document_title: Properties of water

question_text: what state of water is most common on earth's surface

question_tokens: what state of water is most common on earth 's surface

text: Properties of water

text: Physical properties[edit]

text:
Water is the chemical substance with chemical formula H
2O; one molecule of water has two hydrogen atoms covalently bonded to a single oxygen atom.[22] Water is a tasteless, odorless liquid at ambient temperature and pressure, and appears colorless in small quantities, although it has its own intrinsic very light blue hue.[23][2] Ice also appears colorless, and water vapor is essentially invisible as a gas.

text: Unlike other analogous hydrides of the oxygen family, water is primarily a liquid under standard conditions due to hydrogen bonding. The molecules of water are constantly moving in relation to each other, and the hydrogen bonds are continually breaking and reforming at timescales faster than 200 femtoseconds (2×10−13 seconds).[24] However, these bonds are strong enough to create many of the peculiar properties of water, some of which make it integral to life.

text: Water, ice, and vapor[edit]

text: Within the Earth's atmosphere and surface, the liquid phase is the most common and is the form that is generally denoted by the word "water". The solid phase of water is known as ice and commonly takes the structure of hard, amalgamated crystals, such as ice cubes, or loosely accumulated granular crystals, like snow. There are other crystalline and amorphous phases of ice than the common hexagonal crystalline ice. The gaseous phase of water is known as water vapor (or steam). Visible steam and clouds are formed from minute droplets of water suspended in the air.

text: Water also forms a supercritical fluid. The critical temperature is 647 K and the critical pressure is 22.064 MPa. In nature this only rarely occurs in extremely hostile conditions. A likely example of naturally occurring supercritical water is in the hottest parts of deep water hydrothermal vents, in which water is heated to the critical temperature by volcanic plumes and the critical pressure is caused by the weight of the ocean at the extreme depths where the vents are located. This pressure is reached at a depth of about 2200 meters: much less than the mean depth of the ocean (3800 meters).[25]

text: Heat capacity and heats of vaporization and fusion[edit]

text: Water has a very high specific heat capacity of 4.1814 J/(g·K) at 25 °C – the second highest among all the heteroatomic species (after ammonia), as well as a high heat of vaporization (40.65 kJ/mol or 2257 kJ/kg at the normal boiling point), both of which are a result of the extensive hydrogen bonding between its molecules. These two unusual properties allow water to moderate Earth's climate by buffering large fluctuations in temperature. Most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has accumulated in the oceans.[26]

text: The specific enthalpy of fusion (more commonly known as latent heat) of water is 333.55 kJ/kg at 0 °C: the same amount of energy is required to melt ice as to warm ice from −160 °C up to its melting point or to heat the same amount of water by about 80 °C. Of common substances, only that of ammonia is higher. This property confers resistance to melting on the ice of glaciers and drift ice. Before and since the advent of mechanical refrigeration, ice was and still is in common use for retarding food spoilage.

text: The specific heat capacity of ice at −10 °C is 2.03 J/(g·K)[27] and the heat capacity of steam at 100 °C is 2.08 J/(g·K).[28]

text: Density of water and ice[edit]

text: The density of water is about 1 gram per cubic centimetre (62 lb/cu ft): this relationship was originally used to define the gram.[29] The density varies with temperature, but not linearly: as the temperature increases, the density rises to a peak at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) and then decreases.[30] This unusual negative thermal expansion below 4 °C (39 °F) is also observed in molten silica.[31] Regular, hexagonal ice is also less dense than liquid water—upon freezing, the density of water decreases by about 9%.[32]

text: These effects are due to the reduction of thermal motion with cooling, which allows water molecules to form more hydrogen bonds that prevent the molecules from coming close to each other.[30] While below 4 °C the breakage of hydrogen bonds due to heating allows water molecules to pack closer despite the increase in the thermal motion (which tends to expand a liquid), above 4 °C water expands as the temperature increases.[30] Water near the boiling point is about 4% less dense than water at 4 °C (39 °F).[32][d]

text: Under increasing pressure, ice undergoes a number of transitions to other polymorphs with higher density than liquid water, such as ice II, ice III, high-density amorphous ice (HDA), and very-high-density amorphous ice (VHDA).[33][34]

text: The unusual density curve and lower density of ice than of water is vital to life—if water were most dense at the freezing point, then in winter the very cold water at the surface of lakes and other water bodies would sink, the lake could freeze from the bottom up, and all life in them would be killed.[32] Furthermore, given that water is a good thermal insulator (due to its heat capacity), some frozen lakes might not completely thaw in summer.[32] The layer of ice that floats on top insulates the water below.[35] Water at about 4 °C (39 °F) also sinks to the bottom, thus keeping the temperature of the water at the bottom constant (see diagram).[32]

text: Density of saltwater and ice[edit]

text: The density of salt water depends on the dissolved salt content as well as the temperature. Ice still floats in the oceans, otherwise they would freeze from the bottom up. However, the salt content of oceans lowers the freezing point by about 1.9 °C[36] (see here for explanation) and lowers the temperature of the density maximum of water to the former freezing point at 0 °C. This is why, in ocean water, the downward convection of colder water is not blocked by an expansion of water as it becomes colder near the freezing point. The oceans' cold water near the freezing point continues to sink. So creatures that live at the bottom of cold oceans like the Arctic Ocean generally live in water 4 °C colder than at the bottom of frozen-over fresh water lakes and rivers.

text: As the surface of salt water begins to freeze (at −1.9 °C[36] for normal salinity seawater, 3.5%) the ice that forms is essentially salt-free, with about the same density as freshwater ice. This ice floats on the surface, and the salt that is "frozen out" adds to the salinity and density of the sea water just below it, in a process known as brine rejection. This denser salt water sinks by convection and the replacing seawater is subject to the same process. This produces essentially freshwater ice at −1.9 °C[36] on the surface. The increased density of the sea water beneath the forming ice causes it to sink towards the bottom. On a large scale, the process of brine rejection and sinking cold salty water results in ocean currents forming to transport such water away from the Poles, leading to a global system of currents called the thermohaline circulation.

text: Miscibility and condensation[edit]

text: Water is miscible with many liquids, including ethanol in all proportions. Water and most oils are immiscible usually forming layers according to increasing density from the top. This can be predicted by comparing the polarity. Water being a relatively polar compound will tend to be miscible with liquids of high polarity such as ethanol and acetone, whereas compounds with low polarity will tend to be immiscible and poorly soluble such as with hydrocarbons.

text: As a gas, water vapor is completely miscible with air. On the other hand, the maximum water vapor pressure that is thermodynamically stable with the liquid (or solid) at a given temperature is relatively low compared with total atmospheric pressure. For example, if the vapor's partial pressure is 2% of atmospheric pressure and the air is cooled from 25 °C, starting at about 22 °C water will start to condense, defining the dew point, and creating fog or dew. The reverse process accounts for the fog burning off in the morning. If the humidity is increased at room temperature, for example, by running a hot shower or a bath, and the temperature stays about the same, the vapor soon reaches the pressure for phase change, and then condenses out as minute water droplets, commonly referred to as steam.

text: A saturated gas or one with 100% relative humidity is when the vapor pressure of water in the air is at equilibrium with vapor pressure due to (liquid) water; water (or ice, if cool enough) will fail to lose mass through evaporation when exposed to saturated air. Because the amount of water vapor in air is small, relative humidity, the ratio of the partial pressure due to the water vapor to the saturated partial vapor pressure, is much more useful. Vapor pressure above 100% relative humidity is called super-saturated and can occur if air is rapidly cooled, for example, by rising suddenly in an updraft.[e]

text: Vapor pressure[edit]

text: Compressibility[edit]

text: The compressibility of water is a function of pressure and temperature. At 0 °C, at the limit of zero pressure, the compressibility is 6990510000000000000♠5.1×10−10 Pa−1. At the zero-pressure limit, the compressibility reaches a minimum of 6990440000000000000♠4.4×10−10 Pa−1 around 45 °C before increasing again with increasing temperature. As the pressure is increased, the compressibility decreases, being 6990390000000000000♠3.9×10−10 Pa−1 at 0 °C and 100 megapascals (1,000 bar).[37]

text: The bulk modulus of water is about 2.2 GPa.[38] The low compressibility of non-gases, and of water in particular, leads to their often being assumed as incompressible. The low compressibility of water means that even in the deep oceans at 4 km depth, where pressures are 40 MPa, there is only a 1.8% decrease in volume.[38]

text: Triple point[edit]

text:
The various triple points of water

Phases in stable equilibrium
Pressure
Temperature

liquid water, ice Ih, and water vapor
611.657 Pa[39]
273.16 K (0.01 °C)

liquid water, ice Ih, and ice III
209.9 MPa
251 K (−22 °C)

liquid water, ice III, and ice V
350.1 MPa
−17.0 °C

liquid water, ice V, and ice VI
632.4 MPa
0.16 °C

ice Ih, Ice II, and ice III
213 MPa
−35 °C

ice II, ice III, and ice V
344 MPa
−24 °C

ice II, ice V, and ice VI
626 MPa
−70 °C

text: The temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and gaseous water coexist in equilibrium is called the triple point of water. This point is used to define the units of temperature (the kelvin, the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature and, indirectly, the degree Celsius and even the degree Fahrenheit).

text: As a consequence, water's triple point temperature, as measured in these units, is a prescribed value rather than a measured quantity.

text: This pressure is quite low, about 1⁄166 of the normal sea level barometric pressure of 101,325 Pa. The atmospheric surface pressure on planet Mars is 610.5 Pa, which is remarkably close to the triple point pressure. The altitude of this surface pressure was used to define zero-elevation or "sea level" on that planet.[40]

text: Although it is commonly named as "the triple point of water", the stable combination of liquid water, ice I, and water vapor is but one of several triple points on the phase diagram of water. Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann in Göttingen produced data on several other triple points in the early 20th century. Kamb and others documented further triple points in the 1960s.[41][42][43]

text: Melting point[edit]

text: The melting point of ice is 0 °C (32 °F; 273 K) at standard pressure; however, pure liquid water can be supercooled well below that temperature without freezing if the liquid is not mechanically disturbed. It can remain in a fluid state down to its homogeneous nucleation point of about 231 K (−42 °C; −44 °F).[44] The melting point of ordinary hexagonal ice falls slightly under moderately high pressures, by 0.0073 °C (0.0131 °F)/atm[f] or about 0.5 °C (0.90 °F)/70 atm[g][45] as the stabilization energy of hydrogen bonding is exceeded by intermolecular repulsion, but as ice transforms into its allotropes (see crystalline states of ice) above 209.9 MPa (2,072 atm), the melting point increases markedly with pressure, i.e., reaching 355 K (82 °C) at 2.216 GPa (21,870 atm) (triple point of Ice VII[46]).

