document_title: The Crown (TV series)

question_text: who played the queen mother in the crown

text: The Crown (TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The Crown traces the life of Queen Elizabeth II from her wedding in 1947 through to the present day.[6] The first season, in which Claire Foy portrays the Queen in the early part of her reign, depicts events up to 1955, with Winston Churchill resigning as Prime Minister and the Queen's sister Princess Margaret deciding not to marry Peter Townsend.[7] The second season covers the Suez Crisis in 1956, the retirement of the Queen's third Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan, in 1963 following the Profumo affair political scandal, and the birth of Prince Edward in 1964.[8][9][10]

text: Beginning with season three, Olivia Colman will portray the Queen.[11] Season three will cover Harold Wilson's time as Prime Minister,[12] and will also include Princess Margaret's eight-year affair with baronet and gardening expert Roddy Llewellyn that leads to the Princess's divorce from Antony Armstrong-Jones in 1978.[8][13] It will also introduce Camilla Parker Bowles and Lady Diana Spencer, who will be a focus of the fourth season (set during Margaret Thatcher's premiership).[12]

text: Cast[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Claire Foy as Princess Elizabeth and later Queen Elizabeth II[6]
Matt Smith as Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, Elizabeth's husband[6]
Vanessa Kirby as Princess Margaret, Elizabeth's younger sister[6]
Eileen Atkins as Queen Mary, Elizabeth's grandmother[14] (season 1)
Jeremy Northam as Anthony Eden, Churchill's Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary, who succeeds him as Prime Minister[15]
Victoria Hamilton as Queen Elizabeth, George VI's wife and Elizabeth's mother, known as Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother during her daughter's reign[6]
Ben Miles as Group Captain Peter Townsend, George VI's equerry, who hopes to marry Princess Margaret[16]
Greg Wise as Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, Philip's ambitious uncle and great-grandson of Queen Victoria
Jared Harris as King George VI, Elizabeth's father, known to his family as Bertie[6]
John Lithgow as Winston Churchill, the Queen's first Prime Minister[6]
Alex Jennings as the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII, who abdicated in favour of his younger brother Bertie to marry Wallis Simpson; known to his family as David[17]
Lia Williams as the Duchess of Windsor, Edward's American wife[17]
Anton Lesser as Harold Macmillan, who follows Anthony Eden as Prime Minister[18] (season 2)
Matthew Goode as Antony Armstrong-Jones, known as Tony, a society photographer who marries Princess Margaret[8] (season 2)

text: Featured[edit]

text: The below actors are credited in the opening titles of single episodes in which they play a significant role.

text:
Stephen Dillane as Graham Sutherland, a noted artist who paints a portrait of the ageing Churchill (season 1)
Gemma Whelan as Patricia Campbell, a secretary who works with Altrincham and types up his editorial (season 2)
John Heffernan as Lord Altrincham, a writer who penned a scathing criticism of the Queen (season 2)
Paul Sparks as Billy Graham, a prominent American preacher with whom Elizabeth consults (season 2)[17]
Michael C. Hall as John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States who visits the Queen (season 2)
Jodi Balfour as Jacqueline Kennedy, the First Lady of the United States (season 2)
Burghart Klaußner as Dr. Kurt Hahn, the founder of Gordonstoun, where Philip and Charles went to school (season 2)
Finn Elliot as school-aged Prince Philip (season 2)[17]
Julian Baring as school-aged Prince Charles (season 2)[17]

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Billy Jenkins as young Prince Charles
Grace and Amelia Gilmour as young Princess Anne[19] (uncredited)
Clive Francis as Lord Salisbury
Pip Torrens as Tommy Lascelles
Harry Hadden-Paton as Martin Charteris
Daniel Ings as Mike Parker
Lizzy McInnerny as Margaret "Bobo" MacDonald
Michael Bertenshaw as the Master of the Household
Patrick Ryecart as the Duke of Norfolk
Will Keen as Michael Adeane
James Laurenson as Doctor Weir
Mark Tandy as Cecil Beaton
Michael Culkin as Rab Butler
George Asprey as Walter Monckton
James Hillier as Equerry
Anna Madeley as Clarissa Eden
Nick Hendrix (season 1) and Tom Durant-Pritchard (season 2) as Billy Wallace
Josh Taylor as Johnny Dalkeith
David Shields (season 1) and Pip Carter (season 2) as Colin Tennant[20]
Julius D'Silva as Baron Nahum
Jo Herbert as Mary Charteris
Richard Clifford as Norman Hartnell
Joseph Kloska as Porchey
Amir Boutrous as Gamal Abdel Nasser
Abigail Parmenter as Judy Montagu

text: Season 1[edit]

text:
Harriet Walter as Clementine Churchill[15]
Nicholas Rowe as Jock Colville[14]
Simon Chandler as Clement Attlee
Kate Phillips as Venetia Scott
Ronald Pickup as the Archbishop of Canterbury
Nigel Cooke as Harry Crookshank
Patrick Drury as the Lord Chamberlain
John Woodvine as the Archbishop of York
Rosalind Knight as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Andy Sanderson as Prince Henry[14]
Verity Russell as young Princess Elizabeth
Beau Gadsdon as young Princess Margaret
Jo Stone-Fewings as Collins
Tony Guilfoyle as the Bishop of Durham
Paul Thornley as Bill Mattheson

text: Season 2[edit]

text:
Chloe Pirrie as Eileen Parker
Nicholas Burns as Anthony Nutting
Lucy Russell as Lady Mountbatten
Richard Elfyn as Selwyn Lloyd
Adrian Lukis as Vice-Admiral Sir Conolly Abel Smith
Sophie Leigh Stone as Princess Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Guy Williams as Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark
Leonie Benesch as Princess Cecilie of Greece and Denmark
Simon Paisley Day as Meryn Lewis
Sylvestra Le Touzel as Dorothy Macmillan
Catherine Bailey as Elizabeth Cavendish
Paul Clayton as Bob Boothby
Yolanda Kettle as Camilla Fry
Ed Cooper Clarke as Jeremy Fry
Ryan Sampson as Dudley Moore
Tim Steed as John Profumo
Lyla Barrett-Rye as school-aged Princess Anne
Robert Irons as Freddie Bishop
Patrick Warner as Peter Cook
Oliver Maltman as Jim Orr
David Annen as Alec Douglas-Home
Richard Lintern as Stephen Ward

text: Episodes[edit]

