document_title: Things Ain't What They Used to Be

question_text: who wrote things ain't what they used to be

question_tokens: who wrote things ai n 't what they used to be

text: Things Ain't What They Used to Be

text: "Things Ain't What They Used to Be" is a 1942 jazz standard with music by Mercer Ellington and lyrics by Ted Persons.

text: In 1941 there was a strike against the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers, of which Duke Ellington was a member. Because of the strike he could not air his songs on the radio. Instead, he used songs written by his son Mercer and pianist Billy Strayhorn. Strayhorn's compositions of this time include "Take the 'A' Train", "Chelsea Bridge" and "Day Dream", and Mercer wrote "Things Ain't What They Used to Be", "Blue Serge" and "Moon Mist".[1]

text: Jazz musician and historian Chris Tyle argues that most likely Mercer Ellington came up with the melody and his father then arranged the song for the band.[1] The song is most often played as an instrumental. Lyrics were written by Ted Persons.

text: "Things Ain't What They Used to Be" was the lead in for The Harley Show, Music out of Baltimore.

text: Notes[edit]

text: ^ Jump up to: a b "Things Ain't What They Used to Be" at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on 27 May 2009

tag: ol

text:
[show]

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Duke Ellington

Studio albums

The Blanton–Webster Band
Never No Lament: The Blanton-Webster Band
Braggin' in Brass: The Immortal 1938 Year
Liberian Suite
Great Times!
Masterpieces by Ellington
Ellington Uptown
The Duke Plays Ellington
Ellington '55
Dance to the Duke!
Ellington Showcase
Historically Speaking
Duke Ellington Presents...
The Complete Porgy and Bess
A Drum Is a Woman
Studio Sessions, Chicago 1956
Such Sweet Thunder
Ellington Indigos
Black, Brown and Beige
Duke Ellington at the Bal Masque
The Cosmic Scene
Happy Reunion
Jazz Party
Back to Back
Side by Side
Anatomy of a Murder
Festival Session
Blues in Orbit
The Nutcracker Suite
Piano in the Background
Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G.
Unknown Session
Piano in the Foreground
The Great Summit: The Master Takes
Paris Blues
First Time! The Count Meets the Duke
Duke Ellington & John Coltrane
Featuring Paul Gonsalves
Studio Sessions 1957 & 1962
Midnight in Paris
Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins
Studio Sessions, New York 1962
Money Jungle
Afro-Bossa
The Symphonic Ellington
Duke Ellington's Jazz Violin Session
Studio Sessions New York 1963
My People
Ellington '65
Duke Ellington Plays Mary Poppins
Ellington '66
Concert in the Virgin Islands
The Popular Duke Ellington
The Far East Suite
The Jaywalker
Studio Sessions, 1957, 1965, 1966, 1967, San Francisco, Chicago, New York
...And His Mother Called Him Bill
Second Sacred Concert
Studio Sessions New York, 1968
Latin American Suite
The Pianist
New Orleans Suite
Orchestral Works
The Suites, New York 1968 & 1970
The Intimacy of the Blues
The Afro-Eurasian Eclipse
Studio Sessions New York & Chicago, 1965, 1966 & 1971
The Intimate Ellington
The Ellington Suites
This One's for Blanton!
Up in Duke's Workshop
Duke's Big 4
Mood Ellington

Live albums

Duke Ellington at Fargo, 1940 Live
The Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1943
The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1944
The Carnegie Hall Concerts: January 1946
The Carnegie Hall Concerts: December 1947
Ellington at Newport
Dance Concerts, California 1958
Dance Dates, California 1958
Newport 1958
Jazz at the Plaza Vol. II
Duke Ellington at the Alhambra
Live at the Blue Note
The Great Paris Concert
A Concert of Sacred Music
In the Uncommon Market
Soul Call
Yale Concert
70th Birthday Concert
Togo Brava Suite
Live at the Whitney
Third Sacred Concert
Eastbourne Performance

Collaborations

with Alice Babs

Serenade to Sweden

with Count Basie

First Time! The Count Meets the Duke

with Teresa Brewer

It Don't Mean a Thing If It Ain't Got That Swing

with Rosemary Clooney

Blue Rose

with John Coltrane

Duke Ellington & John Coltrane

with Ella Fitzgerald

Ella Fitzgerald Sings the Duke Ellington Song Book
Ella at Duke's Place
The Stockholm Concert, 1966
Ella and Duke at the Cote D'Azur

with Coleman Hawkins

Duke Ellington Meets Coleman Hawkins

with Frank Sinatra

Francis A. & Edward K.

Compositions

"African Flower"
"All Too Soon"
"Azure"
"Black and Tan Fantasy"
"Black, Brown and Beige"
"C Jam Blues"
"Cotton Tail"
"Day Dream"
"Diminuendo and Crescendo in Blue"
"Do Nothing Till You Hear from Me"
"Don't Get Around Much Anymore"
"Drop Me Off in Harlem"
"Echoes of Harlem"
"Everything but You"
"I Ain't Got Nothin' but the Blues"
"I Didn't Know About You"
"I Got It Bad (and That Ain't Good)"
"I Let a Song Go Out of My Heart"
"I'm Beginning to See the Light"
"I'm Just a Lucky So-and-So"
"In a Mellow Tone"
"In a Sentimental Mood"
"It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)"
"Just A-Sittin' and A-Rockin'"
"Just Squeeze Me (But Please Don't Tease Me)"
"The Mooche"
"Mood Indigo"
" Prelude to a Kiss"
"Rocks in My Bed"
"(In My) Solitude"
"Sophisticated Lady"

Billy Strayhorn compositions
associated with Ellington

"Take the "A" Train"
"Lush Life"
"Chelsea Bridge"
"Something to Live For"
"Satin Doll"
"Blood Count"

Juan Tizol compositions
associated with Ellington

"Caravan"
"Perdido"

Orchestra
members

Hayes Alvis
Cat Anderson
Ivie Anderson
Harold Ashby
Alice Babs
Shorty Baker
Butch Ballard
Art Baron
Aaron Bell
Louie Bellson
Joe Benjamin
Barney Bigard
Lou Blackburn
Jimmy Blanton
Wellman Braud
Lawrence Brown
Harry Carney
Johnny Coles
Willie Cook
Buster Cooper
Kay Davis
Wild Bill Davis
Wilbur de Paris
Bobby Durham
Mercer Ellington
Rolf Ericson
Jimmy Forrest
Victor Gaskin
Peter Giger
Tyree Glenn
Paul Gonsalves
Sonny Greer
Fred Guy
Jimmy Hamilton
Otto Hardwick
Rick Henderson
Al Hibbler
Johnny Hodges
Major Holley
Charlie Irvis
Quentin Jackson
Hilton Jefferson
Herb Jeffries
Freddie Jenkins
Money Johnson
Herbie Jones
Taft Jordan
Al Killian
Queen Esther Marrow
Wendell Marshall
Murray McEachern
Louis Metcalf
James "Bubber" Miley
Harold "Geezil" Minerve
Ray Nance
Tricky Sam Nanton
Oscar Pettiford
Eddie Preston
Russell Procope
Junior Raglin
Betty Roché
Ernie Royal
Al Sears
Joya Sherrill
Willie Smith
Elmer Snowden
Rex Stewart
Billy Strayhorn
Billy Taylor
Clark Terry
Juan Tizol
Norris Turney
Ben Webster
Arthur Whetsol
Cootie Williams
Nelson Williams
Skippy Williams
Booty Wood
Jimmy Woode
Britt Woodman
Sam Woodyard

Filmography

Black and Tan
Check and Double Check
Belle of the Nineties
Murder at the Vanities
Jam Session
Cabin in the Sky
Anatomy of a Murder
Paris Blues
Assault on a Queen
Change of Mind

Related

Mercer Ellington (son)
Duke Ellington Bridge
Duke Ellington House
Duke Ellington School of the Arts
Luther Henderson
Irving Mills
Sophisticated Ladies
Play On!
Sacred Concerts

Discography

text:
This article about a jazz standard or composition written in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

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text: 1942 songs1940s jazz standards1940s jazz composition stubs

text: All stub articles


document_title: Death and the Maiden (play)

question_text: where does death and the maiden take place

root

text: Death and the Maiden (play)

text: Characters[edit]

text:
Paulina Salas — 38 years old
Gerardo Escobar — her husband, a lawyer, around forty-five
Roberto Miranda — a doctor, around fifty

tag: ul

text: The time is the present and the place, a country that is probably Chile but could be any country that has given itself a democratic government just after a long period of dictatorship.

tag: p

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: Paulina Salas is a former political prisoner in an unnamed Latin American country who had been raped by her captors, led by a sadistic doctor whose face she never saw. The rapist doctor played Schubert's composition Death and the Maiden during the act of rape; hence the play's title.

text: Years later, after the (also unnamed) repressive regime has fallen, Paulina lives in an isolated country house with her husband, Gerardo Escobar. When Gerardo comes back from a visit to the president, he gets a flat tire. A stranger named Dr. Miranda stops to assist him. Dr. Miranda drives Gerardo home and later in the night he returns. Paulina recognizes Miranda's voice and mannerism as that of her rapist, and takes him captive in order to put him on trial and extract a confession from him.

text: Unconvinced of his guilt, Gerardo acts as Roberto Miranda's lawyer and attempts to save his life. After hearing the full story of her captivity from Paulina, Gerardo formulates a confession with Roberto to appease Paulina's madness and set her free from her past.

text: Paulina records the entire confession and has Roberto write it out and sign it. She sends Gerardo out to get Roberto's car so he can go home. While they are alone for the last time, Paulina accuses Roberto of being unrepentant and guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.

text: Throughout the play it is uncertain whether details are evidence of Roberto's guilt or Paulina's paranoia.  At the end of the play it is unclear who is innocent.

text: Productions[edit]

text: Death and the Maiden had a reading at the Institute for Contemporary Art in London on 30 November 1990:

text:
Paulina — Penelope Wilton
Gerardo — Michael Maloney
Roberto — Jonathan Hyde
Directed by Peter James

text: A workshop production was staged and opened in Santiago, Chile, on 10 March 1991:

text:
Paulina — Maria Elena Duvauchelle
Gerardo — Hugo Medina
Roberto — Tito Bustamante
Directed by Ana Reeves

text: Death and the Maiden had its world premiere at The Royal Court Upstairs on 9 July 1991:

text:
Paulina — Juliet Stevenson
Gerardo — Bill Paterson
Roberto — Michael Byrne
Directed by Lindsay Posner

text: With the same cast and director, it transferred to the Mainstage at The Royal Court on 4 November 1991.

