document_title: List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One

question_text: is xbox one backwards compatible with original xbox games

text: History[edit]

text: During Microsoft's E3 2017 press conference on June 11, 2017, Microsoft announced that roughly 50% of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system's backward-compatibility feature.[1] Based on popular demand, Phil Spencer, Microsoft's Head of Xbox, announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console, first released in 2001.[1] The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family, including the Xbox One X, and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017.[2]

text: The functionality will be similar to that for back-compatibility with Xbox 360 games. Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game.[1] While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles, system link functions will remain available.[2] Xbox games will not receive achievement support, although when asked about this component, Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time.[3]

text: Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce, Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally.[3] Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service.[3] In a later interview, Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library.[4] Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion.[4]

text: List of compatible titles[edit]

text:
Title
Publisher(s)
Date added[2]
Notes/References

Crimson Skies: High Road to Revenge
Microsoft Studios
Q4 2017

Fuzion Frenzy
Microsoft Studios
Q4 2017


document_title: Thermos L.L.C.

question_text: when were the first thermos flasks produced for commercial use

root

text: Thermos L.L.C.

text: Thermos as a trademark[edit]

text: The word "thermos" is a genericized trademark used as a name for a vacuum flask.[4] From around 1910 till 1922, Thermos strove for this synonymity, as it was considered free advertising; the value of such advertising was estimated, in 1917, at between $3 and $4 million worth in American dollars alone. As the company and vacuum flask market grew, it became increasingly protective of its trademark, which it registered in 1923, following a narrow lawsuit victory over flask manufacturer W. T. Grant Company. Starting in 1935, Thermos employed a clipping service to find unauthorized usages and protested to dictionary editors who included "thermos." A 1940 internal memo said the definitions "undoubtedly would be cited against us in a lawsuit to defend the trademark. The best we can do is to try to 'purify' the definition of the word." Into the 1950s, Thermos continued its efforts to protect it, creating various products (tents, lanterns, campstoves) bearing the name to affirm it as a brand name, not an item.

tag: p

text: In 1958, Aladdin Industries announced intent to sell "thermos bottles," and Thermos sued for infringement. In 1962, Judge Robert Anderson ruled that "thermos" was a generic term, due largely to Thermos's own publicization and lack of diligence in defending the trademark. Aladdin (or any company) could mark its bottles with a lowercase "thermos," while Thermos, then called The King-Seeley Thermos Company, retained the uppercase usage.[5]

text: History[edit]

text: Invented in 1892 by Sir James Dewar, a scientist at Oxford University, the "vacuum flask" was not manufactured for commercial use until 1904, when two German glass blowers, Reinhold Burger and Albert Aschenbrenner, formed Thermos GmbH. They held a contest to name the "vacuum flask" and a resident of Munich submitted "Thermos," which came from the Greek word therme, meaning "heat."

text: The thermos is commonly called the Dewar flask among chemists in recognition of its inventor, James Dewar. Dewar did not register a patent for his invention and it was subsequently patented by Thermos, to whom Dewar lost a court case in claiming the rights to the invention.[6]

text: Connecticut[edit]

text: The citizens of Norwich, Connecticut sought out the Thermos Company to build and operate a plant on the banks of the Thames River.[7] A group of citizens under the group "Norwich Boomers" rallied the community to purchase 27 acres of land for $750 an acre so that it could be used for the Thermos. The house of Dr. William H. Mason was also on the property, and it was also a part of the purchase.[7] The Italianate house was converted to be used as an office building.[8] Together, the citizens and the city raised $78,000. A contract was signed on February 14, 1912, it would make Norwich the home of the Thermos Plant and that Thermos would use Norwich's name on its advertising. Allyn L. Brown acted as attorney and provided counsel for the deal.[7] Thermos products produced in Norwich bear a stamp "Made in Norwich."[9]

text: The construction of the plant was a boon for Norwich, which helped the employment of the area after the decline of the textile industry.[9] The operations expanded into nearby Taftville, Connecticut and together the plants were active until they were phased out and shut down in 1988.[9][10] The Norwich site was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.[11]

text: Expansion[edit]

text: In 1955, The American Thermos Bottle Company acquired control of Hemp and Company, Inc. of Macomb, Illinois, manufacturers of the "Little Brown Jug" and other insulated jugs and chests as well as Duncan Hines outdoor grills. To reflect the growing diversity of products, the names of the North American companies were changed in 1956. The American Thermos Bottle Company became The American Thermos Products Company, and the Canadian Thermos Bottle Co. Ltd. changed its name to Canadian Thermos Products Limited.[12]

text: Sales[edit]

text: Thermos reported revenue of $124.8 million in 1982 and $123.7 million in 1983.[13]

text: Historical importance[edit]

text: Thermos products made a major impact in the 1950s and sold over 2 million units.[citation needed] In 2004, the Smithsonian museum featured Thermos products as part of its "Taking America to Lunch" retrospective of lunch kits from the 1880s to the 1980s.[9]


document_title: Thor (film)

question_text: who played thor's mother in marvel films

question_tokens: who played thor 's mother in marvel films

text: Thor (film)

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 965 AD, Odin, king of Asgard, wages war against the Frost Giants of Jotunheim and their leader Laufey, to prevent them from conquering the nine realms, starting with Earth. The Asgardian warriors defeat the Frost Giants and seize the source of their power, the Casket of Ancient Winters.

text: In the present,[N 2] Odin's son Thor prepares to ascend to the throne of Asgard, but is interrupted when Frost Giants attempt to retrieve the Casket. Against Odin's order, Thor travels to Jotunheim to confront Laufey, accompanied by his brother Loki, childhood friend Sif and the Warriors Three: Volstagg, Fandral, and Hogun. A battle ensues until Odin intervenes to save the Asgardians, destroying the fragile truce between the two races. For Thor's arrogance, Odin strips his son of his godly power and exiles him to Earth as a mortal, accompanied by his hammer Mjölnir, now protected by an enchantment that allows only the worthy to wield it.

text: Thor lands in New Mexico, where astrophysicist Dr. Jane Foster, her assistant Darcy Lewis, and mentor Dr. Erik Selvig find him. The local populace finds Mjolnir, which S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson soon commandeers before forcibly acquiring Foster's data about the wormhole that delivered Thor to Earth. Thor, having discovered Mjolnir's nearby location, seeks to retrieve it from the facility that S.H.I.E.L.D. has constructed, but he finds himself unable to lift it and is captured. With Selvig's help, he is freed and resigns himself to exile on Earth as he develops a romance with Foster.

text: Loki discovers that he is Laufey's biological son, adopted by Odin after the war ended. A weary Odin falls into the deep "Odinsleep" to recover his strength. Loki seizes the throne in Odin's stead and offers Laufey the chance to kill Odin and retrieve the Casket. Sif and the Warriors Three, unhappy with Loki's rule, attempt to return Thor from exile, convincing Heimdall, gatekeeper of the Bifröst—the means of traveling between worlds—to allow them passage to Earth. Aware of their plan, Loki sends the Destroyer, a seemingly indestructible automaton, to pursue them and kill Thor. The warriors find Thor, but the Destroyer attacks and defeats them, prompting Thor to offer himself instead. Struck by the Destroyer and near death, Thor's sacrifice proves him worthy to wield Mjölnir. The hammer returns to him, restoring his powers and enabling him to defeat the Destroyer. Kissing Foster goodbye and vowing to return, he and his fellow Asgardians leave to confront Loki.

text: In Asgard, Loki betrays and kills Laufey, revealing his true plan to use Laufey's attempt on Odin's life as an excuse to destroy Jotunheim with the Bifröst Bridge, thus proving himself worthy to his adoptive father. Thor arrives and fights Loki before destroying the Bifröst Bridge to stop Loki's plan, stranding himself in Asgard. Odin awakens and prevents the brothers from falling into the abyss created in the wake of the bridge's destruction, but Loki apparently commits suicide by allowing himself to fall when Odin rejects his pleas for approval. Thor makes amends with Odin, admitting he is not ready to be king; meanwhile, on Earth, Foster and her team search for a way to open a portal to Asgard.