text: Season 1 (2016)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date11"Wolferton Splash"Stephen DaldryPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In November 1947, Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark renounces his royal titles in order to marry Princess Elizabeth, King George VI's elder daughter and heiress presumptive. The newlyweds move to Malta, where Philip returns to the Royal Navy and Elizabeth gives birth to her son Charles and her daughter Anne. In 1951, the couple returns to London when King George undergoes surgery for lung cancer. After being told that he has months to live, the King counsels Philip on how to further assist Elizabeth when she becomes the new sovereign. Meanwhile, former Conservative Prime Minister Winston Churchill and his wife Clementine return to Downing Street following six years of a Labour government.
22"Hyde Park Corner"Stephen DaldryPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In 1952, with King George still in ill health, Elizabeth and Philip tour the Commonwealth in his place. While the couple is on safari in Kenya, the King is found dead in his bed. His wife Queen Elizabeth, younger daughter Margaret, and widowed mother Queen Mary mourn as news of George's sudden passing spreads via radio to the rest of the world. Philip breaks the news to Elizabeth, who returns to the United Kingdom as Queen and reunites with her family in their grief.
33"Windsor"Philip MartinPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In February 1952, as the Royal Family prepares for King George's funeral, Elizabeth's uncle the Duke of Windsor, who has been living in Paris with Wallis Simpson since his abdication in 1936, arrives in the United Kingdom.  This causes the Queen Mother and Queen Mary to reopen old wounds surrounding his choice of wife. Elizabeth meets Churchill to discuss Philip's requests that his family keep the name Mountbatten, and live at Clarence House rather than move into Buckingham Palace. The Prime Minister is reluctant to grant either request; Elizabeth later drops them after receiving counsel from the Duke of Windsor. Churchill later informs Elizabeth that the date for her coronation has been set for the following year; she understands that Churchill is trying to secure his position within his own party, which is eager for Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden to replace him.
44"Act of God"Julian JarroldPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In December 1952, as a great smog affects London and kills thousands, Elizabeth's advisors pressure her to ask Churchill, who referred to the event as an "act of God", to step down. While initially reluctant to do so, the Queen summons him for a private audience after he comes under fire from the opposition and refuses to discuss the smog at a Cabinet meeting. Before the meeting, Churchill's eyes are finally opened when his beloved secretary, Venetia Scott, is killed by a double-decker bus. He makes an impassioned speech outside the hospital where Venetia's body is being held, promising a longer-term approach to preventing future smog. His speech prompts Elizabeth to change her mind, when the smog clears moments before their audience takes place. Philip begins flying lessons from Royal Air Force Group Captain Peter Townsend, who is having a clandestine relationship with Margaret.
55"Smoke and Mirrors"Philip MartinPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
The Duke of Windsor clashes with Elizabeth's Private Secretary Tommy Lascelles after being asked not to attend Elizabeth's coronation and learning that Wallis will also not be receiving an invitation. Elizabeth places Philip in charge of preparations, only to regret her decision when he upsets her with a request that he should forgo kneeling to pay homage when she is crowned, and his insistence that the event be televised, which annoys the committee. On June 2, Elizabeth is crowned at Westminster Abbey. The Duke and Duchess of Windsor view the coverage from their villa in Paris, and spitefully mock the new Queen.
66"Gelignite"Julian JarroldPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
When Margaret and the divorcee Townsend ask for Elizabeth's permission to marry, the Queen promises her support, while Lascelles and the Queen Mother advise against it. As a local newspaper publishes an article about the relationship, Elizabeth changes her mind after learning that the Royal Marriages Act of 1772 prohibits Margaret from marrying without permission until she turns twenty-five. Elizabeth and Philip take Townsend, who is set to be posted to Brussels, with them on a trip to Northern Ireland, but his popularity causes Lascelles to recommend that he be posted to Brussels sooner than promised, causing a lasting rift between the two sisters.
77"Scientia Potentia Est"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In August 1953, Churchill urges an international summit with American President Dwight D. Eisenhower in response to the Soviet Union testing their first thermonuclear weapon. At the last minute, Churchill falls victim to a stroke, which inhibits his ability to govern and prompts Conservative Lord Salisbury to try and keep his ailment secret. Meanwhile, Elizabeth contemplates whether to replace the retiring Lascelles with senior deputy Michael Adeane or with her preferred choice Martin Charteris. She later engages a private tutor to improve her knowledge of science, which helps her gain enough courage to dress down Churchill and Salisbury for lying to her.
88"Pride & Joy"Philip MartinPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
With Elizabeth and Philip on a stressful tour of the Commonwealth, Margaret takes on more royal engagements, and the Queen Mother goes to Scotland to reflect on her new position. While she is there, she buys a castle. Meanwhile, Philip grows frustrated over Elizabeth using him as a prop, and the couple have a heated argument that is recorded by photographers. While Elizabeth convinces the photographers to surrender the recording, she and Phillip remain unable to resolve the argument, but must pretend to have a stable relationship for the public's sake. Churchill visits Margaret and, after explaining that the public do not want someone with passion or personality, tells her that she will no longer be taking on royal engagements.
99"Assassins"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
Philip begins spending more time away from home, while Elizabeth begins spending time with her horse racing manager and friend Lord "Porchey" Porchester. The tension escalates after Elizabeth has a direct line put in for Porchey to call Buckingham Palace, and culminates in a heated confrontation. Elizabeth later tells Philip that he is the only man she has ever loved, which has disappointed many others. He, in turn, silently mouths an apology after she makes a moving speech at Churchill's eightieth birthday dinner. As part of the celebrations, contemporary artist Graham Sutherland paints a portrait of Churchill as a birthday gift from Parliament. However, the Prime Minister hates its accuracy and, after a heated confrontation with Sutherland, admits his pain at what ageing has done to him. Churchill decides to resign as Prime Minister and requests that Eden replaces him. The portrait is later destroyed on Clementine's instructions.
1010"Gloriana"Philip MartinPeter MorganNovember 4, 2016 (2016-11-04)
In 1956, Elizabeth finds herself torn when the public approves, but officials from Parliament and the Church of England disapprove, of Margaret's relationship with Townsend. As Elizabeth tries to dissuade Margaret from the relationship, the Queen Mother complains at Philip's domineering attitude towards Charles. At the suggestion of both Lascelles and the Queen Mother, Elizabeth asks Philip to open the Summer Olympics in Melbourne so he can adjust to life in her shadow. A five-month royal tour onboard the newly commissioned Royal Yacht is later added to Philip's itinerary, to which Elizabeth responds by suggesting that he be thankful everyone is helping him to find a public role. Meanwhile, Eden replaces Churchill as Prime Minister and becomes trapped in an escalating dispute with Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser over rights to the Suez Canal.

text: Season 2 (2017)[edit]

text:
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date111"Misadventure"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
In February 1957, Elizabeth and Philip discuss the state of their marriage while onboard the Britannia in Lisbon, seeing that divorce is not an option. Five months earlier, Elizabeth had suspected he may be having an affair after finding a photograph of Russian ballerina Galina Ulanova in his briefcase.  Chancellor of the Exchequer Harold Macmillan challenges Eden's solution to the Egyptian takeover of the Suez Canal, but then agrees to military intervention. Philip's uncle Earl Mountbatten warns Elizabeth about the possible intervention, and she confronts Eden about the Israeli invasion of Sinai. Eden confesses that there is a secret agreement between the Israeli, French and British governments to reclaim the canal from the Egyptians, without approval from Parliament or the United Nations. British forces begin moving into Egypt. After her nightly prayers she resolutely closes the door to the room with an empty double bed.
122"A Company of Men"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
In December 1956, Eden withdraws British forces from Egypt following international political pressure, before going on holiday to Jamaica to recover his health. Meanwhile, Philip continues his royal tour, punctuated by an interview which he abandons when the reporter asks him embarrassing questions about his family history. At Christmas, Philip makes a radio broadcast, prompting Elizabeth to let him know that his family is waiting for him as part of her Christmas Message and making him look forward to going home to a happier marriage. Meanwhile, Eileen, the wife of Philip's private secretary Michael, initiates divorce proceedings because of her husband's infidelities, including one with a waitress who works at Philip's lunch club. Elizabeth's assistant private secretary Martin Charteris warns Adeane that this could cause the press to start asking about Elizabeth and Philip's own marriage.
133"Lisbon"Philip MartinPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Eden returns from Jamaica to find himself forced out of Downing Street by the Cabinet and the Conservative Party, who blame him for the Suez Crisis. As Macmillan becomes Prime Minister, Adeane enlists a retired Lascelles to change Eileen's mind about the divorce. When he fails, and Elizabeth, Philip, and Parker learn about the decision, Elizabeth attempts to convince her to hold off an announcement, but she is rebuffed. The story goes public, prompting Philip to force Parker to resign. Elizabeth arranges Philip's return before meeting the Britannia in Lisbon, where they again discuss their marriage.  Philip says that he resents his son outranking him, and needs more respect from the court and palace staff. On February 22, 1957, Philip is made a Prince and becomes "His Royal Highness the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh".
144"Beryl"Benjamin CaronAmy Jenkins and Peter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Shortly before her birthday, Margaret accepts a marriage proposal from her friend Billy Wallace.  She breaks off the engagement on finding him drunk and recovering from a duel on the night of the intended announcement, during a gala celebrating Elizabeth and Philip's tenth wedding anniversary. Later, she meets photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones at a dinner party and becomes infatuated with him. He invites her to his studio for a sitting. Bored with traditional birthday pictures, she gives one of the photos, which suggests that she is nude, to the newspapers.  The following day, the picture is published, shocking Elizabeth and the rest of the Royal Family. Macmillan's wife Dorothy tells him she will end her longtime affair, but Macmillan overhears her talking to her lover on the telephone suggesting otherwise.
155"Marionettes"Philippa LowthorpePeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Lord Altrincham, a minor peer and magazine editor, sparks a constitutional crisis after writing an article criticising Elizabeth. The piece was written after he had listened to a radio broadcast of a particularly tone-deaf speech of hers, written by her aides, to workers at a car factory. While both local newspapers and the general public are initially against him, they support him after he appears on ITN and argues that the monarchy must adapt to post-war and post-Suez society. Macmillan reminds Elizabeth of the trend of nations to abolish their monarchies, prompting her to meet with Altrincham in secret. She later implements two of his suggestions: that the 1957 Royal Christmas Message be televised, and that the Debutante Ball be opened to some of her subjects. Six months later, the Queen Mother expresses embarrassment over the monarchy's slow loss of authority, while hosting a garden party.
166"Vergangenheit"Philippa LowthorpePeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
In 1945 Germany, a German officer leads American soldiers to a box containing top-secret diplomatic papers. After discovering that these contain information about "Windsor", Churchill informs King George and is asked to ensure that the files are never published. In 1958, shortly before meeting American evangelist Billy Graham, Elizabeth receives a letter from the Duke of Windsor asking permission to re-enter the UK to find employment. She agrees, and he starts convincing former sycophants to support his return. When historians unearth the papers, reorganised and titled The Marburg Files, Macmillan brings the matter before Elizabeth. He and the Queen Mother explain that one volume, which the United States wants published, concerns the Duke of Windsor's clandestine relationship with the Nazi High Command. After an encounter with the Duke does not go as planned, Elizabeth asks Lascelles for advice, only to learn that the extent of the relationship was even worse than she had known. She then seeks spiritual counsel from Reverend Graham before allowing the volume to be published and exiling the Duke of Windsor for betraying his country.
177"Matrimonium"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
After learning that Townsend is engaged to a much younger woman, Margaret retaliates by pressing Armstrong-Jones into proposing marriage. Because Elizabeth is pregnant, protocol prevents her from announcing the engagement. Adeane and Lascelles inform Elizabeth that Armstrong-Jones is currently engaged in sexual relationships with other women, and also with his best male friend and his wife, who is pregnant with what might be Armstrong-Jones's child.  Elizabeth gives birth to Prince Andrew.  She decides against telling Margaret about Armstrong-Jones's sexual activities.  Margaret and Armstrong-Jones are married at Westminster Abbey.
188"Dear Mrs. Kennedy"Stephen DaldryPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
Elizabeth invites newly-inaugurated American President John F. Kennedy and his wife Jackie to Buckingham Palace for dinner. The Queen finds common ground with the First Lady, only to become annoyed on hearing that Jackie had insulted both her and the Palace at a party. Feeling challenged, she travels to Ghana to meet President Kwame Nkrumah, whose relationship with the Soviet Union is worrying Macmillan. Elizabeth convinces him to cut ties with the Soviet Union and to realign Ghana with the United Kingdom, in exchange for agreeing to dance the foxtrot with him. Later, Jackie makes an unexpected visit to the UK and sits down with Elizabeth at Windsor Castle, where she apologises for insulting her, explaining that she had been under the influence of "substances". Elizabeth later confides in Philip, asking him if she should have responded in a more personal way. President Kennedy is assassinated, and Elizabeth arranges for a week of mourning to take place. She also sends Jackie a personal letter of sympathy.
199"Paterfamilias"Stephen DaldryTom Edge and Peter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
On Philip's insistence Charles is sent to Gordonstoun School. Elizabeth and Louis, who are against the idea, recommend Eton College, only for Philip to use his deal with Elizabeth to compel her to back him. As he takes Charles to Scotland, Philip recalls his time at the school, when he was punished for fighting by being forced to construct the school's front gate during the winter holiday, and when his favourite sister Cecile and her family had died in a plane crash, for which his father Andrew blamed him. Charles starts to struggle with Gordonstoun's rigorous curriculum and, when he disappears during the Gordonstoun challenge, is found crying by his security detail. Philip admonishes Charles for being "bloody weak".
2010"Mystery Man"Benjamin CaronPeter MorganDecember 8, 2017 (2017-12-08)
In 1963, the government is thrown into chaos by an affair between the Secretary of State for War John Profumo and model Christine Keeler becoming public knowledge. When the media begins to speculate about a "mystery man" seen in a photograph taken at a party hosted by London osteopath Stephen Ward, who is charged with immorality offences, Margaret and Tony notice the similarities with Philip. Ward commits suicide, and the police find a hand-drawn portrait of Philip among his belongings. An embarrassed Macmillan resigns, and is succeeded by Alec Douglas-Home, whose appointment is controversial due to his relationship with the Royal Family. Elizabeth asks Philip if he is the mystery man, and confronts him with the photograph of Ulanova. Philip admits to knowing Ward in a minor capacity, having visited his clinic the previous year after injuring his neck. He denies attending Ward's weekend parties, and reaffirms his love and support for Elizabeth. Elizabeth gives birth to her fourth child.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: Peter Morgan, who wrote the 2006 film The Queen and the 2013 stage play The Audience, is the main scriptwriter for The Crown.[21] The directors of the television series who were also involved in the stage production are Stephen Daldry, Philip Martin, Julian Jarrold, and Benjamin Caron.[22] The first 10-part season was the most expensive drama produced by Netflix and Left Bank Pictures to date, costing at least £100 million.[23][24][25][26] A second season was commissioned,[27][28] with the series intended to span 60 episodes over six seasons.[6] By October 2017, "early production" had begun on an anticipated third and fourth season,[11] and by the following January, Netflix confirmed the series had been renewed for a third and fourth season.[12]

