document_title: List of Ray Donovan episodes

question_text: when does season 4 of ray donovan come out

text: List of Ray Donovan episodes

text: Series overview[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired

First aired
Last aired

1
12
June 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)
September 22, 2013 (2013-09-22)

2
12
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)

3
12
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)

4
12
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26)
September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)

5
12[2]
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)[3]

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2013)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

1
1
"The Bag or the Bat"
Allen Coulter
Ann Biderman
June 30, 2013 (2013-06-30)
1.35[4]

Ray Donovan fixes problems for a powerful LA law firm. Originally from South Boston, he now lives in the affluent city of Calabasas, CA. While dealing with his troubled family, including his wife Abby, daughter Bridget and son Coner, he learns of the return of his father, Mickey, released from prison on parole.

2
2
"A Mouth Is a Mouth"
Allen Coulter
Ann Biderman
July 7, 2013 (2013-07-07)
1.56[5]

Ray tries to send Mickey back to prison. Angry with Ray, Abby allows her kids to spend the day with Mickey. Ray handles two crises involving movie star clients: A-list actor Sean Walker receives a threatening message and a home invasion, while action hero Tommy Wheeler is blackmailed with a video of his sexual exploits.

3
3
"Twerk"
Greg Yaitanes
Ron Nyswaner
July 14, 2013 (2013-07-14)
1.45[6]

Mickey spends time with his sons. Ray "buys" a talented hip-hop artist, Marvin Gaye Washington, for his rapper neighbor. Bridget becomes friendly with Marvin. Ezra holds a fundraiser, in honor of his late wife, due to being haunted by past mistakes. Meanwhile, the real reason for Mickey's early parole is revealed.

4
4
"Black Cadillac"
John Dahl
David Hollander
July 21, 2013 (2013-07-21)
1.52[7]

Ray is forced by Abby to visit Bel Air Academy to see Bridget's potential new school, while trying to deal with a work situation. Meanwhile, Mickey meets his ex, Claudette, leading to old memories being relived.

5
5
"The Golem"
Dan Attias
Sean Conway
July 28, 2013 (2013-07-28)
1.46[8]

Bunchy receives his money from the settlement with the Church. Mickey and Ezra reminisce about old events while Mickey wears a wire. Ezra has an accident while driving at night, and believes he has killed someone. Terry and Frances' relationship grows stronger.

6
6
"Housewarming"
Michael Uppendahl
Brett Johnson
August 4, 2013 (2013-08-04)
1.45[9]

Ray tries to shut down Van Miller's investigation by drugging him, and using this to create an incriminating video. Bunchy throws a housewarming party, but it gets out of control. Ray finds out that Mickey put his kids in danger and retaliates.

7
7
"New Birthday"
Lesli Linka Glatter
David Hollander
August 11, 2013 (2013-08-11)
1.44[10]

Ray finds out about Bridget's relationship with Marvin and forbids her from seeing him, but she visits him anyway, leading to emotional upset. Meanwhile, Ray flies to Boston to search for Bostonian mobster, Sully. Abby and Deb enjoy themselves too much, which turns into trouble. Mickey makes Sean let him work on a movie project.

8
8
"Bridget"
Guy Ferland
Ann Biderman
August 18, 2013 (2013-08-18)
1.47[11]

The three Donovan brothers remember the anniversary of their sister's demise. Ray and Avi get the money back that Bunchy spent on his house. Terry goes after Frances' husband after he sees evidence she has been abused. Mickey has trouble relating to an actress he meets at the spa.

9
9
"Road Trip"
Jeremy Podeswa
Brett Johnson
August 25, 2013 (2013-08-25)
1.33[12]

Accepting Ray's offer to kill Mickey, Sully travels to Los Angeles, but the journey does not go as planned, forcing Avi to step in. Asked by Coner to attend an award show with Tommy Wheeler, Ray must first obtain a series of incriminating photographs of the actor; Miller steps up his efforts in his investigation.

10
10
"Fite Nite"
Tucker Gates
Sean Conway
September 8, 2013 (2013-09-08)
1.25[13]

The Donovans attend Daryll's fight at Terry's club. Meanwhile, Ray's deal with Sully is put into action. Mickey has a rendezvous. Bunchy encounters his abuser, sending him into a tailspin.

11
11
"Bucky Fuckn' Dent"
Dan Minahan
Ron Nyswaner
September 15, 2013 (2013-09-15)
1.41[14]

Horrible secrets are revealed when the Donovan boys encounter the priest who abused Bunchy and Ray when they were boys. Ray executes him. Ray sends Avi to protect his family, much to Abby's anger; Mickey asks a favor from Claudette when he finds himself under investigation for the murder of Sean Walker.

12
12
"Same Exactly"
Michael Apted
Ann Biderman
September 22, 2013 (2013-09-22)
1.41[15]

With Sully on the run, Ray suggests to Frank a bold strategy in finding him; Abby leaves Ray a heartfelt message; Lena convinces Bridget to forgive her father; An empowered Bunchy kicks Mickey out of his apartment; Terry feels guilty of his role in the priest's death; a final showdown at the docks has long-lasting effects.

text: Season 2 (2014)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

13
1
"Yo Soy Capitán"
Tucker Gates
Ann Biderman
July 13, 2014 (2014-07-13)
1.22[16]

Ray's life returns to normal. The FBI demands that Mickey be brought to them. Abby, concerned for their marriage, forces Ray into therapy with her. Meanwhile, Bunchy attempts to recover from his abuse and applies for a job, Terry obsesses over Frances and Coner is in trouble after assaulting a classmate.

14
2
"Uber Ray"
Michael Uppendahl
Ann Biderman & David Hollander
July 20, 2014 (2014-07-20)
1.27[17]

Having difficulty in controlling Mickey upon returning him to LA, Ray bribes corrupt parole officer Ronald Keith to keep an eye on his father. As Ed Cochran holds a press conference declaring the FBI caught Sully, Boston Globe reporter Kate McPherson launches her own investigation on what happened at the docks.

15
3
"Gem and Loan"
Phil Abraham
Michael Tolkin
July 27, 2014 (2014-07-27)
1.38[18]

Desperate to get Bridget into the prestigious Bel-Air Academy, Ray is forced to do an unusual favor for old rival Stu Feldman, which involves a married couple; Mickey's attempts to see his old lover are thwarted by Keith; Kate arrives at Terry's Fight Club looking for answers; Abby's therapist tries to convince her that Ray is bribing her. Marvin reenters Bridget's life.

16
4
"S U C K"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander
August 3, 2014 (2014-08-03)
1.45[19]

Ray and the FBI must deal with Tiny, Sully's nephew who spoke to the cops about his involvement in Sully's death. After sleeping with Kate, Ray purchases a new house for Abby, who befriends a police officer at a shooting range. Bunchy makes friends with a woman and her child at his new job; Kate attempts to talk to Mickey.

17
5
"Irish Spring"
Dan Attias
Ron Nyswaner
August 10, 2014 (2014-08-10)
1.42[20]

Ray gets compromising information on Cochran, who enjoys wife-swapping with one of his subordinates. Avi follows Kate as she investigates, but Ray will need to give her a new story. Meanwhile, Abby tries to enjoy her prospective new neighbors, but their comments lead to a violent outburst. Marvin takes Bridget to a party at the house of a hip-hop mogul. Coner "apologizes" to Alex - but it doesn't go well.

18
6
"Viagra"
John Dahl
Brett Johnson
August 17, 2014 (2014-08-17)
1.44[21]

Ashley introduces Ray to a new client; Ray turns to an unlikely source in finding dirt on Ed Cochran; Mickey sets his sights on a bigger payday; Terry and Potato Pie help Bunchy out when he gets a date with a single mother.

19
7
"Walk This Way"
Liev Schreiber
Ann Biderman
August 24, 2014 (2014-08-24)
1.35[22]

Coner requests that the Donovan family come together for his birthday, which Ray and Abby have forgotten; Ashley's stalker returns; Mickey's gift angers Daryl and strains his relationship with Claudette; An awkward incident leaves Bunchy confused; Terry learns an awful secret about his gym.

20
8
"Sunny"
John Dahl
David Hollander & Cheo Hodari Coker
August 31, 2014 (2014-08-31)
1.49[23]

Ray learns the truth about Abby's absences, and confronts Jim (the cop) about their affair. Cookie wants Marvin back for himself because he feels that his initial investment entitles him to all the money that the boy will make. Mickey gets the opportunity to sell his life story into a trilogy, but ends up losing it. Bridget is the sole witness to Cookie's brutality, who murders Marvin and Re-Kon.

21
9
"Snowflake"
Guy Ferland
Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson
September 7, 2014 (2014-09-07)
1.63[24]

Ray and Abby have different opinions on how to handle Bridget's dangerous situation, where Cookie is trying to murder her. Kate turns to a new source for answers; Bunchy has an awkward moment with his girlfriend's son; Mickey and Shorty plan a heist.

22
10
"Volcheck"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander
September 14, 2014 (2014-09-14)
1.80[25]

Kate's return to Los Angeles sets off a violent chain of events involving Ray's past; Cochran is offered directorship of the FBI, but discovers the horrifying video made by Ray. Mickey and Shorty welcome two new members to their heist crew; Abby gives Jim a startling ultimatum;

23
11
"Rodef"
Michael Uppendahl
Ron Nyswaner & Brett Johnson
September 21, 2014 (2014-09-21)
1.68[26]

Ray prepares his loved ones for the event of his arrest; Mickey's heist does not go according to plan, and Terry is arrested and put into jail. Ray obtains the video of Marvin's murder; Jim cannot bring himself to follow through on Abby's plan; Ezra turns to Avi in dealing with Kate.

24
12
"The Captain"
Michael Uppendahl
Ann Biderman
September 28, 2014 (2014-09-28)
1.97[27]

Kate's murder at the hand of Avi (on Ezra's orders) forces Ray into action against several of his enemies; After the stolen safe yields less than expected, Mickey comes up with a new source for money; Jim gives Abby an enticing offer; An imprisoned Terry refuses to accept bail; Bunchy reveals his past to Patty; Ray kills Cookie in order to protect his daughter.

text: Season 3 (2015)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

25
1
"The Kalamazoo"
Colin Bucksey
David Hollander
July 12, 2015 (2015-07-12)
1.04[28]

Ezra is visited in his hospital bed by sinister Father Thomas Romero. A confused Ezra protests his presence. Romero quizzes Ezra about the buried priest. Deborah ushers the priest away and Ezra demands that Ray is called and warned, Ray does not take these calls, soon afterward, Ezra dies. Ray rescues a client from a potential sex scandal with his usual style and heads to a bar where Abby calls him to tell him of Ezra’s passing. Ray consoles himself with some rough sex with a stranger. Mickey, at his apartment complex, looks after the daughter of call girl Ginger who lives there. Mickey dislikes Ginger’s pimp and after attempting to convince him to change his ways or location resorts to drugging him and tossing him into the pool to drown. Ray meets Andrew Finney in his enormous house. Ray is engaged to recover Finney’s kidnapped son and is provided with ransom money. Ray later meets with the kidnappers and rescues the son, who had originally planned the kidnapping with a friend to get the cash, but the drug dealers they enlisted took over murdering his friend. Finney approves of the outcome and pays Ray. A smartened but broke Bunchy (Brendan) Donovan is trying to manage the Gym whilst Terry is in jail. Abby visits for a drink and helps out. Bridget rejects a ride home from school from her drunken mother and complains about this to Coner when at home. Abby stops to rescues a huge dog from the highway and takes it home with her. Romero convinces a police officer to give him a box of evidence relating to the deceased Father Danny.

