document_title: Index of branches of science

question_text: what area of study is the study of objects in motion

text: Index of branches of science

text: This article is incomplete. Please help to improve it, or discuss the issue on the talk page. (May 2017)

text:
Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

text: See also

text: A[edit]

text:
Acarology – study of mites
Aceology – science of remedies, or of therapeutics; iamatology.
Acology – study of medical remedies
Acoustics – science of sound
Adenology – study of glands
Aedoeology – science of generative organs
Aerobiology – study of airborne organisms
Aerodonetics – science or study of gliding
Aerodynamics – dynamics of gases; science of movement in a flow of air or gas
Aerolithology – study of aerolites; meteorites
Aerology – study of the atmosphere
Aeronautics – study of navigation through air or space
Aerophilately – collecting of air-mail stamps
Aerostatics – science of air pressure; art of ballooning
Agonistics – art and theory of prize-fighting
Agriology – comparative study of primitive peoples
Agrobiology – study of plant nutrition; soil yields
Agrology – study of agricultural soils
Agronomics – study of productivity of land
Agrostology – science or study of grasses
Alethiology – study of truth
Algedonics – science of pleasure and pain
Algology – study of algae or the study of pain
Anaesthesiology – study of anaesthetics
Anaglyptics – art of carving in bas-relief
Anagraphy – art of constructing catalogues
Anatomy – study of the structure of the body
Andragogy – theory and practice of education of adults
Anemology – study of wind
Angiology – study of blood flow and lymphatic system
Anthropobiology – study of human biology
Anthropology – study of human cultures
Aphnology – science of wealth
Apiology – study of bees
Arachnology – study of arachnids
Archaeology – study of human material remains
Archelogy – study of first principles[1]
Archology – science of the origins of government
Arctophily – study of teddy bears
Areology – study of Mars
Aretaics – science of virtue
Aristology – science or art of dining
Aromachology – study of smell and odor
Arthrology – study of joints
Arthropodology – study of arthropods like insects and arachnids
Astacology – science of crayfish
Astheniology – study of diseases of weakening and aging
Astrogeology – study of extraterrestrial geology
Astrology – study of influence of celestial objects on humanity
Astrometeorology – study of effect of stars on climate
Astronomy – study of celestial bodies
Astrophysics – study of behaviour of interstellar matter
Astroseismology – study of star oscillations
Atmology – the science of aqueous vapor
Audiology – study of hearing
Autecology – study of ecology of one species
Autology – scientific study of oneself
Auxology – science of growth
Avionics – science of electronic devices for aircraft
Axiology – science of the ultimate nature of value

text: B[edit]

text:
Bacteriology – study of bacteria
Balneology – science of the therapeutic use of baths
Barodynamics – science of the support and mechanics of bridges
Barology – study of gravitation
Batology – the study of brambles
Bibliology – study of books
Bibliotics – study of documents to determine authenticity
Bioecology – study of interaction of life in the environment
Biology – study of life
Biochemistry – study of chemical processes within and relating to living organism
Biometrics – study of biological measurement for security purposes
Bionomics – study of organisms interacting in their environments
Botany – study of plants
Bromatology – study of food
Bryology – study of mosses and liverworts

text: C[edit]

text:
Cacogenics – study of racial degeneration
Caliology – study of bird's nests
Calorifics – study of heat
Cambistry – science of international exchange
Campanology – art of bell ringing
Carcinology – study of crabs and other crustaceans
Cardiology – study of the heart
Caricology – study of sedges
Carpology – study of fruit
Cartography – science of making maps and globes
Cartophily – hobby of collecting cigarette cards
Castrametation – art of designing a camp
Catacoustics – science of echoes or reflected sounds
Catalactics – science of commercial exchange
Catechectics – art of teaching by question and answer
Cetology – study of whales and dolphins
Chalcography – art of engraving on copper or brass
Chalcotriptics – art of taking rubbings from ornamental brasses
Chaology – study of chaos or chaos theory
Characterology – study of development of character
Chemistry – study of properties and behaviours of substances
Chionology – study of snow
Chirocosmetics – beautifying the hands; art of manicure
Chirography – study of handwriting or penmanship
Chirology – study of the hands
Chiropody – medical science of feet
Chorology – science of the geographic description of anything
Chrematistics – study of wealth; political economy
Chronobiology – study of biological rhythms
Chrysology – study of precious metals
Ciselure – art of chasing metal
Climatology – study of climate
Clinology – study of aging or individual decline after maturity
Codicology – study of manuscripts
Coleopterology – study of beetles and weevils
Cometology – study of comets
Conchology – study of shells
Coprology – study of pornography
Cosmetology – study of cosmetics
Cosmology – study of the universe
Craniology – study of the skull
Criminology – study of crime; criminals
Cryobiology – study of life under cold conditions
Cryptology – study of codes
Cryptozoology – study of animals for whose existence there is no conclusive proof
Ctetology – study of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
Cyclonology – study of tropical cyclones, e.g. hurricanes
Cynology – scientific study of dogs
Cytology – study of living cells

text: D[edit]

text:
Dactyliology – study of rings
Dactylography – study of fingerprints
Dactylology – study of sign language
Deltiology – collection and study of picture postcards
Demography – study of population
Demology – study of human behaviour
Demonology – study of demons
Dendrochronology – study of tree rings
Dendrology – study of trees
Deontology – theory or study of moral obligation
Dermatoglyphics – study of skin patterns and fingerprints
Dermatology – study of skin
Desmology – study of ligaments
Diabology – study of devils
Diagraphics – art of making diagrams or drawings
Dialectology – study of dialects
Dioptrics – study of light refraction
Diplomatics – science of deciphering ancient writings and texts
Diplomatology – study of diplomats
Docimology – art of assaying
Dosiology – study of doses
Dramaturgy – art of producing and staging dramatic works
Dysgenics – study of racial degeneration
Dysteleology – study of purposeless organs

text: E[edit]

text:
Ecclesiology – study of church affairs
Eccrinology – study of excretion
Ecology – study of environment
Economics – study of material wealth
Edaphology – study of soils
Egyptology – study of ancient Egypt
Ekistics – study of human settlement
Electrochemistry – study of relations between electricity and chemicals
Electrology – study of electricity
Electrostatics – study of static electricity
Embryology – study of embryos
Emetology – study of vomiting
Emmenology – study of menstruation
Endemiology – study of local diseases
Endocrinology – study of glands
Energetics – study of energy under transformation
Enigmatology – study of enigmas
Entomology – study of insects
Entozoology – study of parasites that live inside larger organisms
Enzymology – study of enzymes
Ephebiatrics – branch of medicine dealing with adolescence
Epidemiology – study of diseases; epidemics
Epileptology – study of epilepsy
Epistemology – study of grounds of knowledge
Eremology – study of deserts
Ergology – study of effects of work on humans
Ergonomics – study of people at work
Escapology – study of freeing oneself from constraints
Eschatology – study of death; final matters
Ethnogeny – study of origins of races or ethnic groups
Ethnology – study of cultures
Ethnomethodology – study of everyday communication
Ethnomusicology – study of comparative musical systems
Ethology – study of natural or biological character
Ethonomics – study of economic and ethical principles of a society
Etiology – science of causes; especially of disease
Etymology – study of origins of words
Euthenics – science concerned with improving living conditions
Exobiology – study of extraterrestrial life
Exoplanetology – study of exoplanets

text: F[edit]

text:
Floristry – art of cultivating and selling flowers
Fluviology – study of watercourses
Folkloristics – study of folklore and fables
Forestry – study of the creation, management, use, conservation, and repair of forests and associated resources
Futurology – study of future

text: G[edit]

