document_title: List of NCAA Division I men's basketball champions

question_text: who won the men's ncaa basketball championship

question_tokens: who won the men 's ncaa basketball championship

text: Championship games[edit]

text:
Legend for "Championship games" table below

Indicator
Meaning

*
Game was decided in an overtime period

Game was decided in a third overtime period

Score
Each score is linked to an article about that particular championship game, when available

Year
Each year is linked to an article about that particular NCAA Tournament

text:
Championship games, by year, showing winners and losers, final scores and venues

Year
Winning team
Winning head coach
Score
Losing team
Losing head coach
Venue
City
Ref.

1939
Oregon
Hobson, HowardHoward Hobson
046.3 !46–33
Ohio State
Olsen, HaroldHarold Olsen
Patten Gymnasium
Evanston, Illinois
[17]

1940
Indiana
McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
060.3 !60–42
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[18]

1941
Wisconsin
Foster, BudBud Foster
039 !39–34
Washington State
Friel, JackJack Friel
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[19]

1942
Stanford
Dean, EverettEverett Dean
053.2 !53–38
Dartmouth
Cowles, O. B.O. B. Cowles
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[20]

1943
Wyoming
Shelton, EverettEverett Shelton
046.2 !46–34
Georgetown
Ripley, ElmerElmer Ripley
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[21]

1944
Utah
Peterson, VadalVadal Peterson
042 !42–40*
Dartmouth
Brown, EarlEarl Brown
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[22][23]

1945
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
049 !49–45
NYU
Cann, HowardHoward Cann
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[24]

1946
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
043 !43–40
North Carolina
Carnevale, BenBen Carnevale
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[25]

1947
Holy Cross
Julian, DoggieDoggie Julian
058.1 !58–47
Oklahoma
Drake, BruceBruce Drake
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[26]

1948
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
058.2 !58–42
Baylor
Henderson, BillBill Henderson
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[27]

1949
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
046.1 !46–36
Oklahoma A&M
Iba, HenryHenry Iba
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
Seattle, Washington
[28]

1950
CCNY
Holman, NatNat Holman
071.2 !71–68
Bradley
Anderson, ForddyForddy Anderson
Madison Square Garden
New York City, New York
[29]

1951
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
068.3 !68–58
Kansas State
Gardner, JackJack Gardner
Williams Arena
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[30]

1952
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
080.3 !80–63
St. John's
McGuire, FrankFrank McGuire
Hec Edmundson Pavilion
Seattle, Washington
[31]

1953
Indiana
McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
069 !69–68
Kansas
Allen, PhogPhog Allen
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[32]

1954
La Salle
Loeffler, KenKen Loeffler
092.2 !92–76
Bradley
Anderson, ForddyForddy Anderson
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[33]

1955
San Francisco
Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
077.3 !77–63
La Salle
Loeffler, KenKen Loeffler
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[34]

1956
San Francisco
Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
083.2 !83–71
Iowa
O'Connor, BuckyBucky O'Connor
McGaw Hall
Evanston, Illinois
[35]

1957
North Carolina
McGuire, FrankFrank McGuire
054.1 !54–53
Kansas
Harp, DickDick Harp
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[36]

1958
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
084.3 !84–72
Seattle
Castellani, JohnJohn Castellani
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[37]

1959
California
Newell, PetePete Newell
071.1 !71–70
West Virginia
Schaus, FredFred Schaus
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[38]

1960
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
075.4 !75–55
California
Newell, PetePete Newell
Cow Palace
Daly City, California
[39][40]

1961
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
070 !70–65*
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[41]

1962
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
071.4 !71–59
Ohio State
Taylor, FredFred Taylor
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[42]

1963
Loyola Chicago
Ireland, GeorgeGeorge Ireland
060.1 !60–58*
Cincinnati
Jucker, EdEd Jucker
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[43]

1964
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
098 !98–83
Duke
Bubas, VicVic Bubas
Municipal Auditorium
Kansas City, Missouri
[44]

1965
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
091 !91–80
Michigan
Strack, DaveDave Strack
Memorial Coliseum
Portland, Oregon
[45]

1966
Texas Western
Haskins, DonDon Haskins
072.2 !72–65
Kentucky
Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
Cole Field House
College Park, Maryland
[46]

1967
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
079 !79–64
Dayton
Donoher, DonDon Donoher
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[47]

1968
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
078.2 !78–55
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
[48]

1969
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
092.3 !92–72
Purdue
King, GeorgeGeorge King
Freedom Hall
Louisville, Kentucky
[49]

1970
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
080.2 !80–69
Jacksonville
Williams, JoeJoe Williams
Cole Field House
College Park, Maryland
[50]

1971
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
068.2 !68–62
Villanova[a]
Kraft, JackJack Kraft
Astrodome
Houston, Texas
[51]

1972
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
081.2 !81–76
Florida State
Durham, HughHugh Durham
Memorial Sports Arena
Los Angeles, California
[52]

1973
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
087 !87–66
Memphis State
Bartow, GeneGene Bartow
St. Louis Arena
St. Louis, Missouri
[53]

1974
North Carolina State
Sloan, NormNorm Sloan
076.3 !76–64
Marquette
McGuire, AlAl McGuire
Greensboro Coliseum
Greensboro, North Carolina
[54]

1975
UCLA
Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
092.1 !92–85
Kentucky
Hall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall
San Diego Sports Arena
San Diego, California
[55]

1976
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
086 !86–68
Michigan
Orr, JohnnyJohnny Orr
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[56]

1977
Marquette
McGuire, AlAl McGuire
067 !67–59
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Omni Coliseum
Atlanta, Georgia
[57]

1978
Kentucky
Hall, Joe B.Joe B. Hall
094 !94–88
Duke
Foster, BillBill Foster
The Checkerdome
St. Louis, Missouri
[58]

1979
Michigan State
Heathcote, JudJud Heathcote
075.3 !75–64
Indiana State
Hodges, BillBill Hodges
Special Events Center
Salt Lake City, Utah
[59]

1980
Louisville
Crum, DennyDenny Crum
059 !59–54
UCLA[a]
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
Market Square Arena
Indianapolis, Indiana
[60]

1981
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
063.2 !63–50
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
Spectrum
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
[61]

1982
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
063.1 !63–62
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[62]

1983
North Carolina State
Valvano, JimJim Valvano
054.2 !54–52
Houston
Lewis, GuyGuy Lewis
University Arena
Albuquerque, New Mexico
[63]

1984
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
084.2 !84–75
Houston
Lewis, GuyGuy Lewis
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[64]

1985
Villanova
Massimino, RollieRollie Massimino
066 !66–64
Georgetown
Thompson, JohnJohn Thompson
Rupp Arena
Lexington, Kentucky
[65]

1986
Louisville
Crum, DennyDenny Crum
072.1 !72–69
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Reunion Arena
Dallas, Texas
[66]

1987
Indiana
Knight, BobBob Knight
074 !74–73
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[67]

1988
Kansas
Brown, LarryLarry Brown
083.1 !83–79
Oklahoma
Tubbs, BillyBilly Tubbs
Kemper Arena
Kansas City, Missouri
[68]

