatic man, because that will destroy your very life. It is dangerous".[14]

text: Cultural influences[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The three wise monkeys, and the associated proverb, are known throughout Asia and in the Western world. They have been a motif in pictures, such as the ukiyo-e (Japanese woodblock printings) by Keisai Eisen, and are frequently represented in modern culture.

text: Mahatma Gandhi's one notable exception to his lifestyle of non-possession was a small statue of the three monkeys - Bapu, Ketan and Bandar. Today, a larger representation of the three monkeys is prominently displayed at the Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, where Gandhi lived from 1915 to 1930 and from where he departed on his famous salt march. Gandhi's statue also inspired a 2008 artwork by Subodh Gupta, Gandhi's Three Monkeys.[15]

text: The three monkeys are depicted in the trial scene in the 1968 Planet of the Apes. An example of semiotics, as the judges mimic the see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil monkeys.[16]

text: The maxim inspired an award-winning 2008 Turkish film by director Nuri Bilge Ceylan called Three Monkeys (Üç Maymun).

text: Unicode characters[edit]

text: Unicode provides emoji representations of the monkeys in the Emoticons block as follows:[17]

text:
Mizaru: U+1F648 🙈 SEE-NO-EVIL MONKEY
Kikazaru: U+1F649 🙉 HEAR-NO-EVIL MONKEY
Iwazaru: U+1F64A 🙊 SPEAK-NO-EVIL MONKEY


document_title: James Cook railway station

question_text: where is the train station at james cook hospital

root

text: James Cook railway station

text:
James Cook
James Cook railway station July 2014LocationPlace
Park EndLocal authority
MiddlesbroughCoordinates
54°33′06″N 1°12′30″W / 54.5518°N 1.2083°W / 54.5518; -1.2083Coordinates: 54°33′06″N 1°12′30″W / 54.5518°N 1.2083°W / 54.5518; -1.2083Grid reference
NZ512177OperationsStation code
JCHManaged by
NorthernNumber of platforms
1
Live arrivals/departures, station information and onward connectionsfrom National Rail EnquiriesAnnual rail passenger usage*2014/15
 23,1762015/16
 31,5782016/17
 31,402History18 May 2014
Opened
National Rail – UK railway stationsA B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
* Annual estimated passenger usage based on sales of tickets in stated financial year(s) which end or originate at James Cook from Office of Rail and Road statistics. Methodology may vary year on year.
 UK Railways portal

tag: table

text: James Cook railway station[1] (also referred to as James Cook University Hospital railway station) is a station that serves the James Cook University Hospital in Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, England. It also serves the surrounding areas of Park End, Berwick Hills and the nearby Middlesbrough Sports Village.[2]

tag: p

text: It is located on the Esk Valley Line approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) south east of Middlesbrough railway station and is operated by Northern who provide all of the station's passenger services.

text: The 371-foot (113 m) long single platform station includes a fully lit waiting shelter with seating, CCTV coverage and passenger information via an electronic screen and public address announcements.[3][4]

text: History[edit]

text: Plans for the building of a station at the hospital had been discussed for some 25 years, including as part of the Tees Valley Metro project. The station was finally given the green light by Middlesbrough Council's planning committee in January 2013 and construction work started in January 2014.[5] The station cost £2.2 million to build and opened to the public on 18 May 2014.[6] The station was officially opened on 18 July 2014 by the then Minister of State for Transport, Baroness Kramer.[7]

text: According to the Office of Rail and Road statistics, there were 31,402 total entries and exits at the station in the 2016–17 period.[8]

text: Services[edit]

text: Monday to Saturday:  The service is made up of the following elements: –

text:
The Esk Valley service between Middlesbrough and Whitby (4 trains each way per day)
Eleven trains each way between Nunthorpe and Newcastle via Middlesbrough & Sunderland
One each way between Darlington and Nunthorpe

tag: ul

text: Sundays:

text: The Esk Valley Middlesbrough – Whitby Sunday service runs throughout the year with four trains in each direction.[9]

text:
Preceding station

 National Rail

Following station

Middlesbrough

NorthernEsk Valley line

Marton


document_title: Wind turbine design

question_text: what is the size of a wind turbine

question_tokens: what is the size of a wind turbine

text: Wind turbine design

text: Aerodynamics[edit]

text: The shape and dimensions of the blades of the wind turbine are determined by the aerodynamic performance required to efficiently extract energy from the wind, and by the strength required to resist the forces on the blade.

text: The aerodynamics of a horizontal-axis wind turbine are not straightforward. The air flow at the blades is not the same as the airflow far away from the turbine. The very nature of the way in which energy is extracted from the air also causes air to be deflected by the turbine. In addition the aerodynamics of a wind turbine at the rotor surface exhibit phenomena that are rarely seen in other aerodynamic fields.

text: In 1919 the physicist Albert Betz showed that for a hypothetical ideal wind-energy extraction machine, the fundamental laws of conservation of mass and energy allowed no more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy of the wind to be captured. This Betz' law limit can be approached by modern turbine designs which may reach 70 to 80% of this theoretical limit.

text: Power control[edit]

text: The speed at which a wind turbine rotates must be controlled for efficient power generation and to keep the turbine components within designed speed and torque limits. The centrifugal force on the spinning blades increases as the square of the rotation speed, which makes this structure sensitive to overspeed. Because the power of the wind increases as the cube of the wind speed, turbines have to be built to survive much higher wind loads (such as gusts of wind) than those from which they can practically generate power. Wind turbines have ways of reducing torque in high winds.

text: A wind turbine is designed to produce power over a range of wind speeds. The cut-in speed is around 3–4 m/s for most turbines, and cut-out at 25 m/s.[3] If the rated wind speed is exceeded the power has to be limited. There are various ways to achieve this.

text: A control system involves three basic elements: sensors to measure process variables, actuators to manipulate energy capture and component loading, and control algorithms to coordinate the actuators based on information gathered by the sensors.[4]

text: All wind turbines are designed for a maximum wind speed, called the survival speed, above which they will be damaged. The survival speed of commercial wind turbines is in the range of 40 m/s (144 km/h, 89 MPH) to 72 m/s (259 km/h, 161 MPH). The most common survival speed is 60 m/s (216 km/h, 134 MPH). Some have been designed to survive 80 metres per second (290 km/h; 180 mph).[5]

text: Stall[edit]

text: Stalling works by increasing the angle at which the relative wind strikes the blades (angle of attack), and it reduces the induced drag (drag associated with lift). Stalling is simple because it can be made to happen passively (it increases automatically when the winds speed up), but it increases the cross-section of the blade face-on to the wind, and thus the ordinary drag. A fully stalled turbine blade, when stopped, has the flat side of the blade facing directly into the wind.

text: A fixed-speed HAWT (Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine) inherently increases its angle of attack at higher wind speed as the blades speed up. A natural strategy, then, is to allow the blade to stall when the wind speed increases. This technique was successfully used on many early HAWTs. However, on some of these blade sets, it was observed that the degree of blade pitch tended to increase audible noise levels.

text: Vortex generators may be used to control the lift characteristics of the blade. The VGs are placed on the airfoil to enhance the lift if they are placed on the lower (flatter) surface or limit the maximum lift if placed on the upper (higher camber) surface.[6]

text: Furling works by decreasing the angle of attack, which reduces the induced drag from the lift of the rotor, as well as the cross-section. One major problem in designing wind turbines is getting the blades to stall or furl quickly enough should a gust of wind cause sudden acceleration. A fully furled turbine blade, when stopped, has the edge of the blade facing into the wind.

text: Loads can be reduced by making a structural system softer or more flexible.[4] This could be accomplished with downwind rotors or with curved blades that twist naturally to reduce angle of attack at higher wind speeds. These systems will be nonlinear and will couple the structure to the flow field - thus, design tools must evolve to model these nonlinearities.

text: Standard modern turbines all furl the blades in high winds. Since furling requires acting against the torque on the blade, it requires some form of pitch angle control, which is achieved with a slewing drive. This drive precisely angles the blade while withstanding high torque loads. In addition, many turbines use hydraulic systems. These systems are usually spring-loaded, so that if hydraulic power fails, the blades automatically furl. Other turbines use an electric servomotor for every rotor blade. They have a small battery-reserve in case of an electric-grid breakdown. Small wind turbines (under 50 kW) with variable-pitching generally use systems operated by centrifugal force, either by flyweights or geometric design, and employ no electric or hydraulic controls.

