document_title: List of Little House on the Prairie characters

question_text: who played adam simms on little house on the prairie

text: Television series characters[edit]

text: The Ingalls family[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Charles Ingalls
1–9
161
Michael Landon
Farmer; husband and father

Caroline Ingalls
1–8
172
Karen Grassle
Wife and mother

Laura Ingalls Wilder
1–9
190
Melissa Gilbert
Second daughter; Later Almanzo's wife and Rose's mother; nicknamed "Half-pint" by Charles and "Beth" by Almanzo

Mary Ingalls
1–8
133
Melissa Sue Anderson
Oldest child

Carrie Ingalls
1–8
164
Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush
Third daughter

Charles Ingalls Jr.
1
2
Unknown
Baby son, died as an infant

Grace Ingalls
5–8
60
Wendi and Brenda Turnbaugh
Fourth daughter

Albert Quinn Ingalls
5–9
89
Matthew Labyorteaux
Adopted son

James Cooper/Ingalls
7–8
21
Jason Bateman
Adopted after parents were killed in a wagon accident

Cassandra Cooper/Ingalls
7–8
21
Missy Francis
Same as above

text: The in-laws[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Almanzo Wilder
6–9
65
Dean Butler
Farmer; Laura's husband (season 7); Rose's father; Nicknamed "Manly" by Laura

Adam Kendall
4–8
35
Linwood Boomer
Teacher of the blind; Mary’s husband (season 5)

Adam Kendall Jr.
6
3
Unknown
Adam and Mary's son; dies in fire with Alice Garvey

Jenny Wilder
9
18
Shannen Doherty
Almanzo's niece, whom he gets custody of after his brother/her father Royal dies

Rose Wilder
8–9
17
Jennifer and Michele Steffin
Almanzo and Laura's daughter

Eliza Jane Wilder
6–8
14
Lucy Lee Flippin
Teacher; Almanzo's older sister

text: Townsfolk[edit]

text:
Name
Seasons
No. of
episodes
Portrayer
Character summary

Nels Oleson
1–9
147
Richard Bull
Mercantile proprietor; husband and father

Harriet Oleson
1–9
153
Katherine MacGregor
Mercantile proprietor; wife and mother

Nellie Oleson
1–9
104
Alison Arngrim
Oldest child of Nels and Harriet

Willie Oleson
1–9
140
Jonathan Gilbert
Son of Nels and Harriet

Nancy Oleson
8–9
33
Allison Balson
Adopted daughter of Nels and Harriet

Percival Dalton/Isaac Cohen
6–7
11
Steve Tracy
Nellie’s husband

Rachel Brown Oleson
9
2
Sherri Stoner
Willie’s wife

Dr. Hiram Baker
1–9
113
Kevin Hagen
Town physician

Reverend Robert Alden
1–9
76
Dabbs Greer
Church minister

Melinda Foster
1–9
61
Ruth Foster
Post office manager

Isaiah Edwards
1–3, 6, 8–9
52
Victor French
Charles’s best friend

Grace Snider Edwards
1–6
23
Bonnie Bartlett / Corinne Camacho
Wife of Isaiah Edwards

John Sanderson Edwards
2–4
8
Radames Pera
Oldest child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Alicia Sanderson Edwards
2–3, 5, 8
19
Kyle Richards
Youngest child, Adopted daughter of Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Carl Sanderson Edwards
2–4
19
Brian Part
Middle child adopted by Isaiah & Grace Edwards

Matthew Rogers
9
5
Jonathan Hall Kovacs
Young boy that is taken care of by Isaiah Edwards (season 9)

Jonathan Garvey
4–7
51
Merlin Olsen
Farmer; husband and father

Alice Garvey
4–6
33
Hersha Parady
Wife and mother; teacher; dies in fire with Adam Kendall Jr.

Andy Garvey
4–7
43
Patrick Labyorteaux
Son of Jonathan and Alice

Eva Beadle Simms
1–4
45
Charlotte Stewart
School teacher

Adam Simms
4
2
Joshua Bryant
Miss Beadle's husband

Lars Hanson
1–5
41
Karl Swenson
Lumber mill owner; a founder of Walnut Grove

Hester-Sue Terhune
4–9
40
Ketty Lester
Head of the school for the blind

John Carter
9
19
Stan Ivar
Blacksmith; husband and father

Sarah Carter
9
15
Pamela Roylance
Starts a newspaper; wife and mother

Jeb Carter
9
18
Lindsay Kennedy
Older son of John and Sarah

Jason Carter
9
18
David Friedman
Younger son of John and Sarah

Susan Goodspeed
4–7
16
Michelle Downey
Student at the school for the blind

Etta Plum
9
15
Leslie Landon
School teacher

Christy Kennedy
1–2
10
Tracie Savage
Schoolgirl

Sandy Kennedy
1
4
Robert Hoffman
Schoolboy; Christy's brother

Hans Dorfler
1–4, 6
9
Jim Jeter
Resident of Walnut Grove; a stable-owner

Bill Anderson
6–9
6
Sam Edwards
Banker of Walnut Grove

Joe Kagan
4–5, 7
5
Moses Gunn
Aging boxer who retires to farm life in Walnut Grove

Judd Larrabee
4–5
5
Don "Red" Barry
Resident of Walnut Grove

Mrs. Amanda "May" Whipple
1–4
5
Queenie Smith
Resident of Walnut Grove; local seamstress

Mr. Kennedy
1
4
Wayne Heffley
Resident of Walnut Grove; father of Christy and Sandy

Ebenezer Sprague
2–3
4
Ted Gehring
Banker of Walnut Grove

Houston Lamb
6–7
4
Dub Taylor
Works and lives at the school for the blind in Sleepy Eye

Henry Riley
4–9
15
Dan McBride
recurring role - customer in Nellie's Restaurant arguing

Kezia Horn
4–5
3
Hermione Baddeley
Resident of Walnut Grove and friend of Laura and Albert

text: Non-recurring characters[edit]

text: Season one[edit]

text:
Episode 6

Miss Amy Hearn (played by Josephine Hutchinson)

Episode 7

Olga Nordstrom (played by Kim Richards)

Episode 9

Abel Makay (played by Dirk Blocker)

Episode 11

Tinker Jones (played by Chuck McCann)

Episode 14

Jonathan (played by Ernest Borgnine)

Episode 19

Willie O'Hara (played by Red Buttons)

Episode 20

Graham Stewart (played by Johnny Lee)
John Stewart (played by Harris Yulin)

Episode 21

Trudy Coulter (played by Julie Cobb)
Joseph Coulter (played by Alan Fudge)

Episode 22

Jack Lame Horse (played by Robert Tessier)
Marshal Anders (played by Jack Ging)

Episode 23

Hiram Johnson (played by Hal Bokar)
Mimi (played by Jane Alice Brandon)

Episode 24

Jim Tyler (played by Forrest Tucker)
Helen Tyler (played by Ann Doran)

text: Season two[edit]

text:
Episode 4

Jebediah Mumfort (played by Karl Lukas)
Margaret Mumfort (played by June Dayton)
Slick McBurney (played by Gregory Walcott)

Episode 5

Amos Pike (played by John Anderson)

Episode 7

Julia Sanderson (played by Patricia Neal)

Episode 10

Jonah (played by Shane Sinutko)

Episode 17

Hannibal Applewood (played by Richard Basehart)

Episode 18

Henry Hill (played by Louis Gossett Jr)

Episode 19

Elizabeth Thurman (played by Mariette Hartley)

Episode 20

Yuli Pyatakov (played by Theodore Bikel)
Viktor Pyatakov (played by Ike Eisenmann)
Fanya Pyatakov (played by Lisa Pera)

Episode 21

Granville Whipple (played by Richard Mulligan)

text: Season three[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Caleb Hodgekiss (played by Johnny Cash)
Mattie Hodgekiss (played by June Carter Cash)

Episode 4

Wendell Loudy (played by John Ireland)

Episode 6

Young Charles Ingalls (played by Matthew Labyorteaux)
Lansford Ingalls (played by Arthur Hill)
Laura Colby Ingalls (played by Jan Sterling)
Eliza Ann Ingalls (played by Hersha Parady)
Peter Ingalls (played by Mark Lenard)

Episode 9

Bubba Galinder (played by Michael LeClair)
George Galinder (played by Roy Jenson)
Sam Galinder (played by Geoffrey Lewis)

