document_title: Dirty Dancing

question_text: where was the original movie dirty dancing filmed

text: Dirty Dancing

text: Plot[edit]

text: In the summer of 1963, 17-year-old Frances "Baby" Houseman is vacationing with her family at Kellerman's,[5] a resort in the Catskill Mountains. Baby, the younger of two daughters, is idealistic and plans to study economics of underdeveloped countries and enter the Peace Corps. Her father, Jake, is the doctor and friend of Max Kellerman, the resort proprietor. While exploring the premises one night, Baby surreptitiously observes Max instructing the dining hall waiters, all Ivy League college students, to romance the guest's daughters, no matter how unattractive.  She also glimpses Johnny, the resort's dance instructor and Max's condescending attitude towards him and the other entertainment staff. Johnny intrigues Baby initially and then more so when his cousin Billy takes Baby to one of the staff's secret dirty dancing parties and Baby dances briefly with Johnny.

text: Baby discovers that Johnny's dance partner, Penny, is pregnant by Robbie, the Houseman's waiter who attends Yale medical school and who flirts with Baby's older sister Lisa. When Robbie refuses to help Penny, Baby borrows money from her father to pay for Penny's illegal abortion without explaining what the money is really for. Penny at first turns down the money because going through with the abortion would mean that she and Johnny would miss a regular commitment to perform at a neighboring resort, costing them this season's salary. When Baby asks if someone can fill in, Johnny scoffs at her, but Penny and Billy support the idea since Johnny is a strong partner.  Eventually, Johnny agrees and throughout the course of their dance sessions, they develop a romantic attraction.

text: Johnny and Baby's performance is successful, except for a climactic lift at its end which Baby fails to perform. They return to Kellerman's and Billy tells them that while Penny's abortion was successful, the doctor was a quack and the procedure has left her in great pain.  Baby gets her father to help and after he stabilizes Penny, he refuses to shake Johnny's hand and orders his daughter never to see Johnny ever again, believing Johnny to be responsible for Penny's pregnancy.  In reality, Johnny took responsibility to save Penny from being fired for having a relationship with Robbie.  Baby later apologizes to Johnny for her father's behavior and declares her feelings for him.  They dance seductively and spend the night together in his cabin.

text: The next morning, Jake tells the family he wants to leave, lying that he wants to avoid traffic, but Lisa and their mother convince him to change his mind. Baby and Johnny continue to see each other, despite Baby's hiding their relationship from her father, which hurts Johnny, and taunts from Robbie.  Johnny shares with Baby that he feels used for sex by certain female vacationers and Baby convinces him to turn down an offer from a promiscuous married guest, Vivian Pressman. Vivian then has sex with Robbie, to whom Lisa wanted to lose her virginity.  Vivian catches Baby leaving Johnny's cabin one morning and attempts to get revenge by claiming Johnny had stolen her husband's wallet. Johnny claims he was alone in his cabin to protect his relationship with Baby, but when Max prepares to fire Johnny, Baby reveals their relationship to give him an alibi.  Johnny is cleared of the theft, but fired for his relationship with Baby, an act which damages Baby's altruistic outlook on life.  Before leaving Kellerman's, Johnny attempts to apologize to Jake, but is rebuffed when Jake accuses him of tossing Penny aside and moving onto his daughter.  Baby tearfully apologizes for lying to her father, but not for her relationship with Johnny.

text: At the end of the season talent show, Jake gives Robbie money for medical school and he accidentally admits that he is the one who got Penny pregnant, not Johnny. Upon learning this, Jake snatches back the money from him.  Johnny interrupts the final song by bringing Baby up on stage and declaring that she has made him a better person.  They then dance a more provocative version of the dance they'd practiced throughout the summer, ending with Baby performing the climactic lift successfully.  Jake admits he was wrong about Johnny and he and Baby embrace.  All the other staff and the guests join Baby and Johnny in dirty dancing to "(I've Had) The Time of My Life".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jennifer Grey as Frances "Baby" Houseman
Patrick Swayze as Johnny Castle
Cynthia Rhodes as Penny Johnson
Jerry Orbach as Doctor Jake Houseman
Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman
Jack Weston as Max Kellerman
Lonny Price as Neil Kellerman
Kelly Bishop as Marjorie Houseman
Antone Pagán as The Staff Kid
Max Cantor as Robbie Gould
Charles Coles as Tito Suarez
Neal Jones as Billy Kostecki
Miranda Garrison as Vivian Pressman
Garry Goodrow as Moe Pressman
Wayne Knight as Stan
Paula Trueman as Mrs. Schumacher
Alvin Myerovich as Mr. Schumacher

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
"Be My Baby" – The Ronettes
"Big Girls Don't Cry" – Frankie Valli and The Four Seasons
"Where Are You Tonight?" – Tom Johnston
"Do You Love Me" – The Contours
"Love Man" – Otis Redding
"Stay" – Maurice Williams and the Zodiacs
"Hungry Eyes" – Eric Carmen
"Overload" – Zappacosta
"Hey! Baby" – Bruce Channel
"De Todo Un Poco" – Melon
"Some Kind of Wonderful" – The Drifters
"These Arms of Mine (Otis Redding song)" – Otis Redding
"Cry to Me" – Solomon Burke
"Will You Love Me Tomorrow" – The Shirelles
"Love Is Strange" – Mickey & Sylvia
"You Don't Own Me" – The Blow Monkeys
"Yes" – Merry Clayton
"In the Still of the Night" – The Five Satins
"She's Like the Wind" – Patrick Swayze
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" – Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes

tag: ol

text: Note: Actress Jane Brucker wrote the song "Hula Hana", which she performed in her role of Lisa in the show rehearsal scene.[8]

text: Production[edit]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing is based in large part on screenwriter Eleanor Bergstein's own childhood: she is the younger daughter of a Jewish doctor from New York, spent summers with her family in the Catskills, participated in "Dirty Dancing" competitions, and was herself nicknamed "Baby" as a girl. In 1980, Bergstein wrote a screenplay for the Michael Douglas film, It's My Turn. However, the producers cut an erotic dancing scene from the script, much to her dismay. She then conceived a new story, focused almost exclusively on dancing. In 1984, she pitched the idea to MGM executive Eileen Miselle, who liked it and teamed Bergstein with producer Linda Gottlieb. They set the film in 1963, with the character of Baby based on Bergstein's own life, and the character of Johnny based on the stories of Michael Terrace, a dance instructor whom Bergstein met in the Catskills in 1985 while she was researching the story.[citation needed] She finished the script in November 1985, but management changes at MGM put the script into turnaround, or limbo.

text: Bergstein then shopped the script around to other studios but was repeatedly rejected, until she brought it to Vestron Pictures, the newly formed studio division of Stamford, Connecticut, based Vestron Inc., the leading independent home video distribution company.[citation needed] While honing their pitch to Vestron, Gottlieb and Bergstein chose Emile Ardolino as the film's director, who had won the 1983 Academy Award for the documentary, He Makes Me Feel Like Dancin'. Ardolino had never directed a feature film, but was extremely passionate about the project; he even sent a message from where he was sequestered on jury duty, insisting that he was the best choice as director. The team of Gottlieb, Bergstein, and Ardolino then presented their vision for the film to Vestron's president, Jon Peisinger, and the company's vice president for production, Mitchell Cannold. By the end of the meeting, Peisinger had greenlighted the project to become Vestron's first feature film production. The approved film was budgeted at the relatively low amount of $5 million, at a time when the average cost for a film was $12 million.[9]

text: For choreographer, Bergstein chose Kenny Ortega, who had been trained by Gene Kelly.[10] For a location, they did not find anything suitable in the Catskills (as many of the resorts had been shut down at that point), so they decided on a combination of two locations: Lake Lure, North Carolina and the Mountain Lake Hotel near Pembroke, Virginia, and with careful editing made it look like all shooting was done in the same area.[11]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Director Ardolino was adamant that they choose dancers who could also act, as he did not want to use the "stand-in" method that had been used with Flashdance (1983). For the female lead of Frances "Baby" Houseman, Bergstein chose the 26-year-old Jennifer Grey, daughter of the Oscar-winning actor and dancer Joel Grey (e.g., of the film Cabaret (1972)), who, like her father, was a trained dancer. They then sought a male lead, initially considering 20-year-old Billy Zane, who had the visual look desired (originally the Johnny character was to be Italian and have a dark exotic look), but initial dancing tests when he was partnered with Grey did not meet expectations. The next choice was 34-year-old Patrick Swayze, who had been noticed for his roles in Grandview, U.S.A. (1984) and Red Dawn (1984). He was a seasoned dancer, with experience from the Joffrey Ballet. The producers were thrilled with him, but his agent was opposed to the idea. However, Swayze read the script, liked the multi-level character of Johnny, and took the part anyway, and Johnny was changed from being Italian to Irish. Grey was initially not happy about the choice, as she and Swayze had difficulty getting along on Red Dawn, but when they did their dancing screen test, the chemistry between them was obvious. Bergstein described it as "breathtaking".[12]

text: Other casting choices were Broadway actor Jerry Orbach as Dr. Jake Houseman, Baby's father; and Jane Brucker as Lisa Houseman, her older sister. Bergstein also attempted to cast her friend, sex therapist Dr. Ruth Westheimer, to play Mrs. Schumacher, and Joel Grey as her husband. However, Westheimer backed out when she learned the role involved being a thief. The role went instead to 89-year-old Paula Trueman, and Joel Grey was not cast. Another role went to Bergstein's friend, New York radio personality "Cousin Brucie". She initially wanted him to portray the social director but then later asked him to play the part of the magician. The role of the social director went to the then unknown Wayne Knight (of later Seinfeld and 3rd Rock from the Sun fame).[13] The part of Baby's mother was originally given to Lynne Lipton, who is briefly visible in the beginning, when the Houseman family first pulls into Kellerman's (she is in the front seat for a few seconds; her blonde hair is the only indication), but she became ill during the first week of shooting and was replaced by actress Kelly Bishop, who had already been cast to play Vivian Pressman, the highly sexed resort guest. Bishop moved into the role of Mrs. Houseman, and the film's assistant choreographer Miranda Garrison took on the role of Vivian.[14][15]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal photography for Dirty Dancing took place in Lake Lure, North Carolina, and Mountain Lake, Virginia. Scenes in Lake Lure were filmed at the old Boys Camp, which is now a private, residential community known as Firefly Cove. These scenes included the interior dancing scenes, Baby carrying the watermelon and practicing on the signature stairs, Johnny's cabin, the staff cabins, the golf scene where Baby asks her father for $250, the "log" scene and the famous "water lift" scene. Scenes filmed at Mountain Lake included dining scenes, Kellerman's Hotel, the beach games, Penny crying in the kitchen, and the Houseman family's cabins.[citation needed]