text: In a post-credits scene, Selvig is taken to a S.H.I.E.L.D. facility, where Nick Fury opens a briefcase and asks him to study a mysterious cube-shaped object,[N 3] which Fury says may hold untold power. An invisible Loki prompts Selvig to agree, and he does.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Chris Hemsworth as Thor: The crown prince of Asgard, based on the Norse mythological deity of the same name. Director Kenneth Branagh and Marvel Studios chief Kevin Feige chose Hemsworth after a back-and-forth process in which the 27-year-old actor was initially dropped from consideration and then given a second chance to read for the part.[11] Hemsworth stated that he gained 20 pounds for the role by eating non-stop and revealed that "It wasn't until Thor that I started lifting weights, it was all pretty new to me."[12] Regarding his take on the character, Hemsworth said, "We just kept trying to humanize it all, and keep it very real. Look into all the research about the comic books that we could, but also bring it back to 'Who is this guy as a person, and what's his relationship with people in the individual scenes?'"[13] About approaching Thor's fighting style, he remarked, "First, we looked at the comic books and the posturing, the way [Thor] moves and fights, and a lot of his power seems to be drawn up through the ground. We talked about boxers, you know, Mike Tyson, very low to the ground and big open chest and big shoulder swings and very sort of brutal but graceful at the same time, and then as we shot stuff things became easier."[14] Dakota Goyo portrays a young Thor.
Natalie Portman as Jane Foster: A scientist and Thor's love interest. Marvel Studios stated in an announcement that the character was updated from the comics' initial portrayal for the feature adaptation.[15] When asked why she took the role, Portman replied, "I just thought it sounded like a weird idea because Kenneth Branagh's directing it, so I was just like, 'Kenneth Branagh doing Thor is super-weird, I've gotta do it.'"[16] Portman stated that she really wanted to do a big effects film that emphasized character, and getting to do it with Branagh was a new way of approaching it, relative to Star Wars.[17] Regarding her preparation for the role Portman remarked, "I signed on to do it before there was a script. And Ken, who's amazing, who is so incredible, was like, 'You can really help create this character'. I got to read all of these biographies of female scientists like Rosalind Franklin who actually discovered the DNA double helix but didn't get the credit for it. The struggles they had and the way that they thought – I was like, 'What a great opportunity, in a very big movie that is going to be seen by a lot of people, to have a woman as a scientist'. She's a very serious scientist. Because in the comic she's a nurse and now they made her an astrophysicist. Really, I know it sounds silly, but it is those little things that makes girls think it's possible. It doesn't give them a [role] model of 'Oh, I just have to dress cute in movies'".[18]

tag: ul

text:
Tom Hiddleston as Loki: Thor's adoptive brother and nemesis based on the deity of the same name. Hiddleston was chosen after previously working with Branagh on Ivanov and Wallander.[19] Initially, Hiddleston auditioned to play Thor but Branagh decided his talent would be better harnessed playing Loki. Hiddleston stated that, "Loki's like a comic book version of Edmund in King Lear, but nastier." Hiddleston stated that he had to keep a strict diet before the start of filming because "Ken [Branagh] wants Loki to have a lean and hungry look, like Cassius in Julius Caesar. Physically, he can't be posing as Thor".[20] Hiddleston looked at Peter O'Toole as inspiration for Loki as well, explaining, "Interestingly enough, [Kenneth Branagh] said to look at Peter O'Toole in two specific films, The Lion in Winter and Lawrence of Arabia. What's interesting about ... his performance [as King Henry] is you see how damaged he is. There's a rawness [to his performance]; it's almost as if he's living with a layer of skin peeled away. He's grandiose and teary and, in a moment, by turns hilarious and then terrifying. What we wanted was that emotional volatility. It's a different acting style, it's not quite the same thing, but it's fascinating to go back and watch an actor as great as O'Toole head for those great high hills".[21] Ted Allpress portrays a young Loki.
Stellan Skarsgård as Erik Selvig: A scientist doing research in New Mexico who encounters Thor.[22] Skarsgård stated that he was not initially familiar with the comic book version of Thor.[23] As to why he took the part, Skarsgård remarked, I "chose Thor because of [director] Kenneth Branagh. The script was nice and we got to rehearse and talk to the writers and do some collaborating in the process to make it fit us. So I had a very happy time on it. What I always try to do is immediately do something I just haven't done so I get variation in my life. I've made about 90 films and if I did the same thing over and over again I would be bored by now. I try to pick different films, I go and do those big ones and having done that I can usually afford to go and do some really small obscure films and experiment a little".[24]
Colm Feore as Laufey: King of the Frost Giants and Loki's biological father, based on the mythological being of the same name, who in myth was actually Loki's mother.[25] Feore stated it took five hours for his makeup to be applied.[26] About his character, Feore remarked, "I am the King of Frost Giants. And if you've seen any of the Frost Giants, you know that I am, of course, the Napoleon of Frost Giants. We've got some massive, fabulous guys who dwarf me and come in at around eight-and-a-half feet, nine feet. But, no. Can't you tell by the commanding presence? I am the boss".[25] He said the Shakespearean training he shared with Hopkins and director Branagh helped keep production moving briskly, saying that "during the breaks, Tony, myself and Ken would be talking in Shakespearean shorthand about what the characters were doing, what we thought they may be like, and how we could focus our attention more intelligently. These were discussions that took no more than a few minutes between takes, but they allowed Ken, Tony and [me] to understand each other instantly without Ken taking an hour away to explain to the actors exactly what was going on. So that was enormously helpful."[27]
Ray Stevenson as Volstagg: A member of the Warriors Three; a group of three Asgardian adventurers who are among Thor's closest comrades, known for both his hearty appetite and wide girth.[28] Stevenson previously worked with Kenneth Branagh in the 1998 film The Theory of Flight, and with Marvel Studios as the titular character in Punisher: War Zone. Stevenson wore a fat suit for the role, stating, "I've tried the suit on, and what they've done is kind of sex him up: he's sort of slimmer but rounder.". Stevenson said, "He's got every bit of that Falstaffian verve and vigor, and a bit of a beer gut to suggest that enormous appetite, but he's not the sort of Weeble-shaped figure he is in the comics. He's Falstaff with muscles. I've got this amazing foam-injected undersuit that flexes with me."[29]
Idris Elba as Heimdall: The all-seeing, all-hearing Asgardian sentry of the bifröst bridge, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[30] Elba said Branagh's involvement was a major incentive to take the role: "[Branagh] called me up personally and said, 'I know this isn't a big role, but I would really love to see you play it.' It's Kenneth Branagh. I was like, 'Definitely'".[31] About the role Elba remarked, "I did green screen for the first time! I wouldn't like to do a whole movie of green screen, though. You kind of forget the plot a little—like being in a Broadway play and doing it over and over and forgetting your line halfway through".[32] Elba stated he has made a four-picture commitment with Marvel Studios.[33] Elba's casting prompted a proposed boycott by the Council of Conservative Citizens and a debate amongst comic book fans, some insisting it was wrong for a black man to play a Nordic god. In response Elba called the debate "ridiculous".[34][35][36]
Kat Dennings as Darcy Lewis: A political science major who is Jane Foster's intern.[37] Dennings described her character as Foster's "little helper gnome".[17] Dennings stated that her role was expanded during the rehearsal process.[38] Dennings explained, "She's kind of like a cute, clueless, little puppy or maybe a hamster. There wasn't much on the page for the Darcy role to begin with and I didn't even see a script before I took the job so I didn't really know who Darcy was at first. But she really evolved—she's so much fun now even. She's very Scooby-Doo if that makes sense. She's always three steps behind and reacting to what's happening with these great expressions ... She gets things wrong and doesn't care."[39]
Rene Russo as Frigga: The wife of Odin, queen of Asgard, mother of Thor and adoptive mother of Loki, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[40] Russo stated in March 2011 interview that she has signed on for possible sequels, joking that, "Eventually they'll kick me out, so who knows how many I'll do".[41]
Anthony Hopkins as Odin: The ruler of Asgard, father of Thor, and adoptive father of Loki, based on the mythological deity of the same name.[42] In an interview Hopkins stated he knew nothing of the comic. About the film he said, "It's a superhero movie, but with a bit of Shakespeare thrown in".[43] Hopkins stated, "I'm very interested in that relationship between fathers and sons", and that, "My father's relationship with me was cold. He was a hot-blood character but to me, cold. When I was young, he expressed his disappointment because I was bad in school and all of that. He didn't mean any harm, but I felt I could never meet up to his expectations." Hopkins expressed that he found a personal resonance in the Odin role, saying, "He's a stern man. He's a man with purpose. I play the god who banishes his son from the kingdom of Asgard because he screwed up. He's a hot-headed, temperamental young man... probably a chip off of the old block but I decide he's not really ready to rule the future kingdom, so I banish him. I'm harsh and my wife complains and I say, 'That is why I'm king.' He's ruthless, take-it-or-leave-it. Women are much more forgiving; men are not so forgiving. I know in my life, my karma is, 'If you don't like it, tough, move on.' And I move on. I'm a little like Odin myself".[44] In May 2016, Mel Gibson stated he was approached about the role but "didn't do it".[45]
Tadanobu Asano as Hogun: A member of the Warriors Three, primarily identified by his grim demeanor and as the only member who is not an Æsir.[28] Ray Stevenson said of Asano's character, "He doesn't speak much but when he does, everybody shuts up. But also in the healing room where everyone licks their wounds, he's the guy who just goes about his business".[46]
Josh Dallas as Fandral: A member of the Warriors Three, characterized as an irrepressible swashbuckler and romantic.[28] Stuart Townsend was initially cast after Zachary Levi was forced to vacate the role due to a scheduling conflict.[28][47] However, days before filming began, Townsend was replaced by Dallas citing "creative differences".[48] Dallas said he believed that Fandral "would like to think of himself a philanderer. He would like to think of himself, I was saying, as the R. Kelly of Asgard. He's a lover, not a fighter". Dallas mentioned that Errol Flynn was an inspiration for the character stating, "He was a big inspiration for the character and for me. I watched a lot of his movies and kind of got that into my bones. I tried to bring out that little bit of Flynn-ness in it. Flynn had a lot of that boyish charm that Fandral's got...."[46]
Jaimie Alexander as Sif: A warrior and Thor's childhood friend based on the mythological deity of the same name. Alexander was best known for her portrayal of Jessi XX on the ABC Family series Kyle XY.[49] Alexander said that she was familiar with Marvel Comics before having taken the part, having grown up with four brothers.[50] Alexander said the part required hours a day in the gym, though training is not unfamiliar to her, explaining she was one of few girls on her Colleyville, Texas, high-school wrestling team.[51] Alexander described her character as "one of the guys" and that, "She's a very talented, skilled warrior and can stand on her own against any villain in the film". About her relationship with Thor she stated, "She is very loyal to Thor and cares a lot about protecting him and protecting Asgard".[52]