text:
Garbology – study of garbage
Gastroenterology – study of stomach; intestines
Gastronomy – study of fine dining
Gemmology – study of gems and jewels
Gender Studies – study of gender
Genealogy – study of descent of families
Genesiology – study of reproduction and heredity
Genethlialogy – art of casting horoscopes
Geochemistry – study of chemistry of the earth's crust
Geochronology – study of measuring geological time
Geogeny – science of the formation of the earth's crust
Geogony – study of formation of the earth
Geography – study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants
Geology – study of the earth
Geomorphogeny – study of the origins of land forms
Geoponics – study of agriculture
Geotechnics – study of increasing habitability of the earth
Geratology – study of decadence and decay
Gerocomy – study of old age
Gerontology – study of the elderly; aging
Gigantology – study of giants
Glaciology – study of ice ages and glaciation
Glossology – study of language; study of the tongue
Glyptography – art of engraving on gems
Glyptology – study of gem engravings
Gnomonics – the art of measuring time using sundials
Gnosiology – study of knowledge; philosophy of knowledge
Gnotobiology – study of life in germ-free conditions
Graminology – study of grasses
Grammatology – study of systems of writing
Graphemics – study of systems of representing speech in writing
Graphology – study of handwriting
Gromatics – science of surveying
Gynaecology – study of women’s physiology
Gyrostatics – study of rotating bodies

text: H[edit]

text:
Haemataulics – study of movement of blood through blood vessels
Hagiology – study of saints
Halieutics – study of fishing
Hamartiology – study of sin
Harmonics – study of musical acoustics
Hedonics – part of ethics or psychology dealing with pleasure
Helcology – study of ulcers
Heliology – science of the sun
Helioseismology – study of sun's interior by observing its surface oscillations
Helminthology – study of worms
Hematology – study of blood
Heortology – study of religious feasts
Hepatology – study of liver
Heraldry – study of coats of arms
Heredity – study of passing of traits from parents to offspring
Heresiology – study of heresies
Herpetology – study of reptiles and amphibians
Hierology – science of sacred matters
Hippiatrics – study of diseases of horses
Hippology – study of horses
Histology – study of the tissues of organisms
Histopathology – study of changes in tissue due to disease
Historiography – study of writing history
Historiology – study of history
Homiletics – art of preaching
Hoplology – study of weapons
Horography – art of constructing sundials or clocks
Horology – science of time measurement
Horticulture – study of gardening
Hydrobiology – study of aquatic organisms
Hydrodynamics – study of movement in liquids
Hydrogeology – study of ground water
Hydrography – study of investigating bodies of water
Hydrokinetics – study of motion of fluids
Hydrology – study of water resources
Hydrometeorology – study of atmospheric moisture
Hydropathy – study of treating diseases with water
Hyetology – science of rainfall
Hygiastics – science of health and hygiene
Hygienics – study of sanitation; health
Hygiology – hygienics; study of cleanliness
Hygroscopy – study of humidity
Hygrometry – science of humidity
Hymnography – study of writing hymns
Hymnology – study of hymns
Hypnology – study of sleep; study of hypnosis
Hypsography – science of measuring heights

text: I[edit]

text:
Iamatology – study of remedies
Iatrology – treatise or text on medical topics; study of medicine
Iatromathematics – archaic practice of medicine in conjunction with astrology
Ichnography – art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan
Ichnology – science of fossilized footprints
Ichthyology – study of fish
Iconography – study of drawing symbols
Iconology – study of icons; symbols
Ideogeny – study of origins of ideas
Ideology – science of ideas; system of ideas used to justify behaviour
Idiomology – study of idiom, jargon or dialect
Idiopsychology – study of the psychology of one's own mind
Immunogenetics – study of genetic characteristics of immunity
Immunology – study of immunity
Immunopathology – study of immunity to disease
Insectology – study of insects
Irenology – study of peace
Iridology – study of the iris; diagnosis of disease based on the iris of the eye

text: K[edit]

text:
Kalology – study of beauty
Karyology – study of cell nuclei
Kinematics – study of motion
Kinesics – study of gestural communication
Kinesiology – study of human movement and posture
Kinetics – study of forces producing or changing motion
Koniology – study of atmospheric pollutants and dust
Ktenology – science of putting people to death
Kymatology – study of wave motion

text: L[edit]

text:
Labeorphily – collection and study of beer bottle labels
Larithmics – study of population statistics
Laryngology – study of larynx
Lepidopterology – study of butterflies and moths
Leprology – study of leprosy
Lexicology – study of words and their meanings
Lexigraphy – art of definition of words
Lichenology – study of lichens
Limacology – study of slugs
Limnobiology – study of freshwater ecosystems
Limnology – study of bodies of fresh water
Linguistics – study of language
Liturgiology – study of liturgical forms and church rituals
Loimology – study of plagues and epidemics
Loxodromy – study of sailing along rhumb-lines

text: M[edit]

text:
Magirics – art of cookery
Magnanerie – art of raising silkworms
Magnetics – study of magnetism
Malacology – study of molluscs
Malariology – study of malaria
Mammalogy – study of mammals
Manège – art of horsemanship
Mariology – study of the Virgin Mary
Marine Biology– Study of the Oceans Ecosystem
Mastology – study of mammals
Mathematics – study of magnitude, number, and forms
Mazology – mammalogy; study of mammals
Mechanics – study of action of force on bodies
Meconology – study of or treatise concerning opium
Media studies – study of mass media
Melittology – study of bees
Melology – study of music; musicology
Mereology – study of part-whole relationships
Mesology – ecology
Metallogeny – study of the origin and distribution of metal deposits
Metallography – study of the structure and constitution of metals
Metallurgy – study of alloying and treating metals
Metaphysics – study of principles of nature and thought
Metapolitics – study of politics in theory or abstract
Metapsychology – study of nature of the mind
Meteoritics – study of meteors
Meteorology – study of weather
Methyology – study of alcohol
Metrics – study of versification
Metrology – science of weights and measures
Microanatomy – study of microscopic tissues
Microbiology – study of microscopic organisms
Microclimatology – study of local climates
Micrology – study or discussion of trivialities
Micropalaeontology – study of microscopic fossils
Microphytology – study of very small plant life
Microscopy – study of minute objects
Mineralogy – study of minerals
Molinology – study of mills and milling
Momilogy – study of mummies
Morphology (disambiguation) – study of forms and the development of structures
Muscology – study of mosses
Museology – study of museums
Musicology – study of music
Mycology – study of funguses
Myology – study of muscles
Myrmecology – study of ants
Mythology – study of myths; fables; tales

text: N[edit]

text:
Naology – study of church or temple architecture
Nasology – study of the nose
Nautics – art of navigation
Nematology – study of nematodes
Neonatology – study of newborn babies
Neossology – study of nestling birds
Nephology – study of clouds
Nephrology – study of the kidneys
Neurobiology – study of anatomy of the nervous system
Neurology – study of nervous system
Neuropsychology – study of relation between brain and behaviour
Neurypnology – study of hypnotism
Neutrosophy – study of the origin and nature of philosophical neutralities
Nomology – the science of the laws; especially of the mind
Noology – science of the intellect
Nosology – study of diseases
Nostology – study of senility
Notaphily – collecting of bank-notes and cheques
Numerology – pseudoscientific study of numbers
Numismatics – study of coins
Nymphology – study of nymphs
Nanotechnology – study of nanite

text: O[edit]

text:
Obstetrics – study of midwifery
Oceanography – study of oceans
Oceanology – study of oceans
Odontology – study of teeth
Odonatology– study of dragonflies and damselflies
Oenology – study of wines
Oikology – science of housekeeping
Olfactology – study of the sense of smell
Ombrology – study of rain
Oncology – study of tumours
Oneirology – study of dreams
Onomasiology – study of nomenclature
Onomastics – study of proper names
Ontology – science of pure being; the nature of things
Oology – study of eggs
Ophiology – study of snakes
Ophthalmology – study of eye diseases
Optics – study of light
Optology – study of sight
Optometry – science of examining the eyes
Orchidology – study of orchids
Ornithology – study of birds
Orology – study of mountains
Orthoepy – study of correct pronunciation
Orthography – study of spelling
Orthopterology – study of cockroaches
Oryctology – mineralogy or paleontology
Osmics – scientific study of smells
Osmology – study of smells and olfactory processes
Osphresiology – study of the sense of smell
Osteology – study of bones
Otology – study of the ear
Otorhinolaryngology – study of ear, nose and throat

