document_title: Gear train

question_text: where do you find a simple gear train

question_tokens: where do you find a simple gear train

text: Gear train

text: Mechanical advantage[edit]

text: Gear teeth are designed so the number of teeth on a gear is proportional to the radius of its pitch circle, and so the pitch circles of meshing gears roll on each other without slipping. The speed ratio for a pair of meshing gears can be computed from ratio of the radii of the pitch circles and the ratio of the number of teeth on each gear.

text: The velocity v of the point of contact on the pitch circles is the same on both gears, and is given by

text: where input gear A with radius rA and angular velocity ωA meshes with output gear B with radius rB and angular velocity ωB. Therefore,

text: where NA is the number of teeth on the input gear and NB is the number of teeth on the output gear.

text: The mechanical advantage of a pair of meshing gears for which the input gear has NA teeth and the output gear has NB teeth is given by

text: This shows that if the output gear GB has more teeth than the input gear GA, then the gear train amplifies the input torque. And, if the output gear has fewer teeth than the input gear, then the gear train reduces the input torque.

text: If the output gear of a gear train rotates more slowly than the input gear, then the gear train is called a speed reducer. In this case, because the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear, the speed reducer amplifies the input torque.

text: Analysis using virtual work[edit]

text: For this analysis, we consider a gear train that has one degree-of-freedom, which means the angular rotation of all the gears in the gear train are defined by the angle of the input gear.

text: The size of the gears and the sequence in which they engage define the ratio of the angular velocity ωA of the input gear to the angular velocity ωB of the output gear, known as the speed ratio, or gear ratio, of the gear train. Let R be the speed ratio, then

text: The input torque TA acting on the input gear GA is transformed by the gear train into the output torque TB exerted by the output gear GB. If we assume the gears are rigid and there are no losses in the engagement of the gear teeth, then the principle of virtual work can be used to analyze the static equilibrium of the gear train.

text: Let the angle θ of the input gear be the generalized coordinate of the gear train, then the speed ratio R of the gear train defines the angular velocity of the output gear in terms of the input gear:

text: The formula for the generalized force obtained from the principle of virtual work with applied torques yields:[2]

text: The mechanical advantage of the gear train is the ratio of the output torque TB to the input torque TA, and the above equation yields:

text: The speed ratio of a gear train also defines its mechanical advantage. This shows that if the input gear rotates faster than the output gear, then the gear train amplifies the input torque. And if the input gear rotates slower than the output gear, the gear train reduces the input torque.

text: Gear trains with two gears[edit]

text: The simplest example of a gear train has two gears. The "input gear" (also known as drive gear) transmits power to the "output gear" (also known as driven gear). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output of torque and rotational speed from the output (driven) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears.

text: Formula[edit]

text: The teeth on gears are designed so the gears can roll on each other smoothly (without slipping or jamming). In order for two gears to roll on each other smoothly, they must be designed so the velocity at the point of contact of the two pitch circles (represented by v) is the same for each gear.

text:
Mathematically, if the input gear GA has the radius rA and angular velocity

ω

A

{\displaystyle \omega _{A}\!}

, and meshes with output gear GB of radius rB and angular velocity

ω

B

{\displaystyle \omega _{B}\!}

, then:

text: The number of teeth on a gear is proportional to the radius of its pitch circle, which means the ratios of the gears' angular velocities, radii, and number of teeth are equal. Where NA is the number of teeth on the input gear and NB is the number of teeth on the output gear, the following equation is formed:

text: This shows that a simple gear train with two gears has the gear ratio R given by:

text: This equation shows that if the number of teeth on the output gear GB is larger than the number of teeth on the input gear GA, then the input gear GA must rotate faster than the output gear GB.

text: Double reduction gear[edit]

text: A double reduction gear comprises two pairs of gears, as single reductions, in series.[3] In the diagram, the red and blue gears give the first stage of reduction and the orange and green gears give the second stage of reduction. The total reduction is the product of the first stage of reduction and the second stage of reduction.

text: It is essential to have two coupled gears, of different sizes, on the intermediate layshaft. If three gears were used, the overall ratio would be simply that between the first and final gears, the intermediate gear would only act as an idler gear: it would reverse the direction of rotation, but not change the ratio.

text: Speed ratio[edit]

text: Gear teeth are distributed along the circumference of the pitch circle so the thickness t of each tooth and the space between neighboring teeth are the same. The pitch p of the gear, which is the distance between equivalent points on neighboring teeth along the pitch circle, is equal to twice the thickness of a tooth,

text: The pitch of a gear GA can be computed from the number of teeth NA and the radius rA of its pitch circle

text: In order to mesh smoothly two gears GA and GB must have the same sized teeth and therefore they must have the same pitch p, which means

text: This equation shows that the ratio of the circumference, the diameters and the radii of two meshing gears is equal to the ratio of their number of teeth,

text: The speed ratio of two gears rolling without slipping on their pitch circles is given by,

text: therefore

text: In other words, the gear ratio, or speed ratio, is inversely proportional to the radius of the pitch circle and the number of teeth of the input gear.

text: Torque ratio[edit]

text: A gear train can be analyzed using the principle of virtual work to show that its torque ratio, which is the ratio of its output torque to its input torque, is equal to the gear ratio, or speed ratio, of the gear train.

text: This means the input torque ΤA applied to the input gear GA and the output torque ΤB on the output gear GB are related by the ratio

text: where R is the gear ratio of the gear train.

text: The torque ratio of a gear train is also known as its mechanical advantage

text: Idler gears[edit]

text: In a sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain. However, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear.

text: An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work is called an idler gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a reverse idler. For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears.

text: Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia (moment of inertia) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius. Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance.

text: Formula[edit]

text: If a simple gear train has three gears, such that the input gear GA meshes with an intermediate gear GI which in turn meshes with the output gear GB, then the pitch circle of the intermediate gear rolls without slipping on both the pitch circles of the input and output gears. This yields the two relations

text: The speed ratio of this gear train is obtained by multiplying these two equations to obtain

text: Notice that this gear ratio is exactly the same as for the case when the gears GA and GB engage directly. The intermediate gear provides spacing but does not affect the gear ratio. For this reason it is called an idler gear. The same gear ratio is obtained for a sequence of idler gears and hence an idler gear is used to provide the same direction to rotate the driver and driven gear. If the driver gear moves in the clockwise direction, then the driven gear also moves in the clockwise direction with the help of the idler gear.

text: Example[edit]

text: In the photo, assuming the smallest gear is connected to the motor, it is called the drive gear or input gear. The somewhat larger gear in the middle is called an idler gear. It is not connected directly to either the motor or the output shaft and only transmits power between the input and output gears. There is a third gear in the upper-right corner of the photo. Assuming that gear is connected to the machine's output shaft, it is the output or driven gear.

text: The input gear in this gear train has 13 teeth and the idler gear has 21 teeth. Considering only these gears, the gear ratio between the idler and the input gear can be calculated as if the idler gear was the output gear. Therefore, the gear ratio is driven/drive = 21/13 ≈1.62 or 1.62:1.

text: At this ratio, it means the drive gear must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the driven gear once. It also means that for every one revolution of the driver, the driven gear has made 1/1.62, or 0.62, revolutions. Essentially, the larger gear turns slower.

text: The third gear in the picture has 42 teeth. The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42/21, or 2:1, and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62x2≈3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns one revolution, or for every one revolution of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns 0.31 (1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)).

text: Since the idler gear contacts directly both the smaller and the larger gear, it can be removed from the calculation, also giving a ratio of 42/13≈3.23. The idler gear serves to make both the drive gear and the driven gear rotate in the same direction, but confers no mechanical advantage.

text: Belt drives[edit]

text: Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled to gear-like pulleys. Special gears called sprockets can be coupled together with chains, as on bicycles and some motorcycles. Again, exact accounting of teeth and revolutions can be applied with these machines.

text: For example, a belt with teeth, called the timing belt, is used in some internal combustion engines to synchronize the movement of the camshaft with that of the crankshaft, so that the valves open and close at the top of each cylinder at exactly the right time relative to the movement of each piston. A chain, called a timing chain, is used on some automobiles for this purpose, while in others, the camshaft and crankshaft are coupled directly together through meshed gears. Regardless of which form of drive is employed, the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear ratio is always 2:1 on four-stroke engines, which means that for every two revolutions of the crankshaft the camshaft will rotate once.

text: Automotive applications[edit]

text: Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used. Gearing is employed in the transmission, which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and also in the differential, which contains the final drive to provide further speed reduction at the wheels. In addition, the differential contains further gearing that splits torque equally between the two wheels while permitting them to have different speeds when travelling in a curved path. The transmission and final drive might be separate and connected by a driveshaft, or they might be combined into one unit called a transaxle. The gear ratios in transmission and final drive are important because different gear ratios will change the characteristics of a vehicle's performance.

text: Example[edit]

text: A 2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06 with a six-speed manual transmission has the following gear ratios in the transmission:

text:
Gear
Ratio

1st gear
2.97:1

2nd gear
2.07:1

3rd gear
1.43:1

4th gear
1.00:1

5th gear
0.84:1

6th gear
0.56:1

reverse
−3.38:1

tag: table

text: In 1st gear, the engine makes 2.97 revolutions for every revolution of the transmission’s output. In 4th gear, the gear ratio of 1:1 means that the engine and the transmission's output rotate at the same speed. 5th and 6th gears are known as overdrive gears, in which the output of the transmission is revolving faster than the engine's output.

text: The Corvette above has an axle ratio of 3.42:1, meaning that for every 3.42 revolutions of the transmission’s output, the wheels make one revolution. The differential ratio multiplies with the transmission ratio, so in 1st gear, the engine makes 10.16 revolutions for every revolution of the wheels.

text: The car’s tires can almost be thought of as a third type of gearing. This car is equipped with 295/35-18 tires, which have a circumference of 82.1 inches. This means that for every complete revolution of the wheel, the car travels 82.1 inches (209 cm). If the Corvette had larger tires, it would travel farther with each revolution of the wheel, which would be like a higher gear. If the car had smaller tires, it would be like a lower gear.

text: With the gear ratios of the transmission and differential and the size of the tires, it becomes possible to calculate the speed of the car for a particular gear at a particular engine RPM.

text: For example, it is possible to determine the distance the car will travel for one revolution of the engine by dividing the circumference of the tire by the combined gear ratio of the transmission and differential.

text:
d
=

c

t

g

r

t

×
g

r

d

{\displaystyle d={\frac {c_{t}}{gr_{t}\times gr_{d}}}}

text: It is also possible to determine a car's speed from the engine speed by multiplying the circumference of the tire by the engine speed and dividing by the combined gear ratio.

text:
v

c

=

c

t

×

v

e

g

r

t

×
g

r

d

{\displaystyle v_{c}={\frac {c_{t}\times v_{e}}{gr_{t}\times gr_{d}}}}

text:
Gear
Distance per engine revolution
Speed per 1000 RPM

1st gear
8.1 in (210 mm)
7.7 mph (12.4 km/h)

2nd gear
11.6 in (290 mm)
11.0 mph (17.7 km/h)

3rd gear
16.8 in (430 mm)
15.9 mph (25.6 km/h)

4th gear
24.0 in (610 mm)
22.7 mph (36.5 km/h)

5th gear
28.6 in (730 mm)
27.1 mph (43.6 km/h)