1989
Michigan
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
080.1 !80–79*
Seton Hall
Carlesimo, P. J.P. J. Carlesimo
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[69]

1990
UNLV
Tarkanian, JerryJerry Tarkanian
103 !103–73
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
McNichols Sports Arena
Denver, Colorado
[70]

1991
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
072.2 !72–65
Kansas
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
Hoosier Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[71]

1992
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
071.5 !71–51
Michigan[a]
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[72]

1993
North Carolina
Smith, DeanDean Smith
077.2 !77–71
Michigan[a]
Fisher, SteveSteve Fisher
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[73]

1994
Arkansas
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson
076.1 !76–72
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Charlotte Coliseum
Charlotte, North Carolina
[74]

1995
UCLA
Harrick, JimJim Harrick
089.1 !89–78
Arkansas
Richardson, NolanNolan Richardson
Kingdome
Seattle, Washington
[75]

1996
Kentucky
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
076.2 !76–67
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
Continental Airlines Arena
East Rutherford, New Jersey
[76]

1997
Arizona
Olson, LuteLute Olson
084.1 !84–79*
Kentucky
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[77]

1998
Kentucky
Smith, TubbyTubby Smith
078.1 !78–69
Utah
Majerus, RickRick Majerus
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[78]

1999
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
077.1 !77–74
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
Tropicana Field
St. Petersburg, Florida
[79]

2000
Michigan State
Izzo, TomTom Izzo
089.2 !89–76
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[80]

2001
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
082.3 !82–72
Arizona
Olson, LuteLute Olson
Metrodome
Minneapolis, Minnesota
[81]

2002
Maryland
Williams, GaryGary Williams
064 !64–52
Indiana
Davis, MikeMike Davis
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[82]

2003
Syracuse
Boeheim, JimJim Boeheim
081.1 !81–78
Kansas
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
Louisiana Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[83]

2004
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
082.2 !82–73
Georgia Tech
Hewitt, PaulPaul Hewitt
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[84]

2005
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
075.1 !75–70
Illinois
Weber, BruceBruce Weber
Edward Jones Dome
St. Louis, Missouri
[85]

2006
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
073 !73–57
UCLA
Howland, BenBen Howland
RCA Dome
Indianapolis, Indiana
[86]

2007
Florida
Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
084.2 !84–75
Ohio State
Matta, ThadThad Matta
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[87]

2008
Kansas
Self, BillBill Self
075.2 !75–68*
Memphis[a]
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
Alamodome
San Antonio, Texas
[88]

2009
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
089.3 !89–72
Michigan State
Izzo, TomTom Izzo
Ford Field
Detroit, Michigan
[89]

2010
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
061 !61–59
Butler
Stevens, BradBrad Stevens
Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
[90]

2011
Connecticut
Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
053.1 !53–41
Butler
Stevens, BradBrad Stevens
Reliant Stadium
Houston, Texas
[91]

2012
Kentucky
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
067.1 !67–59
Kansas
Self, BillBill Self
Mercedes-Benz Superdome
New Orleans, Louisiana
[92]

2013
Louisville
Pitino, RickRick Pitino
082.1 !82–76
Michigan
Beilein, JohnJohn Beilein
Georgia Dome
Atlanta, Georgia
[93]

2014
Connecticut
Ollie, KevinKevin Ollie
060.2 !60–54
Kentucky
Calipari, JohnJohn Calipari
AT&T Stadium
Arlington, Texas
[94]

2015
Duke
Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
068.1 !68–63
Wisconsin
Ryan, BoBo Ryan
Lucas Oil Stadium
Indianapolis, Indiana
[95]

2016
Villanova
Jay Wright
077.1 !77–74
North Carolina
Williams, RoyRoy Williams
NRG Stadium
Houston, Texas
[96]

2017
North Carolina
Roy Williams
071.3 !71–65
Gonzaga
Mark Few
University of Phoenix Stadium
Glendale, Arizona
[97]

text: Multiple champions[edit]

text:
Teams that have won the championship more than once

Team
Wins
Years won

UCLA
11
1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995

Kentucky
8
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1996, 1998, 2012

North Carolina
6
1957, 1982, 1993, 2005, 2009, 2017

Duke
5
1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015

Indiana
5
1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987

Connecticut
4
1999, 2004, 2011, 2014

Louisville
3
1980, 1986, 2013

Kansas
3
1952, 1988, 2008

Cincinnati
2
1961, 1962

Florida
2
2006, 2007

Michigan State
2
1979, 2000

North Carolina State
2
1974, 1983

Oklahoma State[b]
2
1945, 1946

San Francisco
2
1955, 1956

Villanova
2
1985, 2016

text:
Coaches that have won the championship more than once

Team
Wins
Years won

Wooden, JohnJohn Wooden
10
1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975

Krzyzewski, MikeMike Krzyzewski
5
1991, 1992, 2001, 2010, 2015

Rupp, AdolphAdolph Rupp
4
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958

Calhoun, JimJim Calhoun
3
1999, 2004, 2011

Knight, BobBob Knight
3
1976, 1981, 1987

Williams, RoyRoy Williams
3
2005, 2009, 2017

Crum, DennyDenny Crum
2
1980, 1986

Donovan, BillyBilly Donovan
2
2006, 2007

Iba, HenryHenry Iba
2
1945, 1946

Jucker, EdEd Jucker
2
1961, 1962

McCracken, BranchBranch McCracken
2
1940, 1953

Pitino, RickRick Pitino
2
1996, 2013

Smith, DeanDean Smith
2
1982, 1993

Woolpert, PhilPhil Woolpert
2
1955, 1956

text: Champions by conference status[edit]

text: Champions by conference at the time of tournaments[edit]

text:
Championships by conference membership at the time of tournaments

Conference
Wins
Years won
Ref(s)

Pac-12 Conference !Pac-12 Conference (1915–current)
15
1939, 1942, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
[17][38][98][99][100]

Atlantic Coast Conference !Atlantic Coast Conference (1953–current)
14
1957, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017
[101][102][103][104][105]

Southeastern Conference !Southeastern Conference (1932–current)
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2007, 2012
[106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116]

Big Ten Conference !Big Ten Conference (1896–current)
10
1940, 1941, 1953, 1960, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 2000
[117]

Big East Conference !Big East Conference (1979–current)
8
1984, 1985, 1999, 2003, 2004, 2011, 2013, 2016
[93][118][119][120]

Independents
6
1944, 1947, 1954, 1963, 1966, 1977
[46][121][122][123][124][125]

Missouri Valley Conference !Missouri Valley Conference (1907–current)
4
1945, 1946, 1961, 1962
[126][127][128][129]

Big Eight Conference !Big 8 Conference (1907–1996)
2
1952, 1988
[31][68]

Metro Conference !Metro Conference (1975–1995)
2
1980, 1986
[130]

West Coast Conference !West Coast Conference (1952–current)
2
1955, 1956
[131]

American Athletic Conference !American Athletic Conference (2014–current)
1
2014
[94]

Big Twelve Conference !Big 12 Conference (1994–current)
1
2008
[132]