text: P[edit]

text:
Paedology – study of children
Paidonosology – study of children's diseases; pediatrics
Palaeoanthropology – study of early humans
Palaeobiology – study of fossil plants and animals
Palaeoclimatology – study of ancient climates
Palaeolimnology – study of ancient fish
Palaeolimnology – study of ancient lakes
Palaeontology – study of fossils
Palaeopedology – study of early soils
Paleobotany – study of ancient plants
Paleo-osteology – study of ancient bones
Palynology – study of pollen
Papyrology – study of paper
Paradoxology – study of paradoxes
Parapsychology – study of unexplained mental phenomena
Parasitology – study of parasites
Paroemiology – study of proverbs
Parthenology – study of virgins
Pataphysics – science of imaginary solutions
Pathology – study of disease
Patrology – study of early Christianity
Pedagogics – study of teaching
Pedology – study of soils
Pelology – study of mud
Penology – study of crime and punishment
Periodontics – study of gums
Peristerophily – pigeon-collecting
Pestology – science of pests
Petrology – study of rocks
Pharmacognosy – study of drugs of animal and plant origin
Pharmacology – study of drugs
Pharology – study of lighthouses
Pharyngology – study of the throat
Phenology – study of organisms as affected by climate
Phenomenology – study of phenomena
Philately – study of postage stamps
Philematology – act or study of kissing
Phillumeny – collecting of matchbox labels
Philology – study of ancient texts; historical linguistics
Philosophy – science of knowledge or wisdom
Phoniatrics – study and correction of speech defects
Phonology – study of speech sounds
Photobiology – study of effects of light on organisms
Photonics – study of photons
Phraseology – study of phrases
Phrenology – study of bumps on the head
Phycology – study of algae and seaweeds
Physics – study of properties of matter and energy
Physiology – study of processes of life
Phytology – study of plants; botany
Piscatology – study of fishes
Pisteology – science or study of faith
Planetology – study of planets
Plutology – political economy; study of wealth
Pneumatics – study of mechanics of gases
Podiatry – study and treatment of disorders of the foot; chiropody
Podology – study of the feet
Polemology – study of war
Pomology – study of fruit-growing
Posology – science of quantity or dosage
Potamology – study of rivers
Praxeology – study of practical or efficient activity; science of efficient action
Primatology – study of primates
Proctology – study of rectum
Prosody – study of versification
Protistology – study of protists
Proxemics – study of man’s need for personal space
Psalligraphy – art of paper-cutting to make pictures
Psephology – study of election results and voting trends
Pseudology – art or science of lying
Pseudoptics – study of optical illusions
Psychobiology – study of biology of the mind
Psychogenetics – study of internal or mental states
Psychognosy – study of mentality, personality or character
Psychology – study of mind
Psychopathology – study of mental illness
Psychophysics – study of link between mental and physical processes
Pteridology – study of ferns
Pterylology – study of distribution of feathers on birds
Pyretology – study of fevers
Pyrgology – study of towers
Pyroballogy – study of artillery
Pyrography – study of woodburning
Pyrotechnics – study of combustion through fire or explosions

text: Q[edit]

text:
Quinology – study of quinine.
Quantum Mechanics – a fundamental theory in physics which describes nature at the smallest scales of energy levels of atoms and subatomic particles.
Queer theory – study of issues related to sexual orientation and gender identity.

text: R[edit]

text:
Raciology – study of racial differences
Radiochemistry – study of ordinary chemical reactions under radioactive circumstances
Radiology – study of X-rays and their medical applications
Reflexology – study of reflexes
Rhabdology – knowledge or learning concerning divining rods
Rhabdology – art of calculating using numbering rods
Rheology – science of the deformation or flow of matter
Rheumatology – study of rheumatism
Rhinology – study of the nose
Rhochrematics – science of inventory management and the movement of products
Robotics – deals with the designing, construction, and operation of robots.
Runology – study of runes

text: S[edit]

text:
Sarcology – study of fleshy parts of the body
Satanology – study of the devil
Scatology – study of excrement or obscene literature
Schematonics – art of using gesture to express tones
Sciagraphy – art of shading
Scripophily – collection of bond and share certificates
Sedimentology – study of sediment
Seismology – study of earthquakes
Selenodesy – study of the shape and features of the moon
Selenology – study of the moon
Semantics – study of meaning
Semantology – science of meanings of words
Semasiology – study of meaning; semantics
Semiology – study of signs and signals
Semiotics – study of signs and symbols
Serology – study of serums
Sexology – study of sexual behaviour
Siderography – art of engraving on steel
Siderology – study of iron and its alloys, including steel
Sigillography – study of seals
Significs – science of meaning
Silvics – study of tree's life
Sindonology – study of the shroud of Turin
Sinology – study of China
Sitology – dietetics
Sociobiology – study of biological basis of human behaviour
Sociology – study of society
Somatology – science of substances
Sophiology – science of ideas
Soteriology – study of theological salvation
Spectrology – study of ghosts
Spectroscopy – study of spectra
Speleology – study and exploration of caves
Spermology – study of seeds
Sphagnology – study of peat moss
Sphragistics – study of seals and signets
Sphygmology – study of the pulse
Splanchnology – study of the entrails or viscera
Spongology – study of sponges
Stasiology – study of political parties
Statics – study of bodies and forces in equilibrium
Stellar Astronomy – study of stars, their origins, and their evolution.
Stemmatology – study of relationships between text
Stoichiology – science of elements of animal tissues
Stomatology – study of the mouth
Storiology – study of folk tales
Stratigraphy – study of geological layers or strata
Stratography – art of leading an army
Stylometry – studying literature by means of statistical analysis
Suicidology – study of suicide
Supramolecular chemistry – study of the chemistry of assembled molecular sub-units
Symbology – study of symbols
Symptomatology – study of symptoms of illness
Synecology – study of ecological communities
Synectics – study of processes of invention
Syntax – study of sentence structure
Syphilology – study of syphilis
Systematics – study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present
Systematology – study of systems

text: T[edit]

text:
Taxidermy – art of curing and stuffing animals
Taxonomy - study of plant, animals and microorganisms classification
Tectonics – science of structure of objects, buildings and landforms
Tegestology – study and collecting of beer mats
Teleology – study of final causes; analysis in terms of purpose
Telmatology – study of swamps
Tempestology – study of tropical cyclones, e.g. hurricanes
Teratology – study of birth defects and later abnormalities in living organisms
Teuthology – study of cephalopods
Textology – study of the production of texts
Thalassography – science of the sea
Thanatology – study of death and its customs
Thaumatology – study of miracles
Theology – study of religion; religious doctrine
Theriatrics – veterinary medicine
Theriogenology – study of animals' reproductive systems
Thermodynamics – study of relation of heat to motion
Thermokinematics – study of motion of heat
Thermology – study of heat
Therology – study of wild mammals
Thremmatology – science of breeding domestic animals and plants
Threpsology – science of nutrition
Tidology – study of tides
Timbrology – study of postage stamps
Tocology – obstetrics; midwifery
Tokology – study of childbirth
Tonetics – study of pronunciation
Topology – study of places and their natural features
Toponymics – study of place-names
Toreutics – study of artistic work in metal
Toxicology – study of poisons
Toxophily – love of archery; archery; study of archery
Traumatology – study of wounds and their effects
Tribology – study of friction and wear between surfaces
Trichology – study of hair and its disorders
Trophology – study of nutrition
Tsiganology – study of gypsies
Turbology – study of tornadoes
Turnery – art of turning in a lathe
Typhlology – study of blindness and the blind
Typography – art of printing or using type
Typology (disambiguation) – study of types of things

text: U[edit]

text:
Uranography – descriptive astronomy and mapping
Uranology – study of the heavens; astronomy
Urbanology – study of cities
Urenology – study of rust molds
Urology – study of urine; urinary tract

text: V[edit]