text: Additionally, Clark Gregg reprises his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Phil Coulson from the Iron Man films.[53] Adriana Barraza plays diner owner Isabella Alvarez and Maximiliano Hernández plays S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Jasper Sitwell. Joseph Gatt, Joshua Cox, and Douglas Tait portray Frost Giants.[54][55] Stan Lee and J. Michael Straczynski have cameo appearances as pick-up truck drivers,[56][57] Walter Simonson has a cameo appearance as one of the guests at a large Asgardian banquet,[58] and Samuel L. Jackson and Jeremy Renner have uncredited cameos as Nick Fury and Clint Barton, respectively.[59][60]

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text:
"Thor's powers are godly, yes ... But at the end of the day, he's a man ... Odin sends him to Earth because he's not perfect. He's brash, arrogant. Even over-confident ... he also bleeds. He struggles. Life kicks him where it hurts the most ... You want to feel Thor's rage when he rages. You want to see him fight like hell, and take as much as he dishes out -- maybe more. You want to have a visceral reaction to the guy, and what happens to him. You don't want his adventures to be clean and antiseptic. You want to see the dirt, and grime and blood. You want to feel every bone crunching moment of every fight. And when he unleashes the storm, you want to feel like you're seeing the power of a GOD at work."
—Ashley Miller, co-writer of Thor, about the project[61]

tag: div

text: Sam Raimi originally envisioned the idea for Thor after making Darkman (1990); he met Stan Lee and pitched the concept to 20th Century Fox, but they did not understand it.[62] Thor was abandoned until April 1997, when Marvel Studios was beginning to expand rapidly.[63] The film gained momentum after the success of X-Men (2000). The plan was for Thor to be made for television. UPN was in talks for airing it; excited by the prospect, they pushed for a script and approached Tyler Mane to play Thor.[64] In May 2000, Marvel Studios brought Artisan Entertainment to help finance it as a film, but by June 2004 the project still had yet to be patronised by a studio.[65][66][67] Sony Pictures Entertainment finally purchased the film rights, and in December 2004 David S. Goyer was in negotiations to write and direct.[68] By 2005, though there were talks between Goyer and Marvel, Goyer was no longer interested, though at this point the film was still set to be distributed through Sony Pictures.[69]

text: Mark Protosevich, a fan of the Thor comic book, agreed to write the script in April 2006, and the project moved to Paramount Pictures, after it acquired the rights from Sony.[70] That year the film was announced to be a Marvel Studios production.[71] In December 2007, Protosevich described his plans for it "to be like a superhero origin story, but not one about a human gaining super powers, but of a god realizing his true potential. It's the story of an Old Testament god who becomes a New Testament god".[72] In August 2007 Marvel Studios signed Matthew Vaughn to direct the film.[73] Vaughn then rewrote Protosevich's script in order to bring down the budget to $150 million, as Protosevich's first draft would have cost $300 million to produce.[6] He intended to start filming in late 2008[74] and after the success of Iron Man, Marvel Studios announced that they intended to release Thor on June 4, 2010, with Iron Man 2 being used to introduce the character of Thor.[75]

text: Pre-production[edit]

text:
"Thor, at his best, has always had a classic bent in terms of his history, the way he speaks and the often Shakespearean dramas that surround him.  That kind of dialogue and character needs someone who comes from a classically trained background in order for it not to sound forced or artificial. Branagh is the perfect choice."
—J Michael Straczynski, co-writer of Thor, on Kenneth Branagh[76]

text: Vaughn was released when his holding deal expired in May 2008, at which point Marvel set Protosevich to work on a new draft and began searching for a new director.[77] Guillermo del Toro entered talks to direct the film. Del Toro was a fan of Jack Kirby's work on the comics, and said that he loved the character of Loki, but wished to incorporate more of the original Norse mythology into the film,[78] including a "really dingy Valhalla, [with] Vikings and mud".[79] However, del Toro ultimately turned down Thor to direct The Hobbit. By September 2008 D. J. Caruso had been discussing taking on the project, though he did not read the script.[80] Later that month, Kenneth Branagh entered into negotiations to direct,[81] and by December 2008, Branagh confirmed that he had been hired. He described it as "a human story right in the center of a big epic scenario."[82] Branagh stated that he hoped to begin filming in January 2010[83] and Marvel Studios set back the release date of the film from its scheduled July 16, 2010 date to June 17, 2011, almost a full year later.[84] They later moved the release date to May 20, 2011, to distance the film's release from that of Captain America: The First Avenger, another Marvel Studios film that was scheduled to be released on July 22, 2011.[85] In October 2008, Daniel Craig was offered the role, but ultimately turned it down, citing his commitments to the James Bond franchise.[86]

text: In February 2009, Samuel L. Jackson, who had briefly portrayed Nick Fury at the end of the film Iron Man, signed on to reprise the role in Thor as part of an unprecedented nine-picture deal with Marvel Studios.[59] However, in an April 2010 interview, Jackson stated that he would not be appearing in Thor. When asked why not Jackson explained, "I have no idea. I'm not in charge of making those kinds of decisions. I thought I was; they said I was in the trades, and I was like, 'Ooh! I got a job!' I called my agent he said, 'Naw, you're not in it.' I was like, 'Well shit, they need to pay me if they're gonna put my name in it.'"[87] Later in the month, Jackson revealed that he would be filming a scene for Thor to serve as "connective tissue" for The Avengers.[88] Also in February, a casting call went out looking for actors with certain physical attributes to audition for the role of Thor.[89]