text: Fundamental gaps exist in pitch control, limiting the reduction of energy costs, according to a report from a coalition of researchers from universities, industry, and government, supported by the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future. Load reduction is currently focused on full-span blade pitch control, since individual pitch motors are the actuators currently available on commercial turbines. Significant load mitigation has been demonstrated in simulations for blades, tower, and drive train. However, there is still research needed, the methods for realization of full-span blade pitch control need to be developed in order to increase energy capture and mitigate fatigue loads.

text: A control technique applied to the pitch angle is done by comparing the current active power of the engine with the value of active power at the rated engine speed (active power reference, Ps reference). Control of the pitch angle in this case is done with a PI controller controls. However, in order to have a realistic response to the control system of the pitch angle, the actuator uses the time constant Tservo, an integrator and limiters so as the pitch angle to be from 0° to 30° with a rate of change (± 10° per sec).

text: From the figure at the right, the reference pitch angle is compared with the actual pitch angle b and then the error is corrected by the actuator. The reference pitch angle, which comes from the PI controller, goes through a limiter. Restrictions on limits are very important to maintain the pitch angle in real term. Limiting the rate of change is very important especially during faults in the network. The importance is due to the fact that the controller decides how quickly it can reduce the aerodynamic energy to avoid acceleration during errors.[4]

text: Other controls[edit]

text: Generator torque[edit]

text: Modern large wind turbines are variable-speed machines. When the wind speed is below rated, generator torque is used to control the rotor speed in order to capture as much power as possible. The most power is captured when the tip speed ratio is held constant at its optimum value (typically 6 or 7). This means that as wind speed increases, rotor speed should increase proportionally. The difference between the aerodynamic torque captured by the blades and the applied generator torque controls the rotor speed. If the generator torque is lower, the rotor accelerates, and if the generator torque is higher, the rotor slows down. Below rated wind speed, the generator torque control is active while the blade pitch is typically held at the constant angle that captures the most power, fairly flat to the wind. Above rated wind speed, the generator torque is typically held constant while the blade pitch is active.

text: One technique to control a permanent magnet synchronous motor is Field Oriented Control. Field Oriented Control is a closed loop strategy composed of two current controllers (an inner loop and outer loop cascade design) necessary for controlling the torque, and one speed controller.

text: Constant torque angle control

text: In this control strategy the d axis current is kept zero, while the vector current is align with the q axis in order to maintain the torque angle equal with 90o. This is one of the most used control strategy because of the simplicity, by controlling only the Iqs current. So, now the electromagnetic torque equation of the permanent magnet synchronous generator is simply a linear equation depend on the Iqs current only.

text: So, the electromagnetic torque for Ids = 0 (we can achieve that with the d-axis controller) is now:

text: Te= 3/2 p (λpm Iqs + (Lds-Lqs) Ids Iqs )= 3/2 p λpm Iqs

text: So, the complete system of the machine side converter and the cascaded PI controller loops is given by the figure in the right. In that we have the control inputs, which are the duty rations mds and mqs, of the PWM-regulated converter. Also, we can see the control scheme for the wind turbine in the machine side and simultaneously how we keep the Ids zero (the electromagnetic torque equation is linear).

text: Yawing[edit]

text: Modern large wind turbines are typically actively controlled to face the wind direction measured by a wind vane situated on the back of the nacelle. By minimizing the yaw angle (the misalignment between wind and turbine pointing direction), the power output is maximized and non-symmetrical loads minimized. However, since the wind direction varies quickly the turbine will not strictly follow the direction and will have a small yaw angle on average. The power output losses can simply be approximated to fall with (cos(yaw angle))3. Particularly at low-to-medium wind speeds, yawing can make a significant reduction in turbine output, with wind direction variations of ±30° being quite common and long response times of the turbines to changes in wind direction. At high wind speeds, the wind direction is less variable.

text: Electrical braking[edit]

text: Braking of a small wind turbine can be done by dumping energy from the generator into a resistor bank, converting the kinetic energy of the turbine rotation into heat. This method is useful if the kinetic load on the generator is suddenly reduced or is too small to keep the turbine speed within its allowed limit.

text: Cyclically braking causes the blades to slow down, which increases the stalling effect, reducing the efficiency of the blades. This way, the turbine's rotation can be kept at a safe speed in faster winds while maintaining (nominal) power output. This method is usually not applied on large grid-connected wind turbines.

text: Mechanical braking[edit]

text: A mechanical drum brake or disk brake is used to stop turbine in emergency situation such as extreme gust events or over speed. This brake is a secondary means to hold the turbine at rest for maintenance, with a rotor lock system as primary means. Such brakes are usually applied only after blade furling and electromagnetic braking have reduced the turbine speed generally 1 or 2 rotor RPM, as the mechanical brakes can create a fire inside the nacelle if used to stop the turbine from full speed. The load on the turbine increases if the brake is applied at rated RPM. Mechanical brakes are driven by hydraulic systems and are connected to main control box.

text: Turbine size[edit]

text: There are different size classes of wind turbines. The smallest having power production less than 10 kW are used in homes, farms and remote applications whereas intermediate wind turbines (10-250 kW ) are useful for village power, hybrid systems and distributed power. The world's largest wind turbine, an 8-MW turbine located at the Burbo Bank Extension wind farm in Liverpool Bay, United Kingdom, was installed in 2016.[7] Utility-scale turbines (larger than one megawatt) are used in central station wind farms, distributed power and community wind.[8]

text: For a given survivable wind speed, the mass of a turbine is approximately proportional to the cube of its blade-length. Wind power intercepted by the turbine is proportional to the square of its blade-length.[9] The maximum blade-length of a turbine is limited by both the strength and stiffness of its material.

text: Labor and maintenance costs increase only gradually with increasing turbine size, so to minimize costs, wind farm turbines are basically limited by the strength of materials, and siting requirements.

text: Typical modern wind turbines have diameters of 40 to 90 metres (130 to 300 ft) and are rated between 500 kW and 2 MW. As of 2014 the most powerful turbine, the Vestas V-164, is rated at 8 MW and has a rotor diameter of 164m.[10]

text: Nacelle[edit]

text: The nacelle is housing the gearbox and generator connecting the tower and rotor. Sensors detect the wind speed and direction, and motors turn the nacelle into the wind to maximize output.

text: Gearbox[edit]

text: In conventional wind turbines, the blades spin a shaft that is connected through a gearbox to the generator. The gearbox converts the turning speed of the blades 15 to 20 rotations per minute for a large, one-megawatt turbine into the faster 1,800 revolutions per minute that the generator needs to generate electricity.[11] Analysts from GlobalData estimate that gearbox market grows from $3.2bn in 2006 to $6.9bn in 2011, and to $8.1bn by 2020. Market leaders were Winergy in 2011.[12] The use of magnetic gearboxes has also been explored as a way of reducing wind turbine maintenance costs.[13]

text: Generator[edit]

text: For large, commercial size horizontal-axis wind turbines, the electrical generator[14] is mounted in a nacelle at the top of a tower, behind the hub of the turbine rotor. Typically wind turbines generate electricity through asynchronous machines that are directly connected with the electricity grid. Usually the rotational speed of the wind turbine is slower than the equivalent rotation speed of the electrical network: typical rotation speeds for wind generators are 5–20 rpm while a directly connected machine will have an electrical speed between 750 and 3600 rpm. Therefore, a gearbox is inserted between the rotor hub and the generator. This also reduces the generator cost and weight. Commercial size generators have a rotor carrying a field winding so that a rotating magnetic field is produced inside a set of windings called the stator. While the rotating field winding consumes a fraction of a percent of the generator output, adjustment of the field current allows good control over the generator output voltage.

text: Older style wind generators rotate at a constant speed, to match power line frequency, which allowed the use of less costly induction generators[citation needed]. Newer wind turbines often turn at whatever speed generates electricity most efficiently. The varying output frequency and voltage can be matched to the fixed values of the grid using multiple technologies such as doubly fed induction generators or full-effect converters where the variable frequency current produced is converted to DC and then back to AC. Although such alternatives require costly equipment and cause power loss, the turbine can capture a significantly larger fraction of the wind energy. In some cases, especially when turbines are sited offshore, the DC energy will be transmitted from the turbine to a central (onshore) inverter for connection to the grid.

