document_title: Prison Break (season 4)

question_text: who dies at the end of season 4 prison break

text: Prison Break (season 4)

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main characters[edit]

text:
Dominic Purcell as Lincoln Burrows
Wentworth Miller as Michael Scofield
Michael Rapaport as DHS Special Agent Don Self
Amaury Nolasco as Fernando Sucre
Wade Williams as Brad Bellick
Robert Knepper as Theodore "T-Bag" Bagwell
Chris Vance as James Whistler
Danay García as Sofia Lugo
Jodi Lyn O'Keefe as Gretchen Morgan
Sarah Wayne Callies as Sara Tancredi
William Fichtner as Alexander Mahone

text: Recurring characters[edit]

text:
Leon Russom as General Jonathan Krantz
Shannon Lucio as DHS Special Agent Miriam Hultz
Stacy Haiduk as Lisa Tabak
Cress Williams as Wyatt Mathewson
Kathleen Quinlan as Christina Rose Scofield
Ted King as Downey
James Hiroyuki Liao as Roland Glenn
Michael Bryan French as Gregory White
Raphael Sbarge as Ralph Becker
Ron Yuan as Feng Huan
Barbara Eve Harris as FBI Agent Felicia Lang
Steve Tom as Stuart Tuxhorn
Dameon Clarke as Andrew Blauner
Heather McComb as Rita Morgan
Graham McTavish as Ferguson
Jude Ciccolella as Howard Scuderi
Shaun Duke as Griffin Oren
Wilbur Fitzgerald as Bruce Bennett
Michael O'Neill as DHS Director Herb Stanton
Callie Thorne as Pam Mahone
Paul Adelstein as Paul Kellerman
Mark Pellegrino as Patrick Vikan
Titus Welliver as Scott
Ivar Brogger as Dr. Vincent Sandinsky
Jason Davis as FBI Agent Mark Wheeler
William Mapother as FBI Agent Chris Franco
Reno Wilson as FBI Agent Wilson Wright
Rockmond Dunbar as Benjamin Miles "C-Note" Franklin
John Sanderford as Nathaniel Edison
Crystal Mantecon as Carmelita
Marshall Allman as L.J. Burrows
Kim Coates as Internal Affairs Agent Richard Sullins
Muse Watson as Charles Westmoreland

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
Prod.
code
U.S. viewers
(millions)

58
1
"Scylla"
Kevin Hooks
Matt Olmstead
September 1, 2008 (2008-09-01)
4AKJ01
6.53[2]

Scofield tracks Whistler, Morgan and Mahone to a party, where Whistler acquires a specific card before copying it secretly. Scofield arrives to kill her for Tancredi's murder, but she reveals that the latter is alive. Scofield calls Lincoln, who is living a peaceful life with L.J. and Sofia in Panama. The General blames Morgan for bringing a copy instead of the original card and orders Wyatt Mathewson, his henchman to take care of her. Scofield meets Whistler, who tell the former about Scylla, the latter's card that contains the Company's black book; but Mathewson arrives, kills Whistler and recovers the card. Lincoln kills a Company operative and is arrested. Mahone finds out that Mathewson has killed the former's son. Sucre and Bellick are revealed to have escaped Sona, which was burnt. Bagwell has also escaped and has plans to return to the U.S. to investigate Whistler's book. He is abandoned with his friend in the American deserts. Scofield reunites with Tancredi and they accept DHS agent Donald Self's offer to recover Scylla and defeat the Company in exchange for immunity, teaming up with Burrows, Mahone, Sucre and Bellick.

59
2
"Breaking & Entering"
Bobby Roth
Zack Estrin
September 1, 2008 (2008-09-01)
4AKJ02
6.53[2]

The team arrives in Los Angeles; and the members are given ankle GPS devices and meet teammate Roland Glenn, a computer expert. Burrows promises revenge to Mahone after the mission is accomplished. Mahone manages to find the cardholder through his driver, whom Mahone saw at the party. Glenn states that they only need to copy the card using his special device, which can steal any electronic storage device's data in proximity. The team realizes that entering the mansion is impossible and instead put Glenn's device in the servant's bag and have the card copied; but she leaves the device at the mansion and the team manages to enter and recover the device. Meanwhile, Mathewson is having Morgan tortured for information and finds out that the brothers and the others aren't incarcerated; he finds Bruce Bennett and starts torturing him. Bagwell kills his friend and eats him in order to survive. He is given a ride by bikers to San Diego, mentioned in the book, where he recovers important material from a box. The team finds out that they only have one of the six cards that form the complete Scylla. Scofield notices his nose bleeding.

60
3
"Shut Down"
Milan Cheylov
Nick Santora
September 8, 2008 (2008-09-08)
4AKJ03
6.36[3]

The team investigates other data recovered from the mansion in order to find the other cardholders. Mahone asks FBI agent Lang to help him find his son's killer. Self's supervisor, agent Herb Stanton, convinces Senator Dallow to order the abort of the mission. The team recovers emails, which are incomplete and they infiltrate the server building and obtain the rest. Sucre and Bellick are arrested by DHS agents, Glenn stays behind and the others escape. They manage to find the meeting location and Scofield proceeds while the others are arrested too. Scofield returns with a film he recorded showing the faces of the six cardholders, one being the General himself. Self decides to let the team continue the mission. Meanwhile, Mathewson gets no information from Bennett and kills him. Bagwell begins having fun in Whistler's house and calls a company called "GATE" and is requested to go and receive his check. Mahone receives a file from Lang containing the possible shooters. The team discovers that his son is killed and Burrows finally reconciles with him.

61
4
"Eagles & Angels"
Michael Switzer
Karyn Usher
September 15, 2008 (2008-09-15)
4AKJ04
5.79[4]

The team believes the Turkish consul is a cardholder, but realizes that his wife, Lisa Tabak who is also the General's daughter, is. They find her difficult to get close to before spotting Bagwell and capturing him; but they can't find the book and he escapes. The team finds out that Tabak will attend a police celebration. Scofield, Burrows and Mahone wear uniforms and successfully copy the card; but one of her bodyguards recognizes and follows Burrows and the latter kills him by Bellick's help. Meanwhile, Tancredi is informed of Bennett's death and gets depressed. She goes to a pub, where a man steals and uses her credit card, which is detected by the Company. Bagwell starts working at GATE, meeting Gregory White, the CEO, Trishanne Smith, the secretary and Blauner, another clerk. The former notices a name, Xing, in the book. In New York City, Xing is killed by his boss for his failure to get Scylla. Mahone instructs Glenn to help him find his son's killer. Mathewson arrives at the pub and starts chasing Tancredi.

62
5
"Safe & Sound"
Karen Gaviola
Seth Hoffman
September 22, 2008 (2008-09-22)
4AKJ05
5.84[5]

Mahone's wife, Pam, identifies Mathewson and encourages him to kill the latter. Tancredi manages to lose the latter and the team realizes that he wants to kill them. They move for the next card while Mahone starts investigating Mathewson. Self enters the cardholder's room and fails to copy the card, but gives the specifics of the safe to the team and gets them in the building. Burrows notices Scofield's nose bleeding. They manage to copy the card while Oren, the cardholder, is meeting the General, who states that Scylla is the reason the Company has power. Meanwhile, Mahone finds the motel Mathewson was staying in and notices the acceptant calling Mathewson, and takes the number by force. Morgan manages to free herself. Sucre and Bellick search the nearby buildings for Bagwell and tell Smith that there is a prize for helping them find Bagwell; but she decides to get more from Bagwell instead. Bagwell is visited by Feng Huan, Xing's boss, who threatens to kill him if he doesn't get Scylla soon. The team deduces that the General is the head of the Company.

63
6
"Blow Out"
Bryan Spicer
Kalinda Vazquez
September 29, 2008 (2008-09-29)
4AKJ06
5.28[6]

The team manages to copy the next card with an elaborate plan; but Mahone is arrested by the police while recovering Glenn's device; and Self only manages to get the device. The team is divided whether to save Mahone or move to the next card. They finally choose to rescue him in the court, where Mathewson has also arrived to kill him. Mahone is saved successfully. He calls Mathewson and promises to find him before throwing the number away, which is recovered by Glenn. Meanwhile, Gretchen reunites with her sister, Rita, and daughter, Emily, who believes Rita is her mother. Gretchen recovers a gun and some money from a gift she had given Rita previously and proceeds with plans of working for herself. The General has found out Self's investigation on him and orders a DHS double agent to search his computer and Mathewson to warn him. Blauner finds illegal background in Bagwell's faked career and the latter clears the house and attempts to escape before being attacked by Gretchen.

64
7
"Five the Hard Way"
Garry A. Brown
Christian Trokey
October 6, 2008 (2008-10-06)
4AKJ07
5.37[7]

Bagwell offers Morgan to work together. Mahone advises Self to take the fight to the General instead of hiding; and Self makes the latter cancel the assault on him. The team realizes that Scuderi, the next cardholder, is currently in Las Vegas, while they are informed by Smith of Bagwell's whereabouts. Scofield, Mahone and Bellick stay to find Bagwell while the others travel to Vegas. Burrows tells Tancredi of Scofield's condition, which resembles to what killed their mother at that age. The card is successfully copied; but Glenn's indiscretion results in losing the device. Meanwhile, Scofield's team realizes that the call was a ruse by Bagwell; only Mahone manages to escape . Bagwell forces Scofield to reassemble the blueprint hidden in the papers of the book. Mahone finds the house by the GPS devices; but they are already gone as Morgan spotted the devices in time. Morgan kills Blauner as a caution. Scofield manages to complete the blueprint and leads Bagwell to an underground accessed by Bagwell's office in GATE. Mahone arrives and Bagwell is locked in a room. Scofield gets a call from Morgan, who hid herself the whole time.