text: The American Broadway premiere of Death and the Maiden opened at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on 17 March 1992, produced by Roger Berlind, Gladys Nederlander and Frederick Zollo, in association with Thom Mount and Bonnie Timmermann:

text:
Paulina — Glenn Close
Gerardo — Richard Dreyfuss
Roberto — Gene Hackman
Directed by Mike Nichols

text: Indian premiere of Death and the Maiden (in Hindi) opened at India Habitat Centre New Delhi on 17 February 2002,produced by Asmita Theatre, translation by Shalini Vatsa.

text: Death and the Maiden returns to London's West End 20 years since it first premiered at the Royal Court Theatre. The much awaited return was in 2011 at the Harold Pinter Theatre.

text:
Paulina – Thandie Newton
Gerardo – Tom Goodman-Hill
Roberto – Anthony Calf
Directed by Jeremy Herrin

text:
in iran yazd 2014 Death and the Maiden Director: Mohsen sadeghian  on 4 November 2015
Assistant director and stage manager: Ferdows Yazdi
Player:

text:
Paulina — Nazanin Khoshnood
Gerardo — Jafar Del Del
Roberto — Mohammad Babaea
Directed by Mohsen Sadeghian

text: particular version of this play was held in 2010 in Haifa, directed by Juliano Mer Khamis (who was assassinated few months later). The two main characters were played by Clara Khoury and Saleh Bakri.

text: in 2015 "Death and the Maiden" is being staged as a co-production between  Melbourne Theatre Company (18 July-22 August) and the Sydney Theatre Company (2 September-17 October). Susie Porter (Puberty Blues (TV series)) to play Paulina with Eugene Gilfedder (The Effect) as the man whose voice might be his undoing.

text: Film adaptation[edit]

text: In 1994, Roman Polanski directed a film of the work, starring Sigourney Weaver, Ben Kingsley, and Stuart Wilson.

text: Opera[edit]

text: An opera based on the play has been composed by Jonas Forssell with the libretto by Ariel Dorfman. The world premiere was staged at the Malmö Opera on 20 September 2008.

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: 1992 Laurence Olivier Award for Best New Play


document_title: Super Nintendo Entertainment System

question_text: how much did a super nintendo cost when it first came out

text: Super Nintendo Entertainment System

text: History[edit]

text: To compete with the popular Family Computer in Japan, NEC Corporation launched the PC Engine in 1987, and Sega followed suit with the Mega Drive in 1988. The two platforms were later launched in North America in 1989 as the TurboGrafx-16 and the Sega Genesis, respectively. Both systems were built on 16-bit architectures and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. However, it took several years for Sega's system to become successful.[14] Nintendo executives were in no rush to design a new system, but they reconsidered when they began to see their dominance in the market slipping.[15]

text: Launch[edit]

text: Designed by Masayuki Uemura, the designer of the original Famicom, the Super Famicom was released in Japan on Wednesday, November 21, 1990 for 25,000 yen ($210). It was an instant success; Nintendo's initial shipment of 300,000 units sold out within hours, and the resulting social disturbance led the Japanese government to ask video game manufacturers to schedule future console releases on weekends.[16] The system's release also gained the attention of the Yakuza, leading to a decision to ship the devices at night to avoid robbery.[17]

text: With the Super Famicom quickly outselling its chief rivals, Nintendo reasserted itself as the leader of the Japanese console market.[18] Nintendo's success was partially due to the retention of most of its key third-party developers from its earlier system, including Capcom, Konami, Tecmo, Square, Koei, and Enix.[19]

text: Nintendo released the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, a redesigned version of the Super Famicom, in North America for $199. It began shipping in limited quantities on August 23, 1991,[a][25] with an official nationwide release date of September 9, 1991.[26] The SNES was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland in April 1992 for £150, with a German release following a few weeks later.

text: Most of the PAL region versions of the console use the Japanese Super Famicom design, except for labeling and the length of the joypad leads. The Playtronic Super NES in Brazil, although PAL-M, uses the North American design.[27] Both the NES and SNES were released in Brazil in 1993 by Playtronic, a joint venture between the toy company Estrela and consumer electronics company Gradiente.[28]

text: The SNES and Super Famicom launched with few games, but these games were well received in the marketplace. In Japan, only two games were initially available: Super Mario World and F-Zero.[29] (A third game, Bombuzal, was released during the launch week.[30]) In North America, Super Mario World launched as a bundle with the console; other launch games included F-Zero, Pilotwings (both of which demonstrated the console's "Mode 7" pseudo-3D rendering capability), SimCity, and Gradius III.[31]

text: Console wars[edit]

text: The rivalry between Nintendo and Sega resulted in what has been described as one of the most notable console wars in video game history,[32] in which Sega positioned the Genesis as the "cool" console, with games aimed at older audiences, and edgy advertisements that occasionally attacked the competition.[33] Nintendo however, scored an early public relations advantage by securing the first console conversion of Capcom's arcade classic Street Fighter II for SNES, which took over a year to make the transition to the Genesis. Despite the Genesis's head start, much larger library of games, and lower price point,[34] the Genesis only represented an estimated 60% of the American 16-bit console market in June 1992,[35] and neither console could maintain a definitive lead for several years. Donkey Kong Country is said to have helped establish the SNES's market prominence in the latter years of the 16-bit generation,[36][37][38][39] and for a time, maintain against the PlayStation and Saturn.[40] According to Nintendo, the company had sold more than 20 million SNES units in the U.S.[41] According to a 2014 Wedbush Securities report based on NPD sales data, the SNES ultimately outsold the Genesis in the U.S. market.[42]

text: Changes in policy[edit]

text: During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over games released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's "Ultra Games" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts.[43]

text: Nintendo continued to carefully review submitted games, scoring them on a 40-point scale and allocating marketing resources accordingly. Each region performed separate evaluations.[44] Nintendo of America also maintained a policy that, among other things, limited the amount of violence in the games on its systems. One game, Mortal Kombat, challenged this policy. A surprise hit in arcades in 1992, Mortal Kombat features splashes of blood and finishing moves that often depict one character dismembering the other. Because the Genesis version retained the gore while the SNES version did not,[45] it outsold the SNES version by a ratio of three or four-to-one.[46]

text: Game players were not the only ones to notice the violence in this game; U.S. Senators Herb Kohl and Joe Lieberman convened a Congressional hearing on December 9, 1993, to investigate the marketing of violent video games to children.[g] While Nintendo took the high ground with moderate success, the hearings led to the creation of the Interactive Digital Software Association and the Entertainment Software Rating Board, and the inclusion of ratings on all video games.[45][46] With these ratings in place, Nintendo decided its censorship policies were no longer needed.[46]

text: 32-bit era and beyond[edit]

text: While other companies were moving on to 32-bit systems, Rare and Nintendo proved that the SNES was still a strong contender in the market. In November 1994, Rare released Donkey Kong Country, a platform game featuring 3D models and textures pre-rendered on SGI workstations. With its detailed graphics, fluid animation and high-quality music, Donkey Kong Country rivaled the aesthetic quality of games that were being released on newer 32-bit CD-based consoles. In the last 45 days of 1994, the game sold 6.1 million units, making it the fastest-selling video game in history to that date. This game sent a message that early 32-bit systems had little to offer over the SNES, and helped make way for the more advanced consoles on the horizon.[47][48] According to TRSTS reports, two of the top five best-selling games in the U.S. for December 1996 were Super NES games.[49]

text: In October 1997, Nintendo released a redesigned model of the SNES (the SNS-101 model referred to as "New-Style Super NES") in North America for US$99, with some units including the pack-in game Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island.[50] Like the earlier redesign of the NES (model NES-101), the new model was slimmer and lighter than its predecessor, but it lacked S-Video and RGB output, and it was among the last major SNES-related releases in the region. A similarly redesigned Super Famicom Jr. was released in Japan at around the same time.[51]

text: Nintendo ceased production of the SNES in 1999,[4] about two years after releasing Kirby's Dream Land 3 (its last first-party game for the system) on November 27, 1997, a year after releasing Frogger (its last third-party game for the system). In Japan, Nintendo continued production of the Super Famicom until September 25, 2003,[5] and new games were produced until the year 2000, ending with the release of Metal Slader Glory Director's Cut on November 29, 2000.[52]

text: Many popular SNES games have since been ported to the Game Boy Advance, which has similar video capabilities. In 2005, Nintendo announced that SNES games would be made available for download via the Wii and Wii U's Virtual Console service.[53] On October 31, 2007, Nintendo Co., Ltd. announced that it would no longer repair Family Computer or Super Famicom systems due to an increasing shortage of the necessary parts.[54]

text: Technical specifications[edit]

text: The 16-bit design of the SNES[55] incorporates graphics and sound co-processors that perform tiling and simulated 3D effects, a palette of 32,768 colors, and 8-channel ADPCM audio. These base platform features, plus the ability to dramatically extend them all through substantial chip upgrades inside of each cartridge, represent a leap over the 8-bit NES generation and some supposed significant advantages over 16-bit competitors such as the Genesis.[56]

text: Regional lockout[edit]

text: Nintendo employed several types of regional lockout, including both physical and hardware incompatibilities.