text: Gearless wind turbine[edit]

text: Gearless wind turbines (also called direct drive) get rid of the gearbox completely. Instead, the rotor shaft is attached directly to the generator, which spins at the same speed as the blades. Enercon and EWT (formerly known as Lagerwey) have produced gearless wind turbines with separately electrically excited generators for many years,[15] and Siemens produces a gearless "inverted generator" 3 MW model[16][17] while developing a 6 MW model.[18] To make up for a direct drive generator's slower spinning rate, the diameter of the generator's rotor is increased so that it can contain more magnets to create the required frequency and power.

text: Gearless wind turbines are often heavier than gear based wind turbines. A study by the EU called "Reliawind"[19] based on the largest sample size of turbines has shown that the reliability of gearboxes is not the main problem in wind turbines. The reliability of direct drive turbines offshore is still not known, since the sample size is so small.

text: Experts from Technical University of Denmark estimate that a geared generator with permanent magnets may use 25 kg/MW of the rare-earth element Neodymium, while a gearless may use 250 kg/MW.[20]

text: In December 2011, the US Department of Energy published a report stating critical shortage of rare-earth elements such as neodymium used in large quantities for permanent magnets in gearless wind turbines.[21] China produces more than 95% of rare-earth elements, while Hitachi holds more than 600 patents covering Neodymium magnets. Direct-drive turbines require 600 kg of permanent magnet material per megawatt, which translates to several hundred kilograms of rare-earth content per megawatt, as neodymium content is estimated to be 31% of magnet weight. Hybrid drivetrains (intermediate between direct drive and traditional geared) use significantly less rare-earth materials. While permanent magnet wind turbines only account for about 5% of the market outside of China, their market share inside of China is estimated at 25% or higher. In 2011, demand for neodymium in wind turbines was estimated to be 1/5 of that in electric vehicles.[21]

text: Blades[edit]

text: Blade design[edit]

text: The ratio between the speed of the blade tips and the speed of the wind is called tip speed ratio. High efficiency 3-blade-turbines have tip speed/wind speed ratios of 6 to 7. Modern wind turbines are designed to spin at varying speeds (a consequence of their generator design, see above). Use of aluminum and composite materials in their blades has contributed to low rotational inertia, which means that newer wind turbines can accelerate quickly if the winds pick up, keeping the tip speed ratio more nearly constant. Operating closer to their optimal tip speed ratio during energetic gusts of wind allows wind turbines to improve energy capture from sudden gusts that are typical in urban settings.

text: In contrast, older style wind turbines were designed with heavier steel blades, which have higher inertia, and rotated at speeds governed by the AC frequency of the power lines. The high inertia buffered the changes in rotation speed and thus made power output more stable.

text: It is generally understood that noise increases with higher blade tip speeds. To increase tip speed without increasing noise would allow reduction the torque into the gearbox and generator and reduce overall structural loads, thereby reducing cost.[4] The reduction of noise is linked to the detailed aerodynamics of the blades, especially factors that reduce abrupt stalling. The inability to predict stall restricts the development of aggressive aerodynamic concepts.[4] Some blades (mostly on Enercon) have a winglet to increase performance and/or reduce noise.[22][23]

text: A blade can have a lift-to-drag ratio of 120,[24] compared to 70 for a sailplane and 15 for an airliner.[25]

text: The hub[edit]

text: In simple designs, the blades are directly bolted to the hub and are unable to pitch, which leads to aerodynamic stall above certain windspeeds. In other more sophisticated designs, they are bolted to the pitch bearing, which adjusts their angle of attack with the help of a pitch system according to the wind speed to control their rotational speed.[26] The pitch bearing is itself bolted to the hub. The hub is fixed to the rotor shaft which drives the generator directly or through a gearbox.

text: Blade count[edit]

text: This section includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help to improve this section by introducing more precise citations. (August 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The number of blades is selected for aerodynamic efficiency, component costs, and system reliability. Noise emissions are affected by the location of the blades upwind or downwind of the tower and the speed of the rotor. Given that the noise emissions from the blades' trailing edges and tips vary by the 5th power of blade speed, a small increase in tip speed can make a large difference.

text: Wind turbines developed over the last 50 years have almost universally used either two or three blades. However, there are patents that present designs with additional blades, such as Chan Shin's Multi-unit rotor blade system integrated wind turbine.[27] Aerodynamic efficiency increases with number of blades but with diminishing return. Increasing the number of blades from one to two yields a six percent increase in aerodynamic efficiency, whereas increasing the blade count from two to three yields only an additional three percent in efficiency.[28] Further increasing the blade count yields minimal improvements in aerodynamic efficiency and sacrifices too much in blade stiffness as the blades become thinner.[citation needed]

text: Theoretically, an infinite number of blades of zero width is the most efficient, operating at a high value of the tip speed ratio. But other considerations lead to a compromise of only a few blades.[29]

text: Component costs that are affected by blade count are primarily for materials and manufacturing of the turbine rotor and drive train. Generally, the lower the number of blades, the lower the material and manufacturing costs will be. In addition, the lower the number of blades, the higher the rotational speed can be. This is because blade stiffness requirements to avoid interference with the tower limit how thin the blades can be manufactured, but only for upwind machines; deflection of blades in a downwind machine results in increased tower clearance. Fewer blades with higher rotational speeds reduce peak torques in the drive train, resulting in lower gearbox and generator costs.

text: System reliability is affected by blade count primarily through the dynamic loading of the rotor into the drive train and tower systems. While aligning the wind turbine to changes in wind direction (yawing), each blade experiences a cyclic load at its root end depending on blade position. This is true of one, two, three blades or more. However, these cyclic loads when combined together at the drive train shaft are symmetrically balanced for three blades, yielding smoother operation during turbine yaw. Turbines with one or two blades can use a pivoting teetered hub to also nearly eliminate the cyclic loads into the drive shaft and system during yawing. A Chinese 3.6 MW two-blade is being tested in Denmark.[30] Mingyang won a bid for 87 MW (29 * 3 MW) two-bladed offshore wind turbines near Zhuhai in 2013.[31][32][33]

text: Finally, aesthetics can be considered a factor in that some people find that the three-bladed rotor is more pleasing to look at than a one- or two-bladed rotor.

text: Blade materials[edit]

text: In general, ideal materials should meet the following criteria:

text:
wide availability and easy processing to reduce cost and maintenance
low weight or density to reduce gravitational forces
high strength to withstand strong loading of wind and gravitational force of the blade itself
high fatigue resistance to withstand cyclic loading
high stiffness to ensure stability of the optimal shape and orientation of the blade and clearance with the tower
high fracture toughness
the ability to withstand environmental impacts such as lightning strikes, humidity, and temperature[34]

text: This narrows down the list of acceptable materials. Metals would be undesirable because of their vulnerability to fatigue. Ceramics have low fracture toughness, which could result in early blade failure. Traditional polymers are not stiff enough to be useful, and wood has problems with repeatability, especially considering the length of the blade. That leaves fiber-reinforced composites, which have high strength and stiffness and low density, as a very attractive class of materials for the design of wind turbines.[35]

text: Wood and canvas sails were used on early windmills due to their low price, availability, and ease of manufacture. Smaller blades can be made from light metals such as aluminium. These materials, however, require frequent maintenance. Wood and canvas construction limits the airfoil shape to a flat plate, which has a relatively high ratio of drag to force captured (low aerodynamic efficiency) compared to solid airfoils. Construction of solid airfoil designs requires inflexible materials such as metals or composites. Some blades also have incorporated lightning conductors.

text: New wind turbine designs push power generation from the single megawatt range to upwards of 10 megawatts using larger and larger blades. A larger area effectively increases the tip-speed ratio of a turbine at a given wind speed, thus increasing its energy extraction.[36] Computer-aided engineering software such as HyperSizer (originally developed for spacecraft design) can be used to improve blade design.[37][38]

text: As of 2015 the rotor diameters of onshore wind turbine blades are as large as 130 meters,[39] while the diameter of offshore turbines reach 170 meters.[40] In 2001, an estimated 50 million kilograms of fibreglass laminate were used in wind turbine blades.[41]

text: An important goal of larger blade systems is to control blade weight. Since blade mass scales as the cube of the turbine radius, loading due to gravity constrains systems with larger blades.[42] Gravitational loads include axial and tensile/ compressive loads (top/bottom of rotation) as well as bending (lateral positions). The magnitude of these loads fluctuates cyclically and the edgewise moments (see below) are reversed every 180° of rotation. Typical rotor speeds and design life are ~10 and 20 years, respectively, with the number of lifetime revolutions on the order of 10^8. Considering wind, it is expected that turbine blades go through ~10^9 loading cycles. Wind is another source of rotor blade loading. Lift causes bending in the flapwise direction (out of rotor plane) while air flow around the blade cause edgewise bending (in the rotor plane). Flapwise bending involves tension on the pressure (upwind) side and compression on the suction (downwind) side. Edgewise bending involves tension on the leading edge and compression on the trailing edge.