text:
Venereology – study of venereal disease
Vexillology – study of flags
Victimology – study of victims
Vinology – scientific study of vines and winemaking
Virology – study of viruses
Vitrics – glassy materials; glassware; study of glassware
Volcanology – study of volcanoes
Vulcanology – study of volcanoes

text: X[edit]

text:
Xylography – art of engraving on wood
Xylology – study of wood

text: Z[edit]

text:
Zenography – study of the planet Jupiter
Zooarchaeology – study of animal remains of archaeological sites
Zoochemistry – chemistry of animals
Zoogeography – study of geographic distribution of animals
Zoogeology – study of fossil animal remains
Zoology – study of animals
Zoonomy – animal physiology
Zoonosology – study of animal diseases
Zoopathology – study of animal diseases
Zoophysics – physics of animal bodies
Zoophysiology – study of physiology of animals
Zoophytology – study of plant-like animals
Zoosemiotics – study of animal communication
Zootaxy – science of classifying animals
Zootechnics – science of breeding animals
Zygology – science of joining and fastening
Zymology – science of fermentation
Zymurgy – branch of chemistry dealing with brewing and distilling
Zythology – study of beer


document_title: Food Network Star (season 14)

question_text: who won comeback kitchen food network star 2018

root

text: Food Network Star (season 14)

text: Contestants[edit]

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Christian Petroni - Port Chester, New York
Jess Tom - Princeton, New Jersey

tag: ul

text: Runner-up[edit]

text: Manny Washington - Orlando, Florida

text: Eliminated[edit]

text: (in order of elimination)

tag: p

text:
Chris Valdes - Miami, Florida
Jason Goldstein - New York, New York
Samone Lett - Sanford, Florida
Rebekah Lingenfelser - Savannah, Georgia
Adam Gertler - Los Angeles, California
Harrison Bader - Los Angeles, California
Jess Tom - Princeton, New Jersey (returned to the competition after winning Star Salvation)
Katie Dixon - Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Palak Patel - New York, New York
Amy Pottinger - Honolulu, Hawaii

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Contestant

Week

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Mentor Challenge

N/A

AdamJess

N/A

Jess

Amy

Manny

Amy

JessManny

N/A

Christian

IN

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

WINNER

Jess

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

HIGH

OUT

IN

WINNER

Manny

IN

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

LOW

HIGH

IN

RUNNER-UP1

Amy

HIGH

LOW

LOW

LOW

LOW

HIGH

LOW

OUT

Palak

HIGH

HIGH

IN

LOW

HIGH

LOW

OUT

Katie

HIGH

HIGH

IN

HIGH

HIGH

OUT

Harrison

HIGH

IN

HIGH

OUT

Adam

IN

HIGH

IN

OUT

Rebekah

LOW

IN

OUT

Samone

HIGH

OUT

Jason

OUT

Chris

OUT

tag: table

text: ^1 : Manny was eliminated midway through the finale.

text: Comeback Kitchen[edit]

text: Contestants[edit]

text:
Trace Barnett, Season 13
Adam Gertler, Season 4
Debbie Lee, Season 5
Yaku Moton-Spruill, Season 12
Sarah Penrod, Season 10
Amy Pottinger, Season 13
Monterey Salka, Season 12
Jernard Wells, Season 12

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Contestant

Week

1

2

3

Adam

IN

LOW

WIN

Amy

HIGH

HIGH

WIN

Jernard

IN

LOW

OUT3

Sarah

LOW

HIGH

OUT3

Yaku

LOW

HIGH

OUT2

Trace

HIGH

OUT

Debbie

HIGH

OUT1

Monterey

OUT

text: Star Salvation[edit]

text: This season of Star Salvation is hosted by Alex Guarnaschelli.4

text: Contestant progress[edit]

text:
Contestant

Week

1

2

3

4

Jess

IN

IN

WIN

Harrison

IN

IN

IN

OUT

Chris

IN

IN

IN

OUT

Palak

OUT

Katie

OUT

Jason

IN

OUT

Samone

OUT

Rebekah

OUT

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: New7Wonders of the World

question_text: what are the 7 wonders of modern world

question_tokens: what are the 7 wonders of modern world

text: New7Wonders of the World

text: Winners[edit]

text: The Great Pyramid of Giza, largest and oldest of the three pyramids at the Giza Necropolis in Egypt and the only surviving (and oldest) of the original Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, was granted honorary status.

text:
Wonder
Location
Image
Year

Great Pyramid of Giza
(honorary status)
Giza Necropolis, Egypt

2560 BCE

Great Wall of China
China

700 BCE

Petra
Jordan

312 BCE

The Colosseum
Rome, Italy

80 CE

Chichen Itza
Yucatán, Mexico

600 CE

Machu Picchu
Cuzco Region, Peru

1450 CE

Taj Mahal
Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India

1643 CE

Christ the Redeemer
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

1931 CE

text: Reactions[edit]

text: United Nations[edit]

text: In 2007 the New7Wonders Foundation contracted a partnership with the United Nations in recognition of the efforts to promote the UN's Millennium Development Goals". The UN posted on its website:[11]

text: The New7Wonders campaigns aim to contribute to the process of uplifting the well being and mutual respect of citizens around the world, through encouraging interaction, expression opinion and direct participation by voting and polling on popular global issues which are understandable to everyone.

text: However, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), in a press release on June 20, 2007, reaffirmed that it has no link with the "private initiative". The press release concluded:[8]

text: There is no comparison between Mr. Weber's mediatised campaign and the scientific and educational work resulting from the inscription of sites on UNESCO's World Heritage List. The list of the 8 New Wonders of the World will be the result of a private undertaking, reflecting only the opinions of those with access to the Internet and not the entire world. This initiative cannot, in any significant and sustainable manner, contribute to the preservation of sites elected by this public.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: In Brazil there was a campaign Vote no Cristo (Vote for the Christ) which had the support of private companies, namely telecommunications operators that stopped charging voters to make telephone calls and SMS messages to vote.[12] Additionally, leading corporate sponsors including Banco Bradesco and Rede Globo spent millions of reals in the effort to have the statue voted into the top seven.[3] Newsweek reports the campaign was so pervasive that:[3]

text: One morning in June, Rio de Janeiro residents awoke to a beeping text message on their cell phones: "Press 4916 and vote for Christ. It's free!" The same pitch had been popping up all over the city since late January—flashing across an electronic screen every time city-dwellers swiped their transit cards on city buses and echoing on TV infomercials that featured a reality-show celebrity posing next to the city's trademark Christ the Redeemer statue.

text: According to an article in Newsweek, around 10 million Brazilians had voted in the contest by early July.[3] This number is estimated as the New7Wonders Foundation never released such details about the campaign. An airplane message, with a huge inscription "4916 VOTE FOR CHRIST" flew in Rio de Janeiro for a month.

text: Peru[edit]

text: An intensive campaign led by the Peruvian Ministry of Commerce and Tourism in Peru had a great impact in the media and consequently Peruvian people voted massively for its national wonder. The announcement of the new World Wonders generated great expectation and the election of Machu Picchu was celebrated nationwide.

text: Chile[edit]

text: The Chilean representative for Easter Island's Moais, Alberto Hotus, said Weber gave him a letter saying that the Moais had finished eighth and were morally one of the New Seven Wonders. Hotus said he was the only participant to receive such an apology.[13]

text: India[edit]

text: A campaign to publicize the Taj Mahal in India gathered speed and it reached a climax in July 2007 with news channels, radio stations, and many celebrities asking people to vote for the Taj Mahal.