text: Electrical properties[edit]

text: Electrical conductivity[edit]

text:
Pure water containing no exogenous ions is an excellent insulator, but not even "deionized" water is completely free of ions. Water undergoes auto-ionization in the liquid state, when two water molecules form one hydroxide anion (OH−) and one hydronium cation (H
3O+).

text: Because water is such a good solvent, it almost always has some solute dissolved in it, often a salt. If water has even a tiny amount of such an impurity, then it can conduct electricity far more readily.

text: It is known that the theoretical maximum electrical resistivity for water is approximately 18.2 MΩ·cm (182 kΩ·m) at 25 °C.[47] This figure agrees well with what is typically seen on reverse osmosis, ultra-filtered and deionized ultra-pure water systems used, for instance, in semiconductor manufacturing plants. A salt or acid contaminant level exceeding even 100 parts per trillion (ppt) in otherwise ultra-pure water begins to noticeably lower its resistivity by up to several kΩ·m.[citation needed]

text: In pure water, sensitive equipment can detect a very slight electrical conductivity of 0.05501 ± 0.0001 µS/cm at 25.00 °C.[47] Water can also be electrolyzed into oxygen and hydrogen gases but in the absence of dissolved ions this is a very slow process, as very little current is conducted. In ice, the primary charge carriers are protons (see proton conductor).[48] Ice was previously thought to have a small but measurable conductivity of 1×10−10 S/cm, but this conductivity is now thought to be almost entirely from surface defects, and without those, ice is an insulator with an immeasurably small conductivity.[30]

text: Polarity and hydrogen bonding[edit]

text: An important feature of water is its polar nature. The structure has a bent molecular geometry for the two hydrogens from the oxygen vertex. The oxygen atom also has two lone pairs of electrons. One effect usually ascribed to the lone pairs is that the H–O–H gas phase bend angle is 104.48°,[49] which is smaller than the typical tetrahedral angle of 109.47°. The lone pairs are closer to the oxygen atom than the electrons sigma bonded to the hydrogens, so they require more space. The increased repulsion of the lone pairs forces the O–H bonds closer to each other.[50]

text: Another effect of the electronic structure is that water is a polar molecule. Due to the difference in electronegativity, there is a bond dipole moment pointing from each H to the O, making the oxygen partially negative and each hydrogen partially positive. In addition, the lone pairs of electrons on the O are in the direction opposite to the hydrogen atoms. This results in a large molecular dipole, pointing from a positive region between the two hydrogen atoms to the negative region of the oxygen atom. The charge differences cause water molecules to be attracted to each other (the relatively positive areas being attracted to the relatively negative areas) and to other polar molecules. This attraction contributes to hydrogen bonding, and explains many of the properties of water, such as solvent action.[51]

text:
Although hydrogen bonding is a relatively weak attraction compared to the covalent bonds within the water molecule itself, it is responsible for a number of water's physical properties. These properties include its relatively high melting and boiling point temperatures: more energy is required to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. In contrast, hydrogen sulfide (H
2S), has much weaker hydrogen bonding due to sulfur's lower electronegativity. H
2S is a gas at room temperature, in spite of hydrogen sulfide having nearly twice the molar mass of water. The extra bonding between water molecules also gives liquid water a large specific heat capacity. This high heat capacity makes water a good heat storage medium (coolant) and heat shield.

text: Cohesion and adhesion[edit]

text: Water molecules stay close to each other (cohesion), due to the collective action of hydrogen bonds between water molecules. These hydrogen bonds are constantly breaking, with new bonds being formed with different water molecules; but at any given time in a sample of liquid water, a large portion of the molecules are held together by such bonds.[52]

text: Water also has high adhesion properties because of its polar nature. On extremely clean/smooth glass the water may form a thin film because the molecular forces between glass and water molecules (adhesive forces) are stronger than the cohesive forces. In biological cells and organelles, water is in contact with membrane and protein surfaces that are hydrophilic; that is, surfaces that have a strong attraction to water. Irving Langmuir observed a strong repulsive force between hydrophilic surfaces. To dehydrate hydrophilic surfaces—to remove the strongly held layers of water of hydration—requires doing substantial work against these forces, called hydration forces. These forces are very large but decrease rapidly over a nanometer or less.[53] They are important in biology, particularly when cells are dehydrated by exposure to dry atmospheres or to extracellular freezing.[54]

text: Surface tension[edit]

text: Water has an unusually high surface tension of 71.99 mN/m at 25 °C[55] which is caused by the strength of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules.[56] This allows insects to walk on water.[56]

text: Capillary action[edit]

text: Because water has strong cohesive and adhesive forces, it exhibits capillary action.[57] Strong cohesion from hydrogen bonding and adhesion allows trees to transport water more than 100 m upward.[56]

text: Water as a solvent[edit]

text: Water is an excellent solvent due to its high dielectric constant.[58] Substances that mix well and dissolve in water are known as hydrophilic ("water-loving") substances, while those that do not mix well with water are known as hydrophobic ("water-fearing") substances.[59] The ability of a substance to dissolve in water is determined by whether or not the substance can match or better the strong attractive forces that water molecules generate between other water molecules. If a substance has properties that do not allow it to overcome these strong intermolecular forces, the molecules are precipitated out from the water. Contrary to the common misconception, water and hydrophobic substances do not "repel", and the hydration of a hydrophobic surface is energetically, but not entropically, favorable.

text: When an ionic or polar compound enters water, it is surrounded by water molecules (hydration). The relatively small size of water molecules (~ 3 angstroms) allows many water molecules to surround one molecule of solute. The partially negative dipole ends of the water are attracted to positively charged components of the solute, and vice versa for the positive dipole ends.

text: In general, ionic and polar substances such as acids, alcohols, and salts are relatively soluble in water, and non-polar substances such as fats and oils are not. Non-polar molecules stay together in water because it is energetically more favorable for the water molecules to hydrogen bond to each other than to engage in van der Waals interactions with non-polar molecules.

text: An example of an ionic solute is table salt; the sodium chloride, NaCl, separates into Na+ cations and Cl− anions, each being surrounded by water molecules. The ions are then easily transported away from their crystalline lattice into solution. An example of a nonionic solute is table sugar. The water dipoles make hydrogen bonds with the polar regions of the sugar molecule (OH groups) and allow it to be carried away into solution.

text: Quantum tunneling[edit]

text: The quantum tunneling dynamics in water was reported as early as 1992. At that time it was known that there are motions which destroy and regenerate the weak hydrogen bond by internal rotations of the substituent water monomers.[60] On 18 March 2016, it was reported that the hydrogen bond can be broken by quantum tunneling in the water hexamer. Unlike previously reported tunneling motions in water, this involved the concerted breaking of two hydrogen bonds.[61] Later in the same year, the discovery of the quantum tunneling of water molecules was reported.[62]

text: Electromagnetic absorption[edit]

text: Water is relatively transparent to visible light, near ultraviolet light, and far-red light, but it absorbs most ultraviolet light, infrared light, and microwaves. Most photoreceptors and photosynthetic pigments utilize the portion of the light spectrum that is transmitted well through water. Microwave ovens take advantage of water's opacity to microwave radiation to heat the water inside of foods. The very weak onset of absorption in the red end of the visible spectrum lends water its intrinsic blue hue (see Color of water).

text: Structure[edit]

text: A single water molecule can participate in a maximum of four hydrogen bonds because it can accept two bonds using the lone pairs on oxygen and donate two hydrogen atoms. Other molecules like hydrogen fluoride, ammonia and methanol can also form hydrogen bonds. However, they do not show anomalous thermodynamic, kinetic or structural properties like those observed in water because none of them can form four hydrogen bonds: either they cannot donate or accept hydrogen atoms, or there are steric effects in bulky residues. In water, intermolecular tetrahedral structures form due to the four hydrogen bonds, thereby forming an open structure and a three-dimensional bonding network, resulting in the anomalous decrease in density when cooled below 4 °C. This repeated, constantly reorganizing unit defines a three-dimensional network extending throughout the liquid. This view is based upon neutron scattering studies and computer simulations, and it makes sense in the light of the unambiguously tetrahedral arrangement of water molecules in ice structures.

text: However, there is an alternative theory for the structure of water. In 2004, a controversial paper from Stockholm University suggested that water molecules in liquid form typically bind not to four but to only two others; thus forming chains and rings. The term "string theory of water" (which is not to be confused with the string theory of physics) was coined. These observations were based upon X-ray absorption spectroscopy that probed the local environment of individual oxygen atoms.[63]

text: Chemical properties[edit]

text: At standard conditions, water is a polar liquid that slightly dissociates disproportionately or self ionizes into an hydronium ion and hydroxide ion.

text: The dissociation constant for this dissociation is commonly symbolized as Kw and has a value of about 10−14 at 25 °C; see here for values at other temperatures. Pure water has a concentration of the hydroxide ion (OH−) equal to that of the hydrogen ion (H+), which gives a pH of 7 at 25ºC.[64]

text: Geochemistry[edit]

text: Action of water on rock over long periods of time typically leads to weathering and water erosion, physical processes that convert solid rocks and minerals into soil and sediment, but under some conditions chemical reactions with water occur as well, resulting in metasomatism or mineral hydration, a type of chemical alteration of a rock which produces clay minerals. It also occurs when Portland cement hardens.

text:
Water ice can form clathrate compounds, known as clathrate hydrates, with a variety of small molecules that can be embedded in its spacious crystal lattice. The most notable of these is methane clathrate, 4 CH
4·23H
2O, naturally found in large quantities on the ocean floor.

text: Acidity in nature[edit]

text: Rain is generally mildly acidic, with a pH between 5.2 and 5.8 if not having any acid stronger than carbon dioxide.[65] If high amounts of nitrogen and sulfur oxides are present in the air, they too will dissolve into the cloud and rain drops, producing acid rain.

text: Isotopologues[edit]

text: Several isotopes of both hydrogen and oxygen exist, giving rise to several known isotopologues of water. Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water is the current international standard for water isotopes. Naturally occurring water is almost completely composed of the neutron-less hydrogen isotope protium. Only 155 ppm include deuterium (2H or D), a hydrogen isotope with one neutron, and fewer than 20 parts per quintillion include tritium (3H or T), which has two neutrons. Oxygen also has three stable isotopes, with 16O present in 99.76%, 17O in 0.04%, and 18O in 0.2% of water molecules.[66]

text:
Deuterium oxide, D
2O, is also known as heavy water because of its higher density. It is used in nuclear reactors as a neutron moderator. Tritium is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of 4500 days; THO exists in nature only in minute quantities, being produced primarily via cosmic ray-induced nuclear reactions in the atmosphere. Water with one protium and one deuterium atom HDO occurs naturally in ordinary water in low concentrations (~0.03%) and D
2O in far lower amounts (0.000003%) and any such molecules are temporary as the atoms recombine.