65
8
"The Price"
Bobby Roth
Graham Roland
October 20, 2008 (2008-10-20)
4AKJ08
5.45[8]

Morgan makes a truce with Scofield, giving him the rest of the papers and Bagwell is released. They decide to work together to bring down the Company. Burrows suggests an attack on Krantz' car and taking the last card, which is approved. Glenn is cast out of the plan because of his indiscretion that resulted in losing the device. He offers the team's whereabouts to Mathewson in exchange for money and proves his validity by giving the team's plan away, resulting in Sucre being critically shot, whose wounds Tancredi tends to. Glenn goes to meet Mathewson, who shoots and tortures him to tell the team's location. Having followed Glenn by a tracker Scofield put in his laptop, the team arrives and abducts Mathewson, everyone apart from Michael leaves Glenn to succumb to his wounds. Meanwhile, Feng tries to kill Bagwell as he promised; but Morgan convinces him to give them more time. Bagwell instructs Smith to investigate the others. Tancredi reconciles with Morgan because of the team. Deducing that the attempt was for his card not his life, Krantz decides to transfer Scylla.

66
9
"Greatness Achieved"
Jesse Bochco
Nick Santora
November 3, 2008 (2008-11-03)
4AKJ09
5.23[9]

The team tortures Mathewson to make him tell Krantz that they are dead while preventing Mahone from taking his revenge until the deed is done. Tancredi is chosen to convince Mathewson; but she fails. It is revealed to be a plan to record his voice using different words and Self assembles those words, making a sentence stating the mission's accomplishment, which Self plays to Krantz on the phone; and he gets relieved and cancels the newspaper coverage he planned. Mahone tortures Mathewson until he agrees to express apology to Pam, after which he is killed. Meanwhile, White starts investigating Blauner's disappearance; but Bagwell solves the situation by manipulating the records, showing the illegal background in Blauner's career, making White to close the case in order to prevent the scandal. Morgan apparently reconciles with Krantz, revealed to have been involved with him before. She finds out about the transfer. The team finds a water pipe blocking their way and manages to get across it, but at the cost of Bellick's life.

67
10
"The Legend"
Dwight H. Little
Karyn Usher
November 10, 2008 (2008-11-10)
4AKJ10
5.38[10]

The team forces Self to recover Bellick's body and send it to his mother. Sucre reveals that he would have died in the Sona riot, incited by Bagwell, if Bellick hadn't saved the former. Morgan informs the team of Krantz' plan. They realize that they can't translate the blueprint without the legend. They find an architect's name in the papers; and Mahone goes to the architect's house, where Krantz has sent his own men to recover the architect for his plan. The team finds mines in a room they reach on their way. Sucre puts his foot on a mine, which will detonate after the foot is pulled. Morgan tries to defuse it. Mahone recovers the legend and manages to defuse the mine and save Sucre. Bagwell realizes that Smith is knowing more than expected. He gets her call register and finds out that she is in contact with Self. Meanwhile, Scofield is diagnosed with hypothalamus hamartoma and Tancredi states that he will die if he doesn't have a surgery soon.

68
11
"Quiet Riot"
Kevin Hooks
Seth Hoffman
November 17, 2008 (2008-11-17)
4AKJ11
5.52[11]

Scofield designates the plan for the team, as he will not join them because of his surgery. Morgan arranges a tryst with Krantz, in which she tries to steal his card; but he already knows and tries to kill her before she reminds him of their child; and he spares her and leaves. Scofield decides to join the team and finish the mission before surgery; and Tancredi goes to do her part, revealed to be involving Tabak. Morgan and Bagwell prepare to kill Scofield's team when they come back with Scylla. Smith intercepts Bagwell's call about a buyer and teams up with Self to enter the house, where Feng's men capture them. Scofield's team starts working silently because of the sound sensors. They get past the wall and make a ladder to reach the glass room while using nitrogen gas to avoid the temperature sensors. They finally enter the glass room, which contains a box. As Scofield touches it, Krantz finds out and takes a team to neutralize the threat.

69
12
"Selfless"
Michael Switzer
Kalinda Vazquez
November 24, 2008 (2008-11-24)
4AKJ12
5.25[12]

The team takes Krantz hostage and uses the six cards to open the box and recover Scylla. They proceed to Krantz' room, where, he tries to allure them to surrender, reveling that he and Aldo Burrows worked closely. He finds out that Tancredi has taken Tabak hostage; and she will kill her if the team isn't allowed a safe passage outside. The team leaves the building with Scylla and Krantz orders their chase. Meanwhile, Self and Smith manage to free themselves and kill Feng and his men. At GATE, Bagwell and Morgan take the staff hostage and kill White. Smith arrives and saves them. Morgan escapes and Bagwell is captured by Smith, who reveals that she is DHS agent Miriam Hultz. The team separates, with the brothers taking the bag to an airport, where the Company operatives take it. But it is revealed that Mahone and Sucre actually have Scylla. The team gives Scylla to Self, who gives them a package containing their transfer papers and tells them to wait for the authorities. They wait for hours without anyone coming and find out that the package contains plain papers. Self kills Hultz and takes Scylla.

70
13
"Deal or No Deal"
Bobby Roth
Christian Trokey
December 1, 2008 (2008-12-01)
4AKJ13
5.84[13]

Self makes Stanton believe that the team has killed him and seized Scylla. The team deduces Self's plan, to sell Scylla and disappear. They unite with Gretchen to find Self, who unites with Bagwell and they take Rita and Emily hostage, forcing Gretchen to give the team away to DHS and find a new buyer. The team is attacked by DHS agents and Burrows is captured. Burrows manages to convince Stanton and Dallow of the truth. They offer a new deal for the team to testify against Self. Scofield instructs Mahone to get Tancredi and Sucre outside the city and proceeds to the warehouse to testify with Burrows. Stanton and Dallow decide to kill the brothers to prevent the scandal. The Company mole kills Stanton and other agents before Sucre arrives and saves them, with the mole being killed. They let Dallow leave. Meanwhile, Krantz kills Scuderi for humiliating him. Bagwell stays at Rita's while Gretchen and Self meet a conduit, who reveals that a piece of Scylla is missing. Self calls Scofield and demands it, who defies him to come and get it.

71
14
"Just Business"
Mark Helfrich
Graham Roland
December 8, 2008 (2008-12-08)
4AKJ14
5.40[14]

The team prepares for Self's attack. They capture Self, who convinces them to let him sell Scylla and the Company will be destroyed anyway. They let him leave, while Sucre hides in his trunk. Self and Gretchen arrive in a motel and Sucre informs the others, who arrive and attack the duo. Scofield's condition makes him collapse; and the duo escape. The Company recovers Scofield. Having put a camera in the warehouse, Self finds where Scofield has hidden the piece and obtains it before calling the conduit. Meanwhile, Bagwell is visited by a man pretending to be a bible salesman. The former finally decides to let Rita and Emily escape and is captured by the man, who is a Company man in fact. Self meets and kills the conduit in order to keep the whole money. Mahone meets FBI agents Lang and Wheeler, who can grant the team immunity in exchange for Scylla. The latter arrests the former after hearing that Scylla is gone. Tabak resigns from the Company. Burrows makes a deal with Krantz to return Scylla in exchange for Scofield's surgery.

72
15
"Going Under"
Karen Gaviola
Zack Estrin
December 15, 2008 (2008-12-15)
4AKJ15
5.37[15]

Burrows tortures Bagwell and finds Self and Morgan's whereabouts. The former and Sucre arrive at the location; but they are already gone. They keep searching using the Company's surveillance technology and track the duo to a place where they are meeting the buyer's henchman, Scott. The latter takes Scylla and escapes while Self and Morgan are captured. Meanwhile, Scofield goes under surgery and meets Westmoreland in his dream, where he manages to deduce what Scylla really is. The operation is successful and Scofield reveals to Tancredi that Scylla contains next generations technologies that can end the energy crisis and provide infinite energy; and that is why Krantz believes Scylla to be the source of power. Mahone escapes the transfer car and Lang stops him; but he convinces her to let him leave. Sucre departs and Krantz forces Burrows to team up with Self, Morgan and Bagwell in order to recover Scylla. Scofield blames Burrows for his decision and the latter reveals that their mother worked for the Company and he will continue the family business.

73
16
"The Sunshine State"
Kevin Hooks
Matt Olmstead & Nicholas Wootton
December 22, 2008 (2008-12-22)
4AKJ16
4.98[16]

Burrows' team arrives in Miami, where Scott has been tracked to. Self attempts to force a vote to depose Burrows as the boss and take the position, but it is negated by Mahone's arrival. The team obtains surveillance footage which Morgan investigates and finds Scott, but she doesn't inform the team and arranges a meeting with Scott on her own. Meanwhile, Michael wakes up in a countryside mansion where a Company psychiatrist informs him that his mother, Christina Rose Scofield, is still alive and working for the Company. Michael demands to talk to her, but the psychiatrist replies that they will talk when he decides to join the Company. Tancredi meets Tabak, who gives her Michael's whereabouts. Krantz gives orders for Michael to be given a medical treatment that could kill him, but which will certainly damage his mind; however, he manages to escape with Tancredi's help. He tells Tancredi that he believes his mother is alive. Morgan takes the team to a location where they are ambushed by Scott's men. Morgan changes sides again, being shot by Scott, who is killed along with his men. Morgan is left for the police. Burrows answers the call from the buyer, who is Christina.

