document_title: Food pyramid (nutrition)

question_text: what did the original food guide pyramid fail to illustrate

text: Food pyramid (nutrition)

text: Origin[edit]

text: Amid high food prices in 1972, Sweden's National Board of Health and Welfare developed the idea of "basic foods" that were both cheap and nutritious, and "supplemental foods" that added nutrition missing from the basic foods. Anna-Britt Agnsäter, chief of the "test kitchen" for Kooperativa Förbundet (a cooperative Swedish retail chain), held a lecture the next year on how to illustrate these food groups. Attendee Fjalar Clemes suggested a triangle displaying basic foods at the base. Agnsäter developed the idea into the first food pyramid, which was introduced to the public in 1974 in KF's Vi magazine.[2][3][4] The pyramid was divided into basic foods at the base, including milk, cheese, margarine, bread, cereals and potato; a large section of supplemental vegetables and fruit; and an apex of supplemental meat, fish and egg. The pyramid competed with the National Board's "dietary circle," which KF saw as problematic for resembling a cake divided into seven slices, and for not indicating how much of each food should be eaten. While the Board distanced itself from the pyramid, KF continued to promote it, and food pyramids were developed in other Scandinavian countries, as well as West Germany, Japan and Sri Lanka. The United States later developed its first food pyramid in 1992.

text: Food pyramid published by the WHO and FAO[edit]

text: The World Health Organization, in conjunction with the Food and Agriculture Organization, published guidelines that can effectively be represented in a food pyramid relating to objectives to prevent obesity, chronic diseases and dental caries based on meta-analysis [7][8] though they represent it as a table rather than a "pyramid". The structure is similar in some respects to the USDA food pyramid, but there are clear distinctions between types of fats, and a more dramatic distinction where carbohydrates are split on the basis of free sugars versus sugars in their natural form. Some food substances are singled out due to the impact on the target issues the "pyramid" is meant to address, while in a later revision, some recommendations are omitted since they follow automatically from other recommendations while other sub-categories are added. The reports quoted here explain that where there is no stated lower limit in the table below, there is no requirement for that nutrient in the diet.

text:
Dietary factor
1989 WHO Study Group recommendations
2002 Joint WHO/FAO Expert Consultation recommendations

Total fat
15–30%
15–30%

Saturated fatty acids (SFAs)
0–10%
<10%

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
3–7%
6–10%

n-6 PUFAs

5–8%

n-3 PUFAs

1–2%

Trans fatty acids

<1%

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)

By difference

Total carbohydrate
55–75%
55–75%

Free sugars
0–10%
<10%

Complex carbohydrate
50–70%
No recommendation

Protein
10–15%
10–15%

Cholesterol
5000000000000000000♠0–300 mg/day
< 300 mg/day

Sodium chloride (Sodium)
6997600000000000000♠< 6 g/day
< 5 g/day (< 2 g/day)

Fruits and vegetables
≥ 400 g/day
≥ 400 g/day

Pulses, nuts and seeds
≥ 30 g/day (as part of the 400 g of fruit and vegetables)

Total dietary fiber
27–40 g/day
From foods

NSP
16–24 g/day
From foods

text: All percentages are percentages of calories, not of weight or volume. To understand why, consider the determination of an amount of "10% free sugar" to include in a day's worth of calories. For the same amount of calories, free sugars take up less volume and weight, being refined and extracted from the competing carbohydrates in their natural form. In a similar manner all the items are in competition for various categories of calories.

text: The representation as a pyramid is not precise, and involves variations due to the alternative percentages of different elements, but the main sections can be represented.

text: USDA food pyramid[edit]

text: History[edit]

text: The USDA food pyramid was created in 1992 and divided into six horizontal sections containing depictions of foods from each section's food group. It was updated in 2005 with colorful vertical wedges replacing the horizontal sections and renamed MyPyramid. MyPyramid was often displayed with the food images absent, creating a more abstract design. In an effort to restructure food nutrition guidelines, the USDA rolled out its new MyPlate program in June 2011. My Plate is divided into four slightly different sized quadrants, with fruits and vegetables taking up half the space, and grains and protein making up the other half. The vegetables and grains portions are the largest of the four.

text: A modified food pyramid was proposed in 1999 for adults aged over 70.[10][11]

text: Vegetables[edit]

text: A vegetable is a part of a plant consumed by humans that is generally savory but is not sweet. A vegetable is not considered a grain, fruit, nut, spice, or herb. For example, the stem, root, flower, etc., may be eaten as vegetables. Vegetables contain many vitamins and minerals; however, different vegetables contain different spreads, so it is important to eat a wide variety of types. For example, green vegetables typically contain vitamin A, dark orange and dark green vegetables contain vitamin C, and vegetables like broccoli and related plants contain iron and calcium. Vegetables are very low in fats and calories, but ingredients added in preparation can often add these.

text: Grains[edit]

text: These foods provide complex carbohydrates, which are an important source of energy, especially for a low-fat meal plan. Examples include corn, wheat, and rice.

text: Fruits[edit]

text: In terms of food (rather than botany), fruits are the sweet-tasting seed-bearing parts of plants, or occasionally sweet parts of plants which do not bear seeds. These include apples, oranges, grapes, bananas, etc. Fruits are low in calories and fat and are a source of natural sugars, fiber and vitamins. Processing fruit when canning or making into juices may add sugars and remove nutrients. The fruit food group is sometimes combined with the vegetable food group. Note that a massive number of different plant species produce seed pods which are considered fruits in botany, and there are a number of botanical fruits which are conventionally not considered fruits in cuisine because they lack the characteristic sweet taste, e.g., tomatoes or avocados.

text: Oils and sweets[edit]

text: A food pyramid's tip is the smallest part, so the fats and sweets in the top of the Food Pyramid should comprise the smallest percentage of the diet. The foods at the top of the food pyramid should be eaten sparingly because they provide calories, but not much in the way of nutrition. These foods include salad dressings, oils, cream, butter, margarine, sugars, soft drinks, candies, and sweet desserts.

text: Dairy[edit]

text: Dairy products are produced from the milk of mammals, usually but not exclusively cattle. They include milk, yogurt and cheese. Milk and its derivative products are a rich source of dietary calcium and also provide protein, phosphorus, vitamin A, and vitamin D. However, many dairy products are high in saturated fat and cholesterol compared to vegetables, fruits and whole grains, which is why skimmed products are available as an alternative. Historically, adults were recommended to consume three cups of dairy products per day.[12] More recently, evidence is mounting that dairy products have greater levels of negative effects on health than previously thought and confer fewer benefits. For example, recent research has shown that dairy products are not related to stronger bones or less fractures.[13][14]

text: Meat and beans[edit]

text: Meat is the tissue – usually muscle – of an animal consumed by humans. Since most parts of many animals are edible, there is a vast variety of meats. Meat is a major source of protein, as well as iron, zinc, and vitamin B12. Meats, poultry, and fish include beef, chicken, pork, salmon, tuna, shrimp, and eggs.

text: The meat group is one of the major compacted food groups in the food guide pyramid. Many of the same nutrients found in meat can also be found in foods like eggs, dry beans, and nuts, such foods are typically placed in the same category as meats, as meat alternatives. These include tofu, products that resemble meat or fish but are made with soy, eggs, and cheeses. For those who do not consume meat or animal products (see Vegetarianism, veganism and Taboo food and drink), meat analogs, tofu, beans, lentils, chick peas, nuts and other high-protein vegetables are also included in this group. The food guide pyramid suggests that adults eat 2–3 servings per day. One serving of meat is 4 oz (110 g), about the size of a deck of cards.

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Many nutritional experts, like Harvard nutritionist Dr. Walter Willett, believe the 1992 pyramid does not reflect the latest research on dietetics.[15] Certain dietary choices that have been linked to heart disease, such as an 8 oz (230 g) serving of hamburger daily, were technically permitted under the pyramid. The pyramid also lacked differentiation within the protein-rich group ("Meat, Poultry, Fish, Dry Beans, Eggs, and Nuts").[16]

text: In April 1991, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) halted publication of its Eating Right Pyramid, due to objections raised by meat and dairy lobbying groups concerning the guide’s display of their products. Despite the USDA’s explanations that the guide required further research and testing, it was not until one year later—after its content was supported by additional research—that the Eating Right Pyramid was officially released. This time, even the guide’s graphic design was altered to appease industry concerns. This incident was only one of many in which the food industry attempted to alter federal dietary recommendations in their own economic self-interest.[17]

text: Some of the recommended quantities for the different types of food in the old pyramid have also come under criticism for lack of clarity. For instance, the pyramid recommends two to three servings from the protein-rich group, but this is intended to be a maximum. The pyramid recommends two to four fruit servings, but this is intended to be the minimum.[18]

text: The fats group as a whole have been put at the tip of the pyramid, under the direction to eat as little as possible, which is largely problematic. Under the guide, one would assume to avoid fats and fatty foods, which can lead to health problems. For one, fat is essential in a person's general sustainability.[19][20][21] Research suggests that unsaturated fats aid in weight loss, reduce heart disease risk,[22] lower blood sugar, and even lower cholesterol.[23][24][25] These fats can be found in olive oil,[26][27] nuts,[28][29] pesto,[30] seafood (including fish, shrimp, squid, and krill among many more)[31][32] and avocados.[33][34] Also, they are very long sustaining, and help keep blood sugar at a steady level.[35][36] On top of that, these fats help brain function as well.[37]

text: Several books have claimed that food and agricultural associations exert undue political power on the USDA.[38][39] Food industries, such as milk companies, have been accused of influencing the United States Department of Agriculture into making the colored spots on the newly created food pyramid larger for their particular product. The milk section has been claimed to be the easiest to see out of the six sections of the pyramid, making individuals believe that more milk should be consumed on a daily basis compared to the others.[40] Furthermore, the inclusion of milk as a group unto itself implies that is an essential part of a healthy diet, despite the many people who are lactose intolerant or choose to abstain from dairy, and a number of cultures that have historically consumed little if any dairy products. Joel Fuhrman says in his book Eat to Live that U.S. taxpayers must contribute $20 billion on price supports to artificially reduce the price of cattle feed to benefit the dairy, beef and veal industries, and then pay the medical bills for an overweight population.[41] He asks if the USDA is under the influence of the food industry, because a food pyramid based on science would have vegetables at its foundation.[41]

text: These controversies prompted the creation of pyramids for specific audiences, particularly the mediterranean pyramid in 1993 [42] and some Vegetarian Diet Pyramids.[43][44][45][46]

text: Alternatives[edit]

text: The Harvard School of Public Health proposes a healthy eating pyramid, which includes calcium and multi-vitamin supplements as well as moderate amounts of alcohol, as an alternative to the Food Guide Pyramid. Many observers[who?] believe that the Harvard pyramid follows the results of nutrition studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals more closely.[citation needed] But in their book Fantastic Voyage: Live Long Enough to Live Forever, published in 2004, Ray Kurzweil and Terry Grossman M.D., point out that the guidelines provided in the Harvard Pyramid fail to distinguish between healthy and unhealthy oils. In addition, whole-grain foods are given more priority than vegetables, which should not be the case, as vegetables have a lower glycemic load. Other observations are that fish should be given a higher priority due to its high omega-3 content, and that high fat dairy products should be excluded. As an alternative, the authors postulate a new food pyramid, emphasising low glycemic-load vegetables, healthy fats, such as avocados, nuts and seeds, lean animal protein, fish, and extra virgin olive oil.