text:
The most notable physical differences between H
2O and D
2O, other than the simple difference in specific mass, involve properties that are affected by hydrogen bonding, such as freezing and boiling, and other kinetic effects. This is because the nucleus of deuterium is twice as heavy as protium, and this causes noticeable differences in bonding energies. The difference in boiling points allows the isotopologues to be separated. The self-diffusion coefficient of H
2O at 25 °C is 23% higher than the value of D
2O.[67] Because water molecules exchange hydrogen atoms with one another, hydrogen deuterium oxide (DOH) is much more common in low-purity heavy water than pure dideuterium monoxide D
2O.

text:
Consumption of pure isolated D
2O may affect biochemical processes – ingestion of large amounts impairs kidney and central nervous system function. Small quantities can be consumed without any ill-effects; humans are generally unaware of taste differences,[68] but sometimes report a burning sensation[69] or sweet flavor.[70] Very large amounts of heavy water must be consumed for any toxicity to become apparent. Rats, however, are able to avoid heavy water by smell, and it is toxic to many animals.[71]

text: Light water refers to deuterium-depleted water (DDW), water in which the deuterium content has been reduced below the standard 155 ppm level.

text: Occurrence[edit]

text:
It is the most abundant substance on Earth and also the third most abundant molecule in the universe, after H
2 and CO.[20] 0.23 ppm of the earth's mass is water and 97.39% of the global water volume of 1.38×109 km3 is found in the oceans.[72]

text: Reactions[edit]

text: Acid-base reactions[edit]

text: Water is amphoteric: it has the ability to act as either an acid or a base in chemical reactions.[73] According to the Brønsted-Lowry definition, an acid is a proton (H+) donor and a base is a proton acceptor.[74] When reacting with a stronger acid, water acts as a base; when reacting with a stronger base, it acts as an acid.[74] For instance, water receives an H+ ion from HCl when hydrochloric acid is formed:

text:
In the reaction with ammonia, NH
3, water donates a H+ ion, and is thus acting as an acid:

text: Because the oxygen atom in water has two lone pairs, water often acts as a Lewis base, or electron pair donor, in reactions with Lewis acids, although it can also react with Lewis bases, forming hydrogen bonds between the electron pair donors and the hydrogen atoms of water. HSAB theory describes water as both a weak hard acid and a weak hard base, meaning that it reacts preferentially with other hard species:

text: When a salt of a weak acid or of a weak base is dissolved in water, water can partially hydrolyze the salt, producing the corresponding base or acid, which gives aqueous solutions of soap and baking soda their basic pH:

text: Ligand chemistry[edit]

text:
Water's Lewis base character makes it a common ligand in transition metal complexes, examples of which include metal aquo complexes such as Fe(H
2O)2+
6 to perrhenic acid, which contains two water molecules coordinated to a rhenium center. In solid hydrates, water can be either a ligand or simply lodged in the framework, or both. Thus, FeSO
4·7H
2O consists of [Fe2(H2O)6]2+ centers and one "lattice water". Water is typically a monodentate ligand, i.e., it forms only one bond with the central atom.[75]

text: Organic chemistry[edit]

text: As a hard base, water reacts readily with organic carbocations; for example in an hydration reaction, a hydroxyl group (OH−) and an acidic proton are added to the two carbon atoms bonded together in the carbon-carbon double bond, resulting in an alcohol. When addition of water to an organic molecule cleaves the molecule in two, hydrolysis is said to occur. Notable examples of hydrolysis are the saponification of fats and the digestion of proteins and polysaccharides. Water can also be a leaving group in SN2 substitution and E2 elimination reactions; the latter is then known as a dehydration reaction.

text: Water in redox reactions[edit]

text: Water contains hydrogen in the oxidation state +1 and oxygen in the oxidation state −2.[76] It oxidizes chemicals such as hydrides, alkali metals, and some alkaline earth metals.[77][78] One example of an alkali metal reacting with water is:[79]

text: Some other reactive metals, such as aluminum and beryllium, are oxidized by water as well, but their oxides adhere to the metal and form a passive protective layer.[80] Note that the rusting of iron is a reaction between iron and oxygen[81] that is dissolved in water, not between iron and water.

text:
Water can be oxidized to emit oxygen gas, but very few oxidants react with water even if their reduction potential is greater than the potential of O
2/H
2O. Almost all such reactions require a catalyst.[82] An example of the oxidation of water is:

text: Electrolysis[edit]

text: Water can be split into its constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen, by passing an electric current through it.[83] This process is called electrolysis. The cathode half reaction is:

text: The anode half reaction is:

text: The gases produced bubble to the surface, where they can be collected. The required potential for the electrolysis of pure water is 1.23 V at 25 °C.[83] The operating potential is actually 1.48 V or higher in practical electrolysis.

text: History[edit]

text: Henry Cavendish showed that water was composed of oxygen and hydrogen in 1781.[84] The first decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, by electrolysis, was done in 1800 by English chemist William Nicholson and Anthony Carlisle.[84][85] In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is composed of two parts hydrogen and one part oxygen.[86]

text: Gilbert Newton Lewis isolated the first sample of pure heavy water in 1933.[87]

text: The properties of water have historically been used to define various temperature scales. Notably, the Kelvin, Celsius, Rankine, and Fahrenheit scales were, or currently are, defined by the freezing and boiling points of water. The less common scales of Delisle, Newton, Réaumur and Rømer were defined similarly. The triple point of water is a more commonly used standard point today.

text: Nomenclature[edit]

text: The accepted IUPAC name of water is oxidane or simply water,[88] or its equivalent in different languages, although there are other systematic names which can be used to describe the molecule. Oxidane is only intended to be used as the name of the mononuclear parent hydride used for naming derivatives of water by substituent nomenclature.[89] These derivatives commonly have other recommended names. For example, the name hydroxyl is recommended over oxidanyl for the –OH group. The name oxane is explicitly mentioned by the IUPAC as being unsuitable for this purpose, since it is already the name of a cyclic ether also known as tetrahydropyran.[90][91]

text: The simplest systematic name of water is hydrogen oxide. This is analogous to related compounds such as hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen sulfide, and deuterium oxide (heavy water). Using chemical nomenclature for type I ionic binary compounds, water would take the name hydrogen monoxide,[92] but this is not among the names published by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).[88] Another name is dihydrogen monoxide, which is a rarely used name of water, and mostly used in the dihydrogen monoxide hoax.

text: Other systematic names for water include hydroxic acid, hydroxylic acid, and hydrogen hydroxide, using acid and base names.[h] None of these exotic names are used widely. The polarized form of the water molecule, H+OH−, is also called hydron hydroxide by IUPAC nomenclature.[93]


document_title: A Christmas Carol (2009 film)

question_text: who played the ghost of christmas past in a christmas carol 2009

root

text: A Christmas Carol (2009 film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1843, on Christmas Eve, Ebenezer Scrooge, a miserly old moneylender at a London counting house, does not share the merriment of Christmas. He declines his cheerful nephew Fred Holywell's invitation to a Christmas dinner party, and rejects two gentlemen's offer to collect money for charity. His loyal employee Bob Cratchit asks Scrooge to allow him to have a day off on Christmas Day to spend time with his family, to which Scrooge reluctantly agrees before leaving. In his house, Scrooge is visited by the ghost of his deceased business partner Jacob Marley, who warns him to repent his wicked ways or he will be condemned in the afterlife like he was, carrying heavy chains forged from his own greediness. Jacob informs Scrooge that three spirits will visit to guide him out of his misery.

tag: p

text: Scrooge is visited by the candle-like Ghost of Christmas Past, who takes him back in time to his early life. They visit Scrooge's boarding school and Scrooge sees his sister Fanie, who died after giving birth to Fred. Scrooge later begins a successful career in business and money lending as an employee under Fezziwig, and he becomes engaged to a woman named Belle. However, the Ghost shows Scrooge how Belle left him when he became obsessed with wealth. A devastated Scrooge extinguishes the spirit with its candle snuffer cap but Scrooge is rocketed thousands of feet into the air while clinging onto the snuffer, only to have it disappear, resulting in Scrooge falling down to earth, back into his bedroom for the next visitation.

text: Scrooge meets the merry Ghost of Christmas Present, which shows him the joys and wonder of Christmas Day. Scrooge and the Ghost visit Bob's house, learning his family is content with their small dinner, Scrooge taking pity on Bob's ill son Tiny Tim. The Ghost abruptly ages, commenting that Tiny Tim will likely not survive until next Christmas. The Ghost warns Scrooge about the evils of "Ignorance" and "Want"; Big Ben begins tolling midnight as "Ignorance" and "Want" manifest themselves before Scrooge as two wretched children who grow into violent, insane individuals, leaving the spirit withering away, dying at length when midnight strikes (to the point of dissolving into a skeleton before the twelfth strike).

text: The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come arrives, appearing as a dark shadow, and takes Scrooge into the future. He witnesses a group of businessmen discussing the death of an unnamed man where they would only attend the funeral if lunch is provided; Scrooge is then chased across London by the Ghost and later discovers that his possessions are stolen and sold by his maid Mrs. Dilber. Shortly afterwards, Scrooge sees a covered corpse on a bed, followed by his nephew's family relieved he is dead, as they have more time to pay off their debt. The spirit transports Scrooge to Bob's residence, discovering that Tiny Tim has died. Scrooge is then taken to a cemetery, where the Ghost points out his own grave, confirming Scrooge was the man who died. Scrooge promises to change his ways just as the Ghost forces him to fall into his empty coffin lying in a deep grave that sits above the fires of Hell.

text: Waking up in his own room on Christmas Day, with love and happiness in his heart, a gleeful Scrooge decides to surprise Bob's family with a turkey dinner, and ventures out with the charity workers and the citizens of London to spread happiness in the city, and later attends his nephew's annual Christmas dinner, where he is warmly welcomed. The following day, he gives Cratchit a raise and becomes like "a second father" to Tiny Tim, who escapes death. A changed man, Scrooge now treats everyone with kindness, generosity, and compassion; he now embodies the spirit of Christmas.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jim Carrey as:

Ebenezer Scrooge, a stingy, selfish old man, whose sheer miserly nature leads him to despise Christmas and all things which engender happiness.
Ghost of Christmas Past, the first of the three spirits that haunt Scrooge in order to prompt him to repent. He is depicted as an androgynous man with a flickering flame for a head and a body like a candle, with a soft and aloof Irish accent.
Ghost of Christmas Present, the second of the three spirits. He is depicted as a towering man with red hair, a full beard, and a green ermine robe. He is a jolly figure prone to hearty laughter, talking with a Northern English accent[disambiguation needed].
Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come, the third of the three spirits. It is depicted as a shadowy Grim Reaper cast across the ground or a wall (usually in place of Scrooge's own shadow) and occasionally emerges into three dimensions to point at something or to chase Scrooge in a large, shadow-like horse-drawn hearse, pulled by stampeding horses. Due to its face resembling a black skull, the spirit is implied by some to be that of Death.