74
17
"The Mother Lode"
Jonathan Glassner
Seth Hoffman
April 17, 2009 (2009-04-17)
4AKJ17
3.34[17]

Burrows' team members receive images of their loved ones, sent by Krantz to make them finish the mission. They possess a special key obtained from Scott. They track it and find two locations it is used. Self and Bagwell go for one that is in a church; but they are not allowed inside. Burrows and Mahone arrive in a house where they decrypt a message Christina has left for Burrows where to meet her. Burrows meets Christina in a restaurant, where she asks him to give her time to defeat Krantz, whom Oren attempts to kill as her plan. She has Oren killed for the failure, making Krantz suspect her. The other three attack the church and find guns and special keycards there. Meanwhile, Michael and Tancredi hide in a truck heading to Miami. They are attacked by a man, who is attacked and dies after stating that he doesn't work for Krantz. Michael recovers an encrypted note from him. Burrows decides to meet Christina again, what she instructed him not to. Thus she orders a sniper to shoot him.

75
18
"VS."
Dwight H. Little
Christian Trokey & Kalinda Vazquez
April 24, 2009 (2009-04-24)
4AKJ18
3.06[18]

The team saves Burrows and kills the sniper. Michael and Tancredi arrives in Miami, where they meet Mahone and tell him that they will destroy the Company no matter the cost, making the two teams potential enemies. Burrows' team tracks Christina to the Indian embassy and enter it at the cost of Bagwell being beaten. Christina convinces Naveen Banarjee, a politician, to talk about Scylla in the upcoming energy conference, promising him to take care of a scientist named Sandinsky from causing trouble. Burrows' team recovers a note from the embassy. Michael and Tancredi decrypt their note and arrive at the airport Sandinsky's plane is landing. Burrows' team arrives too and abduct Sandinsky while the duo take his cell phone, realizing that he has been in contact with Christina, a claim he denies when asked by Burrows' team. Bagwell secretly informs Krantz that Christina has Scylla; and he decides to go to Miami personally. Michael calls Christina, who tries to reason with him; but he hangs up. Tancredi finds out that she is pregnant.

76
19
"S.O.B."
Garry A. Brown
Karyn Usher
May 1, 2009 (2009-05-01)
4AKJ19
3.20[19]

Michael calls Christina again and she manages to track him. She arrives with her men; but this was revealed to be a ruse by Michael, who along with Tancredi abduct her and leave. Krantz arrives and blames Burrows for not telling him about Christina. He gives the team, excluding Bagwell, another chance; and they go to a house and then a bank to acquire a suitcase; but they realize that it was just taken; and they give chase. Meanwhile, Christina reveals to Michael that Burrows is not his true brother and Aldo adopted Burrows when he lost his parents, who worked for the Company. She also reveals that Burrows is falling in a trap she has set; and Michael rushes to save Burrows before locking her. She finds out about the baby before locking Tancredi and escaping. Bagwell kills Sandinsky on Krantz' order. Burrows' team tracks the man to the energy conference, where Burrows enters before Banarjee is assassinated and Burrows is framed for it. Michael arrives and teams up with him.

77
20
"Cowboys & Indians"
Milan Cheylov
Nick Santora
May 8, 2009 (2009-05-08)
4AKJ20
2.99[20]

Michael and Burrows escape to one of the floors. Christina makes a deal with the Indian Prime Minister, who was also Banarjee's father, to sell him Scylla. Self tells Michael and Burrows how the police is going to capture them and kills a DHS agent who spots him. Michael finds a countermeasure and they escape the attacking unit, but are spotted by the captain, who is killed by Krantz' operative, who captures the duo. Mahone frees Tancredi and informs Michael, who is brought to Krantz with the others. Krantz punishes them by performing a lottery. Self is picked and Krantz has Self's wife killed and Self escapes, but is critically shot. Michael, Burrows and Mahone find Christina and take Scylla; but Burrows is captured. Bagwell, who overheard Michael and Mahone's conversation, captures Tancredi and brings her to Krantz, who calls Michael and demands Scylla in exchange for her. Christina calls Michael and makes the same demand in exchange for Burrows, critically shooting him to force Michael to hurry.

78
21
"Rate of Exchange"
Bobby Roth
Zack Estrin
May 15, 2009 (2009-05-15)
4AKJ21
3.32[21]

While walking in the streets of Chicago, Sucre meets Benjamin Franklin, who reveals that there is a man, called Paul, who has great power and is ready to grant Michael and the others immunity in exchange for Scylla. Michael arranges a location with Christina and tries to kill her there; but the police arrive and both parties escape. Burrows tells Michael about the baby and asks him to let him die. Christina loses the deal with Banarjee because of failure to deliver Scylla. Mahone apparently betrays Michael and calls Christina, making a deal to bring Scylla in exchange for his wife, Pam, being saved from the Company. Michael arranges a transaction with Krantz, who leaves without Tancredi, intending to kill Michael after taking Scylla. Bagwell tries to rape her; but Michael arrives and rescues her. Meanwhile, the FBI interrogates Self in the hospital until Christina's assistant, posed as a doctor, arrives and injects him with toxic substance. Mahone gives a device to Christina for testing and enters the room Burrows is held. The device is revealed to be a bomb instead of Scylla; and this is all revealed to be Michael's plan to save everyone.

79
22
"Killing Your Number"
Kevin Hooks
Matt Olmstead & Nicholas Wootton
May 15, 2009 (2009-05-15)
4AKJ22
3.32[21]

The bomb detonates and Mahone and Burrows escape; but Christina survives. Michael, Burrows, Mahone and Tancredi reunite and decide to destroy Scylla before Paul Kellerman, revealed to have been saved by Aldo's men during his transfer, calls and offers them freedom in exchange for Scylla. Self gets paralyzed as a result of the injection. Bagwell arranges a meeting with Sucre and is captured by him and Franklin. The duo start torturing him to find the others. They take Burrows outside a hospital and Mahone covers for Tancredi to take the necessary tools, but is arrested by the FBI himself. The trio are captured by the Company operatives. Sucre and Franklin arrive and kill Krantz' men; Tancredi convinces Michael to spare Krantz' life and they lock him before leaving. They are attacked by Christina, whom Tancredi kills. Michael gives Scylla to Kellerman and the former, Burrows, Tancredi, Sucre, Franklin and Mahone are given immunity. Krantz and Bagwell are arrested. Four years later, the team visits Michael's grave, stating his apparent death.

80
23
"The Old Ball and Chain"
Brad Turner
Story by : Christian Trokey
Teleplay by : Nick Santora & Seth Hoffman
May 27, 2009 (2009-05-27) (UK)
4AKJ23
N/A

Michael and Sara wed but happiness is short lived when Sara is arrested for the murder of Christina Scofield.

81
24
"Free"
Kevin Hooks
Story by : Kalinda Vazquez
Teleplay by : Zack Estrin & Karyn Usher
May 27, 2009 (2009-05-27) (UK)
4AKJ24
N/A

Michael, Lincoln, Sucre, and Alex reunite to break out Sara, who is ordered by the General to be killed. Michael sacrifices himself to help Sara escape. In the last scene of the series, Lincoln and Sara watch the DVD Michael left them explaining why he did what he did.

text: Production[edit]

text: On January 13, 2009, Fox president Kevin Reilly confirmed the series would end at the conclusion of this season. He explained, "Prison Break got to a point where a lot of the stories had been told." At the time, he said there was a possibility of adding two extra episodes, he said "We want to finish strong."[1] These extra two episodes became Prison Break: The Final Break, although they never aired on Fox, and became available only on DVD.

text: Home media release[edit]

text:
Prison Break: The Complete Fourth Season

Set details
Special features

22 episodes
6-disc Set
1.78:1 aspect ratio
Subtitles: English
English (Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround)

Audio commentaries

"Scylla" and "Breaking and Entering"
"Blow Out"
"Greatness Achieved"
"Quiet Riot"
"Just Business"
"Going Under"
"The Sunshine State"
"S.O.B."
"Cowboys and Indians"

Deleted scenes

Fade Out: The Final Episode featurette
The Plan, the Execution and the Bullet featurette
Director's World featurette

Release dates

 United States
 Canada
 United Kingdom
 Australia
 New Zealand

June 2, 2009
July 6, 2009
July 15, 2009


document_title: The Secret of Moonacre

question_text: who played robin in the secret of moonacre

root

text: The Secret of Moonacre

text: Plot[edit]

text:
The film begins with Maria Merryweather after her parents pass away. Her father leaves her the only thing he has left, "The Ancient Chronicles of Moonacre Valley".
The book tells how the Moonacre Valley was cursed by the "Moon Princess", after two families fought over her "Moon Pearls".

tag: p

text: Sir Benjamin, Maria’s estranged uncle, invites her and her governess, Miss Heliotrope, to live in Moonacre Manor.

text: When she arrives, Sir Benjamin confiscates the book and tells her to stay away from the forest, and the de Noirs, the rival family in Moonacre Valley.

text: Maria is surprised by the magic in the dilapidated manor: such as food and clothes, which appear out of nowhere; pianos that play themselves; glittering stars on the ceiling; and, a Black Lion and Unicorn, which protect her and the Moon Princess.

text: Maria and Robin, de Noir’s youngest son, find the Moon Princess’ secret grotto.

text: But there is little time if Maria is going to stop the curse, which de Noirs' daughter admits she tried before and failed to do herself.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Order of Appearance

text:
Dakota Blue Richards as Maria Merryweather/The Little Moon Princess
Juliet Stevenson as Miss Heliotrope
Augustus Prew as Robin de Noir
Michael Webber as Digweed
Ioan Gruffudd as Sir Benjamin Merryweather / Sir Wrolf Merryweather
Tim Curry as Coeur de Noir / Sir William de Noir
Andy Linden as Marmaduke Scarlet
Natascha McElhone as Loveday de Noir/The Moon Princess

tag: ul

text: Production[edit]

text: In pre-production it was decided the film needed a different title from the book. An internet poll was run, giving fans of the book a chance to vote for their preferred title: The Moon Princess or The Secret of Moonacre. The Secret of Moonacre won.

text: Filming started on 1 October 2007, and took place between Hungary and London. The director Gábor Csupó chose Schossberger Castle (hu) to "embody" the Moonacre mansion.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c d e "The Secret of Moonacre (2009)". British Film Institute. Retrieved 1 December 2016.

