document_title: List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket

question_text: list of top 10 wicket takers in test cricket

text: Key[edit]

text:
Mat – Number of matches played
Inn – Number of innings bowled
Balls – Balls bowled in career
Runs – Runs conceded in career
Wkt – Wickets taken in career
Ave – Average runs per wicket

Econ – Runs conceded per over
SR – Number of balls bowled per wicket taken
BBI – Best bowling in innings
BBM – Best bowling in match
5wI – Five or more wickets in an innings
10wI – Ten or more wickets in a match
Period – Cricketing career of the player

text: Bowlers with 300 or more Test wickets[edit]

text:
Key

^
Inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame

†
Denotes player who is still active

text:
Bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket[6]

No.
Bowler
Team
Mat.
Inn.
Balls
Runs
Wkt
Ave.
Econ.
SR.
BBI
BBM
5wl
10wl
Period
Ref(s)

1
Muralitharan, MuttiahMuttiah Muralitharan^
 Sri Lanka
133 !133
230 !230
44039 !44,039
18180 !18,180
800 !800
2272 !22.72
0247 !2.47
0550 !55.0
09149 !9/51
16080 !16/220
067 !67
022 !22
1992–2010
[1][12]

2
Warne, ShaneShane Warne^
 Australia
145 !145
273 !273
40705 !40,705
17995 !17,995
708 !708
2541 !25.41
0265 !2.65
0574 !57.4
08129 !8/71
12172 !12/128
037 !37
010 !10
1992–2007
[13][14]

3
Kumble, AnilAnil Kumble^
 India
132 !132
236 !236
40850 !40,850
18355 !18,355
619 !619
2965 !29.65
0269 !2.69
0659 !65.9
10126 !10/74
14151 !14/149
035 !35
008 !8
1990–2008
[15][16]

4
McGrath, GlennGlenn McGrath^
 Australia
124 !124
243 !243
29248 !29,248
12186 !12,186
563 !563
2164 !21.64
0249 !2.49
0519 !51.9
08176 !8/24
10273 !10/27
029 !29
003 !3
1993–2007
[17][18]

5
Anderson, JamesJames Anderson
 England
133 !133
249 !249
29396 !29,396
14277 !14,277
522 !522
2735 !27.35
0291 !2.91
0563 !56.3
07162 !7/42
11229 !11/71
025 !25
003 !3
2003–present
[19]

6
Walsh, CourtneyCourtney Walsh^
 West Indies
132 !132
242 !242
30019 !30,019
12688 !12,688
519 !519
2444 !24.44
0253 !2.53
0577 !57.8
07163 !7/37
13245 !13/55
022 !22
003 !3
1984–2001
[20][21]

7
Dev, KapilKapil Dev^
 India
131 !131
227 !227
27740 !27,740
12867 !12,867
434 !434
2964 !29.64
0278 !2.78
0639 !63.9
09117 !9/83
11154 !11/146
023 !23
002 !2
1978–1994
[22]

8
Hadlee, RichardRichard Hadlee^
 New Zealand
086 !86
150 !150
21918 !21,918
09611 !9,611
431 !431
2229 !22.29
0263 !2.63
0508 !50.8
09146 !9/52
15177 !15/123
036 !36
009 !9
1973–1990
[23]

9
Pollock, ShaunShaun Pollock
 South Africa
108 !108
202 !202
24353 !24,353
09733 !9,733
421 !421
2311 !23.11
0239 !2.39
0578 !57.8
07113 !7/87
10153 !10/147
016 !16
001 !1
1995–2008
[24]

10
Steyn, DaleDale Steyn
 South Africa
085 !85
156 !156
17286 !17,286
09303 !9,303
419 !419
2230 !22.30
0322 !3.22
0414 !41.4
07149 !7/51
11240 !11/60
026 !26
005 !5
2004–present
[25][26]

11
Singh, HarbhajanHarbhajan Singh
 India
103 !103
190 !190
28580 !28,580
13537 !13,537
417 !417
3246 !32.46
0284 !2.84
0685 !68.5
08116 !8/84
15083 !15/217
025 !25
005 !5
1998–present
[27]

12
Herath, RanganaRangana Herath
 Sri Lanka
089 !89
162 !162
24920 !24,920
11694 !11,694
415 !415
2817 !28.17
0281 !2.81
0600 !60.0
09127 !9/127
14184 !14/184
033 !33
009 !9
1999–present
[28][29]

13
Akram, WasimWasim Akram^
 Pakistan
104 !104
181 !181
22627 !22,627
09779 !9,779
414 !414
2362 !23.62
0259 !2.59
0546 !54.6
07071 !7/119
11190 !11/110
025 !25
005 !5
1985–2002
[30][31]

14
Ambrose, CurtlyCurtly Ambrose^
 West Indies
098 !98
179 !179
22103 !22,103
08501 !8,501
405 !405
2099 !20.99
0230 !2.30
0545 !54.5
08155 !8/45
11216 !11/84
022 !22
003 !3
1980–2000
[32]

15
Broad, StuartStuart Broad
 England
113 !113
207 !207
23353 !23,353
11585 !11,585
400 !400
2910 !29.10
0297 !2.97
0586 !58.6
08185 !8/15
11179 !11/121
015 !15
002 !2
2007–present
[33]

16
Ntini, MakhayaMakhaya Ntini
 South Africa
101 !101
190 !190
20834 !20,834
11242 !11,242
390 !390
2882 !28.82
0323 !3.23
0534 !53.4
07163 !7/37
13168 !13/132
018 !18
004 !4
1998–2009
[34]

17
Botham, IanIan Botham^
 England
102 !102
168 !160
21815 !21,815
10878 !10,878
383 !383
2840 !28.40
0299 !2.99
0569 !56.9
08166 !8/34
13194 !13/106
027 !27
004 !4
1977–1992
[35]

18
Marshall, MalcolmMalcolm Marshall^
 West Indies
081 !81
151 !151
17584 !17,584
07876 !7,876
376 !376
2094 !20.94
0268 !2.68
0467 !46.7
07178 !7/22
11211 !11/89
022 !22
004 !4
1978–1991
[36]

19
Younis, WaqarWaqar Younis^
 Pakistan
087 !87
154 !154
16224 !16,224
08788 !8,788
373 !373
2356 !23.56
0325 !3.25
0434 !43.4
07124 !7/76
13165 !13/135
022 !22
005 !5
1989–2003
[37][38]

20
Khan, ImranImran Khan^
 Pakistan
088 !88
142 !142
19458 !19,458
08258 !8,258
362 !362
2281 !22.81
0254 !2.54
0537 !53.7
08142 !8/58
14184 !14/116
023 !23
006 !6
1971–1992
[39]

Vettori, DanielDaniel Vettori
 New Zealand
113 !113
187 !187
28814 !28,814
12441 !12,441
362 !362
3436 !34.36
0259 !2.59
0795 !79.5
07113 !7/87
12151 !12/149
020 !20
003 !3
1997–2015
[2][40][41]

22
Lillee, DennisDennis Lillee^
 Australia
070 !70
132 !132
18467 !18,467
08493 !8,493
355 !355
2392 !23.92
0275 !2.75
0520 !52.0
07117 !7/83
11177 !11/123
023 !23
007 !7
1971–1984
[42]