text: On a physical level, the cartridges are shaped differently for different regions. North American cartridges have a rectangular bottom with inset grooves matching protruding tabs in the console, while other regions' cartridges are narrower with a smooth curve on the front and no grooves. The physical incompatibility can be overcome with use of various adapters, or through modification of the console.[57][58]

text: Internally, a regional lockout chip (CIC) within the console and in each cartridge prevents PAL region games from being played on Japanese or North American consoles and vice versa. The Japanese and North American machines have the same region chip. This can be overcome through the use of adapters, typically by inserting the imported cartridge in one slot and a cartridge with the correct region chip in a second slot. Alternatively, disconnecting one pin of the console's lockout chip will prevent it from locking the console; hardware in later games can detect this situation, so it later became common to install a switch to reconnect the lockout chip as needed.[59]

text: PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower framerate. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image.[57] Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.[60]

text: Casing[edit]

text:
Japanese SHVC-001 model
(1990–1998)
American SNS-001 model
(1991–1997)
PAL-region SNSP-001A model
(1992–1998)
American SNS-101 model
(1997–1999)
Japanese SHVC-101 model
(1998–2003)

tag: table

text: All versions of the SNES are predominantly gray, of slightly different shades. The original North American version, designed by Nintendo of America industrial designer Lance Barr[61] (who previously redesigned the Famicom to become the NES[62]), has a boxy design with purple sliding switches and a dark gray eject lever. The loading bay surface is curved, both to invite interaction and to prevent food or drinks from being placed on the console and spilling as had happened with the flat surfaced NES.[61] The Japanese and European versions are more rounded, with darker gray accents and buttons. The North American SNS-101 model and the Japanese Super Famicom Jr. (model SHVC-101), all designed by Barr, are both smaller with a rounded contour; however, the SNS-101 buttons are purple where the Super Famicom Jr. buttons are gray. The European and American versions of the SNES controllers have much longer cables compared to the Japanese Super Famicom controllers.

text: All versions incorporate a top-loading slot for game cartridges, although the shape of the slot differs between regions to match the different shapes of the cartridges. The MULTI OUT connector (later used on the Nintendo 64 and GameCube) can output composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator.[63][64] Original versions additionally include a 28-pin expansion port under a small cover on the bottom of the unit and a standard RF output with channel selection switch on the back;[65] the redesigned models output composite video only, requiring an external modulator for RF.[66]

text: The ABS plastic used in the casing of some older SNES and Super Famicom consoles is particularly susceptible to oxidization with exposure to air, likely due to an incorrect mixture of the stabilizing or flame retarding additives. This, along with the particularly light color of the original plastic, causes affected consoles to quickly become yellow; if the sections of the casing came from different batches of plastic, a "two-tone" effect results.[67]

text: Game cartridge[edit]

text: The cartridge media of the console is officially referred to as Game Pak in most Western regions,[68] and as Cassette (カセット, Kasetto) in Japan and parts of Latin America.[69] While the SNES can address 128 Mbit,[h] only 117.75 Mbit are actually available for cartridge use. A fairly normal mapping could easily address up to 95 Mbit of ROM data (48 Mbit at FastROM speed) with 8 Mbit of battery-backed RAM. However, most available memory access controllers only support mappings of up to 32 Mbit. The largest games released (Tales of Phantasia and Star Ocean) contain 48 Mbit of ROM data,[70][71] while the smallest games contain only 2 Mbit.

text: Cartridges may also contain battery-backed SRAM to save the game state, extra working RAM, custom coprocessors, or any other hardware that will not exceed the maximum current rating of the console.

text: Peripherals[edit]

text: The standard SNES controller adds X and Y face buttons to the design of the NES iteration, arranging the four in a diamond shape, and adds two shoulder buttons. It features an ergonomic design by Lance Barr, later used for the NES-102 model controllers, also designed by Barr.[61][62] The Japanese and PAL region versions incorporate the colors of the four action buttons into the system's logo. The North American version's buttons are colored to match the redesigned console; the X and Y buttons are lavender with concave faces, and the A and B buttons are purple with convex faces. Several later consoles derive elements of their controller design from the SNES, including the PlayStation, Dreamcast, Xbox, and Wii Classic Controller.[72][73][74]

text: Throughout the course of its life, a number of peripherals were released which added to the functionality of the SNES. Many of these devices were modeled after earlier add-ons for the NES: the Super Scope is a light gun functionally similar to the NES Zapper (though the Super Scope features wireless capabilities) and the Super Advantage is an arcade-style joystick with adjustable turbo settings akin to the NES Advantage. Nintendo also released the SNES Mouse in conjunction with Mario Paint. Hudson Soft, under license from Nintendo, released the Super Multitap, a multiplayer adapter for use with its popular series of Bomberman games. Some of the more unusual controllers include the BatterUP baseball bat, the Life Fitness Entertainment System (an exercise bike controller with built-in monitoring software),[75] and the TeeV Golf golf club.[76][77]

text: While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES, the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touts several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and access to the SNES console's features by specially enhanced Game Boy games.[78] Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which adds a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games.

text: Like the NES before it, the SNES has unlicensed third-party peripherals, including a new version of the Game Genie cheat cartridge designed for use with SNES games.

text: Soon after the release of the SNES, companies began marketing backup devices such as the Super Wildcard, Super Pro Fighter Q, and Game Doctor.[79] These devices create a backup of a cartridge. They can also be used to play illicit ROM images or to create copies of rented video games, violating copyright laws in many jurisdictions.

text: Japan saw the release of the Satellaview, a modem which attaches to the Super Famicom's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station from April 23, 1995 to June 30, 2000. Satellaview users could download gaming news and specially designed games, which were frequently either remakes of or sequels to older Famicom games, and released in installments.[80] In the United States, the relatively short-lived XBAND allowed users to connect to a network via a dial-up modem to compete against other players around the country.

text: During the SNES's life, Nintendo contracted with two different companies to develop a CD-ROM-based peripheral for the console to compete with Sega's CD-ROM based add-on, Sega CD. Although a SNES-CD prototype console was produced by Sony, Nintendo's deals with both Sony and Philips were canceled, with Philips gaining the right to release a series of games based on Nintendo franchises for its CD-i multimedia console and Sony going on to develop its own PlayStation console based on its initial dealings with Nintendo.[81][82]

text: Enhancement chips[edit]

text: As part of the overall plan for the SNES, rather than include an expensive CPU that would still become obsolete in a few years, the hardware designers made it easy to interface special coprocessor chips to the console, just like the MMC chips used for most NES games. This is most often characterized by 16 additional pins on the cartridge card edge.[83]

text: The Super FX is a RISC CPU designed to perform functions that the main CPU can not feasibly do. The chip is primarily used to create 3D game worlds made with polygons, texture mapping and light source shading. The chip can also be used to enhance 2D games.[84]

text: The Nintendo fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) chip allowed for fast vector-based calculations, bitmap conversions, both 2D and 3D coordinate transformations, and other functions.[85] Four revisions of the chip exist, each physically identical but with different microcode. The DSP-1 version, including the later 1A and 1B bug fix revisions, is used most often; the DSP-2, DSP-3, and DSP-4 are used in only one game each.[86]

text: Similar to the 5A22 CPU in the console, the SA-1 chip contains a 65c816 processor core clocked at 10 MHz, a memory mapper, DMA, decompression and bitplane conversion circuitry, several programmable timers, and CIC region lockout functionality.[84]

text: In Japan, games could be downloaded cheaper than standard cartridges, from Nintendo Power kiosks onto special cartridges containing flash memory and a MegaChips MX15001TFC chip. The chip managed communication with the kiosks to download ROM images, and provided an initial menu to select which of the downloaded games would be played. Some were available both in cartridge and download form, while others were download only. The service closed on February 8, 2007.[87]

text: Many cartridges contain other enhancement chips, most of which were created for use by a single company in a few games;[86] the only limitations are the speed of the SNES itself to transfer data from the chip and the current limit of the console.

text: Emulation[edit]

text: Like the NES before it, the SNES has retained a long-lived fan base. It has continued to thrive on the second-hand market, emulators, and remakes. The SNES has taken the same revival path as the NES.

text: Emulation projects began with the initial release of VSMC in 1994, and Super Pasofami became the first working SNES emulator in 1996.[88] During that time, two competing emulation projects—Snes96 and Snes97—merged to form Snes9x.[84] In 1997, SNES enthusiasts began programming an emulator named ZSNES.[89] In 2004, higan began development as bsnes, in an effort to emulate the system as closely as possible.

text: Nintendo of America took the same stance against the distribution of SNES ROM image files and the use of emulators as it did with the NES, insisting that they represented flagrant software piracy.[90] Proponents of SNES emulation cite discontinued production of the SNES constituting abandonware status, the right of the owner of the respective game to make a personal backup via devices such as the Retrode, space shifting for private use, the desire to develop homebrew games for the system, the frailty of SNES ROM cartridges and consoles, and the lack of certain foreign imports.

text: Emulation of the Super NES is also available on platforms such as Android,[91] and iOS,[92][93] the Nintendo DS line,[94] the Gizmondo,[95] the Dingoo and the GP2X by GamePark Holdings,[96] as well as PDAs.[97] While individual games have been included with emulators on some GameCube discs, Nintendo's Virtual Console service for the Wii marks the introduction of officially sanctioned general SNES emulation.

text: A dedicated mini-console, the Super NES Classic Edition, was released in September 2017 after the NES Classic Edition. The emulation-based system, which is physically modeled after the North American and European versions of the SNES in their respective regions, is bundled with two SNES-style controllers and comes preloaded with 21 games, including the previously unreleased Star Fox 2.[98]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: Approximately 49.1 million Super Nintendo Systems were sold worldwide, with 23.35 million of those units sold in the Americas and 17.17 million in Japan.[6] Although it could not quite repeat the success of the NES, which sold 61.91 million units worldwide,[6] the SNES was the best-selling console of its era.

text: In 2007, GameTrailers named the SNES as the second-best console of all time in their list of top ten consoles that "left their mark on the history of gaming", citing its graphics, sound, and library of top-quality games.[99] In 2015, they also named it the best Nintendo console of all time, saying, "The list of games we love from this console completely annihilates any other roster from the Big N."[100] Technology columnist Don Reisinger proclaimed "The SNES is the greatest console of all time" in January 2008, citing the quality of the games and the console's dramatic improvement over its predecessor;[101] fellow technology columnist Will Greenwald replied with a more nuanced view, giving the SNES top marks with his heart, the NES with his head, and the PlayStation (for its controller) with his hands.[102] GamingExcellence also gave the SNES first place in 2008, declaring it "simply the most timeless system ever created" with many games that stand the test of time and citing its innovation in controller design, graphics capabilities, and game storytelling.[103] At the same time, GameDaily rated it fifth for its graphics, audio, controllers, and games.[104] In 2009, IGN named the Super Nintendo Entertainment System the fourth best video game console, complimenting its audio and number of AAA games.[72]


document_title: List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey

question_text: who won the men's ice hockey olympic gold medal

question_tokens: who won the men 's ice hockey olympic gold medal

text: List of Olympic medalists in ice hockey

text: Men[edit]

text: Individuals who have been inducted to the Hockey Hall of Fame (including announced members awaiting induction) are indicated as follows:

text:
Bold type: Inducted as players.
Italics: Inducted in a non-playing role.