Jump up ^ "The Secret of Moonacre (2009)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 11 July 2011.

tag: ol


document_title: Great Plague of London

question_text: why did the lord mayor of london order the dogs and cats be destroyed

text: Great Plague of London

text: London in 1665[edit]

text:
As in other European cities of the period, the plague was the endemic in 17th century London.[8]
The disease periodically erupted into massive epidemics. There were 30,000 deaths due to the plague in 1603, 35,000 in 1625, and 10,000 in 1636, as well as smaller numbers in other years.[9][10]

text: During the winter of 1664, a bright comet was to be seen in the sky[11] and the people of London were fearful, wondering what evil event it portended. London at that time consisted of a city of about 448 acres surrounded by a city wall, which had originally been built to keep out raiding bands. There were gates at Ludgate, Newgate, Aldersgate, Cripplegate, Moorgate and Bishopsgate and to the south lay the River Thames and London Bridge.[12] In the poorer parts of the city, hygiene was impossible to maintain in the overcrowded tenements and garrets. There was no sanitation, and open drains flowed along the centre of winding streets. The cobbles were slippery with animal dung, rubbish and the slops thrown out of the houses, muddy and buzzing with flies in summer and awash with sewage in winter. The City Corporation employed "rakers" to remove the worst of the filth and it was transported to mounds outside the walls where it accumulated and continued to decompose. The stench was overwhelming and people walked around with handkerchiefs or nosegays pressed against their nostrils.[13]

text: Some of the city's necessities such as coal arrived by barge, but most came by road. Carts, carriages, horses and pedestrians were crowded together and the gateways in the wall formed bottlenecks through which it was difficult to progress. The nineteen-arch London Bridge was even more congested. The better-off used hackney carriages and sedan chairs to get to their destinations without getting filthy. The poor walked, and might be splashed by the wheeled vehicles and drenched by slops being thrown out and water falling from the overhanging roofs. Another hazard was the choking black smoke belching forth from factories which made soap, from breweries and iron smelters and from about 15,000 houses burning coal.[14]

text: Outside the city walls, suburbs had sprung up providing homes for the craftsmen and tradespeople who flocked to the already overcrowded city. These were shanty towns with wooden shacks and no sanitation. The government had tried to control this development but had failed and over a quarter of a million people lived here.[15] Other immigrants had taken over fine town houses, vacated by Royalists who had fled the country during the Commonwealth, converting them into tenements with different families in every room. These properties were soon vandalised and became rat-infested slums.[15]

text: Administration of the City of London was organised by the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and common councillors, but not all  of the inhabited area generally comprising London was legally part of the City. Both inside the City and outside its boundaries there were also Liberties, which were areas of varying sizes which historically had been granted rights to self-government. Many had been associated with religious institutions, and when these were abolished in the Dissolution of the Monasteries, their historic rights were transferred along with their property to new owners. The walled City was surrounded by a ring of Liberties which had come under its authority, contemporarily  called 'the City and Liberties', but these were surrounded by further suburbs with varying administrations. Westminster was an independent town with its own liberties, although it was joined to London by urban development.  The Tower of London was an independent liberty, as  were others. Areas north of the river not part of one of these administrations came under the authority of the county of Middlesex, and south of the river under Surrey.[16]

text: At that time, bubonic plague was a much feared disease but its cause was not understood. The credulous blamed emanations from the earth, "pestilential effluviums", unusual weather, sickness in livestock, abnormal behaviour of animals or an increase in the numbers of moles, frogs, mice or flies.[17] It was not until 1894 that the identification by Alexandre Yersin of its causal agent Yersinia pestis was made and the transmission of the bacterium by rat fleas became known.[18] Although the Great Plague in London had long been believed to be bubonic plague caused by Yersinia pestis, this was only definitively confirmed by DNA analysis in 2016.[19]

text: The recording of deaths[edit]

text: In order to judge the severity of an epidemic, it is first necessary to know how big the population was in which it occurred.  There was no official census of the population to  provide this figure, and the best contemporary  count comes from the work of John Graunt (1620–1674), who was  one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Society and one of the first  demographers, bringing a scientific approach to the collection of statistics. In 1662, he estimated  that 384,000 people lived in the City of London, the Liberties, Westminster and the out-parishes, based on figures in the  bills of mortality published each week in the capital. These different districts with different administrations constituted the officially recognised extent of London as a whole. In 1665, he revised his estimate to 'not above 460,000'. Other contemporaries put the figure higher, (the French Ambassador, for example, suggested 600,000) but with no mathematical basis to support their estimates. The next largest city in the kingdom was Norwich, with a population of 30,000.[15][20]

text: There was no duty to report a death to anyone in authority. Instead, each parish appointed two or more 'searchers of the dead', whose duty was to inspect a corpse and determine the cause of death. A searcher was entitled to charge a small fee from relatives for each death they reported, and so habitually the parish would appoint someone to the post who would otherwise be destitute and would be receiving support from the parish poor rate. Typically, this meant searchers would be old women who were illiterate, might know little about identifying diseases and who would be open to dishonesty.[21] Searchers would typically learn about a death either from the local sexton who had been asked to dig a grave, or from the tolling of a church bell. Anyone who did not report a death to their local church, such as Quakers, Anabaptists, other non-Anglican Christians or Jews, frequently did not get included in the official records. Searchers during times of plague were required to live apart  from the community and stay indoors except when performing their duties, for fear of spreading the diseases. Outside they should avoid other people and always carry a white stick to warn of their occupation. Searchers reported to the Parish Clerk, who made a return each week to the Company of Parish Clerks in Brode Lane. Figures were then passed to the Lord Mayor and then to the Minister of State once plague became a matter of national concern.[22] The reported figures were used to compile the Bills of Mortality, which listed total deaths in each parish and whether by plague. The system of Searchers to report the cause of death continued until 1836.[23]

text: Graunt recorded the incompetence of the Searchers at identifying true causes of death, remarking on the frequent recording of 'consumption' rather than other diseases which were recognised then by physicians. He suggested a cup of ale and a doubling of their fee to two groats rather than one was sufficient for Searchers to change the cause of death to one  more convenient for the householders. No one wished to be known as having had a death by plague in their household, and Parish Clerks, too, connived in covering up cases of plague in their official returns. Analysis of the Bills of Mortality during the months plague took hold shows a rise in deaths other than by plague well above the average death rate, which has been attributed to misrepresentation of the true cause of death.[23] As plague spread, a system of quarantine was introduced, whereby any house where someone had died from plague would be locked up and no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days. This frequently led to the deaths of the other inhabitants, by neglect if not from plague, and provided ample incentive not to report the disease. The official returns record 68,596 cases of plague, but a reasonable estimate suggests this figure is 30,000 short of the true total.[24] A plague house was marked with a red cross on the door with the words "Lord have mercy upon us", and a watchman stood guard outside.[15]

text: Preventative measures[edit]

text: Reports of plague around Europe began to reach England in the 1660s, causing the Privy Council to  consider what steps might be taken to prevent it crossing to England. Quarantining of ships had been used during previous outbreaks and was again introduced for ships coming to London in November 1663, following outbreaks in Amsterdam and Hamburg.  Two naval ships were assigned to intercept any vessels entering the Thames estuary. Ships from infected ports were  required to moor at Hole Haven on Canvey Island for a period of 30 days before being allowed to travel upriver. Ships from ports free of plague or completing their quarantine were given a certificate of health and allowed to travel on.  A second inspection line was established  between the forts on opposite banks of the Thames at Tilbury and Gravesend with instructions only to pass ships with a certificate.[25]

text: The duration of quarantine was increased to forty days in May 1664 as the continental plague worsened, and the areas subject to quarantine changed with the news of the spread of plague to include all of Holland, Zeeland and Friesland (all regions of the Dutch Republic), although restrictions on Hamburg were removed in November. Quarantine measures against ships coming from the Dutch Republic were put in place in 29 other ports from May, commencing with Great Yarmouth. The Dutch ambassador objected at the constraint of trade with his country, but England responded that it had been one of the last countries introducing such restrictions. Regulations were enforced quite strictly, so that people or houses where voyagers had come ashore without serving their quarantine were also subjected to 40 days quarantine.[26]

text: Outbreak[edit]

text: Plague was one of the hazards of life in Britain from its dramatic appearance in 1347 with the Black Death. The Bills of Mortality began to be published regularly in 1603, in which year 33,347 deaths were recorded from plague. Between then and 1665, only four years had no recorded cases. In 1563, a thousand people were reportedly dying in London each week. In 1593, there were 15,003 deaths, 1625 saw 41,313 dead, between 1640 and 1646 came 11,000 deaths, culminating  in 3,597 for 1647. The 1625 outbreak was recorded at the time as the 'Great Plague', until 1665 surpassed it. These official figures are likely to under-report actual numbers.[27]

text: Early days[edit]

text: Although plague was known, it was still sufficiently uncommon that medical practitioners might have had no personal experience of seeing the disease; medical training varied from those who had attended the college of physicians, to apothecaries who also acted as modern doctors, to simple charlatans. Other diseases abounded, such as an outbreak of smallpox the year before, and these uncertainties all added to difficulties identifying the true start of the epidemic.[28] Contemporary accounts suggest cases of plague occurred through the winter of 1664/5, some of which were fatal but a number of which did not display the virulence of the later epidemic. The winter was cold, the ground frozen from December to March, river traffic on the Thames twice blocked by ice, and it may be that the cold weather held back its spread.[29]