text: Casting[edit]

text: By November 2014, Claire Foy had entered negotiations to portray Queen Elizabeth II in the series.[29] By May 2015, Vanessa Kirby was in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret.[30] In June 2015, John Lithgow was cast as Winston Churchill, and Matt Smith was cast as Prince Phillip; Foy was confirmed as Queen Elizabeth II.[31] Also starring in the first season were Victoria Hamilton, Jared Harris, and Eileen Atkins.[32]

text: The Left Bank producers noted that Smith was paid more than Foy in the first two seasons, partially because of his Doctor Who fame.[33] This information brought up discussion on the gender pay gap, including the creation of a petition asking Smith to donate the difference between his and Foy's salary to the Time's Up Legal Defense Fund.[34] Left Bank later issued an apology to Foy and Smith for putting them "at the center of a media storm... through no fault of their own." Left Bank also clarified that they "are responsible for budgets and salaries; the actors are not aware of who gets what, and cannot be held personally responsible for the pay of their colleagues." They added that they support "the drive for gender equality in film and TV and [were] eager to talk to the British Time’s Up campaign and [were] already speaking to Era 50:50, a group campaigning for gender equality on screen and stage."[35] Suzanne Mackie, Left Bank's creative director, did note that moving forward, no other actor would be paid more than the actress portraying the Queen.[33] Regarding the controversy, Foy was "not [surprised about the interest in the story] in the sense that it was a female-led drama. I'm not surprised that people saw [the story] and went, 'Oh, that's a bit odd.' But I know that Matt feels the same that I do, that it's odd to find yourself at the center [of a story] that you didn't particularly ask for."[36] Smith noted that he supported Foy and was "pleased that it was resolved and [the producers] made amends for it because that's what needed to happen." The Hollywood Reporter noted it was unclear what Smith was referring to regarding the situation being resolved and amended, as Netflix and Left Bank had not commented on the matter further.[37]

text: The producers will recast some roles with older actors every two seasons, as the timeline moves forward and the characters age.[38] In October 2017, Olivia Colman was cast as Queen Elizabeth II for the third and fourth seasons.[11] By January 2018, Helena Bonham Carter and Paul Bettany were in negotiations to portray Princess Margaret and Prince Philip, respectively, for these seasons.[39][10] However, by the end of the month Bettany was forced to drop out due to the time commitment required.[13] By the end of March 2018, Tobias Menzies was cast as Prince Phillip for the third and fourth seasons.[40] In early May 2018, Bonham Carter was confirmed to have been cast, alongside Jason Watkins as Prime Minister Harold Wilson.[41] The next month, Ben Daniels was cast as Antony Armstrong-Jones for the third season,[42] along with Erin Doherty joining the series as Princess Anne.[43] A month later, Josh O'Connor and Marion Bailey were cast as Prince Charles and the Queen Mother, respectively, for the third and fourth seasons.[44]

text: Filming[edit]

text: An estimated 25% of the first season was filmed at Elstree Studios in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, with the remainder filmed on location, altogether taking 152 days. Sets for private quarters, the interior of a private jet, the cabinet room, and the exterior of 10 Downing Street, were built at Elstree Studios,[28][45] while Lancaster House, Wrotham Park and Wilton House were used to double as Buckingham Palace. Ely Cathedral stood in for Westminster Abbey, while locations in South Africa doubled as Kenya.[28] Additional locations in the UK included Eltham Palace, the Royal Naval College,[46] Goldsmiths' Hall, Shoreham Airport, New Slains Castle,[47] Balmoral Castle, Cruden Bay, Lyceum Theatre, Loseley Park, Hatfield House,[45] The Historic Dockyard Chatham,[48] Southwark Cathedral, Ardverikie House, Englefield House, and the Glenfeshie Estate.[49] Filming on the second season began in early October 2016.[38] Each episode of the first two seasons would shoot for about 22 days, with each costing about GB£5 million (US$7 million) to produce.[33] The third season began filming in July 2018, and will shoot back-to-back with the fourth season.[50]

text: Historical accuracy[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The show has been interpreted as perpetuating the idea that the Queen and Prime Minister Churchill had forced Princess Margaret to give up her plan to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend. In the series the Queen is seen telling her sister that if she marries Townsend she would no longer be a member of the family because of the Royal Marriages Act 1772.  Yet there is clear evidence that in reality efforts had been made to prevent any further delay of the marriage, which would have allowed Princess Margaret to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance, stay in the country and even continue with her public duties.[51]

text: The re-enactment of the removal of the King's cancerous lung, originally performed by Sir Clement Price Thomas, was researched and planned by Pankaj Chandak, specialist in transplant surgery at Guy's Hospital, London. Chandak and his surgical team also became part of the real scene.[52] The surgical model of King George VI was donated to the Gordon Museum of Pathology for use as a teaching aid.[53]