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1920 Antwerp
details
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Robert Benson
Walter Byron
Frank Fredrickson
Chris Fridfinnson
Magnus Goodman
Haldor Halderson
Konrad Johannesson
Allan Woodman
 United States (USA) (1)
Raymond Bonney
Anthony Conroy
Herbert Drury
Edward Fitzgerald
George Geran
Frank Goheen
Joseph McCormick
Lawrence McCormick
Frank Synott
Leon Tuck
Cyril Weidenborner
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (1)
Karel Hartmann
Vilém Loos
Jan Palouš
Jan Peka
Karel Pešek
Josef Šroubek
Otakar Vindyš
Karel Wälzer
[Note 1]

1924 Chamonix
details
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Jack Cameron
Ernie Collett
Bert McCaffrey
Harold McMunn
Duncan Munro
Beattie Ramsay
Cyril Slater
Reginald Smith
Harry Watson
 United States (USA) (2)
Clarence Abel
Herbert Drury
Alphonse Lacroix
John Langley
John Lyons
Justin McCarthy
Willard Rice
Irving Small
Frank Synott
 Great Britain (GBR) (1)
William Anderson
Lorne Carr-Harris
Colin Carruthers
Eric Carruthers
Guy Clarkson
Ross Cuthbert
Geoffrey Holmes
Hamilton Jukes
Edward Pitblado
Blaine Sexton

1928 St. Moritz
details
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Charles Delahay
Frank Fisher
Louis Hudson
Norbert Mueller
Herbert Plaxton
Hugh Plaxton
Roger Plaxton
John Porter
Frank Sullivan
Joseph Sullivan
Ross Taylor
Dave Trottier
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Carl Abrahamsson
Emil Bergman
Birger Holmqvist
Gustaf Johansson
Henry Johansson
Nils Johansson
Ernst Karlberg
Erik Larsson
Bertil Linde
Sigfrid Öberg
Wilhelm Petersén
Kurt Sucksdorff
 Switzerland (SUI) (1)
Giannin Andreossi
Mezzi Andreossi
Robert Breiter
Louis Dufour
Charles Fasel
Albert Geromini
Fritz Kraatz
Arnold Martignoni
Heini Meng
Anton Morosani
Luzius Rüedi
Richard Torriani

1932 Lake Placid
details
 Canada (CAN) (4)
William Cockburn
Clifford Crowley
Albert Duncanson
George Garbutt
Roy Henkel
Victor Lindquist
Norman Malloy
Walter Monson
Kenneth Moore
Romeo Rivers
Harold Simpson
Hugh Sutherland
Stanley Wagner
Alston Wise
 United States (USA) (3)
Osborne Anderson
Johnny Bent
John Chase
John Cookman
Douglas Everett
Franklin Farrel
Joseph Fitzgerald
Edwin Frazier
John Garrison
Gerard Hallock
Robert Livingston
Francis Nelson
Winthrop Palmer
Gordon Smith
 Germany (GER) (1)
Rudi Ball
Alfred Heinrich
Erich Herker
Gustav Jaenecke
Werner Korff
Walter Leinweber
Erich Römer
Martin Schröttle
Marquardt Slevogt
Georg Strobl

1936 Garmisch-
Partenkirchen
details
 Great Britain (GBR) (1)
Alexander Archer
James Borland
Edgar Brenchley
James Chappell
John Coward
Gordon Dailley
John Davey
Carl Erhardt
James Foster
John Kilpatrick
Archibald Stinchcombe
Robert Wyman
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Maxwell Deacon
Hugh Farquharson
Kenneth Farmer
James Haggarty
Walter Kitchen
Raymond Milton
Francis Moore
Herman Murray
Arthur Nash
David Neville
Alexander Sinclair
Ralph St. Germain
Bill Thomson
 United States (USA) (1)
John Garrison
August Kammer
Philip LaBatte
John Lax
Thomas Moone
Elbridge Ross
Paul Rowe
Francis Shaughnessy
Gordon Smith
Francis Spain
Frank Stubbs

1948 St. Moritz
details
 Canada (CAN) (5)
Murray Dowey
Bernard Dunster
Jean Gravelle
Patrick Guzzo
Walter Halder
Thomas Hibberd
Henri-André Laperriere
John Lecompte
George Mara
Albert Roméo Renaud
Reginald Schroeter
Irving Taylor
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (1)
Vladimír Bouzek
Augustin Bubník
Jaroslav Drobný
Přemysl Hajný
Zdeněk Jarkovský
Vladimír Kobranov
Stanislav Konopásek
Bohumil Modrý
Miloslav Pokorný
Václav Roziňák
Miroslav Sláma
Karel Stibor
Vilibald Šťovík
Ladislav Troják
Josef Trousílek
Oldřich Zábrodský
Vladimír Zábrodský
 Switzerland (SUI) (2)
Hans Bänninger
Alfred Bieler
Heinrich Boller
Ferdinand Cattini
Hans Cattini
Hans Dürst
Walter Paul Dürst
Emil Handschin
Heini Lohrer
Werner Lohrer
Reto Perl
Gebhard Poltera
Ulrich Poltera
Beat Rüedi
Otto Schubiger
Richard Torriani
Hans-Martin Trepp

1952 Oslo
details
 Canada (CAN) (6)
George Abel
John Davies
Billy Dawe
Robert Dickson
Donald Gauf
William Gibson
Ralph Hansch
Robert Meyers
David Miller
Eric Paterson
Thomas Pollock
Allan Purvis
Gordon Robertson
Louis Secco
Francis Sullivan
Bob Watt
 United States (USA) (4)
Ruben Bjorkman
Len Ceglarski
Joseph Czarnota
Richard Desmond
Andre Gambucci
Clifford Harrison
Gerald Kilmartin
John Mulhern
John Noah
Arnold Oss
Robert Rompre
James Sedin
Alfred Van Allen
Donald Whiston
Ken Yackel
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Göte Almqvist
Åke Andersson
Hans Andersson-Tvilling
Stig Andersson-Tvilling
Lars Björn
Göte Blomqvist
Thord Flodqvist
Erik Johansson
Gösta Johansson
Rune Johansson
Sven "Tumba" Johansson
Åke Lassas
Holger Nurmela
Hans Öberg
Lars Pettersson
Lars Svensson
Sven Thunman

1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Yevgeny Babich
Vsevolod Bobrov
Alexei Guryshev
Nikolay Khlystov
Valentin Kuzin
Yuri Krylov
Alfred Kuchevsky
Grigory Mkrtychan
Viktor Nikiforov
Yuri Pantyukhov
Nikolaï Puchkov
Viktor Shuvalov
Genrikh Sidorenkov
Nikolai Sologubov
Ivan Tregubov
Dmitry Ukolov
Aleksandr Uvarov
 United States (USA) (5)
Wendell Anderson
Wellington Burtnett
Eugene Campbell
Gordon Christian
Bill Cleary
Richard Dougherty
Willard Ikola
John Matchefts
John Mayasich
Daniel McKinnon
Richard Meredith
Weldon Olson
John Petroske
Kenneth Purpur
Don Rigazio
Richard Rodenheiser
Ed Sampson
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Denis Brodeur
Charles Brooker
William Colvin
Alfred Horne
Art Hurst
Byrle Klinck
Paul Knox
Ken Laufman
Howard Lee
James Logan
Floyd Martin
Jack McKenzie
Donald Rope
George Scholes
Gerry Theberge
Robert White
Keith Woodall

1960 Squaw Valley
details
 United States (USA) (1)
Bill Christian
Roger Christian
Bill Cleary
Bob Cleary
Eugene Grazia
Paul Johnson
Jack Kirrane
John Mayasich
Jack McCartan
Robert McVey
Richard Meredith
Weldon Olson
Edwyn Owen
Rodney Paavola
Lawrence Palmer
Richard Rodenheiser
Tommy Williams
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Bob Attersley
Maurice Benoit
James Connelly
Jack Douglas
Fred Etcher
Robert Forhan
Don Head
Harold Hurley
Ken Laufman
Floyd Martin
Robert McKnight
Cliff Pennington
Donald Rope
Bobby Rousseau
George Samolenko
Harry Sinden
Darryl Sly
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Aleksandr Almetov
Yury Baulin
Mikhail Bychkov
Vladimir Grebennikov
Yevgeny Groshev
Nikolay Karpov
Alfred Kuchevsky
Konstantin Loktev
Stanislav Petukhov
Viktor Pryazhnikov
Nikolai Puchkov
Genrikh Sidorenkov
Nikolai Sologubov
Yury Tsitsinov
Viktor Yakushev
Yevgeny Yorkin

1964 Innsbruck
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (2)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Aleksandr Almetov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Eduard Ivanov
Viktor Konovalenko
Victor Kuzkin
Konstantin Loktev
Boris Mayorov
Yevgeni Mayorov
Stanislav Petukhov
Alexander Ragulin
Vyacheslav Starshinov
Leonid Volkov
Victor Yakushev
Boris Zaitzev
Oleg Zaytsev
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Anders Andersson
Gert Blomé
Lennart Häggroth
Lennart Johansson
Nils Johansson
Sven "Tumba" Johansson
Lars-Eric Lundvall
Eilert Määttä
Hans Mild
Nils Nilsson
Bert-Ola Nordlander
Carl-Göran Öberg
Uno Öhrlund
Ronald Pettersson
Ulf Sterner
Roland Stoltz
Kjell Svensson
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (2)
Vlastimil Bubník
Josef Černý
Jiří Dolana
Vladimír Dzurilla
Jozef Golonka
František Gregor
Jiří Holík
Jaroslav Jiřík
Jan Klapáč
Vladimír Nadrchal
Rudolf Potsch
Stanislav Prýl
Ladislav Šmíd
Stanislav Sventek
František Tikal
Miroslav Vlach
Jaroslav Walter