Big West Conference !Big West Conference (1969–current)
1
1990
[133]

Metropolitan New York Conference !Metropolitan New York Conference (1933–1963)
1
1950
[134]

Mountain States Conference !Mountain States Conference (1938–1962)
1
1943
[135]

text: Championships by current conference membership[edit]

text:
Championships by current conference membership

Conference
Wins
Years won
Ref(s)

Atlantic Coast Conference !Atlantic Coast Conference
17
1957, 1974, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1986, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2013, 2015, 2017
[136][137]

Pac-12 Conference !Pac-12 Conference
16
1939, 1942, 1944, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995, 1997
[138][139]

Southeastern Conference !Southeastern Conference
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1994, 1996, 1998, 2006, 2007, 2012
[140]

Big Ten Conference !Big Ten Conference
11
1940, 1941, 1953, 1960, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1987, 1989, 2000, 2002
[141]

American Athletic Conference
6
1961, 1962, 1999, 2004, 2011, 2014
[142][143][144]

Big Twelve Conference !Big 12 Conference
5
1945, 1946, 1952, 1988, 2008
[145][146][147]

Big East Conference
4
1977, 1984, 1985, 2016
[148][149]

Mountain West Conference !Mountain West Conference
2
1943, 1990
[150][151]

West Coast Conference !West Coast Conference
2
1955, 1956
[152]

Atlantic 10 Conference !Atlantic 10 Conference
1
1954
[153]

City University of New York Athletic Conference !City University of New York Athletic Conference
1
1950
[154]

Conference USA !Conference USA
1
1966
[155]

Missouri Valley Conference !Missouri Valley Conference
1
1963
[156]

Patriot League !Patriot League
1
1947
[157]

text: Championships by state[edit]

text:
Championships by state

State
Wins
Years won

California
15
1942, 1955, 1956, 1959, 1964, 1965, 1967, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1975, 1995

North Carolina
13
1957, 1974, 1982, 1983, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2005, 2009, 2010, 2015, 2017

Kentucky
11
1948, 1949, 1951, 1958, 1978, 1980, 1986, 1996, 1998, 2012, 2013

Indiana
5
1940, 1953, 1976, 1981, 1987

Connecticut
4
1999, 2004, 2011, 2014

Ohio
3
1960, 1961, 1962

Kansas
3
1952, 1988, 2008

Michigan
3
1979, 1989, 2000

Pennsylvania
3
1954, 1985, 2016

Oklahoma
2
1945, 1946

Wisconsin
2
1941, 1977

New York
2
1950, 2003

Florida
2
2006, 2007

Oregon
1
1939

Wyoming
1
1943

Utah
1
1944

Massachusetts
1
1947

Illinois
1
1963

Texas
1
1966

Washington, D.C.
1
1984

Nevada
1
1990

Arkansas
1
1994

Arizona
1
1997

Maryland
1
2002


document_title: Public opinion

question_text: who consider public opinion as the mistress of success

root

text: Public opinion

text: History[edit]

text: The emergence of public opinion as a significant force in the political realm can be dated to the late 17th century. However, opinion had been regarded as having singular importance since far earlier. Medieval fama publica or vox et fama communis had great legal and social importance from the 12th and 13th centuries onward.[2] Later, William Shakespeare called public opinion the 'mistress of success' and Blaise Pascal thought it was 'the queen of the world.' John Locke in his treatise An Essay Concerning Human Understanding considered that man was subject to three laws: the divine law, the civil law, and most importantly in Locke's judgement, the law of opinion or reputation. He regarded the latter as of the highest importance because dislike and ill-opinion force people to conform in their behaviour to social norms, however he didn't consider public opinion as a suitable influence for governments.

tag: p

text: William Temple in his essay of 1672, On the Original and Nature of Government gave an early formulation of the importance of public opinion. He observed that "...when vast numbers of men submit their lives and fortunes absolutely to the will of one, it...must be force of custom, or opinion...which subjects power to authority."

text: Temple disagreed with the prevalent opinion that the basis of government lay in a social contract and thought that government was merely allowed to exist due to the favour of public opinion.[3]

text: The prerequisites for the emergence of a public sphere were increasing levels of literacy which was spurred on by the Reformation, which encouraged individuals to read the Bible in the vernacular, and the rapidly expanding printing presses. During the 18th century religious literature was replaced with secular literature, novels and pamphlets. In parallel to this was the growth in reading societies and clubs. At the turn of the century the first circulating library opened in London and the public library became widespread and available to the public.

text: Coffee-houses[edit]

text: An institution of central importance in the development of public opinion, was the coffee-house, which became widespread throughout Europe in the mid-17th century. Although Charles II later tried to suppress the London coffeehouses as "places where the disaffected met, and spread scandalous reports concerning the conduct of His Majesty and his Ministers", the public flocked to them. For several decades following the Restoration, the Wits gathered round John Dryden at Will's Coffee House, in Russell Street, Covent Garden.[4] The coffee houses were great social levellers, open to all men and indifferent to social status, and as a result associated with equality and republicanism.

text: More generally, coffee houses became meeting places where business could be carried on, news exchanged and The London Gazette (government announcements) read. Lloyd's of London had its origins in a coffeehouse run by Edward Lloyd, where underwriters of ship insurance met to do business. By 1739, there were 551 coffeehouses in London; each attracted a particular clientele divided by occupation or attitude, such as Tories and Whigs, wits and stockjobbers, merchants and lawyers, booksellers and authors, men of fashion or the "cits" of the old city center. Joseph Addison wanted to have it said of him that he had "brought philosophy out of closets and libraries to dwell in clubs and assemblies, at tea tables and in coffee houses." According to one French visitor, Antoine François Prévost, coffeehouses, "where you have the right to read all the papers for and against the government," were the "seats of English liberty."[5]

text: Gentleman clubs[edit]

text: Gentlemen's clubs proliferated in the 18th century, especially in the West End of London. Clubs took over the role occupied by coffee houses in 18th century London to some degree, and reached the height of their influence in the late 19th century - some notable names were White's, Brooks's, Arthur's, and Boodle's which still exist today.

text: These social changes, in which a closed and largely illiterate public became an open and politicized one, was to become of tremendous political importance in the 19th century as the mass media was circulated ever more widely and literacy was steadily improved. Governments increasingly recognized the importance of managing and directing public opinion. This trend is exemplified in the career of George Canning who restyled his political career from its aristocratic origins to one of popular consent when he contested and won the parliamentary seat in Liverpool; a city with a growing and affluent middle class, which he attributed to the growing influence of "public opinion."[6]

text: Jeremy Bentham was an impassioned advocate of the importance of public opinion in the shaping of constitutional governance. He thought it important that all government acts and decisions should be subject to the inspection of public opinion, because "to the pernicious exercise of the power of government it is the only check."[7] He opined that public opinion had the power to ensure that rulers would rule for the greatest happiness of the greater number. He brought in Utilitarian philosophy in order to define theories of public opinion.