text: Wind loads are cyclical because of natural variability in wind speed and wind shear (higher speeds at top of rotation).

text: Failure in ultimate loading of wind-turbine rotor blades exposed to wind and gravity loading is a failure mode that needs to be considered when the rotor blades are designed. The wind speed that causes bending of the rotor blades exhibits a natural variability, and so does the stress response in the rotor blades. Also, the resistance of the rotor blades, in terms of their tensile strengths, exhibits a natural variability.[43]

text: In light of these failure modes and increasingly larger blade systems, there has been continuous effort toward developing cost-effective materials with higher strength-to-mass ratios. In order to extend the current 20 year lifetime of blades and enable larger area blades to be cost-effective, the design and materials need to be optimized for stiffness, strength, and fatigue resistance.[34]

text: The majority of current commercialized wind turbine blades are made from fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs), which are composites consisting of a polymer matrix and fibers. The long fibers provide longitudinal stiffness and strength, and the matrix provides fracture toughness, delamination strength, out-of-plane strength, and stiffness.[34] Material indices based on maximizing power efficiency, and having high fracture toughness, fatigue resistance, and thermal stability, have been shown to be highest for glass and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (GFRPs and CFRPs).[44]

text: Manufacturing blades in the 40 to 50 metre range involves proven fibreglass composite fabrication techniques. Manufactures such as Nordex SE and GE Wind use an infusion process. Other manufacturers use variations on this technique, some including carbon and wood with fibreglass in an epoxy matrix. Other options include preimpregnated ("prepreg") fibreglass and vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding. Each of these options use a glass-fibre reinforced polymer composite constructed with differing complexity. Perhaps the largest issue with more simplistic, open-mould, wet systems are the emissions associated with the volatile organics released. Preimpregnated materials and resin infusion techniques avoid the release of volatiles by containing all VOCs. However, these contained processes have their own challenges, namely the production of thick laminates necessary for structural components becomes more difficult. As the preform resin permeability dictates the maximum laminate thickness, bleeding is required to eliminate voids and ensure proper resin distribution.[41] One solution to resin distribution a partially preimpregnated fibreglass. During evacuation, the dry fabric provides a path for airflow and, once heat and pressure are applied, resin may flow into the dry region resulting in a thoroughly impregnated laminate structure.[41]

text: Epoxy-based composites have environmental, production, and cost advantages over other resin systems. Epoxies also allow shorter cure cycles, increased durability, and improved surface finish. Prepreg operations further reduce processing time over wet lay-up systems. As turbine blades pass 60 metres, infusion techniques become more prevalent; the traditional resin transfer moulding injection time is too long as compared to the resin set-up time, limiting laminate thickness. Injection forces resin through a thicker ply stack, thus depositing the resin where in the laminate structure before gelation occurs. Specialized epoxy resins have been developed to customize lifetimes and viscosity.[46]

text: Carbon fibre-reinforced load-bearing spars can reduce weight and increase stiffness. Using carbon fibres in 60 metre turbine blades is estimated to reduce total blade mass by 38% and decrease cost by 14% compared to 100% fibreglass. Carbon fibres have the added benefit of reducing the thickness of fiberglass laminate sections, further addressing the problems associated with resin wetting of thick lay-up sections. Wind turbines may also benefit from the general trend of increasing use and decreasing cost of carbon fibre materials.[41]

text: Although glass and carbon fibers have many optimal qualities for turbine blade performance, there are several downsides to these current fillers, including the fact that high filler fraction (10-70 wt%) causes increased density as well as microscopic defects and voids that often lead to premature failure.[34]

text: Recent developments include interest in using carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) to reinforce polymer-based nanocomposites. CNT’s can be grown or deposited on the fibers, or added into polymer resins as a matrix for FRP structures. Using nanoscale CNT’s as filler instead of traditional microscale filler (such as glass or carbon fibers) results in CNT/polymer nanocomposites, for which the properties can be changed significantly at very low filler contents (typically < 5 wt%). They have very low density, and improve the elastic modulus, strength, and fracture toughness of the polymer matrix. The addition of CNT’s to the matrix also reduces the propagation of interlaminar cracks which can be a problem in traditional FRP’s.[34]

text: Further improvement is possible through the use of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in the blade coatings. A major problem in desert environments is erosion of the leading edges of blades by wind carrying sand, which increases roughness and decreases aerodynamic performance. The particle erosion resistance of fiber-reinforced polymers is poor when compared to metallic materials and elastomers, and needs to be improved. It has been shown that the replacement of glass fiber with CNF on the composite surface greatly improves erosion resistance. CNF’s have also been shown to provide good electrical conductivity (important for lightning strikes), high damping ratio, and good impact-friction resistance. These properties make CNF-based nanopaper a prospective coating for wind turbine blades.[47][48]

text: Blade recycling[edit]

text: The Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) predicts that wind energy will supply 15.7% of the world’s total energy needs by the year 2020, and 28.5% by the year 2030.[49] This dramatic increase in global wind energy generation will require installation of a newer and larger fleet of more efficient wind turbines and the consequent decommissioning of aging ones. Based on a study carried out by the European Wind Energy Association, in the year 2010 alone, between 110 and 140 kilotons of composites were consumed by the wind turbine industry for manufacturing blades.[50] The majority of the blade material will eventually end up as waste, and in order to accommodate this level of composite waste, the only option is recycling. Typically, glass-fibre-reinforced-polymers (GFRPs) compose of around 70% of the laminate material in the blade. GFRPs hinder incineration and are not combustible.[51] Therefore, conventional recycling methods need to be modified. Currently, depending on whether individual fibres can be recovered, there exists a few general methods for recycling GFRPs in wind turbine blades:

text:
Mechanical Recycling: This method doesn't recover individual fibres. Initial processes involve shredding, crushing, and/or milling. The crushed pieces are then separated into fibre-rich and resin-rich fractions. These fractions are ultimately incorporated into new composites either as fillers or reinforcements.[52]
Chemical Processing/Pyrolysis: Thermal decomposition of the composites is used to recover the individual fibres. For pyrolysis, the material is heated up to 500 °C in an environment without oxygen, thus causing it to break down into lower weight organic substances and/or gaseous products. The glass fibres will generally lose 50% of their initial strength and can now be downcycled for fibre reinforcement applications in paints or concrete.[53] Research has shown that this end of life option is able to recover up to approximately 19 MJ/kg.[54] However, this method has a relatively high cost and requires similar mechanical pre-processing. In addition, it has not yet been modified to satisfy the future need of large scale wind turbine blade recycling.[55]

text: Tower[edit]

text: Two main types of towers exist: floating towers and land-based towers, which are usually more common.

text: Tower height[edit]

text: Wind velocities increase at higher altitudes due to surface aerodynamic drag (by land or water surfaces) and the viscosity of the air. The variation in velocity with altitude, called wind shear, is most dramatic near the surface. Typically, the variation follows the wind profile power law, which predicts that wind speed rises proportionally to the seventh root of altitude. Doubling the altitude of a turbine, then, increases the expected wind speeds by 10% and the expected power by 34%. To avoid buckling, doubling the tower height generally requires doubling the diameter of the tower as well, increasing the amount of material by a factor of at least four.

text: At night time, or when the atmosphere becomes stable, wind speed close to the ground usually subsides whereas at turbine hub altitude it does not decrease that much or may even increase. As a result, the wind speed is higher and a turbine will produce more power than expected from the 1/7 power law: doubling the altitude may increase wind speed by 20% to 60%. A stable atmosphere is caused by radiative cooling of the surface and is common in a temperate climate: it usually occurs when there is a (partly) clear sky at night. When the (high altitude) wind is strong (a 10-meter wind speed higher than approximately 6 to 7 m/s) the stable atmosphere is disrupted because of friction turbulence and the atmosphere will turn neutral. A daytime atmosphere is either neutral (no net radiation; usually with strong winds and heavy clouding) or unstable (rising air because of ground heating—by the sun). Here again the 1/7 power law applies or is at least a good approximation of the wind profile. Indiana had been rated as having a wind capacity of 30,000 MW, but by raising the expected turbine height from 50 m to 70 m, the wind capacity estimate was raised to 40,000 MW, and could be double that at 100 m.[56]

text: For HAWTs, tower heights approximately two to three times the blade length have been found to balance material costs of the tower against better utilisation of the more expensive active components.