1968 Grenoble
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (3)
Veniamin Alexandrov
Viktor Blinov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Anatoly Ionov
Viktor Konovalenko
Victor Kuzkin
Boris Mayorov
Yevgeni Mishakov
Yuri Moiseev
Victor Polupanov
Alexander Ragulin
Igor Romishevsky
Vyacheslav Starshinov
Vladimir Vikulov
Oleg Zaytsev
Yevgeni Zimin
Victor Zinger
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (2)
Josef Černý
Vladimír Dzurilla
Jozef Golonka
Jan Havel
Petr Hejma
Jiří Holík
Josef Horešovský
Jan Hrbatý
Jaroslav Jiřík
Jan Klapáč
Jiří Kochta
Oldřich Machač
Karel Masopust
Vladimír Nadrchal
Václav Nedomanský
František Pospíšil
František Ševčík
Jan Suchý
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Roger Bourbonnais
Ken Broderick
Ray Cadieux
Paul Conlin
Gary Dineen
Brian Glennie
Ted Hargreaves
Fran Huck
Marshall Johnston
Barry MacKenzie
Bill MacMillan
Steve Monteith
Morris Mott
Terry O'Malley
Danny O'Shea
Gerry Pinder
Herb Pinder
Wayne Stephenson

1972 Sapporo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (4)
Yury Blinov
Vitaly Davydov
Anatoli Firsov
Valeri Kharlamov
Victor Kuzkin
Vladimir Lutchenko
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Yevgeni Mishakov
Alexander Pashkov
Vladimir Petrov
Alexander Ragulin
Igor Romishevsky
Vladimir Shadrin
Vladislav Tretiak
Gennadiy Tsygankov
Valeri Vasiliev
Vladimir Vikulov
Alexander Yakushev
Yevgeni Zimin
 United States (USA) (6)
Kevin Ahearn
Larry Bader
Henry Boucha
Charles Brown
Keith Christiansen
Mike Curran
Robbie Ftorek
Mark Howe
Stuart Irving
Jim McElmury
Dick McGlynn
Bruce McIntosh
Tom Mellor
Ronald Naslund
Wally Olds
Tim Regan
Frank Sanders
Craig Sarner
Peter Sears
Timothy Sheehy
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (3)
Vladimír Bednář
Josef Černý
Vladimír Dzurilla
Richard Farda
Ivan Hlinka
Jiří Holeček
Jaroslav Holík
Jiří Holík
Josef Horešovský
Jiří Kochta
Oldřich Machač
Vladimír Martinec
Václav Nedomanský
Eduard Novák
František Pospíšil
Bohuslav Šťastný
Rudolf Tajcnár
Karel Vohralík

1976 Innsbruck
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (5)
Boris Aleksandrov
Sergei Babinov
Aleksandr Gusev
Sergei Kapustin
Valeri Kharlamov
Vladimir Lutchenko
Yuri Lyapkin
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Vladimir Petrov
Vladimir Shadrin
Victor Shalimov
Aleksandr Sidelnikov
Vladislav Tretiak
Gennadiy Tsygankov
Valeri Vasiliev
Alexander Yakushev
Viktor Zhluktov
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (3)
Josef Augusta
Jiří Bubla
Milan Chalupa
Jiří Crha
Miroslav Dvořák
Bohuslav Ebermann
Ivan Hlinka
Jiří Holeček
Jiří Holík
Milan Kajkl
Oldřich Machač
Vladimír Martinec
Eduard Novák
Jiří Novák
Milan Nový
Jaroslav Pouzar
František Pospíšil
Bohuslav Šťastný
 West Germany (FRG) (2)
Klaus Auhuber
Ignaz Berndaner
Wolfgang Boos
Lorenz Funk
Martin Hinterstocker
Udo Kiessling
Walter Köberle
Ernst Köpf
Anton Kehle
Erich Kühnhackl
Stefan Metz
Franz Reindl
Rainer Philipp
Alois Schloder
Rudolf Thanner
Josef Völk
Ferenc Vozar
Erich Weishaupt

1980 Lake Placid
details
 United States (USA) (2)
Bill Baker
Neal Broten
Dave Christian
Steve Christoff
Jim Craig
Mike Eruzione
John Harrington
Steve Janaszak
Mark Johnson
Rob McClanahan
Ken Morrow
Jack O'Callahan
Mike Ramsey
Mark Pavelich
Buzz Schneider
Dave Silk
Bob Suter
Eric Strobel
Mark Wells
Phil Verchota
 Soviet Union (URS) (1)
Helmuts Balderis
Zinetula Bilyaletdinov
Viacheslav Fetisov
Aleksandr Golikov
Vladimir Golikov
Alexei Kasatonov
Valeri Kharlamov
Vladimir Krutov
Yuri Lebedev
Sergei Makarov
Aleksandr Maltsev
Boris Mikhailov
Vladimir Myshkin
Vasili Pervukhin
Vladimir Petrov
Aleksandr Skvortsov
Sergei Starikov
Vladislav Tretiak
Valeri Vasiliev
Viktor Zhluktov
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Mats Åhlberg
Sture Andersson
Bo Berglund
Håkan Eriksson
Jan Eriksson
Thomas Eriksson
Leif Holmgren
Tomas Jonsson
Pelle Lindbergh
Bengt Lundholm
William Löfqvist
Per Lundqvist
Lars Molin
Mats Näslund
Lennart Norberg
Tommy Samuelsson
Dan Söderström
Mats Waltin
Ulf Weinstock

1984 Sarajevo
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (6)
Zinetula Bilyaletdinov
Sergei Shepelev
Nikolai Drozdetsky
Viacheslav Fetisov
Aleksandr Geramisov
Alexei Kasatonov
Andrei Khomutov
Vladimir Kovin
Aleksandr Kozhevnikov
Vladimir Krutov
Igor Larionov
Sergei Makarov
Vladimir Myshkin
Vasili Pervukhin
Aleksandr Skvortsov
Sergei Starikov
Igor Stelnov
Vladislav Tretiak
Viktor Tyumenev
Mikhail Vasiliev
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (4)
Jaroslav Benák
Vladimír Caldr
Milan Chalupa
František Černík
Miloslav Hořava
Jiří Hrdina
Arnold Kadlec
Jaroslav Korbela
Jiří Králík
Vladimír Kýhos
Jiří Lála
Igor Liba
Vincent Lukáč
Dušan Pašek
Pavel Richter
Jaromír Šindel
Radoslav Svoboda
Eduard Uvíra
 Sweden (SWE) (3)
Thomas Åhlén
Pelle Eklund
Thom Eklund
Bo Ericson
Håkan Eriksson
Peter Gradin
Mats Hessel
Michael Hjälm
Göran Lindblom
Tommy Mörth
Håkan Nordin
Rolf Ridderwall
Jens Öhling
Thomas Rundqvist
Tomas Sandström
Håkan Södergren
Mats Thelin
Michael Thelvén
Mats Waltin
Göte Wälitalo

1988 Calgary
details
 Soviet Union (URS) (7)
Ilya Byakin
Vyacheslav Bykov
Aleksandr Chernykh
Viacheslav Fetisov
Alexei Gusarov
Valeri Kamensky
Alexei Kasatonov
Andrei Khomutov
Aleksandr Kozhevnikov
Igor Kravchuk
Vladimir Krutov
Igor Larionov
Andrei Lomakin
Sergei Makarov
Alexander Mogilny
Sergei Mylnikov
Vitali Samoilov
Anatoli Semenov
Sergei Starikov
Igor Stelnov
Sergei Svetlov
Sergei Yashin
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Timo Blomqvist
Kari Eloranta
Raimo Helminen
Iiro Järvi
Esa Keskinen
Erkki Laine
Kari Laitinen
Erkki Lehtonen
Jyrki Lumme
Reijo Mikkolainen
Jarmo Myllys
Teppo Numminen
Janne Ojanen
Arto Ruotanen
Reijo Ruotsalainen
Simo Saarinen
Kai Suikkanen
Timo Susi
Jukka Tammi
Jari Torkki
Pekka Tuomisto
Jukka Virtanen
 Sweden (SWE) (4)
Mikael Andersson
Peter Andersson
Peter Åslin
Bo Berglund
Jonas Bergqvist
Anders Bergman
Thom Eklund
Anders Eldebrink
Peter Eriksson
Thomas Eriksson
Michael Hjälm
Lars Ivarsson
Mikael Johansson
Lars Karlsson
Mats Kihlström
Peter Lindmark
Lars Molin
Jens Öhling
Lars-Gunnar Pettersson
Thomas Rundqvist
Tommy Samuelsson
Ulf Sandström
Håkan Södergren

1992 Albertville
details
 Unified Team (EUN) (1)
Sergei Bautin
Igor Boldin
Nikolai Borschevsky
Vyacheslav Butsayev
Vyacheslav Bykov
Evgeny Davydov
Darius Kasparaitis
Nikolai Khabibulin
Yuri Khmylev
Andrei Khomutov
Andrei Kovalenko
Alexei Kovalev
Igor Kravchuk
Vladimir Malakhov
Dmitri Mironov
Sergei Petrenko
Vitali Prokhorov
Mikhail Shtalenkov
Andrei Trefilov
Dmitri Yushkevich
Alexei Zhamnov
Alexei Zhitnik
Sergei Zubov
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Dave Archibald
Todd Brost
Sean Burke
Kevin Dahl
Curt Giles
Dave Hannan
Gord Hynes
Fabian Joseph
Joé Juneau
Trevor Kidd
Patrick Lebeau
Chris Lindberg
Eric Lindros
Kent Manderville
Adrien Plavsic
Dan Ratushny
Sam St. Laurent
Brad Schlegel
Wally Schreiber
Randy Smith
Dave Tippett
Brian Tutt
Jason Woolley
 Czechoslovakia (TCH) (4)
Patrik Augusta
Petr Bříza
Jaromír Dragan
Leo Gudas
Miloslav Hořava
Petr Hrbek
Otakar Janecký
Tomáš Jelínek
Drahomír Kadlec
Kamil Kašťák
Robert Lang
Igor Liba
Ladislav Lubina
František Procházka
Petr Rosol
Bedřich Ščerban
Jiří Šlégr
Richard Šmehlík
Róbert Švehla
Oldřich Svoboda
Radek Ťoupal
Peter Veselovský