text: The tight schedule allowed only two weeks for rehearsal and 44 days for filming, as it was already the tail end of summer. The cast stayed in the same hotel at Mountain Lake Lodge in Pembroke, Virginia and at the 1927 Lake Lure Inn & Spa in Lake Lure, N.C. Rehearsals quickly turned into disco parties involving nearly every cast member, even non-dancers such as Jack Weston.[citation needed]

text: The dancing and drinking went on almost non-stop and, immersed in the environment, the lead actors, Grey and Swayze, began identifying with their characters. Bergstein built upon this, encouraging the actors to improvise in their scenes. She also built the sexual tension by saying that no matter how intimate or "grinding" the dance steps, that none of the dancers were to have any other kind of physical contact with each other for the next six months.[12]

text: Filming started on September 5, 1986 but was plagued by the weather, which ranged from pouring rain to sweltering heat. The outside temperature rose to 105 °F (41 °C), and with all the additional camera and lighting equipment needed for filming, the temperature inside could be as high as 120 °F (49 °C). According to choreographer Kenny Ortega, on one day 10 people passed out within 25 minutes of shooting. The elderly Paula Trueman collapsed and was taken to the local emergency room to be treated for dehydration. Patrick Swayze also required a hospital visit; insisting on doing his own stunts, he repeatedly fell off the log during the "balancing" scene and injured his knee so badly he had to have fluid drained from the swelling.[12]

text: Delays in the shooting schedule pushed filming into the autumn, which required the set decorators to spray-paint the autumn leaves green. The uncooperative weather then took a different turn, plunging from oppressive heat to down near 40 °F (4 °C), causing frigid conditions for the famous swimming scene in October. The crew wore warm coats, gloves, and boots. Swayze and Grey stripped down to light summer clothing, to repeatedly dive into the cold water.[11] Despite her character's enjoyment, Grey later described the water as "horrifically" cold, and she might not have gone into the lake, except that she was "young and hungry".[14]

text: Relations between the two main stars varied throughout production. They had already had trouble getting along in their previous project, Red Dawn (1984), and worked things out enough to have an extremely positive screen test, but that initial cooperation soon faded, and they were soon "facing off" before every scene.[12] There was concern among the production staff that the animosity between the two stars would endanger the filming of the love scenes. To address this, producer Bergstein and director Ardolino forced the stars to re-watch their initial screen-tests—the ones with the "breathtaking" chemistry. This had the desired effect, and Swayze and Grey were able to return to the film with renewed energy and enthusiasm.[14]

text: Director Ardolino encouraged the actors to improvise and often kept the cameras rolling, even if actors went "off script". One example of this was the scene where Grey was to stand in front of Swayze with her back to him and put her arm up behind his head while he trailed his fingers down her arm (similar to the pose seen in the movie poster). Though it was written as a serious and tender moment, Grey was exhausted, found the move ticklish, and could not stop giggling each time Swayze tried it, no matter how many takes Ardolino asked for. Swayze was impatient to finish the scene and found Grey's behavior annoying. However, the producers decided the scene worked as it was and put it into the film, complete with Grey's giggling and Swayze's annoyed expression. It became one of the most famous scenes in the movie, turning out, as choreographer Kenny Ortega put it, "as one of the most delicate and honest moments in the film."[12]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: The shooting wrapped on October 27, 1986, both on-time and on-budget. No one on the team, however, liked the rough cut that was put together, and Vestron executives were convinced the film was going to be a flop. Thirty-nine percent of people who viewed the film did not realize abortion was the subplot. In May 1987, the film was screened for producer Aaron Russo. According to Vestron executive Mitchell Cannold, Russo's reaction at the end was to say simply, "Burn the negative, and collect the insurance."[12]

text: Further disputes arose over whether a corporate sponsor could be found to promote the film. Marketers of the Clearasil acne product liked the film, seeing it as a vehicle to reach a teen target audience. However, when they learned the film contained an abortion scene, they asked for that part of the plot to be cut. As Bergstein refused, the Clearasil promotion was dropped. Consequently, Vestron promoted the film themselves and set the premiere on August 16, 1987. The Vestron executives had planned to release the film in theaters for a weekend, and then send it to home video, since Vestron had been in the video distribution business before film production.[6] Considering how many people disliked the film at that point, producer Gottlieb's recollection of her feelings at the time was, "I would have only been grateful, if when it was released, people didn't yell at me."[12]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 72% based on reviews from 61 critics and a rating average of 6.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Like its winsome characters, Dirty Dancing uses impressive choreography and the power of song to surmount a series of formidable obstacles."[16] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale.[18]

text: For the film's opening, The New York Times published a review titled "Dirty Dancing Rocks to an Innocent Beat". The Times reviewer called the film "a metaphor for America in the summer of 1963 – orderly, prosperous, bursting with good intentions, a sort of Yiddish-inflected Camelot."[19] Other reviews were more mixed: Gene Siskel gave the film a "marginal Thumbs Up" as he liked Jennifer Grey's acting and development of her character, while Roger Ebert gave it "Thumbs Down" due to its "idiot plot",[20] calling it a "tired and relentlessly predictable story of love between kids from different backgrounds."[21] TIME magazine was lukewarm, saying, "If the ending of Eleanor Bergstein's script is too neat and inspirational, the rough energy of the film's song and dance does carry one along, past the whispered doubts of better judgment."[22] In a retrospective review, Jezebel's Irin Carmon called the film "the greatest movie of all time" as "a great, brave movie for women" with "some subtle, retrospectively sharp-eyed critiques of class and gender."[23]

text: Abortion rights advocates have called the film the "gold standard" for cinematic portrayals of abortion,[24] which author Yannis Tzioumakis described as offering a "compassionate depiction of abortion in which the woman seeking an abortion was not demonized with the primary concerns being her health and preserving her capacity to bear children at a future time rather than the ethical dilemma that might or might not inform her decision, a portrayal that is not necessarily available in current films."[25]

text: The  film drew adult audiences instead of the expected teens, with viewers rating the film highly.[14] Many filmgoers, after seeing the film once, went right back into the theater to watch it a second time.[14] Word-of-mouth promotion took the film to the number one position in the United States, and in 10 days it had broken the $10 million mark. By November, it was also achieving international fame. Within seven months of release, it had brought in $63 million in the US and boosted attendance in dance classes across America.[12] It was one of the highest-grossing films of 1987, earning $170 million worldwide.[26][27]

text: The film's popularity continued to grow after its initial release. It was the number one video rental of 1988[28] and became the first film to sell a million copies on video. When the film was re-released in 1997, ten years after its original release, Swayze received his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame,[29] and videos were still selling at the rate of over 40,000 per month.[29] As of  2005[update], it was selling a million DVDs per year,[30] with over ten million copies sold as of  2007[update].[31]

text: A May 2007 survey by Britain's Sky Movies listed Dirty Dancing as number one on "Women's most-watched films", above the Star Wars trilogy, Grease, The Sound of Music, and Pretty Woman.[32] The film's popularity has also caused it to be called "the Star Wars for girls."[7][33][34] An April 2008 article in Britain's Daily Mail listed Dirty Dancing as number one on a list of "most romantic movie quotes ever", for Baby's line: "I'm scared of walking out of this room and never feeling the rest of my whole life the way I feel when I'm with you."[35]

text: The film's music has also had considerable impact. The closing song, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life", has been listed as the "third most popular song played at funerals" in the UK.[7]

text: Awards and honors[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Result
Ref

1988

60th Academy Awards

Academy Award for Best Original Song

Won

[36]

Golden Globe Awards

Best Original Song

Won

[37]

Best Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical

Nominated

[38]

Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical

Nominated

[38]

Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy/Musical

Nominated

[38]

Grammy Awards

Best Pop Performance by a Duo

Won

[39]

Best Song written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media

Nominated

[37]

tag: table

text: The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:

text:
2002: AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions – #93[40]
2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life" – #86[41]
"Do You Love Me" – Nominated[42]
2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes:
Johnny Castle: "Nobody puts Baby in a corner." – #98[43]
2006: AFI's 100 Years...100 Cheers – Nominated[44]

text: Music[edit]

text: Rehearsals for the dancing, and some filming, used music from Bergstein's personal collection of gramophone records. When it came time to select actual music for the film, Vestron chose Jimmy Ienner as music supervisor. Ienner, who had previously produced albums and songs for John Lennon and Three Dog Night, opted to stick with much of the music that had already been used during filming and obtained licenses for the songs from Bergstein's collection. He also enlisted Swayze to sing the new song "She's Like the Wind". Swayze had written the song a few years earlier with Stacy Widelitz, originally intending for it to be used in the film Grandview, U.S.A. (1984).[12]

text: John Morris composed the film's score. The lyrics for the Kellermans' song that closes the talent show were written specifically for the film[14] and were sung to the tune of "Annie Lisle", a commonly used theme for school alma maters.[45] Kenny Ortega and his assistant Miranda Garrison chose the song for the finale by going through an entire box of tapes, listening to each one. According to Ortega, literally the last tape they listened to had "The Time of My Life", which they saw as the obvious choice.[37] Ienner then insisted that Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes record it. The song won the 1988 Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group, an Academy Award for Best Original Song, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.[37][39]

text: The film's soundtrack started an oldies music revival,[46] and demand for the album caught RCA Records by surprise. According to Franke Previte, before a single had even been released, there were a million albums on back-order.[12] The Dirty Dancing album spent 18 weeks at number one on the Billboard 200 album sales charts and went platinum eleven times, selling more than 32 million copies worldwide.[47][48] It spawned a follow-up multi-platinum album in February 1988, entitled More Dirty Dancing.[49]

text: Songs from the album which appeared on the charts included:[37]

text:
"(I've Had) The Time of My Life", performed by Bill Medley and Jennifer Warnes, composed by Franke Previte, John deNicola, and Donald Markowitz – this song rose to #1 on the pop charts.[50]
"She's Like the Wind", performed by lead actor Patrick Swayze, composed by Lee and Stacy Widelitz; this song peaked at #3 in 1988.
"Hungry Eyes", performed by Eric Carmen, composed by Franke Previte and John deNicola; this song peaked at #4 in 1988.
"Yes", performed by Merry Clayton, composed by Neal Cavanaugh, Terry Fryer and Tom Graf; this song peaked #45 in 1988.

text: Additionally, the resurgence in popularity of the oldies contained in the movie led to a re-release of The Contours' single "Do You Love Me". "Do You Love Me" was featured in the movie but was omitted from the original soundtrack; it was included on More Dirty Dancing. Upon being re-released, "Do You Love Me" became a surprise hit all over again, this time peaking at #11 (it originally hit #3 back in 1962).[citation needed]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: As for the studio, despite the film's huge monetary success, Vestron followed it up with a series of flops and ran out of money. Vestron's parent company, Vestron Inc., went bankrupt in 1989,[12] and was bought out in January 1991 by LIVE Entertainment for $26 million. The rights to Dirty Dancing now rest with Lionsgate Entertainment,[30] which purchased Artisan Entertainment in 2003.