text: This outbreak of bubonic plague in England is thought to have spread from the Netherlands, where the disease had been occurring intermittently since 1599. It is unclear exactly where the disease first struck but the initial contagion may have arrived with Dutch trading ships carrying bales of cotton from Amsterdam, which was ravaged by the disease in 1663–1664, with a mortality given of 50,000.[30] The first areas to be struck  are believed to be the dock areas just outside London, and the parish of St Giles in the Fields. In both of these localities, poor workers were crowded into ill-kept structures. Two suspicious deaths were recorded in St. Giles parish in December 1664 and another in February 1665. These did not appear as plague deaths on the Bills of Mortality, so no control measures were taken by the authorities, but the total number of people dying in London during the first four months of 1665 showed a marked increase. By the end of April, only four plague deaths had been recorded, two in the parish of St. Giles, but total deaths per week had risen from around 290 to 398.[31]

text: Although there had been only three official cases in April, which level of plague in earlier years had not induced any official response, the Privy Council now acted to introduce household quarantine. Justices of the Peace in Middlesex were instructed to investigate any suspected cases  and to shut up the house if it was confirmed. Shortly after, a similar order was issued by the King's Bench to the City and Liberties. A riot broke out in St. Giles when the first house was sealed up; the crowd broke down the door and released the inhabitants. Rioters caught were punished severely. Instructions were given to build pest-houses, which were essentially isolation hospitals built away from other people where the sick could be cared for (or stay until they died). This official activity suggests that despite the few recorded cases, the government was already aware that this was a serious outbreak of plague.[32]

text: With the arrival of warmer weather, the disease began to take a firmer hold. In the week 2–9 May, there were three recorded deaths in the parish of St Giles, four in neighbouring St Clement Danes and one each in St Andrew, Holborn and St Mary Woolchurch Haw.[24] Only the last was actually inside the city walls. A Privy Council committee was formed to investigate methods to best prevent the spread of plague, and measures were introduced to close some of the ale houses in affected areas and limit the number of lodgers allowed in a household. In the city, the Lord Mayor issued a proclamation that all householders must diligently clean the streets outside their property, which was a householder's responsibility, not a state one (the city employed scavengers and rakers to remove the worst of the mess). Matters just became worse, and Aldermen were instructed to find and punish those failing their duty.[33] As cases in St. Giles began to rise, an attempt  was made to quarantine the area and constables were instructed to inspect everyone wishing to travel and  contain inside vagrants or suspect persons.[34]

text: People began to be alarmed. Samuel Pepys, who had an important position at the Admiralty, stayed in London and provided a contemporary account of the plague through his diary.[35] On 30 April he wrote: "Great fears of the sickness here in the City it being said that two or three houses are already shut up. God preserve us all!"[36] Another source of information on the time is a fictional account, A Journal of the Plague Year, which was  written by Daniel Defoe and published in 1722. He had been only six when the plague struck but made use of his family's recollections (his uncle was a saddler in East London and his father a butcher in Cripplegate), interviews with survivors and sight of such official records as were available.[37]

text: Exodus from the city[edit]

text: By July 1665, plague was rampant in the City of London. The rich ran away including King Charles II of England, his family and his court left the city for Salisbury, moving on to Oxford  in September when some cases of plague occurred in Salisbury.[38] The aldermen and most of the other city authorities opted to stay at their posts. The Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Lawrence, also decided to stay in the city. Businesses were closed when merchants and professionals fled. Defoe wrote "Nothing was to be seen but wagons and carts, with goods, women, servants, children, coaches filled with people of the better sort, and horsemen attending them, and all hurrying away".[35] As the plague raged throughout the summer, only a small number of clergymen, physicians and apothecaries remained to cope with an increasingly large number of victims. Edward Cotes, author of London's Dreadful Visitation, expressed the hope that "Neither the Physicians of our Souls or Bodies may hereafter in such great numbers forsake us".[35]

text: The poorer people were also alarmed by the contagion and some left the city, but it was not easy for them to abandon their accommodation and livelihoods for an uncertain future elsewhere. Before exiting through the city gates, they were required to possess a certificate of good health signed by the Lord Mayor and these became increasingly difficult to obtain. As time went by and the numbers of plague victims rose, people living in the villages outside London began to resent this exodus and were no longer prepared to accept townsfolk from London, with or without a certificate. The refugees were turned back, were not allowed to pass through towns and had to travel across country, and were forced to live rough on what they could steal or scavenge from the fields. Many died in wretched circumstances of starvation and thirst in the hot summer that was to follow.[39]

text: Height of the epidemic[edit]

text: In the last week of July, the London Bill of Mortality showed 3,014 deaths, of which 2,020 had died from the plague. The number of deaths as a result of plague may have been underestimated, as deaths in other years in the same period were much lower, at around 300. As the number of victims affected mounted up, burial grounds became overfull, and pits were dug to accommodate the dead. Drivers of dead-carts travelled the streets calling "Bring out your dead" and carted away piles of bodies. The authorities became concerned that the number of deaths might cause public alarm and ordered that body removal and interment should take place only at night.[40] As time went on, there were too many victims, and too few drivers, to remove the bodies which began to be stacked up against the walls of houses. Daytime collection was resumed and the plague pits became mounds of decomposing corpses. In the parish of Aldgate, a great hole was dug near the churchyard, fifty feet long and twenty feet wide. Digging was continued by labourers at one end while the dead-carts tipped in corpses at the other. When there was no room for further extension it was dug deeper until ground water was reached at twenty feet. When finally covered with earth it housed 1,114 corpses.[41]

text: Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims, although many of them had no formal medical training. Several public health efforts were attempted. Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized, but panic spread through the city and, out of the fear of contagion, people were hastily buried in overcrowded pits. The means of transmission of the disease were not known but thinking they might be linked to the animals, the City Corporation ordered a cull of dogs and cats.[42] This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals could have helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease. Thinking bad air was involved in transmission, the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day, in hopes that the air would be cleansed.[43] Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic.[44]

text: Trade and business had completely dried up, and the streets were empty of people except for the dead-carts and the desperate dying victims, as witnessed and recorded by Samuel Pepys in his diary: " Lord! How empty the streets are and how melancholy, so many poor sick people in the streets full of sores… in Westminster, there is never a physician and but one apothecary left, all being dead." [45] That people did not starve was down to the foresight of Sir John Lawrence and the Corporation of London who arranged for a commission of one farthing to be paid above the normal price for every quarter of corn landed in the Port of London.[46] Another food source was the villages around London which, denied of their usual sales in the capital, left vegetables in specified market areas, negotiated their sale by shouting, and collected their payment after the money had been left submerged in a bucket of water to "disinfect" the coins.[46]

text: Records state that plague deaths in London and the suburbs crept up over the summer from 2,000 people per week to over 7,000 per week in September. These figures are likely to be a considerable underestimate. Many of the sextons and parish clerks who kept the records themselves died. Quakers refused to co-operate and many of the poor were just dumped into mass graves unrecorded. It is not clear how many people caught the disease and made a recovery because only deaths were recorded and many records were destroyed in the Great Fire of London the following year. In the few districts where intact records remain, plague deaths varied between 30% and over 50% of the total population.[47]

text: Though concentrated in London, the outbreak affected other areas of the country as well. Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire. The plague allegedly arrived with a merchant carrying a parcel of cloth sent from London, although this is a disputed point. The villagers imposed a quarantine on themselves to stop the further spread of the disease. This prevented the disease from moving into surrounding areas but the cost to the village was the death of around 80% of its inhabitants over a period of fourteen months.[48]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: By late autumn, the death toll in London and the suburbs began to slow until, in February 1666, it was considered safe enough for the King and his entourage to come back to the city. With the return of the monarch, others began to return: The gentry returned in their carriages accompanied by carts piled high with their belongings. The judges moved back from Windsor to sit in Westminster Hall, although Parliament, which had been prorogued in April 1665, did not reconvene until September 1666. Trade recommenced and businesses and workshops opened up. London was the goal of a new wave of people who flocked to the city in expectation of making their fortunes. Writing at the end of March 1666, Lord Clarendon, the Lord Chancellor, stated "... the streets were as full, the Exchange as much crowded, the people in all places as numerous as they had ever been seen ...".[49]

text: Plague cases continued to occur sporadically at a modest rate until the summer of 1666. On the second and third of September that year, the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the City of London, and some people believed that the fire put an end to the epidemic. However, it is now thought that the plague had largely subsided before the fire took place. In fact, most of the later cases of plague were found in the suburbs,[49] and it was the City of London itself that was destroyed by the Fire.[50]

text: According to the Bills of Mortality, there were in total 68,596 deaths in London from the plague in 1665. Lord Clarendon estimated that the true number of mortalities was probably twice that figure. The next year, 1666, saw further deaths in other cities but on a lesser scale. Dr Thomas Gumble, chaplain to the Duke of Albemarle, both of whom had stayed in London for the whole of the epidemic, estimated that the total death count for the country from plague during 1665 and 1666 was about 200,000.[49]

text: The Great Plague of 1665/1666 was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in Great Britain. The last recorded death from plague came in 1679, and it was removed as a specific category in the Bills of Mortality after 1703. It spread to other towns in East Anglia and the southeast of England but fewer than ten percent of parishes outside London had a higher than average death rate during those years. Urban areas were more affected than rural ones; Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Southampton and Winchester were badly affected, while the West of England and areas of the Midlands escaped altogether.[51]

text: The population of England in 1650 was approximately 5.25 million, which declined  to about 4.9 million by 1680, recovering to just over 5 million by 1700. Other diseases, such as smallpox, took a high toll on the population even without the contribution by plague. The higher death rate in cities, both generally and specifically from the plague, was made up by continuous immigration, from small towns to larger ones and from the countryside to the town.[52]