text: Concepts[edit]

text: The German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies, by using the conceptional tools of his theory of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, argued (1922, "Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung"), that 'public opinion' has the equivalent social function in societies (Gesellschaften) which religion has in communities (Gemeinschaften).[8]

text: German social theorist Jürgen Habermas contributed the idea of "Public sphere" to the discussion of public opinion. The Public Sphere, or bourgeois public, is according to Habermas, where "something approaching public opinion can be formed" (2004, p. 351). Habermas claimed that the Public Sphere featured universal access, rational debate, and disregard for rank. However, he believes that these three features for how public opinion are best formed are no longer in place in western liberal democratic countries. Public opinion, in western democracy, is highly susceptible to elite manipulation.

text: The American sociologist Herbert Blumer has proposed an altogether different conception of the "public." According to Blumer, public opinion is discussed as a form of collective behavior (another specialized term) which is made up of those who are discussing a given public issue at any one time. Given this definition, there are many publics; each of them comes into being when an issue arises and ceases to exist when the issue is resolved. Blumer claims that people participate in public in different capacities and to different degrees. So, public opinion polling cannot measure the public. An educated individual's participation is more important than that of a drunk. The "mass," in which people independently make decisions about, for example, which brand of toothpaste to buy, is a form of collective behavior different from the public.

text: Public opinion plays an important role in the political sphere. Cutting across all aspects of relationship between government and public opinion are studies of voting behavior. These have registered the distribution of opinions on a wide variety of issues, have explored the impact of special interest groups on election outcomes and have contributed to our knowledge about the effects of government propaganda and policy.

text: Contemporary, quantitative approaches to the study of public opinion may be divided into 4 categories:

text:
quantitative measurement of opinion distributions;
investigation of the internal relationships among the individual opinions that make up public opinion on an issue;
description or analysis of the public role of public opinion;
study both of the communication media that disseminate the ideas on which opinions are based and of the uses that propagandists and other manipulators make of these media.

tag: ol

text: The rapid spread of public opinion measurement around the world is reflection of the number of uses to which it can be put. Public opinion can be accurately obtained through survey sampling. Both private firms and governments use surveys to inform public policies and public relations.

text: Formation[edit]

text: Numerous theories and substantial evidence exists to explain the formation and dynamics of individuals' opinions. Much of this research draws on psychological research on attitudes. In communications studies and political science, mass media are often seen as influential forces on public opinion. Additionally, political socialization and behavioral genetics sometimes explain public opinion.

text: Mass media effects[edit]

text: The formation of public opinion starts with agenda setting by major media outlets throughout the world. This agenda setting dictates what is newsworthy and how and when it will be reported. The media agenda is set by a variety of different environmental and newswork factors that determines which stories will be newsworthy.

text: Another key component in the formation of public opinion is framing. Framing is when a story or piece of news is portrayed in a particular way and is meant to sway the consumers attitude one way or the other. Most political issues are heavily framed in order to persuade voters to vote for a particular candidate. For example, if Candidate X once voted on a bill that raised income taxes on the middle class, a framing headline would read "Candidate X Doesn't Care About the Middle Class". This puts Candidate X in a negative frame to the news reader.

text: Social desirability is another key component to the formation of public opinion. Social desirability is the idea that people in general will form their opinions based on what they believe is the prevalent opinion of the social group they identify with. Based on media agenda setting and media framing, most often a particular opinion gets repeated throughout various news mediums and social networking sites, until it creates a false vision where the perceived truth can actually be very far away from the actual truth.

text: Public opinion can be influenced by public relations and the political media. Additionally, mass media utilizes a wide variety of advertising techniques to get their message out and change the minds of people. Since the 1950s, television has been the main medium for molding public opinion.[9]

text: Role of influentials[edit]

text: There have been a variety of academic studies investigating whether or not public opinion is influenced by "influentials," or persons that have a significant effect on influencing opinion of the general public regarding any relevant issues. Many early studies[10][11] have modeled the transfer of information from mass media sources to the general public as a "two-step" process. In this process, information from mass media and other far-reaching sources of information influences influentials, and influentials then influence the general public as opposed to the mass media directly influencing the public.

text: While the "two-step" process regarding public opinion influence has motivated further research on the role of influential persons, a more recent study by Watts and Dodds (2007)[12] suggests that while influentials play some role in influencing public opinion, "non-influential" persons that make up the general public are also just as likely (if not more likely) to influence opinion provided that the general public is composed of persons that are easily influenced. This is referred to in their work as the "Influential Hypothesis." The authors discuss such results by using a model to quantify the number of people influenced by both the general public and influentials. The model can be easily customized to represent a variety of ways that influencers interact with each other as well as the general public. In their study, such a model diverges from the prior paradigm of the "two-step" process. The Watts and Dodds model introduces a model of influence emphasizing lateral channels of influence between the influencers and general public categories. This thus leads to a more complex flow of influence amongst the three parties involved in influencing public opinion (i.e., media, influencers and general public).

text: Relationship with public policy[edit]

text: The most pervasive issue dividing theories of the opinion-policy relation bears a striking resemblance to the problem of monism-pluralism in the history of philosophy. The controversy deals with the question of whether the structure of socio-political action should be viewed as a more or less centralized process of acts and decisions by a class of key leaders, representing integrated hierarchies of influence in society or whether it is more accurately envisaged as several sets of relatively autonomous opinion and influence groups, interacting with representative decision makers in an official structure of differentiated governmental authority. The former assumption interprets individual, group and official action as part of a single system and reduces politics and governmental policies to a derivative of three basic analytical terms: society, culture and personality.

text: Despite philosophical arguments regarding public opinion, social scientists (those in sociology, political science, economics and social psychology) present compelling theories to describe how public opinion shapes public policy and find myriad effects of opinion on policy using various empirical research methods. Moreover, researchers find that causal relationships likely run in both directions from opinion to policy and from policy to opinion. On the one hand, public opinion signals public preferences and potential voting behaviors to policymakers.[13][14] This impact should be greater under more stable democratic institutions.[15] It should be greatest in the realm of social policy because the public are highly motivated by potential goods and services they get from the state. On the other hand, social policy impacts public opinion. The goods and services the public gets via social policy builds normative expectations that shape public opinion.[16][17] Plus, social policy constitutes the largest share of state spending budgets, making it an active and contentious political area.[18] Together these theories suggest that causal effects are part of a feedback loop between opinion and policy.[19][20][21] Using increasingly sophisticated methods, scholars are beginning to grasp and identify the feedback of opinion and policy and use this phenomenon to explain the path dependency of institutions.[22][23][24]


document_title: Mobilization

question_text: mobilization of an army was considered what in 1914

text: Mobilization

text: Roman Empire[edit]

text: The Roman Empire was able to mobilize at various times sizeable forces, which including poorly trained militia totaled between 6% (81–83 BCE) to, in emergency and for short periods, as much as 10% (210s BCE) of total Roman population (which included as many as 75% of males aged 17–45).[1]

text: Modern era[edit]

text: The Confederate States of America is estimated to have mobilized about 11% of its free population in American Civil War (1861–1865).[1] Kingdom of Prussia mobilized about 6–7% of its total population in the years 1760 and 1813.[1] Sweden mobilized 7.7% in 1709.[1]