6th gear
42.9 in (1,090 mm)
40.6 mph (65.3 km/h)

text: Wide-ratio vs. close-ratio transmission[edit]

text: This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: A close-ratio transmission is a transmission in which there is a relatively little difference between the gear ratios of the gears. For example, a transmission with an engine shaft to drive shaft ratio of 4:1 in first gear and 2:1 in second gear would be considered wide-ratio when compared to another transmission with a ratio of 4:1 in first and 3:1 in second. This is because the close-ratio transmission has less of a progression between gears. For the wide-ratio transmission, the first gear ratio is 4:1 or 4, and in second gear it is 2:1 or 2, so the progression is equal to 4/2 = 2 (or 200%). For the close-ratio transmission, first gear has a 4:1 ratio or 4, and second gear has a ratio of 3:1 or 3, so the progression between gears is 4/3, or 133%. Since 133% is less than 200%, the transmission with the smaller progression between gears is considered close-ratio. However, the difference between a close-ratio and wide-ratio transmission is subjective and relative.[4]

text: Close-ratio transmissions are generally offered in sports cars, sport bikes, and especially in race vehicles, where the engine is tuned for maximum power in a narrow range of operating speeds, and the driver or rider can be expected to shift often to keep the engine in its power band.

text: Factory 4-speed or 5-speed transmission ratios generally have a greater difference between gear ratios and tend to be effective for ordinary driving and moderate performance use. Wider gaps between ratios allow a higher 1st gear ratio for better manners in traffic, but cause engine speed to decrease more when shifting. Narrowing the gaps will increase acceleration at speed, and potentially improve top speed under certain conditions, but acceleration from a stopped position and operation in daily driving will suffer.

text: Range is the torque multiplication difference between 1st and 4th gears; wider-ratio gear-sets have more, typically between 2.8 and 3.2. This is the single most important determinant of low-speed acceleration from stopped.

text: Progression is the reduction or decay in the percentage drop in engine speed in the next gear, for example after shifting from 1st to 2nd gear. Most transmissions have some degree of progression in that the RPM drop on the 1-2 shift is larger than the RPM drop on the 2-3 shift, which is in turn larger than the RPM drop on the 3-4 shift. The progression may not be linear (continuously reduced) or done in proportionate stages for various reasons, including a special need for a gear to reach a specific speed or RPM for passing, racing and so on, or simply economic necessity that the parts were available.

text: Range and progression are not mutually exclusive, but each limits the number of options for the other. A wide range, which gives a strong torque multiplication in 1st gear for excellent manners in low-speed traffic, especially with a smaller motor, heavy vehicle, or numerically low axle ratio such as 2.50, means the progression percentages must be high. The amount of engine speed, and therefore power, lost on each up-shift is greater than would be the case in a transmission with less range, but less power in 1st gear. A numerically low 1st gear, such as 2:1, reduces available torque in 1st gear, but allows more choices of progression.

text: There is no optimal choice of transmission gear ratios or a final drive ratio for best performance at all speeds, as gear ratios are compromises, and not necessarily better than the original ratios for certain purposes.


document_title: Tour de France records and statistics

question_text: who has the most stage wins in tour de france

root

text: Tour de France records and statistics

text: Appearances[edit]

text: The record for most appearances is held jointly by Sylvain Chavanel, Stuart O'Grady, and Jens Voigt with 17. In light of George Hincapie's suspension for use of performance-enhancing drugs, before which he held the mark for most consecutive finishes with sixteen, having completed all but his very first, Joop Zoetemelk holds the record for the most finishes, having completed all 16 of the Tours that he started.[2]

tag: p

text:
Participations
Finishes
Name
Nationality

17 (1997, 1998,[n 1] 1999–2013)
15 (1997, 1998,[n 2] 1999, 2001–2006, 2008–2013)
Stuart O'Grady
 Australia

17 (1998–2014)
14 (1998–2002, 2004, 2006–2008, 2010–2014)
Jens Voigt
 Germany

17 (2001–2017)
15 (2001–2006, 2008–2011, 2013–2017)
Sylvain Chavanel
 France

16 (1970–1973, 1975–1986)
16 (1970–1973, 1975–1986)
Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands

16 (2001–2009, 2011–2017)
15 (2001–2003, 2005–2009, 2011–2017)
Haimar Zubeldia
 Spain

15 (1969–1981, 1983, 1985)
15 (1969–1981, 1983, 1985)
Lucien Van Impe
 Belgium

15 (1990–1998, 2000–2004, 2006)
15 (1990–1998, 2000–2004, 2006)
Viatcheslav Ekimov
 Russia

15 (1980–1994)
13 (1981–1982, 1984–1994)
Guy Nulens
 Belgium

15 (1996–2010)
11 (1996–1997, 1999–2000, 2003–2007, 2009–2010)
Christophe Moreau
 France

15 (2003-2017)
15 (2003-2017)
Thomas Voeckler
 France

14 (1953–1966)
13 (1953–1962, 1964–1966)
André Darrigade
 France

14 (1994–2004, 2006–2008)
13 (1995–2004, 2006–2008)
Erik Zabel
 Germany

14 (1978–1985, 1987–1992)
12 (1978–1985, 1988–1990, 1992)
Sean Kelly
 Ireland

14 (1962–1976)
11 (1962–1965, 1967, 1969–1972, 1974–1976)
Raymond Poulidor
 France

14 (1908–1914, 1920–1928)
07 (1909–1914, 1921)
Jules Deloffre
 France

14 (1996–2003, 2007-2012)
13 (1997–2003, 2007-2012)[n 3]
George Hincapie
 United States

13 (1981–1988, 1989–1994)
13 (1981–1988, 1989–1994)
Phil Anderson
 Australia

13 (1969–1975, 1977–1981, 1983)
12 (1969–1975, 1977–1980, 1983)
Joaquim Agostinho
 Portugal

13 (1974–1982, 1984, 1986–1988)
11 (1974–1975, 1977–1982, 1984, 1986–1987)
Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands

13 (1977–1989)
11 (1977–1985, 1987, 1989)
Henk Lubberding
 Netherlands

13 (1951–1963)
10 (1951–1952, 1954, 1956–1957, 1959–1963)
Jean Dotto
 France

13 (1964–1976)
10 (1964–1965, 1967–1971, 1973–1974, 1976)
Jean-Pierre Genet
 France

13 (1979–1983, 1985–1988, 1990–1993)
09 (1979, 1981–1983, 1985, 1987–1988, 1990–1991)
Gilbert Duclos-Lassalle
 France

13 (1953–1965)
09 (1953–1955, 1957, 1959–1960, 1962–1963, 1965)
François Mahe
 France

13 (1992–1997, 1999–2005)
08 (1993–1994, 1996, 2000, 2002–2005)
Marc Wauters
 Belgium

13 (1994–2006)
07 (1995, 1997, 2000–2001, 2003, 2005–2006)
Didier Rous
 France

text: Winning margin[edit]

text: In the early years of the Tour, cyclists rode individually, and were sometimes forbidden to ride together. This led to large gaps between the winner and the number two. Since the cyclists now tend to stay together in a peloton, the margins of the winner have become smaller, as the difference usually originates from time trials, breakaways or on mountain top finishes, or from being left behind the peloton. In the table below, the eight smallest margins between the winner and the second placed cyclists at the end of the Tour are given. The largest margin, by comparison, remains that of the first Tour in 1903: 2h 49m 45s between Maurice Garin and Lucien Pothier.[3] The nine smallest margins between first and second placed riders are as follows:[4]

text:
Winning margin
Year
Opponents

8"
1989
Greg LeMond – Laurent Fignon

23"
2007
Alberto Contador – Cadel Evans

32"
2006
Óscar Pereiro – Andreas Klöden

38"
1968
Jan Janssen – Herman Van Springel

40"
1987
Stephen Roche – Pedro Delgado

48"
1977
Bernard Thévenet – Hennie Kuiper

54"
2017
Chris Froome – Rigoberto Urán

55"
1964
Jacques Anquetil – Raymond Poulidor

58"
2008
Carlos Sastre – Cadel Evans

text: Successful breakaways[edit]

text: The longest successful post-war breakaway by a single rider was by Albert Bourlon in the 1947 Tour de France. In the stage Carcassone-Luchon, he stayed away for 253 kilometres (157 mi).[5] It was one of seven breakaways longer than 200 km, the last being Thierry Marie's 234 km escape in 1991.[5] Bourlon finished 16 m 30s ahead. This is one of the biggest time gaps but not the greatest. That record belongs to José-Luis Viejo, who beat the peloton by 22 mins 50 secs in the 1976 stage Montgenèvre-Manosque.[5] He was the fourth and most recent rider to win a stage by more than 20 minutes.

text: Overall speed[edit]

text: The 2005 edition was the fastest Tour de France in history. Lance Armstrong rode 3,592.5 km in 86h 15' 02", thus realising an overall speed of 41.654 km/h, though his win was later annulled.

text: The slowest Tour de France was the edition of 1919, when Firmin Lambot's average speed was 24.056 km/h.[6]

text: Stage speeds[edit]

text: The fastest massed-start stage was in 1999 from Laval to Blois (194.5 km), won by Mario Cipollini at 50.4 km/h (31.32 mph).[7] The fastest time-trial is Rohan Dennis' stage 1 of the 2015 Tour de France in Utrecht, won at an average of 55.446 km/h (34.5 mph).[8][9] The fastest stage win was by the 2013 Orica GreenEDGE team in a team time-trial. It completed the 25 km time-trial at 57.7 km/h (35.85 mph).[10]

text: The fastest climb of Alpe d'Huez was by Marco Pantani in 1997 Tour de France at 23.1 km/h (14.35 mph).[11]

text: Stage wins per rider[edit]

text: 33 riders have won 10 or more stages (including half-stages, excluding Team Time Trials). Riders who are still active are indicated in bold. Riders with the same number of stage wins are listed alphabetically.

text:
Rank
Name
Country
Wins[12]

1
Eddy Merckx
 Belgium
34

2
Mark Cavendish
 United Kingdom
30

3
Bernard Hinault
 France
28

4
André Leducq
 France
25

5
André Darrigade
 France
22

6
Nicolas Frantz
 Luxembourg
20

7
François Faber
 Luxembourg
19

8
Jean Alavoine
 France
17

9
Jacques Anquetil
 France
16

René Le Grevès
 France
16

Charles Pélissier
 France
16

12
Freddy Maertens
 Belgium
15

13
Marcel Kittel
 Germany
14

14
Philippe Thys
 Belgium
13

Louis Trousselier
 France
13

16
Gino Bartali
 Italy
12

Mario Cipollini
 Italy
12

Miguel Indurain
 Spain
12

Robbie McEwen
 Australia
12

Erik Zabel
 Germany
12

21
Jean Aerts
 Belgium
11

Louison Bobet
 France
11

Raffaele Di Paco
 Italy
11

André Greipel
 Germany
11

25
Maurice Archambaud
 France
10

Charly Gaul
 Luxembourg
10

Walter Godefroot
 Belgium
10

Thor Hushovd
 Norway
10

Gerrie Knetemann
 Netherlands
10

Antonin Magne
 France
10

Henri Pélissier
 France
10

Jan Raas
 Netherlands
10

Joop Zoetemelk
 Netherlands
10

text: Three riders have won 8 stages in a single year:

text:
Charles Pélissier (FRA) (1930, in addition to seven 2nd places)[13]
 Eddy Merckx (BEL) (1970, 1974)[14]
 Freddy Maertens (BEL) (1976, in addition to four 2nd and two 3rd places)[15]

tag: ul

text: Mark Cavendish has the most mass finish stage wins with 30 ahead of André Darrigade and André Leducq with 22, François Faber with 19 and Eddy Merckx with 18.[16]

text: The youngest Tour de France stage winner is Fabio Battesini, who was 19 when he won one stage in the 1931 Tour de France.[17]

text: Stage wins per country[edit]

text: Riders from 33 countries have won at least one stage in the Tour de France.