text: There were no contemporary censuses of London's population, but available records suggest that the population returned to its previous level within a couple of years.  Burials in 1667 had returned to 1663 levels, Hearth Tax returns had recovered, John Graunt contemporarily analysed baptism records and concluded they represented a recovered population. Part of this could be accounted for by the return of wealthy households, merchants and manufacturing industries, all of which needed to replace losses amongst their staff and took steps to bring in necessary people. Colchester had suffered  more severe depopulation, but manufacturing records for cloth suggested that production had recovered or even increased by 1669, and the total population had nearly returned to pre-plague levels by 1674. Other towns did less well: Ipswich was affected less than Colchester, but in 1674, its population had dropped by 18%, more than could be accounted for by the plague deaths alone.[53][dubious  – discuss]

text: As a proportion of the population who died, the London death toll was less severe than in a number of other towns. The total of deaths in London was greater than in any previous outbreak for 100 years, though as a proportion of the population, the epidemics in 1563, 1603 and 1625 were comparable or greater. Perhaps around 2.5% of the English population died.[54]

text: Impact[edit]

text: The plague in London largely affected the poor, as the rich were able to leave the city by either retiring to their country estates or residing with kin in other parts of the country. The subsequent Great Fire of London, however, ruined many city merchants and property owners.[49] As a result of these events, London was largely rebuilt and Parliament enacted the Rebuilding of London Act 1666.[55] Although the street plan of the capital remained relatively unchanged, some improvements were made: streets were widened, pavements were created, open sewers abolished, wooden buildings and overhanging gables forbidden, and the design and construction of buildings controlled. The use of brick or stone was mandatory and many gracious buildings were constructed. Not only was the capital rejuvenated, but it became a healthier environment in which to live. Londoners had a greater sense of community after they had overcome the great adversities of 1665 and 1666.[56]

text: Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke as Surveyor of London.[57] The architect Sir Christopher Wren was involved in the rebuilding of St Paul's Cathedral and more than fifty London churches.[58] King Charles ll did much to foster the rebuilding work. He was a patron of the arts and sciences and founded the Royal Observatory and supported the Royal Society, a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke, Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton. In fact, out of the fire and pestilence flowed a renaissance in the arts and sciences in England.[56]

text: Plague pits have been archaeologically excavated during underground construction work. Between 2011 and 2015, some 3,500 burials from the 'New Churchyard' or 'Bethlam burial ground' were discovered during the construction of the Crossrail railway at Liverpool Street.[19] Yersinia pestis DNA was found in the teeth of individuals found buried in pits at the site, confirming they had died of bubonic plague.[3]


document_title: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

question_text: when did they add under god in the pledge of allegiance

text: Pledge of Allegiance (United States)

text: Recital[edit]

text: Congressional sessions open with the recital of the Pledge, as do many government meetings at local levels, and meetings held by many private organizations. All states except Hawaii, Iowa, Vermont and Wyoming require a regularly-scheduled recitation of the pledge in the public schools, although the Supreme Court has ruled in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette that students cannot be compelled to recite the Pledge, nor can they be punished for not doing so.[10] In a number of states, state flag pledges of allegiance are required to be recited after this.[11]

text: The United States Flag Code says:

text: The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag—"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."[12]—should be rendered by standing at attention facing the flag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men should remove any non-religious headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the flag, and render the military salute. Members of the Armed Forces not in uniform and veterans may render the military salute in the manner provided for persons in uniform.[5]

text: Origins[edit]

text: Balch and Bellamy pledges[edit]

text: The Pledge of Allegiance, as it exists in its current form, was composed in August 1892 by Francis Bellamy (1855–1931), who was a Baptist minister, a Christian socialist,[13][14] and the cousin of socialist utopian novelist Edward Bellamy (1850–1898). There did exist a previous version created by Rear Admiral George Balch, a veteran of the Civil War, who later become auditor of the New York Board of Education. Balch's pledge, which existed contemporaneously with the Bellamy version until the 1923 National Flag Conference, read:

text: We give our heads and hearts to God and our country; one country, one language, one flag!

text: Balch was a proponent of teaching children, especially those of immigrants, loyalty to the United States, even going so far as to write a book on the subject and work with both the government and private organizations to distribute flags to every classroom and school.[15] Balch's pledge, which predates Bellamy's by 5 years [which year?] and was embraced by many schools, by the Daughters of the American Revolution until the 1910s, and by the Grand Army of the Republic until the 1923 National Flag Conference, is often overlooked when discussing the history of the Pledge.[16] Bellamy, however, did not approve of the pledge as Balch had written it, referring to the text as "too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[17] The Bellamy "Pledge of Allegiance" was first published in the September 8 issue of the popular children's magazine The Youth's Companion as part of the National Public-School Celebration of Columbus Day, a celebration of the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the Americas. The event was conceived and promoted by James B. Upham, a marketer for the magazine, as a campaign to instill the idea of American nationalism in students and to sell flags to public schools.[18] According to author Margarette S. Miller, this campaign was in line both with Upham's patriotic vision as well as with his commercial interest. According to Miller, Upham "would often say to his wife: 'Mary, if I can instill into the minds of our American youth a love for their country and the principles on which it was founded, and create in them an ambition to carry on with the ideals which the early founders wrote into The Constitution, I shall not have lived in vain.'"[19]

text: Bellamy's original Pledge read:

text: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.[1][20]

text: The Pledge was supposed to be quick and to the point. Bellamy designed it to be recited in 15 seconds. As a socialist, he had initially also considered using the words equality and fraternity[18] but decided against it, knowing that the state superintendents of education on his committee were against equality for women and African Americans.[21]

text: Francis Bellamy and Upham had lined up the National Education Association to support the Youth's Companion as a sponsor of the Columbus Day observance and the use in that observance of the American flag. By June 29, 1892, Bellamy and Upham had arranged for Congress and President Benjamin Harrison to announce a proclamation making the public school flag ceremony the center of the Columbus Day celebrations. This arrangement was formalized when Harrison issued Presidential Proclamation 335. Subsequently, the Pledge was first used in public schools on October 12, 1892, during Columbus Day observances organized to coincide with the opening of the World's Columbian Exposition (the Chicago World's Fair), Illinois.[22]

text: Francis Bellamy's account[edit]

text: In his recollection of the creation of the Pledge, Francis Bellamy said, "At the beginning of the nineties patriotism and national feeling was (sic) at a low ebb. The patriotic ardor of the Civil War was an old story ... The time was ripe for a reawakening of simple Americanism and the leaders in the new movement rightly felt that patriotic education should begin in the public schools."[17] James Upham "felt that a flag should be on every schoolhouse,"[17] so his publication "fostered a plan of selling flags to schools through the children themselves at cost, which was so successful that 25,000 schools acquired flags in the first year (1892-93).[17]

text: As the World's Columbian Exposition was set to celebrate the 400th anniversary the arrival of Christopher Columbus in the Americas, Upham sought to link the publication's flag drive to the event, "so that every school in the land ... would have a flag raising, under the most impressive conditions."[17] Bellamy was placed in charge of this operation and was soon lobbying "not only the superintendents of education in all the States, but [he] also worked with governors, Congressmen, and even the President of the United States."[17] The publication's efforts paid off when Benjamin Harrison declared Wednesday October 12, 1892, to be Columbus Day for which The Youth's Companion made "an official program for universal use in all the schools."[17] Bellamy recalled that the event "had to be more than a list of exercises. The ritual must be prepared with simplicity and dignity."[17]

text: Edna Dean Proctor wrote an ode for the event, and "There was also an oration suitable for declamation."[17] Bellamy held that "Of course, the nub of the program was to be the raising of the flag, with a salute to the flag recited by the pupils in unison."[17] He found "There was not a satisfactory enough form for this salute. The Balch salute, which ran, "I give my heart and my hand to my country, one country, one language, one flag," seemed to him too juvenile and lacking in dignity."[17] After working on the idea with Upham, Bellamy concluded, "It was my thought that a vow of loyalty or allegiance to the flag should be the dominant idea. I especially stressed the word 'allegiance'. ... Beginning with the new word allegiance, I first decided that 'pledge' was a better school word than 'vow' or 'swear'; and that the first person singular should be used, and that 'my' flag was preferable to 'the.'"[17] Bellamy considered the words "country, nation, or Republic," choosing the last as "it distinguished the form of government chosen by the founding fathers and established by the Revolution. The true reason for allegiance to the flag is the Republic for which it stands."[17] Bellamy then reflected on the sayings of Revolutionary and Civil War figures, and concluded "all that pictured struggle reduced itself to three words, one Nation indivisible."[17]

text: Bellamy considered the slogan of the French Revolution, Liberté, égalité, fraternité ("liberty, equality, fraternity"), but held that "fraternity was too remote of realization, and … [that] equality was a dubious word."[17] Concluding "Liberty and justice were surely basic, were undebatable, and were all that any one Nation could handle. If they were exercised for all. they involved the spirit of equality and fraternity."[17]

text: After being reviewed by Upham and other members of The Youth's Companion, the Pledge was approved and put in the official Columbus Day program. Bellamy noted that, "In later years the words 'to my flag' were changed to 'to the flag of the United States of America' because of the large number of foreign children in the schools."[17] Bellamy disliked the change, as "it did injure the rhythmic balance of the original composition."[17]

text: Changes[edit]

text: In 1906, The Daughters of the American Revolution's magazine, The American Monthly, listed the "formula of allegiance" as being the Balch Pledge of Allegiance, which reads:[16]

text: I pledge allegiance to my flag, and the republic for which it stands. I pledge my head and my heart to God and my country. One country, one language and one flag.

text: In subsequent publications of the Daughters of the American Revolution, such as in 1915's "Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth Continental Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution" and 1916's annual "National Report," the Balch Pledge, listed as official in 1906, is now categorized as "Old Pledge" with Bellamy's version under the heading "New Pledge."[23][24] However, the "Old Pledge" continued to be used by other organizations until the National Flag Conference established uniform flag procedures in 1923.