Episode 10

Sam Shelby (played by Burl Ives)

Episode 14

Ginny Clark (played by Rachel Longaker)
Harold Mayfield (played by Warren Vanders)
Della Clark (played by Kay Peters)

Episode 15

Joseph Spotted Eagle Stokes (played by Caesar Ramirez)
Seth (played by Willie Aames)
Jeremy Stokes (played by George Murdock)

Episode 18

Solomon Henry (played by Todd Bridges)
Mrs. Henry (played by Maidie Norman)
Jackson Henry (played by David Downing)
Kramer (played by Frederic Downs)
Dr. Tane (played by Don Pedro Colley)

Episode 19

Anna Gillberg (played by Katy Kurtzman)

Episode 20

Elmer Dobkins (played by Eric Olson)
Sam Dobkins (played by Charles Aidman)
Ellen Dobkins (played by Mitzi Hoag)

Episode 21

Zachariah (played by E.J. Andre)
Rev. Phillips (played by Larry Golden)
Ben Griffin (played by Larry Pennell)

text: Season four[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Ellen Taylor (played by Mia Bendixsen)
Eloise Taylor (played by Corinne Michaels)
Cal Taylor (played by James Wainwright)

Episode 4

Chris Nelson (played by Gil Gerard)

Episode 6

Bailey Farrell (played by Bernard Behrens)
Timothy Farrell (played by Johnny Doran)

Episode 7

Stanley Novack (played by Michael Pataki)
Beth Novack (played by Collin Wilcox)
Jed Haney (played by Eddie Quillan)
Dr. Asa T Logan (played by Burr DeBenning)

Episode 8

Mr. Dankworth (played by Dennis Rucker)
Mr. Hobbs (played by John Bennett Perry)
Bob Ford (played by Tony Marks)
Lewis Ford (played by Frank Marth)

Episode 9

Judge Picker (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 14

Samantha Higgins (played by Seeley Ann Thumann)
Jimmy Hill (played by Chris Petersen)

Episode 15

Nats Rachel Peal (played by Anita Dangler)
Caleb Fisher (played by John McLiam)
Katie Fisher (played by Linda McMillan)
Ellen Fisher (played by Dee Croxton)

Episode 16

Jordan Harrison (played by Ronnie Scribner)
Young Caroline (played by Katy Kurtzman)
Younger Laura Colby Ingalls (played by Sarah Miller)
Mr. Watson (played by Sorrell Booke)
Harold Watson (played by Adam Gunn)
Peter Ingalls (played by David Considine)
Henry Quiner-Holbrook (played by Gregg Forrest)
Polly Ingalls (played by Robin Muir)
Eliza Ann Quiner-Holbrook (played by Kristi Jill Wood)
Lansford Ingalls (played by Nicolas Coster)
Charlotte Holbrook (played by Virginia Kiser)
Young Charles Ingalls (played by Matthew Labyorteaux)

Episode 17

Bobby Harris (played by Michael Mullins)
Anna Mears (played by Lenora May)
Shaniel Mears (played by Donald Moffat)
Rev. Pritchard (played by Woodrow Parfrey)

Episode 21

Dr. Burke (played by Ford Rainey)
Miseth Barton (played by Rob Kenneally)

text: Season five[edit]

text:
Episode 4

John Bevins (played by Cliff Emmich)
Bess Bevins (played by Kate Woodville)
Amelia Bevins (played by Julie Ann Haddock)

Episode 5

Toby Noe (played by Ray Bolger)

Episode 8

Erich Schiller (played by Ike Eisenmann)
Otto Schiller (played by King Moody)
Anna Schiller (played by Lisa Pera)

Episode 15

Isaac Singerman (played by John Bleifer)
Aaron Singerman (played by Alvin Kupperman)

Episode 18

Miss Elliot (played by Ellen Regan)
Holly (played by Martha Nix)
Giles Kendall (played by Philip Abbott)

Episode 20

Adele Larrabee (played by Joan Tompkins—wife of Karl Swenson)

Episode 22

Leslie Harper (played by Jenny Sullivan)
Samantha Harper (played by Kyle Richards)
Bret Harper (played by Charles Ciofi)
Thomas Harper (played by Bobby Rolofson)

Episode 24

Dylan Whitaker (played by Steve Shaw)

text: Season six[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Jeremy Quinn (played by Michael Pataki)

Episode 6

Russell Harmon (played by William Schallert)
Anna Craig Alden (played by Iris Korn)

Episode 9

Milo Stavroupolis (played by Leo Gordon)
Anna Stavroupolis (played by Nora Meerbaum)

Episode 10

Rev. Danforth (played by James Olson)

Episode 12

Harold (played by Royal Dano)

Episode 13

Tod Dortmunder (played by Timothy Wead)
Brewster Davenport (played by Malcolm Atterbury)
Virginia Davenport (played by Susan French)

Episode 20

Penelope Parker (played by Stacey Sipes)

Episode 21

Molly Reardon (played by Suzanne Rogers)

Episode 22

Miss Trimble (played by Lucille Benson)

text: Season seven[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Harv Miller (played by James Cromwell)

Episode 4

Dan Ellerbee (played by James Jarnagin)
Pete Ellerbee (played by William Traylor)

Episode 6

Annie Crane (played by Madeleine Stowe)

Episode 7

Brenda Sue Longworth (played by Tisch Raye)

Episode 8

Leslie Barton (played by Suzy Gilstrap)

Episode 9

Kavendish (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 15

Hertzell Lundy (played by Mel Stewart)

Episode 17

Sylvia Webb (played by Olivia Barash)
Mr. Webb (played by Royal Dano)
Irv Hartwig (played by Richard Jaekel)

Episode 19

Edgar Mills (played by Jeff Corey)
Edna Mills (played by Barbara Collentine—wife of Richard Bull)

Episode 21

Mr Case (played by Ivan Bonar)
Jed Cooper (played by EJ Andre)
Sarah Cooper (played by ME Loree)
Alvin Cooper (played by George McDaniel)

Episode 22

Isaiah Tompkins (played by Len Wayland)

text: Season eight[edit]

text:
Episode 1

Miss Mason (played by Elizabeth Hoffman)
Michele Pierson (played by Melora Hardin)

Episode 4

Dr. Caleb Ledoux (played by Don Marshall)
Mattie Ledoux (played by Marlene Warfield)

Episode 5

Mortimer Carstairs (played by Patrick Collins)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (played by George Petrie)

Episode 6

Amy Cassidy (played by Martha Nix)
Rodolfo Gambini (played by Jack Kruschen)
Ana Rosa Gambini (played by Gloria Manos)
Marco Gambini (played by Stephen Manley)
Stefano Gambini (played by Robert Torti)

Episode 7

Max (played by Todd Susman)
Georgie (played by Royce D. Applegate)

Episode 8

Callahan (played by M. Emmet Walsh)[1]

Episode 9

Elmer Miles (played by J.Brennan Smith)

Episode 10

Major Guffey (played by Laurie Main)

Episode 12

Gideon Hale (played by Peter Billingsley)
Braden Hale (played by Dennis Howard)
Mrs. Hale (played by Jennifer Rhodes)

Episode 14

Jack Prescott (played by Claude Earl Jones)

Episode 16

Sam Terhune (played by J.A. Preston)
Naomi Terhune (played by Marguerite DeLain)

Episode 20

Sherman Andruss (played by Dennis Lipscomb)
Helen Andruss (played by Judith Weston)
Louisa Beckwith (played by Ruth Silveira)
Horace Beckwith (played by Calvin Bartlett)
Nora Cramer (played by Betty McGuire)

Episode 21

Danny (played by Georg Olden)

Episode 22

Old Man (played by Don Beddoe)

text: Season nine[edit]

text:
Episode 3

Lem McCary (played by Lew Ayres)
Jess Moffet (played by Charles Lane)

Episode 4

Thomas Stark (played by Robert Loggia)
Constance Stark (played by Michele Marsh)
Elizabeth Stark (played by Tammy Lauren)
Randall Page (played by Ronnie Scribner)

Episode 5

Lou Bates(played by Billy Barty)
Mrs. Bates (played by Susan French)

Episode 10

Jane Canfield (played by Jill Schoelen)

Episode 12

Dr. Marvin Haynes (played by Ralph Bellamy)

Episode 13

Elliott Reed (played by John McLiam)

Episode 14

Cole Younger (played by Geoffrey Lewis)
Bart Younger (played by Robert Donner)
Lonnie Younger (played by Timothy Scott)