Vaas, ChamindaChaminda Vaas
 Sri Lanka
111 !111
194 !194
23438 !23,438
10501 !10,501
355 !355
2958 !29.58
0268 !2.68
0660 !66.0
07129 !7/71
14109 !14/191
012 !12
002 !2
1994–2009
[43]

24
Donald, AllanAllan Donald^
 South Africa
072 !72
129 !129
15519 !15,519
07344 !7,344
330 !330
2225 !22.25
0283 !2.83
0470 !47.0
08129 !8/71
12161 !12/139
020 !20
003 !3
1992–2002
[44]

25
Willis, BobBob Willis
 England
090 !90
165 !165
17357 !17,357
08190 !8,190
325 !325
2520 !25.20
0282 !2.83
0535 !53.4
08157 !8/43
09208 !9/92
017 !16
000 !0
1971–1984
[45]

26
Johnson, MitchellMitchell Johnson
 Australia
073 !73
150 !150
16001 !16,001
08891 !8,891
313 !313
2840 !28.40
0333 !3.33
0511 !51.1
08139 !8/61
12173 !12/127
012 !12
003 !3
2007–2015
[46]

27
Khan, ZaheerZaheer Khan
 India
092 !92
165 !165
18785 !18,785
10247 !10,247
311 !311
3294 !32.94
0327 !3.27
060.4 !60.4
07113 !7/87
10151 !10/149
011 !11
001 !1
2000–2014
[47]

Ashwin, RavichandranRavichandran Ashwin
 India
057 !57
107 !107
16515 !16,515
07951 !7,951
311 !311
2556 !25.56
288 !2.88
0531 !53.1
07141 !7/59
13160 !13/140
026 !26
007 !7
2011–present
[48]

29
Lee, BrettBrett Lee
 Australia
076 !76
150 !150
16531 !16,531
09554 !9,554
310 !310
3081 !30.81
0346 !3.46
0533 !53.3
05170 !5/30
09129 !9/171
010 !10
000 !0
1999–2008
[49]

30
Gibbs, LanceLance Gibbs^
 West Indies
079 !79
148 !148
27115 !27,115
08989 !8,989
309 !309
2909 !29.09
0198 !1.98
0877 !87.7
08162 !8/38
11143 !11/157
018 !18
002 !2
1958–1976
[50]

31
Trueman, FredFred Trueman^
 England
067 !67
127 !127
15178 !15,178
06625 !6,625
307 !307
2157 !21.57
0261 !2.61
0494 !49.4
08169 !8/31
12181 !12/119
017 !17
003 !3
1952–1965
[5]

32
Morkel, MornéMorné Morkel
 South Africa
085 !85
158 !158
16360 !16,360
08488 !8,488
306 !306
2773 !27.73
311 !3.11
0534 !53.4
0623 !6/23
9110 !9/110
008 !8
000 !0
2006–present
[51]

33
Lyon, NathanNathan Lyon
 Australia
077 !77
147 !147
18708 !18, 708
09561 !9,561
301 !301
3176 !31.76
306 !3.06
0621 !62.1
0850 !8/50
13154 !13/154
012 !12
002 !2
2011–present
[52]

text: Last updated: 26 March 2018


document_title: List of years in television

question_text: when did the first tv show come out

question_tokens: when did the first tv show come out

root

text: List of years in television

text: Before 1930[edit]

text:
1900: The word "television" is coined by Constantin Perskyi at the First International Electricity Congress in Paris, part of the International World Fair.
1907: Boris Rosing transmits silhouette images of geometric shapes, using a Nipkow disk, mirror-drum, and a cathode ray tube receiver.
1908: In a letter to Nature, A.A. Campbell-Swinton describes the modern electronic camera and display system which others are to develop throughout the 1920s.
1923: Vladimir Zworykin patents the "iconoscope", the first ancestor of the electric scanning television camera.
1925: On October 2, John Logie Baird achieves transmission and remote display of the first television pictures in his laboratory.
1926: On January 26, Baird gives the first public demonstration of mechanical television to members of the Royal Institution. This is generally regarded as the world's first public demonstration of a true television set.
1927: Baird demonstrates the first ever system for recording television. His Phonovision system records pictures and sound on conventional 78rpm gramophone records. On January 1 British Broadcasting Corporation receives a royal charter, the National Broadcast Company, (NBC), is founded. On April 7 Bell Telephone Company transmits a speech by U.S. Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover 320 kilometers over telephone lines, which becomes the first successful long distance demonstration of television.[1][better source needed]
1928: Baird demonstrates an analog color television system. On May 28, the first television station, W2XB (forerunner to WRGB), begins broadcasting Analog television signals in Schenectady, New York. Columbia Broadcasting System, (CBS), is founded.
1929: In September, the Baird Television Development Company begins experimental broadcasting in association with the BBC. Regular experimental broadcasting started in Germany by the TV Station Paul Nipkow.

tag: ul

text:
1930: Baird installs a television at 10 Downing Street, London, the British Prime Minister's residence. On July 14, Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and his family use it to watch the first ever television drama, The Man with the Flower in His Mouth.
1931: Allen B. DuMont perfects long-lasting reliable cathode ray tubes later used for television reception. TV reaches the Soviet Union and France.
1932: The BBC starts a regular public television broadcasting service in the UK.
1933: The first television revue, Looking In, is broadcast on the BBC. The musical revue featured the Paramount Astoria dancing girls. Broadcast live by the BBC using John Logie Baird's 30-line mechanical television system, part of this performance was recorded onto a 7" aluminum disc using a primitive home recording process called Silvatone. This footage, which runs to just under four minutes, is the oldest surviving recording of broadcast television.
1934: Philo Farnsworth demonstrates a non-mechanical television system. The agreement for joint experimental transmissions by the BBC and John Logie Baird's company comes to an end. First 30 Line Mechanical Television Test Transmissions commence in April in Brisbane Australia conducted by Thomas Elliott and Dr Val McDowall.
1935: First regular scheduled TV broadcasts in Germany by the TV Station Paul Nipkow. The final transmissions of John Logie Baird's 30-line television system are broadcast by the BBC. First TV broadcasts in France on February 13 on Paris PTT Vision.
1936: The 1936 Summer Olympics becomes the first Olympic Games to be broadcast on television.
1937: The BBC Television Service broadcasts the world's first televised Shakespeare play, a thirty-minute version of Twelfth Night, and the first football match, Arsenal F.C. vs. Arsenal reserves.
1938: DuMont Laboratories manufactures and sells the first all-electronic television sets to the public. Baird gives the first public demonstration of color projection television. The BBC broadcasts the world's first ever television science fiction (R.U.R.), and television crime series (Telecrime); in one of the lengthiest experimental television broadcasts, the BBC broadcasts a 90-minute version of Edmond Rostand's Cyrano de Bergerac, starring Leslie Banks, Constance Cummings, and James Mason.
1939: The BBC suspends its television service owing to the outbreak of the Second World War. The 1939 New York World's Fair was broadcast. Japan is the first Asian country to air television.