text: Armies in the seventeenth century possessed an average of 20,000 men.[2] A military force of this size requires around 20 tons of food per day, shelter, as well as all the necessary munitions, transportation (typically horses or mules), tools, and representative garments.[2] Without efficient transportation, mobilizing these average-sized forces was extremely costly, time-consuming, and potentially life-threatening.[2] Soldiers could traverse the terrain to get to war fronts, but they had to carry their supplies.[2] Many armies decided to forage for food;[2] however, foraging restricted movement because it is based on the presumption that the land the army moves over possesses significant agricultural production.[2]

text: However, due to new policies (like conscription), greater populations, and greater national wealth, the nineteenth-century army was composed of an average of 100,000 men. For example, in 1812 Bonaparte led an army of 600,000 to Moscow while feeding off plentiful agricultural products introduced by the turn of the century, such as potatoes.[3] Despite the advantages of mass armies, mobilizing forces of this magnitude took much more time than it had in the past.[4]

text: The Second Italian War of Independence illustrated all of the problems in modern army mobilization. Prussia began to realize the future of mobilizing mass armies when Napoleon III transported 130,000 soldiers to Italy by military railways.[4] French caravans that carried the supplies for the French and Piedmontese armies were incredibly slow, and the arms inside these caravans were sloppily organized.[5] These armies were in luck, however, in that their Austrian adversaries experienced similar problems with sluggish supply caravans (one of which apparently covered less than three miles per day).[5]

text: Not only did Prussia take note of the problems in transporting supplies to armies, but it also took note of the lack of communication between troops, officers, and generals. Austria’s army was primarily composed of Slavs, but it contained many other ethnicities as well.[6] Austrian military instruction during peacetime utilized nine different languages, accustoming Austrian soldiers to taking orders only in their native language.[6] Conversely, in an effort to augment the efficacy of the new “precision rifle” developed by the monarchy, officers were forced to only speak German when giving orders to their men.[6] Even one Austrian officer commented at Solferino that his troops could not even comprehend the command, “Halt.”[6] This demonstrates the communicative problems that arose quickly with the advent of the mass army.

text: Mobilization in World War I[edit]

text: Intricate plans for mobilization contributed greatly to the beginning of World War I, since in 1914, under the laws and customs of warfare then observed (not to mention the desire to avoid compromising national security), general mobilization of one nation's military forces was invariably considered an act of war by that country's likely enemies.

text: In 1914, the United Kingdom was the only European Great Power without conscription. The other Great Powers (Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, Germany and Russia) all relied on compulsory military service to supply each of their armies with the millions of men they believed they would need to win a major war. France enacted the “Three Year Law” (1913) to extend the service of conscripted soldiers to match the size of the German army, as the French population of 40 million was smaller than the German population of 65 million people.[7][8] The Anglo-German naval arms race began, sparked by the German enactment of the Second Naval Law. Each of the Great Powers could only afford to keep a fraction of these men in uniform in peacetime, the rest were reservists with limited opportunities to train. Maneuvering formations of millions of men with limited military training required intricate plans with no room for error, confusion, or discretion after mobilization began. These plans were prepared under the assumption of worst-case scenarios.

text: For example, German military leaders did not plan to mobilize for war with Russia whilst assuming that France would not come to her ally's aid, or vice versa. The Schlieffen Plan therefore dictated not only mobilization against both powers, but also the order of attack—France would be attacked first regardless of the diplomatic circumstances. To bypass the fortified Franco-German frontier, the German forces were to be ordered to march through Belgium. Whether or not Russia had committed the first provocation, the German plan agreed to by Emperor William II called for the attack on Russia to take place only after France was defeated.

text: Similarly, the Russian Stavka's war planning assumed that war against either Austria-Hungary or Germany would mean war against the other power. Although the plan allowed flexibility as to whether the main effort would be made against Germany or Austria-Hungary, in either case units would be mobilized on the frontiers of both Powers. On July 28, 1914, Tsar Nicholas II of Russia (William's cousin) ordered partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary only. While war with Austria-Hungary seemed inevitable, Nicholas engaged in a personal dialogue with the German Emperor in an attempt to avoid war with Germany. However, Nicholas was advised that attempts to improvise a partial mobilization would lead to chaos and probable defeat if, as pessimists on the Russian side expected, no amount of diplomacy could convince the Germans to refrain from attacking Russia whilst she was engaged with Germany's ally. On July 29, 1914, the Tsar ordered full mobilization, then changed his mind after receiving a telegram from Kaiser Wilhelm. Partial mobilization was ordered instead.

text: The next day, the Tsar's foreign minister, Sergey Sazonov once more persuaded Nicholas of the need for general mobilization, and the order was issued that day, July 30.  In response, Germany declared war on Russia.

text: Germany mobilized under von Moltke the Younger's revised version of the Schlieffen Plan, which assumed a two-front war with Russia and France. Like Russia, Germany decided to follow its two-front plans despite the one-front war. Germany declared war on France on August 3, 1914, one day after issuing an ultimatum to Belgium demanding the right of German troops to pass through as part of the planned pincer action of the military. Finally, Britain declared war on Germany for violating Belgian neutrality.

text: Thus the entangling alliances of the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente directed the intricate plans for mobilization. This brought all of the Great Powers of Europe into the Great War without actually utilizing the provisions of either alliance.

text: The mobilization was like a holiday for many of the inexperienced soldiers; for example, some Germans wore flowers in the muzzles of their rifles as they marched. Trains brought soldiers to the front lines of battle. The Germans timetabled the movements of 11,000 trains as they brought troops across the Rhine River. The French mobilized around 7,000 trains for movement. Horses were also mobilized. The British had 165,000 horses prepared for cavalry, the Austrians 600,000, the Germans 715,000, and the Russians over a million.[9]

text: Britain's Dominions including Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa were compelled to go to war when Britain did. However, it was largely left up to the individual Dominions to recruit and equip forces for the war effort. Canadian, Australian and New Zealand mobilizations all involved the creation of new field forces for overseas service rather than using the existing regimental structures as a framework. In the case of Canada, the Militia Minister, Sir Sam Hughes, created the Canadian Expeditionary Force from whole cloth by sending telegrams to 226 separate reserve unit commanders asking for volunteers to muster at Valcartier in Quebec. The field force served separately from the Militia (Canada's peace time army); in 1920 the Otter Commission was compelled to sort out which units would perpetuate the units that served in the trenches—the CEF or the prewar Militia. A unique solution of perpetuations was instituted, and mobilization during the Second World War did not repeat Sir Sam Hughes' model, which has been described by historians as being more closely akin to ancient Scottish clans assembling for battle than a modern, industrialized nation preparing for war.

text: "Colonials" served under British command though, perhaps owing to the limited autonomy granted to the Dominions regarding their respective mobilizations, the Dominions eventually compelled the British government to overrule the objections of some British commanders and let the Dominion forces serve together instead of being distributed amongst various British divisions. The "colonials" would go on to be acknowledged by both the British and German high commands as being elite British units. In May 1918, when command of the Australian Corps passed from William Birdwood to John Monash, it became the first British Empire formation commanded totally free of British officers.