text: Orbach, already known as a successful Broadway actor, continued in different genres. He was the voice of the candelabrum "Lumiere" in the Disney animated film Beauty and the Beast (1991), before taking on his best known role, detective Lennie Briscoe in the TV crime drama Law & Order, which he played from 1992 until his death in 2004.[52]

text: Choreographer Ortega went on to choreograph and direct other major pictures such as Newsies (1992)[10] and starting in 2006, the High School Musical series.[53] He also became a director of film and television, including several episodes of Gilmore Girls, in which Dirty Dancing's Kelly Bishop had a starring role.[54]

text: Lake Lure celebrated its Dirty Dancing legacy in the 1980s with the Dirty Dancing Revue featuring the A-Lure Dancers, soul singer Maurice Williams (whose song "Stay" was featured in the film), and Billy Scott and the Party Prophets. Today, Lake Lure hosts the annual Dirty Dancing Festival.[55]

text: Kellerman's Hotel is the Mountain Lake Hotel, and it now offers "Dirty Dancing Weekends".[56]

text: Various images and lines from the film have worked their way into popular culture. Johnny Castle's line, "Nobody puts Baby in a corner", has been used in song lyrics, as the title of the "Nobody Puts Baby in a Corner" episode of the TV series Veronica Mars, and as the title of a Fall Out Boy song. "Nobody puts Baby in a corner" was also quoted in Supernatural: when Dean says the line concerning his beloved Impala and his brother Sam retorts that the line is from a Swayze movie; Dean responds: "Swayze always gets a pass". The line was parodied in the webcomic Looking for Group where Richard, one of the primary characters, uttered a variation involving his own name, and in Family Guy, where the scene is parodied by Baby's parents questioning Johnny due to her youth. In Sweden, feminist art group Sisters of Jam put the text "Nobody puts Baby in a corner" (in English) in white neon light at Umeå Bus Square (2008) and at Karlstad University (2012).[57]

text: Family Guy also parodies the scene where Baby first sees Johnny dancing with the staff. In the TV series How I Met Your Mother, Barney Stinson attempts to pass off the Dirty Dancing story as the story of his own loss of virginity because he is ashamed of his actual story; the original "Love is Strange" scene is shown with Barney replacing Johnny.

text: The French film Heartbreaker (2010) pays homage to the film, as a plot detail, with some clips from the film shown and a "recreation" by the two main characters of the "lift" scene.

text: In the first episode of the TV series New Girl, the female lead Jess watches the film repeatedly after her break up. Jess continues to repeatedly watch the film after various break-ups throughout the series.

text: Since 2009, there has been a Dirty Dancing Festival in Lake Lure, North Carolina.[58]

text: Alternate versions[edit]

text: Stage version[edit]

text: The film was adapted for the stage in 2004 as a musical, Dirty Dancing: The Classic Story on Stage. Produced by Jacobsen Entertainment in Australia for $6.5 million, it was written by Eleanor Bergstein and had the same songs as the film, plus a few extra scenes. Musical direction was by Chong Lim (one of the composers for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney), and the initial production starred Kym Valentine as Baby and Sydney Dance Company's Josef Brown as Johnny. Although reviews were mixed,[34] the production was a commercial success, selling over 200,000 tickets during its six-month run.[27] It has also had sellout runs in Germany and in London's West End, where it opened at the Aldwych Theatre on October 23, 2006 with the highest pre-sell in London history, earning £6 million ($US12 million).[6][7][34] As of March 2011[update], over 1 million people have seen the musical in London, selling out 6 months in advance.[59] The original West End production closed in July 2011 after a five-year run, prior to a two-year national tour.[60] The show returned to the West End at the Piccadilly Theatre and ran from July 13, 2013 to February 22, 2014 before resuming its tour of the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.[61]

text: A New York production was in the planning stage in 2006,[34] with the show first starting in other North American cities. It broke box office records in May 2007 for its first such venue, selling $2 million on the first day of ticket sales in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The production opened on November 15, 2007 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre, with an all-Canadian cast, except for Monica West (Baby Housman), Britta Lazenga (Penny), and Al Sapienza (Jake Housman). After Toronto, the musical opened in Chicago in previews on September 28, 2008 and officially on October 19, 2008, running through January 17, 2009,[62] followed by Boston (February 7 – March 15, 2009) and Los Angeles.[63][64][65]

text: An official American tour began in September 2014 at The National Theatre in Washington, DC with dates scheduled in 31 cities. Previews started August 26 and the official opening night was on September 2.[66]

text: Tours and TV show[edit]

text: Dirty Dancing has appeared in other forms than the stage version. In 1988, a music tour named Dirty Dancing: Live in Concert, featuring Bill Medley and Eric Carmen,[37] played 90 cities in three months.[12] Also in 1988, the CBS network launched a Dirty Dancing television series, however with none of the original cast or crew. The series was canceled after only a few episodes.

text: Prequel[edit]

text: In 2004, a prequel of the film was released, entitled Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights. It tells the story of a sheltered American teenager learning about life through dance, when her family relocates to Havana, Cuba just before the 1959 Cuban Revolution. Swayze was paid $5 million to appear in a cameo role as a dance teacher[67] —considerably more than the $200,000 he earned for the first film.[68]

text: 20th anniversary releases[edit]

text: For the 20th anniversary in 2007, the film was re-released in theatres with additional footage, while the original film version was re-released on DVD with deleted scenes, and included writer commentary.[69] At the same time, Codemasters released Dirty Dancing: The Video Game.[70] In the United Kingdom, the anniversary was marked by a reality TV show based on the film; titled Dirty Dancing: The Time of Your Life, the TV show was filmed at the Mountain Lake resort.

text: In the UK, to mark the 20th anniversary of the film, Channel Five broadcast a special documentary called Seriously Dirty Dancing. It was presented by Dawn Porter, an investigative journalist and a self-confessed Dirty Dancing addict. The documentary was very successful, being Channel Five's highest rated documentary of 2007. Porter visited the set of the film, met other Dirty Dancing fanatics, and learned the last dance, which she performed at the end of the documentary in front of family and friends.

text: Remake[edit]

text: In August 2011, Lionsgate, who owns the film rights, announced their plan to remake the film. It was confirmed that the studio had hired the film's choreographer, Kenny Ortega, to direct. "We believe that the timing couldn't be better to modernize this story on the big screen, and we are proud to have Kenny Ortega at the helm," Joe Drake, president of Lionsgate's Motion Picture Group, explained about the project. A miniseries version of "Dirty Dancing" had been scheduled to be shot in Western North Carolina.[71] As of July 29, 2015, the miniseries has been put on hold.[72]

text: In December 2015, ABC ordered a three-hour musical remake of Dirty Dancing, starring Abigail Breslin, Colt Prattes, Debra Messing, Sarah Hyland, Nicole Scherzinger, Billy Dee Williams & Shane Harper.[73][74][75][76][77] It aired on May 24, 2017.[4] It received negative reviews from a majority of critics.[78]


document_title: Father of the Nation

question_text: who is the father of nation of saudi arabia

root

text: Father of the Nation

text: This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The Father of the Nation is an honorific title given to a man considered the driving force behind the establishment of his country, state, or nation. Pater Patriae (plural Patres Patriae), also seen as Parens Patriae, was a Roman honorific meaning the "Father of the Fatherland", bestowed by the Senate on heroes, and later on emperors. In monarchies, the monarch was often considered the "father/mother of the nation" or as a patriarch to guide his family. This concept is expressed in the Divine Right espoused in some monarchies, while in others it is codified into constitutional law as in Spain, where the monarch is considered the personification and embodiment, the symbol of the unity and permanence of the nation. In Thailand, the monarch is given the same recognition, and demonstrated loyalty is enforced with severe criminal statutes.

tag: p

text: Many dictators bestow titles upon themselves, which rarely survive the end of their regime. Gnassingbé Eyadéma of Togo's titles included "father of the nation", "older brother", and "Guide of the People".[1] Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire's included "Father of the nation", "the Guide", "the Messiah", "dajsh, "the Leopard", "the Sun-President", and "the Cock who Jumps on Anything That Moves".[2] In postcolonial Africa, "father of the nation" was a title used by many leaders both to refer to their role in the independence movement as a source of legitimacy, and to use paternalist symbolism as a source of continued popularity.[3] On Joseph Stalin's seventieth birthday in 1949, he was bestowed with the title "Father of Nations" for his establishment of "people's democracies" in countries occupied by the USSR after World War II.[4]

text: The title "Father of the Nation" is sometimes politically contested. The 1972 Constitution of Bangladesh declared Sheikh Mujibur Rahman to be "father of the nation". The BNP government removed this in 2004, to the protests of the oppostition Awami League, led by Rahman's daughter Sheikh Hasina.[5] A motion in the Parliament of Slovakia to proclaim controversial pre-war leader Andrej Hlinka "father of the nation" nearly passed in September 2007.[6]

text: List[edit]

text: The following people are still often called the "Father" of their respective nations. Highlighted names indicate people who are still living.

text:
Name
Nation
Title (native)
Title (translation)
Notes

Ahmad Shah Durrani
Afghanistan
Ahmad Shah Baba
Father of the Nation[7][8][9]
Founder of the Afghan Durrani Empire.

Skanderbeg
Albania
Ati i Kombit
Father of the Nation

José de San Martín
Argentina /
Peru
Padre de la Patria /
Fundador de la República y Protector del Perú[10]
Father of the Fatherland /
Founder of the Republic and Protector of Peru
Primary leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain (b. 1778 – d. 1850).

Sir Henry Parkes, GCMG
Australia

Father of Federation
Premier of New South Wales.

Sir Lynden Pindling
The Bahamas

Father of the Nation
Leader at independence in 1973.[11]

Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Bangladesh
Jatir Janak (জাতির জনক)
Bangabandhu (বঙ্গবন্ধু)
Father of the Nation
Friend of Bengal
Founder of Bangladesh.

George Cadle Price
Belize

Father of the Nation
Former Chief Minister, Premier and two-term Prime Minister before retiring in 1997.[12][13]

Simón Bolívar
Bolivia
Colombia
Ecuador
Panama
Peru
Venezuela
Libertador
Liberator
Primary leader of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.

Dom Pedro I and José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva
Brazil
Pai da Nação e Patriarca da Independência
Father of the Nation and Patriarch of Independence
Founder and the first Emperor of Brazil (1822). Bonifácio was the advisor of Pedro I.