text: In 1923, the National Flag Conference called for the words "my Flag" to be changed to "the Flag of the United States," so that new immigrants would not confuse loyalties between their birth countries and the US. The words "of America" were added a year later. Congress officially recognized the Pledge for the first time, in the following form, on June 22, 1942:[25]

text: I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

text: Addition of "under God"[edit]

text: Louis Albert Bowman, an attorney from Illinois, was the first to suggest the addition of "under God" to the pledge. The National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him an Award of Merit as the originator of this idea.[26][27] He spent his adult life in the Chicago area and was chaplain of the Illinois Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. At a meeting on February 12, 1948,[26] he led the society in reciting the pledge with the two words "under God" added. He said that the words came from Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. Although not all manuscript versions of the Gettysburg Address contain the words "under God", all the reporters' transcripts of the speech as delivered do, as perhaps Lincoln may have deviated from his prepared text and inserted the phrase when he said "that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom." Bowman repeated his revised version of the Pledge at other meetings.[26]

text: In 1951, the Knights of Columbus, the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization, also began including the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance.[28] In New York City, on April 30, 1951, the board of directors of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution to amend the text of their Pledge of Allegiance at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words "under God" after the words "one nation." Over the next two years, the idea spread throughout Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus at its annual meeting adopted a resolution urging that the change be made universal, and copies of this resolution were sent to the President, the Vice President (as Presiding Officer of the Senate), and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. The National Fraternal Congress meeting in Boston on September 24, 1952, adopted a similar resolution upon the recommendation of its president, Supreme Knight Luke E. Hart. Several State Fraternal Congresses acted likewise almost immediately thereafter. This campaign led to several official attempts to prompt Congress to adopt the Knights of Columbus policy for the entire nation. These attempts were eventually a success.[29]

text: At the suggestion of a correspondent, Representative Louis C. Rabaut (D-Mich.), of Michigan sponsored a resolution to add the words "under God" to the Pledge in 1953.[30]

text: Before February 1954, no endeavor to get the pledge officially amended had succeeded. The final successful push came from George MacPherson Docherty. Some American presidents honored Lincoln's birthday by attending services at the church Lincoln attended, New York Avenue Presbyterian Church by sitting in Lincoln's pew on the Sunday nearest February 12. On February 7, 1954, with President Eisenhower sitting in Lincoln's pew, the church's pastor, George MacPherson Docherty, delivered a sermon based on the Gettysburg Address entitled "A New Birth of Freedom." He argued that the nation's might lay not in arms but rather in its spirit and higher purpose. He noted that the Pledge's sentiments could be those of any nation: "There was something missing in the pledge, and that which was missing was the characteristic and definitive factor in the American way of life." He cited Lincoln's words "under God" as defining words that set the US apart from other nations.[citation needed]

text: President Eisenhower had been baptized a Presbyterian very recently, just a year before. He responded enthusiastically to Docherty in a conversation following the service. Eisenhower acted on his suggestion the next day and on February 8, 1954, Rep. Charles Oakman (R-Mich.), introduced a bill to that effect. Congress passed the necessary legislation and Eisenhower signed the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[31] Eisenhower said:

text: From this day forward, the millions of our school children will daily proclaim in every city and town, every village and rural school house, the dedication of our nation and our people to the Almighty.... In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America's heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our country's most powerful resource, in peace or in war.[32]

text: The phrase "under God" was incorporated into the Pledge of Allegiance on June 14, 1954, by a Joint Resolution of Congress amending § 4 of the Flag Code enacted in 1942.[31]

text: On October 6, 1954, the National Executive Committee of the American Legion adopted a resolution, first approved by the Illinois American Legion Convention in August 1954, which formally recognized the Knights of Columbus for having initiated and brought forward the amendment to the Pledge of Allegiance.[29]

text: Even though the movement behind inserting "under God" into the pledge might have been initiated by a private religious fraternity and even though references to God appear in previous versions of the pledge, author Kevin M. Kruse asserts that this movement was an effort by corporate America to instill in the minds of the people that capitalism and free enterprise were heavenly blessed. Kruse acknowledges the insertion of the phrase was influenced by the push-back against atheistic communism during the Cold War, but argues the longer arc of history shows the conflation of Christianity and capitalism as a challenge to the New Deal played the larger role.[33]

text: Salute[edit]

text: Swearing of the Pledge is accompanied by a salute. An early version of the salute, adopted in 1887, known as the Balch Salute, which accompanied the Balch pledge, instructed students to stand with their right hand outstretched toward the flag, the fingers of which are then brought to the forehead, followed by being placed flat over the heart, and finally falling to the side.

text: In 1892, Francis Bellamy created what was known as the Bellamy salute. It started with the hand outstretched toward the flag, palm down, and ended with the palm up. Because of the similarity between the Bellamy salute and the Nazi salute, which was adopted in Germany later, the US Congress stipulated that the hand-over-the-heart gesture as the salute to be rendered by civilians during the Pledge of Allegiance and the national anthem in the US would be the salute to replace the Bellamy salute. Removal of the Bellamy salute occurred on December 22, 1942, when Congress amended the Flag Code language first passed into law on June 22, 1942.[34] Attached to bills passed in Congress in 2008 and then in 2009 (Section 301(b)(1)of title 36, United States Code), language was included which authorized all active duty military personnel and all veterans in civilian clothes to render a proper hand salute during the raising and lowering of the flag, when the colors are presented, and during the National Anthem.[35]

text: Music[edit]

text: A musical setting for "The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag" was created by Irving Caesar, at the suggestion of Congressman Louis C. Rabaut whose House Resolution 243 to add the phrase "under God" was signed into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954.[36]

text: The composer, Irving Caesar, wrote and published over 700 songs in his lifetime. Dedicated to social issues, he donated all rights of the musical setting to the U.S. government, so that anyone can perform the piece without owing royalties.[37][38]

text: It was sung for the first time on the floor of the House of Representatives on Flag Day, June 14, 1955 by the official Air Force choral group the "Singing Sergeants". A July 29, 1955 House and Senate resolution authorized the U.S. Government Printing Office to print and distribute the song sheet together with a history of the pledge.[39]

text: Other musical versions of the Pledge have since been copyrighted, including by Beck (2003), Lovrekovich (2002 and 2001), Roton (1991), Fijol (1986), and Girardet (1983).[40]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 1940, the Supreme Court, in Minersville School District v. Gobitis, ruled that students in public schools, including the respondents in that case—Jehovah's Witnesses who considered the flag salute to be idolatry—could be compelled to swear the Pledge. In 1943, in West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, the Supreme Court reversed its decision. Justice Robert H. Jackson, writing for the 6 to 3 majority, went beyond simply ruling in the precise matter presented by the case to say that public school students are not required to say the Pledge on narrow grounds, and asserted that such ideological dogmata are antithetical to the principles of the country, concluding with:

text: If there is any fixed star in our constitutional constellation, it is that no official, high or petty, can prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion or force citizens to confess by word or act their faith therein. If there are any circumstances which permit an exception, they do not now occur to us.[41]

text: In a later case, the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals held that students are also not required to stand for the Pledge.[42]

text: Requiring or promoting of the Pledge on the part of the government has continued to draw criticism and legal challenges on several grounds.

text: One objection is that a democratic republic built on freedom of dissent should not require its citizens to pledge allegiance to it, and that the First Amendment to the United States Constitution protects the right to refrain from speaking or standing, which itself is also a form of speech in the context of the ritual of pledging allegiance.[43][42] Another objection is that the people who are most likely to recite the Pledge every day, small children in schools, cannot really give their consent or even completely understand the Pledge they are making.[44] Another criticism is that a government requiring or promoting the phrase "under God" violates protections against the establishment of religion guaranteed in the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.[45]

text: In 2004, linguist Geoffrey Nunberg said the original supporters of the addition thought that they were simply quoting Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, but to Lincoln and his contemporaries, "under God" meant "God willing", so they would have found its use in the Pledge of Allegiance grammatically incorrect and semantically odd.[46][47]

text: Legal challenges[edit]

text: Prominent legal challenges were brought in the 1930s and 1940s by Jehovah's Witnesses, a denomination whose beliefs preclude swearing loyalty to any power other than God, and who objected to policies in public schools requiring students to swear an oath to the flag.[48] They said requiring the pledge violated their freedom of religion guaranteed by the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment. The first case was in 1935, when two children, Lillian and William Gobitas, ages ten and twelve, were expelled from the Minersville, Pennsylvania, public schools that year for failing to salute the flag and recite the Pledge of Allegiance.[49][50]

text: In a 2002 case brought by atheist Michael Newdow, whose daughter was being taught the Pledge in school, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the phrase "under God" an unconstitutional endorsement of monotheism when the Pledge was promoted in public school. In 2004, the Supreme Court heard Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, an appeal of the ruling, and rejected Newdow's claim on the grounds that he was not the custodial parent, and therefore lacked standing, thus avoiding ruling on the merits of whether the phrase was constitutional in a school-sponsored recitation. On January 3, 2005, a new suit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of California on behalf of three unnamed families. On September 14, 2005, District Court Judge Lawrence Karlton ruled in their favor. Citing the precedent of the 2002 ruling by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, Judge Karlton issued an order stating that, upon proper motion, he would enjoin the school district defendants from continuing their practices of leading children in pledging allegiance to "one Nation under God."[51]

text: A 2005 Bill, H.R. 2389, to prohibit the Supreme Court's and most federal courts from considering any legal challenges to the government's requiring or promoting of the Pledge of Allegiance, died in the Senate after having passed in the House. This action is viewed[by whom?] in general as court stripping by Congress of the constitutional power of the judiciary. Even if a similar bill is enacted, its practical effect may not be clear:[opinion] proponents of the bill have said that it is a valid exercise of Congress's power to regulate the jurisdiction of the federal courts under Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution, but opponents say Congress does not have the authority to prevent the Supreme Court from hearing claims based on the Bill of Rights, since this can only be done through Constitutional Amendment. Judges and legal analysts have said that if Congress can remove from the judicial branch the ability to determine if legislation is constitutional, the US separation of powers would be disturbed, or rendered non-functional.[52]

text: Mark J. Pelavin, former Associate Director of the Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism, said of court stripping in regard to the Pledge of Allegiance that:[53][54]

text: Today's House adoption of the so-called "Pledge Protection Act" is a shameful effort to strip our federal courts of their ability to uphold the rights of all Americans. By removing the jurisdiction of federal courts, including the Supreme Court, from cases involving the Pledge, this legislation sets a dangerous precedent: threatening religious liberty, compromising the vital system of checks and balances upon which our government was founded, and granting Congress the authority to strip the courts' jurisdiction on any issue it wishes. Today, the issue was the Pledge of Allegiance, but tomorrow it could be reproductive rights, civil rights, or any other fundamental concern.