text: In May 2009, Chris Hemsworth was in negotiations to portray the title role after a back-and-forth process in which the 25-year-old actor was refused early on, then given a second chance to read for the part. Hemsworth's brother, Liam also auditioned for the role, but was passed on by Marvel Studios head Kevin Feige.[11] The next day, Marvel announced that Tom Hiddleston, who had worked with Branagh before and had initially been considered to portray the lead role, had been cast as Loki.[19] In June 2009, Feige confirmed that both Hemsworth and Hiddleston had signed on.[90] Feige mentioned that the film would take place on both modern day Earth and Asgard but Thor's human host, Dr. Donald Blake, would not be included.[90] In July 2009, Marvel announced that Natalie Portman would portray Jane Foster.[15] Jaimie Alexander and Colm Feore were reported to have joined the cast in September, with Alexander portraying Sif and Feore's role unrevealed, though it was thought to be a villain.[49] In an interview with Swedish news site Ystads Allehanda, Stellan Skarsgård stated that he had joined the cast, though he did not specify his role.[22] By late October Anthony Hopkins had been cast as Odin in the film.[42] The following month, Marvel announced that they had cast the Warriors Three; Fandral was to be played by Stuart Townsend, Hogun was to be played by Tadanobu Asano and Volstagg was to be played by Ray Stevenson.[28] Idris Elba was announced to have joined the cast, portraying Heimdall.[30] Natalie Portman revealed that Kat Dennings would be involved in the project, portraying Darcy, a coworker of Portman's Jane Foster.[37][91]

text: In December 2009, Rene Russo was cast as Frigga, Thor's stepmother and Odin's wife.[40] Later that month, actors Joseph Gatt, Troy Brenna, and Joshua Cox had been cast in the film, though none of their roles were revealed.[54] In January 2010, Adriana Barraza had joined the film's cast, in a supporting capacity.[92] Only days before filming began, Stuart Townsend was replaced by Joshua Dallas as Fandral, citing "creative differences".[48] When Spider-Man 4's production stalled, Paramount and Marvel Entertainment pushed up the release of Thor by two weeks to the then vacated date of May 6, 2011.[93]

text: The Science & Entertainment Exchange introduced Marvel Entertainment, Kenneth Branagh, "the screenwriter, and a few people on the design and production side of things" to three physicists (Sean Carroll, Kevin Hand, and Jim Hartle), as well as physics student Kevin Hickerson, to provide a realistic science background for the Thor universe. The consultation resulted in a change in Jane Foster's profession, from nurse to particle physicist, and the terminology (Einstein-Rosen bridge) to describe the Bifrost Bridge.[94]

text: Filming[edit]

text: In October 2008, Marvel Studios signed a long-term lease agreement with Raleigh Studios to photograph their next four films—Iron Man 2, Thor, Captain America: The First Avenger and The Avengers—at Raleigh's Manhattan Beach, California facility.[95] Production Weekly reported that filming on Marvel's Thor was scheduled to begin in Los Angeles mid-January, then move to Santa Fe, New Mexico from March until late-April.[96] Principal photography began on January 11, 2010.[97] A few days after filming began, Clark Gregg signed on to reprise his role from Iron Man and Iron Man 2 as Agent Coulson.[53] In February, Paramount Pictures entered negotiations with Del Mar, California to use a 300-yard stretch of beach to film a scene for Thor involving six horses running down the terrain. Paramount said this coastline was ideal because its gradual slope of sand down to the waterline creates excellent reflective opportunities on film.[98] On March 15, 2010, production of Thor moved to Galisteo, New Mexico where Cerro Pelon Ranch,[99] an old-fashioned Western film town, was extensively modified for the shoot.[100][101]

text: Branagh, a fan of the comic book since childhood, commented on the challenge of bridging Asgard and the modern world: "Inspired by the comic book world both pictorially and compositionally at once, we've tried to find a way to make a virtue and a celebration of the distinction between the worlds that exist in the film but absolutely make them live in the same world. It's about finding the framing style, the color palette, finding the texture and the amount of camera movement that helps celebrate and express the differences and the distinctions in those worlds. If it succeeds, it will mark this film as different.... The combination of the primitive and the sophisticated, the ancient and the modern, I think that potentially is the exciting fusion, the exciting tension in the film".[102]

text: By April, the prospect for filming parts of Thor in Del Mar, California had fallen through. Paramount Pictures sent a letter informing the city that it has instead chosen an undisclosed Northern California location to film a beachfront scene for the film. The letter cited cost concerns with moving production too far away from its headquarters.[103] Filming wrapped on May 6, 2010.[13]

text: Post-production[edit]

text: In October 2010, casting calls revealed the film would be undergoing an undisclosed number of reshoots.[104] In March 2011, scenes involving Adriana Barraza were removed from the theatrical cut of the film during the editing process. Branagh sent a letter of apology explaining the reasons for the cut and desire to work with Barraza again in the future. In response Barraza stated, "It saddens me because the movie is great and because I was acting alongside some tremendous actors that I admire very much, but I understand the nature of films, and it's not the first or last time that scenes will be cut".[105] Barraza appears in only one scene in the film's theatrical cut. In that same month, Douglas Tait revealed that he performed for motion capture of the Frost Giants.[106] On his hiring, Tait said "I am 6'5" and have a lean, athletic build, and they hired guys who were 6'7" and taller, and weighed over 250 pounds (110 kg). When the film was being edited, they wanted to make them even bigger and move faster. They auditioned people again and Kenneth Branagh chose me to perform the motion capture movements of the Frost Giants".[106] In April 2011, the IMAX Corporation, Paramount Pictures and Marvel Entertainment announced that they have finalized an agreement to release the film in IMAX 3D, continuing the partnership which began on Iron Man 2.[107] Branagh stated that the 3-D process initially made him cringe but said "We came to feel that in our case 3-D could be the very good friend of story and character for a different kind of experience". Although the film was shot in 2D, Feige stated that the "special effects for the film were conceived and executed from the beginning in 3D".[108] The post-credits scene that sees Nick Fury approach Erik Selvig to ask him to study the Tesseract, was directed by The Avengers's director, Joss Whedon.[109]

text: BUF Compagnie served as the lead visual effects vendor working on the film,[110] with Digital Domain also providing work on the film.[111] Branagh stated that BUF, who developed the effects for the race through space, were inspired by Hubble photography and other images of deep space. Branagh stated he sent paintings from classic studies by J. M. W. Turner to Digital Domain when creating Jotunheim.[112] Peter Butterworth, VFX supervisor and co-founder of Fuel VFX, said the most challenging task was interpreting what the Bifröst would look like, "You can't Google what these things look like—they are totally imagined and within the heads of the stakeholders. So to extract that and interpret it for the big screen was an interesting challenge creatively. Technically, probably creating fluid simulations that could be art-directed and used for both the Bifröst and Odin's chamber shots. Part of the difficulty with solving these is that we had to ensure they would work in stereo.[113] In the film, Odin enters what is known as the "Odinsleep" in his chamber to regenerate. Butterworth stated, "For Odin's Chamber, we developed a dome and curtain of light rays that hover over Odin's bed. This dome of light suggests harnessed power and energy that revitalizes him as he sleeps. We took a lot of reference from the natural world such as the corona of the sun and gave the sleep effect plenty of volume and space".[113]

text: Music[edit]

text: The film's score was written by composer Patrick Doyle, a frequent collaborator of Branagh. Doyle described Thor as   "the most commercially high profile film I have done since Frankenstein",[114] adding that the composing process had the challenge of trying to find a tone that fit the duality of Asgard and Earth. Thus Doyle and Branagh had frequent discussions on the musical direction,[115] with the director suggesting a contemporary feel and having a balance between the music and "grand images [that] were not in any way hyperbolized", and the composer in turn implementing "a strong sense of melody, which he responds to in my work". As Doyle declared that his own Celtic background made him familiar with Norse mythology, an old Celtic folk song also provided the inspiration for Thor's leitmotif.[114] A soundtrack album was released by Buena Vista Records in April 2011.[116]

text: The film also features a song by the Foo Fighters, "Walk", in both a scene where a powerless Thor shares some boilermakers with Selvig in a roadhouse, and the film's closing credits. Marvel president Kevin Feige stated that "Walk" was a last minute addition, that the crew felt had "these eerie appropriate lyrics and themes" upon hearing it. Branagh in particular thought that "these lyrics about learning to walk again" were appropriate "of [a] movie about redemption, learning to be a hero."[117]

text: Release[edit]