text:
1940: the American Federal Communications Commission, (FCC), holds public hearings on television
1941: First television advertisements aired. The first official, paid television advertisement was broadcast in the United States on July 1, 1941 over New York station WNBT (now WNBC) before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. The announcement was for Bulova watches.
1942: FCC terminates all American television broadcasting because of the war; DuMont petitions FCC to resume broadcasting and receives approval
1943: Hänsel und Gretel is the first complete opera to be broadcast on television, but only in New York; first (experimental) telecast of Charles Dickens's A Christmas Carol. Many more telecasts of the story will follow in later years, but until film begins to be used on television, no two of the television versions of the story will have the same casts.
1944: American Broadcasting Company, (ABC), is formed.
1945: National Broadcasting Company (NBC) begins the first regularly scheduled television network service in the United States.
1946: RCA demonstrates all-electronic color television system; the DuMont Television Network begins broadcasting.
1947: First broadcast of Howdy Doody, Kraft Television Theatre and Meet the Press; the World Series is broadcast live for the first time; the 1947 Tournament of Roses Parade becomes the very first parade ever televised.
1948: First broadcast of The Ed Sullivan Show and Texaco Star Theater
1949: First broadcast of The Lone Ranger, Crusader Rabbit and Mama; the first Emmy Awards are given.

text:
1950: First broadcast of Come Dancing, Broadway Open House, Your Show of Shows, Sua vida me pertence and What's My Line?; Cuba is the first Caribbean country to receive TV; Brazil is the first South American country to receive TV; Nielsen Media Research begins to provide television ratings data; Jack Benny and Burns & Allen move from radio to TV; Bob Hope appears in his first TV special.
1951: The first broadcast of live United States transcontinental television takes place in San Francisco, California from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference. First broadcast of I Love Lucy, See It Now, Dragnet, the Hallmark Hall of Fame, Search for Tomorrow, Love of Life, and The Roy Rogers Show
1952: First broadcast of Today (NBC), Omnibus, and Flower Pot Men; Hockey Night in Canada and The Guiding Light move from radio to TV.
1953: First broadcast of Panorama; the coronation of Elizabeth II is the first of its kind to be broadcast on television.
1954: First broadcast of The Tonight Show, Father Knows Best, Disneyland and Lassie; NTSC video standard for color television is introduced, and National Educational Television (NET) is launched.
1955: First broadcast of The Honeymooners, The Mickey Mouse Club, Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Sunday Night at the London Palladium, The Sooty Show, Gunsmoke and Captain Kangaroo; ITV launches in the UK.
1956: First broadcast of The Edge of Night, As the World Turns, The Price Is Right, Playhouse 90, the Eurovision Song Contest and Hancock's Half Hour
1957: First broadcast of Perry Mason, Have Gun — Will Travel, Leave It to Beaver, Senda prohibida and Carosello
1958: First broadcast of Blue Peter, Quatermass and the Pit, The Donna Reed Show, Moonlight Mask, and The Huckleberry Hound Show; the quiz show scandals wipe out The $64,000 Question and Twenty One.
1959: First broadcast of Telejornal (main news broadcast of Portugal's public television, still running to this day), The Twilight Zone, Rocky and His Friends, The Untouchables, Rawhide and Bonanza (which runs for fourteen years)

text:
1960: First broadcast of The Andy Griffith Show, The Flintstones, and Coronation Street; American presidential candidates John F. Kennedy and Richard M. Nixon debate live on television.
1961: First broadcast of The Avengers, The Defenders, The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Morecambe and Wise Show and Car 54, Where Are You?
1962: First broadcast of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson, The Beverly Hillbillies, Steptoe and Son, The Jetsons, University Challenge, Elgar, That Was The Week That Was, The Late Late Show (Ireland) and Sábado Gigante; first satellite television relayed by Telstar.
1963: First broadcast of General Hospital, The Fugitive, The Outer Limits, and Doctor Who
1964: First broadcast of Gilligan's Island, The Munsters, Bewitched, The Man from U.N.C.L.E, The Addams Family, Top of the Pops, Match of the Day, Jeopardy!, Jonny Quest, and the Up series; The Beatles appear on The Ed Sullivan Show.
1965: First broadcast of Days of Our Lives, Get Smart, Hogan's Heroes, Lost in Space, Till Death Us Do Part, Des chiffres et des lettres, Thunderbirds, Tomorrow's World, The Magic Roundabout and The War Game; Nigeria is the first African country to receive TV.
1966: First broadcast of Star Trek, Batman (the live-action TV series), The Monkees, Dark Shadows, Ultra Series, That Girl, Cathy Come Home, and Mission: Impossible; England win the World Cup Final, seen by tens of millions.
1967: First broadcast of The Carol Burnett Show, The Prisoner, The Flying Nun, The Phil Donahue Show and Ambassador Magma; PAL and SECAM colour standards introduced in Europe, with BBC2 making their first colour broadcasts.
1968: First broadcast of 60 Minutes, One Life to Live, Dad's Army, Julia, Columbo, Elvis, Mister Rogers' Neighborhood, Hawaii Five-O, Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In and Adam-12
1969: First broadcast of Sesame Street, Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!, On the Buses, The Brady Bunch, Clangers, Nu, pogodi! and Monty Python's Flying Circus; Apollo 11 Moon landing broadcast live worldwide; completion of Fernsehturm Berlin.

text:
1970: First broadcast of The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Odd Couple, Monday Night Football and All My Children; PBS is launched.
1971: First broadcast of All in the Family, Kamen Rider, The Old Grey Whistle Test, Chespirito, The Two Ronnies, The Generation Game and Parkinson
1972: first broadcast of M*A*S*H, Emmerdale, Mastermind, Kamiondžije, El Chavo, Rainbow, El Chapulín Colorado, The Bob Newhart Show, Great Performances, and Maude; HBO is launched.
1973: First broadcast of The Ascent of Man, Moonbase 3, The Wombles, The Young and the Restless, An American Family, Ein Herz und eine Seele, Seventeen Moments of Spring, Last of the Summer Wine and The World at War
1974: First broadcast of Chico and the Man, Derrick, Happy Days, Little House on the Prairie, Police Woman, Porridge, Rhoda, Good Times, The Rockford Files and Tiswas; Richard M. Nixon announces his resignation on live television.
1975: First broadcast of Starsky & Hutch, Baretta, Barney Miller, Fawlty Towers, Good Morning America, One Day at a Time, Saturday Night Live, Space: 1999, The Jeffersons, The Naked Civil Servant, Welcome Back, Kotter, Wheel of Fortune and Wonder Woman; Sony introduces the Betamax home video tape recorder.
1976: First broadcast of The Muppet Show, I, Claudius, Grlom u jagode, Loriot, Austin City Limits, Charlie's Angels, Family Feud, Laverne and Shirley, and Nuts in May; videocassette recorders go on sale; completion of CN Tower.
1977: First broadcast of Abigail's Party, CHiPs, Eight Is Enough, ¿Qué Pasa, USA?, Roots, Soap, Lou Grant, Hungarian Folktales, Three's Company, Top Gear and Live from the Met
1978: First broadcast of An Ordinary Miracle, Abarembo Shogun, Battlestar Galactica, Dallas, Diff'rent Strokes, The Incredible Hulk, Fantasy Island, Grange Hill, Matador, Mork & Mindy, Pennies from Heaven, Taxi, Future Boy Conan and Deeply Regretted By...
1979: First broadcast of Benson, Blue Remembered Hills, Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, Hart to Hart, Knots Landing, Life on Earth, Los Ricos También Lloran, Real People, The Dukes of Hazzard, The Facts of Life, You Can't Do That on Television, The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed, The Very Same Munchhausen, Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy, Arabela; ESPN and Nickelodeon are launched.