text:
Country
#

 France
702

 Belgium
471

 Italy
268

 Netherlands
171

 Spain
127

 Germany
87

 Luxembourg
70

 United Kingdom
67

Country
#

  Switzerland
60

 Australia
30

 Denmark
18

 United States
18

 Norway
17

 Colombia
16

 Portugal
12

 Ireland
11

Country
#

 Russia[18]
11

 Slovakia
9

 Uzbekistan
9

 Kazakhstan
5

 Poland
5

 Austria
4

 Estonia
4

 Ukraine
4

Country
#

 Czech Republic
3

 Mexico
2

 Latvia
2

 Brazil
1

 Canada
1

 South Africa
1

 Sweden
1

 Lithuania
1

 Slovenia
1

text: Detailed table[edit]

text:
1903
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1904
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1905
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1906
13
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1907
14
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1908
10
-
-
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1909
7
1
-
-
-
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1910
11
-
1
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1911
12
1
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1912
8
5
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1913
2
10
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1914
7
4
-
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1919
11
2
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1920
3
12
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1921
5
9
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1922
6
8
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1923
12
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1924
4
4
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1925
1
8
5
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1926
-
12
1
-
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1927
6
15
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1928
13
4
-
-
-
-
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1929
10
9
-
-
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1930
13
3
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1931
8
6
7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1932
7
6
7
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1933
9
9
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1934
20
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1935
13
8
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1936
13
9
-
1
1
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1937
9
10
3
-
2
4
1
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1938
8
11
5
3
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1939
17
7
-
1
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1947
12
2
4
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1948
6
4
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1949
8
5
6
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1950
9
2
6
-
-
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1951
6
4
5
1
2
-
1
-
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1952
9
3
7
2
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1953
10
1
3
5
1
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1954
15
4
-
3
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1955
9
3
2
4
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1956
8
4
6
-
2
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1957
17
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1958
9
2
5
1
2
-
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1959
12
1
4
-
1
-
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1960
10
5
4
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1961
12
6
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1962
7
8
4
1
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1963
8
10
1
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1964
8
7
-
4
5
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1965
3
7
5
4
4
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1966
2
8
4
5
2
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1967
8
6
4
1
2
1
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1968
10
10
2
2
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1969
3
14
3
-
1
1
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1970
5
14
5
1
2
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1971
4
11
3
3
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1972
7
15
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1973
6
7
-
2
8
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1974
7
15
1
2
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1975
3
11
4
5
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1976
3
12
3
7
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1977
8
6
1
5
1
6
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1978
7
5
-
9
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1979
10
4
1
8
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1980
7
4
-
11
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1981
6
10
-
7
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1982
6
5
-
6
-
-
-
-
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1983
9
3
1
5
1
-
-
1
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1984
12
7
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1985
6
6
-
4
2
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
3
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1986
6
5
3
1
5
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1987
7
2
1
6
4
1
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1988
2
-
4
8
3
1
-
1
1
-
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-

1989
4
1
2
6
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
3
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1990
3
2
5
6
3
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1991
5
1
6
2
2
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-

1992
6
2
3
3
4
1
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1993
1
2
4
-
2
1
-
-
3
-
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1994
4
-
5
1
2
-
-
1
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-

1995
3
1
6
1
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1996
4
-
3
3
-
3
-
-
3
-
3
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1997
6
-
7
1
1
5
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

1998
1
4
6
2
-
4
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-

1999
-
4
7
-
3
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2000
2
2
5
4
3
2
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2001
4
3
-
1
1
4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2002
2
-
1
2
2
1
-
1
1
3
-
-
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2003
2
-
5
1
4
1
-
1
-
2
1
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2004
3
2
2
-
2
-
-
-
1
3
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2005
1
2
3
1
3
-
-
-
-
3
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2006
3
-
1
-
4
2
1
-
-
3
1
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2007
2
3
3
-
1
1
1
-
2
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-

2008
3
1
-
-
6
1
1
4
1
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2009
4
-
-
-
4
1
1
6
1
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2010
6
-
2
-
1
-
2
5
2
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2011
1
2
-
-
2
2
1
5
-
1
-
2
4
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2012
5
-
-
-
2
3
-
7
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2013
1
1
1
-
-
6
-
5
-
2
-
-
-
1
2
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2014
2
-
5
1
-
7
-
-
-
1
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-

2015
3
1
1
-
3
6
-
3
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2016
1
2
-
2
1
2
-
7
-
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

2017
5
-
1
2
-
5
-
1
-
2
-
-
1
1
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1

TOTAL
702
471
268
171
127
87
70
67
60
30
18
18
17
16
12
11
11
9
9
5
4
4
5
4
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1

text: Stage towns[edit]

text: Some cities and towns have hosted 25 or more stage starts and finishes:

text:
Paris – 140 (most recent finish: 2017)
Bordeaux – 80 (most recent: 2010)
Pau – 69[19] (most recent: 2017)
Bagnères-de-Luchon – 58 (most recent: 2016)
Metz – 40 (most recent: 2012)
Grenoble – 39 (most recent: 2014)
Marseille – 36 (most recent: 2017)
Nice – 36 (most recent: 2013)
Perpignan – 36 (most recent: 2009)
Caen – 35 (most recent: 2006)
Briançon – 35 (most recent: 2017)
Bayonne – 32 (most recent: 2003)
Montpellier – 31 (most recent: 2016)
Nantes – 30 (most recent: 2008)
Belfort – 29 (most recent: 2000)
Brest – 28 (most recent: 2008)
L'Alpe d'Huez – 28 (most recent: 2015)
Toulouse – 25 (most recent: 2008)
Roubaix – 25 (most recent: 1994)
Saint-Étienne – 25 (most recent: 2014)

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Assisted by illicit performance-enhancing drug use in the 1998 Tour de France
Jump up ^ Assisted by illicit performance-enhancing drug use in the 1998 Tour de France
Jump up ^ All appearances from 2004 to 2006 have been disqualified due to Hincapie's suspension for performance-enhancing drug use

tag: ol


document_title: File:Grease car race LA river.jpg

question_text: where was the car race scene in grease filmed

text: File:Grease car race LA river.jpg

text:
File
File history
File usage
Metadata

text:
Non-free media information and use rationale true for Los Angeles River

Description

A screenshot of the car race in the LA River culvert from the film Grease

Source

http://www.wmanthony.com/news/labels/Biscuit%20Company%20Lofts.html

Article

Los Angeles River

Portion used

all

Low resolution?

yes (area of this image is equivalent to a film poster at 300x400)

Purpose of use

The canalized L.A. River culvert has been used in numerous films and television shows as a location for car chases, races, the dumping of dead bodies, etc. (During most of the year the river is a trickle and the culvert is almost completely dry.) The scene from Grease is a particualrly well-known and notable example, and serves in the article to illustrate this use of the river culvert as a shooting location for films and television.

Replaceable?

any image which serves this purpose will necessarily be non-free

Fair useFair use of copyrighted material in the context of Los Angeles River//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grease_car_race_LA_river.jpg

text: Licensing:[edit]

text:
This image is a screenshot from a copyrighted film, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by the studio which produced the film, and possibly also by any actors appearing in the screenshot. It is believed that the use of a limited number of low-resolution screenshots

for critical commentary and discussion of the film and its contents
on the English-language Wikipedia, hosted on servers in the United States by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation,

qualifies as fair use under the Copyright law of the United States. Any other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, may be copyright infringement. See Wikipedia:Non-free content for more information.

Fair use
true

text: File history

text: Click on a date/time to view the file as it appeared at that time.

text:
Date/TimeThumbnailDimensionsUserComment
current19:37, 29 November 2011583 × 248 (64 KB)Beyond My Ken (talk | contribs)FUR (area is equivalent to a film poster at 300x400)

text: You cannot overwrite this file.

text: File usage

text:
Grease (film)
Los Angeles River

text: Metadata

text: Software usedAdobe Photoshop CS WindowsFile change date and time21:15, 12 August 2006Color spacesRGBShow extended details

text: Screenshots of films

text: Wikipedia non-free files with valid backlinkAll non-free mediaNon-free images with NFUR statedFiles with no machine-readable author


document_title: Great Sphinx of Giza

question_text: when was the great sphinx of giza discovered

text: Great Sphinx of Giza

text: Construction

text: The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area.[6] The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion (mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body.[6][7] The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock.[1] The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration.[8] The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder.[8][9]

text: Origin and identity

text: The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose.[1] These questions have resulted in the popular idea of the "Riddle of the Sphinx,"[10] alluding to the original Greek legend of the "Riddle of the Sphinx."

text: First century writer Pliny the Elder mentioned the Great Sphinx in his Natural History, commenting that the Egyptians looked upon the statue as a "divinity" that has been passed over in silence and "that King Harmais was buried in it."[9][11]

text: Names of the Sphinx

text: It is impossible to identify what name the creators called their statue, as the Great Sphinx does not appear in any known inscription of the Old Kingdom and there are no inscriptions anywhere describing its construction or its original purpose. In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx was called Hor-em-akhet (English: Horus of the Horizon; Hellenized: Harmachis), and the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC)[12] specifically referred to it as such in his "Dream Stele."

text: The commonly used name "Sphinx" was given to it in classical antiquity, about 2000 years after the commonly accepted date of its construction by reference to a Greek mythological beast with a lion's body, a woman's head and the wings of an eagle (although, like most Egyptian sphinxes, the Great Sphinx has a man's head and no wings).[13] The English word sphinx comes from the ancient Greek Σφίγξ (transliterated: sphinx) apparently from the verb σφίγγω (transliterated: sphingo / English: to squeeze), after the Greek sphinx who strangled anyone who failed to answer her riddle.

text: The name may alternatively be a linguistic corruption of the phonetically different ancient Egyptian word Ssp-anx (in Manuel de Codage). This name is given to royal statues of the Fourth dynasty of ancient Egypt (2575–2467 BC) and later in the New Kingdom (c. 1570–1070 BC) to the Great Sphinx more specifically.[original research?]

text: Medieval Arab writers, including al-Maqrīzī, call the Sphinx balhib and bilhaw, which suggest a Coptic influence. The modern Egyptian Arabic name is أبو الهول (Abū al Hūl, English: The Terrifying One).

text: Builder and timeframe

text: Though there have been conflicting evidence and viewpoints over the years, the view held by modern Egyptology at large remains that the Great Sphinx was built in approximately 2500 BC for the pharaoh Khafra, the builder of the Second Pyramid at Giza.[14]

text: Selim Hassan, writing in 1949 on recent excavations of the Sphinx enclosure, summed up the problem:

text: Taking all things into consideration, it seems that we must give the credit of erecting this, the world's most wonderful statue, to Khafre, but always with this reservation: that there is not one single contemporary inscription which connects the Sphinx with Khafre; so, sound as it may appear, we must treat the evidence as circumstantial, until such time as a lucky turn of the spade of the excavator will reveal to the world a definite reference to the erection of the Sphinx.[15]

text: The "circumstantial" evidence mentioned by Hassan includes the Sphinx's location in the context of the funerary complex surrounding the Second Pyramid, which is traditionally connected with Khafra.[16] Apart from the Causeway, the Pyramid and the Sphinx, the complex also includes the Sphinx Temple and the Valley Temple, both of which display the same architectural style, with 200-tonne stone blocks quarried out of the Sphinx enclosure.

text: A diorite statue of Khafre, which was discovered buried upside down along with other debris in the Valley Temple, is claimed as support for the Khafra theory.