text: The University of Michigan Integrative Medicine’s Healing Foods Pyramid emphasizes plant-based choices, variety and balance. It includes sections for seasonings and water as well as healthy fats.

text: MyPlate is the current nutrition guide published by the United States Department of Agriculture, depicting a place setting with a plate and glass divided into five food groups. It replaced the USDA's MyPyramid guide on June 2, 2011, concluding 19 years of USDA food pyramid diagrams.


document_title: Nurse–client relationship

question_text: what is the priority when the nurse is establishing a therapeutic environment for a client

root

text: Nurse–client relationship

text: Elements[edit]

text: The nurse-client relationship is composed of several elements.

tag: p

text: Boundaries[edit]

text: Boundaries are an integral part of the nurse-client relationship. They represent invisible structures imposed by legal, ethical, and professional standards of nursing that respect the rights of nurses and clients.[3] These boundaries ensure that the focus of the relationship remains on the client’s needs, not only by word but also by law. The College of Nurses of Ontario (CNO) Standards identifies that it is the nurse’s responsibility to establish the boundaries and limits of the relationship between the nurse and client.[4] The boundaries have a specific purpose and health goal, and the relationship terminates when identified goal is met.[3]

text: Any action or behaviour in a nurse-client relationship that personally benefits the nurse at the expense of the client is a boundary violation. Some examples of boundary violations are engaging in a romantic or sexual relationship with a current client, extensive non-beneficial disclosure to the client and receiving a gift of money from the client. Abuse and neglect are extreme examples. They involve the betrayal of respect and trust within the relationship. This includes withholding communication from a client because it is considered to be an example of neglect.[5]

text: It is the nurse’s job to be aware of signs that professional boundaries may be crossed or have been crossed. Warning signs of boundary crossing that may lead to boundary violations include frequently thinking of a client in a personal way, keeping secrets with a specific client, favouring one client’s care at the expense of another’s and telling a client personal things about yourself in order to make an impression. Anything that could comprise the client’s well-being if the relationship with a registered nurse is continued or discontinued can be considered a warning sign.[5] Boundary violations are never acceptable and it is the nurse’s job to handle any situation with any regards to it professionally and therapeutically regardless of who initiated it.

text: Confidentiality[edit]

text: This makes the relationship safe and establishes trust.[3] The patient should feel comfortable disclosing personal information and asking questions.[6] The nurse is to share information only with professional staff that needs to know and obtain the client's written permission to share information with others outside the treatment team.[7]

text: Therapeutic nurse behaviours[edit]

text: Nurses are expected to always act in the best interests of the patient to maintain a relationship that is strictly with all intent to only benefit the client.[4] The nurse must ensure that their client’s needs are met while being professional.[4] Extensive research and clinical observation has shown that the body, mind and emotions are in unity. Therefore, in order to help another person, one must consider all these aspects; this means not neglecting the person and strictly just treating the illness. Caring for patients is beyond the treatment of disease and disability.[8]

text: The necessary knowledge aspects that are needed to maintain a therapeutic nurse-client relationship are: background knowledge, knowledge of interpersonal and development theory, knowledge of diversity influences and determinants, knowledge of person, knowledge of health/illness, knowledge of the broad influences on health care and health care policy, and knowledge of systems.

text: Background knowledge is the nurse’s education, and her life experience. Knowledge of interpersonal and development theory is the knowledge of theories of the sense of self and self influence on others. The specific theories are: The Interpersonal Theory, Object relation theory, Developmental theory, and Gender/developmental theory. Knowledge of person explains that nurses must take the time to understand the client, and their world; what is meaningful to them, and their history. Knowledge of Health and Illness is the knowledge that the nurse must attain about their client’s health issue. Knowledge of the broad influences on health care and health care policy explains that nurses need to be aware of the influences of the client’s care; social/political forces, expectations of health-care system, and changes in accessibility, and resources. Knowledge of Systems explains that the nurse needs to know about the health-care system so they can help their clients access services.[9] Effective communication in nursing entails being empathic, non-judgmental, understanding, approachable, sympathetic, caring, and having safe and ethical qualities.[10] The first statement of the CNO Standard is Therapeutic Communication, which explains that a nurse should apply communication and interpersonal skills to create, maintain, and terminate a nurse-client relationship.[4]

text: All of the aspects to a therapeutic relationship are interrelated. You cannot efficiently use one aspect without the other; they are all connected and work together to create a successful relationship. Nurses assist clients to achieve their health related goals including improving their relationship with others. "The help that nurses offer to their clients is much more than technical expertise. The relationship between nurse and client is a powerful healing force by itself.[11]

text: Self-awareness[edit]

text: Self-awareness is an internal evaluation of one self and of one’s reactions to emotionally charged situations, people and places. It offers an opportunity to recognize how our attitudes, perceptions, past and present experiences, and relationships frame or distort interactions with others. An example of self-awareness would be acknowledging that showing anger is not a sign of weakness, because there were emotions outside of your control.[12] Self-awareness allows you to fully engage with a client and presence; being with the client in the moment, allows the nurse to know when to provide help and when to stand back.[3] Until individuals can fully understand themselves they cannot understand others. Nurses need self-awareness in this relationship to be able to relate to the patient’s experiences to develop empathy.[6] </Self awareness may be the nurses's most important facet of their professional practice[13]

text: Genuine, warm and respectful[edit]

text: Highly skilled, experienced nurses must possessed certain attributes or skills to successfully establish a nurse client relationship. Attributes such as being genuine, warm and respectful are a few to mention. An aspect of respect is respecting an individual’s culture and ensuring open-mindedness is being incorporated all throughout the relationship up until the termination phase.[8] The nurse works to empower the client along with their family to get more engaged in learning about their health and ways in which it can be improved. It is highly beneficial for the client to incorporate their family, as they may be the most effective support system. Revealing your whole self and being genuine with clients will accomplish the desired nurse client relationship.[3]

text: Behaving therapeutically may require remaining silent at times to display acceptance, incorporating open ended questions to allow the client control of the conversation and encouragement to continue. In addition, the nurse may also reduce distance to demonstrate their desire in being involved, restating and reflecting to validate the nurse’s interpretation of the client’s message, directing the conversation towards important topics by focusing in on them. Nurses also seek clarification to demonstrate the desire to understand, summarizing to help aid the client in separating the relevant information from the irrelevant ones. Nurses must make their client feel confidant that they will be treated courteously and that their nurses show genuine interest in them.

text: The strong connections between clients and nurses are made by presence, touch and listening. Furthermore, being polite and punctual displays respect for the client in addition to remembering to be patient, understanding, also to praise and encourage the client for their attempts to take better care of their health.[14] A primary factor in establishing a nurse client relationship is the non-verbal message or behaviours you send out unconsciously, resulting in a negative perception and may distort your attempts in effectively assisting the client to achieve optimal health. One of the non-verbal factors is listening. Listening behaviours are identified as S.O.L.E.R; S-sit squarely in relation to client, O-maintain an open position and do not cross arms or legs, L-lean slightly towards the client, E-maintain reasonable and comfortable eye contact, R-relax. These behaviours are effective for communication skills, and are useful for thinking about how to listen to another person.[10]

text: Empathy[edit]

text: Having the ability to enter the perceptual world of the other person and understanding how they experience the situation is empathy. This is an important therapeutic nurse behaviour essential to convey support, understanding and share experiences.[6] A client to a nurse in a general sense is seeking help. Patients are expecting a nurse who will show interest, sympathy, and an understanding of their difficulties. When receiving care patients tend to be looking for more than the treatment of their disease or disability, they want to receive psychological consideration. This happens through good communication, communication with clients is the foundation of care.

text: During hard times, clients are looking for a therapeutic relationship that will make their treatment as less challenging as possible. Many patients are aware that a solution to their problems may not be available but expect to have support through them and that this is what defines a positive or negative experience.[15] Empathy is used as a tool to enhance the communication between the nurse and client. Past experiences can help the clinician can better understand issues in order to provide better intervention and treatment.[16]

text: Cultural sensitivity[edit]

text: Healthcare is a multicultural environment and nurses have to expect that they will care for patients from many different culture and ethical backgrounds.[8] Cultural backgrounds effect people’s perceptions of life and health. The goal of the nurse is to develop a body of knowledge that allows them to provide cultural specific care. This begins with an open mind and accepting attitude.