text: Thor held its world premiere at the Event Cinemas theatre in George Street, Sydney on April 17, 2011,[118] with the film opening on April 21, 2011 in Australia.[119] The following weekend it opened in 56 markets,[120] while the premiere at the El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles, California took place on May 2, 2011.[121] Thor opened on May 6, 2011 in the United States,[119] in 3,955 theaters (of which 214 were IMAX 3D and 2,737 in 3D, a record amount).[122][123][124]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: In July 2010 Marvel Studios held a Thor panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International during which Kenneth Branagh, Chris Hemsworth, Natalie Portman, Kat Dennings, Tom Hiddleston, and Clark Gregg discussed the film and showed some clips from it.[17] A few days later, this footage was leaked on the internet.[125] The first television advertisement was broadcast during Super Bowl XLV on the Fox network in the United States. The rate for advertising during the game was approximately $3 million per 30-second spot.[126] Marvel Studios and Acura launched a joint viral marketing promotion at the 2011 Chicago Comic & Entertainment Expo.[127] Other official promotional partners included Burger King, Dr. Pepper, 7 Eleven, and Visa.[128] In May 2011 Marvel Entertainment's President of Print, Animation and Digital, Dan Buckley, and Marvel Comics Editor-In-Chief, Axel Alonso, rang the NYSE closing bell in celebration of the theatrical release of Thor.[129]

text: A post-credits scene in the film Iron Man 2 showed Coulson reporting the discovery of a large hammer in the desert. Rick Marshall of MTV News believed it to be the weapon Mjöllnir belonging to Thor, writing, "It continues the grand tradition of connecting the film to another property in development around the Marvel movie universe."[130] In the commentary track of Iron Man 2' home media, Iron Man 2's director, Jon Favreau, stated that "this is a scene from [the set of] Thor ".[131]

text: Marvel Animation announced a 26-episode animated series in November 2008, to air in late 2010 before the release of Marvel Studios' film.[132] The company released an animated direct-to-video film,  Thor: Tales of Asgard, to coincide with the live-action film.[133]

text: A video game titled Thor: God of Thunder based on the film was developed by Sega using the voices and likenesses of actors Chris Hemsworth, Tom Hiddleston and Jaimie Alexander, and was released on May 3, 2011.[134]

text: Home media[edit]

text: In July 2011, Marvel Studios and Paramount Pictures announced the release of Thor on Blu-ray 3D, Blu-ray Disc and DVD. The discs were released by Paramount Home Media Distribution on September 13, 2011 in three editions: a single-disc DVD, a 2-disc Blu-ray-DVD combo pack, and a 3-disc Blu-ray/DVD/3D combo pack. All sets come with deleted scenes and a "Road to The Avengers featurette. The 2-disc and 3-disc packs includes a digital copy, the first in a series of Marvel One-Shots, The Consultant, and 7 behind-the-scenes featurettes.[135]

text: Branagh said that the DVD includes at least 20 minutes of deleted scenes. Branagh stated the footage contains "things like the Asgardian parents, Odin and Frigga, played by the beautiful Rene Russo, there's some beautiful scenes in there that I think people will enjoy. And certainly Thor and Loki interacting in different ways that just fill in a little bit of a back story, that was part of our rehearsal and research."[136] In its first week of release, Thor took the number one spot on Blu-ray/DVD sales chart and topped Home Media Magazine's rental chart for the week.[137]

text: The film was also collected in a 10-disc box set titled "Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase One – Avengers Assembled" which includes all of the Phase One films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.[138] It was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on April 2, 2013.[139][140]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Thor earned $181.0 million in North America and $268.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $449.3 million.[7] It was the 15th highest-grossing film of 2011.[141]

text: Thor earned $25.5 million on its opening day in the United States and Canada, including $3.3 million from Thursday previews,[122] for a total weekend gross of $65.7 million. $6.2 million of the gross came from IMAX 3D, while 60% of the gross was from 3D screenings.[123][124] It became the tenth highest-grossing film of 2011 in the United States and Canada,[142] and the highest-grossing comic-book film from May–August 2011.[143]

text: Thor's opening in Australia generated $5.8 million and placing second behind Universal Pictures' Fast Five. The film's box office was just 1% more than Iron Man opening in Australia in 2008, Marvel's most popular release at the time.[144] The following week, Thor opened in 56 markets and took in $89.2 million through the weekend.[120] The film's highest grossing markets were the United Kingdom ($22.5 million), Australia ($20.1 million) and Mexico ($19.5 million).[145]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 77% approval rating with an average rating of 6.7/10 based on 271 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "A dazzling blockbuster that tempers its sweeping scope with wit, humor, and human drama, Thor is mighty Marvel entertainment."[146] Metacritic assigned a weighted average score of 57/100 based on reviews from 40 film critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[147]

text: Richard Kuipers of Variety stated, "Thor delivers the goods so long as butt is being kicked and family conflict is playing out in celestial dimensions, but is less thrilling during the Norse warrior god's rather brief banishment on Earth".[148] Megan Lehmann of The Hollywood Reporter wrote, "The hammer-hurling god of thunder kicks off this superhero summer with a bang".[149] In the Chicago Sun-Times, Richard Roeper liked the film "Thanks in large part to a charming, funny and winning performance from Australian actor Chris Hemsworth in the title role, Thor is the most entertaining superhero debut since the original Spider-Man".[150]

text: Conversely, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it a negative review stating, "Thor is a failure as a movie, but a success as marketing, an illustration of the ancient carnival tactic of telling the rubes anything to get them into the tent".[151] A.O. Scott of The New York Times also disliked the film, calling it "an example of the programmed triumph of commercial calculation over imagination".[152] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times had mixed feelings, describing the film as "an aesthetic stand-off between predictable elements and unexpected ones".  Turan praised the performances of Hemsworth, Hopkins, and Elba, but found the special effects inconsistent and the Earth storyline derivative.[153]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Winner/Nominee
Result
Ref.

2011

Teen Choice Awards

Choice Movie Breakout: Male

Chris Hemsworth

Nominated

[154]

Scream Awards

The Ultimate Scream

Thor

Nominated

[155]

Best Fantasy Movie

Thor

Nominated

Best Superhero

Chris Hemsworth as Thor

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Jaimie Alexander

Nominated

Breakout Performance—Female

Jaimie Alexander

Nominated

Breakout Performance—Male

Chris Hemsworth

Nominated

Breakout Performance—Male

Tom Hiddleston

Nominated

Best F/X

Thor

Nominated

Best Comic Book Movie

Thor

Nominated

2012

People's Choice Awards

Favorite Action Movie

Thor

Nominated

[156]

Favorite Movie Superhero

Chris Hemsworth

Nominated

Visual Effects Society Awards

Outstanding Created Environment in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture

"Heimdall's Observatory": Pierre Buffin, Audrey Ferrara, Yoel Godo, Dominique Vidal

Nominated

[157]

Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Live Action Feature Motion Picture

Xavier Allard, Pierre Buffin, Nicolas Chevallier

Nominated

Empire Awards

Best Male Newcomer

Tom Hiddleston

Won

[158]

Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy

Thor

Won

The Art of 3D Presented by RealD

Thor

Nominated

MTV Movie Awards

Best Hero

Thor

Nominated

[159]

Saturn Awards

Best Fantasy Film

Thor

Nominated

[160]

Best Supporting Actor

Tom Hiddleston

Nominated

Best Production Design

Bo Welch

Nominated

Best Costume

Alexandra Byrne

Won

tag: table

text: Sequels[edit]

text: Thor: The Dark World[edit]

text: A sequel, Thor: The Dark World, directed by Alan Taylor, was released on November 8, 2013.[161][162] Hemsworth and Hiddleston reprised their roles as Thor and Loki, respectively, along with others from the first film.[163] Christopher Eccleston joined the cast as the Dark Elf Maletkith.[164]

text: Thor: Ragnarok[edit]

text: Thor: Ragnarok was released on November 3, 2017,[165] directed by Taika Waititi.[166] Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost wrote the screenplay,[167] with Kevin Feige again producing.[168] Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Hopkins, Elba, Asano, Zachary Levi, and Stevenson reprised their roles as Thor, Loki, Odin, Heimdall, Hogun, Fandral, and Volstagg, respectively,[169][170][171][172] while Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appeared as Bruce Banner/Hulk and Stephen Strange respectively, reprising their roles from previous MCU films.[173][174] Cate Blanchett, Tessa Thompson, Jeff Goldblum and Karl Urban joined the cast as Hela, Valkyrie, Grandmaster, and Skurge, respectively.[166]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b In July 2013, the film's distribution rights were transferred from Paramount Pictures to Walt Disney Studios.[2][3][4]

Jump up ^ The events of the film also take place simultaneously with the events of The Incredible Hulk (2008) and Iron Man 2 (2010),[8] the latter of which is set six months after the events of Iron Man (2008).[9]