text: The Dream Stele, erected much later by the pharaoh Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC), associates the Sphinx with Khafra. When the stele was discovered, its lines of text were already damaged and incomplete, and only referred to Khaf, not Khafra. An extract was translated:

text: which we bring for him: oxen ... and all the young vegetables; and we shall give praise to Wenofer ... Khaf ... the statue made for Atum-Hor-em-Akhet.[17]

text: The Egyptologist Thomas Young, finding the Khaf hieroglyphs in a damaged cartouche used to surround a royal name, inserted the glyph ra to complete Khafra's name. When the Stele was re-excavated in 1925, the lines of text referring to Khaf flaked off and were destroyed.

text: Dissenting hypotheses

text: Theories held by academic Egyptologists regarding the builder of the Sphinx and the date of its construction are not universally accepted, and various persons have proposed various alternative hypotheses about both the builder and the dating.

text: Early Egyptologists

text: Some early Egyptologists and excavators of the Giza pyramid complex believed the Great Sphinx and associated temples to predate the fourth dynasty rule of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure. Petrie wrote in 1883 regarding the state of opinion regarding the age of the nearby temples, and by extension the Sphinx: "The date of the Granite Temple [Valley Temple] has been so positively asserted to be earlier than the fourth dynasty, that it may seem rash to dispute the point".[18]

text: In 1857, Auguste Mariette, founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, unearthed the much later Inventory Stela (estimated Dynasty XXVI, c. 678–525 BC), which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the Stela are considered good evidence,[19] this passage is widely dismissed as Late Period historical revisionism,[20] a purposeful fake, created by the local priests with the attempt to certify the contemporary Isis temple an ancient history it never had. Such an act became common when religious institutions such as temples, shrines and priest's domains were fighting for political attention and for financial and economic donations.[21][22]

text: Gaston Maspero, the French Egyptologist and second director of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, conducted a survey of the Sphinx in 1886. He concluded that because the Dream stela showed the cartouche of Khafre in line thirteen, that it was he who was responsible for the excavation and that the Sphinx must therefore predate Khafre and his predecessors (i.e. Dynasty IV, c. 2575–2467 BC).[23] English Egyptologist E. A. Wallis Budge agreed that the Sphinx predated Khafre's reign, writing in The Gods of the Egyptians (1914): "This marvelous object [the Great Sphinx] was in existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren,[a] and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period [c. 2686 BC]."[24] Maspero believed the Sphinx to be "the most ancient monument in Egypt".[25]

text: Modern dissenting hypotheses

text: Rainer Stadelmann, former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, examined the distinct iconography of the nemes (headdress) and the now-detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded that the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589–2566 BC), builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and Khafra's father.[26] He supports this by suggesting that Khafra's Causeway was built to conform to a pre-existing structure, which, he concludes, given its location, could only have been the Sphinx.[20]

text: Colin Reader, an English geologist who independently conducted a more recent survey of the enclosure, agrees that the various quarries on the site have been excavated around the Causeway. Because these quarries are known to have been used by Khufu, Reader concludes that the Causeway (and the temples on either end thereof) must predate Khufu, thereby casting doubt on the conventional Egyptian chronology.[20]

text: Frank Domingo, a forensic scientist in the New York City Police Department and an expert forensic anthropologist,[27] used detailed measurements of the Sphinx, forensic drawings and computer imaging to conclude that the face depicted on the Sphinx is not the same face as is depicted on a statue attributed to Khafra.[28]

text: In 2004, Vassil Dobrev of the Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale in Cairo announced that he had uncovered new evidence that the Great Sphinx may have been the work of the little-known Pharaoh Djedefre (2528–2520 BC), Khafra's half brother and a son of Khufu.[29] Dobrev suggests that Djedefre built the Sphinx in the image of his father Khufu, identifying him with the sun god Ra in order to restore respect for their dynasty. Dobrev also notes, like Stadelmann and others, that the causeway connecting Khafre's pyramid to the temples was built around the Sphinx suggesting it was already in existence at the time.[26]

text: Fringe hypotheses

text: Orion correlation theory

text: The Orion correlation theory, as expounded by popular authors Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval,[30] is based on the proposed exact correlation of the three pyramids at Giza with the three stars ζ Ori, ε Ori and δ Ori, the stars forming Orion's Belt, in the relative positions occupied by these stars in 10500 BC. The authors argue that the geographic relationship of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramids and the Nile directly corresponds with Leo, Orion and the Milky Way respectively. Sometimes cited as an example of pseudoarchaeology, the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship.[31][32][33]

text: Water erosion hypothesis

text: The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall,[34] and that it must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafra. The hypothesis is championed primarily by Robert M. Schoch, a geologist and associate professor of natural science at the College of General Studies at Boston University, and John Anthony West, an author and alternative Egyptologist.

text: Colin Reader, a British geologist, studied the erosion effects and noticed that the effects are selectively at the western enclosure wall and not on the Sphinx itself. He proposed the rainfall water runoff hypothesis, which also recognizes climate change transitions in the area.[35][36]

text: The Great Sphinx as Anubis

text: Author Robert K. G. Temple proposes that the Sphinx was originally a statue of the Jackal-Dog Anubis, the God of the Necropolis, and that its face was recarved in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and the style of the pleats on the head-dress.[37]

text: Racial characteristics

text: Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as "Negroid" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx.[38] This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole.[39] The face of the Sphinx has been damaged over the millennia.

text: Restoration

text: At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to c. 1400 BC, when the young Thutmose IV (1401–1391 or 1397–1388 BC) gathered a team and, after much effort, managed to dig out the front paws, between which he placed a granite slab, known as the Dream Stele, inscribed with the following (an extract):

text: ... the royal son, Thothmos, being arrived, while walking at midday and seating himself under the shadow of this mighty god, was overcome by slumber and slept at the very moment when Ra is at the summit [of heaven]. He found that the Majesty of this august god spoke to him with his own mouth, as a father speaks to his son, saying: Look upon me, contemplate me, O my son Thothmos; I am thy father, Harmakhis-Khopri-Ra-Tum; I bestow upon thee the sovereignty over my domain, the supremacy over the living ... Behold my actual condition that thou mayest protect all my perfect limbs. The sand of the desert whereon I am laid has covered me. Save me, causing all that is in my heart to be executed.[40]

text: Later, Ramesses II the Great (1279–1213 BC) may have undertaken a second excavation.

text: Mark Lehner, an Egyptologist who has excavated and mapped the Giza plateau, originally asserted that there had been a far earlier renovation during the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2184 BC),[41] although he has subsequently recanted this "heretical" viewpoint.[42]

text: In AD 1817 the first modern archaeological dig, supervised by the Italian Giovanni Battista Caviglia, uncovered the Sphinx's chest completely.

text: One of the people working on clearing the sands from around the Great Sphinx was Eugène Grébaut, a French Director of the Antiquities Service[43] "In the beginning of the year 1887, the chest, the paws, the altar, and plateau were all made visible. Flights of steps were unearthed, and finally accurate measurements were taken of the great figures. The height from the lowest of the steps was found to be one hundred feet, and the space between the paws was found to be thirty-five feet long and ten feet wide. Here there was formerly an altar; and a stele of Thûtmosis IV was discovered, recording a dream in which he was ordered to clear away the sand that even then was gathering round the site of the Sphinx."[44]

text: The entire Sphinx was finally excavated in 1925 to 1936, in digs led by Émile Baraize.[citation needed]

text: In 1931 engineers of the Egyptian government repaired the head of the Sphinx. Part of its headdress had fallen off in 1926 due to erosion, which had also cut deeply into its neck.[45] This questionable repair was by the addition of a concrete collar between the headdress and the neck, creating an altered profie.[46] Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980's, and then redone in the 1990's.[47]

text: Missing nose and beard

text: The one-metre-wide nose on the face is missing. Examination of the Sphinx's face shows that long rods or chisels were hammered into the nose, one down from the bridge and one beneath the nostril, then used to pry the nose off towards the south.[49]

text: The Arab historian al-Maqrīzī, writing in the 15th century, attributes the loss of the nose to iconoclasm by Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr—a Sufi Muslim from the khanqah of Sa'id al-Su'ada—in AD 1378, upon finding the local peasants making offerings to the Sphinx in the hope of increasing their harvest. Enraged, he destroyed the nose, and was later hanged for vandalism.[50] Al-Maqrīzī describes the Sphinx as the "talisman of the Nile" on which the locals believed the flood cycle depended.[51]

text: There is also a story that the nose was broken off by a cannonball fired by Napoleon's soldiers. Other variants indict British troops, the Mamluks, and others. Sketches of the Sphinx by the Dane Frederic Louis Norden, made in 1738 and published in 1757, show the Sphinx missing its nose.[52] This predates Napoleon's birth in 1769.

text: In addition to the lost nose, a ceremonial pharaonic beard is thought to have been attached, although this may have been added in later periods after the original construction. Egyptologist Vassil Dobrev has suggested that had the beard been an original part of the Sphinx, it would have damaged the chin of the statue upon falling.[26] The lack of visible damage supports his theory that the beard was a later addition.

text: Residues of red pigment are visible on areas of the Sphinx's face. Traces of yellow and blue pigment have been found elsewhere on the Sphinx, leading Mark Lehner to suggest that the monument "was once decked out in gaudy comic book colors".[53]

text: Mythology

text: Colin Reader has proposed that the Sphinx was probably the focus of solar worship in the Early Dynastic Period, before the Giza Plateau became a necropolis in the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2134 BC).[54] He ties this in with his conclusions that the Sphinx, the Sphinx temple, the Causeway and the Khafra mortuary temple are all part of a complex which predates Dynasty IV (c. 2613–2494 BC). The lion has long been a symbol associated with the sun in ancient Near Eastern civilizations. Images depicting the Egyptian king in the form of a lion smiting his enemies date as far back as the Early Dynastic Period.

text: In the New Kingdom, the Sphinx became more specifically associated with the god Hor-em-akhet (Hellenized: Harmachis) or "Horus-at-the-Horizon", which represented the pharaoh in his role as the Shesep-ankh (English: Living Image) of the god Atum. Pharaoh Amenhotep II (1427–1401 or 1397 BC) built a temple to the north east of the Sphinx nearly 1000 years after its construction, and dedicated it to the cult of Hor-em-akhet.

text: Reception

text: In the last 700 years, there has been a proliferation of travellers and reports from Lower Egypt, unlike Upper Egypt, which was seldom reported from prior to the mid-18th century. Alexandria, Rosetta, Damietta, Cairo and the Giza Pyramids are described repeatedly, but not necessarily comprehensively. Many accounts were published and widely read. These include those of George Sandys, André Thévet, Athanasius Kircher, Balthasar de Monconys, Jean de Thévenot, John Greaves, Johann Michael Vansleb, Benoît de Maillet, Cornelis de Bruijn, Paul Lucas, Richard Pococke, Frederic Louis Norden and others. But there is an even larger set of more anonymous people who wrote obscure and little-read works, sometimes only unpublished manuscripts in libraries or private collections, including Henry Castela, Hans Ludwig von Lichtenstein, Michael Heberer von Bretten, Wilhelm von Boldensele, Pierre Belon du Mans, Vincent Stochove, Christophe Harant, Gilles Fermanel, Robert Fauvel, Jean Palerne Foresien, Willian Lithgow, Joos van Ghistele, etc.