26
2
"Ding"
Ed Bianchi
William Wheeler
July 19, 2015 (2015-07-19)
1.26[29]

Mickey tries to take over Gary’s girls, gets a loan secured on Daryll’s car, and buys coke for the girls to sell. He takes Audrey to her audition where she is not successful. Ray takes on a job from Paige Finney. He is to find Carl LaFell, the husband of a woman that a football star has been having an affair with and pay him off. She tricks Donovan into bringing Carl to a meeting only to see his wife in flagrante delicto with the quarterback – whose arm LaFell then breaks. When Ray realises this, he demands a check for the money – which Malcolm Finney pays out. Finney also offers to buy Ray and his firm, but Donovan says he is not for sale. Ray takes the check to LaFell who says he doesn’t want it. Ray persists, only to be rewarded with a series of punches. Avi offers Lena a partnership in his new business. When she tells Ray, he says she should take it. When Bridget calls Ray about Abby’s behaviour, he visits briefly. Later, Abby catches Connor watching porn and pleasuring himself. She calls Ray to tell him and invites Ray to dinner. He tentatively accepts but ends up not attending. Bunchy falls for the female member of the Mexican team, training at the gym in a big way. Her outfits and demeanor, especially towards Bunchy, are suggestive of a dominatrix. The group’s manager suggests using the gym as a venue for their show. Father Romero, posing as a member of Bunchy's support group, joins the gym. Terry is involved in a fight in prison, despite Ray paying a guard to protect him. Terry floors his opponent, but a rematch is arranged where Terry is stabbed with a shank. Terry still prevails, but ends up in solitary.

27
3
"Come and Knock on Our Door"
Dan Attias
David Hollander
July 26, 2015 (2015-07-26)
1.44[30]

A beaten-up Ray returns home in the early morning to surprise Bridget and apologize for missing dinner. While talking, Ray sees the ghost of his dead sister in the room and leaves. This apparition will haunt him throughout the day. Mickey explains his plan to the reluctant girls who agree to try it for one day, but Mickey receives a call from the prison and leaves Daryll to look after business. Daryll is soon overwhelmed with the role but Bunchy arrives and helps out. Ray is visited by Finney’s men who try, but fail, to bring him onto the payroll. Mickey and Ray try different approaches to get Terry out of prison before he is killed by the Aryan gang for killing one of their members in a prison fight. Both try and fail at the prison and Mickey ends up inadvertently killing the judge, who had already turned down cash from Ray. In desperation, Ray turns to Finney, who, in turn, leans on a reluctant Governor Verona, ensuring Terry is released that evening. Ray repays Finney by signing up to work for him. The girls return to a troubled Mickey, who is glum even upon seeing his large cut of the action. Ray calls, saying Terry will be freed. Mickey then cheers up, and claims joint responsibility for the release to Bunchy and Daryll. Ray collects Terry from the prison.

28
4
"Breakfast of Champions"
Lesli Linka Glatter
Brett Johnson
August 2, 2015 (2015-08-02)
1.37[31]

Abby visits her family in Boston, flirting with old flame Gus, in her brother Dave’s bar. Margaret, her sister, and Abby don’t get along. Abby spends most of the day drinking and bonding with Margaret’s daughter, Lauren, and resists Ray's demand she return home. After a brief war of words the sisters patch things up. Bridget has a bad day at school and tries to get her teacher on-side. Coner skips school and borrows Abby’s car; some girls ask to come round for the day but Coner ends up disappointed when they all bring their boyfriends. Coner and one of the guys come to blows with Coner eventually beating him with a bat; Bridget arrives before things get too ugly. Mickey tries to patch things up with Terry, though, as usual, his ways only serve to make things worse. Ray spends the day at Finney’s Imperial Studios. He shepherds Casey around as required and helps Paige overcome some personnel issues so that she can best portray the studio to a potential buyer. Andrew Finney first says the deal is off but after interjections from Paige says it is back on again. Alone, Finney tells Ray that he works only for him –- and suggests things will get ugly with the rest of the brood. Paige later calls Ray asking to meet, Ray declines, stating that he works only for her father. Going home, Ray gets a frosty reception from Bridget but stays at the family home in Abby’s absence.

29
5
"Handshake Deal"
Colin Bucksey
Gina Welch
August 9, 2015 (2015-08-09)
1.32[32]

Mickey sets up a girls and gear party for PJ and his tech company Kwip. All goes well until more product than agreed is consumed, leaving Mickey $10,000 down. One of the girls gets busy with Coner. Ray is tasked by Finney with retrieving a phone which contains damaging evidence of Governor Verona’s dalliances. He enlists Lena to help and brings her back on staff. The phone recovered, Ray discovers that Paige was among Verona’s indiscretions. Bunchy’s heart is broken when Teresa and family leave after Terry spikes the wrestling deal. Romero tries further to befriend Bunchy. Bridget is having trouble with her college application; Ray’s attending a meeting with her doesn’t help so she phones her Mom. Abby, who has agreed to buy the bar and put in Margaret’s name, agrees to come home. On hearing from her sister that she needs Ray to agree to the bar deal Margaret becomes angry. Mickey tries to extend his loan with the Armenians and ends up agreeing to give them 50% of the business. Paige wants the phone but Ray insists his loyalties lie with her father. On meeting Finney he implies that the phone has been destroyed, Finney is displeased but seems content that his daughter does not have it. Ray later meets with Paige and offers the phone for 5% of the NFL deal, but settles for 3%. Ray comes home to find Mickey and Coner there, sending Coner to bed; Ray shares a quick drink with his father. After Mickey leaves Ray watches TV with the dog and then Abby comes home.

30
6
"Swing Vote"
John Dahl
Michael Tolkin
August 16, 2015 (2015-08-16)
1.61[33]

The Minassians take Mickey to visit another of their business partners and show him the punishment that awaits if payment is late. He returns to the apartment complex to find Ginger packed and ready to leave as Mrs Rosenblatt has threatened to call child protection about Audrey, Mickey says he will help and she should stay. Abby asks Ray if he wants a divorce, he doesn’t answer straight away but later calls saying a divorce is not what he wants, he wants to build a better life for them all. Bunchy shares his feelings about losing Teresa with his support group, Romero convinces him they should go and see her in Bakersfield on the trip Romero claims to have stabbed his own abuser in the eyes. Terry receives a weight plate shaped calling card from the Aryans. Ray gets confirmation from Lee Drexler that his contract with Paige is good and signs it. He is then called in by Finney to help delay a potential bidder for the NFL team, so that he misses the deadline. He despatches Lena to intercept this Mr Sylvester, whom they drug and deposit in a motel room. Paige gets the deal signed, though has to agree to a 10% break fee. Bunchy visits Teresa and asks her to marry him, despite her protestations he says he will wait at a diner down the street until she changes her mind. At the diner, Romero tricks Bunchy into saying how his abuser was despatched. Teresa does arrive and agrees to go with Bunchy – but only if he agrees to: tell the truth, be faithful, not hit her and drop the name Bunchy, Brendan agrees. At the election party Abby is introduced to Verona and the Finney clan. Ray leaves for a while to attend to a petrified Terry. On returning, with Verona losing the election and having found out about the deal with Paige, Finney expresses his disappointment at Ray.

31
7
"All Must Be Loved"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander
August 23, 2015 (2015-08-23)
1.37[34]

Terry’s specialist advises him that recent events are normal for Parkinson’s and he should really have in-home support, Ray agrees with Abby that he could move in with them, Terry later declines. Darryl is beaten and his car is taken by the Armenians who had come after a $30k payment, Mickey says he will sort it out and arranges to meet them with the money. Bunchy tells his family of his intention to marry Teresa and asks Ray for his settlement money. Ray OK’s the financing for Abby’s father’s bar. Paige tells Donovan she is divorcing Varick and fronts Ray $200k to bribe Helen Miller of Fish & Game. Romero calls Ray and asks for a meet, saying he knows about Father O’Connor’s murder. At the meeting he offers forgiveness if Ray confesses, Ray starts to confess then leaves – Romero follows but Ray turns on the priest and beats him until Terry pulls him off – Romero excommunicates them but calls for Ray to repent. Bunchy goes to Mickey looking for more work, Mickey takes him to the meeting with the Armenians, who, on discovering Mickey has given them play money lay in to Mickey and Darryl outnumbering and overwhelming them until Bunchy steps in – Darryl later tells Mickey that reprisals are a certainty. Bridget's crush on her tutor, Greg Donellen, moves to the next level. Paige summons Ray on the pretext of business, but on arriving her motives are clearly more about pleasure.

32
8
"Tulip"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander & William Wheeler
August 30, 2015 (2015-08-30)
1.44[35]

Paige tells Ray, her overnight guest, that they must seal the deal with Napier that week to keep everything on track. Ray enlists Helen Miller to provide some evidence (snakes which have been used to traffic drugs) which will be planted on Miller. Despite good planning by Ray and Lena, one of the snakes bites Miller, thwarting their plans. Romero shows up at the gym and has Bunchy summon Ray. Armed and ready to dispose of another priest, Ray is surprised when Romero simply hands him all of the evidence that he has gathered and leaves. The Armenians take revenge by torching Daryll’s car. The investigating police officer tells Mickey that she is aware of his activities and that he can either become an informant again or he, Darryl and Bunchy will likely face jail. Mickey later calls her and agrees. A disgruntled Varick is denied access to Finney so sneaks in through a back door. He threatens to expose his relationship with Finney who responds by hitting him, fatally, with a fire poker. Finney calls in Ray who, in turn, brings Avi back to help clean up with Lena. Burning and burying Varick’s body (along with Romero’s evidence) in a deep desert grave, Avi tries to convince Ray that Kate's murder was for Ray’s good. Finney, as agreed with Ray, tells Paige he will pay Napier’s price for the land and that she can take control of the deal going forward. Avi lays a false trail suggesting Varick fled south of the border. Bridget visits Donellen at home. He is on painkillers, and after he falls asleep on the couch Bridget snuggles up alongside him. Abby gets Terry cleaned up somewhat and he ends up staying in the room that Abby had prepared for him.