Gary Oldman as:

Bob Cratchit, Scrooge's underpaid clerk.
Jacob Marley, The ghost of Scrooge's former colleague, bound in chains and damned to walk the earth in penance of a cold-hearted life.
Tiny Tim, Cratchit's youngest son. While Gary Oldman provided the motion capture, Tiny Tim's voice is provided by Ryan Ochoa.

Colin Firth as Fred Holywell, Scrooge's cheerful nephew and only living relative. Fred is the son of Scrooge's little sister Fran. Fran died during childbirth. Scrooge blames Fred for Fran's death.
Bob Hoskins as:

Mr. Fezziwig, the proprietor of a warehouse business for whom Scrooge worked as a young apprentice.
Old Joe, a fence who buys the belongings of the deceased Scrooge from Mrs. Dilber.

Robin Wright as Fran/Belle
Cary Elwes as Portly Gentleman #1/Dick Wilkins/Mad Fiddler/Guest #2/Business Man #1. (Elwes would also act as a stand-in for Scrooge, the Ghost of Christmas Past, and the Ghost of Christmas Present in scenes where two Carrey characters appear together, standing-in as the character interacting with Carrey during filming of his (Carrey's) scenes. An example would be, that whenever filming scenes with Scrooge and the Ghost of Christmas Past, Carrey would perform as the Ghost, while Elwes would act as a stand-in for Scrooge, feeding that character's lines to Carrey, as vice-versa when Carrey performed as the Ghost.)
Fionnula Flanagan as Mrs. Dilber
Steve Valentine as Funerary Undertaker/Topper
Daryl Sabara as Undertaker's Apprentice/Tattered Caroler #1/Beggar Boy #1/Peter Cratchit/Well-Dressed Caroler #1
Sage Ryan as Tattered Caroler #2
Amber Gainey Meade as Tattered Caroler #3/ Well-Dressed Caroler #2
Ryan Ochoa as Tattered Caroler #4/Beggar Boy #2/Young Cratchit Boy/Ignorance Boy/Young Boy with Sleigh
Bobbi Page as Tattered Caroler #5/ Well-Dressed Caroler #3
Ron Bottitta as Tattered Caroler #6/ Well-Dressed Caroler #4
Sammi Hanratty as Beggar Boy #3/Young Cratchit Girl/Want Girl
Julian Holloway as Fat Cook/Portly Gentleman #2/Business Man #3
Jacquie Barnbrook as Mrs. Fezziwig/Fred's sister-in-law/Well-Dressed Caroler #5
Lesley Manville as Mrs. Cratchit
Molly C. Quinn as Belinda Cratchit
Fay Masterson as Martha Cratchit/Guest #1/Caroline
Leslie Zemeckis as Janet Holywell, Fred's wife
Paul Blackthorne as Guest #3/Business Man #2
Michael Hyland as Guest #4
Kerry Hoyt as Adult Ignorance
Julene Renee-Preciado as Adult Want

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: Robert Zemeckis has stated previously that A Christmas Carol is one of his favorite stories dealing with time travel.[9] Carrey has described the film as "a classical version of A Christmas Carol […] There are a lot of vocal things, a lot of physical things, I have to do. Not to mention doing the accents properly, the English, Irish accents […] I want it to fly in the UK. I want it to be good and I want them to go, 'Yeah, that's for real.' We were very true to the book. It's beautiful. It's an incredible film."[10] Also, the Scrooge puppet seen in The Polar Express, which was also directed by Robert Zemeckis served as the basis for Ebenezer Scrooge in this movie.In The Polar Express , the ebenezer Scrooge puppet is the main antagonist of the film and video game who is keeping the children who are believing in Santa Claus away by stealing their tickets and having them kicked out of the train scared and running away screaming to their homes so they cannot go to the North Pole.

text: Disney partnered with Amtrak to promote the film with a special nationwide train tour through the summer and fall of 2009.

text: Release[edit]

text: A Christmas Carol premiered in London on November 3, 2009, and was theatrically released on November 6, 2009, in the United States by Walt Disney Pictures.

text: Home media[edit]

text: Disney released the film on November 16, 2010[11] in a single-disc DVD, two-disc 2D Blu-ray/DVD combo and in a four-disc combo pack that includes a Blu-ray 3D, a Blu-ray 2D, a DVD and a digital copy. This marked the first time that a film was available in Blu-ray 3D the same day as a standard Blu-ray 2D,[citation needed] as well as Disney's first in the Blu-ray 3D market along with Alice in Wonderland.[12] The DVD contains deleted scenes and two featurettes called "On Set with Sammi" and "Capturing A Christmas Carol". The Blu-ray 2D also has a "Digital Advent Calendar" and the featurette "Behind the Carol: The Full Motion Capture Experience". The Blu-ray 3D has an exclusive 3D game called "Mr. Scrooge's Wild Ride".

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film opened at #1 in 3,683 theaters, grossing $30,051,075 its opening weekend, with an average of $8,159 per theater.[3] The film has come to gross an estimated $137,481,366 in the United States and Canada and $181,000,000 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $318,481,366.[4] In the UK, A Christmas Carol topped the box office on two separate occasions; the first was when it opened, the second was five weeks later when it leapfrogged box office chart toppers 2012, The Twilight Saga: New Moon and Paranormal Activity despite family competition from Nativity!, another Christmas-themed movie.

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The film received mixed reviews from American film critics. In his review, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four stars (out of four), calling it "an exhilarating visual experience".[13] Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an A, applauding the film as "a marvelous and touching yuletide toy of a movie".[14] Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film 3/5 stars and stated the film "is well-crafted but artless, detailed but lacking soul."[15] Mary Elizabeth Williams of Salon.com gave the film a mixed review claiming the movie "is a triumph of something—but it's certainly not the Christmas spirit."[16] Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal wrote in his review that the film's "tone is joyless, despite an extended passage of bizarre laughter, several dazzling flights of digital fancy, a succession of striking images and Jim Carrey's voicing of Scrooge plus half a dozen other roles."[17] The Daily Telegraph reviewer Tim Robey wrote, "How much is gained by the half-real visual style for this story is open to question—the early scenes are laborious and never quite alive, and the explosion of jollity at the end lacks the virtue of being funny."[18] Peter Bradshaw in The Guardian also criticized the technology: "The hi-tech sheen is impressive but in an unexciting way. I wanted to see real human faces convey real human emotions."[19] Time Out London praised the film for sticking to Dickens' original dialogue but also questioned the technology by saying, "To an extent, this 'Christmas Carol' is a case of style—and stylisation—overwhelming substance."[20]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 54% of 186 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 5.9 out of 10. The site's consensus is: "Robert Zemeckis' 3-D animated take on the Dickens classic tries hard, but its dazzling special effects distract from an array of fine performances from Jim Carrey and Gary Oldman."[21] Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics, has a rating score of 55 based on 32 reviews.[22]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

2010 Kids' Choice Awards
Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie
Jim Carrey
Won

Favorite Animated Movie
A Christmas Carol
Nominated

36th Saturn Awards
Best Animated Feature
Nominated

tag: table

text: Soundtrack[edit]


document_title: Eddie the Eagle (film)

question_text: who played the flying finn in eddie the eagle

text: Eddie the Eagle (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 1973, ten-year-old Eddie Edwards dreams of Olympic glory, practicing in various Olympic events and failing miserably. His mother unconditionally supports him, while his father constantly discourages him. As a young teen, he gives up his dream of participating in the Summer Games in favour of skiing in the Winter Games. Although successful at the sport, he is rejected by British Olympic officials for being uncouth. Realizing he could make the team as a ski jumper (a sport in which the United Kingdom had not participated in six decades), he decamps to a training facility in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany. The more seasoned jumpers, specifically those on the Norwegian team, belittle him.

text: He self-trains, and after successfully completing the 15-metre (49 ft) hill on his first try, he injures himself on his first try from a 40-metre (130 ft) hill. Alcoholic snow groomer Bronson Peary encourages Eddie to give up, but Eddie's tenacious spirit and shared feelings of ostracism by the other jumpers there convince him to train Eddie. Peary is a former champion American ski jumper who left the sport in his 20s after a conflict with his mentor, famous ski jumper Warren Sharp, which Eddie learns from Petra, the kindly owner of a nearby tavern. With very little time to qualify for the 1988 Winter Olympics in Calgary, Alberta, Eddie and Bronson employ various unorthodox methods to condition and refine Eddie's form, and he successfully completes the 40m hill.

text: To qualify for the British Olympic division in ski jumping, Eddie only needs to complete a jump from a 70-metre (230 ft) hill in order to qualify for the Winter Olympics. Not long after, he manages to land the jump successfully, with a distance of 34 metres (112ft), thus winning a place on the British Olympic Team. However, the officials, in an effort to keep Eddie from sullying the Winter Games with his amateurish skillset, decide to change the rules and demand that he jump at least 61 metres (200 ft). Though discouraged, Eddie decides to continue training and performs on a circuit, his jumps increasing in length each time, but unable to meet the Olympic requirements. During a practice jump at the final event before the cutoff date for qualification, he lands a 61m jump exactly, but on his official jump, he falls and is disqualified. Eddie is devastated and resolves to return home to work with his father as a plasterer, but he receives a letter claiming that his qualifying practice jump is valid, and he happily tells Bronson that he's eligible to compete in the Winter Olympics. Bronson tries to dissuade him, promising that he will make a complete fool of himself and his country if he goes, but Eddie is undeterred, noting that competing in the Olympics was always enough for him.