Omar Ali Saifuddien III
Brunei
Architect of Modern Brunei
Builder of the Modern Nation and Father of Independence
28th Sultan of Brunei and First Minister of Defence (b. 1914 – d. 1986).

Sir John A. Macdonald
Canada
Prime Minister of Canada
Founding Father
First prime minister of Canada, from 1867–1873 and 1878–1891.

Bernardo O'Higgins
Chile
Padre de la patria
Father of the fatherland
Primary leader of Chile's successful struggle for independence from Spain.

Sun Yat-sen
China (Republic of)
simplified Chinese: 国父; traditional Chinese: 國父 (Guófù)
Father of the Nation
Sun played an instrumental role in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty during the Xinhai Revolution. The Nationalist government decreed the title in 1940. Sun is more widely known in mainland China as the "Forerunner of the Democratic Revolution".[14]

José María Castro Madriz
Costa Rica
Fundador de la República
Founder of the Republic
First President of the Republic of Costa Rica.[15]

Ante Starčević
Croatia
Otac domovine
Father of the Homeland
His diverse activities and works laid the foundations for the modern Croatian state.[16]

Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
Cuba
Padre de la Patria
Father of the Fatherland[17]
Leader of the first Cuban independence movement which fought the Ten Years' War.

Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Czech Republic
Otec vlasti
Father of the Homeland
King of Bohemia. Title coined by the rector of the Charles University of Prague at the emperor's funeral.[18]

František Palacký
Czech Republic
Otec národa
Father of the Nation
Politician and historian.[18] Whereas vlast "homeland" included all inhabitants, národ "nation" comprised only Czech people.[19]

Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk
Czech Republic
Tatíček /
President Osvoboditel
Father of the Fatherland / President Liberator
First President of Czechoslovakia.[18]

Juan Pablo Duarte
Dominican Republic
Padre de la patria
Father of the Fatherland
Defeated Haiti during war of independence.

Kwame Nkrumah
Ghana

Father of the nation
First president and prime minister of Ghana, the first country in Sub-Saharan Africa to achieve full independence.

Alexander the Great
Greece
Ο Πατέρας των Ελλήνων
Father of the Greeks
Founder of the Macedonian Empire responsible for spreading Greek culture during the Hellenistic period.

Cheddi Jagan
Guyana
Father of the Nation
President of Guyana from 1992–1997.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Haiti
Père de la patrie
Father of the Fatherland
Primary leader of Haiti's successful struggle for independence from France.

Árpád
Hungary
Honalapító
Founder of the Homeland
Second Grand Prince of the Hungarians, leader of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian basin.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
India
Bapu
Father of the Nation (not an official declaration)[20] [21]
Also called Mahatma, "Great Soul".
This title was not an official title and has no records in the National Archives of India. Indian constitution (Art. 18) prohibits the State from conferring any titles.[22]

Sukarno
Indonesia
Bapak Bangsa/Pemimpin Besar Revolusi Indonesia/Proklamator
Father of the Nation/Great Leader of Indonesian Revolution/The Proclamator
First President of Indonesia.

Cyrus the Great
Iran (Persia)
Shahanshah
Father of the Nation
First Shah of Persian Empire.

Abraham
Israel
אברהם אבינו
Our Father Abraham[23]
In Israel and the Jewish tradition, Abraham is called our father Abraham (אברהם אבינו), signifying that he is both the biological progenitor of the Jews, and the father of Judaism, the first Jew.[24]

Vittorio Emanuele II di Savoia
Italy
Padre della Patria
Father of the Fatherland
First king of a united Italy since the 6th century.

Alikhan Bukeikhanov
Kazakhstan

Prime Minister of the Alash Autonomy
Leader and founder of the Alash Orda national liberation movement.

Dinmukhamed Kunayev
Kazakhstan

Leader of the Kazakh SSR
First Secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.

Jomo Kenyatta
Kenya
Baba wa Taifa
Father of the Nation/Freedom Fighter
First President of Kenya from 1963 to his death in 1978 who helped create the Kenyan Constitution.

Ibrahim Rugova
Kosovo
Baba i Kombit
Father of the Nation
First President of the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo. The leader of the Democratic League of Kosovo (LDK).

Jonas Basanavičius
Lithuania
Tautos patriarchas
Patriarch of the Nation
Various cultural activities during the Lithuanian National Revival.[25]

Krste Misirkov
Macedonia
Татко на нацијата
Father of the Nation
Prominent linguist, writer and activist.

Tunku Abdul Rahman
Malaysia
Bapa Kemerdekaan
Father of Independence
The first Prime Minister of Malaysia. A prince from the Kedah Sultanate, the Cambridge-educated Tunku led the negotiated independence of Federation of Malaya from the British in 1957. Later formed Malaysia through the union of Peninsular Malaya, Singapore, North Borneo and Sarawak in 1963.

Giorgio Borg Olivier
Malta
Missier Malta Indipendenti
Father of Independent Malta
A Maltese statesman and leading politician. He twice served as Prime Minister of Malta (from 1950–55, and from 1962–71) as the Leader of the Nationalist Party. In 1964, with him as Prime Minister, Malta gained independence from Britain.

Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam
Mauritius

Father of the Nation[26]
First post-independence Prime Minister, in 1968.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla
Mexico
Padre de la patria mexicana[27]
Father of the Mexican Nation[28]
First revolutionary leader in the Mexican War of Independence.

Aung San
Myanmar
Father of Nations, Father of Independence Father of Tatmadaw
5th Prime Minister of Burma in British Era from 1946 to 1947
Assassinated on 19 July 1947, before the independence of Burma.

Sam Nujoma
Namibia

Founding Father of the Namibian Nation
First President of Namibia, 1990–2005; title conferred by Act of Parliament in 2005.[29]

King Tribhuwan
Nepal
Shree Paanch Maharajadhiraj (श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज त्रिभुवन वीर विक्रम शाहदेव)
Father of the Nation
Abolished Rana oligarchy from power, which had reduced the Shah monarch to a figurehead and making Prime Minister and other government positions hereditary.

William the Silent
Netherlands
Vader des Vaderlands
Father of the Fatherland
Leader of the successful Dutch Revolt against Spain, which led to the Dutch Republic, the first independent Dutch state.[30]

Nnamdi Azikiwe
Nigeria

First president of Nigeria, the last governor general of Nigeria.

Einar Gerhardsen
Norway
Landsfaderen
Father of the Nation
First post–World War II prime minister of Norway.[31]

Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Pakistan
Quaid-e-Azam & Baba-e-Quam[32][33]
Father of the Nation/Great Leader
Founder of Pakistan, leader of the Muslim League and first Governor-General of Pakistan.

Sir Michael Somare
Papua New Guinea

Father of the Nation
Leader at independence in 1975; also known as "the chief" and "the old man".[34]

Emilio Aguinaldo
Philippines
Kauna-unahang Pangulo ng Pilipinas
First President of the Philippines
Leader of the latter part of the Philippine Revolution and first President of the Philippines through the 1899 Malolos Congress, which oversaw the promulgation of the Malolos Constitution.

Andrés Bonifacio
Philippines
Amá ng Himagsikan
Father of the Revolution
De facto President and leader of the Philippine Revolution, which saw armed resistance against the Spanish Empire. His birthday, November 30, 1863, is a national holiday.

José Rizal
Philippines
Pambansáng Bayani
National Hero
Colloquially known as the "National Hero". Rizal's works and writings–which helped start the Philippine Revolution–are part of the national curriculum as mandated by Republic Act No. 1425. The anniversary of his December 30, 1896 execution by the Spanish colonial government is a national holiday.[35]

D. Afonso Henriques
Portugal
Fundador da Nação
Father of the Nation
a.k.a. The Conqueror
Founder and 1st. King of Portugal (1139), recognized by the Holy See in 1179.

Peter I of Russia
Russia
Отец Отечества (Otets Otechestva)
Father of the Fatherland
Was granted the title in 1721 by the Governing Senate, along with "Emperor of Russia" and "The Great".[36]

El-Ouali Mustapha Sayed
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Father of the Nation
Leader of the Polisario Front, First President of the SADR. Fought against Spanish colonial army & against the invasion of the Moroccan & Mauritanian armies.

Sir John Compton
Saint Lucia

Father of the Nation
Prime Minister at independence in 1979. Also known as "Daddy Compton".[37]

Saint Marinus
San Marino

Founder of a chapel and monastery in central Italy, in 301 (traditional date: September 3). From this initial community the state of San Marino later grew.[38]

Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia
والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah)/ المؤسس (Al-Moa'sis)
Father of the Nation/ The Founder
Unified the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula and established the modern Saudi state. He established the House of Saud, the dynasty which rules the country. His son King Salman is the current head of state of Saudi Arabia. Five other older sons – Saud, Faisal, Khalid, Fahd and Abdullah – served as former heads of state.

Saint Sava
Serbia
Отац отаџбине[39]
Father of the Fatherland
Founder of the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Karađorđe and Miloš Obrenović
Serbia
Отац отаџбине[40] [41]
Father of the Fatherland
Leaders of the First and Second Serbian Uprising.

Lee Kuan Yew
Singapore

Father of Singapore
First Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore, governing for over 30 years. Leading figure throughout Singapore's time as a part of Malaysia and its later independence.

Andrej Hlinka (disputed)
Slovakia
Otec národa
Father of the Nation
Catholic priest, fighter for Slovak autonomy and leader of controversial Slovak People's Party.

Primož Trubar
Slovenia
Oče naroda
Father of the Nation
A consolidator of the Slovene language and the author of the first Slovene printed book.

Mohammed Abdullah Hassan
Somalia

Father of the fatherland
Leader of the first Somali independence movement against the Kingdom of Italy and Great Britain.

Nelson Mandela
South Africa
Tata wethu
Father of the Nation
First President of post-apartheid South Africa.[42]

Jan van Riebeeck
South Africa

Father of the Nation
Founder of Cape Town, first European settlement in South Africa.[43]

Catholic Monarchs
Spain
Reyes Católicos de los reinos de Castilla y Aragón
Catholic Monarchs of the Kingdoms of Castille and Aragon
The unifiers of Spain. They unified the territories of Castille, Aragon and Al-Andalus, all the territories of the Iberian Peninsula, except Portugal. During their reign America was discovered and started the Spanish Empire.

Don Stephen Senanayake
Sri Lanka
ජාතියේ පියා (Jathiyay Piya)
Father of the Nation
First Prime Minister, from 1947 to 1952.[44]

Johan Ferrier
Suriname
Vader des Vaderlands
Father of the Nation
First president after the independence of the country in 1975 (the term Vader des Vaderlands has its roots in the Netherlands).

Gustav I of Sweden
Sweden
Nationalhjälte
National hero
Broke Sweden from Danish rule under Christian II.