text: On May 23, 1915, Italy entered World War I on the Allied side. Despite being the weakest of the big four Allied powers, the Italians soon managed to populate its army from 560 to 693 infantry battalions in 1916; the army had grown in size from 1 million to 1.5 million soldiers.[10] On August 17, 1916, Romania entered the war on the Allied side, mobilizing an army of 23 divisions. Romania was quickly defeated however by Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria. Bulgaria went so far as to ultimately mobilize 1.2 million men, more than a quarter of its population of 4.3 million people, a greater share of its population than any other country during the war.

text: The production of supplies gradually increased throughout the war. In Russia, the expansion of industry allowed a 2,000 percent increase in the production of artillery shells - by November 1915, over 1,512,000 artillery shells were being produced per month. In France, a massive mobilization by the female population to work in factories allowed the rate of shell production to reach 100,000 shells a day by 1915.[11]

text: Both sides also began drawing on larger numbers of soldiers. The British Secretary of State for War, Lord Kitchener, appealed for hundreds of thousands of soldiers, which was met with an enthusiastic response. 30 new British divisions were created. The response by volunteers allowed the British to put off the introduction of conscription until 1916. New Zealand followed suit, with Canada also eventually introducing conscription.

text: On April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war on the Allied side. At the entrance, the U.S. only could mobilize its army of 107,641 soldiers, ranked only seventeenth in size worldwide at the time. The United States Navy quickly mobilized, adding 5 dreadnoughts to the Allied navy. However, conscription quickly ensued. By March 1918, 318,000 U.S. soldiers had been mobilized to France. Eventually, by October 1918, a force of  2 million U.S. soldiers joined in the war effort.[12]

text: Mobilization in World War II[edit]

text: Poland partly mobilized its troops on August 24, 1939, and fully mobilized on August 30, 1939, following the increased confrontations with Germany since March 1939. On September 1, 1939 Germany invaded Poland, which prompted both France and Britain to declare war on Germany. However, they were slow to mobilize, and by the time Poland had been overrun by the Axis powers, only minor operations had been carried out by the French at the Saar River.

text: Canada actually carried out a partial mobilization on August 25, 1939, in anticipation of the growing diplomatic crisis. On September 1, 1939, the Canadian Active Service Force (a corps-sized force of two divisions) was mobilized even though war was not declared by Canada until September 10, 1939. Only one division went overseas in December 1939, and the government hoped to follow a "limited liability" war policy. When France was invaded in May 1940, the Canadian government realized that would not be possible and mobilized three additional divisions, beginning their overseas employment in August 1940 with the dispatch of the 2nd Canadian Division (some units of which were deployed to Iceland and Newfoundland for garrison duty before moving to the UK). Canada also enacted the National Resources Mobilization Act in 1940, which among other things compelled men to serve in the military, though conscripts mobilized under the NRMA did not serve overseas until 1944. Conscripts did, however, serve in the Aleutian Islands in 1943 though the anticipated Japanese defense never materialized due to the evacuation of the enemy garrison before the landings. Service in the Aleutians was not considered "overseas" as technically the islands were part of North America.

text: The United Kingdom mobilized 22% of its total population for direct military service, more than any other nation of WWII era.[13]

text: Mobilization during the Cold War[edit]

text: Full scale mobilizations were not enacted by the two Super Powers, or their allies, during the Cold War, as the era was characterized as "war by proxy". While many leading nations participated in military actions, some of significant size, national mobilization in the historical sense never occurred. Examples of this would be US involvement in Vietnam, though their enemies may be said to have mobilized, as well as the Falklands War between the UK and Argentina.

text: Economic mobilization[edit]

text: Economic mobilization is the preparation of resources for usage in a national emergency by carrying out changes in the organization of the national economy.[14]

text: It is reorganizing the functioning of the national economy to use resources most effectively in support of the total war effort. Typically, the available resources and productive capabilities of each nation determined the degree and intensity of economic mobilization. Thus, effectively mobilizing economic resources to support the war effort is a complex process, requiring superior coordination and productive capability on a national scale.[15] Importantly, some scholars have argued that such large scale mobilization of society and its resources for the purposes of warfare have the effect of aiding in state building.[16] Herbst argues that the demands of reacting to an external aggressor provides a strong enough impetus to force structural changes and also forge a common national identity.[17]


document_title: The Angry Birds Movie

question_text: who does the voice of chuck in angry birds

text: The Angry Birds Movie

text: Plot[edit]

text: On the fictional Bird Island, an island inhabited by flightless birds, the reclusive Red is sentenced to an anger management class after his temper causes a "premature hatching" of a customer's egg. Resentful, Red avoids getting to know his classmates Chuck, Bomb, and Terence, as well as the class's instructor Matilda. One day, a boat docks at the island's shore containing green-colored pigs, and their captain Leonard, who claim to be peaceful explorers bringing offerings of friendship. The pigs are accepted on the island and introduce the birds to innovative technologies such as trampolines, slingshots and helium balloons.

text: More pigs arrive and seemingly adjust to the bird's society, but Red soon becomes suspicious of their motives, as they slowly overwhelm the island. He recruits Chuck and Bomb to help him find Mighty Eagle, a giant bald eagle said to be the protector of the island, and the only bird that can fly, but who has not been seen for many years. They find Mighty Eagle on top of Bird Mountain, but he is now overweight, self-absorbed, and largely in retirement. Looking through the Mighty Eagle's binoculars, Red's group sees the pigs planting explosives around the island while the birds, probably unaware the other three are gone, are at a rave party. They realize the party was actually a cover for their plan to steal the birds' eggs. Red, Bomb, and Chuck attempt to warn the other birds and stop the pigs, but they arrive too late as the pigs escape with the eggs and their explosives destroy the village, leaving it in shambles. When the birds realize what happened, they apologize to Red for not believing him, and the forgiving Red rallies them to let their anger loose and retrieve their eggs.

text: The birds construct a boat using supplies that the pigs left and sail to Piggy Island, where they find the pigs living in a walled city and Leonard, who is actually revealed to be King Mudbeard, the king of Piggy Island. Deducing the eggs are most likely in the castle at the center of the city, the birds attack and defeat the pigs by firing themselves over the walls using their gifted giant slingshot. However, when Terrence attempts to launch himself into the city, he accidentally snaps the slingshot in half after pulling himself too far back, rendering it useless to launch. Meanwhile, Red, Chuck, and Bomb make it to the castle and find the eggs in a boiler room, where the pigs plan to cook and eat them. Mighty Eagle arrives, having watched these events through his binoculars and had a change of heart, and carries the eggs out of the castle. While the birds escape, one egg falls out and rolls back into the castle. Red battles Leonard and retrieves the egg, escaping as the pigs' reserve of explosives blow up and destroys Piggy Island. Red reunites with the other birds as the rescued egg hatches, revealing three little blue birds (The Blues), and is declared a hero. He, Chuck, and Bomb are approached by Mighty Eagle, who claims that his laziness was only a ruse so the birds could find faith in themselves. Returning to Bird Island, the birds rebuild Red's house, which had been moved by Red near the edge of the island and was gradually destroyed whenever a boat full of pigs had arrived, in the middle of their village. All of the birds that have hatched sing a song to Red to thank him and enshrine him as a legendary hero, and Red lets Chuck and Bomb move in with him.