text: Upon arriving in Calgary, he receives instant scorn from the other British athletes, who get him drunk and nearly provoke him into fighting after he is subsequently absent from the opening ceremonies. Despite finishing last in the 70m jump with 60.5 metres (198 ft), Eddie sets a British record. His triumphant celebrations win the audience over, and the media embrace him as Eddie "The Eagle". Over the phone, Bronson criticises Edwards for not taking the sport seriously. Edwards publicly apologizes to the press for his antics, and wanting to ensure he does not leave the games as little more than a novelty, he enters the 90-metre (300 ft) jump, which he had never attempted before. Bronson decides to travel to the games and support him. After an encouraging conversation with his idol Matti "The Flying Finn" Nykänen on the lift to the top of the hill, Eddie barely manages to land a 71.5-metre (235 ft) jump. Once again, he scores last in the event, but is nonetheless cheered by the audience as well as millions around the world, which includes a playful salute in the closing speech of the President of the Organising Committee for the Olympic Games, Frank King. British Olympic officials grudgingly accept him.

text: Warren Sharp reconciles with Bronson, who was present, and Edwards returns home a national hero to the cheers of his fans at the airport, his mother rushes to him embracing him. And as Eddie looks to his father, he reveals a jumper declaring his support before then embracing Eddie as well.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Taron Egerton as Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards

text:
Tom Costello as 10-year-old Eddie Edwards
Jack Costello as 15-year-old Eddie Edwards

text:
Hugh Jackman as Bronson Peary[5]
Christopher Walken as Warren Sharp[6]
Iris Berben as Petra
Mark Benton[7] as Richmond, a BOA official
Keith Allen as Terry
Jo Hartley as Janette Edwards
Ania Sowinski as Clarrie
Tim McInnerny as Dustin Target
Edvin Endre as Matti "The Flying Finn" Nykänen
Marc Benjamin as Lars Holbin
Jim Broadbent as a BBC commentator
Daniel Ings as Zach
Rune Temte as Bjørn, a Norwegian coach

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
Eddie the Eagle is a co-production of Marv Films (UK), Studio Babelsberg (Germany) and Saville Productions (US).[8][9][10] In March 2015, it was announced that 20th Century Fox had acquired the film, with Taron Egerton[11] and Hugh Jackman starring and Dexter Fletcher directing, from a screenplay by Sean Macaulay and Simon Kelton.[12] [13][14] Egerton would portray Eddie "The Eagle" Edwards, while Jackman would portray Bronson Peary, his coach; Jackman's character was confirmed as fictional by Eddie Edwards.[15][16] It was also announced that Matthew Vaughn, who produced Kingsman: The Secret Service, would reunite with the studio, serving as a producer on the film, while Adam Bohling, David Reid, Rupert Maconick and Valerie Van Galde would also serve as producers.[12] That same month, it was announced that Christopher Walken had joined the film, portraying the role of Jackman's character's mentor.[6]
The film received funds of €2.2 million, from the German Federal Film Fund (DFFF).[17]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography took place in Oberstdorf and Garmisch-Partenkirchen in Bavaria, in Seefeld in Tirol, at the Pinewood Studios and in London from 9 March to 3 May 2015.[18] Dry slope scenes were filmed at a dry ski slope in Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.

text: Release[edit]

text: In March 2015, it was announced 20th Century Fox would distribute the film in the United States of America. The studio set 29 April 2016 for the release of the film.[12] That same month, it was announced that Lionsgate had acquired United Kingdom distribution rights to the film, with a spring 2016 release planned.[19] In October 2015, Lionsgate set a release date for the film for 1 April 2016.[20] The date was then moved forward to 28 March 2016. The same month, it was announced that the film had delayed to 26 February in the United States.[21] The film had its world premiere at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival as a "Surprise Screening" on 26 January 2016.[4]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: "Fly: Songs Inspired by the Film 'Eddie the Eagle,'" curated by Gary Barlow, was release on 1 April 2016 featuring new songs from Tony Hadley, Marc Almond, Holly Johnson, Paul Young, Kim Wilde, Andy Bell, Midge Ure, Nik Kershaw, ABC, Go West, Howard Jones, OMD and Heaven 17.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Eddie the Eagle grossed a worldwide total of $46.1 million. In the UK, it grossed $12.8m making it the highest grossing British film released in the UK in 2016.[3]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 80% based on 167 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. The site's consensus reads, "Eddie the Eagle's amiable sweetness can't disguise its story's many inspirational clichés – but for many viewers, it will be more than enough to make up for them."[22] On Metacritic the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[23] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.[24]

text: Alonso Duralde of TheWrap wrote, "Eddie the Eagle is designed for audiences who will throw their weight behind the film’s schmaltz and sentimentality. Anyone unwilling to commit to the movie’s shamelessness will feel like they’ve hit the ground headfirst."[25] KenyaBuzz called it a must-watch saying it is "positively impetuous and unbearably affectionate."[26] A sportswriter who attended the events in which the real Eddie competed, wrote "three generations of my family loved this film. You can't believe most of it, but you can believe in it. That's a subtle but important difference."[27]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Award
Date of ceremony
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Empire Awards
March 19, 2017
Best British Film
Eddie the Eagle
Nominated
[28]

Golden Tomato Awards
January 12, 2017
Best British Movie 2016
Eddie the Eagle
5th Place
[29]

Golden Trailer Awards
May 4, 2016
Best Animation Family
"Sport"
Nominated
[30]

Teen Choice Awards
July 31, 2016
Choice Movie Actor: Drama
Taron Egerton
Nominated
[31]


document_title: List of largest shopping malls

question_text: what is the largest shopping centre in europe

text: List of largest shopping malls

text: List by gross leasable area[edit]

text: Over 400,000 m2[edit]

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

1
South China Mall
China
Dongguan
2005
659,612 m2 (7,100,000 sq ft)[1][2]
892,000 m2 (9,600,000 sq ft)
2350
Until at least 2014 most of the stores were empty, occupancy rates of only 10% occurred.[2]

2
SM Tianjin
China
Tianjin
2016
565,000 m2 (5,812,511 sq.ft)[3]

2500+
Owned and operated by SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines, a chain of shopping malls that has 71 malls located across the Philippines and 7 in China.

3
Golden Resources Mall
China
Beijing
2004
557,419 m2 (6,000,010 sq ft)[1][2]

1000+

4
SM City North EDSA
Philippines
Quezon City
1985
498,000 m2 (5,360,000 sq ft)[2][4][5]

1000+
Largest mall in the Philippines and Southeast Asia. Daily foot traffic of average 950,000 people, adding up to 350,000,000 people a year.

5
1 Utama
Malaysia
Damansara
1995
480,700 m2 (5,174,000 sq ft)[6][7]

1000+
The largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Phase 1 (Old Wing) opened in 1995 while Phase 2 (New Wing) opened in 2003. Anchored by four department stores (AEON, Isetan, Tangs and Parkson), two supermarkets (AEON and Cold Storage) as well as two cinemas (GSC and TGV Cinemas). Launched of 1 Utama E in 2018 January, adds an additional 592,015 sq ft of gross built-up area (164,687 sq ft net lettable area) to the mall’s existing 5 million sq ft.

6
SM Megamall
Philippines
Mandaluyong
1991
474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)[8][9][10]

1000+
Daily foot traffic of 800,000 people, adding up to 292,000,000 people a year. Caters the most cinema screens (14) in the Philippines.[11][12]

7
SM Seaside City Cebu
Philippines
Cebu City
2015
470,490 m2 (5,064,300 sq ft)[13]

450+
Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.

8
Isfahan City Center
Iran
Isfahan
2012
465,500 m2 (5,011,000 sq ft)[2][14]
600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)[15]
700+
Mixed-use shopping mall complex including a 5-star hotel, Cinema, the biggest indoor amusement park in the Middle East with 345,000 m2 (3,710,000 sq ft), restaurants, International Financial Exchange Center, Office tower, Exhibition center and Hotel apartment.

9
Persian Gulf Complex
Iran
Shiraz
2012
450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[2][16]
450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)
2500+
World's largest by number of stores.

10
CentralWorld
Thailand
Bangkok
1990
429,500 m2 (4,623,000 sq ft)[1][2]
550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)
600
Area of the full complex is 1,024,000 m2 (11,020,000 sq ft) including two skyscrapers.

11
SM Mall of Asia
Philippines
Pasay
2006
406,962 m2 (4,380,500 sq ft)[2][17]
407,101 m2 (4,382,000 sq ft)
1000+
Currently 4th largest mall in the Philippines w/ ongoing major expansions. The mall is expected to have a GLA of 700,000 m² and to be completed in 2018.[18][better source needed]

T-12
intu MetroCentre
United Kingdom
Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Gateshead)
1986
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[19]
975,000 m2 (10,490,000 sq ft)[20]
370+
The largest shopping mall in the UK and Europe operated by intu Properties.

T-12
New Century Global Center
China
Chengdu
2013
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)
1,700,000 m2 (18,000,000 sq ft)
2,300
Opened in 2013, the New Century Global Center stole the record of largest shopping mall in the world by total area from Dubai Mall.

T-12
Dream Mall
Taiwan
Kaohsiung
2007
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

2,300

T-13
CentralPlaza WestGate
Thailand
Bangkok
2015
333,000 m2 (3,580,000 sq ft)

T-14
Siam Paragon
Thailand
Bangkok
2005
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[2]
500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)
270+
[21]

text: 300,000 to 399,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

15
Sunway Pyramid
Malaysia
Subang Jaya
1997
396,000 m2 (4,260,000 sq ft)

800+
2nd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama. The mall has an Egyptian-inspired pyramid with a lion design.

16
Festival Alabang
Philippines
Muntinlupa
1998
388,600 m2 (4,183,000 sq ft)

700+
There is a creek traversing the mall, with gardens on both banks. Also features a miniature railway, a Ferris wheel and a roller coaster, all indoors.

17
Lotte World Mall
South Korea
Seoul
2014
383,470 m2 (4,127,600 sq ft)[22]
826,450 m2 (8,895,800 sq ft)[22]
1000+
Largest shopping mall in South Korea.

18
Albrook Mall
Panama
Panama City
2002
380,000 m2 (4,100,000 sq ft)[2]

555
Largest shopping mall in the Americas.

19
Mal Taman Anggrek
Indonesia
Jakarta
1996
360,000 m2 (3,900,000 sq ft)[2]

528
Mall Taman Anggrek hosts the world's largest LED display recorded by Guinness World Record.[23]

20
The Avenues Mall
Kuwait
Kuwait City
2007
357,000 m2 (3,840,000 sq ft)
412,709 m2 (4,442,360 sq ft)
800+
252,000 m2 (2,710,000 sq ft) GLA as of Q1 2012, phase IV (under construction)[24] brings total GLA to 357,000 m2 (3,840,000 sq ft) with an extra 400 stores and 5,000 extra car parking spaces.[25] As of 2011, footfall was an average of 462,500 visitors per week.[26][27]

T-21
Fashion Island (Thailand)
Thailand
Bangkok
1995
350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)

300

T-21
West Edmonton Mall
Canada
Edmonton, Alberta
1981
350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)
490,000 m2 (5,300,000 sq ft)[28]
800+
Largest shopping mall in North America

T-21
The Dubai Mall
United Arab Emirates
Dubai
2008
350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft)
1,124,000 m2 (12,100,000 sq ft)
1200
The second largest mall in the world by total land area.[29][30][31] Dubai Mall was overtaken by New Century Global Center in Chengdu, China which opened in 2013 and has a total floor space of 1,700,000 m2 (18,000,000 sq ft).