text: Despite confirming historical accuracy that Queen Elizabeth did condemn the Duke of Windsor following her informing of The Marburg Files; historians have stated that the episode's implication that the Duke was admonished from the Royal family upon publication is false and that the Duke remained in contact and his public appearances continued.[54]

text: Peggy Noonan of The Wall Street Journal highlighted the historical inaccuracy of the series, and argued for "more truth in art and entertainment".[55] Gordonstoun School responded to its negative portrayal in series two, claiming that in fact the Prince's personal feedback to the school had been overwhelmingly positive.[56] Royal historian Hugo Vickers said that the same episode inaccurately depicted Philip’s sister’s death in a plane crash as having arisen from his own misbehaviour at Gordonstoun, stating “It is beyond me how serious film-makers would wish to turn such a dreadful tragedy into a series of invented scenes bearing no relation to the truth."[56]

text: Release[edit]

text: The series's first two episodes were released theatrically in the United Kingdom on November 1, 2016.[57] The first season was released worldwide in its entirety on November 4, 2016.[58][59] The second season was released on December 8, 2017.[60] The third season is expected to be released in 2019.[41]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported 89% approval for the first season based on 64 reviews, with an average rating of 8.72/10. Its critical consensus reads, "Powerful performances and lavish cinematography make The Crown a top-notch production worthy of its grand subject."[61] On Metacritic, the series holds a score of 81 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[62]

text: The Guardian's TV critic Lucy Mangan praised the series and wrote that "Netflix can rest assured that its £100m gamble has paid off. This first series, about good old British phlegm from first to last, is the service's crowning achievement so far."[63] Writing for The Daily Telegraph, Ben Lawrence said, "The Crown is a PR triumph for the Windsors, a compassionate piece of work that humanises them in a way that has never been seen before. It is a portrait of an extraordinary family, an intelligent comment on the effects of the constitution on their personal lives and a fascinating account of postwar Britain all rolled into one."[64] Chief television critic Jaci Stephen of The Mail on Sunday lauded the series as "faultless" and complimented its "exquisite writing and magnificent acting".[65] Writing for The Boston Globe, Matthew Gilbert also praised the series saying it "is thoroughly engaging, gorgeously shot, beautifully acted, rich in the historical events of postwar England, and designed with a sharp eye to psychological nuance".[66] Vicki Hyman of The Star-Ledger described it as "sumptuous, stately but never dull".[67] The A.V. Club's Gwen Ihnat said it adds "a cinematic quality to a complex and intricate time for an intimate family. The performers and creators are seemingly up for the task".[68]

text: The Wall Street Journal critic Dorothy Rabinowitz said, "We're clearly meant to see the duke [of Windsor] as a wastrel with heart. It doesn't quite come off—Mr. Jennings is far too convincing as an empty-hearted scoundrel—but it's a minor flaw in this superbly sustained work."[69] Robert Lloyd writing for the Los Angeles Times said, "As television it's excellent—beautifully mounted, movingly played and only mildly melodramatic."[70] Hank Stuever of The Washington Post also reviewed the series positively: "Pieces of The Crown are more brilliant on their own than they are as a series, taken in as shorter, intently focused films".[71] Neil Genzlinger of The New York Times said, "This is a thoughtful series that lingers over death rather than using it for shock value; one that finds its story lines in small power struggles rather than gruesome palace coups."[72] The Hollywood Reporter's Daniel Fienberg said the first season "remains gripping across the entirety of the 10 episodes made available to critics, finding both emotional heft in Elizabeth's youthful ascension and unexpected suspense in matters of courtly protocol and etiquette".[73] Other publications such as USA Today,[74] Indiewire,[75] The Atlantic,[76] CNN[77] and Variety[78] also reviewed the series positively.

text: Some were more critical of the show. In a review for Time magazine, Daniel D'Addario wrote that it "will be compared to Downton Abbey, but that .. was able to invent ahistorical or at least unexpected notes. Foy struggles mightily, but she's given little...The Crown's Elizabeth is more than unknowable. She's a bore".[79] Vulture's Matt Zoller Seitz concluded, "The Crown never entirely figures out how to make the political and domestic drama genuinely dramatic, much less bestow complexity on characters outside England's innermost circle."[80] Verne Gay of Newsday said, "Sumptuously produced but glacially told, The Crown is the TV equivalent of a long drive through the English countryside. The scenery keeps changing, but remains the same."[81] Slate magazine's Willa Paskin, commented: "It will scratch your period drama itch—and leave you itchy for action."[82] Writing for The Mail on Sunday, Hugo Vickers, an English biographer of the Royal Family, argued that "while [The Crown] certainly holds the attention, it is marred by a series of sensationalist errors and some quite remarkable lapses into vulgarity."[83]

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91% approval rating for the second season based on 70 reviews, with an average rating of 8.45/10. The website's critical consensus read "The Crown continues its reign with a self-assured sophomore season that indulges in high drama and sumptuous costumes."[84] On Metacritic, the second season holds a score of 87 out of 100, based on 27 critics, retaining the first season's indication of "universal acclaim".[85]

text: Foy and Smith both earned significant praise from critics. Chancellor Agard of Entertainment Weekly wrote "As always, Claire Foy turns in an amazingly restrained performance."[86] Reviewing the first episode, Gabriel Tate of The Daily Telegraph wrote that Foy and Smith have "seldom been better".[87] Hugo Rifkind of The Times said "While ardent monarchists might bristle at the way this is going, for the rest of us it's getting better and better."[88]

text: Alison Keene of Collider said "each new episode makes its mark and tells its own complete story...It's another exceptionally strong season of television, full of compelling drama and sweeping grandeur."[89] Krutika Malikarjuna of TV Guide argued that the public is attracted to the royals' celebrity and star power, and said: "The brilliance of this framing becomes clear as the show evolves into The Real Housewives of Buckingham."[90] Sophie Gilbert wrote for The Atlantic that the portrayal of a monarch who "would rather be living any other life" is "riveting", and that it is "gorgeously shot, with flawless re-creations of everything from the Throne Room in Buckingham Palace to a 1950s hospital ward. And it's surprisingly funny."[91]

text: The Wall Street Journal critic John Anderson said "The Crown attains genuine sexiness without sex. Margaret, à la Ms. Kirby's interpretation, smolders, as does Elizabeth, at least on occasion."[92] Meghan O'Keefe of Decider wrote that the season "continues to romanticize the British royal family, but the romance comes from how they're normal, not divine".[93]

text: Less complimentary reviews saw the season criticised for what some regarded as failing to meet the emotional intensity of the first. John Doyle wrote for Globe and Mail that despite being  "lavishly made" and "breathtaking", it "now leans toward a three-hanky weeper about marriage. It is less than it was, like the monarchy itself, and of interest to monarchy fans only."[94] Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx added "Many of the season's wounds are self-inflicted" and that Prince Philip "still comes across as a whiny man-child".[95] Phil Owen of The Wrap described the season as "trashy" and saw dry comedy in Northam's portrayal of Prime Minister Anthony Eden:  "I'm assuming that creator Peter Morgan meant for it to be comedy. There's really no other explanation for why Jeremy Northam played Prime Minister Anthony Eden like he's having a nervous breakdown in every scene."[96]

text: Accolades[edit]

text:
Year

Award

Category

Nominee(s)

Result

Ref.

2016

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 TV Programs of the Year

The Crown

Won

[97]

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Drama Series

Nominated

[98]

Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

John Lithgow

Won

Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series

Jared Harris

Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

Best Main Title – TV Show/Digital Streaming Series

Hans Zimmer

Nominated

[99]

2017

Golden Globe Awards

Best Television Series – Drama

The Crown

Won

[100]

Best Actress – Television Series Drama

Claire Foy

Won

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

John Lithgow

Nominated

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series

Claire Foy, Clive Francis, Harry Hadden-Paton, Victoria Hamilton, Jared Harris, Daniel Ings, Billy Jenkins, Vanessa Kirby, John Lithgow, Lizzy McInnerny, Ben Miles, Jeremy Northam, Nicholas Rowe, Matt Smith, Pip Torrens, Harriet Walter

Nominated

[101]

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series

John Lithgow

Won

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series

Claire Foy

Won

Art Directors Guild Awards

One-Hour Period or Fantasy Single-Camera Television Series

Martin Childs

Nominated

[102]

American Cinema Editors Awards

Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television

Yan Miles (for "Assassins")

Nominated

[103]

Satellite Awards

Best Television Series – Drama

The Crown

Won

[104]

Best Supporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film

Jared Harris

Nominated

Costume Designers Guild Awards

Outstanding Period Television Series

Michele Clapton

Won

[105]

Dorian Awards

TV Drama of the Year

The Crown

Nominated

TV Performance of the Year – Actress

Claire Foy

Nominated

Broadcasting Press Guild Awards

Best Online First/Streaming

The Crown

Won

[106][107]