Jump up ^ Identified off-screen as the Cosmic Cube.[10]

tag: ol


document_title: List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories

question_text: what are you called if you're from washington

question_tokens: what are you called if you 're from washington

text: This is a list of official and notable unofficial terms used to designate the citizens of specific states and territories of the United States.

text: List[edit]

text:
State, district or territory

Official(recommended by U.S. GPO)[1]

Official, unofficial, or informal alternatives

 Alabama
Alabamian
Alabaman[2][3]

 Alaska
Alaskan

 American Samoa†

American Samoan

 Arizona
Arizonan
Sand Cutter[4]

 Arkansas
Arkansan
Arkansawyer,[5] Arkie[6]

 California
Californian
Californio (archaic)

 Colorado
Coloradan
Coloradoan (archaic)[7][8]

 Connecticut
Connecticuter
Connecticotian,[9] Connecticutensian,[9] Nutmeg,[9] Nutmegger[9]

 Delaware
Delawarean
Blue Hen's Chicken,[10] Muskrat[10]

 District of Columbia†

Washingtonian

 Florida
Floridian
Alligator,[11] Cracker,[12] Fly-Up-the-Creek[11]

 Georgia
Georgian
Buzzard, Cracker, Goober-grabber[13]

 Guam†

Guamanian

 Hawaii
Hawaiian
Islander,[14] Kama'aina. The Associated Press Stylebook restricts use of "Hawaiian" to people of Native Hawaiian descent.[15]

 Idaho
Idahoan
Fortune Seekers[16]

 Illinois
Illinoisan
Illinoisian, Illinoian, Flatlander,[17] Sucker, Sand-hiller, Egyptian[18]

 Indiana
Hoosier
Indianan (former GPO demonym replaced by Hoosier in 2016)[1]

 Iowa
Iowan
Hawkeye[19]

 Kansas
Kansan
Sunflower, Jayhawker, Grasshopper[20]

 Kentucky
Kentuckian
Corncracker[21]

 Louisiana
Louisianian

 Maine
Mainer
Down Easter or Downeaster,[22] Mainiac,[23]

 Maryland
Marylander

 Massachusetts
Massachusettsan
Bay Stater (official term used by state government),[24] Massachusettsian,[25] Massachusite,[26][27] Masshole (derogatory[28] as an exonym; however, it can be affectionate when applied as an endonym[29])

 Michigan
Michigander
Michigander,[30] Wolverine,[31][32] Michiganite,  Yooper/Troll (for residents of the Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula, respectively),[33] Michigoose (used specifically for female residents, as a play on "Michigander")[33]

 Minnesota
Minnesotan
Gopher

 Mississippi
Mississippian

 Missouri
Missourian

 Montana
Montanan

 Nebraska
Nebraskan

 Nevada
Nevadan

 New Hampshire
New Hampshirite
New Hampshireman or New Hampshirewoman[34]

 New Jersey
New Jerseyan
Jerseyite, New Jerseyite

 New Mexico
New Mexican
Spanish: Neomexicano, Neomejicano[35]

 New York
New Yorker
Knickerbocker[36][37]

 North Carolina
North Carolinian
Tar Heel, Tar Boiler,[38]

  North Dakota
North Dakotan

 Northern Mariana Islands†

Mariana Islander

 Ohio
Ohioan
Buckeye,[39] Ohian (obsolete)[40]

 Oklahoma
Oklahoman
Okie,[41] Sooner[42]

 Oregon
Oregonian

 Pennsylvania
Pennsylvanian
Pennamite,[43] Keystoner

 Puerto Rico†
Puerto Rican
Boricua[44]

 Rhode Island
Rhode Islander
Rhodean, Swamp Yankee[45]

 South Carolina
South Carolinian
Sandlapper[46]

 South Dakota
South Dakotan

 Tennessee
Tennessean
Volunteer, Big Bender, Butternut[47]

 Texas
Texan
Texian (Anglo-Texan - historical),[48] Tejano (Hispano-Texan), Texican (archaic)

 Utah
Utahn
Utahan

 Vermont
Vermonter

 Virginia
Virginian

 Virgin Islands†

Virgin Islander

 Washington
Washingtonian

 West Virginia
West Virginian

 Wisconsin
Wisconsinite
Badger,[49] Cheesehead[50][51]

 Wyoming
Wyomingite
Wyomese[52]

text: † - Not officially a U.S. state, rather a U.S. territory or district.


document_title: List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held

question_text: who served as both president and vice president

text: Federal Government[edit]

text: Executive Branch[edit]

text: Vice Presidents[edit]

text:
Vice President
President served under
Year(s) served
Notes

John Adams
George Washington
1789–1797

Thomas Jefferson
John Adams
1797–1801

Martin Van Buren
Andrew Jackson
1833–1837

John Tyler
William Henry Harrison
1841
Became President after Harrison's death

Millard Fillmore
Zachary Taylor
1849–1850
Became President after Taylor's death

Andrew Johnson
Abraham Lincoln
1865
Became President after Lincoln's assassination

Chester A. Arthur
James A. Garfield
1881
Became President after Garfield's assassination

Theodore Roosevelt
William McKinley
1901
Became President after McKinley's assassination

Calvin Coolidge
Warren Harding
1921–1923
Became President after Harding's death

Harry Truman
Franklin D. Roosevelt
1945
Became President after Roosevelt's death

Richard Nixon
Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953–1961
Only former Vice President to become President after an intervening administration.

Lyndon B. Johnson
John F. Kennedy
1961–1963
Became President after Kennedy's assassination

Gerald Ford
Richard Nixon
1969–1974
Became President after Nixon's resignation

George H. W. Bush
Ronald Reagan
1981–1989

text: In addition, George H. W. Bush served as Acting President for a brief period under Ronald Reagan

text: 13 former Vice Presidents (R. Johnson, Breckinridge, Morton, Stevenson, Fairbanks, Garner, Wallace, Barkley, Nixon, Humphrey, Mondale, Quayle, and Gore) all made failed runs for the Presidency. Nixon, Humphrey, Mondale, and Gore received their party's nomination. Nixon would later be elected in a second run for the presidency.

text: Cabinet Secretaries[edit]

text:
Secretary
Office
President served under
Year(s) served

Thomas Jefferson
Secretary of State
George Washington
1790–1793

James Madison
Secretary of State
Thomas Jefferson
1801–1809

James Monroe
Secretary of State
James Madison
1811–1814

Secretary of War
1814–1815

Secretary of State
1815–1817

John Quincy Adams
Secretary of State
James Monroe
1817–1825

Martin Van Buren
Secretary of State
Andrew Jackson
1829–1831

James Buchanan
Secretary of State
James K. Polk
1845–1849

William Howard Taft
Secretary of War
Theodore Roosevelt
1904–1908

Herbert Hoover
Secretary of Commerce
Warren G. Harding
1921–1928

Calvin Coolidge

text: John Adams (as Vice President) and Thomas Jefferson both served in the Cabinet of George Washington. Calvin Coolidge (as Vice President) and Herbert Hoover both served in the Cabinet of Warren G. Harding.

text: Both Theodore (from 1897–1898) and Franklin D. Roosevelt (from 1913–1920) served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under Presidents McKinley and Wilson, respectively. William Howard Taft served as Solicitor General from 1890 to 1892 under President Harrison.

text: Ambassadors[edit]

text:
President
Position
President served under
Year(s) served
Notes

John Adams
Minister to Britain
Continental Congress
1785–1788

Thomas Jefferson
Minister Plenipotentiary to France
Continental Congress
1785–1789

James Monroe
Minister Plenipotentiary to France
George Washington
1794–1796

Minister to Britain
Thomas Jefferson
1803–1807
Served under Secretary of State James Madison

John Quincy Adams
Minister to the Netherlands
George Washington
John Adams
1794–1797

Minister to Germany
John Adams
1797–1801

Minister to Russia
James Madison
1809–1814
Served under Secretary of State James Monroe