33
9
"The Octopus"
Colin Bucksey
Brett Johnson
September 6, 2015 (2015-09-06)
1.41[36]

Mickey is required by Detective Muncie to work with them on a sting operation against the Minassians and their Russian supplier of trafficked girls, Ivan Belikov. Preparations for Bunchy’s wedding are underway but at the rehearsal dinner Ray gives less a best man’s speech, more a mumbled couple of sentences. Ray has Lena check out Teresa and family, who are mostly clean. Terry’s Parkinson’s (or meds) give him nightmares and when checking out the noise Abby and Ray find a shaken and embarrassed Terry has wet the bed. The NFL is checking the Finneys' deal and the absence of Varick leads them to have one of their investigators, disgraced former FBI director Ed Cochran, look into the deal. Cochran seems to relish the prospect of encountering Ray again. Mickey hides out in a motel. Muncie goes looking for him and arrests groom-to-be Bunchy when Mickey cannot be located. Ray agrees with Muncie to swap father for brother, then tracks down Mickey and convinces him to return. Mickey meets with the Minassians and sees the pictures of the sex-slaves that Belikov is controlling; he is shaken by these. Bridget is out bowling with Donellen who admits his feelings for her. Bunchy and Teresa are married and the reception is a success with Ray delivering a fine and moving speech. Mickey asks Ray for help with his situation. Ray asks Lena to look into the Minassians.

34
10
"One Night in Yerevan"
Dan Attias
Gina Welch & David Hollander
September 13, 2015 (2015-09-13)
1.43[37]

Ray is planning to get Mickey out of his sticky situation with the cops by working with old employer Lee Drexler. Ray gets Lee to act as a legal representative for Mickey. Their angle is to say that Mickey is senile, which is signed off on by a doctor whom they pay, and then appoint Ray as his guardian. That means that Mickey can’t rightfully participate in Muncie’s sting. Ray also tries to convince the Minassians to let Mickey out of the deal they made, and asks for help from an Armenian pop star whom Ray had helped out in the past. Meanwhile, Cochran is gathering more evidence in his investigation of Ray, using the vetting of the Finney NFL deal as a reason to dig into any potential dirty business. Cochran is getting closer to learning the truth. He meets with Finney, gets a sense of where he stands, and also bribes his way into Avi’s storage locker. Worried about Bridget, Abby searches her room for something that will help her figure out what’s wrong. She finds Mr. Donellen’s pill bottle and confronts Bridget about it. When Abby learns the truth, she first threatens to call the cops. Donellen lies to Abby telling her that Bridget is obsessed with him because they both lost loved ones.

35
11
"Poker"
Colin Bucksey
Michael Tolkin & Brett Johnson
September 20, 2015 (2015-09-20)
1.45[38]

Cochran sends the LAPD, via their website, a map of where Varick’s body is buried, his screen observed remotely by Avi and Lena. He then plants the poker at Ray's apartment and has Finney tell the police chief that it was Ray who killed Varick. Finney asks Paige to back him up. Avi calls Ray and they agree the body should be moved. Ray answers some of a detective’s questions about Varick, but Lee Drexler arrives and concludes the conversation. Lee tells Ray that Finney had implicated him; Ray sees Finney’s lawyer and tells him to have Finney recant his statement. Cochran arrives home to find Ray there, Ray asks where the poker is, but it takes a bullet to the leg and some persuasion to get the location. Ray recovers the poker just before the police arrive – Lena speeds it away. Bridget, though grounded, visits Donellen and tells him how she feels but he gently rebuffs her. Abby arrives and takes Bridget away. Terry makes a pass at Abby. Ray intercepts Paige on her way into the LAPD offices and he tries to convince her to tell the truth. She tells the police that Finney killed Varick and that they were lovers. Ray and his team deposit the body and poker in a dumpster at Finney’s home. Paige tells Finney she made her statement, but not its contents, and Lena torches the body. Ray and his team return a bruised Cochran to Dybek. Mickey avoids having to move to Reno by convincing his boys he has Alzheimer’s, and claims that he is scared that Ray will lock him away somewhere. Ray confronts Mickey, and Mickey tells Ray they will all hate him if he is sent away, forcing Ray to relent.

36
12
"Exsuscito"
David Hollander
David Hollander & William Wheeler
September 27, 2015 (2015-09-27)
1.50[39]

TV news covers unfolding events at the Finney house, Paige arrives at Ray’s apartment to ride out the media storm. Ray leaves and goes home. Bridget is in Santa Monica and arranges a liaison with Greg Donellen. Teresa wakes Bunchy and rides him before she takes him to the hills and tells him she is pregnant, Bunchy reacts badly and admits he is worried about how good a parent he would be and doesn’t want to disappoint her. Abby searches for Bridget, hammering on Donellen’s door getting no response. Meanwhile Ray arrives home where Terry, reluctantly, tells him about Donellen. Ray calls Bridget, who does not answer, when Abby texts asking where she is she says at Mickey’s. Terry agrees to collect her; Abby tells Ray who agrees to meet there. Ray is second to arrive but sees two of the Armenians armed for revenge, he gets a gun and finds the Armenians shooting out Mickey’s apartment, Ray shoots at them but they leave quickly. Michelle is killed and Terry is badly hurt. Ray and Mickey rush Terry to the hospital. Avi advises that the Minassians will kill all of Ray's family, so Ray and Avi plan to eliminate them. Waiting as Minassians arrive at their club they are surprised to see Mickey arrive and gun down the doorman before entering the building. They follow and between them dispatch the Armenian men, though Ray is wounded. Mickey slits the throat of Ovsanna Minassian. Ray next goes to rescue Bridget. Donellen has declined Bridget’s advances but this doesn’t stop Ray from punching him a few times hard. He takes Bridget with him to the hospital where Terry is. She says Ray doesn’t love her or anyone, and leaves. She goes home and packs her bags. Terry is in a bad way, wounded and weakened. Ray goes to see Romero so he will visit Terry. Romero awaits his confession, Terry’s heart arrests. Ray confesses and tells of Father O’Connor’s misdeeds against him; Terry regains consciousness. Leaving the confessional Ray collapses. Romero drives him back towards L.A.

text: Season 4 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

37
1
"Girl with Guitar"
Liev Schreiber
David Hollander
June 20, 2016 (2016-06-20) (online)
June 26, 2016 (2016-06-26) (Showtime)
1.11[40]

Ray and Terry have recovered. Ray attends his first abuse survivors' support meeting and tries to get Bridget to move back home. Abby gets alarming medical news that she has cancer. Mickey's new con fizzles. Ray gets a job offer but then has to help a friend out of a jam.

38
2
"Marisol"
John Dahl
Mike Binder & Rob Fresco
July 3, 2016 (2016-07-03)
1.15[41]

Ray helps Hector handle a person from his past who threatens to reveal a secret that could ruin Hector's boxing career. Meanwhile, Abby offers Bunchy a lesson in marital compromise; and Det. Muncie uses incriminating evidence against the Donovans to force Ray's hand, which draws him further in the path of the Russian mob.

39
3
"Little Bill Primm's Big Green Horseshoe"
Michael Apted
David Hollander & Miki Johnson
July 10, 2016 (2016-07-10)
1.34[42]

Ray struggles with not bringing work home, while boxing brings drama to both homes. Meanwhile his fathers paradox luck pulls him closer to his son.

40
4
"Federal Boobie Inspector"
Phil Abraham
Sean Conway
July 17, 2016 (2016-07-17)
1.27[43]

Ray visits a Hollywood power player in an attempt to get the Russian mob off his back and unearths a secret Ezra shared in the past. Meanwhile, Lena and an ex-girlfriend take Abby out on the town to help her confront fears over her recent cancer diagnosis; and Mickey offers his boys a job prospect and tries to assimilate back into the family.

41
5
"Get Even Before Leavin'"
Robert McLachlan
Chad Feehan
July 24, 2016 (2016-07-24)
1.27[44]

Ray goes with Mickey to Primm, to retrieve the money from the recent heist at the Casino. Meanwhile, Abby has some difficult decisions to make about her cancer, Bridget returns home and Bunchy has serious marital problems.

42
6
"Fish and Bird"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
David Hollander
July 31, 2016 (2016-07-31)
1.24[45]

Mickey takes the blame for the Armenian hit and goes to prison. Belikov is released. Bunchy baptizes his daughter and comes to live with Ray after Teresa left him. Ray settles his debt with the Russian mob, but new troubles arise.

43
7
"Norman Saves the World"
Tricia Brock
Mike Binder & David Sonnenborn
August 7, 2016 (2016-08-07)
1.13[46]

Ray has a confrontation with a Hollywood agent and a former fixer; without the protection of the Russians, Ray helps Mickey secure his own safety.

44
8
"The Texan"
Tucker Gates
David Hollander & Sean Conway
August 14, 2016 (2016-08-14)
1.21[47]

Ray and Abby find out about Conor's gun; Hector's plans get surprisingly interrupted by Marisol.

45
9
"Goodbye Beautiful"
James Whitmore Jr.
Chad Feehan & Miki Johnson
August 21, 2016 (2016-08-21)
1.21[48]

Sonia asks Ray for help. Mickey, Bunchy and Teresa go to Primm. The Russians find out about Belikov.

46
10
"Lake Hollywood"
Stephen Williams
David Hollander & Mike Binder
August 28, 2016 (2016-08-28)
1.00[49]

Hector's wife confronts him and he deals with Marisol. Mickey, Bunchy and Teresa go to Ray's house. Ray does everything he can to ensure his family's safety and save his friend.

47
11
"Chinese Algebra"
John Dahl
Sean Conway & Chad Feehan
September 11, 2016 (2016-09-11)
1.47[50]

Ray's latest attempt to save Avi and square his debts to the mob takes a hit when FBI agent Frank Barnes becomes involved.

48
12
"Rattus Rattus"
David Hollander
David Hollander
September 18, 2016 (2016-09-18)
1.34[51]

As the Campos fight gets underway, Ray desperately turns to his family for help.

text: Season 5 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original air date
U.S. viewers
(millions)

49
1
"Abby"
David Hollander
David Hollander
August 6, 2017 (2017-08-06)
1.13[52]

Ray begins court-ordered anger management after a family tragedy sparks a bar fight. Meanwhile, Mickey, Bunchy and Daryll prepare for Terry and Maureen's wedding and Bridget looks up a mysterious acquaintance in New York. Conor adjusts to military school and Samantha Winslow, a studio head, hires Ray to do some work for her.