text: Over the centuries, writers and scholars have recorded their impressions and reactions upon seeing the Sphinx. The vast majority were concerned with a general description, often including a mixture of science, romance and mystique. A typical description of the Sphinx by tourists and leisure travelers throughout the 19th and 20th century was made by John Lawson Stoddard:

text: It is the antiquity of the Sphinx which thrills us as we look upon it, for in itself it has no charms. The desert's waves have risen to its breast, as if to wrap the monster in a winding-sheet of gold. The face and head have been mutilated by Moslem fanatics. The mouth, the beauty of whose lips was once admired, is now expressionless. Yet grand in its loneliness, – veiled in the mystery of unnamed ages, – the relic of Egyptian antiquity stands solemn and silent in the presence of the awful desert – symbol of eternity. Here it disputes with Time the empire of the past; forever gazing on and on into a future which will still be distant when we, like all who have preceded us and looked upon its face, have lived our little lives and disappeared.[55]

text: From the 16th century far into the 19th century, observers repeatedly noted that the Sphinx has the face, neck and breast of a woman. Examples included Johannes Helferich (1579), George Sandys (1615), Johann Michael Vansleb (1677), Benoît de Maillet (1735) and Elliot Warburton (1844).

text: Most early Western images were book illustrations in print form, elaborated by a professional engraver from either previous images available or some original drawing or sketch supplied by an author, and usually now lost. Seven years after visiting Giza, André Thévet (Cosmographie de Levant, 1556) described the Sphinx as "the head of a colossus, caused to be made by Isis, daughter of Inachus, then so beloved of Jupiter". He, or his artist and engraver, pictured it as a curly-haired monster with a grassy dog collar. Athanasius Kircher (who never visited Egypt) depicted the Sphinx as a Roman statue, reflecting his ability to conceptualize (Turris Babel, 1679). Johannes Helferich's (1579) Sphinx is a pinched-face, round-breasted woman with a straight haired wig; the only edge over Thevet is that the hair suggests the flaring lappets of the headdress. George Sandys stated that the Sphinx was a harlot; Balthasar de Monconys interpreted the headdress as a kind of hairnet, while François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz's Sphinx had a rounded hairdo with bulky collar.

text: Richard Pococke's Sphinx was an adoption of Cornelis de Bruijn's drawing of 1698, featuring only minor changes, but is closer to the actual appearance of the Sphinx than anything previous. The print versions of Norden's careful drawings for his Voyage d'Egypte et de Nubie, 1755 are the first to clearly show that the nose was missing. However, from the time of the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt onwards, a number of accurate images were widely available in Europe, and copied by others.

text: Legacy

text: Mystery of the Sphinx, narrated by Charlton Heston, a documentary presenting the theories of John Anthony West, was shown as an NBC Special on 10 November 1993 (winning an Emmy award for Best Research[citation needed]) A 95-minute DVD, Mystery of the Sphinx: Expanded Edition, was released in 2007. Age of the Sphinx, a BBC Two Timewatch documentary presenting the theories of John Anthony West and critical to both sides of the argument, was shown on 27 November 1994. In 2008, the film 10,000 BC showed a supposed original Sphinx with a lion's head. Before this film, this lion head theory had been published in documentary films about the origin of the Sphinx.

text: Gallery

text:
André Thévet, Cosmographie de Levant (1556)

Hogenberg and Braun (map), Cairus, quae olim Babylon (1572), exists in various editions, from various authors, with the Sphinx looking different.

Jan Sommer, (unpublished) Voyages en Egypte des annees 1589, 1590 & 1591, Institut de France, 1971 (Voyageurs occidentaux en Égypte 3)

George Sandys, A relation of a journey begun an dom. 1610 (1615)

François de La Boullaye-Le Gouz, Les Voyages et Observations (1653)

Balthasar de Monconys, Journal des voyages (1665)

Olfert Dapper, Description de l'Afrique (1665), note the two different displays of the Sphinx.

Cornelis de Bruijn, Reizen van Cornelis de Bruyn door de vermaardste Deelen van Klein Asia (1698)

The Sphinx as seen by Frederic Louis Norden (1755)

Frederic Louis Norden, Voyage d'Égypte et de Nubie (1755)

Description de l'Egypte (Panckoucke edition), Planches, Antiquités, volume V (1823), also published in the Imperial edition of 1822.

Description de l'Egypte (Panckoucke edition), Planches, Antiquités, volume V (1823), also published in the Imperial edition of 1822.

Members of the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe (1863) in front of the Sphinx, 1864.

Jean-Léon Gérôme's Bonaparte Before the Sphinx, 1867–1868.

Johanne Baptista Homann (map), Aegyptus hodierna (1724)

Lantern Slide Collection: Views, Objects: Egypt. Gizeh [selected images]. View 04: Pyramids and Sphinx., n.d., Kay C. Lenskold. Floral Park, N.Y. Brooklyn Museum Archives


document_title: Timeline of the flag of the United States

question_text: when did the us flag have 45 stars

question_tokens: when did the us flag have 45 stars

text: This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
1776 January 1 – The Continental Colours designed during 1775, is displayed at the camp of the commanding General George Washington of Virginia over the Continental Army Revolutionary/Rebel forces in the American Revolutionary War at Prospect Hill, north of Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts during the Siege of Boston. It has 13 alternate red and white stripes representing the original Thirteen Colonies and the British Union Jack flag, in a square in the upper left-hand corner.[1]
1776 May – A popular legend promulgated by the descendants of Betsy Ross, of Philadelphia, during the 1870s, over a century later, holds that the seamstress sewed the first American flag. The claim is widely discredited by researchers/historians.[2]
1777 June 14 – Continental Congress adopts the following: "Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation."[3]
1787 Captain Robert Gray carries the flag around the world on his sailing vessel (around the tip of South America, to China, and beyond).
1795 Flag with 15 stars and 15 stripes designed - often with unique red stripe under the blue field /canton (added Vermont, Kentucky to the original Thirteen Colonies stars)
1814 September 14 – Francis Scott Key writes the four stanza poem "The Star-Spangled Banner". It officially becomes the U.S.A. national anthem in 1931. The unique 15 - star, 15 - stripe design with a red stripe under the blue canton with stars (used 1795-1818) of the huge flag made by Mary Young Pickersgill later seen by Key flying over Fort McHenry outside Baltimore in September 1814 during the Battle of Baltimore in a British land/sea attack becomes known as the "Star Spangled Banner Flag".
1818 Flag with 20 stars and returned to the 13 stripes design of alternating red and white colors of 1777. It remains at 13 stripes hereafter to the present with only stars added for additional states admitted to the Union, on next following Independence Day, Fourth of July. (Tennessee(1796), Ohio (1803), Louisiana (1812), Indiana (1816}, Mississippi (1817) added from previous years).
1819 Flag with 21 stars (Illinois)
1820 Flag with 23 stars (Alabama, Maine) first flag on Pikes Peak, (located in future Colorado)
1822 Flag with 24 stars (Missouri)
1836 Flag with 25 stars (Arkansas)
1837 Flag with 26 stars (Michigan)
1845 Flag with 27 stars (Florida)
1846 Flag with 28 stars (Texas)
1847 Flag with 29 stars (Iowa)
1848 Flag with 30 stars (Wisconsin)
1851 Flag with 31 stars (California)
1858 Flag with 32 stars (Minnesota)
1859 Flag with 33 stars (Oregon)
1861 Flag with 34 stars; (Kansas) Note: Even after the Southern states seceded from the Union, establishing the Confederate States of America, 16th President Abraham Lincoln would not allow any star to be removed from the American flag. • First First National Flag of the Confederacy (nicknamed "The Stars and Bars") adopted by provisional government in temporary capital in Montgomery, Alabama
1863 Flag with 35 stars (West Virginia western counties withdrew from seceded Virginia)
1865 Flag with 36 stars (Nevada)
1867 Flag with 37 stars (Nebraska)
1869 First flag on a U.S. postage stamp
1876 Flag with 38 stars (Colorado)
1889 Flag with 39 stars that never was. Flag manufacturers mistakenly believed that the two Dakotas would be admitted instead as one state and so manufactured this flag, some of which still exist. It was never an official flag.
1890 Flag with 43 stars (North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho)
1891 Flag with 44 stars (Wyoming)
1892 "Pledge of Allegiance" first published in a magazine called "The Youth's Companion", written by Francis Bellamy. Revised in 1954.
1896 Flag with 45 stars (Utah)
1897 Adoption of State Flag Desecration Statutes – By the late 1800s an organized flag protection movement was born in reaction to perceived commercial and political misuse of the flag. After supporters failed to obtain federal legislation, Illinois, Pennsylvania, and South Dakota became the first States to adopt flag desecration statutes. By 1932, all of the States had adopted flag desecration laws. In general, these State laws outlawed: (i) placing any kind of marking on the flag, whether for commercial, political, or other purposes; (ii) using the flag in any form of advertising; and (iii) publicly mutilating, trampling, defacing, defiling, defying or casting contempt, either by words or by act, upon the flag. Under the model flag desecration law, the term "flag" was defined to include any flag, standard, ensign, or color, or any representation of such made of any substance whatsoever and of any size that evidently purported to be said flag or a picture or representation thereof, upon which shall be shown the colors, the stars and stripes in any number, or by which the person seeing the same without deliberation may believe the same to represent the flag of the U.S.
1907 Halter v. Nebraska (205 U.S. 34) – The U.S. Supreme Court held that although the flag was a federal creation, the States' had the authority to promulgate flag desecration laws under their general police power to safeguard public safety and welfare. Halter involved a conviction of two businessmen selling "Stars and Stripes" brand beer with representations of the U.S. flag affixed to the labels. The defendants did not raise any constitutional First Amendment claim.
1908 Flag with 46 stars (Oklahoma)
1909 Explorer Robert Peary places the flag his wife sewed atop the North Pole. He left pieces of another flag along the way. He was never censured for his action.
1912 Flag with 48 stars (New Mexico, Arizona) completing "Lower 48" continental U.S.A. Becomes longest serving flag of 48 years 1912-1960, until later 50-star flag surpasses in 2008.
1931 Stromberg v. California (283 U.S. 359) – The Supreme Court found that a State statute prohibiting the display of a "red flag" as a sign of opposition to organized government unconstitutionally infringed on the defendant's First Amendment rights. Stromberg represented the Court's first declaration that "symbolic speech" was protected by the First Amendment.
1942 Federal Flag Code (36 U.S.C. 171 et seq.) – On June 22, 1942, 32nd President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved the Federal Flag Code, providing for uniform guidelines for the display and respect shown to the flag. The Flag Code does not prescribe any penalties for non-compliance nor does it include any enforcement provisions, rather it functions simply as a guide for voluntary civilian compliance.
1943 West Virginia Board of Education v. Barnette (319 U.S. 624) – The Supreme Court held that public school children could not be compelled to salute the U.S. flag. In a now famous passage, Justice Robert Jackson highlighted the importance of freedom of expression under the First Amendment: Freedom to differ is not limited to things that do not matter much. That would be a mere shadow of freedom. The test of its substance is the right to differ as to things that touch the heart of the existing order. If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion or other matters of opinion.
1945 The flag that flew over Pearl Harbor naval base in Hawaii on Sunday, December 7, 1941, is flown over the White House on August 14, 1945, "V-J Day" when the Japanese accepted surrender terms.
1949 August 3 – 34th President Harry Truman signs bill requesting the President call for a Flag Day (June 14th) observance each year by proclamation.
1954 By act of Congress, the words "Under God" are inserted into the Pledge of Allegiance
1959 Flag with 49 stars (Alaska)
1960 Flag with 50 stars (Hawaii)
1963 American Flag placed on top of Mount Everest in Himalayas Mountains in Nepal (tallest in the world), by Barry Bishop.
1968 Adoption of Federal Flag Desecration Law (18 U.S.C. 700 et seq.) – Congress approved the first federal flag desecration law in the wake of a highly publicized Central Park flag burning incident in New York City in protest of the Vietnam War. The federal law made it illegal to "knowingly" cast "contempt" upon "any flag of the United States by publicly mutilating, defacing, defiling, burning or trampling upon it." The law defined flag in an expansive manner similar to most States.
1969 July 20 – Astronauts Neil Armstrong with Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin of Apollo 11 places the American flag on the Moon at "Tranquillity Base".
1969 Street v. New York (394 U.S. 576) – The Supreme Court held that New York State could not convict a person based on his verbal remarks disparaging the flag. Street was arrested after he learned of the shooting of civil rights leader James Meredith and reacted by burning his own flag and exclaiming to a small crowd that if the government could allow Meredith to be killed, "we don't need no damn flag." The Court avoided deciding whether flag burning was protected by the First Amendment, and instead overturned the conviction based on Street's oral remarks. In Street, the Court found there was not a sufficient governmental interest to warrant regulating verbal criticism of the flag.
1972 Smith v. Goguen (415 U.S. 94) – The Supreme Court held that Massachusetts could not prosecute a person for wearing a small cloth replica of the flag on the seat of his pants based on a State law making it a crime to publicly treat the flag of the United States with "contempt". The Massachusetts statute was held to be unconstitutionally "void for vagueness."
1974 Spence v. Washington (418 U.S. 405) – The Supreme Court held that the State of Washington could not convict a person for attaching removable tape in the form of a peace sign to a flag. The defendant had attached the tape to his flag and draped it outside of his window in protest of the 1970 U.S. invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State killings. The Court again found under the First Amendment there was not a sufficient governmental interest to justify regulating this form of symbolic speech. Although not a flag burning case, this represented the first time the Court had clearly stated that protest involving the physical use of the flag should be seen as a form of protected expression under the First Amendment.
1970–1980 Revision of State Flag Desecration Statutes – During this period legislatures in some 20 States narrowed the scope of their flag desecration laws in an effort to conform to perceived Constitutional restrictions under the Street, Smith, and Spence cases and to more generally parallel the Federal Law (i.e., focusing more specifically on mutilation and other forms of physical desecration, rather than verbal abuse or commercial or political misuse).
1989 Texas v. Johnson (491 U.S. 397) – The Supreme Court upheld the Texas Court of Criminal appeals finding that Texas law – making it a crime to "desecrate" or otherwise "mistreat" the flag in a way the "actor knows will seriously offend one or more persons" – was unconstitutional as applied. This was the first time the Supreme Court had directly considered the applicability of the First Amendment to flag burning. Gregory Johnson, a member of the Revolutionary Communist Party, was arrested during a demonstration outside of the 1984 Republican National Convention in Dallas after he set fire to a flag while protesters chanted "America, the red, white, and blue, we spit on you." In a 5–4 decision authored by Justice William Brennan, the Court first found that burning the flag was a form of symbolic speech subject to protection under the First Amendment. The Court also determined that under United States v. O'Brien, 391 U.S. 367 (1968), since the State law was related to the suppression of freedom of expression, the conviction could only be upheld if Texas could demonstrate a "compelling" interest in its law. The Court next found that Texas' asserted interest in "protecting the peace" was not implicated under the facts of the case. Finally, while the Court acknowledged that Texas had a legitimate interest in preserving the flag as a "symbol of national unity", this interest was not sufficiently compelling to justify a "content based" legal restriction (i.e., the law was not based on protecting the physical integrity of the flag in all circumstances, but was designed to protect it from symbolic protest likely to cause offense to others).
1989 Revision of Federal Flag Desecration Statute – Pursuant to the Flag Protection Act of 1989, Congress amended the 1968 federal flag desecration statute in an effort to make it "content neutral" and conform to the Constitutional requirements of the Johnson case. As a result, the 1989 Act sought to prohibit flag desecration under all circumstances by deleting the statutory requirement that the conduct cast contempt upon the flag and narrowing the definition of the term "flag" so that its meaning was not based on the observation of third parties.
1990 - United States v. Eichman (496 U.S. 310) – Passage of the Flag Protection Act of 1989 resulted in a number of flag burning incidents protesting the new law. The Supreme Court overturned several flag burning convictions brought under the Flag Protection Act. The Court held that notwithstanding Congress' effort to adopt a more content neutral law, the federal law continued to be principally aimed at limiting symbolic speech.
1990 - Rejection of Constitutional Amendment – Following the Eichman decision, Congress considered and rejected a Constitutional Amendment specifying that "the Congress and the States have the power to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States." The amendment failed to muster the necessary two-thirds Congressional majorities, as it was supported by only a 254 – 177 margin in the House (290 votes were necessary) and a 58 – 42 margin in the Senate (67 votes were necessary).
1995 – The Flag Desecration Constitutional Amendment is narrowly defeated in the U.S. Senate. The Amendment to the Constitution would make burning the flag a punishable crime.
2005 - U.S. House of Representatives passes a new flag desecration constitutional amendment
2006 – U.S. Senate rejects new constitutional amendment
2007 - The longevity in years used of the present 50-star flag is now tied with that of the 48-star flag, both having experienced 47 years of continuous use.[citation needed] After this date, the 50-star flag became the longest-used version of the Flag of the United States of America.