text: Jordan[edit]

text: Queen Rania Al-Abdullah of Jordan joined the campaign to back Petra, Jordan's national treasure.[3]

text: Mexico[edit]

text: There was a campaign on the news programs to encourage people to vote for Chichen Itzá.[citation needed]

text: Other finalists[edit]

text: The other 13 finalists,[14] listed alphabetically, were:

text:
Wonder
Location
Image
Year

Acropolis of Athens
Athens, Greece

447 BCE

Alhambra
Granada, Spain

1333

Angkor Wat
Angkor, Cambodia

1113

Eiffel Tower
Paris, France

1887

Hagia Sophia
İstanbul, Turkey

537

Kiyomizu-dera
Kyoto, Japan

1633

Moai
Easter Island, Chile

1250

Neuschwanstein
Füssen, Germany

1869

Red Square
Moscow, Russia

1561

Statue of Liberty
New York City, United States

1886

Stonehenge
Amesbury, United Kingdom

2400 BCE

Sydney Opera House
Sydney, Australia

1959

Timbuktu
Timbuktu, Mali

1327


document_title: The Archers

question_text: who lives at home farm in the archers

question_tokens: who lives at home farm in the archers

text: The Archers

text: Programme synopsis[edit]

text: The Archers is set in the fictional village of Ambridge in the fictional county of Borsetshire, in England. Borsetshire is situated between, in reality, the contiguous counties of Worcestershire and Warwickshire, south of Birmingham in the The Midlands. Possibly based on the village of Cutnall Green,[9] various other villages claim to be the inspiration for Ambridge; The Bull, Ambridge's pub, is modelled on The Old Bull in Inkberrow,[10] whereas Hanbury's St Mary the Virgin is often used as a stand-in for Ambridge's parish church, St Stephen's.[11][12]

text: Other fictional villages include Penny Hassett, Loxley Barrett,[13] Darrington, Hollerton, Edgeley, Waterley Cross and Lakey Green. The county town of Borsetshire is Borchester, and the nearest big city is the cathedral city of Felpersham. Felpersham also has a university. Anywhere further from Ambridge may be referred to humorously with comments such as 'that's on the other side of Felpersham!', but characters do occasionally venture further: several attended the Countryside Alliance march in London,[14] there have been references to the gay scene in Manchester's Canal Street, and a number of scenes have taken place abroad or in other places around the country, with some characters resident overseas in South Africa and Hungary, and other characters have visited Norfolk. Birmingham is a favourite destination for shopping.

text: Since Easter Sunday 1998, there have been six episodes a week from Sunday to Friday, after the news summary at around 19:02. All except the Friday evening episode are repeated the following day at 14:02. The six episodes are re-run unabridged in the Sunday morning omnibus at 10:00. On Remembrance Sunday, the Omnibus edition begins at the earlier time of 09:15. This information is available in the press and on the BBC's website.[15]

text: Characters[edit]

text:
the middle-class Archers. Their family farm, Brookfield, is positioned as a typical example of mixed farming, combining arable, dairy, beef, and sheep. It has been passed down the generations from the original owner Dan (now deceased) to his son Phil (until his death on 13 February 2010, the oldest surviving character), and is now co-owned by Phil and Jill's four children: David, who manages it with his wife Ruth; Shula Hebden-Lloyd, married to vet Alistair and owner of the riding stables; her twin Kenton, who runs the village's only pub with his wife Jolene; and the widowed Elizabeth Pargeter. Jill lives in Brookfield with her son David, his wife Ruth and their children Pip, Josh, and Ben.
the prosperous Aldridges at Home Farm. Brian, who is portrayed as a money-driven agribusinessman and his wife Jennifer. They have five children: the two Jennifer brought into their marriage: Adam (a farmer, married to chef Ian Craig) and Debbie (also a farmer, based in Hungary); two born into the marriage, Kate (a hippie entrepreneur, with a family abandoned in South Africa)) and Alice (an engineer, married to farrier Chris Carter); and schoolboy Ruairi, Brian's son by one of his affairs. Also, sometimes, Kate's daughter Phoebe and Jennifer's sister Lilian.
the Bridge Farm Archers, who took their land and animals organic a generation ago. They operate a vegetable box scheme, a dairy, a farm shop and farm café. Their children are Helen, Tom, who runs the farm, and their three grandchildren: Johnny, who is the son of their deceased son John; and Henry and Jack.
the Pargetters, a landed gentry family who have to make their stately home, Lower Loxley Hall, pay the bills as a public attraction. Nigel Pargetter's widow, Elizabeth née Archer, her son Freddie and his twin sister Lily.
the Grundys, formerly struggling tenant farmers who were brought to prominence in the late 1970s and early 1980s as comic characters, but are now seen as doggedly battling adversity;
the perpetually struggling Carters, their son Chris is married to Alice Aldridge and daughter Emma has successively married Will and Ed Grundy;
the urban "incomers": pretentious and domineering Lynda Snell, married to the long-suffering Robert, is the butt of many jokes, although her sheer energy makes her a stalwart of village life.

text: Ambridge[edit]

text:
Arkwright Hall is a large Victorian mansion with a 17th-century atmosphere. The building served as a community centre for many years, containing a soundproofed room and field studies centre. Later it fell into disrepair, but was renovated when Jack Woolley leased the mansion to the Landmark Trust; architect Lewis Carmichael led the restoration of the building to its Victorian splendour.
Bridge Farm is a 168-acre (68 ha) farm previously on Berrow Estate, but now owned by Pat and Tony Archer. The farm became a wholly organic dairy in 1984, in a storyline inspired by a scriptwriter's visit to Brynllys farm in Ceredigion, the home of Rachel's Organic.[16] In 2003, Tom Archer began producing his own brand of sausage out of Bridge Farm. In early 2013, the family decided to sell their dairy herd and buy organic milk instead. In 2014 Tony Archer decided to go into beef production.
Brookfield Farm is a 469-acre (190 ha) mixed farm which was managed by Dan Archer and then by his son Phil. After Phil's retirement in 2001, his son David Archer took over.
Grange Farm was a working farm run by the Grundys until their eviction in 2000. The farmhouse, along with 50 acres (20 ha) of land, was sold to Oliver Sterling, who then began "hobby farming". He took young Ed Grundy on as cow man and later gave him full responsibility for running the farm.
Grey Gables, once a country club, is now a luxurious hotel. The late Caroline Sterling bought it with her husband Oliver Sterling. The hotel boasts a pool, spa, health club and a golf course. Ian Craig is the executive chef.
Home Farm is a 1,922-acre (778 ha) farm, by far the largest in Ambridge. In recent years, Home Farm expanded into soft fruit and deer farming.
Lower Loxley Hall is a large 300-year-old country house located just outside Ambridge. It serves primarily as a conference centre.
The Bull, the village's only pub is perhaps the most recognisable structure in Ambridge
St. Stephen's Church, established in 1281, dates back to Saxon times. The church has undergone many changes over the years, including a number of different vicars. The eight bells are rung by a group led by Neil Carter.
Ambridge still has a village shop and post office, originally thanks to Jack Woolley's philanthropy. The business is now a community shop managed by Susan and run by a team of volunteers.
Willow Farm is owned by the Tucker family. After Betty's death in 2005, the house was divided to accommodate Roy and his family. The farmland is home to Neil Carter's pigs.

text: Topicality[edit]

text: Unlike some soap operas, episodes of The Archers portray events taking place on the date of broadcast, allowing many topical subjects to be included. Real-life events which can be readily predicted in advance are often written into the script, such as the annual Oxford Farming Conference[17] and the FIFA World Cup.[18] On some occasions, scenes recorded at these events are planned and edited into episodes shortly before transmission.