Julius Nyerere
Tanzania
Baba wa Taifa
Father of the Nation
First President of Tanzania.[45]

Bhadase Sagan Maraj
Trinidad and Tobago

Father of the Nation (not an official declaration)
Founded the People's Democratic Party, and later merged it into the Democratic Labour Party, was the President-General of All Trinidad Sugar Estates and Factory Workers Union, and founded the Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha.

Eric Williams
Trinidad and Tobago

Father of the Nation
Founder of the People's National Movement, first Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago, first Premier of Trinidad and Tobago, second Chief Minister of Trinidad and Tobago.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Turkey
Atatürk
Father of the Turks
Founder of the Republic of Turkey and first President of Turkey. He led the Turkish national movement in the Turkish War of Independence, and enacted the reforms that made Turkey a democratic nation-state. Granted in accordance with the 1934 Surname Law establishing surnames in Turkey.[46]

Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan
United Arab Emirates
والد الأمة (Waalid Al Ummah)
Father of the Nation
President of the UAE for its first 33 years (1971–2004).[47][48]

George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, Benjamin Franklin and other Signers and Framers
United States

Founding Fathers[49][50]
The Signers signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The Framers were delegates to the Constitutional Convention and took part in framing or drafting the proposed United States Constitution.

George Washington
United States

Father of his country[51][52]
George Washington is particularly highlighted out of the Founding Fathers of the United States as being the "father of his country"[51][52] for his role as the commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and for his tenure (and voluntary retirement) as the first President of the United States.

José Gervasio Artigas
Uruguay
Padre de la independencia uruguaya[53]
Father of Uruguayan independence[54]
Fought against British, Spanish, and Portuguese colonial armies in Río de la Plata.

Ho Chi Minh
Vietnam
Cha già dân tộc
Old Father of the Nation
Hồ Chí Minh was and is very popular among the Vietnamese people and is often called "Old Father of the Nation" by Vietnamese, because he spent much of his life trying to get the French colonial powers that controlled Vietnam to leave the country. Ho Chi Minh City is named after him in honor of his efforts for the liberation of the country. He declared Vietnam's independence from France on September 2, 1945 under the new name of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. He was the founder of the Communist Party of Vietnam. He fought against American forces During The Vietnam War.


document_title: Victoria & Abdul

question_text: who plays queen victoria in victoria and abdul

text: Victoria & Abdul

text: Plot[edit]

text: Abdul Karim, a young prison clerk from Agra, India, is instructed to travel to England for Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887 (four years after the death of John Brown in Mrs Brown) to present her with a mohur, which has been minted as a token of appreciation from British-ruled India.

text: The Queen, who is lonely and tired of her fawning courtiers, develops an interest in and later a friendship with Abdul. She spends time with him alone, and promotes him to become her Munshi as his guardian. She asks him to teach her Urdu and the Qur'an. When Victoria discovers that he is married, she invites his wife and mother-in-law to join him to England. They arrive wearing black Burqas, to the consternation of the household.

text: While Victoria treats Abdul as a son, his preferment is resented by her household and inner circle, including her son Bertie and the Prime Minister. The household plots to undermine their relationship, hoping that Abdul will be sent home. When Victoria embarrasses herself by recounting to the court the one-sided account of the Indian Mutiny that Abdul had told her, Victoria's faith and trust in him are shaken and she decides he must go home. But the following day she changes her mind and asks him to stay. She gives Abdul a bejewelled locket with her photograph.

text: Victoria's interest in India grows, and at her Isle of Wight home of Osbourne House, she has the Durbar Room built for state functions, elaborately decorated with carvings by Bhai Ram Singh in an intricate style, and with a carpet from Agra. She hangs portaits of Indians in the House. She tells the household that she intends to give Abdul a knighthood.

text: The Prime Minister is adamant that the royal household must find a way to get rid of Abdul. They research his family background in India, and present Victoria with a dossier to show that his family is more ordinary and poor than Abdul has told her. When Victoria insists her doctor examine Abdul to find out why his wife has not fallen pregnant, he discovers that Abdul has gonorrhea, and rushes to tell the Queen, expecting her to dismiss him in disgust. However, Victoria remains loyal to Abdul and admonishes her courtiers for plotting against him.

text: Eventually the household decides that, if Victoria does not break with Abdul, they will all resign. They also threaten to certify Victoria as insane. When Victoria is told, she angrily summons the entire household to the Durbar Room and demands that anyone who wants to resign step forward. When none do so, she tells them she has decided not to make Abdul a knight, but to include him in her next honours list as a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire.

text: When Victoria falls ill, she urges Abdul to return to India, while she can still provide him with protection. She warns him that when she dies, the court will turn on him. But Abdul insists that he will stay with Victoria until the end of her life.

text: In 1901, Victoria dies. Her son, Edward VII, rejects Abdul, burning all the gifts and papers he has received from the Queen, and sending him and his family back to India. Abdul's wife manages to save the locket for him.

text: It is revealed that Abdul lived in India until his death eight years later in 1909. The film ends with Abdul kneeling at a large statue of the Queen close to the Taj Mahal, talking to it and kissing its feet in respect.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Judi Dench as Queen Victoria
Ali Fazal as Abdul Karim
Eddie Izzard as Bertie, Prince of Wales
Tim Pigott-Smith as Sir Henry Ponsonby
Adeel Akhtar as Mohammed
Simon Callow as Mr. Puccini
Michael Gambon as Lord Salisbury
Julian Wadham as Alick Yorke
Olivia Williams as Jane Spencer, Baroness Churchill
Fenella Woolgar as Miss Phipps
Jonathan Harden as The Kaiser
Paul Higgins as Sir James Reid, Physician to the Queen
Robin Soans as Arthur Bigge
Sukh Ojla as Mrs. Karim

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: On 17 June 2016, it was reported that Judi Dench would play Queen Victoria (reprising her role from the 1997 film Mrs Brown) in Victoria & Abdul, a film based on the book of the same name by Shrabani Basu. Stephen Frears was set to direct.[3] On 5 August 2016, it was announced that Ali Fazal would play Victoria's confidant Abdul Karim, while the film would be co-produced by Working Title Films and BBC Films, and co-financed by BBC and Focus Features.[4] Focus also handles U.S. distribution rights, while Universal Pictures International handles all other countries. The script was written by Lee Hall, and the producers are Beeban Kidron, Tracey Seaward, Tim Bevan, and Eric Fellner, while the other cast includes Eddie Izzard, Michael Gambon, Tim Pigott-Smith, and Adeel Akhtar.[4]

text: Principal photography on the film began on 15 September 2016, at Victoria's former royal residence Osborne House on the Isle of Wight in the United Kingdom.[5][6]

text: Costumes from the production were on display at Osborne House, from 24 July until 30 September 2017.[7] To capitalise on the renewed interest in Victoria arising from both the film and the concurrent second season of ITV's Victoria television series, the Isle of Wight Tourist Board has created a 'Victoria's Island Trail' encouraging tourists to visit the key locations on the island that have connections to the Queen.[8]

text: Release[edit]

text: Victoria & Abdul was released for audiences in the United Kingdom on 15 September 2017, followed by a U.S. general release on 22 September.

text: Reception[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2017)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 66% based on 151 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The site’s critical consensus reads, "Victoria & Abdul reunites Dame Judi Dench with the role of Queen Victoria — which is all this period drama needs to overcome its imbalanced narrative."[9] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[10]

text: Writing for The Independent, Amrou Al-Kadhi was highly critical: "Films like Victoria & Abdul seek to absolve our barbaric behaviour in colonised countries." He criticised the white-washing of the British Raj and the "offensive two-dimensionality" of Abdul's character, who is shown kissing the feet of Queen Victoria and expressing gratitude for being among the "glorious people" of the British Empire.[11]

text: In The Guardian, Simran Hans described the film as "well-meaning", but she was also critical of the depictions of both Abdul and the British Empire. She noted that "The film takes great pains to absolve Victoria of colonial responsibility, painting her, bizarrely, as tolerant and reviled for it." Hans also wrote that "This kind of historical revisionism is a stretch that, at best, works as a cute royalist fantasy and, at worst, dresses up its endorsement of colonialism and empire as something progressive."[12] Xan Brooks, writing separately for The Guardian, mocked the attempt to paint Queen Victoria as a "progressive outrider, railing against white racists", commenting that the director was only prevented from depicting Victoria as "Gandhi and Nehru come early" by historians holding a gun to his head. Brooks concluded that the film, "about the Raj era that looks as if it was made back then", was "peculiarly dodgy".[13]

text: In the Daily Express, critic Andy Lea rated the film two out of five, describing Abdul's character as "disappointingly servile" and criticising the plot as "decent material for a knockabout farce", but praising Dench as "predictably brilliant".[14] But Rex Reed in the New York Observer wrote: "Judi Dench gives a touching, majestic performance" and, complimenting the script and direction, he said that "every scene is gorgeous to look at, every shot magnificently detailed and richly framed. And the exemplary performances are as good as it gets in movies today."[15]

text: In the Irish Independent, Paul Whitington, who rated the movie two out of five, was also critical of its historical revisionism, writing that "Victoria And Abdul offers a shamelessly saccharine version of British imperial history and seems to imply that the Raj was a bumbling, genial regime rather than a rapacious foreign occupation. The blandly smiling character of Abdul never achieves three dimensions and Izzard plays Bertie as such a conniving, liverish idiot that one wonders how he ever became such a popular king."[16]


document_title: Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (Canada)

question_text: the organization that formulates generally accepted accounting principles is

text: History[edit]

text: In Canada, professional development paralleled that of the United States. In 1936, the Terminology Committee of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) formed and was asked to take steps to encourage greater uniformity in the use of accounting terms by its members. In 1939, the establishment of a joint research program with Queen's University culminated in the establishment in 1946 of the Accounting and Auditing Research Committee. The aim of the committee was to improve the quality of judgement exercised in both accounting and auditing and to provide guidelines for communicating financial information and economic facts and for auditing procedures and techniques.

text: In 1973, the Accounting and Auditing Research Committee (AARC) gave way to two new committees – the Accounting Research Committee (ARC) and the Auditing Standards Committee (ASC). A deviation from prior policy was the invitation to other organizations to participate in ARC work by appointing up to six of its proposed members. The chief aim of the expanded structure is to continue the search for ways of increasing the thrust and scope of accounting and auditing research. In 1982, ARCs name was changed to the Accounting Standards Committee (ASC) and in 1991 to the Accounting Standards Board (AcSB).

text: For a number of years prior to 1968, the Research Committee issued bulletins on financial disclosure, accounting principles, terminology, reporting and auditing procedures. In 1968, these bulletins were consolidated to form a major part of the CICA Handbook. Since 1968, the Handbook has been constantly updated by inclusion of approved exposure drafts on various current topics.