document_title: 2006 FIFA World Cup statistics

question_text: which player scored the most goals for england in the 2006 fifa world cup

text: 2006 FIFA World Cup statistics

text: Goalscorers[edit]

text: Miroslav Klose was given the Golden Boot award for scoring five goals in the World Cup.

text: Miroslav Klose

text:
Hernán Crespo
 Maxi Rodríguez
 Ronaldo
 Thierry Henry
 Zinedine Zidane
 Lukas Podolski
 Fernando Torres
 David Villa

text:
Tim Cahill
 Adriano
 Paulo Wanchope
 Tomáš Rosický
 Agustín Delgado
 Carlos Tenorio
 Steven Gerrard
 Patrick Vieira
 Bastian Schweinsteiger
 Marco Materazzi
 Luca Toni
 Aruna Dindane
 Omar Bravo
 Bartosz Bosacki
 Maniche
 Alexander Frei
 Andriy Shevchenko

text:
Flávio
 Roberto Ayala
 Esteban Cambiasso
 Lionel Messi
 Javier Saviola
 Carlos Tevez
 John Aloisi
 Harry Kewell
 Craig Moore
 Fred
 Gilberto
 Juninho
 Kaká
 Zé Roberto
 Rónald Gómez
 Niko Kovač
 Darijo Srna
 Jan Koller
 Iván Kaviedes
 David Beckham
 Joe Cole
 Peter Crouch
 Franck Ribéry
 Torsten Frings
 Philipp Lahm
 Oliver Neuville
 Stephen Appiah
 Haminu Draman
 Asamoah Gyan
 Sulley Muntari
 Sohrab Bakhtiarizadeh
 Yahya Golmohammadi
 Alessandro Del Piero
 Alberto Gilardino
 Fabio Grosso
 Vincenzo Iaquinta
 Filippo Inzaghi
 Andrea Pirlo
 Francesco Totti
 Gianluca Zambrotta
 Didier Drogba
 Bonaventure Kalou
 Bakari Koné
 Shunsuke Nakamura
 Keiji Tamada
 Francisco Fonseca
 Rafael Márquez
 Sinha
 Ruud van Nistelrooy
 Robin van Persie
 Arjen Robben
 Nelson Cuevas
 Cristiano Ronaldo
 Deco
 Nuno Gomes
 Pauleta
 Simão
 Sami Al-Jaber
 Yasser Al-Qahtani
 Saša Ilić
 Nikola Žigić
 Ahn Jung-hwan
 Lee Chun-soo
 Park Ji-sung
 Xabi Alonso
 Juanito
 Raúl
 Marcus Allbäck
 Henrik Larsson
 Fredrik Ljungberg
 Tranquillo Barnetta
 Philippe Senderos
 Mohamed Kader
 Radhi Jaïdi
 Ziad Jaziri
 Jawhar Mnari
 Maksym Kalynychenko
 Serhiy Rebrov
 Andriy Rusol
 Clint Dempsey

text:
Cristian Zaccardo (against the United States)
 Carlos Gamarra (against England)
 Petit (against Germany)
 Brent Sancho (against Paraguay)

text: Assists[edit]

text: Francesco Totti provided the most assists during the tournament.[1]

text: Juan Román Riquelme

text:
Bastian Schweinsteiger
 Andrea Pirlo
 Francesco Totti
 Luís Figo

text:
Javier Saviola
 John Aloisi
 Cafu
 Édison Méndez
 David Beckham
 Patrick Vieira
 Mario Méndez
 Maksym Kalynychenko

text:
Zé Kalanga
 Hernán Crespo
 Lionel Messi
 Juan Pablo Sorín
 Carlos Tevez
 Cicinho
 Juan
 Kaká
 Ricardinho
 Ronaldinho
 Ronaldo
 Walter Centeno
 Rónald Gómez
 Zdeněk Grygera
 Pavel Nedvěd
 Agustín Delgado
 Iván Kaviedes
 Antonio Valencia
 Joe Cole
 Franck Ribéry
 Sylvain Wiltord
 Zinedine Zidane
 Michael Ballack
 Tim Borowski
 Miroslav Klose
 David Odonkor
 Bernd Schneider
 Stephen Appiah
 Asamoah Gyan
 Mehdi Mahdavikia
 Gennaro Gattuso
 Alberto Gilardino
 Gianluca Zambrotta
 Arthur Boka
 Abdul Kader Keïta
 Alessandro Santos
 Guillermo Franco
 Pável Pardo
 Sinha
 Robin van Persie
 Arjen Robben
 Roque Santa Cruz
 Jacek Krzynówek
 Maciej Żurawski
 Pauleta
 Simão
 Malek Mouath
 Mohammed Noor
 Dejan Stanković
 Cho Jae-jin
 Song Chong-gug
 Cesc Fàbregas
 Carles Puyol
 José Antonio Reyes
 Xavi
 Marcus Allbäck
 Erik Edman
 Tobias Linderoth
 Tranquillo Barnetta
 Mauro Lustrinelli
 Hakan Yakin
 Alaixys Romao
 Ziad Jaziri
 Andriy Shevchenko
 DaMarcus Beasley

text: Source: FIFA[2]

text: Scoring[edit]

text:
Total number of goals scored: 147
Average goals per match: 2.30
Total number of braces: 15
Bartosz Bosacki, Omar Bravo, Tim Cahill, Aruna Dindane, Miroslav Klose (2), Lukas Podolski, Maxi Rodríguez, Ronaldo, Tomáš Rosický, Bastian Schweinsteiger, Luca Toni, Fernando Torres, David Villa, Paulo Wanchope
Total number of hat-tricks: 0
Total number of penalty kicks awarded: 17
Total number of penalty kicks scored: 13
Stephen Appiah, Aruna Dindane, Bonaventure Kalou, Craig Moore, Cristiano Ronaldo, Andriy Shevchenko, Simão, Fernando Torres, Francesco Totti, David Villa (2), Zinedine Zidane (2)
Total number of penalty kicks missed or saved: 4
Omar Bravo, Asamoah Gyan, Henrik Larsson, Darijo Srna
Penalty kick success rate: 7001764700000000000♠76.47%
Own goals scored: 4
Carlos Gamarra, Petit, Brent Sancho, Cristian Zaccardo