Episode 16

Matthew Rogers (played by Jonathan Hall Kovacs)

Episode 19

Ruthy Leland (played by Vera Miles)
Dewey (played by Eric Christmas)

Episode 20

Buffalo Bill (played by Eddie Quillan)

Episode 21

Mae Flannery (played by Barbara Townsend)

Episode 22

Philip Rogers (played by Robert Darnell)
Sherwood Montague (played by Robert Casper)

text: Post-series movies[edit]

text:
Little House: The Last Farewell

Nathan Lassiter (played by James Karen)

text: Animals[edit]

text:
dogs: Jack and Bandit
horses: Pat and Patty + a pony Bunny

text: and others

text: Ingalls's and Wilder's genealogy[edit]

text: The Ingalls family[edit]

text:
Charles Ingalls

Caroline Lake Quiner

James Wilder

Angeline Day

Mary Ingalls

Carrie Ingalls

Charles Frederic Ingalls

Grace Ingalls

Laura Wilder

Royal Wilder

Eliza Jane Wilder

Alice Wilder

Perley Wilder
{{{ }}}

Laura Ingalls

Almanzo Wilder

Rose Wilder

Son died shortly after birth was unnamed

text: Ingalls line :

text: Delano line :

text: Colby line :

text:
Jonathan Ingalls (1750–1834)
&
Martha Jane Locke (1753–1785)

Jonathan Delano (1735–1811)
&
Anne Ladd (1734–1816)

Ezekiel Colby (1739–1791)
&
Sally Fowler (1734–1834)

Elijah Blood (1748–1826)
&
Eunice Sleeman (1758–1811)

Samuel Ingalls (1771–1841)

Margaret Delano (1773–1837)

Nathan Colby (1778–1857)

Eunice Blood (1782–1862)

Lansford Ingalls (1812–1896)

Laura Colby (1810–1883)

Peter Ingalls (1833–1900)

"baby boy" Ingalls (1835–1835)

Charles Ingalls (1836–1902)

Lydia Ingalls (1838–1913)

Polly Ingalls (1840–1886)

Lansford Ingalls (1842–1928)

Laura Ingalls (1845–1918)

Hiram Ingalls (1848–1923)

George Ingalls (1851–1901)

Ruby Ingalls (1855–1881)

text: Based on the data from : The Genealogy of Almanzo and Laura Ingalls Wilder

text:
Peter Riley Ingalls (1833–1900) – born in Cuba, New York. On June 5, 1861, in Brookfield, Wisconsin married Eliza Ann Quiner (see : The Quiners) and they had 6 children (see below). They left Pepin in 1874, together with Laura's family, and stopped in Zumbro Falls, Minnesota. Next they moved to South Troy, Minnesota where the Ingalls visited them for some time (in 1876).

Alice Josephine Ingalls (23 Apr 1862 – 30 Jan 1934) – married Arthur Whiting. They had five children, born between 1883 and 1899.
Ella Estella Ingalls (23 Jan 1865 – 9 Mar 1945) – married Leslie Lee Whiting and had four children, born between 1885 and 1894. She spent some time in DeSmet, with her husband and the eldest baby Earl Leland.
Peter Franklin Ingalls (16 Nov 1866 – 23 Sep 1932) – lived with Laura and Almanzo in De Smet for a while. Married Mary Edith "Molly" McGowin and they had seven children.
Lansford Newcomb Ingalls (b. 5 Apr 1870),
Edith Florence "Dolly Varden" (23 Jun 1872 – 13 Jul 1951), on 9 Jun 1892 married Heil Nelson Bingham and they had eight children, born between 1893 and 1912.
Edmond Llewellyn Ingalls (b. 26 Aug 1880), married Edith Mae Ide and they had 6 children. (Lois Ingalls Gibson, Herbert Ingalls, Wallace Ingalls, Margaret Ingalls Cowsar and William Ingalls).

"baby boy" Ingalls (1835–1835). Died at approximately two weeks of age, of "convulsions", and had not been named yet.
Charles Phillip Ingalls (1836–1902) – Laura's father

Mary
Laura
Carrie
Freddie
Grace

Lydia Louise Ingalls (1838–1913) – on 15 Jan 1856, she married Robert Fulton Clough and later – in 1859, Joseph Stouff. She had five children, first of whom was Clough's.

Issac Lafayette Clough (b.1857, got married in 1876)
Robert Stouff
Minnie Stouff – married a man with the surname Phillips.
Amy Stouff
Amos Alvin Stouff

Polly Melona Ingalls (1840–1886) – born in Cuba, New York. In 1859 married Henry Odin Quiner (see : The Quiners) and they had six children (see below). The family left Pepin with Laura's family in 1868 and both families stopped in Rothville, Missouri. In 1869 they returned to Pepin. Some time later they went West.

Louisa Quiner (b. 1860),
Charles Quiner (b. 1862),
Albert Quiner (b. 1865),
Charlotte "Lottie" Quiner (b. 1867),
Ruby Quiner
Lillian Quiner

Lansford James Ingalls (1842–1928) – was married twice; to Sarah Dickinson (1846–1897) and later to Mary Dickinson. Both of them were born in England.

Samuel James Ingalls
Sara Belle Ingalls
William Walter Ingalls
Mary Elizabeth Ingalls
Edward Eugene Ingalls
Horace Foster Ingalls
Andrew Jackson Ingalls – had a son
Olive May Ingalls
Martha Esther Ingalls

Laura Ladocia "Docia" Ingalls (1845–1918) – married August Waldvogel (divorced later) and the couple had two children (see below). Next she married Hiram "Hi" Forbes and they had 7 daughters. Hiram was a contractor for the Chicago and North Western Railway. They spent some time in DeSmet with the Ingalls but soon moved to Nebraska. They lost contact. Hiram died in 1906.

Lena Waldvogel (1866–1943)
August Eugene "Jean" Waldvogel (b. 1870).

Hiram Lemuel Ingalls (1848–1923) – on 18 Oct 1867, married Sarah Elizabeth Woodward (1847–1910) and on 27 Feb 1919 – Ellen Parker

Laura Eliza Ingalls
Ruby Evaline Ingalls
Phillip L. Ingalls
Sarah Jeanette Ingalls
Mary Rose Ellen Ingalls
Hiram LeRoy "Roy" Ingalls
Leo Vincent Ingalls

George Whiting Ingalls (1851–1901)
Ruby Celestia Ingalls (1855–1881) (Father of the children unknown)

George
Dolly Warden
Sherman

text: The Quiner family[edit]

text:
William Quiner (1773–1831)

Margaret Doer
(1774–1839)

Lewis Tucker (1779–1870)

Martha Gráinne Morse (1772–1862)

Henry Quiner (1809–1844)

Charlotte Tucker (1809–1884)

Frederic M. Holbrook (1819-1874)

Martha Quiner (1832–1836)

Joseph Quiner (1834–1862)

Henry Quiner (1835–1880)

Martha Quiner (1837–1927)

Caroline Quiner (1839–1924)

Eliza Quiner (1842–1931)

Thomas Quiner (1844–1903)

Charlotte Holbrook (1854–1939)

text:
(Laura's maternal great-great-grandparents)
Allan Alexander Morse and Margaret Drummond *These are fictional names. Real names unknown.

text:
(Laura's maternal great-grandparents)
Lewis Tucker (1779–1870) and Martha Gráinne Morse (1772–1862)
William Quiner (1773–1831) and Margaret Doer (1774–1839)

(Laura's maternal grandparents)
Charlotte Tucker and Henry Quiner

text:
Martha Morse Quiner (1832–1836)
Joseph Carpenter Quiner (1834–1862). He married Nancy Frank in Wisconsin in 1856. Died of wounds suffered at the Battle of Shiloh.
Henry Odin Quiner (1835–1880) – born on December 7 in Ohio. He married Polly Ingalls (for more – see above)
Martha Jane Quiner (1837–1927) – married Charles Carpenter in 1860.

William Augustus (1861–1884)
Joseph Quiner (1863–1923) married Elizabeth C.Reese.