text:
1980: First broadcast of Berlin Alexanderplatz, Magnum PI, Nightline, Vruć vetar, Strumpet City and Yes Minister; Cable News Network (CNN) is launched.
1981: First broadcast of The Smurfs, Hill Street Blues, Urusei Yatsura, The People's Court, Wetten, dass..?, Dynasty, Postman Pat, Falcon Crest, Only Fools and Horses and Brideshead Revisited; MTV launched; hundreds of millions watch Prince Charles marry Lady Diana Spencer.
1982: First broadcast of Cheers, Knight Rider, Family Ties, Remington Steele, Brookside, The Mysterious Cities of Gold, Chiquilladas, The Snowman, Boys from the Blackstuff, Countdown, Newhart and St. Elsewhere; Channel 4 (UK) and The Weather Channel launched.
1983: First broadcast of The A-Team, The Day After, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe, Oshin, Auf Wiedersehen, Pet, Reading Rainbow, G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, Press Your Luck, The Joy of Painting, An Englishman Abroad, Blackadder and Terrahawks; Disney Channel launched.
1984: First broadcast of Airwolf, Blue Thunder, Murder, She Wrote, Miami Vice, Who's the Boss?, Top lista nadrealista, The Cosby Show, The Transformers, Night Court, Tales from the Darkside, Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends, La piovra, Santa Barbara, Heimat and The Jewel in the Crown; A&E and Canal+ launched .
1985: First broadcast of MacGyver, Growing Pains, ThunderCats, Neighbours, Mr. Belvedere, Larry King Live, Edge of Darkness, Winter Evening in Gagra, The Max Headroom Show, EastEnders and The Golden Girls; the Discovery Channel is established; the first WrestleMania event is broadcast.
1986: First broadcast of The Oprah Winfrey Show, Perfect Strangers, Double Dare, Designing Women, Malgudi Days, Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin, Dragon Ball, Vasko de Gama from Rupcha Village, Casualty, Alternatywy 4, Pee-wee's Playhouse, Saint Seiya, The Singing Detective and Pingu; the Fox Broadcasting Company, (Fox), is launched.
1987: First broadcast of Full House, DuckTales, Headbangers Ball, Thirtysomething, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Ramayan, Fireman Sam, Inspector Morse, The Bold and the Beautiful, Married... with Children, Star Trek: The Next Generation and 21 Jump Street (TV series)
1988: First broadcast of Roseanne, Mystery Science Theater 3000, In the Heat of the Night, Murphy Brown, Yo! MTV Raps, Garfield and Friends, America's Most Wanted, The Wonder Years and Mahabharat; TNT, (Turner Network Television), is launched; first LCD televisions go on sale; a writers' strike disrupts U.S. television for five months.
1989: First broadcast of The Simpsons, Baywatch, Seinfeld, Saved By The Bell, American Gladiators, Dekalog, Wallace and Gromit, Hey Dude, Red Dwarf, America's Funniest Home Videos, Quantum Leap, COPS, Agatha Christie's Poirot, Shining Time Station, Family Matters, Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, Coach, Inside Edition; CNBC and Eurosport launched.

text:
1990: First broadcast of TaleSpin, Beverly Hills, 90210, In Living Color, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Wings, Law & Order, Tiny Toon Adventures, Twin Peaks, Bobby's World, Mr. Bean and Northern Exposure
1991: First broadcast of Home Improvement, Darkwing Duck, Step By Step, Nummer 28, The Julekalender, Æon Flux, Doug, Rugrats, Ren and Stimpy and The Jerry Springer Show
1992: First broadcast of The Larry Sanders Show, Mad About You, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Batman: The Animated Series, Barney & Friends, Martin, The Real World, Cha Cha Cha, YuYu Hakusho, Pretty Soldier Sailor Moon, Melrose Place, X-Men: The Animated Series and Absolutely Fabulous; Cartoon Network is launched.
1993: First broadcast of Late Show with David Letterman, Animaniacs, Beavis and Butt-head, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, WWE Monday Night Raw, Walker, Texas Ranger, Boy Meets World, Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman, Rocko's Modern Life, Cracker, The X-Files, seaQuest DSV, The Nanny, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and Frasier
1994: First broadcast of Friends, Party of Five, The Kingdom, Under One Roof, Babylon 5, Inside the Actors Studio, Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Spider-Man: The Animated Series, The Tick, ER, All That and Gullah Gullah Island; Turner Classic Movies is launched; several TV stations in the US switch their affiliates until 1996.
1995: First broadcast of Father Ted, NileCity 105,6, Star Trek: Voyager, The Wayans Bros., Triple Nine, WCW Monday Nitro, Road Rules, The Drew Carey Show, JAG, El y Ella, Sevcec and O. J. Simpson murder trial televised; The History Channel is launched.
1996: First broadcast of Jamais deux sans toi...t, Percy Tårar, Detective Conan, The Crocodile Hunter, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Blues Clues, Hey Arnold!, Spin City, Kenan and Kel, The Daily Show with Jon Stewart (hosted by Craig Kilborn until 1999), Judge Judy, Arthur, Dexter's Laboratory, Our Friends in the North and Everybody Loves Raymond; Fox News is launched; the first high-definition television broadcasts; the first DVDs and DVD players go on sale.
1997: First broadcast of Pokémon, Fóstbræður, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Oz, Un gars, une fille, King of the Hill, South Park, Teletubbies, Alles Kan Beter, Johnny Bravo, Daria and I'm Alan Partridge; first plasma televisions on sale; millions watch the funeral of Princess Diana.
1998: First broadcast of Dawson's Creek, Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, Will & Grace, Charmed, One Piece, Bob The Builder, The Powerpuff Girls, Cowboy Bebop, That '70s Show, Sex and the City, WCW Thunder, The Royle Family and The King of Queens; Kingston Communications launches the first major video-on-demand service.
1999: First broadcast of The Sopranos, Family Guy, SpongeBob SquarePants, Futurama, The West Wing, Digimon: Digital Monsters, Ed, Edd n Eddy, WWE SmackDown, The Amanda Show, Big Brother (Netherlands), Walking with Dinosaurs, Yo soy Betty, la fea, Freaks and Geeks, Trick and Angel; first digital video recorders go on sale.