text: Road size restrictions makes transportation of towers with a diameter of more than 4.3 m difficult. Swedish analyses show that it is important to have the bottom wing tip at least 30 m above the tree tops, but a taller tower requires a larger tower diameter.[57] A 3 MW turbine may increase output from 5,000 MWh to 7,700 MWh per year by going from 80 to 125 meter tower height.[58] A tower profile made of connected shells rather than cylinders can have a larger diameter and still be transportable. A 100 m prototype tower with TC bolted 18 mm 'plank' shells has been erected at the wind turbine test center Høvsøre in Denmark and certified by Det Norske Veritas, with a Siemens nacelle. Shell elements can be shipped in standard 12 m shipping containers,[57][59] and 2½ towers per week are produced this way.[60]

text: As of 2003, typical modern wind turbine installations use towers about 210 ft (65 m) high. Height is typically limited by the availability of cranes. This has led to a variety of proposals for "partially self-erecting wind turbines" that, for a given available crane, allow taller towers that put a turbine in stronger and steadier winds, and "self-erecting wind turbines" that can be installed without cranes.[61][62][63][64]

text: Tower materials[edit]

text: Currently, the majority of wind turbines are supported by conical tubular steel towers. These towers represent 30% – 65% of the turbine weight and therefore account for a large percentage of the turbine transportation costs. The use of lighter materials in the tower could greatly reduce the overall transport and construction cost of wind turbines, however the stability must be maintained.[65] Higher grade S500 steel costs 20%-25% more than S335 steel (standard structural steel), but it requires 30% less material because of its improved strength. Therefore, replacing wind turbine towers with S500 steel would result in a net savings in both weight and cost.[66]

text: Another disadvantage of conical steel towers is that constructing towers that meet the requirements of wind turbines taller than 90 meters proves challenging. High performance concrete shows potential to increase tower height and increase the lifetime of the towers. A hybrid of prestressed concrete and steel has shown improved performance over standard tubular steel at tower heights of 120 meters.[67] Concrete also gives the benefit of allowing for small precast sections to be assembled on site, avoiding the challenges steel faces during transportation.[68] One downside of concrete towers is the higher CO2 emissions during concrete production as compared to steel. However, the overall environmental benefit should be higher if concrete towers can double the wind turbine lifetime.[69]

text: Wood is being investigated as a material for wind turbine towers, and a 100 metre tall tower supporting a 1.5 MW turbine has been erected in Germany. The wood tower shares the same transportation benefits of the segmented steel shell tower, but without the steel resource consumption.[70][71]

text: Connection to the electric grid[edit]

text: All grid-connected wind turbines, from the first one in 1939 until the development of variable-speed grid-connected wind turbines in the 1970s, were fixed-speed wind turbines. As recently as 2003, nearly all grid-connected wind turbines operated at exactly constant speed (synchronous generators) or within a few percent of constant speed (induction generators).[72][73] As of 2011, many operational wind turbines used fixed speed induction generators (FSIG).[74] As of 2011, most new grid-connected wind turbines are variable speed wind turbines—they are in some variable speed configuration.[74]

text: Early wind turbine control systems were designed for peak power extraction, also called maximum power point tracking—they attempt to pull the maximum possible electrical power from a given wind turbine under the current wind conditions.[75] More recent wind turbine control systems deliberately pull less electrical power than they possibly could in most circumstances, in order to provide other benefits, which include:

text:
spinning reserves to quickly produce more power when needed—such as when some other generator suddenly drops from the grid—up to the max power supported by the current wind conditions.[76]
Variable-speed wind turbines can (very briefly) produce more power than the current wind conditions can support, by storing some wind energy as kinetic energy (accelerating during brief gusts of faster wind) and later converting that kinetic energy to electric energy (decelerating, either when more power is needed elsewhere, or during short lulls in the wind, or both).[77][78]
damping (electrical) subsynchronous resonances in the grid[79]
damping (mechanical) resonances in the tower[80][81]

text: The generator in a wind turbine produces alternating current (AC) electricity. Some turbines drive an AC/AC converter—which converts the AC to direct current (DC) with a rectifier and then back to AC with an inverter—in order to match the frequency and phase of the grid. However, the most common method in large modern turbines is to instead use a doubly fed induction generator directly connected to the electricity grid.

text: A useful technique to connect a permanent magnet synchronous generator to the grid is by using a back-to-back converter. Also, we can have control schemes so as to achieve unity power factor in the connection to the grid. In that way the wind turbine will not consume reactive power, which is the most common problem with wind turbines that use induction machines. This leads to a more stable power system. Moreover, with different control schemes a wind turbine with a permanent magnet synchronous generator can provide or consume reactive power. So, it can work as a dynamic capacitor/inductor bank so as to help with the power systems' stability.

text: Below we show the control scheme so as to achieve unity power factor :

text: Reactive power regulation consists of one PI controller in order to achieve operation with unity power factor (i.e. Qgrid = 0 ). It is obvious that IdN has to be regulated to reach zero at steady-state (IdNref = 0).

text: We can see the complete system of the grid side converter and the cascaded PI controller loops in the figure in the right.

text: Foundations[edit]

text: Wind turbines, by their nature, are very tall slender structures,[82] this can cause a number of issues when the structural design of the foundations are considered.

text: The foundations for a conventional engineering structure are designed mainly to transfer the vertical load (dead weight) to the ground, this generally allows for a comparatively unsophisticated arrangement to be used. However, in the case of wind turbines, due to the high wind and environmental loads experienced there is a significant horizontal dynamic load that needs to be appropriately restrained.

text: This loading regime causes large moment loads to be applied to the foundations of a wind turbine. As a result, considerable attention needs to be given when designing the footings to ensure that the turbines are sufficiently restrained to operate efficiently.[83] In the current Det Norske Veritas (DNV) guidelines for the design of wind turbines the angular deflection of the foundations are limited to 0.5°.[84] DNV guidelines regarding earthquakes suggest that horizontal loads are larger than vertical loads for offshore wind turbines, while guidelines for tsunamis only suggest designing for maximum sea waves.[85] In contrast, IEC suggests considering tsunami loads.[86]

text: Scale model tests using a 50-g centrifuge are being performed at the Technical University of Denmark to test monopile foundations for offshore wind turbines at 30 to 50-m water depth.[87]

text: Costs[edit]

text: The modern wind turbine is a complex and integrated system. Structural elements comprise the majority of the weight and cost. All parts of the structure must be inexpensive, lightweight, durable, and manufacturable, under variable loading and environmental conditions. Turbine systems that have fewer failures,[90] require less maintenance, are lighter and last longer will lead to reducing the cost of wind energy.

text: One way to achieve this is to implement well-documented, validated analysis codes, according to a 2011 report from a coalition of researchers from universities, industry, and government, supported by the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future.[4]

text: The major parts of a modern turbine may cost (percentage of total): tower 22%, blades 18%, gearbox 14%, generator 8%.[91][92]

text: Efficiency and wind speed[edit]

text: The efficiency of a wind turbine is maximum at its design wind velocity, and efficiency decreases with the fluctuations in wind. The lowest velocity at which the turbine develops its full power is known as rated wind velocity. Below some minimum wind velocity, no useful power output can be produced from wind turbine. There are limits on both the minimum (2–5 m/s) and maximum (25–30 m/s) wind velocity for the efficient operation of wind turbines.[93][94]

text: Conservation of mass requires that the amount of air entering and exiting a turbine must be equal. Accordingly, Betz's law gives the maximal achievable extraction of wind power by a wind turbine as 16/27 (59.3%) of the total kinetic energy of the air flowing through the turbine.[95]

text: The maximum theoretical power output of a wind machine is thus 0.59 times the kinetic energy of the air passing through the effective disk area of the machine. If the effective area of the disk is A, and the wind velocity v, the maximum theoretical power output P is:

text: where ρ is air density

text: As wind is free (no fuel cost), wind-to-rotor efficiency (including rotor blade friction and drag) is one of many aspects impacting the final price of wind power.[96] Further inefficiencies, such as gearbox losses, generator and converter losses, reduce the power delivered by a wind turbine. To protect components from undue wear, extracted power is held constant above the rated operating speed as theoretical power increases at the cube of wind speed, further reducing theoretical efficiency. In 2001, commercial utility-connected turbines deliver 75% to 80% of the Betz limit of power extractable from the wind, at rated operating speed.[94][97][needs update]

text: All power plants have some consumption when they produce power, and some standby consumption when they are turned on without producing power. For a modern 3 MW wind turbine, the consumption may be 6-58 kW depending on circumstances.[98]

text: Design specification[edit]

text: The design specification for a wind-turbine will contain a power curve and guaranteed availability. With the data from the wind resource assessment it is possible to calculate commercial viability.[1] The typical operating temperature range is −20 to 40 °C (−4 to 104 °F). In areas with extreme climate (like Inner Mongolia or Rajasthan) specific cold and hot weather versions are required.