1994 Lillehammer
details
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Håkan Algotsson
Charles Berglund
Jonas Bergqvist
Andreas Dackell
Christian Due-Boje
Niklas Eriksson
Peter Forsberg
Roger Hansson
Roger Johansson
Jörgen Jönsson
Kenny Jönsson
Tomas Jonsson
Patrik Juhlin
Patric Kjellberg
Håkan Loob
Mats Näslund
Stefan Örnskog
Leif Rohlin
Daniel Rydmark
Tommy Salo
Fredrik Stillman
Magnus Svensson
 Canada (CAN) (4)
Mark Astley
Adrian Aucoin
David Harlock
Corey Hirsch
Todd Hlushko
Greg Johnson
Fabian Joseph
Paul Kariya
Chris Kontos
Manny Legacé
Ken Lovsin
Derek Mayer
Petr Nedvěd
Dwayne Norris
Greg Parks
Allain Roy
Jean-Yves Roy
Brian Savage
Brad Schlegel
Wally Schreiber
Chris Therien
Todd Warriner
Brad Werenka
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Mika Alatalo
Erik Hämäläinen
Raimo Helminen
Timo Jutila
Sami Kapanen
Esa Keskinen
Marko Kiprusoff
Saku Koivu
Pasi Kuivalainen
Janne Laukkanen
Tero Lehterä
Jere Lehtinen
Mikko Mäkelä
Jarmo Myllys
Mika Nieminen
Janne Ojanen
Marko Palo
Ville Peltonen
Pasi Sormunen
Mika Strömberg
Jukka Tammi
Petri Varis
Hannu Virta

1998 Nagano
details
 Czech Republic (CZE) (1)
Josef Beránek
Jan Čaloun
Roman Čechmánek
Jiří Dopita
Roman Hamrlík
Dominik Hašek
Milan Hejduk
Jaromír Jágr
František Kučera
Robert Lang
David Moravec
Pavel Patera
Libor Procházka
Martin Procházka
Robert Reichel
Martin Ručínský
Vladimír Růžička
Jiří Šlégr
Richard Šmehlík
Jaroslav Špaček
Martin Straka
Petr Svoboda
 Russia (RUS) (1)
Pavel Bure
Valeri Bure
Sergei Fedorov
Sergei Gonchar
Alexei Gusarov
Valeri Kamensky
Darius Kasparaitis
Andrei Kovalenko
Igor Kravchuk
Sergei Krivokrasov
Boris Mironov
Dmitri Mironov
Aleksey Morozov
Sergei Nemchinov
Oleg Shevtsov
Mikhail Shtalenkov
German Titov
Andrei Trefilov
Alexei Yashin
Dmitri Yushkevich
Valeri Zelepukin
Alexei Zhamnov
Alexei Zhitnik
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Aki-Petteri Berg
Tuomas Grönman
Raimo Helminen
Sami Kapanen
Saku Koivu
Jari Kurri
Janne Laukkanen
Jere Lehtinen
Juha Lind
Jyrki Lumme
Jarmo Myllys
Mika Nieminen
Janne Niinimaa
Teppo Numminen
Ville Peltonen
Kimmo Rintanen
Teemu Selänne
Ari Sulander
Jukka Tammi
Esa Tikkanen
Kimmo Timonen
Antti Törmänen
Juha Ylönen

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Canada (CAN) (7)
Ed Belfour
Rob Blake
Eric Brewer
Martin Brodeur
Theoren Fleury
Adam Foote
Simon Gagné
Jarome Iginla
Curtis Joseph
Ed Jovanovski
Paul Kariya
Mario Lemieux
Eric Lindros
Al MacInnis
Scott Niedermayer
Joe Nieuwendyk
Owen Nolan
Michael Peca
Chris Pronger
Joe Sakic
Brendan Shanahan
Ryan Smyth
Steve Yzerman
 United States (USA) (7)
Tony Amonte
Tom Barrasso
Chris Chelios
Adam Deadmarsh
Chris Drury
Mike Dunham
Bill Guerin
Phil Housley
Brett Hull
John LeClair
Brian Leetch
Aaron Miller
Mike Modano
Tom Poti
Brian Rafalski
Mike Richter
Jeremy Roenick
Brian Rolston
Gary Suter
Keith Tkachuk
Doug Weight
Mike York
Scott Young
 Russia (RUS) (1)
Maxim Afinogenov
Ilya Bryzgalov
Pavel Bure
Valeri Bure
Pavel Datsyuk
Sergei Fedorov
Sergei Gonchar
Darius Kasparaitis
Nikolai Khabibulin
Ilya Kovalchuk
Alexei Kovalev
Igor Kravchuk
Oleg Kvasha
Igor Larionov
Vladimir Malakhov
Daniil Markov
Boris Mironov
Andrei Nikolishin
Yegor Podomatsky
Sergei Samsonov
Oleg Tverdovsky
Alexei Yashin
Alexei Zhamnov

2006 Turin
details
 Sweden (SWE) (2)
Daniel Alfredsson
Per-Johan Axelsson
Christian Bäckman
Peter Forsberg
Mika Hannula
Niclas Hävelid
Tomas Holmström
Jörgen Jönsson
Kenny Jönsson
Niklas Kronwall
Nicklas Lidström
Stefan Liv
Henrik Lundqvist
Fredrik Modin
Mattias Öhlund
Samuel Påhlsson
Mikael Samuelsson
Daniel Sedin
Henrik Sedin
Mats Sundin
Ronnie Sundin
Mikael Tellqvist
Daniel Tjärnqvist
Henrik Zetterberg
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Niklas Bäckström
Aki-Petteri Berg
Niklas Hagman
Jukka Hentunen
Jussi Jokinen
Olli Jokinen
Niko Kapanen
Mikko Koivu
Saku Koivu
Lasse Kukkonen
Antti Laaksonen
Jere Lehtinen
Toni Lydman
Antti-Jussi Niemi
Ville Nieminen
Antero Niittymäki
Fredrik Norrena
Petteri Nummelin
Teppo Numminen
Ville Peltonen
Jarkko Ruutu
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen
 Czech Republic (CZE) (1)
Jan Bulis
Petr Čajánek
Patrik Eliáš
Martin Erat
Dominik Hašek
Milan Hejduk
Aleš Hemský
Milan Hnilička
Jaromír Jágr
František Kaberle
Tomáš Kaberle
Aleš Kotalík
Filip Kuba
Pavel Kubina
Robert Lang
Marek Malík
Rostislav Olesz
Václav Prospal
Martin Ručínský
Dušan Salfický
Jaroslav Špaček
Martin Straka
Tomáš Vokoun
David Výborný
Marek Židlický

2010 Vancouver
details
 Canada (CAN) (8)
Patrice Bergeron
Dan Boyle
Martin Brodeur
Sidney Crosby
Drew Doughty
Marc-André Fleury
Ryan Getzlaf
Dany Heatley
Jarome Iginla
Duncan Keith
Roberto Luongo
Patrick Marleau
Brenden Morrow
Rick Nash
Scott Niedermayer
Corey Perry
Chris Pronger
Mike Richards
Brent Seabrook
Eric Staal
Joe Thornton
Jonathan Toews
Shea Weber
 United States (USA) (8)
David Backes
Dustin Brown
Ryan Callahan
Chris Drury
Tim Gleason
Erik Johnson
Jack Johnson
Patrick Kane
Ryan Kesler
Phil Kessel
Jamie Langenbrunner
Ryan Malone
Ryan Miller
Brooks Orpik
Zach Parise
Joe Pavelski
Jonathan Quick
Brian Rafalski
Bobby Ryan
Paul Stastny
Ryan Suter
Tim Thomas
Ryan Whitney
 Finland (FIN) (3)
Niklas Bäckström
Valtteri Filppula
Niklas Hagman
Jarkko Immonen
Olli Jokinen
Niko Kapanen
Miikka Kiprusoff
Mikko Koivu
Saku Koivu
Lasse Kukkonen
Jere Lehtinen
Sami Lepistö
Toni Lydman
Antti Miettinen
Antero Niittymäki
Janne Niskala
Ville Peltonen
Joni Pitkänen
Jarkko Ruutu
Tuomo Ruutu
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen

2014 Sochi
details
 Canada (CAN) (9)
Jamie Benn
Patrice Bergeron
Jay Bouwmeester
Jeff Carter
Sidney Crosby
Drew Doughty
Ryan Getzlaf
Matt Duchene
Dan Hamhuis
Duncan Keith
Chris Kunitz
Roberto Luongo
Patrick Marleau
Rick Nash
Corey Perry
Alex Pietrangelo
Carey Price
Mike Smith
Martin St. Louis
Patrick Sharp
P. K. Subban
John Tavares
Jonathan Toews
Marc-Édouard Vlasic
Shea Weber
 Sweden (SWE) (3)
Daniel Alfredsson
Nicklas Bäckström
Patrik Berglund
Alexander Edler
Oliver Ekman-Larsson
Jhonas Enroth
Jimmie Ericsson
Jonathan Ericsson
Loui Eriksson
Jonas Gustavsson
Carl Hagelin
Niklas Hjalmarsson
Marcus Johansson
Erik Karlsson
Niklas Kronwall
Marcus Krüger
Gabriel Landeskog
Henrik Lundqvist
Gustav Nyquist
Johnny Oduya
Daniel Sedin
Jakob Silfverberg
Alexander Steen
Henrik Tallinder
Henrik Zetterberg
 Finland (FIN) (4)
Juhamatti Aaltonen
Aleksander Barkov
Mikael Granlund
Juuso Hietanen
Jarkko Immonen
Jussi Jokinen
Olli Jokinen
Leo Komarov
Sami Lepistö
Petri Kontiola
Lauri Korpikoski
Lasse Kukkonen
Jori Lehterä
Kari Lehtonen
Olli Määttä
Antti Niemi
Antti Pihlström
Tuukka Rask
Tuomo Ruutu
Sakari Salminen
Sami Salo
Teemu Selänne
Kimmo Timonen
Ossi Väänänen
Sami Vatanen