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2000: First broadcast of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Malcolm in the Middle, Survivor, Jackass, Da Ali G Show, 106 & Park, Dora The Explorer, Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Gilmore Girls
2001: First broadcast of 24, Scrubs, Band of Brothers, Sangdo, Merchants of Joseon, The Secret Life of Us, Fear Factor, The Fairly OddParents, Invader Zim, The Office (UK), Samurai Jack, Yu-Gi-Oh!, Lizzie McGuire, How It's Made, Smallville and Six Feet Under; The world witnesses the September 11 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington. Regular programming is suspended in order to bring up to date coverage of events relating to the attacks.
2002: First broadcast of American Idol, CSI: Miami, The Shield, City of Men, I'm a Celebrity... Get Me Out of Here!, The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Kim Possible, Madventures, Firefly, Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway, 100 Greatest Britons, Winter Sonata, Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex, George Lopez, The Wire, and Naruto
2003: First broadcast of Two and a Half Men, One Tree Hill, The O.C., That's So Raven, Teen Titans, Chappelle's Show, Reno 911!, Mythbusters, Dae Jang Geum, NCIS, Jimmy Kimmel Live, All In, Little Britain, Peep Show, Arrested Development, Los Serrano, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and The Venture Bros.
2004: First broadcast of Bleach, Desperate Housewives, Battlestar Galactica, Hassan and Habibah, Peppa Pig, Drake & Josh, Super Girl, Veronica Mars, Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends, Drawn Together, Entourage, The Apprentice, Lost and The X Factor; Euro1080 launches the first high-definition television broadcast.
2005: First broadcast of It's Always Sunny In Philadelphia, Grey's Anatomy, Spiral, Noghtechin, Dancing with the Stars, Ben 10, My Name is Earl, The Closer, So You Think You Can Dance, Bones, The Colbert Report, Robot Chicken, American Dad!, Everybody Hates Chris, How I Met Your Mother, Criminal Minds, Deal or No Deal, The Office (U.S.), Supernatural, Prison Break, My Lovely Sam Soon, Sto Para Pente, Avatar: The Last Airbender and Doctor Who returns to Television
2006: First broadcast of Türkisch für Anfänger, Planet Earth, Jumong, Heroes, Ugly Betty, Psych, Dancing on Ice, Dexter, Friday Night Lights, America's Got Talent, Hannah Montana, Charlie Brooker's Screenwipe, Code Geass, 30 Rock and High School Musical; the Netherlands is the first country to move to digital television; France 24 launched; HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc launched.
2007: First broadcast of The Big Bang Theory, Chowder, Gossip Girl, iCarly, Shaun the Sheep, Burn Notice, The Golden Path, Pushing Daisies, Wizards of Waverly Place, Golden Bride, Phineas and Ferb, The Killing, Chuck, Mad Men, and Damages; a writers' strike shuts down US scripted programming in November.
2008: First broadcast of Breaking Bad, Sons of Anarchy, Total Drama, Wipeout, True Blood, Fringe, Underbelly, The Inbetweeners, Radio Arvyla and 19 Kids and Counting; first 3D TV broadcasts; the historical miniseries John Adams premieres on HBO and wins a record-breaking thirteen Emmys.
2009: First broadcast of Pawn Stars, Cake Boss, Tosh.0, Jersey Shore, Castle, Horrible Histories, Modern Family, The Vampire Diaries, The Good Wife, The Mentalist, Cougar Town, Archer, Late Night With Jimmy Fallon, The Middle, Glee, Parks and Recreation, Community and Misfits

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2010: First broadcast of Adventure Time, Glass Home, Borgen, Sherlock, Downton Abbey, Solsidan, Pretty Little Liars, My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic, Boardwalk Empire, Mike & Molly, Parenthood, Treme, Luther, Regular Show, Good Luck Charlie, The Walking Dead, Blue Bloods, and The Voice (Holland)
2011: First broadcast of Game of Thrones, Black Mirror, Bob's Burgers, Leyla ile Mecnun, Once Upon a Time, American Horror Story, The Killing, Austin & Ally, Suits, Teen Wolf, Shameless, 2 Broke Girls, New Girl and Homeland; millions watch Prince William marry Catherine Middleton, President Obama announces death of Osama bin Laden on live television.
2012: First broadcast of Duck Dynasty, Satyamev Jayate, Girls, Scandal, Nashville, Državni posao, Call the Midwife, Oliver Stone's Untold History of the United States, House of Lies, Veep, Arrow, The Mindy Project, Omar, Key & Peele, The Legend of Korra, Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood, Gravity Falls and Kitchen; 2012 London Olympics becomes the most-watched event of the year.
2013: First broadcast of Rick and Morty, Steven Universe, Peaky Blinders, Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D., Mom, The Goldbergs, The Following, House of Cards (which debuts on Netflix rather than cable or commercial), Bates Motel, Broadchurch, Teen Titans Go!, Hannibal, Vikings, Orange is the New Black, Liv and Maddie and Brooklyn Nine-Nine
2014: First broadcast of The Flash, True Detective, Black-ish, Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, Fargo, BoJack Horseman, Henry Danger, Gotham, Scorpion, Gomorrah, The 100, Outlander, Lucha Underground, Transparent, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, Silicon Valley, The Leftovers, Jane the Virgin, Chrisley Knows Best and Girl Meets World
2015: First broadcast of Better Call Saul, Star vs. the Forces of Evil, Danger Mouse (2015), Empire, Narcos, The Late Late Show with James Corden, Daredevil, Crazy Ex-Girlfriend, Lucifer, Poldark, Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt, Supergirl, Mr. Robot, The Last Man on Earth, Deutschland 83, Lip Sync Battle and Superstore; Super Bowl XLIX breaks the record for most-watched program in the history of American television; Mayweather–Pacquiao boxing match is history's biggest pay-per-view fight; ten are killed during a helicopter crash during filming of reality series Dropped.

tag: p

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2016: First broadcast of Stranger Things, The Night Of, The Loud House, War & Peace, Mann Mayal, Atlanta, This Is Us, The Good Place, Full Frontal with Samantha Bee, American Crime Story, Milo Murphy's Law, Westworld, Tales of Arcadia, Victoria, DC's Legends of Tomorrow and The Crown
2017: First broadcast of American Gods, Star Trek: Discovery, Riverdale, Big Little Lies, The Defenders, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel, DuckTales (2017), The End of the F***ing World, Big Mouth, The Handmaid's Tale, Unikitty!, Legion and A Series of Unfortunate Events; At the 89th Academy Awards, the film Moonlight is announced the correct winner for Best Picture, after actor Warren Beatty announces La La Land, another acclaimed film, the winner by mistake on national television.
2018: First broadcast of: Tom Clancy's Jack Ryan, Barry, Krypton; millions watch Prince Harry marry Meghan Markle.
2019: First broadcast of Infinity Train

text: 2020: First broadcast of


document_title: Red-tailed hawk

question_text: how many chicks do red tail hawks have

question_tokens: how many chicks do red tail hawks have

text: Red-tailed hawk

text: Description[edit]

text: As is the case with many raptors, the red-tailed hawk displays sexual dimorphism in size, as females are up to 25% larger than males.[5] As is typical in large raptors, frequently reported mean body mass for Red-tailed Hawks are somewhat higher than expansive research reveals.[6] Part of this weight is highly seasonally variable and due to clinal variation, male red-tailed hawks may weigh from 690 to 1,300 g (1.52 to 2.87 lb) and in females between 900 and 2,000 g (2.0 and 4.4 lb). However, research from nine studies occurring at migration sites in the United States and two breeding studies, one from the smallest race in Puerto Rico, the other from larger races in Wisconsin show that males weigh a mean of 837 g (1.845 lb) and females weigh a mean of 1,040.7 g (2.294 lb), about 15% lighter than prior species-wide published weights.[6][7][8] The heaviest surveyed weights came from migrants in Cape May, New Jersey, where females weighed a mean of 1,278 g (2.818 lb), males a mean of 990.8 g (2.184 lb).[7] The lightest were from the breeding population in forest openings of Puerto Rico, where the females and males weighed an average of 1,023 g (2.255 lb) and 795 g (1.753 lb), respectively, also the highest size sexual dimorphism in the species. Size variation in body mass reveals that the red-tailed hawks typically varies only a modest amount, racial variation in average weights of great horned owls show that mean body mass is nearly twice (the heaviest race is about 36% heavier than the lightest known race on average) as variable as that of the hawk (where the heaviest race is only just over 18% heavier on average than the lightest).[7][8][9] Males can reportedly measure 45 to 60 cm (18 to 24 in) in total length, females measuring 48 to 65 cm (19 to 26 in) long. The wingspan can range from 105 to 141 cm (41 to 56 in) and, in the standard scientific method of measuring wing size, the wing chord is 325.1–444.5 mm (12.80–17.50 in) long. The tail measures 188 to 258.7 mm (7.40 to 10.19 in) in length.[10][11] The exposed culmen was reported to range from 21.7 to 30.2 mm (0.85 to 1.19 in) and the tarsus averaged 74.7–95.8 mm (2.94–3.77 in).[6][7][12] The middle toe (excluding talon) can range from 38.3 to 53.8 mm (1.51 to 2.12 in), with the hallux-claw (the talon of the rear toe, which has evolved to be the largest in accipitrids) measuring from 24.1 to 33.6 mm (0.95 to 1.32 in) in length.[6][7]