Phoebe Quiner
Joseph Quiner
Elizabeth Quiner
Clara Quiner
Martha Quiner
Charles Quiner
Theodore Quiner
Donald Quiner
Lillian Quiner
Emilie Quiner

Lettice "Lottie" Jane (1864–1949)
Nancy Cora (1865–1955)
Martha Eliza (1868–1871)
Millicent Ann (1869–1960)
Charles Carr (1871–1918)
Emma Bertha (1873–1955)
Etta Minerva (1874–1899)
Martha Josephine (1876–1962)
Marion Caroline (1879–1939)
Myrtie Emmeline (1879–1956)
Thomas Quiner (1882–1944)
George Lockwood (1882–1954)

Caroline Lake Quiner (December 12, 1839 – April 20, 1924) – Laura's mother
Eliza Ann Quiner (1842–1931) – born on April 21 in Brookfield, Wisconsin. Both families – the Ingalls and the Quiners – moved several times and stopped finally in Jefferson County, Wisconsin. Eliza married Peter Ingalls in Concord, Wisconsin, on June 5, 1861 (for more – see above).
Thomas Lewis Quiner (1844–1903) – born on November 23. He married Lillian Graham Hill. They lived for some time in DeSmet. Died in an accident at the Columbia River on February 23, 1903.

Helen Marion Quiner
Alice Quiner
Donald Quiner
Dugold Lewis Quiner
Lillian Josephine Quiner
John Hill Quiner(born in 1902 or 1903).

text: Henry Quiner died in October 1844 in the sinking of a trading ship on the Great Lakes. Charlotte Tucker Quiner remarried, to Frederic Holbrook, and they had one child

text:
Charlotte E. "Lottie" Holbrook (January 20, 1854 – February 15, 1939). She married Henry Moore (b. 1852) in 1875.

Frederick Moore (b. 1878)
Arvin Moore (b. 1880)
Harry C. Moore (b. 1882)
Ralph Moore (b. 1887)
Pearl Eva Moore (b. 1888)

text: Charlotte Tucker[edit]

text:
Lewis Tucker

Martha Morse
(1782–1862)

Betsy Tucker (1800–?)

Lewis Tucker (1802–?)

Linus Tucker (1802–?)

Lydia Tucker
(1805–?)

Thomas Tucker (1807–?)

Charlotte Tucker
(1809–1884)

Caroline Tucker (1811–?)

Mary Tucker
(1813–?)

Nancy Tucker (1816–?)

George Tucker(1820–1821)

text: Charlotte Wallis Tucker was born on May 25, 1809 in Roxbury, Massachusetts (a suburb of Boston). She died September 20, 1884 in Rome, Wisconsin. Her mostly fictionalised story was described in the four-book series The Charlotte Years by Melissa Wiley. Charlotte was maternal grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder.

text: As a young woman, Charlotte married Henry Newton Quiner from Connecticut. She was the first woman in her family to travel west, living in Ohio and Indiana before settling in the frontier town of Brookfield, Wisconsin.

text: Martha Morse[edit]

text:
Allan Alexander Morse

Margaret Drummond

Grisell "Grisie" Morse (b. 1774)

Alisdair Morse (b.1776)

Robert "Robbie" Morse (b.1778)

Duncan Morse (b.1780)

Martha Morse
(1782–1862)

text: Martha Morse was born on January 2, 1782 in Scotland, where her father was a wealthy landowners in the Scottish Highlands. Her mostly fictionalised story was told in the four-book series The Martha Years, by Melissa Wiley. Martha was Charlotte Tucker's mother and great-grandmother to Laura Ingalls Wilder.

text: Martha married Lewis Tucker, a blacksmith's son. Lewis and Martha travelled to the United States and began their new life near Boston, Massachusetts, becoming the first of Laura's ancestors to immigrate to America.

text: The Wilder family[edit]

text:
Daniel Wilder (1764–1851)

Mary Polly Gould (1765–1828)

Thomas Payne

Sarah Stewart Mason

Abel Wilder (1784–1849)

Hannah Payne (1790–1842)

Royal Gould Wilder (1809–1815)

Thomas Payne Wilder (1811–?)

James Mason Wilder (1812–?)

Hannah Payne Wilder (1814–1891)

Royal Gould Wilder (1816–1887)

Phoebe Wilder (1821–1890)

Polly Maria Wilder (1824–1851)

William Wilder (1828–1909)

Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892)

Joshua Prince Wilder (1832–1832)

text:
Royal Gould Wilder (1809–1815)
Thomas Payne Wilder (1811–?)
James Mason Wilder (1812–?) – Almanzo's father. Married Angeline Albina Day.

Laura Ann Wilder (1844–1899) – born June 15, 1844, in 1874 married Harrison Lomanzo Howard.

Kearny Howard (step-child, born c.1869)
Angelina Esther Howard (1876–1964), in 1897 married Fred Merritt.

Ralph Merritt
Ethel Merritt
Howard Merritt

Harrison J.Howard (1878–1918)
Josephine Howard (1880–1918), married to William Walker
Ralph Waldo Howard (1881–1934), married to Estelle C.

Charles E. Howard (1908–1978)
Clarence Howard (1909–1913)
James J. Howard (1911–1981)
Ralph R. Howard (1913–1921)
Ralph Waldo Howard (1914–1976)
Paul Martin Howard (1920–1923)

Royal Gould Wilder (1847–1925), born February 20, 1847. In 1893, married Electa Averill Hutchison.

Ethel Hutchinson (step-child, died 1905), married Willard Stevens (died in 1928)
Clyde Hutchinson (step-child), married Edna Baily
Rae Hutchinson (step-child), married Bertha Luedtke (died 1910)
Mae Hutchinson (step-child), in 1912 married George Pooler
Angeline Bernice Wilder (1894–1957), in 1917 married Arlow Laging and in 1929, George Granger.
"baby girl" Wilder (stillborn in 1897)
Susan E. Wilder (1898–1899)

Eliza Jane Wilder (1850–1930), born January 3, 1850. In 1893, married Thomas Jefferson Thayer and in 1904, Maxwell Gordon. Died in Los Angeles.

Walcott Wilder Thayer (1894–1965), in 1918 married Frances Cockrell.

Walter Thayer – married Elaine Ditch

Cynthia Thayer
Walter Thayer

Francis Gervaise Thayer – married Alena (last name unknown).

Thomas Thayer
Larry Thayer

Betty Mae Thayer – married a man with the surname Raymond, and later, a man with the surname Huey.

Cynthia Raymond
Walter Raymond
David Huey
Joan Huey
Donald Huey

Alice Wilder (1853–1892), born September 3, 1853. In 1879 married Albert A.Baldwin (1848–1905). Died in Florida.

Myrtle Baldwin (1880–1945), married to John R. Brown
Leland Edward Baldwin (1884–1913)

Almanzo Wilder (1857–1949)
Perley Day Wilder (1869–1934), born June 13, 1869, In 1897 married Elsie Lillian Merritt (1879–1948). Died in Los Angeles.

James Wilder (1903–?), married Thelma Gricourt
Gladys Wilder (1905–?)
Harold Wilder (1909–?)
Perley Wilder Jr., (1912–1977), married to Ethel Smith, and later, Dolores Moore
Dorothy Wilder (1914–1966). Married to Carl Pittman
John Wilder (1916–1916)

Hannah Payne Wilder (1814–1891)
Royal Gould Wilder (1816–1887) – born after his eldest brother's death (and so named after him). He became a reverend and married Eliza Jane Smith.

Robert Wilder
Grace Wilder
William Wilder
Edward Wilder
Mary Jane Wilder

Phoebe Wilder (1821–1890) – married Joseph C.Lamson.

Chester Lamson (1854–1934) – married Catherine McDonough.

Mabel Lamson (1888–1982)

Charles Lamson
Gussie Lamson
"baby girl" Lamson

Polly Maria Wilder (1824–1851)
William Wilder (1828–1909)
Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892) – married Andrew Day (her sister-in-law's – Almanzo's mother – brother)

Carrie May Day (1856–1898) – married Orville Everett.

Frances Everett – married a man with the last name of Smith.

Dorothy Belle Smith

Elmer A.Day (1862–1947) – married to Mary MacMaster (1864–1945)
Willard R.Day (1858–1891) – married Emma Hubbard
Grace Day (1864–1894) – married to Grant Collins

Joshua Prince Wilder (1832–1832)

text: The Day family[edit]

text:
Justin Day, I

unknown

unknown

unknown

Justin Day, II
(1790–1861)

Diadema Bateman (1794–1868)

Laura Day (1819–?)

Delia Day (1824–?)

Angelina Albina Day (1821–?)

Calinda A.Day (1826–?)