Best Actor

Matt Smith

Nominated

Best Actress

Claire Foy

Nominated

Best Writer

Peter Morgan

Nominated

Irish Film and Television Awards

Best Editing

Úna Ní Dhonghaíle

Nominated

[108]

Location Managers Guild Awards

Outstanding Locations in Period Television

Pat Karam, Robert Bentley

Won

[109]

BAFTA Television Craft Awards

Best Costume Design

Michele Clapton

Won

[110][111]

Best Director: Fiction

Stephen Daldry

Nominated

Best Photography and Lightning: Fiction

Adriano Goldman

Nominated

Best Production Design

Martin Childs

Nominated

Best Special, Visual and Graphic Effects

Úna Ní Dhonghaíle, Molinare

Won

Best Title and Graphic Identity

Patrick Clair, Raoul Marks

Nominated

Best Writer: Drama

Peter Morgan

Nominated

BAFTA Television Awards

Best Drama Series

The Crown

Nominated

[112]

Best Actress

Claire Foy

Nominated

Best Supporting Actor

John Lithgow

Nominated

Jared Harris

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Vanessa Kirby

Nominated

Glamour Awards

Best UK TV Actress

Won

[113]

TCA Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Drama

The Crown

Nominated

[114]

Outstanding New Program

Nominated

Individual Achievement in Drama

Claire Foy

Nominated

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Drama Series

Peter Morgan, Stephen Daldry, Andy Harries, Philip Martin, Suzanne Mackie, Matthew Byam-Shaw, Robert Fox, Tanya Seghatchian, and Andrew Eaton

Nominated

[115]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series

Claire Foy (for "Assassins")

Nominated

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

John Lithgow (for "Assassins")

Won

Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series

Stephen Daldry (for "Hyde Park Corner")

Nominated

Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series

Peter Morgan (for "Assassins")

Nominated

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series

Nina Gold, Robert Sterne

Nominated

Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour)

Adriano Goldman (for "Smoke and Mirrors")

Nominated

Outstanding Costumes for a Period/Fantasy Series, Limited Series, or Movie

Michele Clapton, Alex Fordham, Emma O'Loughlin and Kate O'Farrell (for "Wolferton Splash")

Won

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single-Camera Series

Ivana Primorac, Amy Riley (for "Hyde Park Corner")

Nominated

Outstanding Main Title Design

Patrick Clair, Raoul Marks, Javier Leon Carrillo and Jeff Han

Nominated

Outstanding Music Composition for a Series

Rupert Gregson-Williams (for "Hyde Park Corner")

Nominated

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program (One Hour or More)

Martin Childs, Mark Raggett and Celia Bobak (for "Smoke and Mirrors")

Won

Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role

Ben Turner, Tom Debenham, Standish Millennas, Kim Phelan, Oliver Cubbage, Lionel Heath, Charlie Bennet, Stephen Smith and Carmine Agnone (for "Windsor")

Nominated

Hollywood Music in Media Awards

Original Score – TV Show/Limited Series

Rupert Gregson-Williams

Nominated

[116]

American Film Institute Awards

Top 10 TV Programs of the Year

The Crown

Won

[117]

2018

American Society of Cinematographers Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Regular Series for Non-Commercial Television

Adriano Goldman (for "Smoke and Mirrors")

Won

[118]

Art Directors Guild Awards

One-Hour Period or Fantasy Single-Camera Television Series

Martin Childs (for "A Company of Men", "Beryl", "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Nominated

[119]

Cinema Audio Society Awards

Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series – One Hour

Chris Ashworth, Lee Walpole, Stuart Hilliker, Martin Jensen, Rory de Carteret, Philip Clements (for "Misadventure")

Nominated

[120]

Costume Designers Guild Awards

Excellence in Period Television Series

Jane Petrie

Won

[121]

Critics' Choice Television Awards

Best Drama Series

The Crown

Nominated

[122]

Best Actress in a Drama Series

Claire Foy

Nominated

Producers Guild of America Awards

Norman Felton Award for Outstanding Producer of Episodic Television, Drama

The Crown

Nominated

[123]

Golden Globe Awards

Best Television Series – Drama

The Crown

Nominated

[124]

Best Actress – Television Series Drama

Claire Foy

Nominated

Location Managers Guild Awards

Outstanding Locations in Period Television

Pat Karam and Robert Bentley

Nominated

[125]

Screen Actors Guild Awards

Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series

Claire Foy, Victoria Hamilton, Vanessa Kirby, Anton Lesser, Matt Smith

Nominated

Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series

Claire Foy

Won

BAFTA Television Awards

Best Drama Series

The Crown

Nominated

[126]

Best Actress

Claire Foy

Nominated

Best Supporting Actress

Vanessa Kirby

Won

BAFTA Television Craft Awards

Best Writer: Fiction

Peter Morgan

Nominated

[127]

Best Editing: Fiction

Pia di Ciaula

Nominated

Best Costume Design

Jane Petrie

Nominated

Best Production Design

Martin Childs, Alison Harvey

Nominated

Best Photography: Fiction

Adriano Goldman

Won

Best Special, Visual & Graphic Effects

Asa Shoul, Christopher Reynolds

Nominated

Best Sound: Fiction

Sound Team

Won

Primetime Emmy Awards

Outstanding Drama Series

Peter Morgan, Stephen Daldry, Andy Harries, Philip Martin, Suzanne Mackie, Matthew Byam-Shaw, Robert Fox, Andy Stebbing, and Martin Harrison

Pending

[5]

Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series

Claire Foy (for "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Pending

Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series

Matt Smith (for "Mystery Man")

Pending

Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series

Vanessa Kirby (for "Beryl")

Pending

Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series

Stephen Daldry (for "Paterfamilias")

Pending

Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series

Peter Morgan (for "Mystery Man")

Pending

Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards

Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series

Nina Gold and Robert Sterne

Pending

Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series (One Hour)

Adriano Goldman (for "Beryl")

Pending

Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series

Matthew Goode (for "Matrimonium")

Pending

Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single-Camera Series

Ivana Primorac (for "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Pending

Outstanding Period Costumes

Jane Petrie, Emily Newby, Basia Kuznar and Gaby Spanswick (for "Dear Mrs. Kennedy")

Pending

Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period or Fantasy Program (One Hour or More)

Martin Childs, Mark Raggett and Alison Harvey (for "Beryl")

Pending

Outstanding Special Visual Effects in a Supporting Role

Ben Turner, Standish Millennas, Alison Griffiths, Matthew Bristowe, Iacopo Di Luigi, Garrett Honn, Charlie Bennett, Jenny Gauci and Carmine Agnone (for "Misadventure")

Pending


document_title: Urrutia

question_text: where does the last name urrutia come from

root

text: Urrutia

text: Urrutia, meaning "distant, far away" in Basque (also known as Euskera) is the name of a family that originated in Zumárraga in the province of Gipuzkoa, and then spread out throughout the Basque country, and eventually throughout the Americas – South, Central and North and the Philippines. Notable members of the Urrutia family include:

tag: p

text:
Abraham Oyanedel Urrutia, Chilean politician and jurist
Aliecer Urrutia (born 1974), Cuban athlete
Aureliano Urrutia (1871–1975), Mexican physician and politician
Benjamin Urrutia, Ecuadorian-American writer
Carlos Luis de Urrutia, 19th-century governor of Santo Domingo
Estíbaliz Urrutia, Spanish long-distance runner
Francisco de Paula Urrutia Ordóñez, Colombian diplomat
Francisco José Urrutia Olano, Colombian diplomat
Francisco José Urrutia Holguín, Colombian diplomat and jurist
Henry Urrutia (born 1987), Cuban baseball player
Ignacio Urrutia Manzano, Chilean politician
Ignacio Jose Urrutia, Cuban historian
Ilma Urrutia, Guatemalan beauty pageant contestant
Jacob Urrutia, American television actor.
Jenaro de Urrutia Olaran, Basque painter
Jorge Urrutia, Chilean composer
Jorge Urrutia, Mexican mathematician
José de Urrutia, Tejano military
Joseph de Urrutia, 18th-century cartographer
Josu Urrutia, Spaniard footballer
Juan Antonio de Urrutia y Arana, Mexican nobleman and patron of the arts
Karla Urrutia (born 1994), Mexican squash player.
Manuel Urrutia Lleó, 20th President of Cuba
María Urrutia, Colombian athlete and politician
Matilde Urrutia, wife of Pablo Neruda
Miguel Urrutia Montoya, Colombian economist and politician
Osmani Urrutia Ramírez, Cuban baseball player
Patricio Urrutia, Ecuadorian footballer
Roberto Urrutia, Cuban American Olympic weightlifte
Ruben Urrutia, Puerto Rican rapper
Vanessa Urrutia Cardona, Puerto Rican artist, composer and singer. Also studied Chemistry and Pharmacy
Santiago Urrutia, Uruguayan racing driver
Enrique Alvear Urrutia, Chilean bishop
Ignacio Bolívar y Urrutia, Spaniard naturalist and entomologist
Diego Dublé Urrutia, Chilean poet and diplomat
José Antonio Gómez Urrutia, Chilean lawyer and politician
Alfonso Hortiz de Urrutia, 15th-century Spanish humanist writer
Luis Gilberto Murillo Urrutia, Colombian engineer and politician
Pedro R. Pierluisi Urrutia, Puerto Rican lawyer and politician
Iban Zubiaurre Urrutia, Spaniard footballer
Don Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa-Urrutia, Spanish noble, politician and diplomat

tag: ul


document_title: Mains electricity by country

question_text: what is the standard voltage in the philippines

text: Mains electricity by country

text: Main reference source—IEC World Plugs[edit]

text: The International Electrotechnical Commission publishes a web microsite World Plugs[1] which provides the main source for this page, except where other sources are indicated. World Plugs includes some history, a description of plug types, and a list of countries giving the type(s) used and the mains voltage and frequency.