text:
First goal of the tournament: Philipp Lahm for Germany against Costa Rica
First brace of the tournament: Miroslav Klose for Germany against Costa Rica
Last goal of the tournament: Marco Materazzi for Italy against France
Last brace of the tournament: Bastian Schweinsteiger for Germany against Portugal
Fastest goal in a match from kickoff: 2nd minute (1:08)
Asamoah Gyan for Ghana against Czech Republic
Fastest goal in a match after coming on as a substitute: 2 minutes
Sami Al-Jaber for Saudi Arabia against Tunisia (introduced in the 82nd minute), Fred for Brazil against Australia (introduced in the 88th minute)
Latest goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute
Francesco Totti for Italy against Australia
Latest goal in a match with extra time: 120+1st minute
Alessandro Del Piero for Italy against Germany
Latest winning goal in a match without extra time: 90+5th minute
Francesco Totti for Italy against Australia
Latest winning goal in a match with extra time: 119th minute
Fabio Grosso for Italy against Germany
Shortest time difference between two goals scored by the same team in a match: 3 minutes (2:07)
Fabio Grosso and Alessandro Del Piero for Italy against Germany

text:
Most goals scored by a team: 14
Germany
Fewest goals scored by a team: 0
Trinidad and Tobago
Most goals conceded by a team: 10
Serbia and Montenegro
Fewest goals conceded by a team: 0
Switzerland
Best goal difference: +10
Italy
Worst goal difference: –8
Serbia and Montenegro
Most goals scored in a match by both teams: 6
Germany 4–2 Costa Rica, Argentina 6–0 Serbia and Montenegro
Most goals scored in a match by one team: 6
Argentina against Serbia and Montenegro
Most goals scored in a match by the losing team: 2
Costa Rica against Germany, Serbia and Montenegro against Ivory Coast
Biggest margin of victory: 6 goals
Argentina 6–0 Serbia and Montenegro
Most clean sheets achieved by a team: 5
Italy
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a team: 0
Australia, Costa Rica, Iran, Ivory Coast, Poland, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, South Korea, Togo, Tunisia, United States
Most clean sheets given by an opposing team: 3
Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine
Fewest clean sheets given by an opposing team: 0
Italy, Ivory Coast, Spain
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a team: 4
Italy, Switzerland
Most consecutive clean sheets given by an opposing team: 3
Trinidad and Tobago

text:
Most goals scored by an individual: 5
Miroslav Klose
Most assists given by an individual: 4
Francesco Totti
Most goals and assists produced by an individual: 6
Miroslav Klose (5 goals, 1 assist)
Most clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 5
Gianluigi Buffon
Fewest clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 0
Kossi Agassa, Boubacar Barry, Artur Boruc, Ali Boumnijel, Kelvin Jack, Dragoslav Jevrić, Oliver Kahn, Zeljko Kalac, Kasey Keller, Lee Woon-Jae, Ebrahim Mirzapour, José Porras, Mark Schwarzer, Jean-Jacques Tizié, Justo Villar, Mabrouk Zaid
Most consecutive clean sheets achieved by a goalkeeper: 4
Gianluigi Buffon, Pascal Zuberbühler
Most goals scored by one player in a match: 2
Miroslav Klose for Germany against Costa Rica, Paulo Wanchope for Costa Rica against Germany, Omar Bravo for Mexico against Iran, Tomáš Rosický for Czech Republic against United States - MS, Tim Cahill for Australia against Japan, Ronaldo for Brazil against Japan, David Villa for Spain against Ukraine, Fernando Torres for Spain against Tunisia, Miroslav Klose for Germany against Ecuador, Bartosz Bosacki for Poland against Costa Rica, Maxi Rodríguez for Argentina against Serbia and Montenegro, Aruna Dindane for Ivory Coast against Serbia and Montenegro, Lukas Podolski for Germany against Sweden, Luca Toni for Italy against Ukraine, Bastian Schweinsteiger for Germany against Portugal
Oldest goal scorer: 35 years, 3 months and 24 days
Carlos Gamarra (own goal) for Paraguay against England
Youngest goal scorer: 18 years, 11 months and 23 days
Lionel Messi for Argentina against Serbia and Montenegro

text: Wins and losses[edit]

text:
Most wins: 5 – Germany, Italy
Fewest wins: 0 – Angola, Costa Rica, Croatia, Iran, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Serbia and Montenegro, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, United States
Most losses: 3 – Costa Rica, Serbia and Montenegro, Togo
Fewest losses: 0 – Argentina, England, France, Italy, Switzerland
Most draws: 3 – France
Fewest draws: 0 – Brazil, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Ecuador, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Paraguay, Poland, Serbia and Montenegro, Spain, Togo
Most points in the group stage: 9 – Brazil, Germany, Portugal, Spain
Fewest points in the group stage: 0 – Costa Rica, Serbia and Montenegro, Togo

text: Match awards[edit]

text: Man of the Match[edit]

text: Andrea Pirlo was awarded three Man of the Match awards, more than any other player.

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Opponent
Awards

1
Pirlo, AndreaAndrea Pirlo
 Italy
Ghana (GS), Germany (SF), France (F)
3

2
Ballack, MichaelMichael Ballack
 Germany
Ecuador (GS), Argentina (QF)
2

Delgado, AgustinAgustín Delgado
 Ecuador
Poland (GS), Costa Rica (GS)

Frei, AlexanderAlexander Frei
  Switzerland
Togo (GS), South Korea (GS)

Klose, MiroslavMiroslav Klose
 Germany
Costa Rica (GS), Sweden (R16)

Robben, ArjenArjen Robben
 Netherlands
Serbia and Montenegro (GS), Ivory Coast (GS)

Roberto, ZeZé Roberto
 Brazil
Australia (GS), Ghana (R16)

Vieira, PatrickPatrick Vieira
 France
Togo (GS), Spain (R16)

9
Alonso, XabiXabi Alonso
 Spain
Tunisia (GS)
1

Appiah, StephenStephen Appiah
 Ghana
United States (GS)

Beckham, DavidDavid Beckham
 England
Trinidad and Tobago (GS)

Bosacki, BartoszBartosz Bosacki
 Poland
Costa Rica (GS)

Bravo, OmarOmar Bravo
 Mexico
Iran (GS)

Buffon, GianluigiGianluigi Buffon
 Italy
Australia (R16)

Cahill, TimTim Cahill
 Australia
Japan (GS)

Cole, JoeJoe Cole
 England
Sweden (GS)

Deco, Deco
 Portugal
Iran (GS)

Dindane, ArunaAruna Dindane
 Ivory Coast
Serbia and Montenegro (GS)

Santos, Julio dosJulio dos Santos
 Paraguay
Trinidad and Tobago (GS)

Essien, MichaelMichael Essien
 Ghana
Czech Republic (GS)

Figo, LuísLuís Figo
 Portugal
Angola (GS)

Fonseca, FranciscoFrancisco Fonseca
 Mexico
Portugal (GS)

Gattuso, GennaroGennaro Gattuso
 Italy
Ukraine (QF)

Hargreaves, OwenOwen Hargreaves
 England
Portugal (QF)

Ahn, Jung-hwanAhn Jung-hwan
 South Korea
Togo (GS)

Jaziri, ZiadZiad Jaziri
 Tunisia
Saudi Arabia (GS)

Juanito, Juanito
 Spain
Saudi Arabia (GS)

Kaká, Kaká
 Brazil
Croatia (GS)

Kalynychenko, MaksymMaksym Kalynychenko
 Ukraine
Saudi Arabia (GS)

Keller, KaseyKasey Keller
 United States
Italy (GS)

Lahm, PhilippPhilipp Lahm
 Germany
Poland (GS)

Lampard, FrankFrank Lampard
 England
Paraguay (GS)

Ljungberg, FredrikFredrik Ljungberg
 Sweden
Paraguay (GS)

Makelele, ClaudeClaude Makélélé
 France
Switzerland (GS)

Maniche, Maniche
 Portugal
Netherlands (R16)

Nakata, HidetoshiHidetoshi Nakata
 Japan
Croatia (GS)

Ricardo, JoaoJoão Ricardo
 Angola
Mexico (GS)

Kalanga, ZeZé Kalanga
 Angola
Iran (GS)

Kewell, HarryHarry Kewell
 Australia
Croatia (GS)

Materazzi, MarcoMarco Materazzi
 Italy
Czech Republic (GS)

Rodriguez, MaxiMaxi Rodríguez
 Argentina
Mexico (R16)

, RonaldoRonaldo
 Brazil
Japan (GS)

Rosicky, TomasTomáš Rosický
 Czech Republic
United States (GS)

Saviola, JavierJavier Saviola
 Argentina
Ivory Coast (GS)

Schweinsteiger, BastianBastian Schweinsteiger
 Germany
Portugal (TP)

Shovkovskiy, OleksandrOleksandr Shovkovskiy
 Ukraine
Switzerland (R16)

Park, Ji-sungPark Ji-sung
 South Korea
France (GS)

Terry, JohnJohn Terry
 England
Ecuador (R16)

Tevez, CarlosCarlos Tevez
 Argentina
Netherlands (GS)

Thuram, LilianLilian Thuram
 France
Portugal (SF)

Tymoshchuk, AnatoliyAnatoliy Tymoshchuk
 Ukraine
Tunisia (GS)

Xavi, Xavi
 Spain
Ukraine (GS)

Yorke, DwightDwight Yorke
 Trinidad and Tobago
Sweden (GS)

Zidane, ZinedineZinedine Zidane
 France
Brazil (QF)

text: Clean sheets[edit]

text: Gianluigi Buffon was the winner of the Yashin Award.

text:
Rank
Name
Team
Opponent
Awards

1
Buffon, GianluigiGianluigi Buffon
 Italy
Ghana (GS), Czech Republic (GS), Australia (R16), Ukraine (QF), Germany (SF)
5

2
Barthez, FabienFabien Barthez
 France
Switzerland (GS), Togo (GS), Brazil (QF), Portugal (SF)
4

, RicardoRicardo
 Portugal
Iran (GS), Angola (GS), Netherlands (R16), England (QF)

Robinson, PaulPaul Robinson
 England
Paraguay (GS), Trinidad and Tobago (GS), Ecuador (R16), Portugal (QF)

Zuberbuhler, PascalPascal Zuberbühler
  Switzerland
France (GS), Togo (GS), South Korea (GS), Ukraine (R16)

6
Dida, Dida
 Brazil
Croatia (GS), Australia (GS), Ghana (R16)
3

Lehmann, JensJens Lehmann
 Germany
Poland (GS), Ecuador (GS), Sweden (R16)

Shovkovskiy, OleksandrOleksandr Shovkovskiy
 Ukraine
Saudi Arabia (GS), Tunisia (GS), Switzerland (R16)

9
Abbondanzieri, RobertoRoberto Abbondanzieri
 Argentina
Serbia and Montenegro (GS), Netherlands (GS)
2

Mora, CristianCristian Mora
 Ecuador
Poland (GS), Costa Rica (GS)

van der Sar, EdwinEdwin van der Sar
 Netherlands
Serbia and Montenegro (GS), Argentina (GS)

12
Bobadilla, AldoAldo Bobadilla
 Paraguay
Trinidad and Tobago (GS)
1

Canizares, SantiagoSantiago Cañizares
 Spain
Saudi Arabia (GS)

Casillas, IkerIker Casillas
 Spain
Ukraine (GS)

Cech, PetrPetr Čech
 Czech Republic
United States (GS)

Hislop, ShakaShaka Hislop
 Trinidad and Tobago
Sweden (GS)

Isaksson, AndreasAndreas Isaksson
 Sweden
Paraguay (GS)

Kawaguchi, YoshikatsuYoshikatsu Kawaguchi
 Japan
Croatia (GS)

Kingson, RichardRichard Kingson
 Ghana
Czech Republic (GS)

Pletikosa, StipeStipe Pletikosa
 Croatia
Japan (GS)