text: Cultural competence is a viewpoint that increases respect and awareness for patients from cultures different from the nurse's own. Cultural sensitivity is putting aside our own perspective to understand another person’s perceptive. Caring and culture are described as being intricately linked.[8] This is believed because there can be no cure without caring and caring involves knowing the different values and behaviours of a person’s culture. It is important to assess language needs and request for a translation service if needed and provide written material in the patient’s language. As well as, trying to mimic the patient’s style of communication (e.g. little direct eye contact, slow, quiet).[8]

text: A major obstacle to cultural sensitivity and good communication is ethnocentrism, which is the belief that ones ethical group is superior to another; this causes prejudice and stops a nurse for fully understanding the patient. Another obstacle is stereotyping, a patient’s background is often multifaceted encompassing many ethic and cultural traditions. In order to individualize communication and provide culturally sensitive care it is important to understand the complexity of social, ethnic, cultural and economic. This involves overcoming certain attitudes and offering consistent, non-judgemental care to all patients. Accepting the person for who they are regardless of diverse backgrounds and circumstances or differences in morals or beliefs. By exhibiting these attributes trust can grow between patient and nurse.[6][8] Nurses need to know the outcome of social, cultural, and racial differences, and how they can affect the therapeutic relationship.[9] Nurses need to acknowledge the impact of culture in order to practice health in a way that respects a person’s beliefs and values.[12]

text: Collaborative goal setting[edit]

text: A therapeutic nurse-client relationship is established for the benefit of the client. It includes nurses working with the client to create goals directed at improving their health status.[6] Goals are centered on the client’s values, beliefs and needs. A partnership is formed between nurse and client. The nurse empowers patient and families to get involved in their health.[6] This relationship has three phases, a beginning (first time contact/introduction), a middle (develop a relationship to deliver care) and an end (the patient is no longer dependant on the nurse). To make this process successful the nurse must value, respect and listen to clients as individuals. Focus should be on the feelings, priorities, challenges, and ideas of the patient, with progressive aim of enhancing optimum physical, spiritual, and mental health.[6]

text: Responsible, ethical practice[edit]

text: This is a communication-based relationship, therefore, a responsibility to interact, educate, and share information genuinely is placed upon the nurse.[17] The fourth statement of the CNO Standard is, Protecting Clients from Abuse. It is stated that it is the nurse’s job to report abuse of their client to ensure that their client is safe from harm. Nurses must intervene and report any abusive situations observed that might be seen as violent, threatening, or intended to inflict harm. Nurses must also report any health care provider’s behaviors or remarks towards clients that are perceived as romantic, or sexually abusive.[4]

text: Clients' perspectives[edit]

text: Coatsworth-Puspoky, Forchuk, and Ward-Griffin conducted a study on clients' perspectives in the nurse–client relationship. Interviews were done with participants from Southern Ontario, ten had been hospitalized for a psychiatric illness and four had experiences with nurses from community-based organizations, but were never hospitalized. The participants were asked about experiences at different stages of the relationship. The research described two relationships that formed the "bright side" and the "dark side".

text: The "bright" relationship involved nurses who validated clients and their feelings. For example, one client tested his trust of the nurse by becoming angry with her and revealing his negative thoughts related to the hospitalization. The client stated, "she's trying to be quite nice to me ... if she's able to tolerate this occasional venomous attack, which she has done quite well right up to now, it will probably be a very beneficial relationship".[18]

text: The "dark" side of the relationship resulted in the nurse and client moving away from each other. For example, one client stated, "The nurses' general feeling was when someone asks for help, they're being manipulative and attention seeking".[18] The nurse didn't recognize the client who has an illness with needs therefore; the clients avoided the nurse and perceived the nurse as avoiding them. One patient reported, "the nurses all stayed in their central station. They didn't mix with the patients ... The only interaction you have with them is medication time".[18] Neither trust nor caring was exchanged so perceptions of mutual avoiding and ignoring resulted. One participant stated, "no one cares. It doesn't matter. It's just, they don't want to hear it. They don't want to know it; they don't want to listen".[18] The relationship that developed depended on the nurse's personality and attitude. These findings bring awareness about the importance of the nurse–client relationship.

text: Building trust[edit]

text: Building trust is beneficial to how the relationship progresses. Wiesman used interviews with 15 participants who spent at least three days in intensive care to investigate the factors that helped develop trust in the nurse–client relationship. Patients said nurses promoted trust through attentiveness, competence, comfort measures, personality traits, and provision of information. Every participant stated the attentiveness of the nurse was important to develop trust. One said the nurses "are with you all the time. Whenever anything comes up, they're in there caring for you".[7] Competence was seen by seven participants as being important in the development of trust. "I trusted the nurses because I could see them doing their job. They took time to do little things and made sure they were done right and proper," stated one participant.[7] The relief of pain was seen by five participants as promoting trust.

text: One client stated, "they were there for the smallest need. I remember one time where they repositioned me maybe five or six times in a matter of an hour".[7] A good personality was stated by five participants as important. One said, "they were all friendly, and they make you feel like they've known you for a long time" (61). Receiving adequate information was important to four participants. One participant said, "they explained things. They followed it through, step by step".[7] The findings of this study show how trust is beneficial to a lasting relationship.

text: Emotional support[edit]

text: Emotional Support is giving and receiving reassurance and encouragement done through understanding. Yamashita, Forchuk, and Mound conducted a study to examine the process of nurse case management involving clients with mental illness. Nurses in inpatient, transitional, and community settings in four cities in Ontario Canada were interviewed. The interviews show the importance of providing emotional support to the patients. One nurse stated that if the client knows "Somebody really cares enough to see how they are doing once a week ... by going shopping with them or to a doctor's appointment. To them it means the world".[19]

text: The interviews showed it was crucial to include the family as therapeutic allies. A nurse stated that "We're with the families. We can be with them as oppositional and overly involved and somewhere else in between, and we're in contact with them as much as they want".[19] With frequent contact the nurse was able to discuss possibilities with the family. The study reaffirmed the importance of emotional support in the relationship.

text: Humour[edit]

text: Humour is important in developing a lasting relationship. Astedt-Kurki, Isola, Tammentie, and Kervinen asked readers to write about experiences with humour while in the hospital through a patient organization newsletter. Letters were chosen from 13 chronically ill clients from Finland. The clients were also interviewed in addition to their letters. The interviews reported that humour played an important role in health. A paralyzed woman said, "Well you have to have a sense of humour if you want to live and survive. You have to keep it up no matter how much it hurts".[20]

text: Humour helped clients accept what happened by finding a positive outlook. One participant stated, "... when you're sick as you can be and do nothing but lie down and another person does everything in her power to help, humour really makes you feel good".[20] Humour also serves as a defence mechanism, especially in men. A participant said, "For male patients humour is also a way of concealing their feelings. It's extremely hard for them to admit they're afraid".[20] The patient finds it easier to discuss difficult matters when a nurse has a sense of humour. "A nurse who has a sense of humour, ... that's the sort of nurse you can talk to, that's the sort of nurse you can turn to and ask for help ..." reported a participant.[20] This study lends support that if humour is generally important to people, then in times of change it will remain important.


document_title: Spinning Wheel (song)

question_text: blood sweat and tears who wrote spinning wheel

text: Spinning Wheel (song)

text:
"Spinning Wheel"

Single by Blood, Sweat & Tears

from the album Blood, Sweat & Tears

B-side
"More and More"

Released
1969

Format
7" (45 rpm)

Recorded
October 9, 1968

Genre
Jazz fusion, pop rock, psychedelic rock

Length
4:05 (Stereophonic album version)
3:26 (Quadraphonic album version)
2:39 (single edit)

Label
Columbia

Songwriter(s)
David Clayton-Thomas

Producer(s)
James William Guercio

Blood, Sweat & Tears singles chronology

"You've Made Me So Very Happy"
(1969)
"Spinning Wheel"
(1969)
"And When I Die"
(1969)

"You've Made Me So Very Happy"
(1969)
"Spinning Wheel"
(1969)
"And When I Die"
(1969)

tag: table

text:
"Spinning Wheel"

Single by Peggy Lee

from the album A Natural Woman

B-side
"Lean on Me"

Released
March 1969

Format
7" (45 rpm)

Genre
Jazz fusion, pop rock

Label
Capitol

Songwriter(s)
David Clayton-Thomas

Producer(s)
Phil Wright

Peggy Lee singles chronology

"Big Spender"
(1969)
"Spinning Wheel"
(1969)
"Is That All There Is?"
(1969)

"Big Spender"
(1969)
"Spinning Wheel"
(1969)
"Is That All There Is?"
(1969)

text: "Spinning Wheel" is the title of a song from 1968 by the band Blood, Sweat & Tears. The song was written by the band's Canadian lead vocalist David Clayton-Thomas and appears on their eponymous album.

text: Released as a single in 1969, "Spinning Wheel" peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in July of that year, remaining in the runner-up position for three weeks.[1] In August of that year, the song topped the Billboard easy listening chart for two weeks.[2] It was also a crossover hit, reaching #45 on the US R&B chart.

text: "Spinning Wheel" was nominated for three Grammy Awards at the 1970 ceremony, winning in the category Best Instrumental Arrangement. The arranger for the song was the band's saxophonist, Fred Lipsius. It was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year; the album won the Grammy for Album of the Year.

text: Clayton-Thomas was quoted as describing the song as being "written in an age when psychedelic imagery was all over lyrics...it was my way of saying, 'Don't get too caught up, because everything comes full circle'."[2]

text: The song ends with the 1815 Austrian tune "O Du Lieber Augustin" ("The More We Get Together" or "Did You Ever See a Lassie?")[3] and drummer Bobby Colomby's comment: "That wasn't too good", followed by laughter from the rest of the group. According to producer James William Guercio this section was inserted at the last minute after the end of the master tape was recorded over accidentally by an engineer at the studio. Most of this section and the trumpet solo were edited out for the single version. The eight-bar piano solo which precedes the trumpet solo on the album version is overlapped with guitar on the single version before the last verse. Alan Rubin sat in on trumpet for Chuck Winfield, who wasn't able to attend the song's recording session.

text: Peggy Lee's 1969 single release climbed the Easy Listening chart, with a peak at #24, even before the BST version.[4]

text: A Benny Goodman's instrumental version was released on a Reader's Digest album in 1973.[5][6]

text: Towards the end of 2016, the original studio arrangement received extensive airplay on many San Francisco Bay Area radio stations. In December 2016 it was listed at #13 on radicalwave.com's list of the 'Top 50 Annoying Songs of the 20th Century'. It also earned inclusion in a similar list compiled by The Stranger magazine in Seattle, Washington.

text: Other artists who have covered "Spinning Wheel" are Shirley Bassey, who included the song on her 1970 album Something, and Nancy Wilson, who covered it in the Hawaii Five-O episode "Trouble in Mind," which originally aired September 23, 1970. In 1970 Marianne Mendt released a version of the tune in Austria as "A g'scheckert's Hutschpferd", and Barbara Eden performed a live version[7] that aired in the U.S. Jazz organist Dr. Lonnie Smith recorded an extended instrumental version for his 1970 Blue Note album Drives. American organist Lenny Dee covered Spinning Wheel on an album by the same name in 1970.[8] James Brown scored a minor hit in 1971 with an instrumental version of the song, reaching #90 on the Billboard Hot 100.[9][10] The Canadian a cappella music group, Cadence also covered this song. In 1970 P.P. Arnold recorded a version produced by Barry Gibb but it was not released. An instrumental rendition of this song was used as a cue on the first Wheel of Fortune pilot titled Shopper's Bazaar. Maynard Ferguson released a big-band arrangement by Adrian Drover on his 1972 album "M.F. Horn Two". In Germany, a part of the song was used as opening tune for the political cabaret TV show "Neues aus der Anstalt", aired 2007-13.