text: Wind turbines can be designed and validated according to IEC 61400 standards.[86]

text: Low temperature[edit]

text: Utility-scale wind turbine generators have minimum temperature operating limits which apply in areas that experience temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F). Wind turbines must be protected from ice accumulation. It can make anemometer readings inaccurate and which, in certain turbine control designs, can cause high structure loads and damage. Some turbine manufacturers offer low-temperature packages at a few percent extra cost, which include internal heaters, different lubricants, and different alloys for structural elements. If the low-temperature interval is combined with a low-wind condition, the wind turbine will require an external supply of power, equivalent to a few percent of its rated power, for internal heating. For example, the St. Leon Wind Farm in Manitoba, Canada, has a total rating of 99 MW and is estimated to need up to 3 MW (around 3% of capacity) of station service power a few days a year for temperatures down to −30 °C (−22 °F). This factor affects the economics of wind turbine operation in cold climates.


document_title: Criminal investigation department

question_text: what does ds stand for in uk police

question_tokens: what does ds stand for in uk police

text: Criminal investigation department

text: Methods[edit]

text: Organization[edit]

text: Criminal investigation department officers are required to have had at least two years as uniformed officers before applying to transfer to the branch, and receive further training when they do so.[4] While training they are referred to as a trainee detective constable (TDC)[5] and after completing the national Initial Crime Investigators' Development Programme, typically taking around two years, they become fully fledged detective constables (DCs). CID officers are involved in the investigation of major crimes such as rape, murder, serious assault, and fraud.[4] They are responsible for acting upon intelligence received and then building a case.

text: In the United Kingdom, smaller police stations usually have more uniformed officers than CID officers, typically five DCs with a detective sergeant (DS) in overall command. In larger stations many DCs, DSs and detective inspectors are present under the overall responsibility of a detective chief inspector.

text: Ranks and remuneration[edit]

text: Contrary to the practice of police forces of many other nations, detectives are not automatically senior to uniformed officers and hold the same ranks. The head of the CID in most police forces is a detective chief superintendent.

text: These ranks are common to most forces:

text:
Detective constable (DC or Det Con)
Detective sergeant (DS or Det Sgt)
Detective inspector (DI or Det Insp)
Detective chief inspector (DCI or Det Ch Insp)
Detective superintendent (DSU or Det Supt)
Detective chief superintendent (DCS or Det Ch Supt)

text: As shown above, members of the CID up to and including the rank of chief superintendent prefix their ranks with detective. Detective ranks being prefixed with a D are equivalent to their uniformed counterparts. Traditionally the prefix woman was also placed in front of rank titles (as it was within the uniformed branches) to designate female officers. Although this can sometimes still be seen, especially in historical documents, the practice has been obsolete since 1999. Traditionally, when an officer joined the CID he or she would do so for life, giving up the opportunity for anything more than a very limited chance of promotion in exchange for the pay and allowances of a detective. Since the advent of the Sheehy Inquiry (where, regardless of its initial rejection, most recommendations have since been implemented) many officers have found it financially difficult to remain within the CID and have returned to uniformed duties to seek easier promotion. This has had a knock-on effect, with fewer and fewer officers opting to train as detectives. Within the UK nationally there is a shortage of trained detectives and police forces can be seen competing with each other for detectives to transfer to them from other forces.

text: In some police forces, some branches generally within the CID environment, such as Special Branch and child protection, are not always staffed with qualified detectives. This is a reflection of the highly specialised nature of their work which does not always call for an "all round detective" background but instead requires officers with exceptionally detailed specialist knowledge. Some forces appoint such non-detective officers to branch detective status, allowing them to use the detective prefix.

text: Although there is no pay increment on obtaining detective status in most forces (subject to the availability of a budget) detectives are expected to spend more time at work than most uniformed officers and this attracts additional overtime payments. Previously paid allowances such as the detective duty allowance (a small payment intended to allow officers to purchase refreshments and other similar petty cash purposes) and the plain clothes allowance (an allowance used to purchase suitable clothing) have all been withdrawn over the past few years.[citation needed]

text: Special investigation branch[edit]

text: Although the British Armed Forces' military police have an investigations department, it is not called a "criminal investigation department". All three service military police forces operate special investigation branches (SIBs) which fulfill much the same role as the civilian CID.

text: The army's SIB has regular sections and one Territorial Army section made up of civilian SIB detectives and ex-regulars to assist them in major cases.[6]

text: In other countries[edit]

text: Republic of Ireland[edit]

text: Irish Free State[edit]

text: Ireland's CID operated in the Irish Free State in 1922 and 1923 for the purposes of counter-insurgency during the Irish Civil War. It was disbanded in 1923.

text: Burma (Myanmar)[edit]

text: Burma's CID is headed by the Polica Brigadier General of Burma. The CID's responsibility is to do difficult crime investigations (murder, robbery, firearm crimes, and major theft).

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: The CID of the Royal Malaysian Police is involved with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of crimes that affect people (e.g. murder, robbery with firearms, rape and injury) and property crime (e.g. theft and house-breaking). Modelled on the British police, this department enforces laws regarding gambling, "sin" and the Triad in Malaysia.

text: Hong Kong[edit]

text: The Hong Kong Police Force's CID is a sub-branch unit within the criminal intelligence bureau under the crime wing of the B department (crime and security).

text: Pakistan[edit]

text:
The CID in Pakistan is a special unit of the provincial and metropolitan police departments, responsible for carrying out investigations into crimes, including terrorism, murders, organised crime and sectarianism.
The special branch of the CID in the Asia Division (CIDA) was a division of this department, but is currently not operational. It had only 12 members, the names of which are not available because of security issues.

text: Sri Lanka[edit]

text: The CID of the Sri Lanka Police Service is responsible for carrying out investigations into crimes including murder and organised crime. It was established in 1870.[7]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: The Singapore Police Force's CID is the agency for premier investigation and staff authority for criminal investigation matters within the Singapore Police Force.[8]

text: India[edit]

text: India's CID (sometimes known as the investigation branch) is a specialised wing in many state police forces.[9][10][11] Personnel attached to this wing essentially work in plain clothes (mufti). Other branches of the CID are, the state crime investigation bureau, finger print bureau and the scientific section.[9]

text: Like their counterparts in the law and order police, the crime branch has its own ranks up to the level of additional director general of police or special commissioner of police.[12] The crime branch has senior officers like superintendents, inspectors, sub-inspectors and the constabulary. Officers and men attached to this wing generally add the prefix detective before their regular rank (e. g.: detective inspector).

text: The crime branch's tasks are to investigate criminal cases, which span across multiple districts or states. The CB's CID may also take up complicated cases like communal riot cases, circulation of counterfeit currency, or very complicated murder cases.[12]  A crime branch investigation is ordered either by a judicial court, by the director general of police, or the government.

text: Crime branch officers can be transferred to the law and order police, and vice versa. The CB is different from the crime detachment or crime sq. Crime Detachment and Crime Sq s, are a group of regular law and order policemen (who generally wear the uniform specifically detailed by the police inspector to work in plain clothes to keep a tab on local criminal elements, prostitutes, petty thieves and other habitual offenders.

text: Indonesia[edit]

text: The criminal investigation units within the Indonesian National Police are called sat-reskrim (satuan reserse kriminal) meaning "criminal investigation unit", it is under the bareskrim (badan reserse kriminal) "criminal investigation agency" which is under the command of the national police headquarters. Every regional police force in Indonesia has this unit; they are concerned with conducting criminal investigations and identification activities.

text: Bangladesh[edit]

text: Kenya[edit]

text: Germany, Austria and Switzerland[edit]

text: Kriminalpolizei is the standard term for the criminal investigation agency within the police forces of Germany, Austria and the German-speaking cantons of Switzerland.

text: France[edit]

text: The Direction Centrale de la Police Judiciaire (DCPJ) is the national authority of the criminal division of the French National Police. Its function is to lead and co-ordinate the action of the law enforcement forces against organised crime.