24
Lucky One Mall
Pakistan
Karachi
2017
340,000 m2 (3,700,000 sq ft)
590,000 m2 (6,400,000 sq ft)
200+
Largest mall in Pakistan and South Asia[32]

25
Gandaria City
Indonesia
Jakarta
2010
336,279 m2
(3,619,677.03 sq ft)[33]

500

T-26
Berjaya Times Square
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
2003
320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)
700,000 m2 (7,500,000 sq ft)
1000+
The largest shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur and 3rd largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama and Sunway Pyramid.[34]

T-26
Beijing Mall[citation needed]
China
Beijing
2005
320,000 m2 (3,400,000 sq ft)[citation needed]
440,000 m2 (4,700,000 sq ft)[citation needed]
600[citation needed]

text: 200,000 to 299,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

T-28
Future Park Rangsit
Thailand
Pathum Thani (suburb of Bangkok)
1995
280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)
500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)
900
The huge complex currently has 120,000 shoppers on weekdays and 150,000 on weekends.

T-28
Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall)
China
Guangzhou
2005
280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)
420,000 m2 (4,500,000 sq ft)

T-28
Centro Mayor
Colombia
Bogota
2010

280,000 m2 (3,000,000 sq ft)
354+

T-31
Medan Centre Point
Indonesia
Medan
2013
270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)2[35]

The biggest shopping mall in North Sumatra. Medan Center Point Complex consists two of the tallest five buildings in North Sumatra[36]

T-31
Mal Artha Gading
Indonesia
Jakarta
2004
270,000 m2 (2,900,000 sq ft)

33
SM City Cebu
Philippines
Cebu City
1993
268,611 m2 (2,891,300 sq ft)
273,804 m2 (2,947,200 sq ft)
680
The average daily foot traffic reaches 140,000 to 150,000 on weekends as Cebu is a major transportation hub in the country. Owned by SM Group.

34
Mall of Arabia
Egypt
6th of October
2010
267,000 m2 (2,870,000 sq ft)
882,000 m2 (9,490,000 sq ft)
900
Features a hypermarket, cinema, car dealership, a centre dome food court, kid zone, and 2 furniture outlet stores.[37]

35
King of Prussia Mall
United States
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania (suburb of Philadelphia)
1963
259,500 m2 (2,793,000 sq ft)[38]

400+
Originally built as two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous building, making up the largest mall in the United States, larger than Mall of America by 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft).[39]

36
Mall of America
United States
Bloomington, Minnesota (suburb of Minneapolis)
1992
258,200 m2 (2,779,000 sq ft)[40]
390,000 m2 (4,200,000 sq ft)
520
The ranking area does not include Nickelodeon Universe, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall, which would add an additional 131,800 m2 (1,419,000 sq ft), and make it the largest in North America and the 12th largest in the world.

37
Tunjungan Plaza
Indonesia
Surabaya
1986
253,187 m2 (2,725,280 sq ft) [2]

500
The biggest mall in East Java

38
SM Aura Premier
Philippines
Taguig
2013
251,094 m2 (2,702,750 sq ft)

Owned by SM Group.

T-39
Morocco Mall
Morocco
Casablanca
2011
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

350+
The largest shopping centre in Morocco. It features a 1,000,000-litre cylinder shaped aquarium with a 360-degree view of the sea life, that contains over 40 different species of fish.

T-39
Aventura Mall
United States
Aventura, Florida (suburb of Miami)
1983
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+
Largest shopping mall in Florida.

T-39
Glorietta
Philippines
Makati
1991
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+
Largest mall by the Ayala Corporation in the Philippines, tied with Greenbelt. Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt.

T-39
Greenbelt
Philippines
Makati
1991
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

300+
A complex of five buildings, namely Greenbelt 1, Greenbelt 2, Greenbelt 3, Greenbelt 4 and Greenbelt 5. With a vast garden in the middle, and the Greenbelt Chapel. Largest mall by the Ayala Corporation in the Philippines, tied with Glorietta. Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta.

T-39
South Coast Plaza
United States
Costa Mesa, California (suburb of Los Angeles)
1967
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)[41]

286

T-39
Centro Comercial Santafé
Colombia
Bogotá
2006
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)

485

45
Centro Comercial Aricanduva
Brazil
São Paulo
1991
247,000 m2 (2,660,000 sq ft)[42]
425,000 m2 (4,570,000 sq ft)[42]
535

46
AEON Lake Town Centre
Japan
Koshigaya, Saitama (suburb of Tokyo)
2008
245,223 m2 (2,639,560 sq ft)
393,916 m2 (4,240,080 sq ft)
706

47
Doha Festival City
Qatar
Doha
2017
244,000 m2 (2,630,000 sq ft)
600,000 m2 (6,500,000 sq ft)
540

T-48
Del Amo Fashion Center
United States
Torrance, California (suburb of Los Angeles)
1961
240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

300+
Believed to be the largest shopping mall in the Western continental United States.

T-48
Robinsons Place Manila
Philippines
Manila
1997
240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

500+
Largest shopping mall in the city of Manila and largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines.

T-48
Millcreek Mall
United States
Millcreek Township, Pennsylvania (suburb of Erie)
1975
240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)[43]

142

T-48
Super Brand Mall
China
Shanghai
2005
240,000 m2 (2,600,000 sq ft)

52
SM Xiamen
China
Xiamen
2001
238,125 m2 (2,563,160 sq ft)[3]

SM's first mall in China and second largest SM Mall in China.

53
Mall of the Emirates
United Arab Emirates
Dubai
2005
233,467 m2 (2,513,020 sq ft)

[44]

T-54
LuLu International Shopping Mall
India
Cochin
2013
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

360+
India's largest shopping mall. Also has a five-star Marriott Hotel adjacent to it within the mall compound.

T-54
Dongfang Xin Tiandi (Oriental Plaza)
China
Foshan

230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)
800,000 m2 (8,600,000 sq ft)

T-54
Aviapark
Russia
Moscow
2014
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)
390,000 m2 (4,200,000 sq ft)[45]

"Aviapark" is considered to be Europe's largest shopping mall per total area. It also has a 23-meter tall and 6-meter wide aquarium with seawater fish and animals built into the centerspace.

T-54
Sta. Lucia East Grand Mall
Philippines
Cainta
1991
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

T-54
Grand Canyon Parkway
United States
Las Vegas, Nevada
2003
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

T-54
Queensbay Mall
Malaysia
Bayan Lepas, Penang Island
2006
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)

The largest shopping mall in Penang (include Seberang Perai)

58
WESTGATE Shopping City
Croatia
Zagreb
2009
226,000 m2 (2,430,000 sq ft)
250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft)
240+

59
MEGA Belaya Dacha
Russia
Kotelniki, Moscow Oblast
2007
225,000 m2 (2,420,000 sq ft)[46]
303,000 m2 (3,260,000 sq ft)
330+
Consists of two buildings connected by a footbridge across the road

T-60
Sawgrass Mills
United States
Sunrise, Florida
1990
221,472 m2 (2,383,900 sq ft)

300+

T-60
Destiny USA
United States
Syracuse, New York
1990
221,472 m2 (2,383,900 sq ft)

300+
The largest shopping mall in the state of New York.

T-62
Hartono Mall
Indonesia
Surakarta, Central Java
2015
220,000 m2[47]

300
The biggest shopping mall in Central Java

T-62
Gateway Theatre of Shopping
South Africa
Durban
2001
220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)
[citation needed]

400+
Gateway was previously described as the largest mall in Africa before the completion of Morocco Mall in Casablanca, Morocco and Mall of Arabia in Egypt respectively.

T-62
Roosevelt Field
United States
Garden City, New York
1956
220,000 m2 (2,400,000 sq ft)[48]

294
Located in a suburb of New York City, it is the second largest shopping mall in the state of New York.

65
Robinsons Galleria
Philippines
Quezon City
1990
216,000 m2 (2,330,000 sq ft)

400+
2nd largest Robinsons mall in the Philippines.

66
Plaza Las Americas
Puerto Rico
San Juan, Puerto Rico
1968
215,440 m2 (2,319,000 sq ft)[49]

300+
[50][51]

67
Houston Galleria
United States
Houston, Texas
1970
213,530 m2 (2,298,400 sq ft)[52]

375
Largest mall in Texas.

68
Suntec City
Singapore
Singapore
1993 (reopen on 2013)
212,404 m2 (2,286,300 sq ft)[53]

619
You will find the largest water fountain in the world[54] right in the middle of the mall.

69
Ayala Center Cebu
Philippines
Cebu City
1994
210,000 m2 (2,300,000 sq ft)[55]

800+
Largest shopping mall outside Metro Manila operated by Ayala Corporation.

70
Trafford Centre
United Kingdom
Manchester
1998
207,000 m2 (2,230,000 sq ft)
605,000 m2 (6,510,000 sq ft)[56]
280

71
SM City Dasmariñas
Philippines
Dasmariñas
2004
206,231 m2 (2,219,850 sq ft)

400+ shops & dining
The mall attracts a daily pedestrian count of 400,000 during weekends and 150,000 during weekdays.

72
Puerto Venecia
Spain
Zaragoza
2012
206,000 m2 (2,220,000 sq ft)[57]

250+
This is the biggest open air lifestyle center in Europe. All activities are arranged around a man-made lagoon.

73
SM Southmall
Philippines
Las Piñas
1995
205,120 m2 (2,207,900 sq ft)

400+
Underwent major renovations on 14 July 2011, including the addition of an IMAX theatre, a new south wing facade and a new north wing facade.

T-74
Ala Moana Center
United States
Honolulu, Hawaii
1959
200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)

310+
The mall opened in the year 1958. Largest open-air mall in the world.