text: In 1983, British company Graham & Brown launched a famous and long-running UK television advertising campaign for their wallpaper Super Fresco, set to the tune of "Spinning Wheel" (albeit slightly modifying the original phrasing): "What goes up, must come down. Super Fresco makes it easy; it's by Graham & Brown."

text: "Spinning Wheel" was sampled in "War Photographer" by Jason Forrest,[11] "Sons of Third Bass" by Third Bass, "Big Willie" by Run DMC, and "Zatsunen Entertainment" by the Japanese rap group Rip Slyme.

text: The tune was also covered (actually, apparently plagiarized) by Milli Vanilli for their 1990 hit, All or Nothing.

text: The song is performed by Jeffrey Tambor's character Hank Kingsley in the episode "Larry's Agent" The Larry Sanders Show, where he creates a more latin sound to it, hoping to perform a tap dancing along with the song.

text: "Spinning Wheel" appears in the following films: Indian Summer, Where the Truth Lies, Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy, and Elvis & Nixon.


document_title: Acts of Union 1707

question_text: who was the guiding force for the unification of england in 1707

text: Acts of Union 1707

text: Historical background[edit]

text: Previous attempts at union[edit]

text: England and Scotland were separate states for several centuries before eventual union, and English attempts to take over Scotland by military force in the late 13th and early 14th centuries were ultimately unsuccessful (see the Wars of Scottish Independence). The first attempts at Union surrounded the foreseen unification[clarification needed] of the Royal lines of Scotland and England. In pursuing the English throne in the 1560s, Mary, Queen of Scots pledged herself to a peaceful union between the two kingdoms.[5]

text: England and Scotland were ruled by the same king for the first time in 1603 when James VI of Scotland also became the king of England. However they remained two separate states until 1 May 1707.

text: Early Stuart union[edit]

text: The first attempt to unite the parliaments of England and Scotland was by Mary's son, King James VI and I. On his accession to the English throne in 1603 King James announced his intention to unite his two realms so that he would not be "guilty of bigamy". James used his royal prerogative powers to take the style of "King of Great Britain"[6] and to give an explicitly British character to his court and person.[7] Whilst James assumed the creation of a full union was a foregone conclusion, the Parliament of England was concerned that the formation of a new state would deprive England of its ancient liberties, taking on the more absolutist monarchical structure James had previously enjoyed in Scotland.[8] In the meantime, James declared that Great Britain be viewed "as presently united, and as one realm and kingdom, and the subjects of both realms as one people".[9]

text: The Scottish and English parliaments established a commission to negotiate a union, formulating an instrument of union between the two countries. However, the idea of political union was unpopular, and when James dropped his policy of a speedy union, the topic quietly disappeared from the legislative agenda. When the House of Commons attempted to revive the proposal in 1610, it was met with a more open hostility.[10]

text: Union during the interregnum[edit]

text: The Solemn League and Covenant 1643 sought a forced union of the Church of England into the Church of Scotland, and although the covenant referred repeatedly to union between the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, a political union was not spelled out.

text: In the aftermath of the Civil War, in which the Covenanters had fought for the King, Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and began a process of creating a "Godly Britannic" Union between the former Kingdoms.[11] In 1651, the Parliament of England issued the Tender of Union declaration supporting Scotland's incorporation into the Commonwealth and sent Commissioners to Scotland with the express purpose of securing support for Union, which was assented to by the Commissioners (Members of Parliament) in Scotland. On 12 April 1654, Cromwell – styling himself Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland – enacted An Ordinance by the Protector for the Union of England and Scotland, which created "one Commonwealth and under one Government" to be known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.[12] The ordinance was ratified by the Second Protectorate Parliament, as an Act of Union, on 26 June 1657.[13] One united Parliament sat in Westminster, with 30 representatives from Scotland and 30 from Ireland joining the existing members from England. Whilst free trade was brought about amongst the new Commonwealth, the economic benefits were generally not felt as a result of heavy taxation used to fund Cromwell's New Model Army.[11]

text: This republican union was dissolved automatically with the restoration of King Charles II to the thrones of England and Scotland. Scottish members expelled from the Commonwealth Parliament petitioned unsuccessfully for a continuance of the union. Cromwell's union had simultaneously raised interest in and suspicion of the concept of union and when Charles II attempted to recreate the union and fulfil the work of his grandfather in 1669, negotiations between Commissioners ground to a halt.[14]

text: Later attempts[edit]

text: An abortive scheme for union occurred in Scotland in 1670.[15]

text: Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the records of the Parliament of Scotland show much discussion of possible union. William III and Mary II, whilst supportive of the idea, had no interest in allowing it to delay their enthronement. Impetus for this incorporating union came almost entirely from King William, who feared leaving Scotland open to a French invasion. In the 1690s, the economic position of Scotland worsened, and relations between Scotland and England became strained.[16] In the following decade, however, union again became a significant topic of political debate.

text: Treaty and passage of the Acts of 1707[edit]

text: Deeper political integration had been a key policy of Queen Anne from the time she acceded to the throne in 1702. Under the aegis of the Queen and her ministers in both kingdoms, the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed to participate in fresh negotiations for a union treaty in 1705.

text: Both countries appointed 31 commissioners to conduct the negotiations. Most of the Scottish commissioners favoured union, and about half were government ministers and other officials. At the head of the list was Queensberry, and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, the Earl of Seafield.[17] The English commissioners included the Lord High Treasurer, the Earl of Godolphin, the Lord Keeper, Baron Cowper, and a large number of Whigs who supported union. Tories were not in favour of union and only one was represented among the commissioners.[17]

text: Negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners took place between 16 April and 22 July 1706 at the Cockpit in London. Each side had its own particular concerns. Within a few days, England gained a guarantee that the Hanoverian dynasty would succeed Queen Anne to the Scottish crown, and Scotland received a guarantee of access to colonial markets, in the hope that they would be placed on an equal footing in terms of trade.[18]

text: After negotiations ended in July 1706, the acts had to be ratified by both Parliaments. In Scotland, about 100 of the 227 members of the Parliament of Scotland were supportive of the Court Party. For extra votes the pro-court side could rely on about 25 members of the Squadrone Volante, led by the Marquess of Montrose and the Duke of Roxburghe. Opponents of the court were generally known as the Country party, and included various factions and individuals such as the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Belhaven and Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, who spoke forcefully and passionately against the union. The Court party enjoyed significant funding from England and the Treasury and included many who had accumulated debts following the Darien Disaster.[19]

text: In Scotland, the Duke of Queensberry was largely responsible for the successful passage of the Union act by the Scottish Parliament. In Scotland, he received much criticism from local residents, but in England he was cheered for his action. He had received around half of the funding awarded by the Westminster treasury for himself. In April 1707, he travelled to London to attend celebrations at the royal court, and was greeted by groups of noblemen and gentry lined along the road. From Barnet, the route was lined with crowds of cheering people, and once he reached London a huge crowd had formed. On 17 April, the Duke was gratefully received by the Queen at Kensington Palace.[20]

text: Political motivations[edit]

text: English perspective[edit]

text: The English purpose was to ensure that Scotland would not choose a monarch different from the one on the English throne. The two countries had shared a king for much of the previous century, but the English were concerned that an independent Scotland with a different king, even if he were a Protestant, might make alliances against England. The English succession was provided for by the English Act of Settlement 1701, which ensured that the monarch of England would be a Protestant member of the House of Hanover. Until the Union of Parliaments, the Scottish throne might be inherited by a different successor after Queen Anne: the Scottish Act of Security 1704 granted parliament the right to choose a successor and explicitly required a choice different from the English monarch unless the English were to grant free trade and navigation. Many people in England were unhappy about the prospect, however. English overseas possessions made England very wealthy in comparison to Scotland, a poor country with few roads, very little industry and almost no Navy.[citation needed] This made some view unification as a markedly unequal relationship.

text: Scottish perspective[edit]

text: In Scotland, some claimed that union would enable Scotland to recover from the financial disaster wrought by the Darien scheme through English assistance and the lifting of measures put in place through the Alien Act to force the Scottish Parliament into compliance with the Act of Settlement.[21]

text: The combined votes of the Court party with a majority of the Squadrone Volante were sufficient to ensure the final passage of the treaty through the House.

text: Personal financial interests were also allegedly involved. Many Commissioners had invested heavily in the Darien scheme and they believed that they would receive compensation for their losses; Article 15 granted £398,085 10s sterling to Scotland, a sum known as The Equivalent, to offset future liability towards the English national debt. In essence it was also used as a means of compensation for investors in the Company of Scotland's Darien scheme, as 58.6% was allocated to its shareholders and creditors.[22]

text: Even more direct bribery was also said to be a factor.[23] £20,000 (£240,000 Scots) was dispatched to Scotland for distribution by the Earl of Glasgow. James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, the Queen's Commissioner in Parliament, received £12,325, more than 60% of the funding. (Some contend that all of this money was properly accounted for as compensation for loss of office, pensions and so forth not outwith the usual run of government. It is perhaps a debate that will never be set to rest. However, modern research has shown that payments were made to supporters of union that appear not to have been overdue salaries. At least four payments were made to people who were not even members of the Scottish Parliament.) Robert Burns referred to this:

text:
We're bought and sold for English Gold,
Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation.

text: Some of the money was used to hire spies, such as Daniel Defoe; his first reports were of vivid descriptions of violent demonstrations against the Union. "A Scots rabble is the worst of its kind," he reported, "for every Scot in favour there is 99 against". Years later, Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, originally a leading Unionist, wrote in his memoirs that Defoe "was a spy among us, but not known as such, otherwise the Mob of Edinburgh would pull him to pieces."