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR) (1)
Sergei Andronov
Alexander Barabanov
Pavel Datsyuk
Vladislav Gavrikov
Mikhail Grigorenko
Nikita Gusev
Ilya Kablukov
Sergei Kalinin
Kirill Kaprizov
Bogdan Kiselevich
Vasily Koshechkin
Ilya Kovalchuk
Alexei Marchenko
Sergei Mozyakin
Nikita Nesterov
Nikolai Prokhorkin
Igor Shestyorkin
Vadim Shipachyov
Sergei Shirokov
Ilya Sorokin
Ivan Telegin
Vyacheslav Voynov
Yegor Yakovlev
Artyom Zub
Andrei Zubarev
 Germany (GER) (1)
Sinan Akdag
Danny aus den Birken
Daryl Boyle
Yasin Ehliz
Christian Ehrhoff
Dennis Endras
Gerrit Fauser
Marcel Goc
Patrick Hager
Frank Hördler
Dominik Kahun
Marcus Kink
Björn Krupp
Brooks Macek
Frank Mauer
Jonas Müller
Moritz Müller
Marcel Noebels
Timo Pielmeier
Leonhard Pföderl
Matthias Plachta
Patrick Reimer
Felix Schütz
Yannic Seidenberg
David Wolf
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Rene Bourque
Gilbert Brulé
Andrew Ebbett
Stefan Elliott
Chay Genoway
Cody Goloubef
Marc-André Gragnani
Quinton Howden
Chris Kelly
Rob Klinkhammer
Brandon Kozun
Maxim Lapierre
Chris Lee
Maxim Noreau
Eric O'Dell
Justin Peters
Kevin Poulin
Mason Raymond
Mat Robinson
Derek Roy
Ben Scrivens
Karl Stollery
Christian Thomas
Linden Vey
Wojtek Wolski

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1
 Canada
9
4
3

2
 Soviet Union
7
1
1

3
 United States
2
8
1

4
 Sweden
2
3
4

5
 Czech Republic
1
4
4

6
 United Kingdom
1
1
1

7
 Unified Team
1

 Olympic Athletes from Russia (OAR)
1

9
 Finland

2
4

10
 Germany

1
2

11
 Russia

1
1

12
  Switzerland

2

text: Women[edit]

text:
Games
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1998 Nagano
details
 United States (USA) (1)
Chris Bailey
Laurie Baker
Alana Blahoski
Lisa Brown-Miller
Karyn Bye
Colleen Coyne
Sara Decosta
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Cammi Granato
Katie King
Shelley Looney
Sue Merz
Allison Mleczko
Tara Mounsey
Vicki Movsessian
Jenny Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Sarah Tueting
Gretchen Ulion
Sandra Whyte
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Jennifer Botterill
Thérèse Brisson
Cassie Campbell
Judy Diduck
Nancy Drolet
Lori Dupuis
Danielle Goyette
Geraldine Heaney
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Kathy McCormack
Karen Nystrom
Lesley Reddon
Manon Rhéaume
Laura Schuler
Fiona Smith
France St-Louis
Vicky Sunohara
Hayley Wickenheiser
Stacy Wilson
 Finland (FIN) (1)
Sari Fisk
Kirsi Hänninen
Satu Huotari
Marianne Ihalainen
Johanna Ikonen
Sari Krooks
Emma Laaksonen
Sanna Lankosaari
Katja Lehto
Marika Lehtimäki
Riikka Nieminen
Marja-Helena Pälvilä
Tuula Puputti
Karoliina Rantamäki
Tiia Reima
Katja Riipi
Päivi Salo
Maria Selin
Liisa-Maria Sneck
Petra Vaarakallio

2002 Salt Lake City
details
 Canada (CAN) (1)
Dana Antal
Kelly Bechard
Jennifer Botterill
Thérèse Brisson
Cassie Campbell
Isabelle Chartrand
Lori Dupuis
Danielle Goyette
Geraldine Heaney
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Cheryl Pounder
Tammy Lee Shewchuk
Sami Jo Small
Colleen Sostorics
Kim St-Pierre
Vicky Sunohara
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (1)
Chris Bailey
Laurie Baker
Karyn Bye
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Sara Decosta
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Cammi Granato
Courtney Kennedy
Andrea Kilbourne
Katie King
Shelley Looney
Sue Merz
Allison Mleczko
Tara Mounsey
Jenny Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Sarah Tueting
Lyndsay Wall
Krissy Wendell
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Annica Åhlén
Lotta Almblad
Anna Andersson
Gunilla Andersson
Emelie Berggren
Kristina Bergstrand
Ann-Louise Edstrand
Joa Elfsberg
Erika Holst
Nanna Jansson
Maria Larsson
Ylva Lindberg
Ulrica Lindström
Kim Martin
Josefin Pettersson
Maria Rooth
Danijela Rundqvist
Evelina Samuelsson
Therese Sjölander
Anna Vikman

2006 Turin
details
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Meghan Agosta
Gillian Apps
Jennifer Botterill
Cassie Campbell
Gillian Ferrari
Danielle Goyette
Jayna Hefford
Becky Kellar
Gina Kingsbury
Charline Labonté
Carla MacLeod
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Cheryl Pounder
Colleen Sostorics
Kim St-Pierre
Vicky Sunohara
Sarah Vaillancourt
Katie Weatherston
Hayley Wickenheiser
 Sweden (SWE) (1)
Cecilia Andersson
Gunilla Andersson
Jenni Asserholt
Ann-Louise Edstrand
Joa Elfsberg
Emma Eliasson
Erika Holst
Nanna Jansson
Ylva Lindberg
Jenny Lindqvist
Kristina Lundberg
Kim Martin
Frida Nevalainen
Emilie O'Konor
Maria Rooth
Danijela Rundqvist
Therese Sjölander
Katarina Timglas
Anna Vikman
Pernilla Winberg
 United States (USA) (1)
Caitlin Cahow
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Pam Dreyer
Tricia Dunn-Luoma
Molly Engstrom
Chanda Gunn
Jamie Hagerman
Kim Insalaco
Kathleen Kauth
Courtney Kennedy
Katie King
Kristin King
Sarah Parsons
Jenny Potter
Helen Resor
Angela Ruggiero
Kelly Stephens
Lyndsay Wall
Krissy Wendell

2010 Vancouver
details
 Canada (CAN) (3)
Meghan Agosta
Gillian Apps
Tessa Bonhomme
Jennifer Botterill
Jayna Hefford
Haley Irwin
Rebecca Johnston
Becky Kellar
Gina Kingsbury
Charline Labonté
Carla MacLeod
Meaghan Mikkelson
Caroline Ouellette
Cherie Piper
Marie-Philip Poulin
Kim St-Pierre
Colleen Sostorics
Shannon Szabados
Sarah Vaillancourt
Catherine Ward
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (2)
Kacey Bellamy
Caitlin Cahow
Lisa Chesson
Julie Chu
Natalie Darwitz
Meghan Duggan
Molly Engstrom
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux
Erika Lawler
Gisele Marvin
Brianne McLaughlin
Jenny Schmidgall-Potter
Angela Ruggiero
Molly Schaus
Kelli Stack
Karen Thatcher
Jessie Vetter
Kerry Weiland
Jinelle Zaugg-Siergiej
 Finland (FIN) (2)
Anne Helin
Jenni Hiirikoski
Venla Hovi
Michelle Karvinen
Mira Kuisma
Emma Laaksonen
Rosa Lindstedt
Terhi Mertanen
Heidi Pelttari
Mariia Posa
Annina Rajahuhta
Karoliina Rantamäki
Noora Räty
Mari Saarinen
Saija Sirviö
Nina Tikkinen
Minnamari Tuominen
Saara Tuominen
Linda Välimäki
Anna Vanhatalo
Marjo Voutilainen

2014 Sochi
details
 Canada (CAN) (4)
Meghan Agosta-Marciano
Gillian Apps
Mélodie Daoust
Laura Fortino
Jayna Hefford
Haley Irwin
Brianne Jenner
Rebecca Johnston
Charline Labonté
Geneviève Lacasse
Jocelyne Larocque
Meaghan Mikkelson-Reid
Caroline Ouellette
Marie-Philip Poulin
Lauriane Rougeau
Natalie Spooner
Shannon Szabados
Jenn Wakefield
Catherine Ward
Tara Watchorn
Hayley Wickenheiser
 United States (USA) (3)
Kacey Bellamy
Megan Bozek
Alexandra Carpenter
Julie Chu
Kendall Coyne
Brianna Decker
Meghan Duggan
Lyndsey Fry
Amanda Kessel
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux-Kolls
Gisele Marvin
Brianne McLaughlin
Michelle Picard
Josephine Pucci
Molly Schaus
Anne Schleper
Kelli Stack
Lee Stecklein
Jessie Vetter
 Switzerland (SUI) (1)
Janine Alder
Livia Altmann
Sophie Anthamatten
Laura Benz
Sara Benz
Nicole Bullo
Romy Eggimann
Sarah Forster
Angela Frautschi
Jessica Lutz
Julia Marty
Stefanie Marty
Alina Müller
Katrin Nabholz
Evelina Raselli
Florence Schelling
Lara Stalder
Phoebe Stanz
Anja Stiefel
Nina Waidacher

2018 Pyeongchang
details
 United States (USA) (2)
Cayla Barnes
Kacey Bellamy
Hannah Brandt
Dani Cameranesi
Kendall Coyne
Brianna Decker
Meghan Duggan
Kali Flanagan
Nicole Hensley
Megan Keller
Amanda Kessel
Hilary Knight
Jocelyne Lamoureux
Monique Lamoureux
Gigi Marvin
Sidney Morin
Kelly Pannek
Amanda Pelkey
Emily Pfalzer
Alex Rigsby
Maddie Rooney
Haley Skarupa
Lee Stecklein
 Canada (CAN) (2)
Meghan Agosta
Bailey Bram
Emily Clark
Mélodie Daoust
Ann-Renée Desbiens
Renata Fast
Laura Fortino
Brianne Jenner
Rebecca Johnston
Geneviève Lacasse
Brigette Lacquette
Meaghan Mikkelson
Marie-Philip Poulin
Lauriane Rougeau
Jillian Saulnier
Natalie Spooner
Laura Stacey
Shannon Szabados
Blayre Turnbull
Jenn Wakefield
 Finland (FIN) (3)
Sanni Hakala
Jenni Hiirikoski
Venla Hovi
Mira Jalosuo
Michelle Karvinen
Rosa Lindstedt
Petra Nieminen
Tanja Niskanen
Emma Nuutinen
Isa Rahunen
Annina Rajahuhta
Meeri Räisänen
Noora Räty
Saila Saari
Ronja Savolainen
Eveliina Suonpää
Sara Säkkinen
Susanna Tapani
Noora Tulus
Minnamari Tuominen
Ella Viitasuo
Riikka Välilä
Linda Välimäki

text: Medals:

text:
[show]Rank
Nation
Gold
Silver
Bronze

1
 Canada
4
2

2
 United States
2
3
1

3
 Sweden

1
1

4
 Finland

3

5
  Switzerland

1

text: Athlete medal leaders[edit]

text:
Athlete
Nation
Olympics
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