document_title: Jarasandha

question_text: who was born in two halfs in mahabharata

text: Jarasandha

text: Etymology[edit]

text: The word Jarasandha is a combination of two Sanskrit words, Jara (जरा) and sandha (सन्ध), "joining". Jara was a demoness who put the two halves of Jarasandha together after finding them by a tree. In return for saving Brihadratha's son, he named Jarasandha after her. The meaning of Jarasandha is 'the one who is joined by Jara'.[1][better source needed]

text: Legend about his birth[edit]

text: Jarasandha's father king Brihadratha was married to the twin daughters of the King of Kashi. Brihadratha loved both his wives equally, but had no sons. Once sage Chandakaushika visited his kingdom and gave a mango to the king as a boon. The king divided the mango equally and gave to his both the wives. Soon, both wives became pregnant and gave birth to two halves of a human body. These two lifeless halves were very horrifying to view. So, Brihadratha ordered these to be thrown in the forest. A Rakshasi (demoness) named Jara (or Barmata) found the two pieces and held each of them in her two palms. Incidentally, when she brought both of her palms together, the two pieces joined giving rise to a living child. The child cried loudly which created panic for Jara. Not having the heart to eat a living child, the demoness gave it to the king and explained to him all that had happened. The father was overjoyed to see him.[2]

text: Chandakaushika arrived at the court and saved the child. He prophesied to Brihadratha that his son would be specially gifted and would be a great devotee of the god Shiva.[3]

text: Fight with Karna[edit]

text: Karna helped Duryodhana marry the Princess Bhanumati of Kalinga. Duryodhana abducted Princess Bhanumati from her Swayamvara ceremony in a chariot and Karna fought with the rest of the suitors. Many legendary rulers like Shishupala, Jarasandha, Bhishmaka, Vakra, Kapotaroman, Nila, Rukmi, Sringa, Asoka, Satadhanwan etc. were defeated by Karna. The ashamed Jarasandha, later challenged Karna to a one-on-one fight. Karna and Jarasandha fought continuously with different weapons until Karna defeated Jarasandha by trying to tear him apart during a wrestling fight. Jarasandha conceded defeat and Karna spared his life. Jarasandha gifted the city of Malini to Karna as a token of appreciation. The victory over Jarasandha made Karna famous on all over the world.[citation needed]

text: Jarasandha had also participated in the Swayamvara of Draupadi, and after being unable to lift the bow, left the place.[4]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ "Jarasandha was a very powerful king of Magadha, and the history of his birth and activities is also very interesting - Vaniquotes". vaniquotes.org. Retrieved 2015-12-31.
Jump up ^ Chandrakant, Kamala (1977). Krishna and Jarasandha. India Book House Ltd. pp. 3–5. ISBN 81-7508-080-9.
Jump up ^ "Slaying of Jarasandha - Indian Mythology". www.apamnapat.com. Retrieved 2016-01-10.
Jump up ^ Squarcini, Frederico (2011). Boundaries, Dynamics, and Constructions of Traditions in South Asia. 244 Madison Ave, #116, New York,NY: Anthem Press. p. 117. ISBN 9780857284303.

tag: ol


document_title: Godless (TV series)

question_text: who plays roy good in the netflix series godless

text: Godless (TV series)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Jack O'Connell as Roy Goode, an injured outlaw on the run from his former boss, Frank Griffin. He was orphaned at a young age and was taken in by Griffin. He ultimately breaks up a robbery and takes off with the loot, splitting from his father figure after he no longer can stomach Griffin's behavior.[8]
Michelle Dockery as Alice Fletcher.[9]
Scoot McNairy as Bill McNue, the sheriff of La Belle and brother of Mary Agnes.[2]
Merritt Wever as Mary Agnes McNue, the brash widow of the late mayor of La Belle, a town where almost all of the men have died in a mining accident,[10] and sister of sheriff Bill McNue.
Thomas Brodie-Sangster as Whitey Winn, the town deputy who is devoted to the town and the sheriff and afraid of no one.[10]
Tantoo Cardinal as Iyovi, Alice's Paiute mother-in-law.
Kim Coates as Ed Logan, an arrogant and abrasive company man who comes into La Belle.[2]
Sam Waterston as Marshal John Cook, the law in Santa Fe who is on the hunt for Griffin (three episodes).[2]
Jeff Daniels as Frank Griffin, a menacing outlaw who is terrorizing the West as he hunts down Roy, his son-like partner turned mortal enemy.[11]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Samuel Marty as Truckee, Alice's son.
Tess Frazer as Callie Dunne, a former prostitute, current teacher and lover of Mary Agnes McNue.
Samantha Soule as Charlotte Temple, a nervous and put-together woman always in her Sunday best.
Audrey Moore as Sarah Doyle, a randy woman in her thirties dying for a man’s company.[2]
Jeremy Bobb as A.T. Grigg, the editor of the Santa Fe Daily Review, who has been obsessed for years with writing about the Griffin Gang.[10]
Adam David Thompson as Gatz Brown, Griffin’s righthand man.
Russell Dennis Louis as Daryl Devlin, murderous twin brother of Donnie in Griffin’s gang of outlaws.
Matthew Dennis Louis as Donnie Devlin, murderous twin brother of Daryl in Griffin’s gang of outlaws.
Joe Pingue as Alonzo Bunker, a member of Griffin’s gang of outlaws.
Justin Welborn as Floyd Wilson, a skillful tracker in Griffin’s gang of outlaws.[2]
Keith Jardine as Dyer Howe, a member of Griffin’s gang of outlaws who is especially useful with knives.
Christiane Seidel as Martha Bischoff, a mysterious German woman who raises some suspicion in La Belle[2]
Kayli Carter as Sadie Rose, a widow of La Belle
Russell G. Jones as Hiram, one of the only surviving men of La Belle.
Randy Oglesby as Asa Leopold, one of the only surviving men of La Belle who runs the dry goods store.[2]
Duane Howard as Shoshone Brave, a mysterious figure with a dog companion who is trailing Bill McNue.
Jessica Sula as Louise Hobbs, Whitey’s love interest and a skilled violinist.
Erik LaRay Harvey as Elias Hobbs, Louise’s father and a Civil War veteran.
Rob Morgan as John Randall, a Civil War veteran.[12]
Julian Grey as William McNue, Bill’s son
Marie Wagenman as Trudy McNue, Bill’s daughter

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Christopher Fitzgerald as J.J. Valentine, the smooth talking president of the Quicksilver Mining Company looking to take over the mine in La Belle.[2]
Whitney Able as Anna McNue, Bill McNue's deceased wife, who died giving birth to their daughter.[13]