Ricardo, JoaoJoão Ricardo
 Angola
Mexico (GS)

Sanchez, OswaldoOswaldo Sánchez
 Mexico
Angola (GS)

Shaaban, RamiRami Shaaban
 Sweden
Trinidad and Tobago (GS)

text: Discipline[edit]

text:
Total number of yellow cards: 345
Average yellow cards per match: 5.39
Total number of red cards: 28
Average red cards per match: 0.44
First yellow card of the tournament:
Danny Fonseca for Costa Rica against Germany
First red card of the tournament:
Avery John for Trinidad and Tobago against Sweden
Fastest yellow card from kick off: 3 minutes
Jacek Krzynówek for Poland against Germany, Denis Caniza for Paraguay against Sweden
Fastest yellow card after coming on as a substitute: 1 minute
Albert Nađ for Serbia and Montenegro against Ivory Coast (introduced in the 16th minute), Haykel Guemamdia for Tunisia against Spain (introduced in the 80th minute), Louis Saha for France against Brazil (introduced in the 86th minute)
Latest yellow card in a match without extra time: 90+4 minutes
Denny Landzaat for Netherlands against Ivory Coast
Latest yellow card in a match with extra time: 119 minutes
Francisco Fonseca for Mexico against Argentina
Fastest dismissal from kick off: 28 minutes
Daniele De Rossi for Italy against United States - MS
Fastest dismissal of a substitute: 30 minutes
Albert Nađ for Serbia and Montenegro against Ivory Coast (introduced in the 16th minute)
Latest dismissal in a match without extra time: 90+3 minutes
Josip Šimunić[nb 1] for Croatia against Australia
Latest dismissal in a match with extra time: 110 minutes
Zinedine Zidane for France against Italy
Shortest time difference between two yellow cards given to the same player: 3 minutes
Josip Šimunić for Croatia against Australia (booked in the 90th minute and again in the 90+3rd minute)
Most yellow cards (team): 24
Portugal
Most red cards (team): 2
Croatia, Czech Republic, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, United States
Fewest yellow cards (team): 5
Saudi Arabia, United States
Most yellow cards (player): 4
Costinha, Asamoah Gyan
Most red cards (player): 1
Jean-Paul Abalo, Khalid Boulahrouz, Giovanni van Bronckhorst, Costinha, Leandro Cufré, Deco, Daniele De Rossi, Cyril Domoraud, Brett Emerton, Asamoah Gyan, Ziad Jaziri, Avery John, Mateja Kežman, Teddy Lučić, André Macanga, Pablo Mastroeni, Marco Materazzi, Albert Nađ, Luis Ernesto Pérez, Jan Polák, Eddie Pope, Wayne Rooney, Dario Šimić, Josip Šimunić, Radosław Sobolewski, Tomáš Ujfaluši, Vladyslav Vashchuk, Zinedine Zidane
Most yellow cards (match): 16
Portugal vs Netherlands
Most red cards (match): 4
Portugal vs Netherlands
Fewest yellow cards (match): 1
Germany vs Costa Rica, Switzerland vs Ukraine
Most cards in one match: 16 yellow cards and 4 red cards
Portugal vs Netherlands

text: Multiple World Cups[edit]

text:
Name
 1994
 1998
 2002
 2006
Total goals

Goals
Against
Goals
Against
Goals
Against
Goals
Against

Al-Jaber, Sami ! Sami Al-Jaber
1
MAR
1
RSA
0
N/A
1
TUN
3

Beckham, David ! David Beckham
N/A
1
COL
1
ARG
1
ECU
3

Larsson, Henrik ! Henrik Larsson
1
BUL
N/A
3
NGA (2), SEN
1
ENG
5

Raúl ! Raúl
N/A
1
NGA
3
SVN, RSA (2)
1
TUN
5

Ronaldo ! Ronaldo
0
N/A
4
MAR, CHI (2), NED
8
TUR, CHN, CRC (2), BEL, TUR, GER (2)
3
JPN (2), GHA
15

text:
Name
 1990
 1994
 1998
 2002
 2006
Total appearances

Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against
Apps
Against

Al-Jaber, Sami ! Sami Al-Jaber
N/A
2
MAR, SWE
3
DEN, FRA, RSA
1
GER
3
TUN, UKR, ESP
9

Cafu ! Cafu
N/A
3
USA, NED, ITA
6
SCO, MAR, NOR, CHI, DEN, FRA
7
TUR (2), CHN, CRC, BEL, ENG, GER
4
CRO, AUS, GHA, FRA
20

text: Overall results[edit]

text: Bold numbers indicate the maximum values in each column.

text: By team[edit]

text:
Team
Pld
W
D
L
Pts
APts
GF
AGF
GA
AGA
GD
AGD
CS
ACS
YC
AYC
RC
ARC

 Angola
3
0
2
1
2
0.67
1
0.33
2
0.67
-1
-0.33
1
0.33
11
3.67
1
0.33

 Argentina
5
3
2
0
11
2.20
11
2.20
3
0.60
+8
1.60
2
0.40
12
2.40
1
0.20

 Australia
4
1
1
2
4
1.00
5
1.25
6
1.50
-1
-0.25
0
0.00
11
2.75
1
0.25

 Brazil
5
4
0
1
12
2.40
10
2.00
2
0.40
+8
1.60
3
0.60
11
2.20
0
0.00

 Costa Rica
3
0
0
3
0
0.00
3
1.00
9
3.00
-6
-2.00
0
0.00
8
2.67
0
0.00

 Croatia
3
0
2
1
2
0.67
2
0.67
3
1.00
-1
-0.33
1
0.33
11
3.67
2
0.67

 Czech Republic
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
3
1.00
4
1.33
-1
-0.33
1
0.33
7
2.33
2
0.67

 Ecuador
4
2
0
2
6
1.50
5
1.25
4
1.00
+1
0.25
2
0.50
9
2.25
0
0.00

 England
5
3
2
0
11
2.20
6
1.20
2
0.40
+4
0.80
4
0.80
9
1.80
1
0.20

 France
7
4
3
0
15
2.14
9
1.29
3
0.43
+6
0.86
4
0.57
16
2.29
1
0.14

 Germany
7
5
1
1
16
2.29
14
2.00
6
0.86
+8
1.14
3
0.43
12
1.71
0
0.00

 Ghana
4
2
0
2
6
1.50
4
1.00
6
1.50
-2
-0.50
1
0.25
18
4.50
1
0.25

 Iran
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
2
0.67
6
2.00
-4
-1.33
0
0.00
8
2.67
0
0.00

 Italy
7
5
2
0
17
2.43
12
1.71
2
0.29
+10
1.43
5
0.71
11
1.57
2
0.29

 Ivory Coast
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
5
1.67
6
2.00
-1
-0.33
0
0.00
9
3.00
1
0.33

 Japan
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
2
0.67
7
2.33
-5
-1.67
1
0.33
7
2.33
0
0.00

 Mexico
4
1
1
2
4
1.00
5
1.25
5
1.25
0
0.00
1
0.25
12
3.00
1
0.25

 Netherlands
4
2
1
1
7
1.75
3
0.75
2
0.50
+1
0.25
2
0.50
16
4.00
2
0.50

 Paraguay
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
2
0.67
2
0.67
0
0.00
1
0.33
8
2.67
0
0.00

 Poland
3
1
0
2
3
1.00
2
0.67
4
1.33
-2
-0.67
0
0.00
10
3.33
1
0.33

 Portugal
7
4
1
2
13
1.86
7
1.00
5
0.71
+2
0.29
4
0.57
24
3.43
2
0.29

 Saudi Arabia
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
2
0.67
7
2.33
-5
-1.67
0
0.00
5
1.67
0
0.00

 Serbia and Montenegro
3
0
0
3
0
0.00
2
0.67
10
3.33
-8
-2.67
0
0.00
12
4.00
2
0.67

 South Korea
3
1
1
1
4
1.33
3
1.00
4
1.33
-1
-0.33
0
0.00
9
3.00
0
0.00

 Spain
4
3
0
1
9
2.25
9
2.25
4
1.00
+5
1.25
2
0.50
6
1.50
0
0.00

 Sweden
4
1
2
1
5
1.25
3
0.75
4
1.00
-1
-0.25
2
0.50
10
2.50
1
0.25

  Switzerland
4
2
2
0
8
2.00
4
1.00
0
0.00
+4
1.00
4
1.00
12
3.00
0
0.00

 Togo
3
0
0
3
0
0.00
1
0.33
6
2.00
-5
-1.67
0
0.00
10
3.33
1
0.33

 Trinidad and Tobago
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
0
0.00
4
1.33
-4
-1.33
1
0.33
10
3.33
1
0.33

 Tunisia
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
3
1.00
6
2.00
-3
-1.00
0
0.00
14
4.67
1
0.33

 Ukraine
5
2
1
2
7
1.40
5
1.00
7
1.40
-2
-0.40
3
0.60
12
2.40
1
0.20

 United States
3
0
1
2
1
0.33
2
0.67
6
2.00
-4
-1.33
0
0.00
5
1.67
2
0.67

Total
64(1)
49
15(2)
49
177
1.38
147
1.15
147
1.15
0
0.00
48
0.38
345
2.70
28
0.22

text:
Team(s) rendered in italics represent(s) the host nation(s). The competition's winning team is rendered in bold.
(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)
(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)
(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: By confederation[edit]

text:
Confederation
T
Pld
W
D
L
Pts
APts
Pts/T

AFC
4
12
1
4
7
7
0.58
1.75

CAF
5
16
3
3
10
12
0.75
2.40

CONCACAF
4
13
1
3
9
6
0.46
1.50

CONMEBOL
4
17
10
2
5
32
1.88
8.00

OFC
1
4
1
1
2
4
1.00
4.00

UEFA
14
66
33
17
16
116
1.76
8.29

Total
32
64(1)
49
15(2)
49
177
1.38
5.53

text:
Host nation(s) are situated in the region(s) rendered in italics.
(1) – Total games lost not counted in total games played (total games lost = total games won)
(2) – Total number of games drawn (tied) for all teams = Total number of games drawn (tied) ÷ 2 (both teams involved)
(3) – As per statistical convention in football, matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses, while matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.

text: Stadiums[edit]

text:
Stadium
City
Capacity
Matches
played
Total
attendance
Average
attendance
per match
Average
attendance
as % of capacity
Total
goals
scored
Average
goals scored
per match

Allianz Arena
Munich
66,000[4]
6
396,000
66,000
100.00%
20
3.33

Volksparkstadion
Hamburg
50,000[5]
5
249,480
49,896
99.79%
15
3.00

Niedersachsenstadion
Hanover
43,000[6]
5
215,000
43,000
100.00%
11
2.20

Waldstadion
Frankfurt
48,000[7]
5
240,000
48,000
100.00%
7
1.40

Frankenstadion
Nuremberg
41,000[8]
5
205,000
41,000
100.00%
10
2.00

Fritz-Walter-Stadion
Kaiserslautern
46,000[9]
5
230,000
46,000
100.00%
10
2.00

Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion
Stuttgart
52,000[10]
6
260,000
43,333
83.33%
16
2.67

Olympiastadion
Berlin
72,000[11]
6
429,000
71,500
99.31%
10
1.67

Müngersdorfer Stadion
Cologne
45,000[12]
5
225,000
45,000
100.00%
9
1.80

Westfalenstadion
Dortmund
65,000[13]
6
387,959
64,660
99.48%
13
2.17

Arena AufSchalke
Gelsenkirchen
52,000[14]
5
260,000
52,000
100.00%
14
2.80

Zentralstadion
Leipzig
43,000[15]
5
210,000
42,000
97.67%
12
2.40