text: More challengingly for the production team, some significant but unforeseen events require scenes to be rewritten and rerecorded at short notice, such as the death of Princess Margaret (particularly poignant because she had appeared as herself on the programme),[19][20] the World Trade Center attacks,[21] and the 7 July 2005 London bombings.[22] The events and implications of the 2001 foot-and-mouth crisis required many "topical inserts"[23][24][25][26] and the rewriting of several storylines.[27]

text: In January 2012, Oliver Sterling, owner of Grange Farm, together with his tenant, Ed Grundy, elected to vaccinate the badgers on their farm in an attempt to prevent the spread of bovine tuberculosis. The plotline came within weeks of the government confirming a badger cull trial.[28]

text: Actors[edit]

text: Unlike television soaps, The Archers actors are not held on retainers and work on the series usually for a few days a month. By the nature of the storylines concentrating on particular groups of characters, in any one week out of a cast of about 60, the episodes include approximately 20–30 speaking-characters. Most of the cast do acting work on other projects and can disappear for long periods if they are working on commitments such as films or television series. Tamsin Greig plays Debbie Aldridge and has appeared on many television series such as Green Wing, Love Soup, Black Books and Episodes, so Debbie manages a farm in Hungary and her visits to Ambridge are infrequent. Felicity Jones played Emma Carter from the age of 15 but after a period of studying at Wadham College, Oxford, she gave up the role to move into television and cinema.[29]

text: Some of the actors, when not playing their characters, earn their money through different jobs altogether: Charlotte Connor, when not playing Susan Carter (credited as Charlotte Martin), works full-time as a senior research psychologist at the Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation; her office is a short walk from BBC Birmingham, and thus she is able to fit her work around recordings.[30] Meanwhile, Graham Blockey, who plays Robert Snell, worked till recently as a full-time general practitioner in Surrey, commuting to and from BBC Birmingham at weekends and on his days off. He kept his role secret from his patients, for fear of losing their respect, until his retirement from medicine in March, 2017.[31] Other examples include Felicity Finch (Ruth Archer), who also works as a BBC journalist having travelled on a number of occasions to Afghanistan; and Ian Pepperell (Roy Tucker), who manages a pub in the New Forest.[32]

text: History[edit]

text: A five-episodes pilot series started on Whit Monday, 29 May 1950, and continued throughout that week.[33] It was created by Godfrey Baseley and was broadcast to the English Midlands in the Regional Home Service, as 'a farming Dick Barton'. Recordings were sent to London, and the BBC decided to commission the series for a longer national run. In the five pilots the Archers owned Wimberton Farm, rather than Brookfield. Baseley subsequently edited The Archers for 22 years.

text: Since 1 January 1951, five 15-minute episodes (since 1998, six 12½-minute episodes) have been transmitted each week, at first on the BBC Light Programme[1] and subsequently on the BBC Home Service (now Radio 4). Early afternoon repeats of the previous evening's episode began on 14 December 1964. The original scriptwriters were Geoffrey Webb and Edward J. Mason, who were also working on the nightly thriller series about the special agent Dick Barton. The popularity of his adventures partly inspired The Archers, which eventually took over Barton's evening slot. At first, however, the national launch placed the serial at the 'terrible'[34] time of 11.45am, but it moved to Dick Barton's former slot of 6.45pm from Monday, 2 April 1951. An omnibus edition of the week's episodes began on Saturday, 5 January 1952. Originally produced with collaborative input from the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, The Archers was conceived as a means of disseminating information to farmers and smallholders to help increase productivity in the postwar era of rationing and food shortages.[1] It was originally formulated around the lives of three farmers; Dan Archer, farming efficiently with little cash, Walter Gabriel, farming inefficiently with little cash, and George Fairbrother, a wealthy businessman farming at a loss for tax purposes (which one could do in those days).[35] The programme was hugely successful, winning the National Radio Awards' 'Most entertaining programme of the Year' award jointly with Take It From Here in 1954, and winning the award outright in 1955, in which year the audience was reported to have peaked at 20 million.[36]

text: At the late 1950s, despite the growth of television and radio's consequent decline, the programme was still claiming eleven million listeners and was also being transmitted in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[37] By the mid-'70s, however, the audience for the two daily broadcasts and the weekend omnibus combined was less than 3 million[38] and in 1976 the BBC Radio Four Review Board twice considered whether or not the programme should be axed.[39] The serial's woes at this time were seen to mirror the poor standing of radio drama in general, described as "a failure to fully shake off the conventions of non-realism which had prevailed in the 1940s and 1950s."[40] Programme chief Jock Gallagher, responsible for The Archers, described these as the serial's "dog days".[41] Sweeping editorial reforms followed, included the introduction of women writers (there had been none before 1975), two of whom, Helen Leadbeater and Margaret Phelan, were credited with giving the programme a new definitive style of writing and content, although some listeners complained about their radical feminism.[42] In 1980 Julie Burchill commented that the women of Ambridge were no longer stuck with "the gallons of greengage jam old-guard male scriptwriters kept them occupied with for over twenty years"; but were 'into post-natal depression and alcoholism on the way to self-discovery'.[43] By the mid-'80s the Radio Four Review Board noted that scripts, directing and acting was "very good" and sometimes "better than ever".[44] In August 1985 The Listener said that the programme's revival was "sustained by some of the best acting, direction and writing on radio."[36]

text: Tony Shryane MBE was the programme's producer from 1 January 1951 to 19 January 1979. Vanessa Whitburn was the programme's editor from 1992 till 2013. Whitburn took service leave from March to July 2012, when John Yorke, a former executive producer of EastEnders, was the acting editor.[45] Yorke's arrival prompted charges that the programme was importing the values of EastEnders to Borsetshire, with fans and commentators complaining that characters were behaving unrealistically simply to generate conflict.[46] This was denied by Yorke, who wrote that he agreed to take over "on one condition - that it stayed exactly as it was and that I didn't have to change anything."[47]

text: Vanessa Whitburn was succeeded as editor by Sean O'Connor in September 2013.[48] In September 2016, Huw Kennair-Jones took over as editor though O'Connor continued to oversee the Helen and Rob storyline until its conclusion.[2] In February 2018, it was announced that Jeremy Howe would take up the post later in the year.[49]

text: Since 2007, The Archers has been available as a podcast.[50]

text: Death of Grace Archer[edit]

text: One of the most controversial Archers episodes was broadcast on 22 September 1955, the evening of the launch of the UK's first commercial television station, ITV. Phil and Grace Archer had been married just a few months earlier, and their blossoming relationship was the talk of the nation. However, searching for a story which would demonstrate some real tragedy among the increasingly unconvincing episode cliff-hangers, Godfrey Baseley had decided that Grace would have to die. It was explained to the cast as an "exercise in topicality." The scripts for the week of 19 September 1955 were written, recorded, and broadcast on each day. On Thursday evening of that week, listeners heard Grace trying to rescue her horse, Midnight, from a fire at Brookfield stables, and the crash as a beam fell on her.[51]

text: Whether the timing of the episode was a deliberate attempt to overshadow the opening night of the BBC's first commercial rival has been debated ever since. It was certainly planned some months in advance, but it may well be that the actual date of the death was changed during the scriptwriting stage to coincide with the start of ITV.[52] Deliberate or not, the episode attracted widespread media attention, being reported by newspapers around the world.

text: This controversy has been parodied twice: in "The Bowmans", an episode of the television comedy programme Hancock, and in the play and film The Killing of Sister George. On the 50th anniversary of ITV's launch, Ysanne Churchman, who played Grace, sent a congratulatory card to ITV, signed "Grace Archer".

text: In 1996, William Smethurst recounted a conversation with Baseley in which he reveals his real motivation for killing off Grace Archer: Churchman was encouraging the other actors to join a trade union.[53]

text: Longevity[edit]

text: The actor Norman Painting played Phil Archer continuously from the first trial series in 1950 until his death on 29 October 2009. His last Archers performance was recorded just two days before his death, and was broadcast on 22 November.[54] He is cited in Guinness World Records as the longest-serving actor in a single soap opera.[54] Under the pseudonym "Bruno Milna", Painting also wrote around 1,200 complete episodes, which culminated in the 10,000th episode.

text: June Spencer has played Peggy Archer/Woolley from the pilot episode onwards,[55] though not for all of the period since. According to Who's Who in The Archers 2008,[56] episode 15,360 was to be broadcast on 1 January 2008.[57] Episode 15,000 was broadcast on 7 November 2006.[58]

text: Sixtieth anniversary[edit]

text: The Archers reached its 60th anniversary on 1 January 2011 and to mark this achievement, a special half-hour episode was broadcast on Sunday, 2 January, on BBC Radio 4 from 7pm. The episode had been advertised as containing events that would "shake Ambridge to the core".[59] This phrase even gave rise to the initialism #SATTC trending on the website Twitter during that weekend as listeners speculated about what might happen, and then reported their views as the story unfolded.