text: The Treaty could be considered very unpopular at the time. Popular unrest occurred in Edinburgh, as mentioned above, with some lesser but still substantial riots in Glasgow. The people of Edinburgh demonstrated against the treaty, and their apparent leader in opposition to the Unionists was James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton. However, Hamilton was actually on the side of the English Government. Demonstrators in Edinburgh were opposed to the Union for many reasons: they feared the Kirk would be Anglicised; that Anglicisation would remove democracy from the only really elementally democratic part of the Kingdom; and they feared that tax rises would come.[24]

text: Sir George Lockhart of Carnwath, the only member of the Scottish negotiating team against union, noted that "The whole nation appears against the Union"[25] and even Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, an ardent pro-unionist and Union negotiator, observed that the treaty was "contrary to the inclinations of at least three-fourths of the Kingdom".[25] Public opinion against the Treaty as it passed through the Scottish Parliament was voiced through petitions from shires, burghs, presbyteries and parishes. The Convention of Royal Burghs also petitioned against the Union as proposed:

text: That it is our indispensable duty to signify to your grace that, as we are not against an honourable and safe union with England far less can we expect to have the condition of the people of Scotland, with relation to these great concerns, made better and improved without a Scots Parliament.[26]

text: Not one petition in favour of an incorporating union was received by Parliament. On the day the treaty was signed, the carilloner in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, rang the bells in the tune Why should I be so sad on my wedding day?[27] Threats of widespread civil unrest resulted in Parliament imposing martial law.

text: Provisions of the Acts[edit]

text: The Treaty of Union, agreed between representatives of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1706, consisted of 25 articles, 15 of which were economic in nature. In Scotland, each article was voted on separately and several clauses in articles were delegated to specialised subcommittees. Article 1 of the treaty was based on the political principle of an incorporating union and this was secured by a majority of 116 votes to 83 on 4 November 1706. To minimise the opposition of the Church of Scotland, an Act was also passed to secure the Presbyterian establishment of the Church, after which the Church stopped its open opposition, although hostility remained at lower levels of the clergy. The treaty as a whole was finally ratified on 16 January 1707 by a majority of 110 votes to 69.[28]

text: The two Acts incorporated provisions for Scotland to send representative peers from the Peerage of Scotland to sit in the House of Lords. It guaranteed that the Church of Scotland would remain the established church in Scotland, that the Court of Session would "remain in all time coming within Scotland", and that Scots law would "remain in the same force as before". Other provisions included the restatement of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the ban on Roman Catholics from taking the throne. It also created a customs union and monetary union.

text: The Act provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Act would "cease and become void".

text: Soon after the Union, the Act 6 Anne c.40—later infelicitously named the Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707—united the English and Scottish Privy Councils and decentralised Scottish administration by appointing justices of the peace in each shire to carry out administration. In effect it took the day-to-day government of Scotland out of the hands of politicians and into those of the College of Justice.

text: Evaluations[edit]

text: Scotland benefited, says historian G.N. Clark, gaining "freedom of trade with England and the colonies" as well as "a great expansion of markets". The agreement guaranteed the permanent status of the Presbyterian church in Scotland, and the separate system of laws and courts in Scotland. Clark argued that in exchange for the financial benefits and bribes that England bestowed, what it gained was

text: of inestimable value. Scotland accepted the Hanoverian succession and gave up her power of threatening England's military security and complicating her commercial relations ... The sweeping successes of the eighteenth-century wars owed much to the new unity of the two nations.[29]

text: By the time Samuel Johnson and James Boswell made their tour in 1773, recorded in A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, Johnson noted that Scotland was "a nation of which the commerce is hourly extending, and the wealth increasing" and in particular that Glasgow had become one of the greatest cities of Britain.[30]

text: 300th anniversary[edit]

text: A commemorative two-pound coin was issued to mark the tercentennial—300th anniversary—of the Union, which occurred two days before the Scottish Parliament general election on 3 May 2007.[31]

text: The Scottish Executive held a number of commemorative events through the year including an education project led by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, an exhibition of Union-related objects and documents at the National Museums of Scotland and an exhibition of portraits of people associated with the Union at the National Galleries of Scotland.[32]

text: Scottish voting records[edit]

text:
Voting Records for 16 January 1707 ratification of the Treaty of Union

Commissioner
Constituency/Position
Party
Vote

James Graham, 1st Duke of Montrose
Lord President of the Council of Scotland/Stirlingshire
Court Party
Yes

John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll

Court Party
Yes

John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale

Squadrone Volante
Yes

William Kerr, 2nd Marquess of Lothian

Court Party
Yes

John Erskine, 22nd Earl of Mar

Court Party
Yes

John Gordon, 16th Earl of Sutherland

Court Party
Yes

John Hamilton-Leslie, 9th Earl of Rothes

Squadrone Volante
Yes

James Douglas, 11th Earl of Morton

Yes

William Cunningham, 12th Earl of Glencairn

Yes

James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn

Yes

John Ker, 1st Duke of Roxburghe

Squadrone Volante
Yes

Thomas Hamilton, 6th Earl of Haddington

Yes

John Maitland, 5th Earl of Lauderdale

Yes

David Wemyss, 4th Earl of Wemyss

Yes

William Ramsay, 5th Earl of Dalhousie

Yes

James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater
Banffshire

Yes

David Leslie, 3rd Earl of Leven

Yes

David Carnegie, 4th Earl of Northesk

Yes

Earl of Belcarras

Yes

Archibald Douglas, 1st Earl of Forfar

Yes

William Boyd, 3rd Earl of Kilmarnock

Yes

John Keith, 1st Earl of Kintore

Yes

Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont

Squadrone Volante
Yes

George Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartie

Yes

Archibald Primrose, 1st Earl of Rosebery

Yes

David Boyle, 1st Earl of Glasgow

Yes

Charles Hope, 1st Earl of Hopetoun
LIKELY Linlithgowshire

Yes

Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine

Yes

Archibald Campbell, Earl of Illay

Yes

William Hay, Viscount Dupplin

Yes

William Forbes, 12th Lord Forbes

Yes

John Elphinstone, 8th Lord Elphinstone

Yes

William Ross, 12th Lord Ross

Yes

James Sandilands, 7th Lord Torphichen

Yes

Lord Fraser

Yes

George Ogilvy, 3rd Lord Banff

Yes

Alexander Murray, 4th Lord Elibank

Yes

Kenneth Sutherland, 3rd Lord Duffus

Yes

Robert Rollo, 4th Lord Rollo
Stirlingshire

Yes

James Murray, Lord Philiphaugh
Lord Clerk Register/Selkirkshire

Yes

Adam Cockburn, Lord Ormiston
Lord Justice Clerk

Yes

Sir Robert Dickson of Inverask
Edinburghshire

Yes

William Nisbet of Dirletoun
Haddingtonshire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

John Cockburn, younger, of Ormestoun
Haddingtonshire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Sir John Swintoun of that ilk
Berwickshire
Court Party
Yes

Sir Alexander Campbell of Cessnock
Berwickshire

Yes

Sir William Kerr of Greenhead
Roxburghshire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Archibald Douglas of Cavers
Roxburghshire
Court Party
Yes

William Bennet of Grubbet
Roxburghshire
Court Party
Yes

Mr John Murray of Bowhill
Selkirkshire
Court Party
Yes

Mr John Pringle of Haining
Selkirkshire
Court Party
Yes

William Morison of Prestongrange
Peeblesshire
Court Party
Yes

Alexander Horseburgh of that ilk
Peeblesshire

Yes

George Baylie of Jerviswood
Lanarkshire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Sir John Johnstoun of Westerhall
Dumfriesshire
Court Party
Yes

William Dowglass of Dornock
Dumfriesshire

Yes

Mr William Stewart of Castlestewart
Wigtownshire

Yes

Mr John Stewart of Sorbie
Wigtownshire
Court Party
Yes

Mr Francis Montgomery of Giffan
Ayrshire
Court Party
Yes

Mr William Dalrymple of Glenmuir
Ayrshire
Court Party
Yes

Mr Robert Stewart of Tillicultrie
Buteshire

Yes

Sir Robert Pollock of that ilk
Renfrewshire
Court Party
Yes

Mr John Montgomery of Wrae
Linlithgowshire

Yes

John Halden of Glenagies
Perthshire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Mongo Graham of Gorthie
Perthshire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Sir Thomas Burnet of Leyes
Kincardineshire
Court Party
Yes

William Seton, younger, of Pitmedden
Aberdeenshire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Alexander Grant, younger, of that ilk
Inverness-shire
Court Party
Yes

Sir William Mackenzie

Yes

Mr Aeneas McLeod of Cadboll
Cromartyshire

Yes

Mr John Campbell of Mammore
Argyllshire
Court Party
Yes

Sir James Campbell of Auchinbreck
Argyllshire
Court Party
Yes

James Campbell, younger, of Ardkinglass
Argyllshire
Court Party
Yes

Sir William Anstruther of that ilk
Fife

Yes

James Halyburton of Pitcurr
Forfarshire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Alexander Abercrombie of Glassoch
Banffshire
Court Party
Yes

Mr James Dunbarr, younger, of Hemprigs
Caithness

Yes

Alexander Douglas of Eagleshay
Orkney and Shetland
Court Party
Yes

Sir John Bruce, 2nd Baronet
Kinross-shire
Squadrone Volante
Yes

John Scrimsour
Dundee

Yes

Lieutenant Colonel John Areskine

Yes

John Mure
Likely Ayr

Yes

James Scott
Montrose
Court Party
Yes

Sir John Anstruther, 1st Baronet, of Anstruther
Anstruther Easter

Yes

James Spittle
Inverkeithing

Yes

Mr Patrick Moncrieff
Kinghorn
Court Party
Yes

Sir Andrew Home
Kirkcudbright
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Sir Peter Halket
Dunfermline
Squadrone Volante
Yes