50
2
"Las Vegas"
John Dahl
David Hollander & Miki Johnson
August 13, 2017 (2017-08-13)
1.11[53]

A flashback to Ray and Abby's 21st anniversary when they went to Las Vegas to see Damon's first televised fight. In the present, movie star Natalie James hires Ray to protect her from her abusive manager, who has also impregnated her. Hopes for a beautiful day are dashed at Terry and Maureen's wedding as tensions flare between the Donovans and the Dohertys.

51
3
"Dogwalker"
John Dahl
Sean Conway
August 20, 2017 (2017-08-20)
1.06[54]

Ray cleans up Natalie's mess. At home, however, he struggles to reconnect with his family and complete anger management. Unable to reach Maureen, Terry visits Conor at military school. A surprise visit from Frank Barnes threatens to sink Mickey back into a life of violence. Bunchy happens upon the business opportunity of a lifetime to provide for Teresa and Maria.

52
4
"Sold"
Tucker Gates
Chad Feehan
August 27, 2017 (2017-08-27)
1.07[55]

Mickey's screenwriting dreams stall out - until he's pulled into a gruesome fix for Daryll's movie star client. Abby starts construction on the new bar while Ray searches for a solution to their problem. Terry tries to win back Maureen one last time. Bunchy takes the cash out of his safe for a business deal. However, he stops at a local sandwich shop with all his money in a diaper bag and is robbed. Bridget tells her boyfriend that her father is not a nice man, and intentionally got him sick so that Abby could take his place on an experimental cancer treatment.

53
5
"Shabbos Goy"
Daisy von Scherler Mayer
David Hollander & William Wheeler
September 10, 2017 (2017-09-10)
1.08[56]

Tom and Vicky blackmail Winslow, and demand money and one of her Oscar statuettes. Ray is looking for Natalie. Mickey finds Avi, but is unable to murder him for Frank Barnes.

54
6
"Shelley Duvall"
Michael Uppendahl
Miki Johnson & David Sonnenborn
September 17, 2017 (2017-09-17)
1.05[57]

Terry visits Bridget, Landry finds out that Natalie is staying with Ray, and asks to see her. Upon confronting Natalie, Landry grabs her roughly, and Ray stops him.

55
7
"If I Should Fall from Grace with God"
Michael Uppendahl
David Hollander & Chad Feehan
September 24, 2017 (2017-09-24)
1.15[58]

56
8
"Horses"
Zetna Fuentes
William Wheeler
October 1, 2017 (2017-10-01)
1.22[59]

57
9
"Mister Lucky"
Guy Ferland
Sean Conway
October 8, 2017 (2017-10-08)
1.21[60]

58
10
"Bob the Builder"[61]
Stephen Williams
Chad Feehan
October 15, 2017 (2017-10-15)
TBD

59
11
"Michael"[62]
Carl Franklin
Miki Johnson
October 22, 2017 (2017-10-22)
TBD

60
12
"Time Takes a Cigarette"[63]
TBA
TBA
October 29, 2017 (2017-10-29)
TBD


document_title: List of NHL players with 2000 career penalty minutes

question_text: who has the most pim in nhl history

question_tokens: who has the most pim in nhl history

root

text: 3,000 or more PIMs[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Seasons
Games
PIMs

1
Tiger Williams
Toronto, Vancouver, Detroit, Los Angeles, Hartford
14
962
3,966

2
Dale Hunter
Quebec, Washington, Colorado Avalanche
19
1,407
3,565

3
Tie Domi
Toronto, N.Y. Rangers, Winnipeg (original), Toronto
16
1,020
3,515

4
Marty McSorley
Pittsburgh, Edmonton, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, NY Rangers, San Jose, Edmonton, Boston
17
961
3,381

5
Bob Probert
Detroit, Chicago
16
935
3,300

6
Rob Ray
Buffalo, Ottawa
15
900
3,207

7
Craig Berube
Philadelphia, Toronto, Calgary, Washington, Philadelphia, Washington, N.Y. Islanders, Calgary
17
1,054
3,149

8
Tim Hunter
Calgary, Quebec, Vancouver, San Jose
16
815
3,146

9
Chris Nilan
Montreal, N.Y. Rangers, Boston, Montreal
13
688
3,043

tag: table

text: 2,500-2,999 PIMs[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Seasons
Games
PIMs

10
Rick Tocchet
Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, Boston, Washington, Phoenix, Philadelphia
18
1,144
2,972

11
Pat Verbeek
New Jersey, Hartford, N.Y. Rangers, Dallas, Detroit, Dallas
20
1,424
2,905

12
Chris Chelios
Montreal, Chicago, Detroit, Atlanta Thrashers
26
1,651
2,891

13
Dave Manson
Chicago, Edmonton, Winnipeg/Phoenix, Montreal, Chicago, Dallas, Toronto, Dallas
16
1,103
2,792

14
Scott Stevens
Washington, St. Louis, New Jersey
22
1,635
2,785

15
Donald Brashear
Montreal, Vancouver, Philadelphia, Washington, N.Y. Rangers
16
1,025
2,634

16
Willi Plett
Atlanta/Calgary Flames, Minnesota North Stars, Boston
13
834
2,572

17
Gino Odjick
Vancouver, N.Y. Islanders, Philadelphia, Montreal
12
605
2,567

18
Matthew Barnaby
Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Tampa Bay, N.Y. Rangers, Colorado Avalanche, Chicago, Dallas
14
834
2,562

19
Gary Roberts
Calgary, Carolina, Toronto, Florida, Pittsburgh, Tampa Bay
21
1,224
2,560

20
Chris Neil
Ottawa
15
1,026
2,522

21
Joe Kocur
Detroit, N.Y. Rangers, Vancouver, Detroit
15
820
2,519

text: 2,250-2,499 PIMs[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Seasons
Games
PIMs

22
Ken Daneyko
New Jersey
20
1,283
2,516

23
Brendan Shanahan
New Jersey, St. Louis, Hartford, Detroit, N.Y. Rangers, New Jersey
21
1,524
2,489

24
Scott Mellanby
Philadelphia, Edmonton, Florida, St. Louis, Atlanta Thrashers
21
1,431
2,479

25
Basil McRae
Quebec, Toronto, Detroit, Quebec, Minnesota North Stars, Tampa Bay, St. Louis, Chicago
16
576
2,457

26
Ulf Samuelsson
Hartford, Pittsburgh, N.Y. Rangers, Detroit, Philadelphia
16
1,080
2,453

27
Jeff Odgers
San Jose, Boston, Colorado Avalanche, Atlanta Thrashers
12
821
2,364

28
Jay Wells
Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Buffalo, N.Y. Rangers, St. Louis, Tampa Bay
18
1,098
2,359

29
Shayne Corson
Montreal, Edmonton, St. Louis, Montreal, Toronto, Dallas
19
1,156
2,357

30
Lyle Odelein
Montreal, New Jersey, Phoenix, Columbus, Chicago, Dallas, Florida, Pittsburgh
16
1,056
2,316

31
Bryan Marchment
Winnipeg (original), Chicago, Hartford, Edmonton, Tampa Bay, San Jose, Colorado Avalanche, Toronto, Calgary
17
926
2,307

32
Garth Butcher
Vancouver, St. Louis, Quebec, Toronto
14
897
2,302

33
Shane Churla
Hartford, Calgary, Minnesota/Dallas, Los Angeles, N.Y. Rangers
11
488
2,301

34
Kelly Buchberger
Edmonton, Atlanta Thrashers, Los Angeles, Phoenix, Pittsburgh
18
1,182
2,297

35
Dave Schultz
Philadelphia, Los Angeles, Pittsburgh, Buffalo
9
535
2,294

36
Laurie Boschman
Toronto, Edmonton, Winnipeg (original), New Jersey, Ottawa
14
1,009
2,263

text: 2,000-2,249 PIMs[edit]

text:
Rank
Player
Team(s)
Seasons
Games
PIMs

37
Brad May
Buffalo, Vancouver, Phoenix, Vancouver, Colorado, Anaheim, Toronto, Detroit
18
1,041
2,248

38
Ken Baumgartner
Los Angeles, N.Y. Islanders, Toronto, Anaheim, Boston
12
696
2,244

39
Kevin Dineen
Hartford, Philadelphia, Hartford/Carolina, Ottawa, Columbus
19
1,188
2,229

40
Rob Ramage
Colorado Rockies, St. Louis, Calgary, Toronto, Minnesota North Stars, Tampa Bay, Montreal, Philadelphia
15
1,044
2,226

41
Keith Tkachuk
Winnipeg/Phoenix, St. Louis, Atlanta Thrashers, St. Louis
18
1,201
2,219

42
Bryan Watson
Montreal, Detroit, Montreal, Oakland, Pittsburgh, St. Louis, Detroit, Washington
16
878
2,212

43
Steve Smith
Edmonton, Chicago, Calgary
16
804
2,139

44
Stu Grimson
Calgary, Chicago, Anaheim, Detroit, Hartford/Carolina, Anaheim, Los Angeles, Nashville
14
729
2,113

T-45
Terry O'Reilly
Boston
14
891
2,095

Al Secord
Boston, Chicago, Toronto, Philadelphia, Chicago
12
766
2,095

47
Ronnie Stern
Vancouver, Calgary, San Jose
12
638
2,077

48
Mick Vukota
N.Y. Islanders, Tampa Bay, Montreal
11
573
2,071

49
Gord Donnelly
Quebec, Winnipeg (original), Buffalo, Dallas
12
554
2,069

50
Luke Richardson
Toronto, Edmonton, Philadelphia, Columbus, Toronto, Tampa Bay, Ottawa
21
1,417
2,055

51
Mike Foligno
Detroit, Buffalo, Toronto, Florida
15
1,018
2,049

52
Phil Russell
Chicago, Atlanta/Calgary, New Jersey, Buffalo
15
1,016
2,038

53
Kris King
Detroit, N.Y. Rangers, Winnipeg/Phoenix, Toronto, Chicago
14
849
2,030

54
Kelly Chase
St. Louis, Hartford, Toronto, St. Louis
11
458
2,017

55
Harold Snepsts
Vancouver, Minnesota North Stars, Detroit, Vancouver, St. Louis
17
1,033
2,009


document_title: Mania (Fall Out Boy album)

question_text: fall out boy m a n i a songs

question_tokens: fall out boy m a n i a songs

text: Mania (Fall Out Boy album)

text: Background[edit]