text: The main events in the episode were Helen Archer giving birth to her son Henry and Nigel Pargetter falling to his death from the roof of Lower Loxley Hall. This unlikely event provoked interest in the frequency and causes of death in the series. In fact, although the incidence of accidental death and suicide is seven times the national average, the overall mortality rate in Ambridge is almost exactly what would be expected.[60]

text: The writing out of the character of Nigel caused much controversy among listeners,[61][62] with a large number of complaints variously expressing dismay at the death of a popular character, concerns over the manner of the dismissal of the actor, belief that the promise to "shake Ambridge to the core" had been over-hyped, criticism of the credibility of the script and acting for the anniversary episode, and a perceived unwillingness of the editorial team to engage with these listener complaints.

text: Themes[edit]

text: The programme has tackled many serious, contemporary social issues: rural drug addiction; rape, including rape in marriage; inter-racial relationships; direct action against genetically modified crops and badger culling; family break-ups; and civil partnerships, and a family being threatened by a gang of farm thieves. There has been criticism from conservative commentators, such as Peter Hitchens[63] that the series has become a vehicle for liberal and left-wing values and agendas, with characters behaving out of character to achieve those goals. However, one of the show's charms is to make much out of everyday, small concerns, such as the possible closure of the village shop, the loss and rediscovery of a pair of spectacles,[64] competitive marmalade-making, or nonsense such as a 'spile troshing' competition,[65] rather than the large-scale and improbable events that form the plots of many soap operas.[66][67]

text: According to some of the actors, and confirmed in the writings of Godfrey Baseley, in its early days the show was used as a conduit for educational announcements from the Ministry of Agriculture, one actor reading an announcement almost verbatim to another. Direct involvement of the government ended in 1972.[68] The show has reacted within a day to agricultural emergencies such as outbreaks of foot and mouth disease which affect farmers nationwide when livestock movements are restricted.

text: Cameo appearances[edit]

text: Many famous people have made cameo appearances on the programme:

text:
Princess Margaret and the Duke of Westminster appeared in 1984 in connection with a fashion show to commemorate the centenary of the NSPCC.[19]
Dame Judi Dench made an appearance as the (hitherto usually silent) Pru Forrest in 1989 for the 10,000th episode. Terry Wogan was featured and Esther Rantzen was responsible for the sound effects.[51]
Radio presenter John Peel appeared as himself in 1991.[69]
Gardener Alan Titchmarsh judged Ambridge's entries in the National Gardens Scheme open gardens competition in May 2003.[70]
Radio presenter Chris Moyles appeared in June 2004 as a random customer—and suspected National Pub of the Year judge—in The Bull.[71][72]
Comedian Griff Rhys Jones appeared as himself in July 2004, when he was drafted into Lynda's campaign to restore the Cat and Fiddle pub.[73]
Zandra Rhodes played herself in an episode in September 2006 in connection with a charity fashion show.[74][75]
Robert Winston appeared as a fertility specialist consulted by Hayley and Roy Tucker in January[76] and February 2007.[77]
Mike Gatting appeared in September 2007 at the centre of a misunderstanding between Sid and Jolene Perks during the npower Village Cup final at Lord's Cricket Ground.[78][79]
Crime novelist Colin Dexter made a cameo in 2010.[80]
Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall appeared on 16 February 2011 in connection with the National Osteoporosis Society's 25th anniversary as well as the show's 60th anniversary.
Others who have made appearances include Britt Ekland, Humphrey Lyttelton (1956), Dame Edna Everage and Antony Gormley (2009).
Sir Bradley Wiggins appeared in an April 2014 episode, presenting prizes at the Ambridge Sport Relief Rough and Tumble event Challenge.
Kirstie Allsopp appeared in July 2014 to open the village fete.
In August, 2014, the Pet Shop Boys were last-minute headliners at the music festival Loxfest.
Anneka Rice has appeared twice in Ambridge; in March 1993 and in March 2016.
In September 2016, in an hour-long episode concluding a highly publicised storyline in which Helen Titchener had stabbed her abusive husband Rob, some notable names guest starred as jury members, including Eileen Atkins, Catherine Tate and Nigel Havers.[81]

text: Theme tune[edit]

text: The theme tune of The Archers is called "Barwick Green" and is a maypole dance from the suite My Native Heath, written in 1924 by the Yorkshire composer Arthur Wood. An alternative arrangement, played by The Yetties, is used to introduce the Sunday omnibus.

text: A library music recording of Barwick Green was used for the pilot and during the early years of the national version, because a bid by Godfrey Baseley to have a special theme composed had been turned down on the grounds of cost, put at £250-£300.[82] However, once the serial had become undeniably established, a new recording of Barwick Green was authorised and performed by the BBC Midland Light Orchestra on 24 March 1954.[83] This mono recording was also accompanied by four movements entitled "A Village Suite", composed by Kenneth Pakeman to complement Barwick Green. Excerpts from these movements were then used for a time as bridging music between scenes. The 1954 recordings were never made available to the public and their use was restricted even inside the BBC, partly because of an agreement with the Musicians' Union.

text: In 1992 the theme was re-recorded in stereo, retaining the previous arrangements. The venue was Symphony Hall in Birmingham, the conductor Ron Goodwin, producer David Welsby and the sound mixer Norman McLeod. The slightly different sound mixing and more leisurely tempo reportedly led some listeners to consider the new version inferior, specifically that it lacked "brio", although the BBC publicised the fact that the orchestra contained some of the musicians who had played in the previous recording, including Harold Rich (piano) and Norman Parker (percussion).[citation needed]

text: Robert Robinson once compared the tune to "the genteel abandon of a lifelong teetotaller who has suddenly taken to drink".[citation needed] On April Fool's Day 2004 both The Independent and The Today Programme claimed that BBC executives had commissioned composer Brian Eno to record an electronic version of "Barwick Green" as a replacement for the current theme,[84][85] while comedian Billy Connolly included in his act the joke that the theme was so typically British that it should be the national anthem of the United Kingdom.[86]

text: In 2009, comedian Rainer Hersch conducted the Philharmonia Orchestra in a performance of the theme, live from the Royal Festival Hall to a listening BBC Radio 3 audience in an attempt to confuse them. He then went on to show how similar it is to "Montagues and Capulets" - "Dance of the Knights" - from Romeo and Juliet by Sergei Prokofiev, claiming that this was a result of Russian spies going through the BBC's rubbish bins looking for the scripts.[87]

text: Doctors in the United Kingdom are taught that the tempo of the tune is the rate at which to apply cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Alternative tunes used for this purpose include "Nellie the Elephant", Queen's "Another One Bites The Dust" and the Bee Gees' hit "Stayin' Alive" which have the same tempo.[88][89][90]

text: Serious events[edit]

text: At times, a cliffhanger involving the death of a major character or a disaster was marked by the traditional closing theme being replaced by the final dramatic section of Barwick Green involving trombones, cymbals and the closing bars of the signature tune. However, this tradition has been dropped more recently, such as the death of Nigel Pargetter when the normal closing music was played despite the gravity of the incident.

text: The Dream of Gerontius was played following the death of Phil Archer. When John Archer died no music was played.

text: There was a nod to The Archers in the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games in London on 27 July 2012, where the theme tune was played at the beginning of a segment celebrating British culture: the sound of a radio could be heard being tuned in as Barwick Green was played.[91]

text: Ambridge Extra[edit]

text: BBC Radio 4 Extra ran an occasional short supplement, Ambridge Extra, between 2011 and 2013, featuring characters away from the Ambridge environs. Series 1 and 2 had 26 episodes and series 3, 4 and 5 had 20. The reason offered for non-renewal was limited resources.[92]

text: Fan clubs[edit]

text: Two organisations dedicated to the programme were established in the 1990s. Archers Addicts was the official body, run by members of the cast. The club had five thousand members[93] and an online shop where Archers memorabilia was sold under licence. It closed as a club on 31 December 2013 but still has a Facebook page and Twitter feed. Archers Anarchists was formed some time later, objecting to the "castist" assumptions propagated by the BBC, and claiming that the characters are real.