Minister to Britain
James Madison
1815–1817

Martin Van Buren
Minister to Britain
Andrew Jackson
1831–1832

William Henry Harrison
Minister to Gran Colombia
John Quincy Adams
1828–1829

James Buchanan
Minister to Britain
Franklin Pierce
1853–1856

George H. W. Bush
Ambassador to the United Nations
Richard Nixon
1971–1973

Chief of the U.S. Liaison Office in Beijing
Gerald R. Ford
1974–1975
Head of U.S. mission in China

text: Other Federal Appointees[edit]

text:
President
Office
President appointed by
Year(s) served

Chester A. Arthur
Collector of the Port of New York
Ulysses S. Grant
1871–1878

George H. W. Bush
Director of Central Intelligence
Gerald Ford
1976–1977

text: Judicial Branch[edit]

text: Chief Justice of the United States[edit]

text:
President
President nominated by
Year(s) served

William Howard Taft
Warren G. Harding
1921–1930

text: Other Federal Judges[edit]

text:
President
Court
President nominated by
Year(s) served

William Howard Taft
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
Benjamin Harrison
1892–1900

text: Legislative Branch[edit]

text: Senators[edit]

text:
State
President
Year(s) served
Notes

California
Richard Nixon
1950–1953

Indiana
Benjamin Harrison
1881–1887

Illinois
Barack Obama
2005–2008
Third sitting Senator elected to the presidency

Massachusetts
John Quincy Adams
1803–1808

John F. Kennedy
1953–1960
Second sitting Senator elected to the presidency

Missouri
Harry Truman
1935–1945

New Hampshire
Franklin Pierce
1837–1842

New York
Martin Van Buren
1821–1828

Ohio
William Henry Harrison
1825–1828

Warren Harding
1915–1921
First sitting Senator elected to the presidency

Pennsylvania
James Buchanan
1834–1845

Tennessee
Andrew Jackson
1797–1798

1823–1825

Andrew Johnson
1857–1862

1875
Only former President in the Senate

Texas
Lyndon B. Johnson
1949–1961
Senate Minority Leader 1953-1955
Senate Majority Leader 1955-1961

Virginia
James Monroe
1790–1794
First former Senator to become President

John Tyler
1827–1836
Only former President pro tempore to become President

text: A number of future Presidents served together while in the Senate:

text:
Senator Monroe served under Vice President Adams (1790–1794)
Senator Jackson served under Vice President Jefferson (1797–1798)
Senator Van Buren served with Senators Jackson (1823–1825), Harrison (1825–1828), and Tyler (1827–1828). Senator Buchanan also served with Senator Tyler (1834–1836) and later served with Senator Pierce (1837–1842). Both Buchanan and Tyler served under Vice President Martin Van Buren (1833–1837), while Pierce later served under Vice President Tyler (1841).
Senator Harrison briefly served under Vice President Arthur (1881).
Senator Johnson served with both Senators Nixon (1950–1953) and Kennedy (1953–1960). Johnson and Kennedy both served under Vice President Nixon (1953–1961).

text: James A. Garfield was elected senator for Ohio in 1880, but he did not take up the office due to being elected President later that year.

text: Seven former Senators Monroe, Adams, Jackson, William Henry Harrison, Pierce, Buchanan and Benjamin Harrison were elected Presidents without ever serving as Vice Presidents between their departure from the Senate and the beginning of their presidencies.

text: Members of the House of Representatives[edit]

text:
State
President
Year(s) served
Notes

California
Richard Nixon
1947–1950
Later elected to the Senate

Illinois
Abraham Lincoln
1847–1849

Massachusetts
John Quincy Adams
1831–1848
Only former President in the House of Representatives

John F. Kennedy
1947–1953
Later elected to the Senate

Michigan
Gerald Ford
1949–1973
House Minority Leader 1965-1973

New Hampshire
Franklin Pierce
1833–1837
Later elected to the Senate

New York
Millard Fillmore
1833–1835

1837–1843

Northwest Territory
William Henry Harrison
1799–1800
Served as a non-voting delegate

Ohio
William Henry Harrison
1816–1819
Later elected to the Senate

Rutherford B. Hayes
1865–1867
Later elected Governor of Ohio

James A. Garfield
1863–1881
Republican Floor Leader
Only sitting Representative elected to the presidency

William McKinley
1877–1883
Later elected Governor of Ohio

1885–1891

Pennsylvania
James Buchanan
1821–1831
Later elected to the Senate

Tennessee
Andrew Jackson
1796–1797
Later elected to Senate

James K. Polk
1825–1839
Only former Speaker to become President
later elected Governor of Tennessee

Andrew Johnson
1843–1853
Later elected to the Senate

Texas
Lyndon B. Johnson
1937–1949
Later elected to the Senate

George H. W. Bush
1967–1971
Later elected Vice President of the United States

Virginia
James Madison
1789–1797
First former Representative to become President

John Tyler
1816–1821
Later elected to Senate

text: A number of future Presidents served in the House together:

text:
Congressman Jackson served with Congressman Madison (1796–1797)
Congressman Harrison served with Congressman Tyler (1816–1819)
Congressman Buchanan served with Congressman Polk (1825–1831). Congressman Polk also served with Congressman Adams (1831–1839). Congressman Adams later served with Congressmen Fillmore (1833–1835; 1837–1843), Pierce (1833–1837), Johnson (1843–1848), and Lincoln (1847–1848)
Congressman Garfield served with both Congressmen Hayes (1865–1867) and McKinley (1877–1881)
Congressman Nixon served with Congressmen Johnson (1947–1949), John F. Kennedy (1947–1950), and Ford (1949–1950). Congressman Ford later served with Congressman Bush (1967–1971).

text: Continental Congress[edit]

text:
President
State
Year(s) served
Body served

George Washington
Virginia
1774–1775
First Continental Congress

John Adams
Massachusetts
1774–1778
First Continental Congress, Second Continental Congress

Thomas Jefferson
Virginia
1775–1776
1783–1784
Second Continental Congress
Congress of the Confederation

James Madison
Virginia
1780–1783
Second Continental Congress, Congress of the Confederation

James Monroe
Virginia
1783–1786
Congress of the Confederation

text: State and territorial government[edit]

text: Governors[edit]

text:
State
President
Year(s) served
Notes

Arkansas
Bill Clinton
1979–1981

1983–1992

California
Ronald Reagan
1967–1975

Cuba
William Howard Taft
1906
Provisional Governor

Florida Territory
Andrew Jackson
1821
Military Governor

Georgia
Jimmy Carter
1971–1975

Indiana Territory
William Henry Harrison
1801–1813

Louisiana District
William Henry Harrison
1804–1805
Interim Authority

Massachusetts
Calvin Coolidge
1919–1921

New Jersey
Woodrow Wilson
1911–1913

New York
Martin Van Buren
1829

Grover Cleveland
1883–1885

Theodore Roosevelt
1899–1901

Franklin D. Roosevelt
1929–1932

Northwest Territory
William Henry Harrison
1798–1799
Acting Governor

Ohio
Rutherford B. Hayes
1868–1872

1876–1877

William McKinley
1892–1896

Philippines
William Howard Taft
1901–1904
Governor-General

Tennessee
James K. Polk
1839–1841

Andrew Johnson
1853–1857

1862–1864
Military Governor

Texas
George W. Bush
1995–2000

Virginia
Thomas Jefferson
1779–1781

James Monroe
1799–1802

1811

John Tyler
1825–1827

text: State Legislators[edit]

text:
State Legislature
President
Year(s)served
Notes

Georgia State Senate
Jimmy Carter
1963–1967

Illinois House of Representatives
Abraham Lincoln
1834–1842

Illinois Senate
Barack Obama
1997–2004

Massachusetts House of Representatives
Calvin Coolidge
1907–1909

Massachusetts Senate
John Quincy Adams
1802

Calvin Coolidge
1912–1915

New Hampshire House of Representatives
Franklin Pierce
1829–1833
Speaker of the House 1832-1833

New York Senate
Martin Van Buren
1812–1820

Franklin D. Roosevelt
1911–1913

New York State Assembly
Millard Fillmore
1829–1831

Theodore Roosevelt
1882–1884
Assembly Minority Leader 1883

Ohio Senate
William Henry Harrison
1819–1821

James A. Garfield
1859–1861

Warren G. Harding
1899–1903

Pennsylvania House of Representatives
James Buchanan
1814–1816

Tennessee House of Representatives
James K. Polk
1823–1825

Andrew Johnson
1835–1837

Tennessee Senate
Andrew Johnson
1841–1843

Virginia House of Delegates
Thomas Jefferson
1776–1779

James Madison
1776–1777

James Monroe
1782–1783

John Tyler
1811–1816

1823–1825

text: Other Statewide Offices[edit]

text:
President
Office and Jurisdiction
Year(s) served

Martin Van Buren
Attorney General of New York
1815–1819

Millard Fillmore
New York State Comptroller
1847–1849

Warren G. Harding
Lieutenant Governor of Ohio
1904–1906

Calvin Coolidge
Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
1916–1919

Bill Clinton
Attorney General of Arkansas
1977–1979

text: Municipal Government[edit]

text:
President
Office and jurisdiction
Year(s) served

Martin Van Buren
Surrogate of Columbia County, New York
1808–1812

Abraham Lincoln
Postmaster of New Salem, Illinois
1832–1833

County Surveyor for Sangamon County, Illinois
1833–1834

Andrew Johnson
Alderman, Greeneville, Tennessee
1828–1830

Mayor of Greeneville, Tennessee
1830–1833

Grover Cleveland
Sheriff of Erie County, New York
1871–1873

Mayor of Buffalo, New York
1882–1883

Theodore Roosevelt
Superintendent of the New York Board of Police Commissioners
1895–1897