text: Fall Out Boy enjoyed commercial success and worldwide acclaim after releasing their sixth studio album, American Beauty/American Psycho (2015). During the extensive touring in support of the album, the group began writing and recording material for a seventh album. The beginning of the production process for Mania began after the band's frontman Patrick Stump introduced the song "Young and Menace" to bass guitarist Pete Wentz at Reading and Leeds Festival in 2016, which inspired the musicians to record a full-length.[7] In an interview with Rolling Stone, Wentz described the vision behind Mania. "It feels like every once in awhile, you've gotta do a hard restart that clears the cache and erases the hard drive. I think that's what [Mania] was – a big palette cleanse," said Wentz.[8]

tag: p

text: After the release of the album's first two singles, "Young and Menace" and "Champion", Patrick Stump issued a statement on Twitter confirming that the band was postponing the release date for Mania until January 19, 2018 due to the album "feeling rushed."[9]

text: Album delay[edit]

text: Mania was originally scheduled for a release on September 15, 2017, worldwide. However, on August 3, 2017, Patrick Stump announced that the record would be pushed back until January 19, 2018. "The album just really isn't ready, and it felt very rushed," Stump said on Twitter. "I'm never going to put a record out I genuinely don't believe is at least as strong or valid as the one that came before it and in order to do that we need a little bit more time to properly and carefully record solid performances."[10]

text: On November 6, 2017, the band announced on social media that the album had been completed.[11]

text: Promotion[edit]

text: In support of the album, the band has performed the singles on television and has embarked on the Mania Tour in October 2017. The tour, which takes place in both North America, Australia and New Zealand features support from blackbear,[12] Jaden Smith,[13] and WAAX.[14] The song "Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)", was debuted live on October 20, 2017, as part of the Mania Tour's setlist.[15]

text: Singles[edit]

text: The lead single, "Young and Menace", was released on April 27, 2017 alongside its music video. The song has a notable influence from the EDM genre, hinting at another progression of the band's sound with the album.[16] The second single, "Champion",[17] was released on June 22 in the U.S. and on June 23 worldwide with the “visualizer” music video. On July 27, the official music video was released for the song.[18] The third single, "The Last of the Real Ones", was released on September 14, 2017.[19][20][21] The fourth single, "Hold Me Tight or Don't", was released on November 15 with its music video, which takes a notable influence from the Mexican holiday Day Of The Dead.[22] "Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)" was released as the fifth single, accompanied with its music video premiere on January 11, 2018.[23]. A music video for "Church" was released along with the album on January 19, 2018

text: Critical reception[edit]

text:
Professional ratings

Aggregate scores

Source
Rating

Metacritic
60/100[24]

Review scores

Source
Rating

AllMusic
[25]

The A.V. Club
C[26]

The Guardian
[27]

The New Zealand Herald
[28]

NME
[29]

The Philadelphia Inquirer
[30]

Rock Sound
8/10[31]

Rolling Stone
[32]

text: Mania received a largely mixed reaction from music critics, while some remained positive about the band's ambition and evolution. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 60 based on 10 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[24]

text: Commercial performance[edit]

text: Mania debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 on February 3, 2018 with 130,000 album-equivalent units, of which 117,000 were pure album sales.[33] It is Fall Out Boy's fourth US number-one album.[33]

text: Track listing[edit]

text: Upon its initial upload to several digital music retailers, the order of the track listing was incorrect. The band later confirmed that the track listing on the physical releases was correct across all versions of the release and that these would soon be corrected.[34]

text: All tracks written by Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, and Andy Hurley, except where noted.

text:
Digital edition[35][36][37]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Length

1.
"Young and Menace"

3:44

2.
"Champion"

Stump
Wentz
Trohman
Hurley
Sia Furler
Jesse Shatkin

3:13

3.
"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea"

2:50

4.
"Hold Me Tight or Don't"

Stump
Wentz
Trohman
Hurley
Jonny Coffer

3:30

5.
"The Last of the Real Ones"

Stump
Wentz
Trohman
Hurley
Carlo Montagnese

3:50

6.
"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)"

3:36

7.
"Church"

Stump
Wentz
Trohman
Hurley
Andrew Wells
Audra Mae
Kate York

3:31

8.
"Heaven's Gate"

3:45

9.
"Sunshine Riptide" (featuring Burna Boy)

Stump
Wentz
Trohman
Hurley
Damini Ogulu

3:24

10.
"Bishops Knife Trick"

4:23

Total length:
35:46

text:
Physical edition[38]

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea"
2:50

2.
"The Last of the Real Ones"
3:50

3.
"Hold Me Tight or Don't"
3:30

4.
"Wilson (Expensive Mistakes)"
3:36

5.
"Church"
3:31

6.
"Heaven's Gate"
3:45

7.
"Champion"
3:13

8.
"Sunshine Riptide" (featuring Burna Boy)
3:24

9.
"Young and Menace"
3:44

10.
"Bishops Knife Trick"
4:23

Total length:
35:46

text:
[show]Japanese bonus track[39]

No.
Title
Length

11.
"Champion" (remix) (featuring RM of BTS)
3:35

Total length:
39:21

text:
[show]Japanese bonus DVD[39]

No.
Title
Length

1.
"Young and Menace" (music video)
3:59

2.
"Young and Menace" (making of video)
1:58

3.
"Champion" (music video)
3:41

4.
"Champion" (making of video)
2:00

5.
"The Last of the Real Ones" (music video)
3:50

6.
"Hold Me Tight or Don't" (music video)
3:37

7.
"Hold Me Tight or Don't" (making of video)
2:08

Total length:
19:53

text: Personnel[edit]

text: Personnel adapted from Tidal.[40]

text: Fall Out Boy

text:
Patrick Stump – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, keyboards, programming
Pete Wentz – bass guitar, backing vocals
Joe Trohman – lead guitar, backing vocals, keyboards, programming
Andy Hurley – drums, percussion

tag: ul

text: Additional personnel

text:
Jesse Shatkin – production, mixing
Butch Walker – production
Andrew Wells – production
Fall Out Boy – primary production
Suzy Shinn – engineering
Rouble Kapoor – assistant engineering

text: Charts[edit]

text:
Chart (2018)
Peak
position

Australian Albums (ARIA)[41]
3

Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)[42]
6

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)[43]
11

Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)[44]
36

Canadian Albums (Billboard)[45]
2

Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI)[46]
24

Dutch Albums (MegaCharts)[47]
15

Finnish Albums (Suomen virallinen lista)[48]
8

French Albums (SNEP)[49]
50

German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)[50]
5

Irish Albums (IRMA)[51]
12

Italian Albums (FIMI)[52]
37

New Zealand Albums (RMNZ)[53]
6

Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)[54]
20

Polish Albums (ZPAV)[55]
15

Scottish Albums (OCC)[56]
3

Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)[57]
30

Swedish Albums (Sverigetopplistan)[58]
11

Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)[59]
10

UK Albums (OCC)[60]
2

UK Rock & Metal Albums (OCC)[61]
1

US Billboard 200[33]
1


document_title: NBA high school draftees

question_text: who was the first nba player straight out of high school

text: NBA high school draftees

text: History[edit]

text: Early years[edit]

text: In the early years of the NBA draft, a player had to finish his four-year college eligibility to be eligible for selection. Reggie Harding, who had graduated from high school but did not enroll in a college, became the first player drafted out of high school when the Detroit Pistons selected him in the fourth round of the 1962 draft.[3] However, the NBA rules at that time prohibited a high school player to play in the league until one year after his high school class graduated.[4][5] Thus, he spent a year playing in a minor basketball league before he was drafted again in the 1963 draft by the Pistons.[6] He finally entered the league in the 1963–64 season and played four seasons in the NBA and American Basketball Association (ABA).[7]

text: In 1971, the U.S. Supreme Court decision Haywood v. National Basketball Association ruled, 7–2 against the National Basketball Association's requirement that a player must wait four years after high school graduation (which in most cases was spent playing in college) before turning professional.  This ruling allowed players to enter the NBA Draft without four years of college, provided they could give evidence of hardship to the NBA office.[8]

text: In 1974, the NBA's rival, the ABA, drafted high school star Moses Malone. He was immediately signed by the Utah Stars and became the first player to go directly from high school basketball to a professional league.[9] He became an instant success, averaging 18 points and 14 rebounds per game in his rookie season. He played in the ABA until the ABA–NBA merger in 1976. He then played 19 successful seasons with 7 NBA teams. He won the NBA championship, along with the Finals Most Valuable Player Award, with the Philadelphia 76ers in 1983. His other achievements include 3 Most Valuable Player Awards, 12 consecutive All-Star Game selections, 8 All-NBA Team selections and 6 rebounding titles. He has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame and was also named in the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History list announced at the league's 50th anniversary in 1996.[10]

text: A year later, two high school players, Darryl Dawkins and Bill Willoughby, applied for hardship and were declared eligible to be selected in the 1975 draft.[11] They had applied and gave evidence of financial hardship to the league, which granted them the right to start earning their living by starting their professional careers earlier.[8] Dawkins was selected 5th by the Philadelphia 76ers while Willoughby was selected 19th by the Atlanta Hawks. Dawkins played 14 seasons and averaged 12 points and 6 rebounds per game. Willoughby played 8 seasons with 6 different teams and averaged only 6 points per game. Neither player reached the level of success that was expected. It is argued that they could have been better players if they had college basketball experience before entering the NBA.[12][13][14]

text: After Dawkins and Willoughby, no high schoolers were drafted for 14 years, though several players entered the league without playing college basketball. One notable player, Shawn Kemp, enrolled in college but never played any games due to personal problems. In 1989, a year after his high school graduation, he was drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics.[15] He played 14 seasons in the NBA and was selected to 6 All-Star Games and 3 All-NBA Teams.[16]

text: In 1995, Kevin Garnett, USA Today's high school basketball player of the year, announced his intentions to forgo college, and declared himself eligible for the 1995 NBA draft. The move was highly controversial; the conventional wisdom at the time was that high-schoolers were neither emotionally nor physically mature enough for the rigors of the NBA game. On draft day, Garnett was selected with the #5 pick in the first round by the Minnesota Timberwolves.  Garnett led the Timberwolves to eight consecutive playoff berths and was a multiple All-Star during his time with the team.  In 2004, the Wolves advanced to the Western Conference Finals before losing to the Lakers; Garnett was named Most Valuable Player that year. After a trade in the 2007 offseason to the Boston Celtics, he was a core player in the Celtics' first NBA title in over 20 years.

text: In 1996, two notable players made the jump from high school to the NBA.  The first was Kobe Bryant, selected by the Charlotte Hornets with the 13th pick of the NBA draft, but traded almost immediately to the Los Angeles Lakers.  The second was Jermaine O'Neal, selected by the Trail Blazers with the 17th pick.  O'Neal was traded in 2000 to the Indiana Pacers (and later to the Miami Heat).  In 1997, another All-Star caliber player, Tracy McGrady, was selected by the Toronto Raptors.  In 1998, three high-schoolers were drafted with Al Harrington and Rashard Lewis experiencing the most success. Darius Miles became the highest high school player selected with the third pick in the 2000, until the following year.