text: The handbook is currently updated by a number of groups, including the AcSB for profit and not for profit organizations, the Public Sector Accounting Standards board for the public sector, and the Auditing Standards Board for the auditing sections.

text: In early 2006, the AcSB decided to completely converge Canadian GAAP with international GAAP, i.e. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), as set by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), for most entities that must follow AcSB standards. For publicly accountable enterprises, IFRS will become mandatory in Canada for fiscal periods beginning after January 1, 2011.[1] Privately accountable enterprises will have the option of adopting IFRS, or a new set of standards called Accounting Standard for Private Enterprises (ASPE).[2]

text: Influences[edit]

text: To develop financial accounting in Canada a group of organizations influence its evolution: The Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA), the Certified General Accountants (CGA), the Society of Management Accountants of Canada (CMA), and the Canadian Academic Accounting Association (CAAA).

text: These groups' activities have shaped accounting thought through:

text:
Education programs;
Publication of journals; and
Sponsorship and publication of special studies and research monographs

text: Particularly active in monograph publication is the Canadian Certified General Accountants' Research Foundation incorporated in 1979 to foster and promote the advancement of education and research in accounting. The association also publishes the GAAP Guide, which summarizes and compares Canadian, United States and international accounting standards.


document_title: Voting age

question_text: when did the age to vote changed to 18

question_tokens: when did the age to vote changed to 18

text: Voting age

text: History[edit]

text: Before the Second World War, the voting age in almost all countries was 21 years or higher. Czechoslovakia was the first to reduce the voting age to 20 years in 1946, and by 1968 a total of 17 countries had lowered their voting age.[1] Many countries, particularly in Western Europe, reduced their voting ages to 18 years during the 1970s, starting with the United Kingdom (1970),[2] with the United States (26th Amendment) (1971), Canada, Germany (1972), Australia (1974), France (1974) and others following soon afterwards. By the end of the 20th century, 18 had become by far the most common voting age. However, a few countries maintain a voting age of 20 years or higher. It was argued that 18-year-old men could be drafted to go to war, and many people felt they should be able to vote at the age of 18.[3]

text: In the late 20th and early 21st centuries voting ages were lowered to 18 in India, Switzerland, Austria and Morocco. Japan was due to make the change to 18 in 2016.[4] A dispute is continuing in the Maldives.[5][6]

text: Debate on lowering voting age to 16[edit]

text: Around the year 2000 a number of countries began to consider whether the voting age ought to be reduced further, with arguments most often being made in favour of a reduction to 16. The earliest moves came during the 1990s, when the voting age for municipal elections in some States of Germany was lowered to 16. Lower Saxony was the first state to make such a reduction, in 1995, and four other states did likewise.[7]

text: Arguments against lowering the voting age to sixteen include lack of political maturity and arguments for include encouraging interest in politics in young people.

text: During the 2000s several proposals for a reduced voting age were put forward in U.S. states, including California, Florida and Alaska,[8] but none was successful. A national reduction was proposed in 2005 in Canada[9] and in the Australian state of New South Wales,[10] but these proposals were not adopted. In May 2009, Danish Member of Parliament Mogens Jensen presented an initiative to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in Strasbourg to lower the voting age in Europe to 16.[11]

text: Austria[edit]

text: In 2007, Austria became the first member of the European Union to adopt a voting age of 16 for most purposes.[12] The voting age had been reduced in Austria from 19 to 18 at all levels in 1992. At that time a voting age of 16 was proposed by the Green Party, but was not adopted.[13]

text: The voting age for municipal elections in some states was lowered to 16 shortly after 2000.[7] Three states had made the reduction by 2003 (Burgenland, Carinthia and Styria),[7] and in May 2003 Vienna became the fourth.[14] Salzburg followed suit,[15][16] and so by the start of 2005 the total had reached at least five states out of nine.[17] As a consequence of state law, reduction of the municipal voting age in the states of Burgenland, Salzburg and Vienna resulted in the reduction of the regional voting age in those states as well.[16]

text: After the 2006 election, the winning SPÖ-ÖVP coalition announced on 12 January 2007 that one of its policies would be the reduction of the voting age to 16 for elections in all states and at all levels in Austria.[18] The policy was set in motion by a Government announcement on 14 March,[19] and a bill proposing an amendment to the Constitution was presented to the legislature on 2 May.[20][21] On 5 June the National Council approved the proposal following a recommendation from its Constitution Committee.[12][13][22] During the passage of the bill through the chamber relatively little opposition was raised to the reduction, with four out of five parties explicitly supporting it; indeed, there was some dispute over which party had been the first to suggest the idea. Greater controversy surrounded the other provisions of the bill concerning the Briefwahl, or postal vote, and the extension of the legislative period for the National Council from four to five years.[13] A further uncontroversial inclusion was a reduction in the candidacy age from 19 to 18. The Federal Council approved the Bill on 21 June, with no party voting against it.[23] The voting age was reduced when the Bill's provisions came into force on 1 July 2007.[24] Austria thus became the first member of the European Union, and the first of the developed world democracies, to adopt a voting age of 16 for all purposes.[12] Lowering the voting age encouraged political interest in young people in Austria. More sixteen and seventeen year olds voted than eighteen to twenty-one year olds in Austria.

text: Brazil[edit]

text: Brazil lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 in the 1988 constitution. The presidential election of 1989 was the first with the lower voting age. People between the ages 18 and 70 are required to vote.

text: Malta[edit]

text: On 20 November 2013, Malta lowered the voting age from 18 to 16 for local elections starting from 2015. The proposal had wide support from both the government and opposition, social scientists and youth organizations.

text: On Monday 29 January 2018, the Maltese Parliament will be debating to lower the voting age to 16 for General Elections, European Parliament Elections and referenda.

text: On Monday, 5 March 2018, the Maltese Parliament unanimously voted in favour of ammeding the constitution, lowering the official voting age from 18 to 16, making Malta the second state in the EU to lower its voting age to 16.[25]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: The Representation of the People Act 1969 lowered the voting age from 21 to 18, with effect from 1970 and remained in force until the Scottish Independence Referendum Act 2013 which allowed 16 year olds to vote for the first time, but only in Scotland and only in that particular referendum. The Scottish Parliament reduced the voting age to 16 for its own and Scottish local elections in 2015.[26]

text: Men in military service who turned 19 during the first world war were entitled to vote in 1918 irrespective of their age as part of the Representation of the People Act 1918 which also allowed some women over the age of 30 to vote. The Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928[27] brought the voting age for women down to 21.

text: The reduction of the voting age to 16 in the United Kingdom was first given serious consideration on 15 December 1999, when the House of Commons considered in Committee an amendment proposed by Simon Hughes to the Representation of the People Bill.[28] This was the first time the reduction of a voting age below 18 had ever been put to a vote in the Commons.[29] The Government opposed the amendment, and it was defeated by 434 votes to 36.[29]

text: The Votes at 16 coalition, a group of political and charitable organisations supporting a reduction of the voting age to 16, was launched on 29 January 2003.[30] At that time a Private Member's Bill was also proposed in the House of Lords by Lord Lucas, and received a Second Reading on 9 January.[31]

text: In 2004, the UK Electoral Commission conducted a major consultation on the subject of the voting and candidacy ages, and received a significant response. In its conclusions it recommended that the voting age remain at 18.[32] On 29 November 2005 the House of Commons voted 136-128 (on a free vote) against a Private Member's Bill for a reduction in the voting age to 16 proposed by Liberal Democrat MP Stephen Williams. Parliament chose not to include a provision reducing the voting age in the Electoral Administration Act during its passage in 2006.

text: On 27 February 2006, the report of the Power Inquiry called for a reduction of the voting age, and of the candidacy age for the House of Commons, to 16.[33] On the same day the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown, indicated in an article in The Guardian that he favoured a reduction provided it was made concurrently with effective citizenship education.[34]

text: The UK Ministry of Justice published on 3 July 2007 a Green Paper entitled The Governance of Britain, in which it proposed the establishment of a "Youth Citizenship Commission".[35] The Commission would examine the case for lowering the voting age. On launching the Paper in the House of Commons, PM Gordon Brown said: "Although the voting age has been 18 since 1969, it is right, as part of that debate, to examine, and hear from young people themselves, whether lowering that age would increase participation."[36]

text: The Scottish National Party's conference voted unanimously on 27 October 2007 for a policy of reducing the voting age to 16, as well as in favour of a campaign for the necessary power to be devolved to the Scottish Parliament.[37]

text: During the Youth Parliament debates of 30 October 2009 in the House of Commons, Votes at 16 was debated and young people of that age group voted for it overwhelmingly as a campaign priority. Since that debate the issue has been raised in Prime Minister's Questions and has also gained the widespread support of the major political parties.[citation needed]

text: In April 2015, Labour announced that it would support the policy if it won an overall majority in the 2015 general election.[38]

text: There was some criticism about not reducing the voting age to 16 years for the referendum on the membership in the European Union in 2016.[39][40]

text: Scotland[edit]

text: In September 2011, it was announced that the voting age was likely to be reduced from 18 to 16 for the Scottish independence referendum.[41] This was approved by the Scottish Parliament in June 2013.[42]

text: In June 2015, the Scottish Parliament voted unanimously to reduce the voting age to 16 for Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[26]

text: Crown dependencies[edit]

text: Moves to lower the voting age to 16 were successful in each of the three British Crown dependencies from 2006 to 2008. The Isle of Man was the first to amend its law, when in July 2006 it reduced the voting age to 16 for its general elections, with the House of Keys approving the move by 19 votes to 4.[43]

text: Jersey followed suit on 4 July 2007, when it approved in principle a reduction of the voting age to 16. The States of Jersey voted narrowly in favour, by 25 votes to 21,[44] and the legislative amendments were adopted on 26 September.[45] The law was sanctioned by Order in Council on 12 December,[46][47] and was brought into force on 1 April, in time for the general elections in late 2008.[48][49]

text: On 31 October 2007, a proposal[50][51] for a reduction made by the House Committee of the States of Guernsey, and approved by the States' Policy Committee, was adopted by the assembly by 30 votes to 15.[51][52] An Order in Council sanctioning the law was made on 12 December,[46] and it was registered at the Court of Guernsey on 19 December. It came into force immediately, and the voting age was accordingly reduced in time for the Guernsey general election, 2008.[53]

text: Alderney and Sark, each part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, have autonomy in deciding the question. Both have yet to favour a reduction to 16.

text: United States[edit]

text: In the United States, the debate about lowering voting age from 21 to 18 began during World War II and intensified during the Vietnam War, when most of those subjected to the draft were too young to vote, and the image of young men being forced to risk their lives in the military without the privileges of voting successfully pressured legislators to lower the voting age nationally and in many states. By 1968, several states had lowered the voting age below 21 years: Alaska and Hawaii's minimum age was 20, Kentucky's was 19, and Georgia's was 18.[54] In 1970, the Supreme Court in Oregon v. Mitchell ruled that Congress had the right to regulate the minimum voting age in federal elections; however, not at local and state level.