text: During the end credits, the pigs are revealed to survive Piggy Island's destruction, as King Mudbeard begins to make a new plan to steal the eggs. In a mid-credits scene, the three blue birds that Red rescued use the rebuilt slingshot to launch themselves out to sea.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Jason Sudeikis as Red[12]
Josh Gad as Chuck[12]
Danny McBride as Bomb[12]
Maya Rudolph as Matilda[12]
Bill Hader as Leonard / King Mudbeard[15]
Peter Dinklage as Mighty Eagle[12]
Kate McKinnon as Stella, Eva[16]
Sean Penn as Terence
Tony Hale as Ross, Mime, Cyrus[16]
Keegan-Michael Key as Judge Peckinpah
Blake Shelton as Earl[17]
Anthony Padilla as Hal[12]
Ian Hecox as Bubbles[12]
Charli XCX as Willow
Tituss Burgess as Photog[16]
Billy Eichner as Chef Pig, Phillip
Hannibal Buress as Edward[12]
Ike Barinholtz as Tiny[12]
Max Charles as Bobby
Jillian Bell as Helene, Yoga Instructor[12]
Cristela Alonzo as Shirley[12]
Danielle Brooks as Monica, Olive[16]
Kevin Bigley as Greg[16]
Adam Brown as Hug Trader[12]
Romeo Santos as Early Bird[12]
Geoffrey Arend as Day Care Teacher Bird
Ava Acres as Timothy
Alex Borstein as Sophie Bird, Peggy Bird
Malena Brewer as Arianna Bird
Vincent Oswald as Dylan Hatchling
Samantha Cohen as Samantha Hatchling
Josh Robert Thompson as Brad Bird, Dane the Saxophone Bird
Matt McCarthy as Rodney Pig
Matt Taylor as Hamilton Pig
Ali Wong as Betty Bird
Fred Tatasciore as Monty Pig
Bella Laudiero as Maya Bird
John Cohen as Johnny Bird
Clay Kaytis as Clayton the Waiter Bird
Fergal Reilly as Foreman Pig
Catherine Winder as Billy the Sign
Aidan McGraw and Kallan Holley as Young Red[18]
Pierce Gagnon, Noah Schnapp and Owen Wilder Vaccaro as The Blues
Eileen Marra, Indra Raval, Joaquin Raval and Sofie Wolfe as Hatchling Singers

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was officially announced in December 2012, although IGN noted that this was "After months of speculation" [19] The success of the Angry Birds Toons series which according to Rovio employee, Jami Laes, "validated" the idea of creating a feature film.[20] The first image from the film was revealed in October 2014 along with the ensemble cast, which includes Jason Sudeikis, Josh Gad, Danny McBride, Bill Hader, Maya Rudolph, and Peter Dinklage.[12] Gad at first declined to star in the movie, feeling it was too similar to his role as Olaf in the 2013 film Frozen but the director eventually convinced him to sign through a 30-minute "visual pitch".[21][22] The film's budget is estimated at $80 million (€75 million).[23] In addition, Rovio and Sony Entertainment will spend roughly €100 million for the marketing and distribution of the film.[23] Exact share was not disclosed, but Rovio will invest in the film over €100 million, which would make it the largest budget in the film industry in Finland, where its most expensive film was Big Game, a 2014 adventure film, made for €8.5 million.[23] Despite the massive budget, Rovio's CEO Mikael Hed stated that "it is the one that I don't ever lose any sleep over",[24] calling it "tremendously strong as a story".[24] During August 2015, Rovio announced that they were expecting to cut 250 jobs equaling 40% of the company. The only sector spared from the job cuts would be personnel working on the movie.[25]

text: When multiple major studios approached Rovio to discuss the production of the film adaptation in 2010, Hed eventually decided to have Rovio establish its own in-house animation studio and have it work on the film, rather than risk losing creative control in allowing a third-party studio to produce it. David Maisel, the founding chairman of Marvel Studios, offered to help Hed and Rovio produce the film,[26] and eventually, well-known producers John Cohen from Illumination Entertainment and Catherine Winder from Lucasfilm pitched in to assist with the production.[27]

text: The decision to have fully limbed versions of the Angry Birds characters not appear anywhere else until the film adaptation sprang from a perceived need to "protect" the film and make it "as big as possible", which was expressed during a discussion between Maisel and Hed in 2011, over how they were to envision the film adaptation during its planning stages.[28]

text: Music[edit]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
The Angry Birds Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack album by Various artists

Released
May 6, 2016 (2016-05-06)[29]

Recorded
2016

Genre

Pop
rock
country
hip hop
electronic

Length
48:43

Label
Atlantic

tag: table

text: The Angry Birds Movie: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack[30] is the soundtrack album for The Angry Birds Movie. The album was released on May 6, 2016.[31]

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Performed by
Length

1.
"Friends[32]"
Blake Shelton
3:04

2.
"I Will Survive[33]"
Demi Lovato
4:05

3.
"Wonderful Life (Mi Oh My)[34]"
Matoma
3:30

4.
"On Top of the World"
Imagine Dragons
3:12

5.
"Explode[35]"
Charli XCX (as Willow)
3:45

6.
"Never Gonna Give You Up"
Rick Astley
3:34

7.
"Rock You Like a Hurricane"
Scorpions
4:16

8.
"Fight"
Steve Aoki
3:52

9.
"Wild Thing"
Tone Lōc
4:25

10.
"Sound of da Police"
KRS-One
4:18

11.
"Behind Blue Eyes"
Limp Bizkit
4:31

12.
"The Mighty Eagle Song[36]"
Peter Dinklage
2:06

13.
"The Mighty Red Song[37]"
The Hatchlings and the Blues
0:47

14.
"The Angry Birds Movie Score Medley[38]"
Heitor Pereira
3:18

text: ATCO Records released the score on May 12, 2016.

text: Release[edit]

text: The film was initially scheduled to be released on July 1, 2016,[39] but it was later moved up to a May 20 release date.[40] On September 23, 2015, the teaser trailer for the film was released,[41] followed by the second trailer four months later.[42] An international trailer made its debut in March 2016.[43]

text: The film was released in Finland and the UK on May 13, 2016, and in the United States on May 20, 2016.

text: Promotion[edit]

text: An estimated $300 million marketing effort helped promote The Angry Birds Movie, and along with its production budget, the spending has reached $400 million, making it the biggest-ever campaign for an animated Sony movie, according to executives at the company.[6] Sony's marketing campaign for the film began nine months before its release with the marketing campaign focused on the characters, their unique personalities and the humor of the voice cast via custom media promotions. Sony partnered with more than 100 partners worldwide including tie-ins with McDonald's, Citroën, Ziploc and Panasonic.[44] To help with the film's promotion, Rovio made a deal with The Lego Group to make a series of 6 Lego sets, scheduled for a spring 2016 release. A balloon themed after Red debuted at the 2015 Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade to promote the film.[45][46][47]

text: To further promote the film, Rovio temporarily changed the app icons for most of the games in the Angry Birds series such that they would show the cinematic version of Red. Examples include Red giving a stern look while riding a racecar for Angry Birds GO!, Red holding a katana over his shoulder for Angry Birds Fight! or Red wearing a knight's helmet and wielding a wooden sword for Angry Birds Epic.