text: In 2001, Kwame Brown (selected by the Washington Wizards) became the first high-schooler to be selected with the number one pick in the draft; since then, LeBron James (2003) and Dwight Howard (2004) have also been selected with the first pick.  Other notable high-schoolers include Tyson Chandler and Eddy Curry (2001); Amar'e Stoudemire (2002); Josh Smith, Sebastian Telfair, J. R. Smith, and Shaun Livingston (2004); Andrew Bynum and Monta Ellis (2005).

text: Many prep-to-pro players like Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James, and Tracy Mcgrady went on to become star players in the NBA. Kevin Garnett, Kobe Bryant, LeBron James have all won the league's MVP Award; as well as holding at least one NBA title under their belt, and are widely regarded as future Hall-of-Famers. Dwight Howard, Jermaine O'Neal and Amar'e Stoudemire also became perennial All-Stars in their prime. However, not all high-schoolers were successful. Kwame Brown and Eddy Curry are widely regarded as draft busts, while Jonathan Bender and Darius Miles had their careers cut short by injury. Korleone Young (drafted in 1998) and Leon Smith (drafted in 1999) only played a handful of games in the NBA, while Lenny Cooke and DeAngelo Collins, both of whom declared for the 2002 Draft, went undrafted and never played in the NBA.

text: Beginning 2005, both the NBA and the players' union started to discuss the possibility of implementing a new age limit. The league lobbied for an age minimum of 20 while the union was against an age limit.[17] Finally in July 2005, both sides compromised in the new collective bargaining agreement, requiring that the minimum age for entry into the NBA be 19 and that entrants be at least one year removed from high school.[18] For the first time, teams are also allowed to send players, with two years of NBA experience or less, to the NBA Development League (NBA D-League).[17]

text: The terms of the new agreement ended the practice of drafting high school players, starting in the 2006 Draft. A high school player must wait at least a year to be eligible for selection. However, they are not required to spend that year in college. In 2008, high school star Brandon Jennings decided to skip college and play professional basketball in Italy. After a year, he was eligible for the 2009 draft and was selected 10th by the Milwaukee Bucks.[19] In the 2010 draft, Latavious Williams, who did not qualify academically to go to college, spent a year playing in the NBA D-League before he was drafted in the second round.[20] Emmanuel Mudiay decided to take a route similar to that of Brandon Jennings by skipping college to play professionally in China in 2014 before being selected by the Denver Nuggets at pick 7 a year later. In the 2015 draft, Satnam Singh Bhamara, who did not qualify academically to go to college, went straight to the NBA draft as a post-graduate after being at IMG Academy for five years. He would be taken by the Dallas Mavericks with the 52nd pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school student to be drafted since the rule changes. In the 2016 draft, one of the Top–10 players that was declared eligible for NCAA play in 2016, Thon Maker, decided to enter the draft instead as a post-graduate from Orangeville Prep in Orangeville, Ontario, Canada due to him originally declaring himself as eligible for college in 2015. Thon would also mark the first player to be drafted directly from a Canadian high school, as well as the second player to enter as a post-graduate. He'd also be the first high schooler to be drafted in the first round since 2005, being drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks with the tenth pick in the draft, thus becoming the first high school lottery pick since 2005. Most recently, in the 2018 draft, Anfernee Simons from the IMG Academy was also drafted in the NBA with the 24th, with Simons being a postgraduate there like Satnam Singh Bhamara was three years prior. In addition to him, Mitchell Robinson took a year off of playing time after high school due to exiting Western Kentucky University early without playing there, which left him drafted as the 36th pick.

text: Some players support the new age limit. Gerald Green called it "a smart move", saying that "[not everybody is] LeBron James ... He came in ready and he dominated the league. There's a lot of players that have to get developed. Me, I've got to get developed. But I guess that age limit, that one year of college experience, can get you more developed and I think that's pretty good."[17] Others, however, strongly criticize the rule. Andrew Bynum said "That's something I'll never understand. Because in no other business can the owner, or a stock trader or a C.E.O. of a company try to protect themselves by putting rules like that."[21] Former Florida Gators and current Oklahoma City Thunder head coach Billy Donovan believed that the rule made high schoolers feel like they were being punished.[22]

text: List[edit]

text: There have been 45 high school draftees in the NBA Draft. Three draftees were selected first overall; Kwame Brown in 2001 NBA draft, LeBron James in 2003 and Dwight Howard in 2004 NBA draft. Two draftees went on to win the Rookie of the Year Award in their first season; LeBron James and 2002 draftee Amar'e Stoudemire.[23] Three draftees went on to win the Most Valuable Player Award; Kevin Garnett in 2004, Kobe Bryant in 2008 and LeBron James in 2009, 2010, 2012, and  2013.[24] Ten draftees have been selected to the All-Star Game while seven draftees have been selected to the All-NBA Team.

text:
Pos.
G
F
C

Position
Guard
Forward
Center

text:
^

Denotes player who has been inducted to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame

*

Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game and All-NBA Team

+

Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Star Game

#

Denotes player who never played in the NBA regular season or playoffs

text:
Draft[a]

Round

Pick

Player

Pos.

Nationality

Draft team

High school (city)

Ref.

1962

4

29

Reggie Harding

C

 United States

Detroit Pistons

Detroit Eastern High School (Detroit)1[›]

[25]

1975

1

5

Darryl Dawkins

C

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers

Maynard Evans High School (Orlando, Florida)

[26]

1975

2

19

Bill Willoughby

F/C

 United States

Atlanta Hawks

Dwight Morrow High School (Englewood, New Jersey)

[27]

1995

1

5

Kevin Garnett*

F

 United States

Minnesota Timberwolves

Farragut Career Academy (Chicago)

[28]

1996

1

13

Kobe Bryant*

G

 United States

Charlotte Hornets

Lower Merion High School (Ardmore, Pennsylvania)

[29]

1996

1

17

Jermaine O'Neal*

F/C

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

Eau Claire High School (Columbia, South Carolina)

[30]

1997

1

9

Tracy McGrady^

F

 United States

Toronto Raptors

Mount Zion Christian Academy (Durham, North Carolina)

[31]

1998

1

25

Al Harrington

F

 United States

Indiana Pacers

St. Patrick High School (Elizabeth, New Jersey)

[32]

1998

2

32

Rashard Lewis+

F

 United States

Seattle SuperSonics

Alief Elsik High School (Houston, Texas)

[33]

1998

2

40

Korleone Young

F

 United States

Detroit Pistons

Hargrave Military Academy (Chatham, Virginia)

[34]

1999

1

5

Jonathan Bender

F

 United States

Toronto Raptors

Picayune Memorial High School (Picayune, Mississippi)

[35]

1999

1

25

Leon Smith

C

 United States

Dallas Mavericks

Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)

[36]

2000

1

3

Darius Miles

F

 United States

Los Angeles Clippers

East St. Louis High School (East St. Louis, Illinois)

[37]

2000

1

23

DeShawn Stevenson

G

 United States

Utah Jazz

Washington Union High School (Fresno, California)

[38]

2001

1

1

Kwame Brown

F

 United States

Washington Wizards

Glynn Academy (Brunswick, Georgia)

[39]

2001

1

2

Tyson Chandler*

C

 United States

Los Angeles Clippers

Dominguez High School (Compton, California)

[40]

2001

1

4

Eddy Curry

C

 United States

Chicago Bulls

Thornwood High School (South Holland, Illinois)

[41]

2001

1

8

DeSagana Diop

C

 Senegal

Cleveland Cavaliers

Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

[42]

2001

2

46

Ousmane Cisse#

F

 Mali

Denver Nuggets

St. Jude High School (Montgomery, Alabama)

[43]

2002

1

9

Amar'e Stoudemire*

F/C

 United States

Phoenix Suns

Cypress Creek High School (Orlando, Florida)

[44]

2003

1

1

LeBron James*

F

 United States

Cleveland Cavaliers

St. Vincent – St. Mary High School (Akron, Ohio)

[45]

2003

1

23

Travis Outlaw

F

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

Starkville High School (Starkville, Mississippi)

[46]

2003

1

26

Ndudi Ebi

F

 United Kingdom Nigeria2[›]

Minnesota Timberwolves

Westbury Christian School (Houston, Texas)

[47]

2003

1

27

Kendrick Perkins

C

 United States

Memphis Grizzlies

Clifton J. Ozen High School (Beaumont, Texas)

[48]

2003

2

48

James Lang

C

 United States

New Orleans Hornets

Central Park Christian High School (Birmingham, Alabama)

[49]

2004

1

1

Dwight Howard*

F/C

 United States

Orlando Magic

Southwest Atlanta Christian Academy (Atlanta)

[50]

2004

1

4

Shaun Livingston

G

 United States

Los Angeles Clippers

Peoria High School (Peoria, Illinois)

[51]

2004

1

12

Robert Swift

C

 United States

Seattle SuperSonics

Bakersfield High School (Bakersfield, California)

[52]

2004

1

13

Sebastian Telfair

G

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

Abraham Lincoln High School (Brooklyn, New York)

[53]

2004

1

15

Al Jefferson

F

 United States

Boston Celtics

Prentiss High School (Prentiss, Mississippi)

[54]

2004

1

17

Josh Smith

F

 United States

Atlanta Hawks

Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

[55]

2004

1

18

J. R. Smith

G

 United States

New Orleans Hornets

Saint Benedict's Preparatory School (Newark, New Jersey)

[56]

2004

1

19

Dorell Wright

G/F

 United States

Miami Heat

South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)

[57][58]

2005

1

6

Martell Webster

G/F

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

Seattle Preparatory School (Seattle)

[59]

2005

1

10

Andrew Bynum+

C

 United States

Los Angeles Lakers

St. Joseph High School (Metuchen, New Jersey)

[60]

2005

1

18

Gerald Green

F

 United States

Boston Celtics

Gulf Shores Academy (Houston, Texas)

[61]

2005

2

34

C. J. Miles

G

 United States

Utah Jazz

Skyline High School (Dallas)

[62]

2005

2

35

Ricky Sánchez#

F

 Puerto Rico

Portland Trail Blazers

IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)

[63]

2005

2

40

Monta Ellis

G

 United States

Golden State Warriors

Lanier High School (Jackson, Mississippi)

[64]

2005

2

45

Louis Williams

G

 United States

Philadelphia 76ers

South Gwinnett High School (Snellville, Georgia)

[65]