text: The 26th Amendment (passed and ratified in 1971)[55] set the voting age for federal and state elections at 18 years, but does not prevent states from establishing a lower voting age.[56] Except for the express limitations provided for in Amendments XIV, XV, XIX and XXVI, voter qualifications for House and Senate elections are largely delegated to the States under Article I, Section 2 and Amendment XVII of the United States Constitution, which respectively state that "The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature." and "The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures."[57]

text: 21 states permit 17-year-olds to vote in primary elections and caucuses if they will be 18 by election day: Alaska, Connecticut, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico,[58] North Dakota, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Virginia, Vermont, and Washington. Alaska, Kansas, North Dakota and Washington allow 17-year-olds to participate in Democrat caucuses, but not in the Republican caucus. Minnesota allows 17-year-olds to participate in presidential caucuses, but may not vote in primary elections for other offices.[59] New Hampshire allows anyone who will be 18 years old by the time of next election to register, meaning some 17-year-olds can register to vote in this state.[60]

text: Currently, the Maine Green Independent Party, the state branch of the Green Party of the United States, calls for the lowering of the voting age to 17.[61] Youth suffrage appears to be gaining ground in Massachusetts; three of the four Democratic United States Senate candidates in 2010 supported lowering the voting age.[62]

text: In 2013, the City of Takoma Park, Maryland became the first place in the United States to lower its voting age to 16, for local (but not general) elections and referendums.[63][64]

text: Iran[edit]

text: Iran had been unique in awarding suffrage at 15, but raised the age to 18 in January 2007 despite the opposition of the Government.[65] In May 2007 the Iranian Cabinet proposed a bill to reverse the increase.[66][67]

text: Switzerland[edit]

text: On 6 May 2007, the Swiss Canton of Glarus reduced the voting age from 18 to 16 for cantonal and local elections.[68][69]

text: New Zealand[edit]

text: The New Zealand Green Party MP Sue Bradford announced on 21 June 2007 that she intended to introduce her Civics Education and Voting Age Bill on the next occasion upon which a place became available for the consideration of Members' Bills.[70] When this happened on 25 July Bradford abandoned the idea, citing an adverse public reaction.[71] The Bill would have sought to reduce the voting age to 16 in New Zealand and make civics education part of the compulsory curriculum in schools.

text: Venezuela[edit]

text: A request to lower the voting age to 16 was made during consideration of revisions to the Constitution of Venezuela in 2007. Cilia Flores, president of the National Assembly, announced that the Mixed Committee for Constitutional Reform had found the idea acceptable.[72] Following approval in the legislature[73] the amendment formed part of the package of constitutional proposals, and was defeated in the 2007 referendum.

text: Australia[edit]

text: A report suggesting that consideration be given to reducing the voting age to 16 in the Australian Capital Territory in Canberra, Australia was tabled in the territorial legislature on 26 September 2007 and defeated.[74]

text: In 2015, federal Opposition Leader Bill Shorten said that the voting age should be lowered to 16.[75]

text: Luxembourg[edit]

text: Luxembourg has compulsory voting from the age of 18. A proposal by the government to introduce optional voting for those aged 16 and 17 was rejected by 81% of voters in a June 2015 referendum.

text: Voting ages around the world[edit]

text: Eighteen is the most common voting age, with a small minority of countries differing from this rule. Those with a national minimum age of 17 include East Timor, Greece, Indonesia, North Korea, South Sudan and Sudan. The minimum age is 16 in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Cuba, Ecuador, Nicaragua and the Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey (three self-governing British Crown Dependencies). People aged 16–18 can vote in Bosnia, Serbia and Montenegro if employed. The highest minimum voting age is 21 in several nations. Some countries have variable provision for the minimum voting age, whereby a lower age is set for eligibility to vote in state, regional or municipal elections.

text: The only known maximum voting age is in the Holy See, where the franchise for electing a new Pope is restricted to Cardinals under the age of 80.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: The following is an alphabetical list of voting ages in the various countries of the world.[76]

text: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

text: A[edit]

text:
Afghanistan: 18
Albania: 18
Algeria: 18
American Samoa: 18
Andorra: 18
Angola: 18
Anguilla: 18
Antigua and Barbuda: 18
Argentina: 16, 16 to 18 and 70+ optional.
Armenia: 18
Aruba:18
Australia: 18, voting is compulsory
Austria: 16[24]
Azerbaijan: 18

text: B[edit]

text:
Bahamas: 18
Bahrain: 20[77]
Bangladesh: 18
Barbados: 18
Belarus: 18
Belgium: 18 (compulsory)
Belize: 18
Benin: 18
Bermuda: 18
Bhutan: 18
Bolivia: 18, universal and compulsory
Bosnia and Herzegovina: 18, 16 if employed
Botswana: 18
Brazil: 16, compulsory for 18 to 70; optional for illiterate citizens.
British Virgin Islands: 18
Brunei: 18 (village elections only)
Bulgaria: 18
Burkina Faso: 18
Burundi: 18

text: C[edit]

text:
Cambodia: 18
Cameroon: 21
Canada: 18
Cape Verde: 18
Cayman Islands: 18
Central African Republic: 18
Chad: 18
Chile: 18
China: 18
Cocos (Keeling) Islands: 18
Colombia: 18
Comoros: 18
Democratic Republic of the Congo: 18
Republic of the Congo: 18
Cook Islands: 18
Costa Rica: 18
Côte d'Ivoire: 18
Croatia: 18
Cuba: 16
Curaçao: 18
Cyprus: 18
Czech Republic: 18

text: D[edit]

text:
Denmark: 18
Djibouti: 18
Dominica: 18
Dominican Republic: 18, compulsory; married persons regardless of age (members of the armed forces and national police cannot vote)

text: E[edit]

text:
East Timor: 17
Ecuador: 16; universal, compulsory for literate persons ages 18–65, optional for other eligible voters
Egypt: 18
El Salvador: 18
England: 18
Equatorial Guinea: 18
Eritrea: 18
Estonia: 18; 16 for local elections
Ethiopia: 17
European Union: 18

text: F[edit]

text:
Falkland Islands: 18
Faroe Islands: 18
Fiji: 18, as of 2013 Constitution
Finland: 18
France: 18
French Polynesia: 18

text: G[edit]

text:
Gabon: 18
Gambia: 18
Georgia: 18
Germany: 18

Voting age 16 for state elections:  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg and  Schleswig-Holstein.
Voting age 16 for municipal elections:  Baden-Württemberg,  Berlin,  Brandenburg,  Bremen,  Hamburg,  Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,  Lower Saxony,  North Rhine-Westphalia,  Saxony-Anhalt and  Schleswig-Holstein.[78]

Ghana: 18
Gibraltar: 18; universal, plus other British citizens who have been residents six months or more
Greece: 17 from 3 August 2016 onwards,[79] was 18 before 3 August 2016
Greenland: 18
Grenada: 18
Guadeloupe: 18
Guam: 18; US citizens, but do not vote in US presidential elections
Guatemala: 18; active-duty members of the armed forces may not vote and are restricted to their barracks on election day.
Guernsey: 16[80]
Guinea: 18
Guinea-Bissau: 18
Guyana: 18

text: H[edit]

text:
Haiti: 18
Honduras: 18
Hong Kong: direct election 18 years of age; universal for permanent residents living in the territory of Hong Kong for the past seven years; indirect election limited to about 220,000 members of functional constituencies and a 1,200-member election committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Hungary: 18

text: I[edit]

text:
Iceland: 18
India: 18
Indonesia: 17; no threshold for married persons, except for the military and police
Iran: 18 (changed from 15 to 18 in 2007, returned to 15 in 2009 and returned to 18 in 2011)[65][81][82][83]
Iraq: 18
Ireland: 18
Isle of Man: 16
Israel: 18 (17 for municipal elections)
Italy: 18 (25 for Senate elections)

text: J[edit]

text:
Jamaica: 18
Japan: 18 (changed from 20 in 2016)[4]
Jersey: 16
Jordan: 18

text: K[edit]

text:
Kazakhstan: 18
Kenya: 18
Kiribati: 18
North Korea: 17; members of the military have the right to vote, regardless of age[84]
South Korea: 19
Kosovo (disputed): 18
Kuwait: 21 for those not in the military or police forces; all voters must have been citizens for 20 years; current proposal for reduction to 18[85]
Kyrgyzstan: 18

text: L[edit]

text:
Laos: 18
Latvia: 18
Lebanon: 21. Attempt to amend to 18 on 22 February 2010 failed to pass.[86]
Lesotho: 18
Liberia: 18
Libya: 18
Liechtenstein: 18
Lithuania: 18
Luxembourg: 18, compulsory until the age of 75. A proposal to lower the voting age to 16 was rejected in 2015 in a nationwide referendum (81% "no"-votes)

text: M[edit]

text:
Macau: direct election 18 years of age, universal for permanent residents living in Macau for the past seven years; indirect election limited to organizations registered as "corporate voters" (973 are currently registered) and a 300-member Election Committee drawn from broad regional groupings, municipal organizations, and central government bodies
Republic of Macedonia: 18
Madagascar: 18
Malawi: 18
Malaysia: 21
Maldives: 18
Mali: 18
Malta: 16
Marshall Islands: 18
Martinique: 18
Mauritania: 18
Mauritius: 18
Mayotte: 18
Mexico: 18
Federated States of Micronesia: 18
Moldova: 18
Monaco: 18
Mongolia: 18
Montenegro: 18
Montserrat: 18
Morocco: 18
Mozambique: 18
Myanmar (Burma): 18

text: N[edit]

text:
Namibia: 18
Nauru: 20
Nepal: 18
Netherlands: 18
New Caledonia: 18
New Zealand: 18
Nicaragua: 16
Niger: 18
Nigeria: 18
Niue: 18
Norfolk Island: 18
Northern Mariana Islands: 18; indigenous inhabitants are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections
Norway: 18; however, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in parliamentary elections if they will be 18 years of age in the year the election is held.

text: O[edit]

text: Oman: 21, except for members of the military and police.

text: P[edit]

text:
Pakistan: 18; joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims
Palau: 18
Panama: 18
Papua New Guinea: 18
Paraguay: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 75
Peru: 18; universal and compulsory until the age of 70; (members of the military and national police could not vote until a Constitutional Reform in 2005[87])
Philippines: 18

For youth councils: 18 to 30; previously from 15 to 18. Incumbents are allowed to keep their positions if they surpass the legal age.