Sir James Smollet
Dumbarton
Court Party
Yes

Mr William Carmichell
Lanark

Yes

Mr William Sutherland
Elgin

Yes

Captain Daniel McLeod
Tain

Yes

Sir David Dalrymple, 1st Baronet
Culross
Court Party
Yes

Sir Alexander Ogilvie
Banff

Yes

Mr John Clerk
Whithorn
Court Party
Yes

John Ross

Yes

Hew Dalrymple, Lord North Berwick
North Berwick

Yes

Mr Patrick Ogilvie
Cullen
Court Party
Yes

George Allardyce
Kintore
Court Party
Yes

William Avis

Yes

Mr James Bethun
Kilrenny

Yes

Mr Roderick McKenzie
Fortrose

Yes

John Urquhart
Dornoch

Yes

Daniel Campbell
Inveraray
Court Party
Yes

Sir Robert Forbes
Inverurie

Yes

Mr Robert Dowglass
Kirkwall

Yes

Mr Alexander Maitland
Inverbervie
Court Party
Yes

Mr George Dalrymple
Stranraer

Yes

Mr Charles Campbell
Campbeltown

Yes

Total Ayes
106

James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton

No

William Johnstone, 1st Marquess of Annandale
Annan

No

Charles Hay, 13th Earl of Erroll

No

William Keith, 9th Earl Marischal

No

David Erskine, 9th Earl of Buchan

No

Alexander Sinclair, 9th Earl of Caithness

No

John Fleming, 6th Earl of Wigtown

No

James Stewart, 5th Earl of Galloway

No

David Murray, 5th Viscount of Stormont

No

William Livingston, 3rd Viscount of Kilsyth

No

William Fraser, 12th Lord Saltoun

No

Francis Sempill, 10th Lord Sempill

No

Charles Oliphant, 7th Lord Oliphant

No

John Elphinstone, 4th Lord Balmerino

No

Walter Stuart, 6th Lord Blantyre
Linlithgow

No

William Hamilton, 3rd Lord Bargany
Queensferry

No

John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Belhaven and Stenton

No

Lord Colvill

No

Patrick Kinnaird, 3rd Lord Kinnaird

No

Sir John Lawder of Fountainhall
Haddingtonshire

No

Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun
Haddingtonshire

No

Sir Robert Sinclair, 3rd Baronet
Berwickshire

No

Sir Patrick Home of Rentoun
Berwickshire

No

Sir Gilbert Elliot of Minto
Roxburghshire

No

William Bayllie of Lamingtoun
Lanarkshire

No

John Sinclair, younger, of Stevensone
Lanarkshire

No

James Hamilton of Aikenhead
Lanarkshire

No

Mr Alexander Fergusson of Isle
Dumfriesshire

No

Sir Hugh Cathcart of Carletoun
Ayrshire

No

John Brisbane, younger, of Bishoptoun
Ayrshire

No

Mr William Cochrane of Kilmaronock
Dumbartonshire

No

Sir Humphray Colquhoun of Luss
Dumbartonshire

No

Sir John Houstoun of that ilk
Renfrewshire

No

Robert Rollo of Powhouse

No

Thomas Sharp of Houstoun
Linlithgowshire

No

John Murray of Strowan

No

Alexander Gordon of Pitlurg
Aberdeenshire

No

John Forbes of Colloden
Nairnshire

No

David Bethun of Balfour
Fife

No

Major Henry Balfour of Dunboog
Fife

No

Mr Thomas Hope of Rankeillor

No

Mr Patrick Lyon of Auchterhouse
Forfarshire

No

Mr James Carnagie of Phinhaven
Forfarshire

No

David Graham, younger, of Fintrie
Forfarshire

No

William Maxwell of Cardines
Kirkcudbrightshire

No

Alexander McKye of Palgown
Kirkcudbrightshire

No

James Sinclair of Stempster
Caithness

No

Sir Henry Innes, younger, of that ilk
Elginshire

No

Mr George McKenzie of Inchcoulter
Ross-shire

No

Robert Inglis
Edinburgh

No

Alexander Robertson
Perth

No

Walter Stewart

No

Hugh Montgomery
Glasgow
Court Party
No

Alexander Edgar
Haddington

No

Alexander Duff
Banffshire

No

Francis Molison
Brechin

No

Walter Scott
Jedburgh

No

Robert Scott
Selkirk

No

Robert Kellie
Dunbar

No

John Hutchesone
Arbroath

No

Archibald Scheills
Peebles

No

Mr John Lyon
Forfar

No

George Brodie
Forres

No

George Spens
Rutherglen

No

Sir David Cuningham
Lauder

No

Mr John Carruthers
Lochmaben

No

George Home
New Galloway

No

John Bayne
Dingwall

No

Mr Robert Fraser
Wick

No

Total Noes
69

Total Votes
175

Sources: Records of the Parliament of Scotland, Parliamentary Register, p.598


document_title: The Darling Buds of May (TV series)

question_text: who played oscar in darling buds of may

question_tokens: who played oscar in darling buds of may

text: The Darling Buds of May (TV series)

text: Synopsis[edit]

text: The Larkin family lives on a farm in rural England, in the county of Kent. Sidney ("Pop") and his partner Florence ("Ma") have six children, eldest daughter Mariette, followed by their only son Montgomery, and other daughters Primrose, twins Zinnia and Petunia, and Victoria. Ma is a housewife while Pop supplements his farm income with various other not entirely legitimate enterprises. Tax collector Cedric ("Charlie") visits to audit Pop, but falls in love with Mariette and quits his job to live the rural life. As Ma and Pop raise their other children, Charlie attempts to provide for his now wife Mariette. Ma and Pop soon have a seventh child, Oscar, followed around a year later by Charlie and Mariette's first baby, John Blenheim.

text: Pop and Ma's relationship is depicted as loving and affectionate throughout, although Pop is flirtatious and subject to numerous advances, most of which Ma is aware of and evidently unconcerned by. Proud of all his children, Pop's schemes evidently provide well for the family, enough to fund boarding school for the twins, naval boarding school for Monty, a swimming pool, a fairground, and a holiday to France, although he is just as motivated by doing good and helping others as making a profit. Ma occasionally becomes involved in Pop's schemes, or creates a scheme of her own. Possessing some very close friends, their lifestyle, in particular the fact they have never been married, nonetheless raises eyebrows in the stuffy environs of the local village.

text: Mariette and Charlie's relationship is more torrid, in part due to his insecurity over her attractiveness, and his varying success in providing financially, with their newly acquired hop farm struggling. Mariette's business skills eventual come to bear as they purchase a local brewery. Primrose is depicted as a frustrated romantic, moving to France to live with a boy her own age and attempting to seduce both Charlie and the village minister upon her return. Monty meanwhile contends with bullying, both at home and at naval boarding school. The increasingly mischievous twins gradually grow apart from their younger sibling Victoria, who delights in teasing and embarrassing all her siblings, especially Primrose.

text: Time period[edit]

text: All the episodes are seemingly set during 1958–59 despite the timespan of events across all three series making this a logical impossibility. The first serial is based on the first book, written and set in 1958, during which Florence finds out she is pregnant. In the second serial ("When the green woods laugh") Sidney is accused of committing indecent assault on 23 August 1958. The trial takes place on July 7th, the same day as Charlie's and Mariette's wedding; this would seem to be a continuity error because it cannot be July of the following year as Florence's baby had not yet been born. By the time of the third serial ("A breath of French air") Florence has already given birth to Oscar and the Larkins have a late August holiday in Brittany, during which Charlie and Mariette celebrate their first wedding anniversary. The fourth serial ("Christmas is coming") is set at Christmas and it is established Mariette is five months pregnant; she gives birth in the fifth serial ("Oh! to be in England!"), which would be some time in the spring of 1960 at the earliest according to the dating of the first series and the chronology of events up to that point. However, in the sixth serial ("Stranger at the gates") the twins celebrate their birthday, which a close-up of a wall calendar reveals to be 15 August 1959.

text: In the eighth serial ("Le Grand Weekend") the Larkins' weekend getaway coincides with Charles de Gaulle's state visit, which would date the events of the episode to April 1960 if it does indeed coincide with the real-life visit. Primrose's birthday was revealed to be in May in "Stranger at the gates" and she celebrates it in the ninth serial "The happiest days of your life", dating the events either to May 1960 (using the retconned second series date) or 1961 (going by the date given in the first series). By the eleventh serial ("Climb the greasy pole"), when the children are older and the babies have grown to toddlerhood, another close-up of a calendar reveals the month to be October 1959. At the end of the final episode, Sidney is elected to the Rural District Council on 5 November 1959 (Guy Fawkes Night).

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main cast members[edit]

text: Of the four main cast members, Jason and Ferris appeared in all twenty episodes, while Zeta-Jones and Franks appeared in eighteen, their only absences being in the third series double episode "Cast Not Your Pearls Before Swine" (3.3 & 3.4).

text:
David Jason, as Sidney Charles "Pop" Larkin, the father of the family
Pam Ferris, as Florence Daisy "Ma" (Parker) Larkin, the mother of the family
Catherine Zeta-Jones, as Mariette Charlton, née Larkin, eldest Larkin daughter
Philip Franks, Cedric "Charley" Charlton, husband of Mariette

tag: ul

text: Recurring cast - Larkin family[edit]

text: The actors playing the other Larkin children and grandchild were as below (listed in descending character age). All the children except those yet to be born appeared in the first episode. After appearing in the first six episodes, the actor playing Primrose was replaced, the second appearing from the seventh episode (the first Christmas special) onwards. The actors playing the roles of Oscar and John Blenheim first appear in episodes 1.5 and 2.1 respectively. Although a male character, John Blenheim was played by Daisy-May Bates, granddaughter of the author of the books.

text:
Julie Stichbury, as Primrose Larkin (1991) (6 episodes)
Abigail Rokison, as Primrose Larkin (1991-1993) (12 episodes)
Ian Tucker, as Montgomery 'Monty' Larkin, their eldest son (13 episodes)
Christina Giles, as Petunia Larkin, twin sister to Zinnia (18 episodes)
Katherine Giles, as Zinnia Larkin, twin sister to Petunia (18 episodes)
Stephanie Ralph, as Victoria Larkin, the youngest Larkin daughter (19 episodes)
Ross Marriott, as Oscar Larkin, their youngest child (16 episodes)
Daisy-May Bates, as John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim Charlton, the only son of Charlie and Mariette (11 episodes)

text: Recurring cast - others[edit]

text: Various other actors appeared in more than one story-line, i.e. in more than one double-episode.

text:
Rachel Bell as Edith Pilchester, a local spinster (16 episodes)
Moray Watson as the Brigadier, a local retired army officer (11 episodes)
Kika Mirylees as Angela Snow, a local woman (7 episodes)
Martyn Read as Sergeant Wilson, a local police officer (6 episodes)
Tyler Butterworth as Reverend John Candy, the local vicar (4 episodes)
Michael Jayston as Ernest Bristow, the brewery owner (4 episodes)
Carol MacReady as Mrs. Daws, a local shopkeeper (4 episodes)
Sheila Burrell as Mrs. Kinthley, owner of the hop-garden bought by Charlie (4 episodes)
Steven Brand as Tom Sargent, love interest of Mariette (4 episodes)
Anna Massey as Mademoiselle Antoinette Dupont, a French hotelier (3 episodes)
Michael Culver as Sir George Bluff-Gore, a local landowner (3 episodes)
Richenda Carey as Lady Bluff-Gore, wife of Sir George (3 episodes)
John Carlin as Reverend Spink (3 episodes)

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Series 1[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original broadcast

1.1 & 1.2
"The Darling Buds of May"
7 and 14 April 1991

Cedric Charlton, the tax inspector, arrives on Home Farm to help the Larkins fill in their tax form. He is distracted by their beautiful daughter, Mariette. The Larkins distract him further by attempting to teach him crib and getting him drunk. He wakes with a hangover, and is unfit to return home. Eventually, he forgets life in the office. He accompanies the family on their annual strawberry-picking trip, where he attracts Pauline Jackson, the local flirt. Mariette and Pauline fight for him but Mariette wins and the episode ends with Mr Charlton (called Charley by the family), proposing to Mariette, and Pop Larkin giving them his blessing.