text: Red-tailed hawk plumage can be variable, depending on the subspecies and the region. These color variations are morphs, and are not related to molting. The western North American population, B. j. calurus, is the most variable subspecies and has three color morphs: light, dark, and intermediate or rufus. The dark and intermediate morphs constitute 10–20% of the population.[13]

text: Though the markings and hue vary across the subspecies, the basic appearance of the red-tailed hawk is consistent. Overall, this species is blocky and broad in shape, often appearing (and being) heavier than other Buteos of similar length.[10] A whitish underbelly with a dark brown band across the belly, formed by horizontal streaks in feather patterning, is present in most color variations. Especially in younger birds, the underside may be otherwise covered with dark brown spotting. The red tail, which gives this species its name, is uniformly brick-red above and light buff-orange below.[10][14] The bill is short and dark, in the hooked shape characteristic of raptors, and the head can sometimes appear small in size against the thick body frame.[10] They have a relatively short, broad tails and thick, chunky wings.[14] The cere, the legs, and the feet of the red-tailed hawk are all yellow.[5]

text: Immature birds can be readily identified at close range by their yellowish irises. As the bird attains full maturity over the course of 3–4 years, the iris slowly darkens into a reddish-brown hue. In both the light and dark morphs, the tail of the immature red-tailed hawk is patterned with numerous darker bars.[14]

text: Taxonomy[edit]

text: The red-tailed hawk is a member of the genus Buteo, a group of medium-sized raptors with robust bodies and broad wings. Members of this genus are known as buzzards in Europe, but hawks in North America.[15]

text: There are at least 14 recognized subspecies of Buteo jamaicensis, which vary in range and in coloration:

text:
B. j. jamaicensis, the nominate subspecies, occurs in the northern West Indies, including Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles but not the Bahamas or Cuba. El Yunque National Forest, Puerto Rico holds the highest known density of red-tailed hawks anywhere.[16] The bird is referred to as "Guaraguao" in the island.[17][18]
B. j. alascensis breeds (probably resident) from southeastern coastal Alaska to the Queen Charlotte Islands and Vancouver Island in British Columbia.[19]
B. j. borealis group[20] (eastern red-tailed hawk)[20] breeds from southeast Canada and Maine south through eastern Texas and east to northern Florida. It winters from southern Ontario east to southern Maine and south to the Gulf coast and Florida.[19]
B. j. calurus (western red-tailed hawk)[20] breeds from central interior Alaska, through western Canada south to Baja California. It winters from southwestern British Columbia southwest to Guatemala and northern Nicaragua.[19] Paler individuals of northern Mexico may lack the dark wing marking.[21]
B. j. costaricensis is resident from Nicaragua to Panama. This subspecies is dark brown above with cinnamon flanks, wing linings and sides, and some birds have rufous underparts. The chest is much less heavily streaked than in northern migrants (B. j. calurus) to Central America.
B. j. fuertesi (southwestern red-tailed hawk)[20] breeds from northern Chihuahua to southern Texas. It winters in Arizona, New Mexico, and southern Louisiana.[19] The belly is unstreaked or only lightly streaked, and the tail is pale.
B. j. fumosus, Islas Marías, Mexico
B. j. hadropus, Mexican Highlands
B. j. harlani (Harlan's red-tailed hawk,[20] sometimes classified as its own species, B. harlani, Harlan's hawk[citation needed]) is markedly different from all other red-tails. In both color morphs, the plumage is blackish and white, lacking warm tones (save the tail). The tail may be reddish, dusky, whitish, or gray and can be longitudinally streaked, mottled, or barred. Shorter primaries result in wingtips that don't reach the tail in perched birds. It breeds in Alaska and northwestern Canada and winters from Nebraska and Kansas to Texas and northern Louisiana.[19] This population may well be a separate species.
B. j. kemsiesi is a dark subspecies resident from Chiapas to Nicaragua. The dark wing marking may not be distinct in paler birds.[21]
B. j. kriderii (Krider's red-tailed hawk)[20] is paler than other red-tails, especially on the head; the tail may be pinkish or white. In the breeding season, it occurs from southern Alberta, southern Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, and extreme western Ontario south to south-central Montana, Wyoming, western Nebraska, and western Minnesota. In winter, it occurs from South Dakota and southern Minnesota south to Arizona, New Mexico, Texas and Louisiana.[19]
B. j. socorroensis, Socorro Island, Mexico
B. j. solitudinus, Bahamas and Cuba
B. j. umbrinus occurs year-round in peninsular Florida north to Tampa Bay and the Kissimmee Prairie.[19] It is similar in appearance to calurus

text: The four island forms, jamaicensis, solitudinus, socorroensis, and fumosus, do not overlap in range with any other subspecies.

text: Distribution and habitat[edit]

text: The red-tailed hawk is one of the most widely scattered hawks in the Americas. It breeds from central Alaska, the Yukon, and the Northwest Territories east to southern Quebec and the Maritime Provinces of Canada, and south to Florida, the West Indies, and Central America. The winter range stretches from southern Canada south throughout the remainder of the breeding range.[19]

text: Its preferred habitat is mixed forest and field, with high bluffs or trees that may be used as perch sites. It occupies a wide range of habitats and altitudes, including deserts, grasslands, coastal regions, mountains, foothills, coniferous and deciduous woodlands, tropical rainforests, agricultural fields and urban areas.[1] It is second only to the peregrine falcon in the use of diverse habitats in North America.[22] It lives throughout the North American continent, except in areas of unbroken forest or the high Arctic.[13]

text: Adult hawks have few natural predators, although their eggs and chicks are preyed on by a variety of organisms. The red-tailed hawk is widespread in North America,[22] partially due to historic settlement patterns, which have benefited it. The clearing of forests in the Northeast created hunting areas, while the preservation of woodlots left the species with viable nest sites. The increase in trees throughout the Great Plains during the past century due to fire suppression and tree planting facilitated the western range expansion of the red-tailed hawk[23] as well as range expansions of many other species of birds.[24][25][26] The construction of highways with utility poles alongside treeless medians provided perfect habitat for perch-hunting. Unlike some other raptors, the red-tailed hawk are seemingly unfazed by considerable human activity and can nest and live in close proximity to large numbers of humans.[10] Thus, the species can also be found in cities, where common prey such as rock pigeons and brown rats may support their populations.[27] One famous urban red-tailed hawk, known as "Pale Male", became the subject of a non-fiction book, Red-Tails in Love: A Wildlife Drama in Central Park, and is the first known red-tail in decades to successfully nest and raise young in the crowded New York City borough of Manhattan.[28][29][30]