2005

2

49

Andray Blatche

F

 United States Philippines3[›]

Washington Wizards

South Kent Preparatory School (South Kent, Connecticut)

[66]

2005

2

56

Amir Johnson

F

 United States

Detroit Pistons

Westchester High School (Los Angeles)

[67]

2015

2

52

Satnam Singh#

C

 India4[›]

Dallas Mavericks

IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)

[68]

2016

1

10

Thon Maker

F/C

 Sudan South Sudan Australia5[›]

Milwaukee Bucks

Orangeville District Secondary School (Orangeville, Ontario, Canada)6[›]

[69]

2018

1

24

Anfernee Simons

G

 United States

Portland Trail Blazers

IMG Academy (Bradenton, Florida)

[70]

text:
^ 1: Reggie Harding played and graduated from Detroit Eastern High School in January but he played high school basketball in Nashville, Tennessee prior to the draft.[71][72]
^ 2: While Ndudi Ebi was originally born and raised in London, England, he also holds Nigerian nationality due to his parents being born and raised there.
^ 3: Andray Blatche was born and raised in Syracuse, New York and holds American nationality, but he had become a naturalized Filipino since June 2014 and has officially represented the Philippines since.
^ 4: Satnam Singh officially marks the first ever player to be taken from India in the NBA. He also marks the first time since 2005 after their latest ruling on high school players that someone directly from high school would be taken in the draft, albeit as a postgraduate senior.
^ 5: Thon Maker was born in Wau, Sudan at the time, but Wau has now since become a part of South Sudan instead due to war. Even then, though, he would be raised as an Australian representative.
^ 6: Thon Maker would become the first high schooler to be selected from the nation of Canada instead of somewhere in the United States of America (and second overall high school postgraduate student). Also, while Thon attended classes at Orangeville Prep, he would play basketball games for the Athlete Institute nearby in Mono, Ontario as well.

text: Other players[edit]

text: The following players also played in the NBA or were drafted without playing college basketball; however, these players did not get drafted or join the NBA directly after their high school graduation.

text:
Year[b]

Debut[c]

Player

Pos.

Nationality

High school (city)

Notes

Ref.

—[d]

1946

Tony Kappen

G

 United States

Forest Hills High School (Queens, New York)

Played in the ABL before making his BAA debut
The first player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 27

[73][74][75]

—[d]

1946

Connie Simmons

F/C

 United States

Flushing High School (Flushing, New York)5[›]

The second player to play in the BAA/NBA without any college experience
Made his BAA debut at the age of 21

[76][77]

—[d]

1948

Joe Graboski

F/C

 United States

Tuley High School (Chicago)

The third and final player to play in the BAA before its merger as the NBA
Made his BAA debut at the age of 18

[78][79]

1960

1969

Connie Hawkins^

F/C

 United States

Boys High School (Brooklyn, New York)

Was permanently banned by the NBA due to a point shaving scandal in college, but was later reinstated in 1969
Attended University of Iowa
Played in the ABL and the ABA before making his NBA debut

[80][81][82]

1974

1976

Moses Malone^

F/C

 United States

Petersburg High School (Petersburg, Virginia)

Drafted by the Utah Stars in the 1974 ABA Draft
Played in the ABA before the ABA–NBA merger

[83]

1988

1989

Shawn Kemp*

F/C

 United States

Concord High School (Elkhart, Indiana)

Attended University of Kentucky and Trinity Valley Community College
Drafted by the Seattle SuperSonics in the 1989 NBA draft (1st round, 17th pick)

[84][85]

1986

1992

Lloyd Daniels

G

 United States

Andrew Jackson High School (Queens, New York)

Attended Mt. San Antonio College
Played in various minor basketball leagues before making his NBA debut

[86][87][88]

1993

1996

Thomas Hamilton

C

 United States

Martin Luther King High School (Chicago)

Attended University of Pittsburgh
Declared for the 1994 NBA draft but went undrafted

[89][90]

1996

2000

Stephen Jackson

F

 United States

Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Attended Butler Community College
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns in the 1997 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[91][92]

2001

2015

Marcelo Huertas

G

 Brazil Italy

Coppell High School (Coppell, Texas)

Was born in Brazil and played for the Esporte Clube Pinheiros before moving to the U.S.A. around 2000.
Played senior year in Coppell High School before beginning his professional international career.
Went undrafted in the 2005 NBA draft.
Played in Brazil, Spain, and Italy before making his NBA debut in 2015.

[93]

2004

2005

Jackie Butler

F/C

 United States

Coastal Christian Academy (Virginia Beach, Virginia)

Initially committed to Mississippi State University and, later on, the University of Tennessee
Declared for the 2004 NBA draft but went undrafted
Played in the CBA before making his NBA debut

[94][95][96]

2008

2009

Brandon Jennings

G

 United States

Oak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia)

Initially committed to the University of Southern California and, later on, the University of Arizona
Played in the Italian league in the 2008–09 season
Drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 2009 NBA draft (1st round, 10th pick)

[97][98]

2009

Latavious Williams#

F

 United States

Christian Life Center Academy (Humble, Texas)

Initially committed to the University of Memphis
Played in the NBA D-League in the 2009–10 season
Drafted by the Miami Heat in the 2010 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

[99][100]

2010

2011

Enes Kanter

F/C

 Turkey

Stoneridge Preparatory School (Simi Valley, California)

Previously played in both youth squads and professionally in Turkey
Moved to the U.S.A. in 2009 and played basketball in his senior year of high school
Attended the University of Kentucky, but was barred from playing due to his previous time spent in Turkey
Drafted by the Utah Jazz in the 2011 NBA draft (1st round, 3rd pick)

2010

2011

Jeremy Tyler

C

 United States

San Diego High School (San Diego)

Initially committed to the University of Louisville
Left high school after his junior year in 2009
Played in the Israeli league in the 2009–10 season
Played in the Japanese league in the 2010–11 season
Drafted by the Charlotte Bobcats in the 2011 NBA draft (2nd round, 39th pick)

[101][102]

2012

2013

Ricky Ledo

G

 United States

South Kent High School (South Kent, Connecticut)

Attended Providence College
Drafted by the Dallas Mavericks in the 2013 NBA draft (2nd round, 43rd pick)

2013

2015

Cristiano Felício

C

 Brazil

CCSE Prep Academy (Sacramento)

Was born in Brazil and played professionally there before moving in his senior year.
Tried to get a scholarship for the University of Oregon, but was deemed ineligible.
Returned to playing professionally in Brazil.

2014

2015

Emmanuel Mudiay

PG

 Democratic Republic of the Congo United States

Prime Prep Academy (Dallas)

Initially committed to Southern Methodist University
Played in the Chinese professional league in the 2014–15 season
Drafted by the Denver Nuggets in the 2015 NBA draft (1st round, 7th pick)

2014

2016

Georgios Papagiannis

C

 Greece

Westtown School (West Chester, Pennsylvania)

Was born in Greece and played professionally for Peristeri at 14 before moving in his freshman year
Went to Westtown as a junior before moving back to Greece
Played professionally for the Panathinaikos while also attending the American School in Athens, Greece
Drafted by the Phoenix Suns and traded to the Sacramento Kings in the 2016 NBA draft (1st round, 13th pick)

2017

2018

Mitchell Robinson

C

 United States

Chalmette High School (Chalmette, Louisiana)

Initially committed to and briefly attended Western Kentucky University
Decided to sit out on professional competition and instead trained on his own
Drafted by the New York Knicks in the 2018 NBA draft (2nd round, 36th pick)

text: Controversy[edit]

text: Despite the success of some high school players drafted, the entry of high school players into the NBA remains controversial. Critics say that high school players are not mentally and physically mature or prepared enough to handle the pressure of professional play. Thus, they are more likely to fail.[14][103] Instead, they believe that colleges are useful at filtering out players who can dominate against weak competition in high school, but cannot succeed at a higher level of play. They also think that the influx of high schoolers bypassing colleges in favor of the NBA has caused collegiate game to deteriorate. Universities are wary of spending time recruiting as many players that are motivated financially to turn pro fresh out of high school.[103][104]

text: On the other hand, proponents argue that there is no valid reason to exclude high school players. Michael McCann, writer of law article "Illegal Defense: The Irrational Economics of Banning High School Players from the NBA Draft", contends that players drafted straight out of high school can do as well as any other players in the NBA. The article finds that "on average, these [high school] players perform better in every major statistical category than does the average NBA player".[105] Others instead believe that the problem was due to the lack of established farm system in basketball until recently. In other major sports, such as baseball and hockey, it is common for young players to develop in their minor league systems.[103]


document_title: Super Bowl curse

question_text: when was the last time a team played the superbowl at home

text: Super Bowl curse

text: The Home Field Advantage Curse[edit]

text: The home field curse affects the host team of the Super Bowl. So far no team has yet managed to reach the Super Bowl in their home stadium. Four teams with Super Bowls in their home venue have qualified for the divisional playoffs: the 1994 Miami Dolphins, the 1998 Miami Dolphins, the 2016 Houston Texans, and the 2017 Minnesota Vikings, the Vikings being the first to qualify for their conference's title game. From 1966–2011 (excluding the six Super Bowl games held in a stadium without a professional team), the Super Bowl host team has had 11 winning seasons, four split seasons, and 25 losing seasons. Mathematically, the probability of that many losing seasons or more occurring by chance (assuming a 50 percent chance of having a losing season (disregarding .500 seasons)) is 7.69 percent. It should be noted, however, that the Super Bowl host stadium is selected several years before the game is played, without regard to the teams that qualify.

text: Only two NFL teams have reached the Super Bowl hosted in their home region: the San Francisco 49ers, who played Super Bowl XIX in Stanford Stadium, rather than Candlestick Park, and the Los Angeles Rams, who played Super Bowl XIV in the Rose Bowl, rather than the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum. Besides Stanford Stadium and the Rose Bowl, the only other Super Bowl venue that was not the home stadium to an NFL team at the time was Rice Stadium in Houston: the Houston Oilers had played there previously, but moved to the Astrodome several years prior to Super Bowl VIII. The Miami Orange Bowl was the only AFL stadium to host a Super Bowl and the only stadium to host consecutive Super Bowls, hosting Super Bowl II and III. MetLife Stadium in New Jersey, which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII, is the home stadium of two NFL teams: the New York Giants and the New York Jets.

text: This list of examples is not exhaustive; no team has every qualified for the Super Bowl played in their home stadium.

text:
Team
Host Field
Season
Season Record

Houston Oilers
Rice Stadium, Houston, TX
1973 (Super Bowl VIII)
1--13

Atlanta Falcons
Georgia Dome, Atlanta, GA
1999 (Super Bowl XXXIV)
5--11

Indianapolis Colts
Lucas Oil Stadium, Indianapolis, IN
2011 (Super Bowl XLVI)
2--14