T-74
Bluewater
United Kingdom
Greenhithe
1999
200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)
900,000 m2 (9,700,000 sq ft)

Attracts over 30 million visitors a year

T-74
Tysons Corner Center
United States
McLean, Virginia (suburb of Washington, D.C.)
1968
200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)[58]

300+

T-74
AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre
Malaysia
Klang
2007
200,000 m2 (2,200,000 sq ft)

200+
The largest AEON Mall in Southeast Asia and Malaysia

text: 100,000 to 199,999 m2[edit]

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

77
Mall of Qatar
Qatar
Al Rayyan
2016
195,000 m2 (2,100,000 sq ft)
500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)
500

78
TriNoma
Philippines
Quezon City
2007
195,000 m2 (2,100,000 sq ft)

550
Was dubbed as a super regional mall; more than 550 high-end shopping and retail establishments.[59]

79
Shopping City Süd
Austria
Vösendorf
1976
192,500 m2 (2,072,000 sq ft)[60]

330+

80
SM City Fairview
Philippines
Quezon City
1997
188,681 m2 (2,030,950 sq ft)
202,000 m2 (2,170,000 sq ft)
500
One of the largest shopping malls in Quezon City with over 500 shops and restaurants.

81
Central Park Mall
Indonesia
Jakarta
2008
188,077 m2 (2,024,440 sq ft)

500+
Central Park Jakarta is the 10th largest building in the world

82
Westend City Center
Hungary
Budapest
1999
186,000 m2 (2,000,000 sq ft)[61]

400+

83
Chadstone Shopping Centre
Australia
Melbourne
1960
185,810 m2 (2,000,000 sq ft)

530+
The centre's owners have sought a further expansion to include a 180-room hotel and 15,000 m2 (160,000 sq ft) of offices, to take total floor space to 221,217 m2 (2,381,160 sq ft), including 156,924 m2 (1,689,120 sq ft) of shop floor space.

84
SM City San Lazaro
Philippines
Manila
2005
181,593 m2 (1,954,650 sq ft)

2nd largest shopping mall in the city of Manila.

T-85
Pakuwon Mall
Indonesia
Surabaya, East Java
2017
180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft) (net leastable area)

The largest shopping mall in the city of Surabaya

T-85
Avenham Centre
United Kingdom
Preston
2013
180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft)
450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[62]
158
Part of The City of Preston's Tithebarn project

T-85
Seacon Square
Thailand
Bangkok
1994
180,000 m2 (1,900,000 sq ft)
500,000 m2 (5,400,000 sq ft)
400+
Yoyoland – Children's amusement park on top floor.

88
SM City Marikina
Philippines
Marikina
2008
178,485 m2 (1,921,200 sq ft)

400+
Largest shopping mall in Marikina.

89
SM CDO Downtown Premier
Philippines
Cagayan de Oro
2017
177,743 m2 (1,913,210 sq ft)

400+
Largest SM mall in Mindanao.

90
Menlyn Park
South Africa
Pretoria
1979
177,000m² (1,905,212 sq ft)

500+

91
Forum Istanbul
Turkey
Istanbul
2009
176,380 m2 (1,898,500 sq ft)

286

T-92
Arena Centar
Croatia
Zagreb
2011
175,000 m²
(1,880,000 sq ft)

200+

T-92
Westfield Stratford City
United Kingdom
London
2011
175,000 m2 (1,880,000 sq ft)

350
The first large-scale use of Pavegen floor tiles to harness kinetic energy.[63] It is one of the biggest urban shopping centres in Western World. It is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, East Village, London

T-92
Paradise Center
Bulgaria
Sofia
2013
175,000 m2 (1,880,000 sq ft)

330+

95
MEGA Khimki
Russia
Khimki, Moscow Oblast
2004
174,688 m2 (1,880,330 sq ft)
210,618 m2 (2,267,070 sq ft)
250+

96
Costanera Center
Chile
Santiago
2012
172,800 m2 (1,860,000 sq ft)
700,000 m2 (7,500,000 sq ft)
330+
Includes 3 anchor stores, supermarket, a retailer of home improvement and construction products and services, and a movie theatre. Adjacent to the tallest building in Latin America and second in the southern hemisphere.

97
SM City Bacolod
Philippines
Bacolod
2007
171,380 m2 (1,844,700 sq ft)

350+

98
Market! Market!
Philippines
Taguig
2003
170,000 m2 (1,800,000 sq ft)

520
One of the largest shopping malls in Taguig.

99
SM City Jinjiang
China
Jinjiang
2005
167,830 m2 (1,806,500 sq ft)[3]

The 2nd SM Mall in China

100
SM City Manila
Philippines
Manila
2000
167,812 m2 (1,806,310 sq ft)

2nd largest shopping mall in the city of Manila.

101
SM City Chengdu
China
Chengdu
2006
166,665 m2 (1,793,970 sq ft)[3]

102
Metropolis at Metrotown
Canada
Burnaby (suburb of Vancouver)
1986
165,646.6 m2 (1,783,005 sq ft)[64]

500

T-103
AEON Mall Jakarta Garden City
Indonesia
East Jakarta, Jakarta
2017
165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)

227[65]

T-103
Tunjungan Plaza
Indonesia
Surabaya, East Java
1986
165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)

500+
2nd largest shopping mall in Surabaya City

T-103
Mall of Egypt
Egypt
6th of October
2017
165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)
400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft)

Houses a Carrefour hypermarket, Africa’s first indoor skiing slope, Ski Egypt, a 21 multi-screen VOX Cinemas and a Magic Planet family entertainment centre.

T-103
Ocean Plaza
Ukraine
Kiev
2012
165,000 m2 (1,780,000 sq ft)[66]

106
Vincom MegaMall Royal City
Vietnam
Hanoi
2013
163,000 m2 (1,750,000 sq ft)[67]
230,000 m2 (2,500,000 sq ft)
200+
The largest shopping mall in Vietnam

107
Cairo Festival City
Egypt
New Cairo
2013
160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)

300+
Includes over 300 shops, 95 restaurants and cafés anchored by a 10,750 m2 (115,700 sq ft) Carrefour hypermarket and furniture flagship store IKEA as well as a multi-screen Cineplex.[37]

T-???
Quicentro Sur Shopping
Ecuador
Quito
2010
 ?
160,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)
350
The largest shopping mall in Ecuador

T-108
Starfield Hanam
South Korea
Hanam
2016
158,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)[68]
460,000 m2 (5,000,000 sq ft)[69]
275

T-108
Mid Valley Megamall
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
1995
158,000 m2 (1,700,000 sq ft)
420,000 m2 (4,500,000 sq ft)

T-110
Robinsons Galleria Cebu
Philippines
Cebu
2015
155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)

300
Largest Robinsons mall outside Metro Manila and the second mall under "Robinsons Galleria" brand.[70]

T-110
Starmall Alabang
Philippines
Muntinlupa
2015
155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)

The largest StarMall branch in terms of GLA. Largest shopping mall of Vista Land and still under expansion. There are plans to rename this mall as "Vista Mall", making as the flagship mall of Vista Land.

T-110
Unicenter
Argentina
Greater Buenos Aires
1988
155,000 m2 (1,670,000 sq ft)
238,788 m2 (2,570,290 sq ft)[71]
300+

113
SM City Cabanatuan
Philippines
Cabanatuan
2015
154,020 m2 (1,657,900 sq ft)

300+
Largest shopping mall in Northern Luzon.

T-114
Liverpool One
United Kingdom
Merseyside
2008
154,000 m2 (1,660,000 sq ft)
590,000 m2 (6,400,000 sq ft)
169
The cost of construction associated with the project was £500 million, with a total investment value of £920 million.[72]

T-114
Intu Merry Hill
United Kingdom
Dudley, West Midlands
1985
154,000 m2 (1,660,000 sq ft)

210

116
Mall Plaza Oeste
Chile
Santiago
1994
152,237 m2 (1,638,670 sq ft)

117
SM Zibo
China
Zibo
2015
150,600 m2 (1,621,000 sq ft)[3]

Owned by SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines.

T-118
Park Meadows
United States
Lone Tree, Colorado (suburb of Denver)
1996
150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)

160

T-118
Citystars
Egypt
Cairo
2004
150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)
750,000 m2 (8,100,000 sq ft)
650+
The development includes two five-star hotels (InterContinental and Holiday Inn), a modern office tower, a sixteen-screen movie complex and two indoor amusement parks.

T-118
Jamuna Future Park
Bangladesh
Dhaka
2013
150,000 m2 (1,600,000 sq ft)[73]
345,000 m2 (3,710,000 sq ft)[73]
510
South Asia's largest shopping mall. JW Marriott Hotel is also located within the complex.

121
Square One Shopping Centre
Canada
Mississauga
1973
149,594 m2 (1,610,220 sq ft)[74]

360+
The largest shopping mall in the province of Ontario

122
Mall Plaza Vespucio
Chile
Santiago
1990
149,536 m2 (1,609,590 sq ft)[3]

123
Gradski Trgovski Centar
Macedonia
Skopje
1973
149,531 m2 (1,609,540 sq ft)[75]

400+
The largest shopping mall in Republic of Macedonia

124
SM Chongqing
China
Chongqing
2012
149,429 m2 (1,608,440 sq ft)[3]

125
MEGA Teply Stan
Russia
Moscow
2002
146,591 m2 (1,577,890 sq ft)
189,076 m2 (2,035,200 sq ft)
250

126
SM Lanang Premier
Philippines
Davao City
2012
145,450 m2 (1,565,600 sq ft)
640,000 m2 (6,900,000 sq ft)
300
The first premier mall by SM in Mindanao.

127
Park Handlowy Bielany
Poland
Bielany Wrocławskie (suburb of Wroclaw)
1996
145,000 m2 (1,560,000 sq ft)
170,000 m2 (1,800,000 sq ft)

The mall is the largest shopping mall in Poland

128
SM City Clark
Philippines
Angeles
2006
142,585 m2 (1,534,770 sq ft)

420
Largest shopping mall in Pampanga.

129
Canal Walk
South Africa
Cape Town
2000
141,000 m2 (1,520,000 sq ft)

400+

130
Living World Alam Sutera
Indonesia
South Tangerang
2011
140,000 m2[76]

200+
The largest shopping mall in Banten

T-131
VivoCity
Singapore
Singapore
2006
139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

340
The largest shopping mall in Singapore.

T-131
MyTown Shopping Centre
Malaysia
Cheras
2016
139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)[77]

460
The mall is built together and alongside IKEA Cheras.

T-131
IOI City Mall
Malaysia
Putrajaya
2015
139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

400+
Largest shopping mall in Putrajaya. 139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft) GLA. IOI City Mall shopping outlet such Parkson, Tesco, Golden Screen Cinemas and many more.