text: Overseas parallels[edit]

text: In 1994, the BBC World Service in Afghanistan began broadcasting Naway Kor, Naway Jwand ("New Home, New Life"), an everyday story of country folk incorporating pieces of useful information. Although the useful information was more likely to concern unexploded land mines and opium addiction than the latest modern farming techniques, the inspiration and model of Naway Kor, Naway Jwand was The Archers, and the initial workshopping with Afghan writers included an Archers scriptwriter.[94] A 1997 study found that listeners to the soap opera were significantly less likely to be injured by a mine than non-listeners.[95]

text: In Rwanda, the BBC World Service's Rwanda-Rundi service has been broadcasting the Archers-inspired soap opera Urunana ("Hand in Hand") since 1999.[96][97]

text: The Archers was also the model for the Russian radio soap opera Dom 7, Podyezd 4 ("House 7, Entrance 4"),[98] on which the former UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair, once made a cameo appearance.[99]

text: The Japanese NHK, offers a "morning drama" (asadora) that runs for 15 minutes from Monday to Saturday on television. This slot was established on radio in the early postwar era and moved to television in 1961. Each series lasts six months, i. e. approximately 150 episodes. All centre on a heroine, usually a young girl facing challenges (usually in Japanese traditional social ways) to realize her dream. Programmes have often been used as vehicles for discussion of matters of social concern, such as the foster-child system, and to celebrate the locales around Japan where the series are set.

text: Parodies[edit]

text: Tony Hancock created "The Bowmans"— a spoof-edition of the Archers—in an episode of the BBC television situation comedy programme Hancock, featuring a new cast which included Constance Chapman and Richard Carpenter.[100]

text: Ned Sherrin produced a short 1973 film called The Cobblers of Umbridge. The cast included Joan Sims, Lance Percival, Roy Kinnear, Derek Griffiths and John Fortune.[101]

text: John Finnemore's Souvenir Programme has parodied The Archers with its recurring "The Archers Accidentally" sketches;[102] the sketches claim to portray The Archers the way it sounds to people who only listen to the show inadvertently.

text: The radio series of Dead Ringers has frequently parodied characters from The Archers, including a special edition.

text: The subtitle was parodied by Bill Tidy in his long-running cartoon of The Cloggies, "an Everyday Saga in the Life of Clog Dancing Folk", which ran in the satirical magazine Private Eye, and later in The Listener.

text: Books and audiobooks[edit]

text: Reference works[edit]

text:
Forever Ambridge — 25 Years of The Archers (1975) by Norman Painting ASIN B0012UT8XM
The Book of The Archers (1994) by Patricia Greene, Charles Collingwood and Hedli Niklaus ISBN 0-7181-3849-X
The Archers: The True Story (1996) by William Smethurst ISBN 1-85833-620-1
The Archers Encyclopaedia (2001) by Joanna Toye and Adrian Flynn ISBN 0-563-53718-3, published to coincide with the 50th anniversary of The Archers
Who's Who in The Archers 2008 by Keri Davies. ISBN 1-84607-326-X
Who's Who in The Archers 2011 by Graham Harvey. ISBN 978-1-849-90015-7
The Archers Miscellany (2010) by Joanna Toye. ISBN 978-1-84607-754-8
The Road to Ambridge (2010) by June Spencer. ISBN 978-1-907532-25-2
The Archers Archives (2010) by Simon Frith & Chris Arnot. ISBN 978-1-84990-013-3
Borsetshire Life (2011). The county magazine. ISBN 978-1-902685-14-4 see borsetshire-life

text: Novelisations[edit]

text:
The Archers by Jock Gallagher
Ambridge Summer by Keith Miles (1975). ISBN 0-85523-065-7

The Archers: To The Victor The Spoils (1988). ISBN 0-563-20599-7
The Archers: Return to Ambridge (1988). ISBN 0-563-20606-3
The Archers: Borchester Echoes (1988). ISBN 0-563-20607-1
The Archers: Omnibus Edition (1988). ISBN 0-563-36001-1

The Ambridge Chronicles by Joanna Toye

The Archers 1951-1967: Family Ties (1998). ISBN 0-563-38397-6
The Archers 1968-1986: Looking For Love (1999). ISBN 0-563-55125-9
The Archers 1987-2000: Back to the Land (2000). ISBN 0-563-53701-9
The Archers 1951-1967: Family Ties (1998, audiobook, narrated by Miriam Margolyes). ISBN 0-563-55714-1
The Archers 1968-1986: Looking For Love (1999, audiobook, narrated by Stella Gonet). ISBN 0-563-55813-X
The Archers 1987-2000: Back to the Land (2000, audiobook, narrated by Stephanie Cole). ISBN 0-563-55818-0

In 1975, Tandem published a prequel novel about Ambridge in the early 1900s

Spring at Brookfield by Brian Hayles (1975). ISBN 978-0-426-16520-0

text: Published audio episodes[edit]

text:
Vintage Archers

Vintage Archers: Volume 1 (1988). ISBN 0-563-22586-6
Vintage Archers: Volume 2 (1988). ISBN 0-563-22704-4
Vintage Archers: Volume 3 (1998). ISBN 0-563-55740-0 (contains several "lost episodes" which have been digitally restored)
The Archers: The Wedding Jack and Peggy tie the knot
Vintage Archers: Volumes 1-3 (2001). ISBN 0-563-38281-3

Ambridge Affairs

Ambridge Affairs: Love Triangles (2007). ISBN 1-4056-7733-3
Ambridge Affairs: Heartache at Home Farm (2007). ISBN 1-4056-8785-1

text: Maps[edit]

text: In addition to books and audiobooks, purported maps of Ambridge and Borsetshire have been published.[103][104]

text: Documentaries[edit]

text: An episode of Arena, broadcast on BBC Four on 1 January 2007, focused on The Archers. It was narrated by Stephen Fry and included interviews with current actors and scriptwriters.[105]


document_title: Biotic component

question_text: biotic factors that influence the amount of air in the soil

text: Biotic component

text: Biotic components are the living things that shape an ecosystem.

text: Biotic components usually include:

text:
Producers, i.e. autotrophs: e.g. plants, convert the energy [from photosynthesis (the transfer of sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide into energy), or other sources such as hydrothermal vents] into food.
Consumers, i.e. heterotrophs: e.g. animals, depend upon producers (occasionally other consumers) for food.
Decomposers, i.e. detritivores: e.g. fungi and bacteria, break down chemicals from producers and consumers (usually dead) into simpler form which can be reused.

text: A biotic factor is any living component that affects the population of another organism, or the environment. This includes animals that consume the organism, and the living food that the organism consumes. Biotic factors also include human influence, pathogens, and disease outbreaks. Each biotic factor needs energy to do work and food for proper growth.

text: All species are influenced by biotic factors in one way or another. For example, if the number of predators will increase, the whole food web will be affected as the population number of organisms that are lower in the food web will decrease due to predation. Similarly, when organisms have more food to eat, they will grow quicker and will be more likely to reproduce, so the population size will increase. Pathogens and disease outbreaks, however, are most likely to cause a decrease in population size. Humans make the most sudden changes in an environment (e.g. building cities and factories, disposing of waste into the water). These changes are most likely to cause a decrease in the population of any species due to the sudden appearance of pollutants.

text: Biotic components are contrasted to abiotic components, which are non-living components that influence population size and the environment. Examples of abiotic factors are: temperature, light intensity, moisture and water levels, air currents, carbon dioxide levels and the pH of water and soil. An additional abiotic factor include minerals as they are nonliving and make up the composition of the soil. [1]

text: The factors mentioned above may either cause an increase or a decrease in population size, depending on the organism. For example, rainfall may encourage the growth of new plants, but too much of it may cause flooding, which may drastically decrease the population size.