text: Home media[edit]

text: The Angry Birds Movie was released on digital HD on July 29, 2016, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 16, 2016, from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, with 4 Hatchlings shorts included.[48][49][50][51] The film topped the home video sales chart for the week ending on August 21, 2016.[52]

text: Tie-in games[edit]

text: Following the release of the film, three games in the Angry Birds series were released that drew upon the film's universe and characters, with all of them being free to play on iOS and Android:

text:
Angry Birds Action!, a top-down puzzle game that used pinball physics, where players would play as any of Matilda's four anger management students and launch them across a rectangular playing field to knock down pigs, using well-angled shots. Released days before the film, the game also included a connectivity link with its theatrical release, where any player who had the game running at a certain point of the end credits would be able to view the film's alternate ending (where Chuck uses his super speed to cross the sea and rescue Billy the Sign) and unlock extra levels.
Angry Birds Evolution, a role-playing game released in June 2017 that combined the physics of Action! with the role-playing elements of Angry Birds Epic, while using the aesthetics and fully limbed character designs of the film. Players hatch, raise and lead a team of birds to defeat pigs and defend eggs from being stolen, while thwarting the evil schemes of the pigs' Bacon Corp. Matilda and her four students, as well as the elderly Shirley are playable characters.
Angry Birds Match, a tile-matching game released in August 2017 involving the Hatchlings and characters from the spin-off series Angry Birds Blues, where players solve puzzles to complete missions on behalf of the Hatchlings, such as gathering food, retrieving stolen toys and defeating pigs. Players can also watch various Hatchlings play around freely in various environments and unlock new costumes for them in between levels.

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The Angry Birds Movie grossed $107.5 million in North America and $242.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $349.8 million.[7] Worldwide, it is the second highest-grossing video game film of all-time, behind Warcraft ($433.5 million).[53] It also became the most successful Finnish film of all time.[54] Deadline.com calculated the net profit of the film to be $72 million, when factoring together all expenses and revenues for the film.[55]

text: In North America, the film opened on May 20, 2016, alongside Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising and The Nice Guys and was projected to gross between $35–40 million, possibly going as high as $45 million, from 3,932 theaters in its opening weekend.[44][56][57] Deadline noted that the film had the benefit of being the only animated feature until Disney/Pixar's Finding Dory arrives in theaters on June 17.[57] Fandango reported that The Angry Birds Movie was the top selling film for the weekend, pacing in tandem with Hotel Transylvania 2.[44] It grossed $800,000 from its Thursday night previews[44] and $11 million on its opening day.[58] In its opening weekend it grossed $38.2 million, finishing first at the box office and marked the third biggest Sony animated opening of all time, behind Hotel Transylvania and Hotel Transylvania 2.[44][59] It also scored the second-best debut weekend ever for a video game adaptation, behind the $47 million debut of Lara Croft: Tomb Raider.[60] It had a 51% drop in its second weekend after facing competition from X-Men: Apocalypse and Alice Through the Looking Glass, grossing $18.7 million.[53]

text: Internationally, The Angry Birds Movie was released in the Philippines on May 11[61] and 74 other markets (63% of its total marketplace) on May 13, at least one week ahead of its US release. It finished first in 37 territories and second overall at the international box office behind Captain America: Civil War. Benefiting from the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, it grossed $43 million.[62] In its second weekend, it added 9 additional territories including China, South Korea and the Netherlands and grossed $55.5 million from 83 markets.[63] Overall, the top openings for the film was recorded in China ($29.2 million), Russia ($5.7 million), the United Kingdom and Ireland ($3.1 million), Germany ($2.9 million), Mexico ($2.8 million) and Brazil ($2.7 million).[62][63] It opened next in Italy on June 15 and Japan on October 1.[63]

text: In terms of total earnings, the biggest markets outside North America are China ($75.8 million), United Kingdom ($15 million), Russia ($11.99 million), and Germany ($11.97 million).

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The Angry Birds Movie received mixed reviews from critics.[13] On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 144 reviews and an average rating of 4.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "The Angry Birds Movie is substantially more entertaining than any film adapted from an app has any right to be – which may or may not be much of an endorsement."[64] On Metacritic, the film has a score of 43 out of 100 based on 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[65] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.[66]

text: Lindsey Bahr of The Associated Press gave the film a positive review by writing, "Ultimately, The Angry Birds Movie does a decent job exploring the merits of anger. It's no Inside Out, but it has heart and life, which isn't too shabby for any film – app or not".[67] Variety's Guy Lodge called the film: "A fast, fizzy and frenetically entertaining extension of the manic gaming franchise that, at its zenith, had children of all ages glued to their smartphone screens".[3] While Rafer Guzman of Newsday found the film's plot to be "pretty thin gruel", he thought the script was quite funny and that the animation was brightly colored and appealing.[68]

text: Glenn Kenny of The New York Times gave the film a negative review and overall said: "The kids of today deserve better. So do I, come to think of it".[69] In his review for TheWrap, Alonso Duralde wrote, "Let's be clear, then: The Angry Birds Movie isn't pointless because it's based on an app. It's pointless because it's pointless".[70] Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News gave the film one out of five stars and overall said: "The Angry Birds Movie is just fowl".[71]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
List of awards and nominations

Award
Date
Category
Recipient(s)
Result
Ref(s)

Jussi Awards
March 24, 2017
Best Film

Nominated
[72]

Hollywood Music in Media Awards
November 17, 2016
Best Original Score – Animated Film
Heitor Pereira
Nominated
[73][74]

2017 Kids' Choice Awards
March 11, 2017
Most Wanted Pet
Jason Sudeikis
Nominated
[75]

Teen Choice Awards
July 31, 2016
Choice Movie: Hissy Fit
Nominated
[76]

Choice Music: Song from a Movie or TV Show
"I Will Survive" by Demi Lovato
Nominated

text: Future[edit]

text: Follow-up media[edit]

text:
IDW Publishing launched a comic book miniseries, titled Angry Birds: Flight School and situated after the events of the film, on February 22, 2017.
Rovio Entertainment has released a new online video miniseries that takes place sometime after the events of the film, titled Angry Birds Blues, and focuses on the mischievous antics of the newborn Blues. The first episode premiered on Toons.TV on March 10, 2017.[77]

text: Sequel[edit]

text: In August 2016, Rovio had begun working on a sequel to the film.[78] The sequel's release date is planned for September 20, 2019, coinciding on the tenth anniversary of the original video game.[14] The Angry Birds Movie 2 will be directed by Thurop Van Orman and co-directed by John Rice. It will be produced by John Cohen and written by Peter Ackerman. The animation will be provided again by Sony Pictures Imageworks, in collaboration with Sony Pictures Animation.[79]