text: Hawks in urban areas are threatened by the use of rat traps and poisoned bait to kill rodents. This generally consists of warfarin cookies which induce internal bleeding in rats and mice, and a hawk that ingests rodents who have consumed rat poison can itself be affected.[31]

text: Behavior[edit]

text: Flight[edit]

text: In flight, this hawk soars with wings often in a slight dihedral, flapping as little as possible to conserve energy. Active flight is slow and deliberate, with deep wing beats. In wind, it occasionally hovers on beating wings and remains stationary above the ground.[13] When soaring or flapping its wings, it typically travels from 32 to 64 km/h (40 mph), but when diving may exceed 190 km/h (120 mph).[32]

text: Vocalization[edit]

text: The cry of the red-tailed hawk is a two to three second hoarse, rasping scream, described as kree-eee-ar,[27] that begins at a high pitch and slurs downward.[32] This cry is often described as sounding similar to a steam whistle.[5] The red-tailed hawk frequently vocalizes while hunting or soaring, but vocalizes loudest in annoyance or anger, in response to a predator or a rival hawk's intrusion into its territory.[27] At close range, it makes a croaking "guh-runk".[33] Young hawks may utter a wailing klee-uk food cry when parents leave the nest.[34] The fierce, screaming cry of the red-tailed hawk is frequently used as a generic raptor sound effect in television shows and other media, even if the bird featured is not a red-tailed hawk.[35][36]

text: Diet[edit]

text: The red-tailed hawk is carnivorous, and an opportunistic feeder. Their most common prey are small mammals such as rodents and lagomorphs, but they will also consume birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. Prey varies with regional and seasonal availability, but usually centers on rodents, comprising up to 85% of a hawk's diet.[5] Most commonly reported prey types include mice, including both native Peromyscus species and house mice; gophers, voles, chipmunks, ground squirrels and tree squirrels.[37][38] Additional prey (listed by descending likelihood of predation) include lagomorphs, shrews, bats,[39] pigeons, quail, corvids, waterfowl, other raptors, reptiles, fish, crustaceans, insects and earthworms.[10] Where found in Caribbean islands, red-tailed hawks prey mostly on reptiles such as snakes and lizards, since these are perhaps the most predominant native land animals of that region.[10] Prey specimens can range to as small a size as beetles and worms. However, they can also prey on marmots, white-tailed jackrabbits, or female wild turkey, all of which are at least easily double the weight of most red-tails.[10] Hawks will eat carrion if need be, although it is not a preferred food source. During winter in captivity, an average red-tail will eat about 135 g (4.8 oz) daily.[34]

text: The red-tailed hawk commonly employs one of two hunting techniques. Often, they scan for prey activity from an elevated perch site, swooping down from the perch to seize the prey. They also watch for prey while flying, either capturing a bird in flight or pursuing prey on the ground until they can pin them down in their talons.[10] Red-tailed hawks, like some other raptors, have been observed to hunt in pairs. This may consist of stalking opposites sides of a tree, in order to surround a tree squirrel and almost inevitably drive the rodent to be captured by one after being flushed by the other hawk.[40] They are opportunistically attracted to conspicuous meals, such as displaying male red-winged blackbirds.[5]

text: The great horned owl occupies a similar ecological niche nocturnally to the red-tail, taking similar prey. Competition may occur between the hawk and owl species during twilight, although the differing nesting season and activity times usually results in a lack of direct competition. Although the red-tail's prey is on average larger (due in part to the scarcity of diurnal squirrels in the owl's diet),[38] the owl is an occasional predator of red-tailed hawks themselves, of any age, while the hawks are not known to predate adult great horned owls.[37] Other competitors include other large Buteo species such as Swainson's hawks and rough-legged hawks, as well as the northern goshawk, since prey and foraging methods of these species occasionally overlap.[41][42] Hawks have been observed following American badgers to capture prey they flush and the two are considered potential competitors.[43] Competition over carcasses may occur with American crows, and several crows working together can displace a hawk.[44] Larger raptors, such as eagles and ferruginous hawks, may steal hawk kills.[5]

text: Reproduction[edit]

text: The red-tailed hawk reaches sexual maturity at two years of age. It is monogamous, mating with the same individual for many years. In general, the red-tailed hawk will only take a new mate when its original mate dies.[45] The same nesting territory may be defended by the pair for years. During courtship, the male and female fly in wide circles while uttering shrill cries. The male performs aerial displays, diving steeply, and then climbing again. After repeating this display several times, he sometimes grasps her talons briefly with his own. Courtship flights can last 10 minutes or more. Copulation often follows courtship flight sequences, although copulation frequently occurs in the absence of courtship flights.

text: In copulation, the female, when perched, tilts forward, allowing the male to land with his feet lodged on her horizontal back. The female twists and moves her tail feathers to one side, while the mounted male twists his cloacal opening around the female's cloaca. Copulation lasts 5 to 10 seconds and during pre-nesting courtship in late winter or early spring can occur numerous times each day.[46]

text: In the same period, the pair constructs a stick nest in a large tree 4 to 21 m (13 to 69 ft) off the ground or on a cliff ledge 35 m (115 ft) or higher above the ground, or may nest on man-made structures. The nest is generally 71 to 97 cm (28 to 38 in) in diameter and can be up to 90 cm (3.0 ft) tall. The nest is constructed of twigs, and lined with bark, pine needles, corn cobs, husks, stalks, aspen catkins, or other plant lining matter.

text: Great horned owls compete with the red-tailed hawk for nest sites. Each species has been known to kill the young and destroy the eggs of the other, but in general, both species nest in adjacent or confluent territories without conflict. Great horned owls are incapable of constructing nests and typically expropriate existing red-tail nests. Great horned owls begin nesting behaviors much earlier than red-tails, often as early as December. Red-tails are therefore adapted to constructing new nests when a previous year's nest has been overtaken by owls or otherwise lost. New nests are typically within a kilometer or less of the previous nest. Often, a new nest is only a few hundred meters or less from a previous one. Being a large predator, most predation of these hawks occurs with eggs and nestlings, which are taken by owls, corvids and raccoons.[47]

text: A clutch of one to three eggs is laid in March or April, depending upon latitude. Clutch size depends almost exclusively on the availability of prey for the adults. Eggs are laid approximately every other day. The eggs are usually about 60 mm × 47 mm (2.4 in × 1.9 in). They are incubated primarily by female, with the male substituting when the female leaves to hunt or merely stretch her wings. The male brings most food to the female while she incubates. After 28 to 35 days, the eggs hatch over 2 to 4 days; the nestlings are altricial at hatching. The female broods them while the male provides most of the food to the female and the young, which are known as eyasses (pronounced "EYE-ess-ez"). The female feeds the eyasses after tearing the food into small pieces. After 42 to 46 days, the eyasses begin to leave the nest. The fledging period follows, with short flights engaged in, after another 3 weeks. About 6 to 7 weeks after fledging, the young begin to capture their own prey. Shortly thereafter, when the young are around 4 months of age, they become independent of their parents. However, the hawks do not generally reach breeding maturity until they are around 3 years of age. In the wild, red-tailed hawks have lived for at least 25 years, for example, Pale Male was born in 1990, and in Spring 2014 is still raising eyasses. The oldest captive hawk of this species was at least 29 and a half years of age.[5]