Andrew Day
(1828–?)

John Wesley Day (1829–1907)

George W.Day (1821–1872)

text:
Laura Day (1819–?)
Delia Day (1824–?)
Angelina Albina Day (1821–?) – married James Mason Wilder and they had six children, including Almanzo James Wilder (Laura Ingalls Wilder's husband). For more information, see above.
Celinda A.Day (1826–?)
Andrew Day (1828–?) – married Sarah Charlotte Wilder (1820–1892) and they had four children. For more information, see the Wilders' tree above (since Sarah was a sister of Almanzo's father).
John Wesley Day (1829–1907) – married Alcesta Lindy.

Fred Day
Frank Day
Albert Day
Wilton Day

George W.Day (1831–1873)

text: Neighbors, friends and acquaintances[edit]

text: Real people[edit]

text:
Robert and Ellie Boast, were neighbors and friends of the Ingalls family.[2][3][4][5]
Reverend Edward Brown,[6][7][8] was the reverend and Ingalls's neighbour in De Smet, South Dakota</ref>
Ida Wright-Brown, was an adopted daughter of the Reverend and Laura's school friend in De Smet[9]
Oscar Edmund "Cap" Garland was one of the male school friends of Laura. He saved the town from starvation by going 15 miles to find wheat in a blizzard, along with Almanzo Wilder.[10][11]
Florence Adelia Garland Dawley was a teacher in De Smet and an older sister of Cap Garland.[12][13]
Mary Power,[14][15][16] was Laura's friend in De Smet
Neta Seal,[17][18] was a real-life close friend of grown-up Laura in Mansfield, Missouri
Dr. Tann,[19][20] was the Indian's doctor in Kansas, during Ingalls's stay there

text: Characters based on real people[edit]

text:
Lew Brewster was a pseudonym for Louis Bouchie,[21] a homesteader who offered Laura her first teaching job.
Mr. Edwards, Ingalls's fictional friend
The Kennedy Family were the Ingalls's neighbors in Walnut Grove, Minnesota and their children went to school with Mary and Laura
Nellie Oleson was actually three real people: Nellie Owens, Genevieve Masters, and Stella Gilbert.
Soldat du Chene,[22] was a fictional Osage chief in Kansas, during Ingalls's stay there


document_title: Headline

question_text: who writes the headlines to a news story

root

text: Headline

text: Production of headlines[edit]

text: A headline's purpose is to quickly and briefly draw attention to the story. It is generally written by a copy editor, but may also be written by the writer, the page layout designer, or other editors. The most important story on the front page above the fold may have a larger headline if the story is unusually important. The New York Times's 21 July 1969 front page stated, for example, that "MEN WALK ON MOON", with the four words in gigantic size spread from the left to right edges of the page.[2]

tag: p

text: The film The Shipping News has an illustrative exchange between the protagonist, who is learning how to write for a local newspaper, and his publisher:

text: In the United States, headline contests are sponsored by the American Copy Editors Society, the National Federation of Press Women, and many state press associations.

text: Unusual headlines[edit]

text: A number of newspapers use humour, puns, alliteration or other word play devices in their headlines. Equally, the need to keep headlines brief occasionally leads to unintentional double meanings, if not double entendres. For example, if the story is about the president of Iraq trying to acquire weapons, the headline might be IRAQI HEAD SEEKS ARMS, or if some agricultural legislation is defeated in the United States House of Representatives, the title could read FARMER BILL DIES IN HOUSE.

text:
WALL ST. LAYS AN EGG – Variety on Black Monday (1929)
STICKS NIX HICK PIX – Variety writing that rural moviegoers preferred urban films (1935)
DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN – Chicago Tribune reporting the wrong election winner (1948)
FORD TO CITY: DROP DEAD – New York Daily News reporting the denial of a federal bailout for bankrupt New York City (1975)
MUSH FROM THE WIMP - Boston Globe in-house joke headline for an editorial, not changed before 161,000 copies printed. Theo Lippman Jr. of the Baltimore Sun declared "Mush from the Wimp" the second most famous newspaper headline of the 20th century, behind "Wall St. Lays an Egg" and ahead of "Ford to City: Drop Dead".[3]
HEADLESS BODY IN TOPLESS BAR – New York Post on a local murder (1983)[4]
SAM SLEEPS! – New York Post over a front-page picture of mass-murderer David Berkowitz ("Son of Sam") asleep in his jail cell. [5]
SICK TRANSIT'S GLORIOUS MONDAY – New York Daily News reporting a state transit bailout (1980)[6]
GOTCHA! – The UK Sun on the torpedoing of the Argentine ship Belgrano and sinking of a gunboat during the Falklands War (1982)
FREDDIE STARR ATE MY HAMSTER – The UK Sun (1986), claiming that the comedian had eaten a fan's pet hamster in a sandwich. The story was later proven false, but is seen as one of the classic tabloid newspaper headlines.[7]
GREAT SATAN SITS DOWN WITH THE AXIS OF EVIL – The Times (UK) on US-Iran talks (2007)[8]
SUPER CALEY GO BALLISTIC CELTIC ARE ATROCIOUS – Sun on Inverness Caledonian Thistle beating Celtic in the Scottish Cup[9]

tag: ul

text: Editor of The New Republic, Michael Kinsley, began a contest to find the most boring newspaper headline.[10] According to him, no entry surpassed the one that had inspired him to create the contest: "WORTHWHILE CANADIAN INITIATIVE",[11] over a column by The New York Times' Flora Lewis.[12]

text: Propaganda[edit]

text: Newspaper headlines are notably the most effective and reliable conduits of propaganda materials. Canadian journalist James Huntington wrote on this: "Headlines have always been to stable autocracies what gun barrels have been to their rise." The most common type of propaganda headlines are false equivalency, red herring, and whataboutism. These headlines often will appear to make incomparable objects equal, conduct irrelevant analogies and tangents away from a hidden kernel in the headline, or deflect blame from a third-party within the headline. These headlines, opinion-forming as any other media, serve as catalysts to cognitive dissonance, an oft-stated goal for dictatorships and totalitarian regimes. These ploys are not exclusive to unfree societies. Acclaimed news sources have been accused of utilizing similar tactics.


document_title: Apple A11

question_text: who makes the chip for the iphone x

question_tokens: who makes the chip for the iphone x

text: Apple A11

text: Design[edit]

text: The A11 features an Apple-designed 64-bit ARMv8-A six-core CPU, with two high-performance cores, called Monsoon, and four energy-efficient cores, called Mistral.[1][6][4] The A11 uses a new second-generation performance controller, which permits the A11 to use all six cores simultaneously,[8] unlike its predecessor the A10. The A11 also integrates an Apple-designed three-core graphics processing unit (GPU) with 30% faster graphics performance than the A10.[6] Embedded in the A11 is the M11 motion coprocessor.[9] The A11 includes a new image processor which supports computational photography functions such as lighting estimation, wide color capture, and advanced pixel processing.[6] The A11 also includes dedicated neural network hardware that Apple calls a "Neural Engine", which can perform up to 600 billion operations per second, used for Face ID, Animoji and other machine learning tasks.[8]

text: The A11 is manufactured by TSMC using a 10 nm FinFET process[1] and contains 4.3 billion transistors[7] on a die 87.66 mm2 in size, 41% smaller than the A10.[10] It is manufactured in a package on package (PoP) together with 2 GB of LPDDR4X memory in the iPhone 8[3] and 3 GB of LPDDR4X memory in the iPhone 8 Plus and iPhone X.[10][11]

text: Products that include the Apple A11 Bionic[edit]

text:
iPhone 8 and 8 Plus
iPhone X


document_title: Misdemeanor

question_text: how much jail time for class a misdemeanor

text: Misdemeanor

text: Distinction between felonies and misdemeanors[edit]

text: A misdemeanor is considered a crime of low seriousness, and a felony one of high seriousness.[2] A principle of the rationale for the degree of punishment meted out is that the punishment should fit the crime.[3][4][5] One standard for measurement is the degree to which a crime affects others or society. Measurements of the degree of seriousness of a crime have been developed.[6]

text: In the United States, the federal government generally considers a crime punishable with incarceration for one year or less to be a misdemeanor. All other crimes are considered felonies.[7] Many states also employ the same or a similar distinction.[8]

text: The distinction between felonies and misdemeanors has been abolished by several common law jurisdictions (e.g. Australia[9]). These jurisdictions have generally adopted some other classification: in the Commonwealth nations of Australia,[10] Canada,[11] New Zealand,[12] and the United Kingdom,[13][14] the crimes are divided into summary offences and indictable offences.[15] The Republic of Ireland, a former member of the Commonwealth, also uses these divisions.[16]

text: When a misdemeanor becomes a felony[edit]

text: In the United States of America, even if a criminal charge for the defendant's conduct is normally a misdemeanor, sometimes a repeat offender will be charged with a felony offense. For example, the first time a person commits certain crimes, such as spousal assault, it is normally a misdemeanor, but the second time it may become a felony.[17]

text: Typical misdemeanors and sentences[edit]

text: In some jurisdictions, those who are convicted of a misdemeanor are known as misdemeanants (as contrasted with those convicted of a felony who are known as felons). Depending on the jurisdiction, examples of misdemeanors may include: petty theft, prostitution, public intoxication, simple assault, disorderly conduct, trespass, vandalism, reckless driving, discharging a firearm within city limits, possession of cannabis and in some jurisdictions first-time possession of certain other drugs, and other similar crimes.