New Orleans Saints
Mercedes-Benz Superdome, New Orleans, LA
2012 (Super Bowl XLVII)
7--9

New York Jets
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, NJ
2013 (Super Bowl XLVIII)
8--8

New York Giants
MetLife Stadium, East Rutherford, NJ
2013 (Super Bowl XLVIII)
7--9

San Francisco 49ers
Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara, CA
2015 (Super Bowl 50)
5--11

Minnesota Vikings
US Bank Stadium, Minneapolis, MN
2017 (Super Bowl LII)
13--3

text: The Non-Repeat Curse[edit]

text: Since 1993, few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl appearances with a second Super Bowl appearance, or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season (the 1994 Dallas Cowboys qualified for their conference title but did not qualify for the Super Bowl). Only seven teams have won back-to-back Super Bowl championships, and only one of these seven have made more than two consecutive winning appearances in the Super Bowl. The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990–93.

text: Since 2005, no incumbent holder has managed to successfully defend their title. Between 2006 and 2013, every defending Super Bowl champion would conclude the following season either losing their opening playoff game or failing to qualify for the playoffs.

text: This list of examples includes every team that has ever had back-to-back appearances at the Super Bowl.

text:
Team
First Super Bowl Appearance
Score
Second Super Bowl Appearance
Score
Third Super Bowl Appearance
Score
Fourth Super Bowl Appearance
Score

Dallas Cowboys
1970 (Super Bowl V)
13--16
1971 (Super Bowl VI)
24--3
-
-
-
-

Miami Dolphins
1971 (Super Bowl VI)
3--24
1972 (Super Bowl VII)
14--7
1973 (Super Bowl VIII)

-
-

Pittsburgh Steelers
1974 (Super Bowl IX)
16-6
1975 (Super Bowl X)
17--21
-
-
-
-

Pittsburgh Steelers
1978 (Super Bowl XIII)
35--31
1979 (Super Bowl XIV)
19--31
-
-
-
-

San Francisco 49ers
1989 (Super Bowl XXIII)
20--16
1990 (Super Bowl XXIV)
55--10
-
-
-
-

Buffalo Bills
1990 (Super Bowl XXV)
19--20
1991 (Super Bowl XXVI)
24--37
1992 (Super Bowl XXVII)
17--52
1993 (Super Bowl XXVIII)
13--30

Dallas Cowboys
1992 (Super Bowl XXVII)
52--17
1993 (Super Bowl XXVIII)
30--13
-
-
-
-

Green Bay Packers
1996 (Super Bowl XXXI)
35--21
1997 (Super Bowl XXXII)
24--31
-
-
-
-

Denver Broncos
1997 (Super Bowl XXXII)
31--24
1998 (Super Bowl XXXIII)
34--19
-
-
-
-

New England Patriots
2003 (Super Bowl XXXVIII)
32--29
2004 (Super Bowl XXXIX)
24--21
-
-
-
-

Seattle Seahawks
2013 (Super Bowl XLVIII)
31--34
2014 (Super Bowl XLIX)
43--8
-
-
-
-

New England Patriots
2016 (Super Bowl LI)
34--28
2017 (Super Bowl LII)
33--41
-
-
-
-

text: The Losers' Curse[edit]

text: Although many teams experience this phenomenon, it is certainly not the rule. There are many speculations made about potential causal factors for this trend, including the team having a shorter offseason due to their extended postseason play, difficulty settling contracts, more pressure on the players, and an increase in visibility, which could contribute to nervous playing.[3]

text: One piece of the Super Bowl curse asserts the team that loses the Super Bowl will go into losing seasons overall. The trend was especially evident during the early 2000s.[4]

text: This list of examples is not exhaustive.

text:
Team
Super Bowl Season
Season Record
Super Bowl Score
Season
Record

Cincinnati Bengals
1988 (Super Bowl XXIII)
12--4
16--20
1989
8--8

Denver Broncos
1989 (Super Bowl XXIV)
11--5
10--55
1990
5--11

Buffalo Bills
1993 (Super Bowl XXVIII)
12--4
13--30
1994
7--9

Atlanta Falcons
1998 (Super Bowl XXXIII)
14--2
19--34
1999
5--11

New York Giants
2000 (Super Bowl XXXV)
12--4
7--34
2001
7--9

St. Louis Rams
2001 (Super Bowl XXXVI)
14--2
17--20
2002
7--9

Oakland Raiders
2002 (Super Bowl XXXVII)
11--5
21--48
2003
4--12

Carolina Panthers
2003 (Super Bowl XXXVIII)
11--5
29--32
2004
7--9

Philadelphia Eagles
2004 (Super Bowl XXXIX)
13--3
21--24
2005
6--10

Chicago Bears
2006 (Super Bowl XLI)
13--3
17--29
2007
7--9

Carolina Panthers
2015 (Super Bowl 50)
15--1
10--24
2016
6--10

text: Further reading[edit]

text:
"Credit Belichick for beating Super Bowl curse". The Sacramento Bee. October 25, 2006. pp. C3.
Freeman, Mike (December 12, 1991). "Fans cry: Off with Giants' Head (Coach)!". The Washington Post.
Green Jr., Ron (November 5, 2004). "Lost-the-Super-Bowl blues afflict Panthers, Raiders". The Charlotte Observer. pp. 2C.
"Less and more than rumored Miami and the Super Bowl curse". Sarasota Herald Tribune. January 30, 1999.
Penner, Mike (August 27, 2006). "Curses are reality to fantasy leaguers". Los Angeles Times. pp. D.2.


document_title: Mucus

question_text: what does mucus do in the respiratory system

text: Mucus

text: Respiratory system[edit]

text: In the human respiratory system, mucus, also known as airway surface liquid (ASL), aids in the protection of the lungs by trapping foreign particles that enter them, in particular, through the nose, during normal breathing.[3] Further distinction exists between the superficial and cell-lining layers of ASL, which are known as mucus layer (ML) and pericilliary liquid layer (PCL), respectively.[4] "Phlegm" is a specialized term for mucus that is restricted to the respiratory tract, whereas the term "nasal mucus" describes secretions of the nasal passages.

text: Nasal mucus is produced by the nasal mucosa; and mucus lining the airways (trachea, bronchus, bronchioles) is produced by specialized airway epithelial cells (goblet cells) and submucosal glands. Small particles such as dust, particulate pollutants, and allergens, as well as infectious agents and bacteria are caught in the viscous nasal or airway mucus and prevented from entering the system. This event along with the continual movement of the respiratory mucus layer toward the oropharynx, helps prevent foreign objects from entering the lungs during breathing. This explains why coughing often occurs in those who smoke cigarettes. The body's natural reaction is to increase mucus production. In addition, mucus aids in moisturizing the inhaled air and prevents tissues such as the nasal and airway epithelia from drying out.[5] Nasal and airway mucus is produced continuously, with most of it swallowed subconsciously, even when it is dried.[6]

text: Increased mucus production in the respiratory tract is a symptom of many common illnesses, such as the common cold and influenza. Hypersecretion of mucus can occur in inflammatory respiratory diseases such as respiratory allergies, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.[5] The presence of mucus in the nose and throat is normal, but increased quantities can impede comfortable breathing and must be cleared by blowing the nose or expectorating phlegm from the throat.

text: Diseases involving mucus[edit]

text: In general, nasal mucus is clear and thin, serving to filter air during inhalation. During times of infection, mucus can change color to yellow or green either as a result of trapped bacteria[7] or due to the body's reaction to viral infection.[8] The green color of mucus comes from the heme group in the iron-containing enzyme myeloperoxidase secreted by white blood cells as a cytotoxic defense during a respiratory burst.

text: In the case of bacterial infection, the bacterium becomes trapped in already-clogged sinuses, breeding in the moist, nutrient-rich environment. Sinusitis is an uncomfortable condition which may include congestion of mucus. A bacterial infection in sinusitis will cause discolored mucus and would respond to antibiotic treatment; viral infections typically resolve without treatment.[9] Almost all sinusitis infections are viral and antibiotics are ineffective and not recommended for treating typical cases.[10]

text: In the case of a viral infection such as cold or flu, the first stage and also the last stage of the infection cause the production of a clear, thin mucus in the nose or back of the throat. As the body begins to react to the virus (generally one to three days), mucus thickens and may turn yellow or green. Viral infections cannot be treated with antibiotics, and are a major avenue for their misuse. Treatment is generally symptom-based; often it is sufficient to allow the immune system to fight off the virus over time.[11]

text: Upper respiratory tract[edit]

text: Increased mucus production in the upper respiratory tract is a symptom of many common ailments, such as the common cold. Nasal mucus may be removed by blowing the nose or by using nasal irrigation. Excess nasal mucus, as with a cold or allergies, due to vascular engorgement associated with vasodilation and increased capillary permeability caused by histamines,[12] may be treated cautiously with decongestant medications. Thickening of mucus as a "rebound" effect following overuse of decongestants may produce nasal or sinus drainage problems and circumstances that promote infection.

text: During cold, dry seasons, the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, meaning that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes an excess amount of water to build up inside nasal cavities. In these cases, the excess fluid usually spills out externally through the nostrils.[13]

text: Lower respiratory tract[edit]

text: Excess mucus production in the bronchi and bronchioles, as may occur in asthma, bronchitis or influenza, results from chronic airway inflammation, and hence may be treated with anti-inflammatory medications. Impaired mucociliary clearance due to conditions such as primary ciliary dyskinesia may also result in its accumulation in the bronchi.[4] The dysregulation of mucus homesotasis is the fundamental characteristic of cystic fibrosis, an inherited disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which encodes a chloride channel. This defect leads to the altered electrolyte composition of mucus, which triggers its hyperabsorption and dehydration. Such low-volume, viscous, acidic mucus causes has a reduced antimicrobial function, which facilitates bacterial colonisation.[14] The thinning of the mucus layer ultimately affects the PCL, which becomes dehydrated, compromising ciliary function and impairing mucociliary clearance.[4][14]

text: Digestive system[edit]

text: In the human digestive system, mucus is used as a lubricant for materials that must pass over membranes, e.g., food passing down the esophagus. Mucus is extremely important in the intestinal tract. It forms an essential layer in the colon and in the small intestine that helps reduce intestinal inflammation by decreasing bacterial interaction with intestinal epithelial cells.[15] A layer of mucus along the inner walls of the stomach is vital to protect the cell linings of that organ from the highly acidic environment within it.[scientific 1] Mucus is not digested in the intestinal tract. Mucus is also secreted from glands within the rectum due to stimulation of the mucous membrane within.[citation needed]