Wickenheiser, HayleyHayley Wickenheiser
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2014
4
1
0
5

Hefford, JaynaJayna Hefford
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2014
4
1
0
5

Ouellette, CarolineCaroline Ouellette
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2014
4
0
0
4

Tretiak, VladislavVladislav Tretiak
 Soviet Union (URS)
1972–1984
3
1
0
4

Botterill, JenniferJennifer Botterill
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2010
3
1
0
4

Kellar, BeckyBecky Kellar
 Canada (CAN)
1998–2010
3
1
0
4

Agosta, MeghanMeghan Agosta
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2018
3
1
0
4

Kravchuk, IgorIgor Kravchuk
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
 Russia (RUS)
1988
1992
1998–2002
2
1
1
4

Ruggiero, AngelaAngela Ruggiero
 United States (USA)
1998–2010
1
2
1
4

Potter, JennyJenny Potter
 United States (USA)
1998–2010
1
2
1
4

Chu, JulieJulie Chu
 United States (USA)
2002–2014
0
3
1
4

Holík, JiříJiří Holík
 Czechoslovakia (TCH)
1964–1976
0
2
2
4

Selänne, TeemuTeemu Selänne
 Finland (FIN)
1992, 1998–2014
0
1
3
4

Timonen, KimmoKimmo Timonen
 Finland (FIN)
1998–2014
0
1
3
4

Koivu, SakuSaku Koivu
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Lehtinen, JereJere Lehtinen
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Peltonen, VilleVille Peltonen
 Finland (FIN)
1994–2010
0
1
3
4

Firsov, AnatoliAnatoli Firsov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Kuzkin, VictorVictor Kuzkin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Ragulin, AlexanderAlexander Ragulin
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Davydov, VitalyVitaly Davydov
 Soviet Union (URS)
1964–1972
3
0
0
3

Khomutov, AndreiAndrei Khomutov
 Soviet Union (URS)
 Unified Team (EUN)
1984–1988
1992
3
0
0
3

Piper, CherieCherie Piper
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

St-Pierre, KimKim St-Pierre
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

Sostorics, ColleenColleen Sostorics
 Canada (CAN)
2002–2010
3
0
0
3

Apps, GillianGillian Apps
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2014
3
0
0
3

Labonté, CharlineCharline Labonté
 Canada (CAN)
2006–2014
3
0
0
3


document_title: Santa Claus's reindeer

question_text: what are the names for santa's reindeer

question_tokens: what are the names for santa 's reindeer

text: Santa Claus's reindeer

text: List[edit]

text: In traditional lore, Santa Claus's sleigh is led by eight reindeer: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder (variously spelled Donder and Donner) and Blixem (variously spelled Blixen and Blitzen), with Rudolph being a 20th-century inclusion.[2][3]

text: The names Dunder and Blixem derive from Dutch words for thunder and lightning, respectively. In the premiere episode of The Simpsons, Homer misremembers them collectively as "Donna Dixon".[4]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Single reindeer[edit]

text: The first reference to Santa's sleigh being pulled by a reindeer appears in Old Santeclaus with Much Delight, an illustrated children's poem published in New York in 1821.[5][6] The names of the author and the illustrator are not known.[6] The poem, with eight colored lithographic illustrations, was published by William B. Gilley as a small paperback book entitled The Children's Friend: A New-Year's Present, to the Little Ones from Five to Twelve.[7]

text: Eight reindeer[edit]

text: The 1823 poem by Clement C. Moore "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (also known as "'Twas the Night Before Christmas") is largely credited for the contemporary Christmas lore that includes eight named reindeer.[8]

text: The relevant segment of the poem reads:

text:
When, what to my wondering eyes should appear,
but a miniature sleigh, and eight tiny rein-deer,
with a little old driver, so lively and quick,
I knew in a moment it must be St. Nick.

More rapid than eagles his coursers they came,
And he whistled, and shouted, and call'd them by name:
"Now, Dasher! Now, Dancer! Now, Prancer, and Vixen!
"On, Comet! On, Cupid! On, Dunder and Blixem!

"To the top of the porch! to the top of the wall!
"Now dash away! dash away! dash away all!"

text:
As dry leaves that before the wild hurricane fly,
When they meet with an obstacle, mount to the sky;

text: In An American Anthology, 1787–1900, Edmund Clarence Stedman reprints the 1844 Clement C. Moore version of the poem, including the German spelling of "Donder and Blitzen," rather than the original 1823 version using the Dutch spelling, "Dunder and Blixem".[1] Both phrases translate as "Thunder and Lightning" in English, though German for "thunder" is now spelled Donner, and the Dutch words would now be spelled Donder and Bliksem.

text: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer[edit]

text: Rudolph's story was originally written in verse by Robert L. May for the Montgomery Ward chain of department stores in 1939, and published as a book to be given to children in the store at Christmas time.[9] According to this story, Rudolph's glowing red nose made him a social outcast among the other reindeer. Santa Claus's worldwide flight one year was imperiled by severe fog. Visiting Rudolph's house to deliver his presents, Santa observed Rudolph's glowing red nose in the darkened bedroom and decided to use him as a makeshift lamp to guide his sleigh. Rudolph accepted Santa's request to lead the sleigh for the rest of the night, and he returned home a hero for having helped Santa Claus.

text: Rudolph's story is a popular Christmas story that has been retold in numerous forms, most notably a popular song, a stop motion television special and an animated feature film. The television special departed significantly from Robert L. May's original story, depicting Rudolph as Donner's son, who lived among Santa Claus's reindeer from birth. In 1998, a film titled Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie was released that depicted Rudolph as Blitzen's son.

text: In comics[edit]

text: The comic strip Over the Hedge (which debuted in 1995), added a character named Ralph, the Infrared Nosed Reindeer, who is Rudolph's brother and has a nose that emits infrared radiation.

text: In film[edit]

text:
The feature film Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Movie (1998), introduces Mitzi as Rudolph's mother and Blitzen's wife (as opposed to the Rankin/Bass version, wherein Donner is Rudolph's father and his mother is unnamed). It also features two other reindeer: Rudolph's love interest Zoey and his cousin and rival Arrow, the latter of whom is Cupid's son.
The animated movie Annabelle's Wish tells the story of Annabelle, a young calf who dreams to fly after meeting Santa and his reindeer. Many years later in her old age she is granted her wish and is transformed into a reindeer herself as she leads Santa's team.
Chet is a young reindeer-in-training who is introduced in the 2002 feature film The Santa Clause 2 (2002).
In the film Blizzard (2003), the title character is Blitzen's daughter. The film also includes Delphi, Blitzen's mate and Blizzard's mother.
In the 2011 film Arthur Christmas, Arthur and his grandfather Grandsanta use a team of reindeer who are the great-great-grandchildren of the original eight to pull Grandsanta's old sleigh.

text: In literature[edit]

text: L. Frank Baum's story The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus (1902) includes a list of ten reindeer, none of which match the names of the versions found in "A Visit from St. Nicholas". Flossie and Glossie are Santa's principal reindeer in Baum's story. Claus gathers eight more reindeer, named in rhyming pairs: Racer and Pacer, Fearless and Peerless, Ready and Steady, Feckless and Speckless.

text: In music[edit]

text:
"Run Rudolph Run" (1958), recorded by Chuck Berry a popular Christmas-rock song about Rudolph
"Shadrack The Black Reindeer", was recorded by Loretta Lynn for a 1974 Christmas single.[10]
Joe Diffie's album Mr. Christmas (1995) features the song "Leroy the Redneck Reindeer".[11]
Australian trio Tripod wrote the song "Fabian" for their album Fegh Maha (2004) about an arrogant and self-serving reindeer. The song begins with a list of the reindeer: "You know Dasher and Dancer and Prancer and Vixen, Comet and Cupid and... Chopper and Nixon."[12]
KC & The Sunshine Band wrote the song Let's Go Dancing With Santa as part of their album A Sunshine Christmas, which featured Santa and his reindeer.[13]

text: In television[edit]

text:
The stop-motion animated TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (1964) features Fireball, son of Blitzen, as one of several reindeer trying out for the sleigh team. Another reindeer is said to be the son of Dasher and struggles at flying, along with two other reindeer fawns of the same age. A young fawn named Clarice is also featured and eventually becomes Rudolph's love interest. Donner is portrayed as Rudolph's father, while his mother is left unnamed.

A stop-motion animated sequel, Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979), features an additional antagonist reindeer named Scratcher, who was originally planned to lead Santa's team before Rudolph was chosen.

In the animated television special Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (1966), the Grinch disguises his dog Max as a reindeer.
Lightning, from the Sesame Street Christmas special, Elmo Saves Christmas (1996), is a reindeer-in-training.
In the TV special Robbie the Reindeer (1999), the eponymous Robbie is ostensibly assumed to be the son of Rudolph. His special feature is his nose, which has supernatural powers that allow him to jump and fly farther and faster than most reindeer.
The South Park Christmas special "Red Sleigh Down" (2002), Santa's sleigh is shot down over Iraq, killing the eight famous reindeer. The protagonists go to rescue him with Santa's backup team: Steven, Fluffy, Horace, Chantel, Skippy, Rainbow, Patches and Montel.
In the TV special Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen (2006), Rusty is said to be Rudolph's younger brother. Unlike the other reindeer, Rusty is flightless, so instead he assists Santa and the other reindeer from air traffic control.
The TV series, My Friends Tigger & Pooh, introduced a special Super Sleuth Christmas Movie (2007) that included Vixen's husband Frost and daughter Holly.
The television special, The Flight Before Christmas (2008), features Niko, a wild reindeer whose mother Oona claims he was fathered by one of Santa's team. After a falling out with his herd, he runs away to try to meet his father, learning to fly in the process. His father turns out to be Prancer. A sequel titled Little Brother, Big Trouble: A Christmas Adventure was released and featured Niko gaining a stepbrother named Jonni, after Oona marries a reindeer named Lenni.
Thrasher is a top-secret, oversized reindeer introduced in the Disney TV special Prep & Landing (2009). He leads the titular "prep and landing" team of elves in a sleigh ahead of Santa Claus' main sleigh and is Dasher's second cousin.