text: Punishments for misdemeanors[edit]

text: Misdemeanors usually do not result in the loss of civil rights, but may result in loss of privileges, such as professional licenses, public offices, or public employment. Such effects are known as the collateral consequences of criminal charges. This is more common when the misdemeanor is related to the privilege in question (such as the loss of a taxi driver's license after a conviction for reckless driving), or when the misdemeanor involves moral turpitude—and in general is evaluated on a case-by-case basis.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, misdemeanors are typically crimes with a maximum punishment of 12 months of incarceration, typically in a local jail as contrasted with felons, who are typically incarcerated in a prison. Jurisdictions such as Massachusetts are a notable exception where the maximum punishment of some misdemeanors is up to 2.5 years.[18] People who are convicted of misdemeanors are often punished with probation, community service, short jail term, or part-time incarceration such as a sentence that may be served on the weekends.

text: The United States Constitution provides that the President may be impeached and subsequently removed from office if found guilty by Congress for "high crimes and misdemeanors". As used in the Constitution, the term misdemeanor refers broadly to criminal acts as opposed to employing the felony-misdemeanor distinction used in modern criminal codes.[19] The definition of what constitutes a "high crime" or "misdemeanor" for purposes of impeachment is left to the judgment of Congress.[20]

text: Singapore[edit]

text: In Singapore, misdemeanors generally are sentenced to months[clarification needed] of jail sentence but with individual crimes[clarification needed] suspects are sentenced to a harsher sentence. The penalty of vandalism is a fine not exceeding S$2,000 or imprisonment not exceeding three years, and also corporal punishment of not less than three strokes and not more than eight strokes of the cane.

text: Misdemeanor classes[edit]

text: Depending on the jurisdiction, several classes of misdemeanors may exist; the forms of punishment can vary widely between those classes. For example, the federal and state governments in the United States divide misdemeanors into several classes, with certain classes punishable by jail time and others carrying only a fine.[21] In New York law, a Class A Misdemeanor carries a maximum sentence of one year of imprisonment, while a Class B Misdemeanor "shall not exceed three months".[22]

text: Unclassified misdemeanors[edit]

text: In the United States, when a statute does not specify the class of a misdemeanor, it may be referred to as an unclassified misdemeanor.[2] Legislators usually enact such laws when they wish to impose penalties that fall outside the framework specified by each class.[citation needed] For example, Virginia has four classes of misdemeanors, with Class 1 and Class 2 misdemeanors being punishable by twelve-month and six-month jail sentences, respectively, and Class 3 and Class 4 misdemeanors being non-jail offenses payable by fines.[23] First-time cannabis possession is an unclassified misdemeanor in Virginia punishable by up to 30 days in jail rather than the normal fines and jail sentences of the four classes.[23][24] New York has three classes of misdemeanor: A, B, and Unclassified.[25]

text: England and Wales[edit]

text: All distinctions between felony and misdemeanour were abolished by section 1(1) of the Criminal Law Act 1967. Prior to this, a person prosecuted for misdemeanour was called a defendant.[26]


document_title: Federal funds rate

question_text: when did the federal reserve start raising interest rates

text: Federal funds rate

text: Mechanism[edit]

text: Financial Institutions are obligated by law to maintain certain levels of reserves, either as reserves with the Fed or as vault cash. The level of these reserves is determined by the outstanding assets and liabilities of each depository institution, as well as by the Fed itself, but is typically 10%[4] of the total value of the bank's demand accounts (depending on bank size). In the range of $9.3 million to $43.9 million, for transaction deposits (checking accounts, NOWs, and other deposits that can be used to make payments) the reserve requirement in 2007–2008 was 3 percent of the end-of-the-day daily average amount held over a two-week period. Transaction deposits over $43.9 million held at the same depository institution carried a 10 percent reserve requirement.

text: For example, assume a particular U.S. depository institution, in the normal course of business, issues a loan. This dispenses money and decreases the ratio of bank reserves to money loaned. If its reserve ratio drops below the legally required minimum, it must add to its reserves to remain compliant with Federal Reserve regulations. The bank can borrow the requisite funds from another bank that has a surplus in its account with the Fed. The interest rate that the borrowing bank pays to the lending bank to borrow the funds is negotiated between the two banks, and the weighted average of this rate across all such transactions is the federal funds effective rate.

text: The federal funds target rate is set by the governors of the Federal Reserve, which they enforce by open market operations and adjustments in the interest rate on reserves.[5] The target rate is almost always what is meant by the media referring to the Federal Reserve "changing interest rates." The actual federal funds rate generally lies within a range of that target rate, as the Federal Reserve cannot set an exact value through open market operations.

text: Another way banks can borrow funds to keep up their required reserves is by taking a loan from the Federal Reserve itself at the discount window. These loans are subject to audit by the Fed, and the discount rate is usually higher than the federal funds rate. Confusion between these two kinds of loans often leads to confusion between the federal funds rate and the discount rate. Another difference is that while the Fed cannot set an exact federal funds rate, it does set the specific discount rate.

text: The federal funds rate target is decided by the governors at Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings. The FOMC members will either increase, decrease, or leave the rate unchanged depending on the meeting's agenda and the economic conditions of the U.S. It is possible to infer the market expectations of the FOMC decisions at future meetings from the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Fed Funds futures contracts, and these probabilities are widely reported in the financial media.

text: Applications[edit]

text: Interbank borrowing is essentially a way for banks to quickly raise money. For example, a bank may want to finance a major industrial effort but may not have the time to wait for deposits or interest (on loan payments) to come in. In such cases the bank will quickly raise this amount from other banks at an interest rate equal to or higher than the Federal funds rate.

text: Raising the federal funds rate will dissuade banks from taking out such inter-bank loans, which in turn will make cash that much harder to procure. Conversely, dropping the interest rates will encourage banks to borrow money and therefore invest more freely.[6] This interest rate is used as a regulatory tool to control how freely the U.S. economy operates.

text: By setting a higher discount rate the Federal Bank discourages banks from requisitioning funds from the Federal Bank, yet positions itself as a lender of last resort.

text: Comparison with LIBOR[edit]

text: Though the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) and the federal funds rate are concerned with the same action, i.e. interbank loans, they are distinct from one another, as follows:

text:
The target federal funds rate is a target interest rate that is set by the FOMC for implementing U.S. monetary policies.
The (effective) federal funds rate is achieved through open market operations at the Domestic Trading Desk at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York which deals primarily in domestic securities (U.S. Treasury and federal agencies' securities).[7]
LIBOR is based on a questionnaire where a selection of banks guess the rates at which they could borrow money from other banks.
LIBOR may or may not be used to derive business terms. It is not fixed beforehand and is not meant to have macroeconomic ramifications.[8]

text: Predictions by the market[edit]

text: Considering the wide impact a change in the federal funds rate can have on the value of the dollar and the amount of lending going to new economic activity, the Federal Reserve is closely watched by the market.  The prices of Option contracts on fed funds futures (traded on the Chicago Board of Trade) can be used to infer the market's expectations of future Fed policy changes.  Based on CME Group 30-Day Fed Fund futures prices, which have long been used to express the market’s views on the likelihood of changes in U.S. monetary policy, the CME Group FedWatch tool allows market participants to view the probability of an upcoming Fed Rate hike. One set of such implied probabilities is published by the Cleveland Fed.