1.3 & 1.4
"When the green woods laugh"
21 and 28 April 1991

The day of Charley and Mariette's wedding is looming. Pop sells a country mansion to an aristocratic couple. When Pop rejects the advances of Corrine Perrigo (Celia Imrie), she gets her revenge by persuading the woman to charge him with assault, when all he attempted was stop her from falling. The Brigadier is best man for the wedding. Eventually, Pop is found innocent and the wedding goes ahead.

1.5 & 1.6
"A breath of French air"
5 and 12 May 1991

The Larkins go on holiday to Brittany. The weather is appalling, the food revolting, the receptionist unfriendly. The weather improves, and a mechanic sees the crest on the doors of Mr Larkin's car and thinks him a lord. As a result, he is treated better, even by the receptionist, Molet. The hotel patronne, Mademoiselle Dupont, gives Pop and Ma her room. Primrose falls in love with a local boy named Marc - Antoine Gammelin and wants to stay in France. Tension springs up between Charley and Mariette when she attracts local young men and wants to spend time with them on the beach. She refuses to go on a miniature railway with Charlie. Incensed, Charlie says he will go on his own. The train is late and he wanders into a bar, where he meets a tomboy and her pals. They get him drunk; he misses his train and has to be escorted home by Pop. But he sobers up at the sight of Mariette playing in the sea with her new friends. Charley drags her away, and tells her she will come on the train with him next day whether she likes it or not. Mariette surrenders and enjoys it. The Larkins get together with the tomboy, Max (short for Maxime), and Angela Snow (who, by a coincidence, is also visiting Brittany) and her sister Iris, who with the hotel staff organise a wedding anniversary celebration for Charley and Mariette.

1.7
"Christmas is coming!"
22 December 1991

As Christmas approaches, Charley and Mariette go to view a house to rent, unaware that Tommy Mason, an escaped convict is hiding there. Pop later discovers him in the Larkins' hen-house where Victoria is taking food to him. He explains that, since his imprisonment, his wife has severed all ties with him but he is anxious to see his children. Pop usually dresses as Father Christmas to give local children toys but Charley suggests Tommy play the part so he can see his children, which he does, as well as making up with his wife and then returning to prison. Mrs Mason and her children join the throng already invited to spend Christmas Day with the Larkins.

text: Series 2[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original broadcast

2.1 & 2.2
"Oh! to be in England!"
26 January and 2 February 1992

Mam'selle Dupont comes to stay with the Larkins, and discovers the truth – Mr. Larkin is not a lord. She is disappointed but comes to terms with it, and enjoys her stay. Pop saves an old woman from being cheated, and buys a fair from his friend, Fruity Pears, who is unable to run it after being attacked by thugs. Primrose's relationship with the French boy has fizzled out; back in the UK she falls for Mr Candy, the young vicar in charge of christening the young Larkins ... and a newly arrived Charlton.

2.3 & 2.4
"Stranger at the gates"
9 and 16 February 1992

A young man named Pieter who says he is Danish arrives on the farm, and starts doing odd jobs for the people in the village. Everyone, including Mariette, thinks he's the bee's knees, much to the resentment of Charley. Meanwhile, Montgomery is being bullied by local boys, and Primrose is attempting to win Mr. Candy's heart. She mistakes his sister for a girlfriend, and angrily leaves him. Charley discovers that Pieter is German and has been hiding his identity because of the anti-German sentiment in post-World War II Britain. The villagers turn against him on this discovery, but Pieter is restored to favour again after he rescues John Watson, one of the bullies from a quarry ledge. The Larkins arrange for Pieter to marry his girlfriend, an English lady named Eileen.

2.5 & 2.6
"A season of heavenly gifts"
23 February and 1 March 1992

Pop Larkin unwittingly becomes involved in smuggling when he receives gifts from a grateful pilot he helped after a crash-landing. Meanwhile, an evil Polish man named Mr. Cope attempts to prevent Charley and Mariette from buying Mrs Kinthley's hopgarden. The pilot invites the family to a party at his club, which they greatly enjoy. Montgomery Larkin is unhappy at Naval College, where he is training to be a sailor in the merchant navy. The family go to his Open Day; the Brigadier goes along and helps them solve the problem by showing Pop how to humiliate the bullying instructor, Strickland.

2.7
"Le Grand Weekend"
26 December 1992

Pop and Ma's proposed week-end in Paris is disrupted by a storm, and they spend the time in a country house.

text: Series 3[edit]

text:
No.
Title
Original broadcast

3.1 & 3.2
"The happiest days of your life"
28 February and 7 March 1993

The twins go to boarding school, while Charley starts doing the books as a part-time job for the brewery to which he wishes to sell his hops. Charley and Mariette decide to buy the brewery. The whole family repairs the twins' boarding school, which was otherwise going to be forced to close by the bank for not keeping up with the repairs.

3.3 & 3.4
"Cast not your pearls before swine"
14 and 21 March 1993

Pop builds a swimming-pool, and buys two hundred pigs from George Harran, a confidence trickster who is also cheating Edith, who has fallen in love with him. Meanwhile, Primrose has a new love interest – a member of the swimming pool building crew, from Liverpool. Pop prepares a trick against George to put all to rights without hurting Edith. Primrose runs away to Liverpool in pursuit of her love after Victoria teases her, causing Pop to realise the scam, but returns home when she realises he is not the man for her.

3.5 & 3.6
"Climb the greasy pole"
28 March and 4 April 1993

Pop runs for rural councillor while Charley and Mariette struggle at the brewery and have problems in their relationship. Gypsies get involved in Pop's campaign for rural councillor. Charley and Mariette have to work on their marriage as Mariette is attracted to Tom Sargent, after which they at last finalise the deal to buy Bristow's brewery.

text: Production[edit]

text: Conception and development[edit]

text: Having been sold to MGM films in 1959, it wasn't until 1989 that Richard Bates, son of the author of the original books H.E Bates, was able to purchase the rights to the novels. At the same time, Yorkshire Television were looking for a new project for David Jason, having starred for them in A Bit of a Do.[1] Richard Bates went on to Executive Produce the show, alongside Vernon Lawrence of Yorkshire Television.[2]

text: Casting[edit]

text: Bates had originally considered Bob Hoskins as ideal for the role of Pop, but Lawrence was of the view his increasing fame as a film actor would create problems.[2] Jason was cast first, followed by Ferris and Franks. Finding an actor to fit with the novel's description of Mariette as a black-haired and olive skinned beauty proved difficult, with over 300 rejected until Zeta-Jones was cast. With filming due to start, she had been spotted appearing in 42nd Street at the Drury Lane Theatre.[1]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Each one-hour episode took two weeks to film, followed by two months in post production.[1]

text: Filming locations[edit]

text: Much of the series was filmed in and around the village of Pluckley in Kent; Executive Producer Richard Bates lived just a few miles away.[3]

text: The location for "Home Farm", the Larkin residence, was Buss Farm a few miles south of Pluckley, owned by the Holmes family. All four main buildings of the Grade II listed farm were utilised, the farmhouse itself, a square oast house (depicted in the title sequence), a Tudor barn and cart lodge. After being put up for sale by the family in 2012, it was purchased in 2013 by a businessman. Renaming it "Darling Buds Farm", several buildings were converted into guest accommodation themed around the show.[4][5]

text: Other locations in Pluckley village itself were used extensively; the Black Horse pub in The Street was renamed the Hare and Hounds and used as the Larkins' local. Church Gate Cottage and Fig Tree Cottage in The Street served as Edith Pilchester's and The Brigadier's homes respectively. Pluckley primary school, also in The Street, served as the village hall. The butcher's shop also featured, and the Post Office (dressed as the grocer's). Church scenes were filmed at St Nicholas Church in the village.[6]

text: The cricket scenes were filmed at Little Chart Cricket Club, a village north east of Pluckley.[6]

text: Further afield, in and around Tenterden, Kent, Halden Place in Halden Lane, Cranbrook, served as Mrs Kinthley's hop garden, Wentwood Cottage in Swain Road served as Charley and Mariette's cottage, and the Kent & East Sussex Railway was the location of Charley's arrival in Kent, and the station used by Ma, Charley and Mariette shopping for her wedding dress. Other scenes shot in Kent included the exteriors of "Bristow's Brewery", filmed at Shepherd Neame Brewery in Faversham, and scenes of the Larkin's beach holiday, filmed in Folkestone, including a backdrop of the Leas Lift. Mlle. Dupont is met by the Larkin's at Folkestone Harbour after her channel crossing.[6]

text: Little filming was done inside the farmhouse, the interiors having been shot in a studio at Yorkshire Television. Scenes shot in the former Wennington School in Yorkshire were included.