T-131
Meadowhall Centre
United Kingdom
Sheffield, Yorkshire
1990
139,355 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)

230
includes an 11 screen cinema complex and 50+ places to eat

135
AEON Mall Shah Alam
Malaysia
Shah Alam
2016
139,000 m2 (1,500,000 sq ft)[78]

160[78]
The mall prides itself on having a one-of-a-kind four-season themed decor, inspired by Japan’s seasonal changes – summer, autumn, winter and spring.

136
Limketkai Mall
Philippines
Cagayan de Oro
1992
135,000 m2 (1,450,000 sq ft)

Cagayan de Oro's homegrown mall. The mall's anchor includes two Robinsons supermarkets, Shopwise hypermarket, Robinsons department store, Handyman and Robinsons Cagayan de Oro, the first Robinsons mall in Mindanao.

137
Abreeza
Philippines
Davao City
2011
134,102 m2 (1,443,460 sq ft)

360+
Owned by Accendo Commercial Corporation, a joint venture company of Ayala Land and Anflocor.

T-138
Mall Plaza Trébol
Chile
Talcahuano
1995
131,028 m2 (1,410,370 sq ft)

T-138
Mall of Africa
South Africa
Midrand
2016
131,000 m2 (1,410,000 sq ft)
550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)

T-140
Donau Zentrum (de)
Austria
Vienna
1975
130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)
225,000 m2 (2,420,000 sq ft)
260

T-140
Pacific Place Jakarta
Indonesia
Jakarta
2007
130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)2

T-140
Grand Indonesia Shopping Town
Indonesia
Jakarta
1998
130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)

400+
Grand Indonesia complex is one of the largest building in the world.

T-140
Mal Kelapa Gading
Indonesia
Jakarta
1990
130,000 m2 (1,400,000 sq ft)

600+

144
Sandton City
South Africa
Sandton
1973
128,000 m2 (1,380,000 sq ft)
215,000 m2 (2,310,000 sq ft)
300

145
New Era Mall
China
Shanghai
2007
126,000 m2 (1,360,000 sq ft)[79]

146
Plaza Medan Fair
Indonesia
Medan
2004
125,053 m2[80]

T-147
Ruhr-Park (de)
Germany
Bochum
1964
125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft)

16
The largest shopping mall in Germany.

T-147
SM City Davao
Philippines
Davao City
2001
125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft)[81]

300
Built in 2001 with an initial of 78,735 m2 (847,500 sq ft), the mall was the first SM mall in Mindanao and located right next to the city's Ecoland Bus Terminal. Since SM Lanang Premier came to Davao in 2012, the mall was dubbed by the locals as "SM Ecoland" to avoid their confusion to these SM Malls in their city. Following SM Lanang Premier's entry, SM City Davao has undergone renovations and expansion. Thus, SM Davao Annex building was built right next to the main mall, gaining its GFA to 125,000 m2 (1,350,000 sq ft).

T-147
Supermall Karawaci
Indonesia
Tangerang
1992
125,000 m2[82]

150
Dolce Vita Tejo
Portugal
Lisbon
2009
122,000 m2 (1,310,000 sq ft)

300

151
Robinsons Metro East
Philippines
Marikina
2001
121,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

Located at the boundaries between the barangays of Dela Paz in Pasig and San Roque in Marikina.

152
Gaisano Mall of Davao
Philippines
Davao City
1997
120,061 m2 (1,292,330 sq ft)

500
The largest Gaisano mall.

T-153
AEON Mall Long Biên
Vietnam
Hanoi
2015
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)
72,000 m2 (780,000 sq ft)

T-153
KCC Mall de Zamboanga
Philippines
Zamboanga City
2015
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)
36,000 m2 (390,000 sq ft)
102
Largest shopping mall in Zamboanga Peninsula and biggest mall of KCC Malls so far. KCC Mall de Zamboanga has the biggest department store in Mindanao and one of the biggest supermarkets in the Philippines (with 83 counters). It also houses the first Burger King store in Mindanao.

T-153
City Gate
Philippines
Makati
2017
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)

Ayala Land's new development in Makati. It will consists of 53,000 m2 (570,000 sq ft) for business process outsourcing (BPO) while and some parts of the mall will include a hotel and traditional headquarter-type offices.[83]

T-153
Evia City
Philippines
Las Piñas
2015
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)[84]

Vista Land's flagship mall, and currently under expansion in attaining 120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft).[84]

T-153
Shanghai Wheelock Square
China
Shanghai
2007
120,000 m2 (1,300,000 sq ft)[79]

158
CentrO
Germany
Oberhausen
1996
119,000 m2 (1,280,000 sq ft)

159
Mall Plaza Norte
Chile
Santiago
2003
118,159 m2 (1,271,850 sq ft)

160
Parque Arauco
Chile
Santiago
1982
113,500 m2 (1,222,000 sq ft)

Chile's first shopping mall.

161
Alto Las Condes
Chile
Santiago
1993
115,258 m2 (1,240,630 sq ft)

162
AEON Mall Bình Tân
Vietnam
Ho Chi Minh City
2016
114,000 m2 (1,230,000 sq ft)
60,000 m2 (650,000 sq ft)
160+
The largest shopping mall in Ho Chi Minh City.

T-163
Florida Center
Chile
Santiago
2003
110,000 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)
300,000 m2 (3,200,000 sq ft)
300+

T-163
Plaza Lima Norte
Peru
Lima
2009
110,000 m2 (1,200,000 sq ft)

350+

165
Tsawwassen Mills
Canada
Tsawwassen
2016
110,000 m2
(1,200,000 sq ft)

200+

166
Akropolis
Lithuania
Vilnius
2002
109,000 m2[85][86][87]

240+

See also: List of shopping malls in Lithuania

167
Sun Plaza
Indonesia
Medan
2004
107,373 m2[88]

363

168
Robinsons Magnolia
Philippines
Quezon City
2013
108,000 m2 (1,160,000 sq ft)

Quezon City's first "green" mall.[89]

169
Elante Mall
India
Chandigarh
2004
106,838 m2 (1,149,990 sq ft)[1][2]

170
Belle Épine
France
Thiais
1971
141,000 m2 (1,520,000 sq ft)[90]

220[91]
The largest mall in France.

171
Plaza Indonesia
Indonesia
Jakarta
2008
105,072 m2 (1,130,990 sq ft)

450+

T-172
Val d'Europe
France
Serris
2000
136,000 m2 (1,460,000 sq ft)[92]

190

T-172
Oriocenter
Italy
Orio al Serio
1998
105,000 m2 (1,130,000 sq ft)

280
The largest shopping mall in Italy.

174
Mega
Lithuania
Kaunas
2005
102,000 m2 (1,100,000 sq ft)[93][94][95]

200+
The 2nd largest shopping mall in the Baltics.
See also: List of shopping malls in Lithuania

175
Sello
Finland
Espoo
2003
102,000 m2 (1,100,000 sq ft)

170
The largest shopping mall in Finland and the 2nd largest in the Nordic countries.

176
Mall of Scandinavia
Sweden
Solna
2015
101,048 m2 (1,087,670 sq ft)

224
The largest shopping mall in Sweden and 3rd largest in the Nordic countries.

177
Riomar Recife Brazil
Brazil
Recife
2012
101,000 m2 (1,090,000 sq ft)

410

176
Mall Plaza Los Dominicos
Chile
Santiago
2017
100,152 m2 (1,078,030 sq ft)
323,516 m2 (3,482,300 sq ft)
240+
Scheduled opening for August 28, 2017 was delayed. Mall finally opened on September 1, 2017.

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
South China Mall
China

Golden Resources Mall
China

Persian Gulf Complex
Iran

SM City North EDSA
Philippines

Jamuna Future Park
Bangladesh

Bashundhara City
Bangladesh

SM Megamall
Philippines

Isfahan City Center
Iran

1 Utama
Malaysia

CentralWorld
Thailand

SM Mall of Asia
Philippines

intu Metrocentre (Red Mall)
United Kingdom

New Century Global Center
China

Dream Mall
Taiwan

Siam Paragon
Thailand

Sunway Pyramid
Malaysia

Festival Alabang
Philippines

Lotte World Tower & Lotte World Mall
South Korea

Mall Taman Anggrek
Indonesia

West Edmonton Mall
Canada

The Dubai Mall
United Arab Emirates

Berjaya Times Square
Malaysia

Centro Mayor
Colombia

Mal Artha Gading
Indonesia

King of Prussia Mall
United States

SM Aura Premier
Philippines

Emporium Mall
Pakistan

Morocco Mall
Morocco

Aventura Mall
United States

Glorietta
Philippines

Greenbelt
Philippines

South Coast Plaza
United States

Centro Comercial Santafé
Colombia

Centro Sambil
Venezuela

Centro Comercial Aricanduva
Brazil

Del Amo Fashion Center
United States

Robinsons Place Manila
Philippines

Millcreek Mall
United States

Super Brand Mall
China

Mall of the Emirates
United Arab Emirates

Queensbay Mall
Malaysia

MEGA Family Shopping Centre
Russia

Sawgrass Mills
United States

Destiny USA
United States

Gateway Theatre of Shopping
South Africa

Robinsons Galleria
Philippines

Plaza Las Américas
Puerto Rico

Houston Galleria
United States

Ayala Center Cebu
Philippines

Trafford Centre
United Kingdom

SM City Dasmariñas
Philippines

SM Southmall
Philippines

Ala Moana Center
United States

Tysons Corner Center
United States

AEON Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre
Malaysia

TriNoma
Philippines

Shopping City Süd
Austria

SM City Fairview
Philippines

MetroCentre
United Kingdom

Seacon Square
Thailand

SM City Marikina
Philippines

SM CDO Downtown Premier
Philippines

Westfield Stratford City
United Kingdom

Costanera Center
Chile

SM City Bacolod
Philippines

Market! Market!
Philippines

Metropolis at Metrotown
Canada

LuLu International Shopping Mall
India

Mid Valley Megamall
Malaysia

Bluewater
United Kingdom

Liverpool One
United Kingdom

Merry Hill Shopping Centre
United Kingdom

Park Meadows
United States

SM Lanang Premier
Philippines

SM City Clark
Philippines

Canal Walk
South Africa

VivoCity
Singapore

Meadowhall
United Kingdom

SM City Davao
Philippines

Robinsons Metro East
Philippines

Gaisano Mall of Davao
Philippines

Shanghai Wheelock Square
China

Elante Mall
India

Sello
Finland

Mall of Scandinavia
Sweden

text: Dual function shopping malls[edit]

text: Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they contain retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but also act as producer vendor outlets that can take large orders for export.

text:
Mall
Country
City
Year Opened
Gross leasable
area (GLA)
Total
area
Shops
Remarks

Yiwu market
China
Yiwu
2002
5,500,000 m2 (59,000,000 sq ft)[96]

75,000[96]