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"An Incident at Creede"Scott FrankScott FrankNovember 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)[14]
Marshal John Cook discovers a train wreck in Creede, Colorado, where all aboard were killed. Cook believes this to be the work of Frank Griffin, a notorious outlaw, in response to his son-figure, Roy Goode, betraying him. Roy winds up at the ranch of Alice Fletcher outside La Belle, New Mexico. Alice shoots Roy, but nurses him back to health with the help of Iyovi, her Paiute mother-in-law, and Truckee, Alice's mixed-race son. Cook arrives in La Belle, a town of mostly women after most men were killed in a mining accident. He alerts Sheriff Bill McNue of the incident at Creede. Bill goes to Alice's ranch, where he meets Roy who explains the event; Roy stole the money Frank and his gang stole from the train, drew the gang away, then faced them down in a canyon where Roy shot off Frank's left arm. Roy surrenders to Bill who takes him into custody.
2"The Ladies of La Belle"Scott FrankScott FrankNovember 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
The Quicksilver Mining Company, led by J.J. Valentine and accompanied by head of security Ed Logan, arrive in La Belle to discuss the future of the mine. Quicksilver proposes a deal to get La Belle back on its feet. While Mary Agnes McNue, Bill's sister and the widow of the town mayor, believes the deal to be suspicious, she is overruled and the town takes the deal. Frank confronts A.T. Grigg, a newspaper editor, and forces him to write an article enhancing Frank's image. Bill and Roy discuss finding Frank before he tracks Roy to La Belle. Bill goes off in search of Frank, leaving his deputy Whitey Winn in charge of Roy. However, Alice breaks Roy out. Alice strikes a deal with Roy, giving him food, a place to sleep, and teaching him to read in exchange for him breaking her horses. Bill hears a story from a cafe patron about a gang of 25 men (the size of Frank's gang). Bill then schedules a meeting with Cook.
3"Wisdom of the Horse"Scott FrankScott FrankNovember 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
Bill rides to the canyon where Roy stood down Frank's gang. Bill meets a Native American on a horse, who points out Bill's deteriorating eyesight and tells him he's "lost his shadow". Cook meets with Valentine, and Cook urges Quicksilver to get down to La Belle and protect the town against Frank Griffin. At Alice's ranch, Whitey, Mary Agnes, and other townsfolk arrive, asking for Roy back; however, they do not know it is really Roy Goode, as Bill told Whitey and others his name was "Mr. Ward". Alice strikes a deal, agreeing to sell her surplus of horses to the town if Roy can stay and break them. Bill stumbles upon a family traumatized by a run-in with Frank and his gang, and the family urges Bill to find and kill Frank. Meanwhile, Whitey goes to Blackdom, a small village near La Belle made up of Buffalo Soldiers, to take violin lessons from Louise, a girl he has a crush on; however, the village does not take kindly to him. Mary Agnes shares a moment with Callie, her lover and the town teacher. Grigg publishes Frank's story, saying the gang is coming for Roy and will kill Roy and anyone who protects him. Logan arrives at La Belle with his security men and declares himself "the law" with Bill's absence. Whitey is warned to be wary of the Buffalo Soldiers. Cook arrives at his meeting place with Bill. However, Cook is surprised by the appearance of the Griffin Gang, who shoot and kill Cook.
4"Fathers & Sons"Scott FrankScott FrankNovember 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
Bill arrives at the meeting place and finds Cook's dead body. After noticing the local law's lack of interest in doing anything, and seeing that a Griffin gang member stole Cook's badge, Bill becomes more motivated to find Frank. The Griffin Gang finds a sick house, where Frank decides to help the sick; he is unafraid to do so as he's "seen his death" and "this ain't it" (a recurring phrase throughout the series). Roy goes hunting with Truckee and Iyovi, where he finds a box of mail in a crashed stage coach. Logan goes to Blackdom and tells the Buffalo Soldiers if they keep to themselves, Quicksilver will divert a river to the village. Grigg, believing Roy to be in La Belle, goes there, but the townsfolk (not knowing Roy is "Mr. Ward") tell him he is being fooled. A flashback introduces Lucy Cole, a nun who cared for Roy and his brother Jim as children. Whitey is told by Louise's father to stay away. After seeing Louise's father beating her, Whitey nearly shoots him, but stops after seeing Roy; Whitey talks to Roy and realizes Roy is a good man. Bill encounters Frank and his gang. After initially trying to fool Frank, Bill admits he is the law. Frank, however, leaves with his gang, as he's not afraid of Bill.
5"Shot the Head off a Snake"Scott FrankScott FrankNovember 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
Flashbacks show Roy's relationship with Frank and Frank's focus on the gang being family, as well as Roy meeting Frank after leaving Lucy. In the present, Grigg speaks with Charlotte, a calm, religious La Belle resident. Grigg learns of the man at the Fletcher ranch, which he hypothesizes is Roy. Mary Agnes sees Callie with another woman, leading to an argument in the street; she and Whitey wallow in their heartbreak together. Roy and Alice read some of the mail he found, showing his quick learning. Frank and the gang come upon the last known location of Lucy, but she is gone, but know she bought a nearby saloon. Roy shares a moment with Alice, telling her that he became his own father and no longer needed Frank as a surrogate. Grigg sees "Mr. Ward" and knows it to be Roy, and rides off to report his sighting.
6"Dear Roy..."Scott FrankScott FrankNovember 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
Grigg begins a special edition of his paper which will report Roy being in La Belle. Instead of warning the people, Grigg wants a shootout so he has a story to report. Mary Agnes reunites with Callie.  Roy prepares to leave the ranch, and finally reads the letter from his brother Jim (which he received from Lucy in a flashback), revealing him to be in California. Truckee learns Roy plans to leave and becomes furious, lashing out at him, making Roy emotional. Alice approaches Roy and they have sex. The next morning, Roy rides off, but leaves the letter for Alice to read, which she does. Frank reads Grigg's article, and rides off to La Belle.
7"Homecoming"Scott FrankScott FrankNovember 22, 2017 (2017-11-22)
Callie, Mary Agnes, and a few other women read Grigg's paper, where they realize that "Mr. Ward" was actually Roy Goode and has led the Griffin Gang to La Belle. The women go to Alice's ranch, but Roy has already left. Mary Agnes suggests riding to the hills and making Frank believe La Belle is deserted, but find Logan and his men have stolen the horses and fled. Truckee runs away, searching for Roy. Grigg returns to La Belle to report the impending battle. Whitey goes to Blackdom and tries to get the buffalo soldiers to fight with La Belle. Roy and Bill both stumble upon Logan and his men with the horses; they incapacitate the men, take the horses, and ride to La Belle. Frank and his men go to Blackdom, where he attempts to get them to stay out of the fight; however, the people have history with Frank, which leads to a shootout where nearly all of Blackdom are killed. Whitey, however, arrives and saves Louise. Mary Agnes and the women arm themselves and enter the hotel (the only building not made of wood). Alice goes looking for Truckee, but upon seeing the Griffin Gang, goes to La Belle and joins the fight. As the gang arrives, Whitey goes out to confront the gang, but is killed by a thrown knife. A large shootout begins. Soon after, Roy and Bill arrive and join the fight. Many citizens of La Belle and all of the Griffin Gang are killed, but Frank flees. Roy gives pursuit. Frank finds Truckee, who share a brief encounter over Truckee's now-injured horse. Roy then confronts Frank, and shoots Frank in the chest. Frank says "I've seen my death, this ain't it." Roy coldly tells Frank "you've seen wrong" before shooting him in the head, killing him. The survivors hold a funeral for the fallen, when the long awaited preacher finally arrives and gives an eulogy for Whitey. Roy says goodbye to Alice and Truckee, and tells Bill to take care of them. Roy recovers from his wound and rides to California. Later, Alice finds a satchel of money left for her by Roy. Roy arrives at the coast as the screen fades to black.

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series received positive reviews. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave it a 88% "fresh" rating and average rating of 7.79 out of 10, based on 60 reviews, with critics consensus, "Vistas and violence root Godless firmly in traditional Western territory, but its female-driven ensemble sets it apart in a male-dominated genre."[5] On Metacritic, it has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 20 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[4]

text: Alan Sepinwall from Uproxx reviewed it positively, saying, "Godless doesn’t quite find that happy middle, but the storytelling excesses created by this format make it more fun than the traditional movie version probably would have been."[15]

text: Vanity Fair and The Washington Post included Godless on their "best shows of 2017" lists.[6][7]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: Critics' Choice Television Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref

2017

Best Limited Series

Godless

Nominated

[16]

Best Actor in a Movie/Limited Series

Jeff Daniels

Nominated

Jack O'Connell

Nominated

text: Directors Guild of America Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref

2017

Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television and Mini-Series

Scott Frank

Nominated

[17]

text: GLAAD Media Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref

2018

Outstanding TV Movie or Limited Series

Godless

Nominated

[18]

text: Primetime Emmy Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref

2018

Outstanding Limited Series

Casey Silver, Steven Soderbergh, Scott Frank, Jessica Levin and Michael Malone

Nominated

[19]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie

Michelle Dockery

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie

Jeff Daniels (for "An Incident at Creede")

Won

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie

Merritt Wever (for "The Ladies of La Belle")

Won

Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special

Scott Frank

Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special

Nominated

Outstanding Casting for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special

Ellen Lewis and Jo Edna Boldin

Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Limited Series or Movie

Steven Meizler (for "An Incident at Creede")

Nominated

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie

Geordie Sheffer, Megan Daum and Carmen Jones

Nominated

Outstanding Music Composition for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special

Carlos Rafael Rivera (for "Homecoming")

Nominated

Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music

Carlos Rafael Rivera

Won

Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Special

Wylie Stateman, Eric Hoehn, Harry Cohen, Gregg Swiatlowski, Hector C. Gika, Leo Marcil, Sylvain Lasseur, Jackie Zhou and Tom Kramer (for "Homecoming")

Nominated

text: Screen Actors Guild Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref

2018

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Television Movie or Limited Series

Jeff Daniels

Nominated

[20]

text: Writers Guild of America Awards[edit]

text:
Year

Category

Nominee

Result

Ref

2018

Outstanding Writing for a Long Form – Original

Scott Frank

Nominated

[21]