Calvin Coolidge
Mayor of Northampton, Massachusetts
1910–1911

George Washington
County surveyor in Mount Vernon
1749-1751?

text: Presidents without prior elected occupation[edit]

text:
President
Term of office
Notes

Zachary Taylor
1849–1850
Major General in the United States Army

Ulysses S. Grant
1869–1877
General of the Army of the United States (served as Secretary of War ad interim)

William H. Taft
1909–1913
Secretary of War

Herbert Hoover
1929–1933
Secretary of Commerce

Dwight D. Eisenhower
1953–1961
General of the Army of the United States

Donald Trump
2017–
Chairman of The Trump Organization

text: Colonial Governments[edit]

text: Colonial and Confederate Legislators[edit]

text:
Legislature
President
Year(s) served
Notes

Confederate Congress
John Tyler
1861–1862
Delegate to the Provisional Confederate Congress and elected to the House of Representatives of the Confederate Congress of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War, but died before entering office

Massachusetts House of Representatives
John Adams
1768–1774
All served as regular members of their colonial legislature under the Kingdom of Great Britain before 1776.

Virginia House of Burgesses
George Washington
1758–1774

Thomas Jefferson
1769–1774

text: Lost Races[edit]

text: Not including presidential re-election attempts made while in office.

text: Presidential elections[edit]

text:
President
Office and jurisdiction
Year
Notes

Thomas Jefferson
President of the United States
1796
Lost to John Adams. Won in 1800, 1804

Andrew Jackson
President of the United States
1824
Lost to John Quincy Adams. Won in 1828, 1832

William Henry Harrison
President of the United States
1836
Lost to Martin Van Buren. Defeated Van Buren in 1840.

Martin Van Buren
Democratic nomination for
President of the United States
1844
Received the most votes on the first ballot of the 1844 Democratic National Convention, but failed to win the required 2/3 majority. Lost to James K. Polk.

President of the United States
1848
Placed third behind Zachary Taylor and Lewis Cass. Candidate of the Free Soil Party

James Buchanan
Democratic nomination for
President of the United States
1848
Received the third-most votes on the final ballot of the 1848 Democratic National Convention, finishing behind nominee Lewis Cass as well as Levi Woodbury

Democratic nomination for
President of the United States
1852
Led on several ballots at the 1852 Democratic National Convention; the nomination instead went to Franklin Pierce.

Millard Fillmore
President of the United States
1856
Placed third behind James Buchanan and John C. Fremont. Candidate of the Know-Nothing Party.

Andrew Johnson
Democratic nomination for
President of the United States
1860
Lost to Stephen A. Douglas

Ulysses S. Grant
Republican nomination for
President of the United States
1880
Lost in bid for a third term to James Garfield at the 1880 Republican National Convention.

Theodore Roosevelt
Republican nomination for
President of the United States
1912
Lost in bid for at third term to William Howard Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention, but ran in the general election as a third-party candidate.

President of the United States
1912
Placed distant second to Woodrow Wilson in both the popular and electoral vote. Candidate of the Progressive Party. Only third-party candidate to place second in an election.

Herbert Hoover
Republican nomination for
President of the United States
1920
Lost to Warren G. Harding at the 1920 Republican National Convention. Won in 1928.

Lyndon B. Johnson
Democratic nomination for
President of the United States
1960
Placed second to John F. Kennedy after failing to contest any state primaries. Later made Kennedy's running mate and was elected Vice President. He assumed the presidency upon Kennedy's assassination in 1963. He subsequently won the Democratic nomination (and the presidency) in 1964.

Richard Nixon
President of the United States
1960
Lost to John F. Kennedy. Won in 1968, 1972

Ronald Reagan
Republican nomination for
President of the United States
1968, 1976
Lost to Richard Nixon in 1968 and Gerald Ford in 1976. Later won in 1980, 1984

George H.W. Bush
Republican nomination for
President of the United States
1980
Lost to Ronald Reagan. Later made Reagan's running mate and elected Vice President. Won presidency in 1988 but lost re-election in 1992 to Bill Clinton

text: Congressional and gubernatorial elections[edit]

text:
President
Office and jurisdiction
Year
Notes

William Henry Harrison
Governor of Ohio
1820
Lost to Ethan Allen Brown

United States Representative
1822
Lost to James W. Gazlay. Elected to the Senate in 1824.

John Quincy Adams
Governor of Massachusetts
1833
Lost to John Davis

James K. Polk
Governor of Tennessee
1841, 1843
Lost re-election to James C. Jones in 1841 and lost to Jones again in 1843.

Abraham Lincoln
United States Senator from Illinois
1854
Lost to Lyman Trumbull

United States Senator from Illinois
1858
Lost to Stephen Douglas

Andrew Johnson
United States Senator from Tennessee
1869
Lost to Henry Cooper

United States Representative
1872
Came in third behind Horace Maynard and Benjamin F. Cheatham

Rutherford B. Hayes
United States Representative
1872
Lost to Henry B. Banning. Later elected Governor of Ohio.

Benjamin Harrison
Governor of Indiana
1876
Lost to James D. Williams.

United States Senator from Indiana
1887
Lost to David Turpie.

William McKinley
United States Representative
1890
Lost to John G. Warwick. Later elected Governor of Ohio.

Warren G. Harding
Governor of Ohio
1920
Lost to Judson Harmon.

Lyndon B. Johnson
United States Senator from Texas
1941
Lost to W. Lee O'Daniel. Later elected Senator in 1948.

Richard Nixon
Governor of California
1962
Lost to Pat Brown by nearly 300,000 votes; in his concession speech, he lashed out at the media, saying "...you don't have Nixon to kick around any more, because, gentlemen, this is my last press conference."

George H.W. Bush
United States Senator from Texas
1964, 1970
Lost to Ralph Yarborough in 1964 and Lloyd Bentsen in 1970

Jimmy Carter
Governor of Georgia
1966
Lost Democratic nomination to Lester Maddox. Later won the office in 1970, Won presidency in 1976, but lost re-election in 1980 to Ronald Reagan.

Bill Clinton
United States Representative
1974
Lost to John Paul Hammerschmidt in 1974. Elected as Attorney General of Arkansas in 1976.

Governor of Arkansas
1980
Lost re-election to Frank White in 1980, but won in 1978, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1990

George W. Bush
United States Representative
1978
Lost to Kent Hance in 1978. Elected as Governor of Texas in 1994.

Barack Obama
United States Representative
2000
Lost Democratic nomination to Bobby Rush in 2000

text: Other elections[edit]

text:
President
Office and jurisdiction
Year
Notes

John Tyler
Vice President of the United States
1836
One of two Whig vice presidential candidates. Came in third behind Richard Mentor Johnson and Francis Granger. Later elected in 1840.

Millard Fillmore
Whig nomination for
Vice President of the United States
1844
Lost to Theodore Frelinghuysen. Later won in 1848.

Abraham Lincoln
Republican nomination for
Vice President of the United States
1856
Lost to William L. Dayton

Grover Cleveland
District Attorney for Erie County, New York
1865
Lost to Lyman K. Bass

Theodore Roosevelt
Mayor of New York City
1886
Placed in distant third behind Abram S. Hewitt and Henry George.

Franklin D. Roosevelt
Vice President of the United States
1920
Lost to Calvin Coolidge. Later became Governor of New York (1929–1933)

Harry S. Truman
Judge of Jackson County, Missouri
1924
Lost to Henry Rummel

John F. Kennedy
Democratic nomination for
Vice President of the United States
1956
Lost to Estes Kefauver. Won presidency in 1960

text:
[hide]

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text: Lists relating to the United States presidency