text: To mark the series' 20th anniversary, Kent County Council established a tourist trail featuring the various film locations and other local attractions and Kent food.[6][7]

text: Music[edit]

text: The series' music producer Pip Burley wrote the title theme, "Perfick!". He had submitted the piece anonymously, having deemed the submissions received from a shortlist of composers missed the point of the essential romanticism of the show. Although it also featured lyrics, drawn from the words used in the novels, the theme music for the series did not feature them. The song with lyrics was later sung by David Jason for the radio adaptation of the last book in the Larkin series, A Little of What You Fancy.[8][9]

text: Future[edit]

text: After the series ended, Ferris wished to film more episodes. Having performed it for radio in 1996, she theorised in 2008 that the reason the fifth book was never adapted for television was because the storyline featured Pop recovering from a heart attack, something the producers likely thought the audience would not want to see.[10]

text: In 2016, having filmed a cinema adaptation of another classic TV series, Dad's Army, Zeta-Jones responded positively to suggestions that The Darling Buds of May might also be similarly remade, stating "I’d be playing Ma Larkin, but I’m up for it".[11]

text: Themes[edit]

text: Locally produced food and drink intentionally played a core role in the series.[1] Due to not being ripe at the right time, the strawberries used in the series were imported from Holland.[3] One of the most iconic scenes featuring Pop and Ma eating a meal together while having a bath.[3] With several scenes featuring eating, the fact Ferris was a vegetarian had to be worked around by the production staff.[3] Both Ferris and Jason gained weight due to the amount of food they had to consume, often in multiple times and for multiple scenes at one time, to make the scenes look realistic.[2]

text: Another theme of the series was the Larkin family's habit of giving their children unusual or themed first and middle names. Mariette was created by combining 'Marie' and 'Antoinette'. Montgomery was named after wartime officer Field Marshall Montgomery. Victoria was named for being born during the plum season (Victoria plum). While Monty and Victoria have no middle names, the other children have multiple instances of them: Primrose Violet Anemone Iris Magnolia Narcissa, twins Petunia June Florence Nightingale and Zinnia June Florence Nightingale, and Oscar Columbus Septimus Dupont, the last one being in tribute to the French hotelleir Mademoiselle Dupont, who features in the series. In comparison, Mariette's wedding ceremony reveals her middle name is simply Jane. Mariette and Charlie continue the family tradition by naming their son John Marlborough Churchill Blenheim.

text: Release[edit]

text: Broadcast[edit]

text: The first episode was transmitted on the ITV channel at 8pm on a Sunday night.[1]

text: Home media[edit]

text: When the series was first released on video, it sold £1m worth of copies in the first four days.[2]

text: DVD releases:

text:
Country
Publisher
Title
Rating
Release date
Notes

United Kingdom
Cinema Club
The Best of The Darling Buds of May
PG
15 July 2002

Cinema Club
The Darling Buds of May: The Perfect Collection
PG
10 November 2003
all 20 episodes

ITV Studios
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete Series - Special Edition
PG
7 February 2005
all 20 episodes & exclusive interviews

ITV Studios
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete Series
PG
1 September 2008
contains all 20 episodes & exclusive commentary

ITV Studios
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete 20th Anniversary Collection
PG
8 August 2011
all 20 episodes

Australia
Shock Records
The Darling Buds of May: Series One
PG
3 March 2007[12]
Special 2-Disc Edition - contains all 6 episodes & bonus episode "Christmas is Coming"

Shock Records
The Darling Buds of May: Series Two
G
5 May 2007[13]
Special 2-Disc Edition - contains all 6 episodes & bonus episode "La Grande Weekend"

Shock Records
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete Collection
PG
29 March 2008[14]
all 20 episodes

Reel DVD
The Darling Buds of May: The Complete Collection
PG
6 February 2013[15]
all 20 episodes (contains same packaging as UK 2011 release)

text: Note: The 2008 and 2011 DVD sets from ITV Studios list that there are 11 episodes; this is due to the fact that all episodes in series 1-3 (not including the specials) contain two parts making them count as a whole.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: A 16 track soundtrack of the series was released by EMI on CD in 1991.[16]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The series was a ratings success,[17] its "feel-good" factor during economic recession often noted as the reason[citation needed]. While Yorkshire TV classified it as a drama, audiences and critics have generally considered it a comedy/drama.

text: The first episode broke a British broadcasting record, becoming the first instance of a new series topping the national ratings, beating the soap opera Coronation Street (also an ITV production) on the night. This came as a shock to producers, although they had been hopeful of good ratings, based on the dull weather and the belief people would be looking for something to lift their spirits following the end of the Gulf War.[1]

text: Jason attributed the series' popularity to the public wanting a more wholesome, inclusive and inoffensive viewing option, at a time when violence on television was increasing. This was one of the main reasons he decided to take the role.[2]

text: The series generated an upsurge in sales of H.E. Bates' novels.[2]

text: Awards[edit]

text: 1992 Ivor Novello Award - Best Theme from a TV/Radio Production[18]

text: Source novels and other adaptations[edit]

text: The series is based on the works of H. E. Bates, who died in 1974. Having moved from the industrialised English Midlands to a granary in Little Chart in Kent in 1930 in search of new inspirations for his work, he was initially frustrated in his efforts to create a novel based on the Kent way of life. His inspiration for the Larkin stories eventually came in 1955 while on a trip to Sittingbourne. Pausing at Faversham, he observed the joyful camaraderie of a large boisterous family as they emerged from a shop and departed in a large blue truck. Combining this with observations of another family on a nearby small-holding, he set about writing about how these families might live. Originally a short story, he expanded it into a novel, followed by a further four books, the titles of the first four of which were used as episode titles for the TV series:[1]

text:
The Darling Buds of May (1958)
A Breath of French Air (1959)
When the Green Woods Laugh (1960)
Oh! To be in England! (1963)
A Little of What You Fancy? (1970)

text: The first novel in the series was originally adapted to the screen in 1959 as The Mating Game, starring Debbie Reynolds and Tony Randall as Mariette and Charley.

text: The fifth novel, A Little of What You Fancy?, was never adapted for television, but it was adapted into a six-part series by Eric Pringle for BBC Radio, with Jason and Ferris reprising their roles, first airing in February 1996.[19][20]

text: In May 2011 a stage production of the series was put on at Buss Farm.[7]


document_title: Days of Our Lives cast members

question_text: who played mateo on days of our lives

question_tokens: who played mateo on days of our lives

text: Days of Our Lives cast members

text: Cast

text: Main cast

text:
Actor

Character

Duration

Lucas Adams

Tripp Johnson

2017–

Kristian Alfonso

Hope Williams Brady

1983–87, 1990, 1994–

Gina Von Amberg

1998–2001, 2012, 2017

Lamon Archey

Eli Grant

2017–

Camila Banus

Gabi Hernandez

2010–

Nadia Bjorlin

Chloe Lane

1999–2005, 2007–11, 2013, 2015–

Tyler Christopher

Signore Christofero

2001

Stefan DiMera

2017–

Kassie DePaiva

Eve Donovan

2014–

Mary Beth Evans

Kayla Brady

1986–92, 2006–

Billy Flynn

Chad DiMera

2014–

Galen Gering

Rafe Hernandez

2008–

Rafe Hernandez 2

2011

Deidre Hall

Dr. Marlena Evans

1976–87, 1991–2009, 2011–

Samantha Evans

1992, 2008

Hattie Adams

2004, 2016–18

Drake Hogestyn

John Black

1986–2009, 2011–

Olivia Rose Keegan

Claire Brady

2015–

Victoria Konefal

Ciara Brady

2017–

Lauren Koslow

Kate Roberts

1996–

Eric Martsolf

Brady Black

2008–

Chandler Massey

Will Horton

2010–14, 2017–

Marci Miller

Abigail Deveraux

2016–

Casey Moss

JJ Deveraux

2013–

Stephen Nichols

Steve Johnson

1985–90, 2006–09, 2015–

Melissa Reeves

Jennifer Horton

1985–95, 2000–06, 2010–

James Reynolds

Abe Carver

1981–

Suzanne Rogers

Maggie Horton Kiriakis

1973–

Christopher Sean

Paul Narita

2014–

Freddie Smith

Sonny Kiriakis

2011–

Sal Stowers

Lani Price

2015–

Josh Taylor

Chris Kositchek

1977–87

Roman Brady

1997–

Greg Vaughan

Eric Brady

2012–

Vanessa A. Williams

Valerie Grant

2016–

Robert Scott Wilson

Ben Weston

2014–

text: Recurring cast

text:
Actor

Character

Duration

John Aniston

Eric Richards

1970

Victor Kiriakis

1985–

Philip Anthony-Rodriguez

Miguel Garcia

2018–

Julian Barnes

Harold

2009–

Brandon Beemer

Shawn-Douglas Brady

2006–08, 2016–

Kurt Caceres

Guillermo

2016–

Laura Kai Chen

Melinda Trask

2013, 2016–

Bryan Dattilo

Lucas Horton

1993–2010, 2012–

Andy Demetrio

Milos

2017–

John Enos III

Roger Fisher

2017–

Judi Evans

Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis

1986–91, 2007–08, 2010–

Bonnie Lockhart

2003–07, 2017

Andoni Gracia

Mateo

2016, 2018–

Bill Hayes

Doug Williams

1970–84, 1986–87, 1993–96, 1999–

Byron Carmichael

1979

Leann Hunley

Anna DiMera

1982–86, 2007–10, 2017–

Andre Khabbazi

Henry Shah

2017–

Wally Kurth

Justin Kiriakis

1987–91, 2009–

Ron Leath

Henderson

1987–2004, 2008–

Meredith Scott Lynn

Anne Milbauer

2012–

Martha Madison

Belle Black

2004–08, 2015–

Gilles Marini

Ted Laurent

2018–

James Read

Clyde Weston

2014–

Greg Rikaart

Leo Stark

2018–

Susan Seaforth Hayes

Julie Olson Williams

1968–84, 1990–94, 1996, 1999–

Scott Shilstone

Zack Brady

2016

Wyatt

2017–

Paul Telfer

Xander Kiriakis

2015–

Harper & Sydnee Udell

Arianna Horton

2013–

Craig Welzbacher

Myron

2016–

text: Cast changes

text: Debuting

text:
Actor

Character

Date

Ref.

Linsey Godfrey

Sarah Horton

TBA

[6][7][8]

Stacy Haiduk

Kristen DiMera

[9][10]

text: Departing

text:
Actor

Character

Date

Ref.

Stephen Nichols

Steve Johnson

September 2018

[11]

Marci Miller

Abigail Deveraux

TBA 2018

[12][13]

Christopher Sean

Paul Narita

[14][15]

text: Returning

text:
Actor

Character

Date

Ref.

Matthew Ashford

Jack Deveraux

December 2018

[16]

Farah Fath

Mimi Lockhart

TBA 2018

[17][18]

Kyle Lowder

Role TBA

[19][20]

Kate Mansi

Abigail Deveraux

[13]

Alison Sweeney

Sami Brady

[21]

Arianne Zucker

Nicole Walker

[22]

Chrishell Hartley

Jordan Ridgeway

TBA 2019

[23]