text: Although useful for quick reference, especially for travellers, IEC World Plugs may not be regarded as totally accurate, as illustrated by the examples in the plugs section below, and errors may exist, such as Indonesia being listed as using both 220 V and 110 V when the Indonesian Standard SPLN 1[2] clearly states the voltage as 230 V, and the official travel website says "electric power supply is 220 volts in all regions."[3]

text: Voltages[edit]

text: Voltages in this article are the nominal single-phase supply voltages. Three-phase and industrial loads may have other voltages.

text: All voltages are root mean square voltage; the peak AC voltage is greater by a factor of √2, and the peak-to-peak voltage greater by a factor of 2√2.

text: Plugs[edit]

text: The lettering system used here is from World Plugs, which defines the letter names and gives a (not always correct) list of what plug types are used where. The Type N description is of the two variations of Brazilian plug (Brazilian national standard NBR 14136); however, the original plug and socket is defined in IEC 60906-1 and has been adopted as a South African national Standard (SANS 164-2). The Brazilian version is non-compliant with the IEC standard. Not all plugs are included in the letter system; for example, there is no designation for the plug defined by the Thai National Standard TIS116-2549, though some web sites call this "Type O".

text: Identification guide[edit]

text:
Type A (NEMA 1–15 U.S. 2 pin)
max 125 V AC, max rating 15A

Type B (NEMA 5–15 U.S. 3 pin)
max 125 V AC, max rating 15 A
and IEC standard 60906-2

Type C (CEE 7/16 Europlug)

CEE 7/17 2-pin plug & CEE 7/1 socket

Type D (BS 546 5 A)

Type E (French) CEE 7/6 plug & CEE 7/5 socket, 16A

Type F ("Schuko") CEE 7/4 plug & CEE 7/3 socket, 16A

CEE 7/7 plug, (combines earthing methods of Type E & Type F)

Type G (BS1363 UK)

Type H (SI 32 Israel)

Type I (Australian AS/NZS 3112); Argentinian version has reversed polarity compared to Chinese and Australian versions

Type J (SEV-1011 Switzerland), 10A

Type K (SRAF 1962/DB Denmark)

Type L (CEI 23-50)

Type M (15 A BS 546)

Type N (Brazilian NBR 14136)

Thai TIS 166-2549 mains plug, sometimes known as Type O

"So-called "universal socket" which meets no standard[4] but accepts a number of different plug types.(criticized as unsafe)

text: Table of mains voltages, frequencies, and plugs[edit]

text: This article is missing information about tolerances that allow compatibility across e.g. 230V and 240V systems. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (May 2018)

tag: table

text:
Country
or
territory
Plug type for small appliances[5][a]
National plug standard for small appliances[6]
Voltage for small appliances[5]
Utility frequency[5]
Comments and alternative systems for smaller and larger equipment

Afghanistan
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Albania
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Algeria
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

American Samoa
A, B, F, I

120 V
60 Hz

Andorra
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Angola
C

220 V
50 Hz

Anguilla
A

110 V
60 Hz

Antigua and Barbuda
A, B

230 V
60 Hz

Argentina
C, I

220 V
50 Hz
Line/neutral reversed compared to Chinese and Australian/NZ Type I

Armenia
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Aruba
A, B, F

127 V
60 Hz

Australia
I
AS/NZS 3112
230 V[7][8]
50 Hz
Bathrooms may have shaver sockets[citation needed]
Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I[citation needed]

Austria
C
F
ÖVE-IG/EN 50075
ÖVEÖNORM E 8620
230 V
50 Hz

Azerbaijan
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Bahamas
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Bahrain
G

230 V
50 Hz

Bangladesh
C, D, G, K

220 V
50 Hz

Barbados
A, B

115 V
50 Hz

Belarus
C, F

230 V +/-10% (transitioning from separate 220V and 240V systems, as of 1993)[9]
50 Hz

Belgium
C, E
NBN C 61 112-1
230 V
50 Hz

Belize
A, B, G

110 V
220 V
60 Hz

Benin
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Bermuda
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Bhutan
C, D, F, G, M

230 V
50 Hz

Bolivia
A, C

115 V
230 V
50 Hz

Bosnia and Herzegovina
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Botswana
D, G, M

230 V
50 Hz

Brazil
C, N
NBR 14136
127 V
220 V [10]
60 Hz [11]

British Virgin Islands
A, B

110 V
60 Hz

Brunei
G

240 V
50 Hz

Bulgaria
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Burkina Faso
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Burundi
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Cambodia
A, C, G

230 V
50 Hz

Cameroon
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Canada
A, B
CSA C22.2 No. 42[12]
120 V[13]
60 Hz
Homes are typically provided with 120/240 V split-phase power; NEMA 14-30R and 14-50R receptacles are provided on 240 V circuits for clothes dryers and electric stoves.[14]

Cape Verde
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Caribbean Netherlands
Bonaire[15]
Curaçao

-
A, B
A[16], B[citation needed]

-
127 V
127 V[citation needed]

-
50 Hz
50 Hz[16]

Bonaire: Sockets for 220-240V European type C plugs are typically available at hotels; some buildings modify voltage, so travellers are advised to check before plugging in.

Cayman Islands
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Central African Republic
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Chad
C, D, E, F

220 V
50 Hz

Chile
C, L

220 V
50 Hz

China
A, C, I
GB 1002-2008 &
GB 2099.1‐2008
220 V
50 Hz
Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I

Colombia
A, B

110 V
60 Hz

Comoros
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Congo, Republic of the
C, E

230 V
50 Hz

Congo, Democratic Republic of the
[citation needed]
C, D, E

220 V
50 Hz

Cook Islands
I

240 V
50 Hz

Costa Rica
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Côte d'Ivoire
C, E

230 V
50 Hz

Croatia
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Cuba
A, B

110 V
60 Hz
Modern hotels typically have 220V sockets for European 2-pin plugs (Type C).[17]

Cyprus
G

240 V
50 Hz

Czech Republic
C, E
ČSN 35 4516
230 V
50 Hz

Denmark
C
E, F, K
DS/EN 50075
DS 60884-2-D1[18]
230 V
50 Hz

Djibouti
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Dominica
D, G

230 V
50 Hz

Dominican Republic
A, B

110 V
60 Hz

Ecuador
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Egypt
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

El Salvador
A, B

115 V
60 Hz

Equatorial Guinea
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Eritrea
C, L

230 V
50 Hz

Estonia
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Ethiopia
C, E, F, L

220 V
50 Hz

Falkland Islands
G

240 V
50 Hz

Faroe Islands
C, E, F, K

230 V
50 Hz

Fiji
I

240 V
50 Hz

Finland
C
F
SFS-EN 50075
SFS 5610
230 V
50 Hz

France
C
E
NF EN 50075
NF C 61-314
230 V
50 Hz

French Guiana
C, D, E

220 V
50 Hz

French Polynesia
A, B, C, E, F

110 V
220 V
60 Hz
60 Hz[19]

Gabon
C

220 V
50 Hz

Gambia
G

230 V
50 Hz

Georgia
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Germany
C
F
DIN VDE 0620
DIN 49441
230 V
50 Hz

Ghana
D, G

230 V
50 Hz

Gibraltar
C, G

240 V
50 Hz

Greece
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Greenland
C, E, F, K

220 V
50 Hz

Grenada
G

230 V
50 Hz

Guadeloupe
C, D, E

230 V
50 Hz

Guam
A, B

110 V
60 Hz

Guatemala
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Guernsey
G

230 V
50 Hz

Guinea
C, F, K

220 V
50 Hz

Guinea-Bissau
C

220 V
50 Hz

Guyana
A, B, D, G

110 V
220 V[20]
60 Hz
50 Hz[20]
Conversion of 50 Hz distribution to 60 Hz is ongoing[21]

Haiti
A, B

110 V
60 Hz

Honduras
A, B

110 V
60 Hz

Hong Kong
G
D, M[22]
BS 1363
BS 546
220 V
50 Hz
Type G is most common.