text: Historical rates[edit]

text: As of  26 September 2018[update] the target range for the Federal Funds Rate is 2.00–2.25%.[9] This represents the eighth increase in the target rate since tightening began in December 2015.[10]

text: The last full cycle of rate increases occurred between June 2004 and June 2006 as rates steadily rose from 1.00% to 5.25%. The target rate remained at 5.25% for over a year, until the Federal Reserve began lowering rates in September 2007. The last cycle of easing monetary policy through the rate was conducted from September 2007 to December 2008 as the target rate fell from 5.25% to a range of 0.00–0.25%. Between December 2008 and December 2015 the target rate remained at 0.00–0.25%, the lowest rate in the Federal Reserve's history, as a reaction to the Financial crisis of 2007–2008 and its aftermath. According to Jack A. Ablin, chief investment officer at Harris Private Bank, one reason for this unprecedented move of having a range, rather than a specific rate, was because a rate of 0% could have had problematic implications for money market funds, whose fees could then outpace yields.[11]

text: Explanation of federal funds rate decisions[edit]

text: When the Federal Open Market Committee wishes to reduce interest rates they will increase the supply of money by buying government securities. When additional supply is added and everything else remains constant, price normally falls. The price here is the interest rate (cost of money) and specifically refers to the Federal Funds Rate. Conversely, when the Committee wishes to increase the Fed Funds Rate, they will instruct the Desk Manager to sell government securities, thereby taking the money they earn on the proceeds of those sales out of circulation and reducing the money supply. When supply is taken away and everything else remains constant, price (or in this case interest rates) will normally rise.[12]

text: The Federal Reserve has responded to a potential slow-down by lowering the target federal funds rate during recessions and other periods of lower growth. In fact, the Committee's lowering has recently predated recessions,[13] in order to stimulate the economy and cushion the fall.  Reducing the Fed Funds Rate makes money cheaper, allowing an influx of credit into the economy through all types of loans.

text: The charts linked below show the relation between S&P 500 and interest rates.

text:
July 13, 1990 — Sept 4, 1992: 8.00%–3.00% (Includes 1990–1991 recession)[14][15]
Feb 1, 1995 — Nov 17, 1998: 6.00–4.75 [16][17][18]
May 16, 2000 — June 25, 2003: 6.50–1.00 (Includes 2001 recession)[19][20][21]
June 29, 2006 — (Oct. 29 2008): 5.25–1.00[22]
Dec 16, 2008 — 0.0–0.25[23]
Dec 16, 2015 — 0.25–0.50[24]
Dec 14, 2016 — 0.50–0.75[25]
Mar 15, 2017 — 0.75–1.00[26]
Jun 14, 2017 — 1.00–1.25[27]
Dec 13, 2017 — 1.25–1.50[28]
Mar 21, 2018 — 1.50–1.75[29]
Jun 13, 2018 — 1.75–2.00[30]
Sep 26, 2018 — 2.00–2.25[31]

text: Bill Gross of PIMCO suggested that in the prior 15 years ending in 2007, in each instance where the fed funds rate was higher than the nominal GDP growth rate, assets such as stocks and housing fell.[32]

text: International effects[edit]

text: A low federal funds rate makes investments in developing countries such as China or Mexico more attractive. A high federal funds rate makes investments outside the United States less attractive. The long period of a very low federal funds rate from 2009 forward resulted in an increase in investment in developing countries. As the United States began to return to a higher rate in 2013 investments in the United States became more attractive and the rate of investment in developing countries began to fall. The rate also affects the value of currency, a higher rate increasing the value of the U.S. dollar and decreasing the value of currencies such as the Mexican peso.[33]


document_title: Rapid response team (medicine)

question_text: who makes up the emergency response team in a hospital

text: Rapid response team (medicine)

text:
Rapid response teamPronunciation
Medical emergency team, high acuity response team
[edit on Wikidata]

tag: table

text: A rapid response team (RRT), also known as a medical emergency team (MET) and high acuity response team (HART), is a team of health care providers that responds to hospitalized patients with early signs of deterioration on non-intensive care units to prevent respiratory or cardiac arrest. The health care providers are trained in early resuscitation interventions and advanced life support and may include a physician, nurse, or respiratory therapist. The RRT, medical emergency team (MET), critical care outreach team (CCOT), and rover team are all different forms of the outgoing component of the rapid response system. The team responds to calls placed by clinicians or families at the bedside who have detected deterioration.[1][2][3] Some teams may also provide care during transport between hospitals, acting as a critical care transport team.[4]

text: Effectiveness[edit]

text: Rapid response teams appear to decrease the rates of respiratory and cardiac arrest outside the intensive care unit.[5][6][7] They also appear to decrease the chance of death in hospital.[8] Overall effectiveness of RRTs is somewhat controversial due to the variability across studies.[5][9][10][11][12][13]


document_title: Battle of the Hornburg

question_text: who led the elves at helm's deep

question_tokens: who led the elves at helm 's deep

text: Battle of the Hornburg

text: The battle[edit]

text: Strength[edit]

text: In the book The Lord of the Rings, The Two Towers, the size of the initial garrison at Helm's Deep for Rohan was nearly 1,000, but many more were coming into the fort from across Rohan. The estimated number of total Rohirrim defenders was 2,000[1] by the time Saruman's army arrived. Merry says that the force that left Isengard numbered 10,000 at least, most marching towards Helm's Deep and others heading off to the Fords of Isen. This number is later qualified by Gandalf: "I have about ten thousand Orcs to manage",[2] so considerably more than 10,000 when the Men of Dunland are added. Though the battle appears severely lopsided, as Uruk-hai were much better in battle than simple orcs, the defenders managed to hold the fort until a force of almost 1,000 men on foot[3] led by Gandalf along with a forest of Huorns arrived at dawn in the rear of the hosts of Isengard and surround the Uruks.

text: Background[edit]

text: After being released from the influence of his malevolent adviser, Gríma Wormtongue, by the benevolent Wizard Gandalf, Théoden set out to the Fords of Isen, where his marshal Erkenbrand was fighting Saruman's forces. However, Théoden found out that they had been scattered. Gandalf advised him to take refuge in the Hornburg fortress of Helm's Deep, an area named after one of their kings. Gandalf then left on an unexplained errand. Théoden's army went to the area, where local people were commanded by a captain called Gamling the Old. Many of the forces there were very old or young. The women and children of Théoden's capital Edoras were safe in Dunharrow, led by the King's niece Éowyn.

text: The battle[edit]

text: The forces of Saruman, common Orcs and Uruk-hai, along with some orc-human hybrids (called "half-orcs and goblin-men" – which may have referred to or included the Uruk-hai themselves) and human Dunlendings, arrived at the valley of Helm's Deep in the middle of the night during a storm. Meanwhile, Legolas the Elf and Gimli the Dwarf agreed to compete to see which one could kill the most orcs.

text: The attackers quickly scaled over the first defence, Helm's Dike, forcing the defenders there to fall back to the fortress. When the Orcs were close, the defenders drove them back with arrows and stones, but they managed to get close to the wall after multiple charges. They attempted to break down the gate with a battering ram, but a sortie led by Aragorn and Éomer scattered the forces.

text: The Orcs and Dunlendings then raised hundreds of ladders to scale the wall. Aragorn and Éomer repeatedly motivated the tired defenders to repel the Orcs coming up the ladders. However, some Orcs had crept in through a culvert which let a stream out of Helm's Deep, and while the defenders were busy with the assault on the wall, they were suddenly attacked from behind. This was repulsed and the culvert was blocked up under Gimli's supervision.

text: However, the enemies re-entered the culvert and blasted a wide hole in the wall using an ambiguous explosive device invented by Saruman, a "blasting-fire". Some defenders then retreated to the Glittering Caves, Éomer, Gamling and Gimli among them, while others including Aragorn and Legolas retreated to the burg itself.

text: Soon Saruman's forces broke through the gate and gained entrance to the fortress. At this moment, however, the horn of King Helm was sounded, and a cavalry charge led by Théoden and Aragorn rode forth, followed by all the Rohirrim left inside. They cut their way through the Orcs and drove them back from the fortress walls.

text: Both armies then noticed that a strange forest had suddenly sprung up (actually the arrival of many Huorns) which blocked the escape route for the Orcs. Then Gandalf arrived on Shadowfax, with Erkenbrand and a thousand infantry – the remaining strength of the Rohirrim that had been routed at the Fords of Isen. They charged into the fray. The Dunlendings were so terrified of Gandalf that most of them dropped their weapons. The surviving Orcs fled into the "forest" of Huorns, where they were completely annihilated.