text: Relationship with humans[edit]

text: Use in falconry[edit]

text: The red-tailed hawk is a popular bird in falconry, particularly in the United States where the sport of falconry is tightly regulated and where red-tailed hawks are both widely available and allowed to novice falconers. Red-tailed hawks are highly tameable and trainable, with a more social disposition than all other falcons or hawks other than the Harris's hawk.[48] They are also long lived and highly disease resistant, allowing a falconer to maintain a red-tailed hawk as a hunting companion for many years. There are fewer than 5,000 falconers in the United States, so despite their popularity any effect on the red-tailed hawk population, estimated to be about one million in the United States, is negligible.[49]

text: Not being as swift as falcons or accipiters, red-tailed hawks are not the most effective of bird hawks and are usually used against ground game such as rabbits and squirrels. However, some individuals may learn to ambush birds on the ground with a swift surprise approach and capture them before they can accelerate to full speed and escape. Some have even learned to use a falcon-like diving stoop to capture challenging game such as pheasants. In the course of a typical hunt, a falconer using a red-tailed hawk most commonly releases the hawk and allows it to perch in a tree or other high vantage point. The falconer, who may be aided by a dog, then attempts to flush prey by stirring up ground cover. A well-trained red-tailed hawk will follow the falconer and dog, realizing that their activities produce opportunities to catch game. Once a raptor catches game, it does not bring it back to the falconer. Instead, the falconer must locate the bird and its captured prey, "make in" (carefully approach) and trade the bird its kill in exchange for a piece of offered meat.[50]

text: Feathers and Native American use[edit]

text: The feathers and other parts of the red-tailed hawk are considered sacred to many American indigenous people and, like the feathers of the bald eagle and golden eagle, are sometimes used in religious ceremonies and found adorning the regalia of many Native Americans in the United States; these parts, most especially their distinctive tail feathers, are a popular item in the Native American community.[51] As with the other two species, the feathers and parts of the red-tailed hawk are regulated by the eagle feather law,[52] which governs the possession of feathers and parts of migratory birds.[53]


document_title: Independence Day (United States)

question_text: when did the 4th of july become an official holiday

text: Independence Day (United States)

text: Background

text: During the American Revolution, the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain's rule.[5][6] After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence, a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five, with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail:

text: The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.[7]

text: Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress.[8]

text: Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed.[9][10][11][12][13]

text: Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States, died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration.[14] Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe, another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President who died on the anniversary of independence.[15] Calvin Coolidge, the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day.[16]

text: Observance

text:
In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island. An article in July 18, 1777 issue of The Virginia Gazette noted a celebration in Philadelphia in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes, speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting.[17]
In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute (feu de joie). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris, France.[18]

text:
In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5.[18]
In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration.[18]
In 1783, Salem, North Carolina held a celebration with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter entitled The Psalm of Joy. The town claims to be the first public July 4 event, as it was carefully documented by the Moravian Church, and there are no government records of any earlier celebrations.[19]
In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees.[20]
In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday.[21]

text: Customs

text: Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. According to 5 U.S.C. § 6103, Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people.[citation needed]

text: Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations (e.g., streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag. Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares.[citation needed]

text: The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England, towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries and is still practiced in some New England towns.[22]

text: Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem, "The Star-Spangled Banner"; "God Bless America"; "America the Beautiful"; "My Country, 'Tis of Thee"; "This Land Is Your Land"; "Stars and Stripes Forever"; and, regionally, "Yankee Doodle" in northeastern states and "Dixie" in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812.[citation needed]

text: Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken.[citation needed]

text: A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a "salute to the union," is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base.[23]

text: New York City has the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded in 2009.[24] It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Seattle on Lake Union; in San Diego over Mission Bay; in Boston on the Charles River; in Philadelphia over the Philadelphia Museum of Art; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C.[25]

text: During the annual Windsor–Detroit International Freedom Festival, Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the largest fireworks displays in North America, over the Detroit River, to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario's celebration of Canada Day.[26]

text: The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips.[27]

text: Celebration gallery

text:
Play media

Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940

In addition to a fireworks show, Miami, Florida, lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day.

New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village, is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest[24] in the country.

A festively decorated Independence Day cake

text: Notable celebrations

text:
Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island, is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States.[28]
Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska, has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated "America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA" by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed "Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City" by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations.[29]
Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild Hills of Denmark.[30]
Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River.
The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson's exploration of that river.[31]
The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the "Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular" annually since 1973.[32] The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E, and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV. WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks.[33][34] The national broadcast was revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours.[35] In 2017, Bloomberg Television took over coverage duty, with WHDH carrying local coverage beginning in 2018.[36]
On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth, a free concert broadcast live by PBS, NPR and the American Forces Network, precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually.[37]

text: Other countries

text:
The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence.[38]
July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States.[39]


document_title: A Star Is Born (2018 film)

question_text: who is in the remake of a star is born

question_tokens: who is in the remake of a star is born

text: A Star Is Born (2018 film)

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Bradley Cooper as Jackson Maine
Lady Gaga as Ally
Sam Elliott as Bobby,[1] the benevolent manager to Jackson and Ally
Andrew Dice Clay as Lorenzo,[1] the father of Ally
Dave Chappelle as Noodles[4]
Rebecca Field
Michael Harney as Wolfe, a limo driver
Rafi Gavron as Rez, a music producer

text: Production[edit]

text: In January 2011, it was announced that Clint Eastwood was in talks to direct Beyoncé in a third remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born;[5] however, the project was delayed due to Beyoncé's pregnancy. In April 2012, writer Will Fetters told Collider.com that the script was very inspired by Kurt Cobain.[6] Talks with Leonardo DiCaprio, Will Smith, and Christian Bale failed to cast them, while Tom Cruise was still in talks. On October 9, 2012, Beyoncé left the project, Johnny Depp also rejected and Bradley Cooper was in talks to star. Eastwood was interested in Esperanza Spalding to play the female role.[7] On March 24, 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Cooper was in final talks to make his directorial debut with the film, and potentially to star with Beyoncé, who was in talks to rejoin.[8] Lady Gaga would star in the film.[9][10][11] On August 16, 2016, it was reported that Gaga had been officially attached and the studio had green-lit the project to begin production early 2017.[12] On November 9, 2016, it was reported that Ray Liotta was in talks to join the film in the role of the manager to Lady Gaga's character which later went to Sam Elliott.[13] On March 17, 2017, Elliott was added to the cast,[14] with Andrew Dice Clay entering negotiations to play Lorenzo, the father of Lady Gaga's character.[15] In April 2017, Rafi Gavron, Michael Harney and Rebecca Field joined the cast of the film.[16]

text: Filming began on April 17, 2017.[1] In May, Dave Chappelle was cast in the film.[17]

text: Release[edit]

text: A Star Is Born was scheduled to be released on September 28, 2018 by Warner Bros. Pictures. In September 2017, the release date was moved up to May 18, 2018.[18][19]