Hungary
C
F
MSZ EN 50075
MSZ 9781-2
230 V
50 Hz

Iceland
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

India
C, D, M
IS 1293[23]
230 V
50 Hz

Indonesia
C, F

220 V[2]
50 Hz

Iran
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Iraq
C, D, G

230 V
50 Hz

Ireland
G
I.S. 401[24]
230 V
50 Hz

Isle of Man
G

240 V
50 Hz

Israel
C, H, M

230 V
50 Hz
Several territories controlled by the PNA also share the same type as the State of Israel.

Italy
C
F, L
CEI 23-34
CEI 23-50
230 V
50 Hz
Different type L plugs are used for high-current vs. low-current devices

Jamaica
A, B

110 V
50 Hz

Japan
A, B
JIS C 8303
100 V
60 Hz
50 Hz
East Japan 50 Hz (Tokyo, Kawasaki, Sapporo, Yokohama, and Sendai); West Japan 60 Hz (Okinawa, Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe, Nagoya, Hiroshima). 120 V in military facilities in Okinawa.[citation needed] See Energy in Japan for more.

Jersey
G

230 V
50 Hz

Jordan
B, C, D, F, G, J

230 V
50 Hz

Kazakhstan
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Kenya
G

240 V
50 Hz

Kiribati
I

240 V
50 Hz

Kosovo
[citation needed]
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Kuwait
C, G

240 V
50 Hz

Kyrgyzstan
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Laos
C, E, F

230 V
50 Hz

Latvia
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Lebanon
A, B, C, D, G

220 V
50 Hz

Lesotho
M

220 V
50 Hz

Liberia
A, B, C, E, F

120 V
240 V
60 Hz
50 Hz

Libya
C, D, F, L

127 V
50 Hz
Barca, Benghazi, Derna, Sabha & Tobruk 230 V.[citation needed]

Lithuania
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Liechtenstein
C, J

230 V
50 Hz

Luxembourg
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Macau
D, F, G, M

230 V[25]
50 Hz

Macedonia
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Madagascar
C, D, E, J, K

127 V
220 V
50 Hz

Malawi
G

230 V
50 Hz

Malaysia
C[26]
G [26]
M[26][27]
MS 1578:2003[26]
MS 589:PT.1:1997[26]
MS 1577:2003[26]
230 V[28]
50 Hz
Type C requires adaptor[29]
Bathrooms may have shaver sockets[29]

Maldives
D, G, J, K, L

230 V
50 Hz

Mali
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Malta
G

230 V
50 Hz

Martinique
C, D, E

220 V
50 Hz

Mauritania
C

220 V
50 Hz

Mauritius
C, G

230 V
50 Hz

Mexico
A, B
NMX-J-163-ANCE
127 V
60 Hz

Micronesia
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Moldova
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Monaco
C, D, E, F

230 V
50 Hz

Mongolia
C, E

220 V
50 Hz

Montenegro
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Montserrat
A, B

120 V
230 V
60 Hz

Morocco
C, E

127 V
220 V
50 Hz

Mozambique
C, F, M

220 V
50 Hz

Myanmar
C, D, F, G

230 V
50 Hz

Namibia
D, M

220 V
50 Hz

Nauru
I

240 V
50 Hz

Nepal
C, D, M

230 V
50 Hz

Netherlands
C, F
EN 50075
NEN 1020
230 V
50 Hz

New Caledonia
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

New Zealand
I
AS/NZS 3112
230 V
50 Hz
Line/neutral reversed compared to Argentinian Type I

Nicaragua
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Niger
A, B, C, D, E, F

220 V
50 Hz

Nigeria
D, G

240 V
50 Hz

North Korea
A, C, F

110 V
220 V
60 Hz
50 Hz

Norway
C
F
NEK EN 50075
NEK 502
230 V
50 Hz

Oman
C, G

240 V
50 Hz

Pakistan
C, D, G, M

230 V
50 Hz

Palau
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Panama
A, B

110 V
120 V
60 Hz

Papua New Guinea
I

240 V
50 Hz

Paraguay
C

220 V
50 Hz

Peru
A, B, C

220 V
60 Hz
Talara 110/220 V; some areas 50 Hz[30][unreliable source?]

Philippines
A, B, C

230 V[31]
60 Hz

Poland
C, E
BN-88/3064
230 V
50 Hz

Portugal
C, F
NP 1260
230 V
50 Hz

Puerto Rico
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Qatar
D, G

240 V
50 Hz

Réunion
E

220 V
50 Hz

Romania
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Russia
C, F

230 V[9]
50 Hz
USSR (along with much of Eastern Europe) used GOST sockets with 4.0 mm pins similar to Type C plugs and the 4.8 mm standard used by Type E & F.[32]

Rwanda
C, J

230 V
50 Hz

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
[citation needed]
G

220-240 V
50 Hz

Saint Martin (French)
C, F

220 V
60 Hz

Sint Maarten (Dutch)
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

St. Kitts and Nevis
A, B, D, G

110 V
230 V
60 Hz

St. Lucia
G

240 V
50 Hz

Saint Pierre and Miquelon
[citation needed]
E

230 V
50 Hz

St. Vincent and the Grenadines
C, E, G, I, K

230 V
50 Hz

Samoa
I

230 V
50 Hz

San Marino
C, F, L

230 V
50 Hz

São Tomé and Príncipe
C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Saudi Arabia
G
SASO 2203
220 V
60 Hz

Senegal
C, D, E, K

230 V
50 Hz

Serbia
C
F
JUS N.E3.552
JUS N.E3.553
230 V
50 Hz

Seychelles
G

240 V
50 Hz

Sierra Leone
D, G

230 V
50 Hz

Singapore
C
G
M
-
SS 145
SS 472
230 V
50 Hz

Slovakia
C, E
STN 34 4516
230 V
50 Hz

Slovenia
C, F

230 V
50 Hz

Solomon Islands
I, G

220 V
50 Hz

Somalia
C

220 V
50 Hz

South Africa
C, M, N
SANS 164
230 V
50 Hz

South Korea
C, F
KS C 8305
220 V
60 Hz

Spain
C, F
UNE 20315
230 V
50 Hz

Sri Lanka
D, G, M

230 V
50 Hz

Sudan
C, D

230 V
50 Hz

Suriname
C, F

127 V
60 Hz

Swaziland
M

230 V
50 Hz

Sweden
C
F
SS-EN 50075
SS 428 08 34
230 V
50 Hz
Bathrooms may have shaver sockets.

Switzerland
C, J
SN SEV 1011:2009[33][34]
230 V
50 Hz

Syria
C, E, L

220 V
50 Hz

Taiwan
A, B

110 V
60 Hz
Sockets in older buildings are often unearthed and accept only Type A plugs.

Tajikistan
C, F, I

220 V
50 Hz

Tanzania
D, G

230 V
50 Hz

Thailand
A, B, C, F
-
220 V
50 Hz
There is also a Thai national standard, TIS 166-2549 (sometimes known as Type O) which may not yet be in common use.[35][36]

Timor-Leste (East Timor)
C, E, F, I

220 V
50 Hz

Togo
C

220 V
50 Hz

Tonga
I

240 V
50 Hz

Trinidad & Tobago
A, B

115 V
60 Hz

Tunisia
C, E

230 V
50 Hz

Turkey
C, F

220 V[37]
50 Hz

Turkmenistan
B, C, F

220 V
50 Hz

Tuvalu
I

220 V
50 Hz

Uganda
G

240 V
50 Hz

Ukraine
C, F

230 V[38]
50 Hz

United Arab Emirates
C, G

220 V
50 Hz
Type G is most common.

United Kingdom
G[39]
BS 1363
230 V[40]
50 Hz
Bathrooms may have shaver sockets

United States
A
B
NEMA 1-15 P
NEMA 5-15 P
120 V
60 Hz
NEMA 5-20R outlets, which are similar to type B but have a T-shaped neutral blade, are used for high-current 120V equipment (up to 20 A). Use of split-phase power distribution to breaker panels is common, so high-consumption appliances like electric dryers and stoves can use 240 V circuits, typically with NEMA 14-30 or NEMA 14-50 outlets (or obsolete NEMA 10 outlets). Some commercial and light industrial equipment uses 208 V three-phase power with other NEMA outlets.