Pitcairn Islands: 18; universal with three years' residency
Poland: 18
Portugal: 18
Puerto Rico: 18; island residents are US citizens but do not vote in US presidential elections.

text: Q[edit]

text: Qatar: 18

text: R[edit]

text:
Réunion: 18
Romania: 18
Russia: 18
Rwanda: 18

text: S[edit]

text:
Saint Helena: 18
Saint Kitts and Nevis: 18
Saint Lucia: 18
Saint Pierre and Miquelon: 18
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines: 18
Samoa: 21
San Marino: 18
São Tomé and Príncipe: 18
Saudi Arabia: 18
Scotland: 16
Senegal: 18
Serbia: 18[88]
Seychelles: 18[89]
Sierra Leone: 18
Singapore: 21
Sint Maarten: 18
Slovakia: 18
Slovenia: 18
Solomon Islands: 21
Somalia: 18
South Africa: 18
South Sudan: 17
Spain: 18 (16 only for Catalonia's 9N Referendum)
Sri Lanka: 18
Sudan: 17
Suriname: 18
Swaziland: 18
Sweden: 18
Switzerland: 18 (16 for cantonal and municipal elections in the canton of Glarus[68][69] [1/26])
Syria: 18

text: T[edit]

text:
Taiwan (Republic of China): 18
Tajikistan: 18
Tanzania: 18
Thailand: 18 (being a Thai citizen since birth, or at least 5 years)
Togo: 18
Tokelau: 21
Tonga: 21
Trinidad and Tobago: 18
Tunisia: 18 (with some exceptions)[90]
Turkey: 18
Turkmenistan: 18
Turks and Caicos Islands: 18
Tuvalu: 18

text: U[edit]

text:
Uganda: 18
Ukraine: 18[91]
United Arab Emirates: none[92] but at least 25 (the minimum age is decided by the ruler of each Emirate and may vary from one Emirate to another)[93]
United Kingdom: 18 (16 for the Scottish independence referendum, Scottish Parliament elections and Scottish local government elections.[26])
United States: 18; however, in many states, persons 17 years of age are permitted to vote in primary elections if they will be 18 years of age on or before the day of the general election.
Uruguay: 18
Uzbekistan: 18[94]

text: V[edit]

text:
Vanuatu: 18
Venezuela: 18
Vietnam: 18
Virgin Islands of the United States: 18; island residents are U.S. citizens but do not vote in U.S. presidential elections.

text: W[edit]

text:
Wallis and Futuna: 18
Western Sahara: none (18 for residents of Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara in Moroccan elections) [92]

text: Y[edit]

text: Yemen: 18

text: Z[edit]

text:
Zambia: 18
Zimbabwe: 18

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 18[edit]

text: The following is a chronological list of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 18; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 21. In some cases the age was lowered decrementally, and so the "staging points" are also given. Some information is also included on the relevant legal instruments involved.

text:
Turkey: 20 April 1924 (Previously 25 per the 1876 constitution, reduced to 18 with the 1924 constitution. It was again raised to 22 on 5 December 1934 while granting full women's suffrage, and gradually lowered to 21 in 1961, 20 in 1987 and 18 in 1995)[95][96]
Czechoslovakia: 1946
Poland: 1952[citation needed]
South Africa: 1958 (white voters only; Electoral Law Amendment Act, 1958)[97]
United Kingdom: 1 January 1970 (Representation of the People Act 1969)
Canada: 26 June 1970[98][99] (federal elections, amendment to Canada Elections Act)

text:
Germany: 1970 [104]
Netherlands: 1971 (previous reduction from 23 to 21 in 1965)
United States: 1 July 1971, per the Twenty-sixth Amendment. Previously reduced on 1 January 1971 by the Voting Rights Act Amendments 1970, ss. 302, 305[105] (Prior reductions: Georgia in August 1943,[106] Kentucky in 1955,[107] Guam in 1954[108] and American Samoa in 1965.[108])
Finland: 1972 (from 20; previous reductions were 24 to 21 in 1944 and 21 to 20 in 1968/1969)[109][110]
Sweden: 1972 (from 20) [111]
Ireland: 5 January 1973 (4th Amendment of the Constitution). Women under 30 gained the vote in local elections in 1935[112] and in Dáil elections and referendums in 1922 (Constitution of the Irish Free State[113]). The only popular election (in 1925) to the Free State Seanad had a voting age of 30.[114] (See also History of the franchise in Ireland.)
Australia: 1973 (New South Wales was the first state to do so, in 1970)
France: 5 July 1974 (Act No. 74-631)[115]
New Zealand: November 1974 (from 20; previous reduction from 21 to 20 in 1969)[116][117]
Dominica: 1974[118]
Italy: 1975 (voting age to elect the Senate remained at 25)
Trinidad and Tobago: 1976
Denmark: 19 September 1978 (from 20; 53.8% in referendum; previous reductions were 25 to 23 in 1953, 23 to 21 in 1961 and 21 to 20 in 1971)[119]
Spain: 29 December 1978 (1978 Constitution)[120]
Peru: 1979 Constitution
Belgium: 1981[121]
India: 28 March 1989 (61st Constitution Amendment Act, 1988 read with Act 21 of 1989)[122]
Switzerland: 1991 (from 20; referendum held on 3 March)[123]
Austria: 1992 (from 19; previous reductions were 21 to 20 in 1949 and 20 to 19 in 1970)[124]
Estonia: 29 July 1992 (from 22, according to the 1938 Constitution; was 18 during the Soviet Occupation since 1940 and 16 for the Congress of Estonia in 1990)[125][126]
Hong Kong: 1995 (from 21)[127]
Liechtenstein: 2000 (from 20; LGBl. 2000 No. 55)[128]
Jordan: July 2001 (from 19; Provisional Election Law No. 34/2001)[129]
Pakistan: 21 August 2002 (Legal Framework Order, 2002),[130][131] was 18 under 1973 Constitution, then increased to 21, then lowered back to 18.[132]
Morocco: 11 December 2002 (from 20)[133]
Uzbekistan: July 2012 (from 25)
Saudi Arabia: April 2015 (from 21)[134]
Japan: June 2016 (from 20)[135]

text: Chronology of lowering the voting age to 16[edit]

text: This is a further list, similar to the above but of the dates upon which countries lowered the voting age to 16; unless otherwise indicated, the reduction was from 18.

text:
Nicaragua: November 1984 (from 21)[136][137]
Brazil: 5 October 1988 (Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil, 1988)[138]
Estonia: 24 February 1990 (from 22 according to the 1938 Constitution, from 18 during the Soviet occupation); only for the Congress of Estonia, was raised to 18 according to the 1992 Constitution
Isle of Man: 11 July 2006; legislation brought into force in time for general election held on 23 November 2006[139]
Austria: 1 July 2007 (BGBl. No. 1/1930, as amended)[24]
Guernsey: 19 December 2007 (Reform (Guernsey) (Amendment) Law, 2007)[53][80]
Jersey: 1 April 2008 (Public Elections (Amendment No. 2) (Jersey) Law 2008)[47]
Ecuador: 28 September 2008 (New constitution accepted by referendum) for general election on 26 March 2009.
Argentina: 1 November 2012. Voting for teenagers between 16 and 18 years of age became optional.[140]
Malta: 20 November 2013. Motion passed in parliament to lower the voting age to 16 at local council elections starting from 2015.[141]
Scotland: 18 September 2014. 16 & 17 years old were given the vote for the Independence Referendum. This was subsequently extended permanently as of the 2016 parliament election.[142]
Estonia: 6 May 2015 in local elections only.

text: Organizations in favour of lowering the voting age[edit]

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The following are political parties and other campaigning organisations that have either endorsed a lower voting age or who favour its removal.

text: Alphabetical list of countries[edit]

text: Australia[edit]

text:
Australian Democrats
Australian Greens
Australian Labor Party[75]

text: Austria[edit]

text:
The Greens – The Green Alternative
Liberal Forum[143]
Social Democratic Party of Austria[144]
vote4future.at Austrian National Youth Council[145]

text: Belgium[edit]

text:
Ecolo[146]
Groen[146]
Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten[146]

text: Canada[edit]

text:
Communist Party of Canada
Green Party of Canada[147]
New Democratic Party
Parti Québécois[148]
voteto16.ca[149]

text: Denmark[edit]

text:
Social Democrats
Socialist People's Party
Dansk Ungdoms Fællesråd[150]

text: Estonia[edit]

text:
Estonian National Youth Council
Young Social Democrats

text: France[edit]

text: La France Insoumise[151]

text: Germany[edit]

text:
Foundation for the Rights of Future Generations[152]
K.R.Ä.T.Z.Ä. (demanding abolition of any age-based voting restrictions)[153]

text: Greece[edit]

text: Ecologist Greens[154]

text: Ireland[edit]

text:
Green Party[155]
Labour Party[156]
Sinn Féin[157]
Socialist Party[158]

text: In 2013, the Constitutional Convention was asked to consider reducing the voting age to 17 and recommended lowering it to 16.[159] The then government agreed to hold a referendum,[160] but in 2015 postponed it indefinitely to give priority to other referendums.[161]

text: Italy[edit]

text: Five Star Movement[162]

text: Malaysia[edit]

text: No political party had decreed that its members should all follow the party line about lowering voting age policy, resulting in public differences of view. Most parties had splits in their members and supporters, taking different sides.[163]

text:
Malaysian civil societies' demands (to 18)[164]
Coalition for Clean and Fair Elections (BERSIH) (to 18)[165]
Democratic Action Party (to 18)[166]
National Trust Party (to 18)[167]
Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (to 18)
Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (to 18)[168]
Parti Sosialis Malaysia (to 18)[169]
People's Justice Party (to 18)

text: Netherlands[edit]

text: GroenLinks

text: New Zealand[edit]

text:
Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand
New Zealand Labour Party

text: Norway[edit]

text:
Liberal Party[170]
Socialist Left Party[171]

text: Portugal[edit]

text:
Left Bloc
LIVRE/Tempo de Avançar
Socialist Party

text: Romania[edit]

text:
National Liberal Party[172]
National Union for the Progress of Romania[173]

text: Spain[edit]

text: Izquierda Unida

text: Sweden[edit]

text: Green Party[174]

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text:
Green Party of England and Wales[175]
Green Party in Northern Ireland[176]
Liberal Democrats[177]
Liberal Party[178]
National Health Action Party[179]
Plaid Cymru[180]
Scottish Conservative Party
Scottish Green Party
Scottish National Party
Scottish Socialist Party[181]
Social Democratic Labour Party
Ulster Unionist Party
Votes at 16

text: United States[edit]

text:
Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions (supports full elimination of voting age)
Future Voters of America[182]
Green Party of Texas[183]
National Youth Rights Association
Rock the Vote
Socialist Party USA (to 15)
FairVote
Vermont Libertarian Party