text: In 2006, in the Florida case Frazier v. Alexandre, a federal district court in Florida ruled that a 1942 state law requiring students to stand and recite the Pledge of Allegiance violates the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the U.S. Constitution.[55] As a result of that decision, a Florida school district was ordered to pay $32,500 to a student who chose not to say the pledge and was ridiculed and called "unpatriotic" by a teacher.[56]

text: In 2009, a Montgomery County, Maryland, teacher berated and had school police remove a 13-year-old girl who refused to say the Pledge of Allegiance in the classroom. The student's mother, assisted by the American Civil Liberties Union of Maryland, sought and received an apology from the teacher, as state law and the school's student handbook both prohibit students from being forced to recite the Pledge.[57]

text: On March 11, 2010, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the words "under God" in the Pledge of Allegiance in the case of Newdow v. Rio Linda Union School District.[58][59] In a 2–1 decision, the appellate court ruled that the words were of a "ceremonial and patriotic nature" and did not constitute an establishment of religion.[58] Judge Stephen Reinhardt dissented, writing that "the state-directed, teacher-led daily recitation in public schools of the amended 'under God' version of the Pledge of Allegiance... violates the Establishment Clause of the Constitution."[60]

text: On November 12, 2010, in a unanimous decision, the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit in Boston affirmed a ruling by a New Hampshire lower federal court which found that the pledge's reference to God does not violate non-pledging students' rights if student participation in the pledge is voluntary.[61][62] A United States Supreme Court appeal of this decision was denied on June 13, 2011.[63][64]

text: In September 2013, a case was brought before the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, arguing that the pledge violates the Equal Rights Amendment of the Constitution of Massachusetts.[65] In May 2014, Massachusetts' highest court ruled that the pledge does not discriminate against atheists, saying that the words "under God" represent a patriotic, not a religious, exercise.[66]

text: In February 2015 New Jersey Superior Court Judge David F. Bauman dismissed a lawsuit, ruling that "… the Pledge of Allegiance does not violate the rights of those who don't believe in God and does not have to be removed from the patriotic message."[67] The case against the Matawan-Aberdeen Regional School District had been brought by a student of the district and the American Humanist Association that argued that the phrase "under God" in the pledge created a climate of discrimination because it promoted religion, making non-believers "second-class citizens." In a twenty-one page decision, Bauman wrote, "Under [the association members'] reasoning, the very constitution under which [the members] seek redress for perceived atheistic marginalization could itself be deemed unconstitutional, an absurd proposition which [association members] do not and cannot advance here."[67] Bauman said the student could skip the pledge, but upheld a New Jersey law that says pupils must recite the pledge unless they have "conscientious scruples" that do not allow it.[68][69] He noted, "As a matter of historical tradition, the words 'under God' can no more be expunged from the national consciousness than the words 'In God We Trust' from every coin in the land, than the words 'so help me God' from every presidential oath since 1789, or than the prayer that has opened every congressional session of legislative business since 1787.”


document_title: Carry On Cowboy

question_text: who played the sheriff in carry on cowboy

text: Carry On Cowboy

text: Plot[edit]

text: Outlaw Johnny Finger, better known as The Rumpo Kid (Sid James), rides into the frontier town of Stodge City, and immediately guns down three complete strangers, orders alcohol at the saloon—horrifying Judge Burke (Kenneth Williams), the teetotal Mayor of Stodge City—and kills the town's sheriff, Albert Earp (Jon Pertwee). Rumpo then takes over the saloon, courting its former owner, the sharp-shooting Belle (Joan Sims), and turns the town into a base for thieves and cattle-rustlers.

text: In Washington DC, Englishman Marshal P. Knutt (Jim Dale), a "sanitation engineer first class", arrives in America in the hope of revolutionising the American sewerage system. He accidentally walks into the office of the Commissioner, thinking it to be the Public Works Department, and is mistaken for a US Peace Marshal, and is promptly sent out to Stodge City.

text: The Rumpo Kid hears of the new Marshal, and tries all he can to kill the Marshal without being caught, including sending out a pack of Indians, led by their Chief Big Heap (Charles Hawtrey) and hanging the Marshal after framing him for cattle rustling. Knutt is saved by the prowess of Annie Oakley (Angela Douglas), who has arrived in Stodge to avenge Earp's death and has taken a liking to Knutt.

text: Eventually, Knutt runs Rumpo out of town, but once Rumpo discovers that Knutt really is a sanitary engineer and not the Peace Marshal he once thought, he swears revenge, returning to Stodge City for a showdown at high noon. By hiding in the sewers beneath the main street, Knutt kills off Rumpo's gang, but fails to capture Rumpo, who escapes with the aid of Belle.

text: Music[edit]

text: Carry on Cowboy was the first film in the series to have a sung main titles theme. Douglas has a nightclub scene in which she sings "This is the Night for Love".

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Sid James as Johnny Finger/The Rumpo Kid
Kenneth Williams as Judge Burke
Jim Dale as Marshal P Knutt
Charles Hawtrey as Big Heap
Joan Sims as Belle Armitage
Peter Butterworth as Doc
Bernard Bresslaw as Little Heap
Angela Douglas as Annie Oakley
Jon Pertwee as Sheriff Albert Earp
Percy Herbert as Charlie
Sydney Bromley as Sam Houston
Edina Ronay as Delores
Lionel Murton as Clerk
Peter Gilmore as Curly
Davy Kaye as Josh
Alan Gifford as Commissioner
Brian Rawlinson as Stagecoach guard
Michael Nightingale as Bank manager
Simon Cain as Short
Sally Douglas as Kitkata
Cal McCord as Mex
Garry Colleano as Slim
Arthur Lovegrove as Old cowhand
Margaret Nolan as Miss Jones
Tom Clegg as Blacksmith
Larry Cross as Perkins
Brian Coburn as Trapper
Ballet Montparnasse as Dancing girls
Hal Galili as Cowhand (uncredited)
Norman Stanley as Drunk (uncredited)
Carmen Dene as Mexican girl (uncredited)
Andrea Allan as Minnie (uncredited)
Vicki Smith as Polly (uncredited)
Audrey Wilson as Jane (uncredited)
Donna White as Jenny (uncredited)
Lisa Thomas as Sally (uncredited)
Gloria Best as Bridget (uncredited)
George Mossman as Stagecoach driver (uncredited)
Richard O'Brien as Rider (uncredited)
Eric Rogers as Pianist (uncredited)

text: Crew[edit]

text:
Screenplay – Talbot Rothwell
Music – Eric Rogers
Songs – Eric Rogers & Alan Rogers
Associate Producer – Frank Bevis
Art Director – Bert Davey
Editor – Rod Keys
Director of Photography – Alan Hume
Camera Operator – Godfrey Godar
Assistant Director – Peter Bolton
Unit Manager – Ron Jackson
Make-up – Geoffrey Rodway
Sound Editor – Jim Groom
Sound Recordists – Robert T MacPhee & Ken Barker
Hairdressing – Stella Rivers
Costume Designer – Cynthia Tingey
Assistant Editor – Jack Gardner
Horse Master – Jeremy Taylor
Continuity – Gladys Goldsmith
Producer – Peter Rogers
Director – Gerald Thomas

text: Filming and locations[edit]

text: Filming dates – 12 July–3 September 1965

text: Interiors:

text: Pinewood Studios, Buckinghamshire

text: Exteriors:

text:
Chobham Common, Surrey
Black Park, Fulmer, Buckinghamshire

text: Bibliography[edit]

text:
Davidson, Andy (2012). Carry On Confidential. London: Miwk. ISBN 978-1908630018.
Sheridan, Simon (2011). Keeping the British End Up – Four Decades of Saucy Cinema. London: Titan Books. ISBN 978-0857682796.
Webber, Richard (2009). 50 Years of Carry On. London: Arrow. ISBN 978-0099490074.
Hudis, Norman (2008). No Laughing Matter. London: Apex. ISBN 978-1906358150.
Keeping the British End Up: Four Decades of Saucy Cinema by Simon Sheridan (third edition) (2007) (Reynolds & Hearn Books)
Ross, Robert (2002). The Carry On Companion. London: Batsford. ISBN 978-0713487718.
Bright, Morris; Ross, Robert (2000). Mr Carry On – The Life & Work of Peter Rogers. London: BBC Books. ISBN 978-0563551836.
Rigelsford, Adrian (1996). Carry On Laughing – a celebration. London: Virgin. ISBN 1-85227-554-5.
Hibbin, Sally & Nina (1988). What a Carry On. London: Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0600558194.
Eastaugh, Kenneth (1978). The Carry On Book. London: David & Charles. ISBN 978-0715374030.