text: After the battle, those Dunlendings who surrendered were given amnesty by Erkenbrand and allowed to return home (much to their surprise, since Saruman had told them that the men of Rohan would burn all survivors alive). The Rohirrim required that all hostilities cease, and that the Dunlendings retreat behind the River Isen again and never recross while bearing arms. Before they were freed, though, the Dunlending captives were put to work in repairing the fortress.

text: Among the Rohirrim dead was Háma, captain of Théoden's personal guard and doorward of his hall (he plays a significant role in the previous chapter, "The King of the Golden Hall"). Háma had fallen defending the gate and the Orcs had hewed his body after he died, an atrocity that Théoden did not forget during the upcoming parley with Saruman. Gimli was wounded, but had killed 42 to Legolas's 41.

text: The "forest" of Huorns had disappeared the next morning, and the Orcs had been buried in an earthen-works hill known as "Death's Down".

text: Terminology[edit]

text: The event is sometimes called the Battle of Helm's Deep, a title which was never used by Tolkien but which is often used by readers and other fans, this has led to the misconception that the term "Helm's Deep" refers to the fortress. Properly speaking, the fortress is the Hornburg (Anglo-Saxon = horn fortress) and Helm's Deep is the ravine behind it. In one of his letters regarding a proposed film adaptation, Tolkien protested the use of Helm's Deep, stating that, "the 'defence of the Hornburg' would be a better title, since Helm's Deep, the ravine behind, is not shown" (Letters, 210).

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In Ralph Bakshi's animated film[edit]

text: The Battle of the Hornburg is a key part of Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated adaptation. However, it is never referred to by that name, or any other name. Bakshi incorrectly calls the fortress itself "Helm's Deep". As Gandalf says to Aragorn: "Halfway between Edoras and Isengard, there lies an old strong fortress that men call Helm’s Deep."

text: Some differences between the book and the film battles are:

text:
Bakshi does not elaborate on different kinds of Orcs through dialogue (as is true for the whole film), though some Orcs are clearly visually different from others.
Aragorn and Gimli repel a battering-ram crew by themselves, instead of Aragorn and Éomer leading a sortie against the ram.
Directly after this sequence, the "blasting-fire" is used to breach the wall. It is turned into magical projectiles resembling comets coming from Isengard (Aragorn, seeing them, calls out "Fire of Isengard!"). While Tolkien does not give detailed descriptions, "blasting fire" is clearly different in the book (as Orcs are said to have "brought" it).
More importantly, Éomer is not present at the start of the battle. Gandalf rides off to find him and his Riders (and explicitly says so), and returns with them at the end.

text: Peter Jackson's "Battle of Helm's Deep"[edit]

text: The Battle of the Hornburg is also a key part of Peter Jackson's film adaptation, The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers.

text: In the context of the film, it is referred to as the Battle of Helm's Deep, and like Bakshi, Jackson identifies "Helm's Deep" with the fortress itself. As Gríma says to Saruman: "Théoden will not stay at Edoras ... They will flee to Helm's Deep, the great fortress of Rohan."

text: In the movie, 10,000 of Saruman's Uruk-hai (with no orcs of other races, Dunlendings or wargs to accompany them) lay siege to the fortress, which is defended by around 300 Rohirrim (before the battle, Legolas states their strength to be "three hundred against ten thousand", but he may have meant at that time, as more were fleeing to the fortress). Soon after, however, a large group of the Elves of Lórien join the defences. Elrond, at the prompting of Galadriel, sends the Elves under the command of Haldir of Lórien to reinforce the defence of the keep. During the battle, nearly all of the Elves are killed, including Haldir. The defenders suffer heavy losses, but hold out until dawn, when Gandalf arrives with 2,000[4] riders led by Éomer, who finally turn the tide of the battle and send Saruman's forces into retreat. In the Extended DVD version, the Huorns make an appearance, massacring the fleeing Uruk-hai after the battle, but were absent from the theatrical cut.

text: Peter Jackson gave himself a cameo appearance as one of the Rohirrim; he throws a javelin at the Uruks. Producer Barrie Osborne has a similar cameo, as a Rohirrim throwing a rock down on them.

text: The film contains many differences from Tolkien's work, and several of these differences concern the battle. These differences include:

text:
In an earlier scene, Gandalf is skeptical towards the Hornburg and suggests that the forces of Rohan should meet Saruman's army in the open field, an idea immediately rejected by Théoden. The opposite happens in the book: Théoden rides to reinforce Erkenbrand at the Fords of Isen; when it is learned that Erkenbrand was defeated and driven from the fords, Gandalf advises Théoden to divert his force to the Hornburg.
Before and during the battle, Jackson shows women and children of Rohan being sheltered within the Deeps, overseen by Éowyn. Later, he shows all boys able to carry weapons arming for battle. Aragorn comforts a boy named Haleth son of Háma (already dead at this point in the movie, but who dies before the gates of the Hornburg in the novel). In the text, the women and children of Edoras are sheltered at Dunharrow. However many of the folk from the Westfold had taken shelter in the Deeps after the defeat of Erkenbrand at the ford of Isen.
In the novel, the Orcs are temporarily delayed at Helm's Dike, while in the movie they march unhindered until they reach the walls.
In the novel, there are no other Elven archers besides Legolas present. Legolas merely wishes that they had a hundred archers of Mirkwood with them, and tells Gimli that his folk are busy with their own troubles. The Elves of Lothlórien and Mirkwood do withstand assaults by Sauron's armies; but these battles occur off stage. In his commentary on the Extended DVD version, Jackson said he wanted to show the sacrifice of the Elves in a visible fashion. Craig Parker, the actor who portrayed Haldir, suggested on his commentary his character was killed to show the consequences of battle as opposed to "boys running around hitting sticks together and wandering off at the end."
The ambiguous "blasting-fire" of the novel is interpreted as bombs containing a form of black powder, detonated by an Uruk carrying a torch with a glittering white flame.
Aragorn's parley is not featured. However, he and Gimli (whose height is used for comedic effect at the start of the battle) share a scene where they sneak through a side-door and he tosses the dwarf into a group of enemies who are battering down the doors to the keep.
The portrayal of Rohirrim reinforcements and Gandalf at the end of the battle differ; in the novel they are infantry led by Erkenbrand (while Éomer had fought at the Hornburg alongside Aragorn), whereas in the film they are cavalry led by Éomer. While Tolkien wrote that the Orcs were already demoralized by Théoden's cavalry charge before Gandalf arrived, the film encounter is somewhat more dramatic with the Orcs forming up an organized sheltron against the charging Rohirrim horseman but at last minute the Orcs' line falters after they are dazzled by sunlight.
At the end of the battle, Gimli wins the contest by 43 to Legolas' 42. In the novel the two of them share a light moment (a sign of their growing friendship after initial mistrust), where Legolas gives congratulations while Gimli complains that his axe was notched as his 42nd victim had an iron collar (Legolas, likewise, had one less kill in the book than in the movie, at 41). In the film (only in the extended edition), this is a comedy scene with Legolas shooting a dead Uruk and claiming a tie on the basis that it was moving, and then Gimli irately explaining that his axe was embedded in that Uruk's nervous system.
In the theatrical release, the elimination of the Orcs after Gandalf's charge is not seen. However, the Extended DVD Edition shows the Orcs fleeing into the "forest" of Huorns where they are promptly annihilated while the Rohirrim look on. In the novel, the Huorns' destruction of the Orcs is not realized until the next day.
In the novel, Treebeard and the Ents and Huorns go to war immediately upon the conclusion of Entmoot. In the film, they decide that the war is not their concern and Treebeard offers Pippin and Merry a lift to the edge of Fangorn. Pippin tricks Treebeard into taking them south by Isengard where the Ent witnesses the mass clearing of trees by Saruman's forces, upon which Treebeard promptly calls the Ents and Huorns off to war.

text: In the original script of the film, Elrond and Arwen had gone to see Galadriel in person, and it was Arwen who led the Elves to fight alongside the Rohan defenders. Arwen's involvement was rejected after Jackson revised the portrayal of her character from a "warrior princess" to a role closer to that of the book, but the Elves remained part of the battle since Jackson liked the concept.[5]