US Virgin Islands
A
B
NEMA 1-15 P
NEMA 5-15 P
110 V
60 Hz

Uruguay
C, F, I, L

230 V
50 Hz

Uzbekistan
C,I

220 V
50 Hz

Vanuatu
C, G, I

220 V
50 Hz

Venezuela
A, B

120 V
60 Hz

Vietnam
A, C, G
TCVN 6188-1
220 V
50 Hz

Yemen
A, D, G

230 V
50 Hz

Zambia
C, D, G

230 V
50 Hz

Zimbabwe
D, G

220 V
50 Hz

text: Jump up ^ "C" may indicate that buildings have three-pin sockets compatible with Europlugs, which also work with other plug types (such as type E, type F, Thai, and some type H, J, K, L, and N sockets) or that buildings have some or all two-pin European style sockets, similar to CEE 7/1. Not all two-pin European plugs are compatible with all two-pin European sockets; see AC power plugs and sockets § Compatibility.

tag: ol


document_title: Securities and Exchange Board of India

question_text: who is responsible for regulation of capital market before sebi

text: Securities and Exchange Board of India

text: History[edit]

text: Securities and exchange Board of India (SEBI) was first established in the year 1988 AQF as a non-statutory body for regulating the, securities market. It became an autonomous body by The Government of India on 12 April 1992 and given statutory powers in 1992 with SEBI Act 1992 being passed by the Indian Parliament. SEBI has its headquarters at the business district of Bandra Kurla Complex in Mumbai, and has Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western Regional Offices in New Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai and Ahmedabad respectively. It has opened local offices at Jaipur and Bangalore and is planning to open offices at Guwahati, Bhubaneshwar, Patna, Kochi and Chandigarh in Financial Year 2013 - 2014.

text: Controller of Capital Issues was the regulatory authority before SEBI came into existence; it derived authority from the Capital Issues (Control) Act, 1947.

text: Initially SEBI was a non statutory body without any statutory power. However, in 1992, the SEBI was given additional statutory power by the Government of India through an amendment to the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992. In April 1988 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital markets in India under a resolution of the Government of India. The SEBI is managed by its members, which consists of following:

text: The chairman who is nominated by Union Government of India.Two members, i.e., Officers from Union Finance Ministry. One member from the Reserve Bank of India. The remaining five members are nominated by Union Government of India, out of them at least three shall be whole-time members.

text: After amendment of 1999, collective investment scheme brought under SEBI except NIDHI, chit fund and cooperatives.

text: Organization structure[edit]

text: Ajay Tyagi was appointed chairman on 10 January 2017 replacing U K Sinha.[3] And took charge of chairman office on March 1, 2017. The Board comprises[4]

text:
Name
Designation

Ajay Tyagi
Chairman

Gurumoorthy Mahalingam
Whole Time Member

S. Raman
Whole Time Member

Madhabi Puri Buch
Whole Time Member

Shaktikanta Das
Part Time Member

N.S. Vishwanathan
Part Time Member

Arun P. Sathe
Part Time Member

Tapan Ray
Part Time Member

text: List of Chairmen:[5]

text:
Name
From
To

Ajay Tyagi
10 February 2017
present

U K Sinha
18 February 2011
10 February 2017

C. B. Bhave
18 February 2008
18 February 2011

M. Damodaran
18 February 2005
18 February 2008

G. N. Bajpai
20 February 2002
18 February 2005

D. R. Mehta
21 February 1995
20 February 2002

S. S. Nadkarni
17 January 1994
31 January 1995

G. V. Ramakrishna
24 August 1990
17 January 1994

Dr. S. A. Dave
12 April 1988
23 August 1990

text: Functions and responsibilities[edit]

text: The Preamble of the Securities and Exchange Board of India describes the basic functions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India as "...to protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and to regulate the securities market and for matters connected there with or incidental there to".

text: SEBI has to be responsive to the needs of three groups, which constitute the market:

text:
the issuers of securities
the investors
the market intermediaries.

text: SEBI has three functions rolled into one body: quasi-legislative, quasi-judicial and quasi-executive. It drafts regulations in its legislative capacity, it conducts investigation and enforcement action in its executive function and it passes rulings and orders in its judicial capacity. Though this makes it very powerful, there is an appeal process to create accountability. There is a Securities Appellate Tribunal which is a three-member tribunal and is headed by Mr. Justice J P Devadhar, a former judge of the Bombay High Court.[6] A second appeal lies directly to the Supreme Court. SEBI has taken a very proactive role in streamlining disclosure requirements to international standards.[7]

text: Powers[edit]

text: For the discharge of its functions efficiently, SEBI has been vested with the following powers:

text:
to approve by−laws of Securities exchanges.
to require the Securities exchange to amend their by−laws.
inspect the books of accounts and call for periodical returns from recognized Securities exchanges.
inspect the books of accounts of financial intermediaries.
compel certain companies to list their shares in one or more Securities exchanges.
registration brokers.

text: There are two types of brokers:

text:
circuit breaker
merchant banker

text: SEBI committees

text:
Technical Advisory Committee
Committee for review of structure of market infrastructure institutions
Advisory Committee for the SEBI Investor Protection and Education Fund
Takeover Regulations Advisory Committee
Primary Market Advisory Committee (PMAC)
Secondary Market Advisory Committee (SMAC)
Mutual Fund Advisory Committee
Corporate Bonds & Securitization Advisory Committee

text: Major achievements[edit]

text: SEBI has enjoyed success as a regulator by pushing systematic reforms aggressively and successively. SEBI is credited for quick movement towards making the markets electronic and paperless by introducing T+5 rolling cycle from July 2001 and T+3 in April 2002 and further to T+2 in April 2003. The rolling cycle of T+2[8] means, Settlement is done in 2 days after Trade date.[9] SEBI has been active in setting up the regulations as required under law. SEBI did away with physical certificates that were prone to postal delays, theft and forgery, apart from making the settlement process slow and cumbersome by passing Depositories Act, 1996.[10]

text: SEBI has also been instrumental in taking quick and effective steps in light of the global meltdown and the Satyam fiasco.[citation needed] In October 2011, it increased the extent and quantity of disclosures to be made by Indian corporate promoters.[11] In light of the global meltdown, it liberalised the takeover code to facilitate investments by removing regulatory structures. In one such move, SEBI has increased the application limit for retail investors to ₹ 2 lakh, from ₹ 1 lakh at present.[12]

text: Controversies[edit]

text: Supreme Court of India heard a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) filed by India Rejuvenation Initiative that had challenged the procedure for key appointments adopted by Govt of India. The petition alleged that, "The constitution of the search-cum-selection committee for recommending the name of chairman and every whole-time members of SEBI for appointment has been altered, which directly impacted its balance and could compromise the role of the SEBI as a watchdog." [13][14] On 21 November 2011, the court allowed petitioners to withdraw the petition and file a fresh petition pointing out constitutional issues regarding appointments of regulators and their independence. The Chief Justice of India refused the finance ministry’s request to dismiss the PIL and said that the court was well aware of what was going on in SEBI.[13][15] Hearing a similar petition filed by Bengaluru-based advocate Anil Kumar Agarwal, a two judge Supreme Court bench of Justice SS Nijjar and Justice HL Gokhale issued a notice to the Govt of India, SEBI chief UK Sinha and Omita Paul, Secretary to the [President of India].[16][17]

text: Further, it came into light that Dr KM Abraham (the then whole time member of SEBI Board) had written to the Prime Minister about malaise in SEBI. He said, "The regulatory institution is under duress and under severe attack from powerful corporate interests operating concertedly to undermine SEBI". He specifically said that Finance Minister's office, and especially his advisor Omita Paul, were trying to influence many cases before SEBI, including those relating to Sahara Group, Reliance, Bank of Rajasthan and MCX.[18][19]...

text: SEBI and Regional Securities Exchanges[20][edit]

text: SEBI in its circular dated May 30, 2012 gave exit - guidelines for Securities exchanges. This was mainly due to illiquid nature of trade on many of 20+ regional Securities exchanges. It had asked many of these exchanges to either meet the required criteria or take a graceful exit. SEBI’s new norms for Securities exchanges mandates that it should have minimum net-worth of Rs.100 crore and an annual trading of Rs.1,000 crore. The Indian Securities market regulator SEBI had given the recognized Securities exchanges two years to comply or exit the business.

text: Process of De-recognition and Exit:[21][edit]

text: Following is an excerpts from the circular

text: 1.Exchanges may seek exit through voluntary surrender of recognition.

text: 2.Securities where the annual trading turnover on its own platform is less than Rs 1000 Crore can apply to SEBI for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit, at any time before the expiry of two years from the date of issuance of this Circular.

text: 3.If the Securities exchange is not able to achieve the prescribed turnover of Rs 1000 Crores on continuous basis or does not apply for voluntary surrender of recognition and exit before the expiry of two years from the date of this Circular, SEBI shall proceed with compulsory de-recognition and exit of such Securities exchanges, in terms of the conditions as may be specified by SEBI.

text: 4.Securities Exchanges which are already de-recognised as on date, shall make an application for exit within two months from the date of this circular. Upon failure to do so, the de-recognized exchange shall be subject to compulsory exit process.