document_title: Terminator Salvation

question_text: who is the little girl in terminator salvation

text: Terminator Salvation

text: Plot[edit]

text: In 2003, Dr. Serena Kogan (Carter) of Cyberdyne Systems convinces death row inmate Marcus Wright (Worthington) to sign over his body for medical research following his execution. One year later, the automated Skynet system is activated, and becomes self-aware; perceiving humans as a threat to its existence, it starts a nuclear holocaust to eradicate them in the event known as "Judgment Day".

text: In 2018, John Connor (Bale) leads an attack on a Skynet base, where he discovers human prisoners and schematics for a new type of Terminator, incorporating living tissue, the T-800. John survives a violent assault on the base, which is destroyed. Following John's departure, Marcus emerges from the base's wreckage and begins walking towards Los Angeles.

text: John returns to the Resistance headquarters located aboard a nuclear submarine and is briefed by General Hugh Ashdown (Ironside) that the Resistance has discovered a hidden signal containing a code protocol which they believe can initiate a permanent shutdown of Skynet's machines. Working on this intelligence, the human militia plans to launch an offensive against the Skynet base in San Francisco. It is decided among the Resistance that the offensive will commence in four days, due to an intercepted kill-list created by Skynet, which plans to terminate the Resistance's command staff within the same time frame. John learns he is second on this list, following Kyle Reese (Yelchin). The Resistance leaders are unaware of Kyle's importance, but John knows that Kyle will eventually travel back in time and become his father (as seen in The Terminator), and realizes that Skynet has learned of this fact.

text: Arriving at the ruins of Los Angeles, Marcus encounters Kyle and a mute child named Star (Berry) during a violent skirmish with Skynet's machines. Kyle and Star are subsequently abducted and taken prisoner by Skynet. Later, two Resistance A-10 airplanes are shot down while trying to intercept a machine transport. Wright locates downed pilot Blair Williams (Bloodgood). They then make their way to John's base, where thereafter, Marcus is wounded by a magnetic land mine. Attempting to save his life, the Resistance fighters discover that Marcus is indeed a cyborg, with a mechanical endoskeleton and a partially artificial cerebral cortex. Although Marcus believes himself to be human, John and his wife Kate think that Marcus has been sent to execute him and orders him to be killed. Blair helps Marcus escape. During the pursuit, Marcus saves John's life from Skynet's hydrobots and the two make a bargain; Marcus will enter Skynet's headquarters in San Francisco, to help John rescue Kyle and the other prisoners, if he lets him live.

text: John pleads with General Ashdown to delay the offensive so he can formulate a plan to extract the human captives, but Ashdown refuses and relieves John of his command. However, the Resistance disobeys Ashdown's orders and instead, await John's signal. Marcus enters the base, interfaces with the computer, and disables perimeter defenses so that Connor can infiltrate the cellblock and release human prisoners. Wright learns from Skynet (which assumes the form of Dr. Kogan on a screen), that he was created and built from the original Wright's corpse to lure John to the base; when the Resistance launches its attack, John will be killed, achieving the goal that Skynet had failed to accomplish in the past. The hidden signal that the Resistance received earlier is revealed to have been a ruse, and Skynet uses it to track down and destroy the command submarine with the Resistance's leaders aboard.

text: Marcus tears out the hardware linking him to Skynet and assists John in battling the new T-800 (Model 101) Terminator (Kickinger). Marcus is soon outclassed in strength and temporarily disabled until John comes to his aid. Marcus eventually defeats the T-800, while John destroys the Skynet base by rigging together explosives. John, Marcus, Kyle, and Star are airlifted out. John though was seriously wounded during the assault with a life-threatening injury to his heart. Marcus offers his own heart for transplantation, sacrificing himself to save John. As he recovers, John radios to other Resistance fighters that, although this battle has been won, the war is still not over.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Christian Bale as John Connor. Director McG deemed Bale "the most credible action star in the world" during development.[3] McG wanted Bale for Marcus, but the actor—even though he "can't really remember why"—wanted to play John, and that led to the character's role getting expanded in rewrites of the script.[4][5] Bale was the first person to be cast and signed on for the role in November 2007. McG talked extensively with Bale in the UK about the role while the latter was filming The Dark Knight, and they both agreed to proceed.[6] Although a fan of the Terminator series, he was at first uninterested until McG convinced him the story would be character-based and not rely on special effects.[3] They kept working on the story every day, along with Worthington.[7] McG said Bale broke his hand punching a Terminator prop during filming.[8] Bale spent six to eight hours each day with McG in the editing room to advise the finished product.[9] In January 2018, Bale admitted that he rejected the role three times before accepting it, in part to prove people who told him not to take the role wrong.[10]
Sam Worthington as Marcus Wright, a human-terminator hybrid experiment. Worthington compared Marcus to Dorothy Gale and Alice due to being "this person waking up in another world [who then] tries to find himself".[11] Terminator creator James Cameron personally recommended Worthington (whom he directed in Avatar) to McG.[4][12] Russell Crowe also recommended him to McG. The director decided Worthington looked tougher than the "great many of today's [waify] young male actors".[13] Worthington recalled Cameron told him "the Terminator to make is the one with the war".[14] Worthington tore his intercostal muscles during the first weeks of filming but nevertheless insisted on performing his own stunts.[13][15] McG once expressed interest in casting Christian Bale, Daniel Day-Lewis or Josh Brolin in the part.[16][17] Brolin did talk to Bale and read a draft of the screenplay, which he found "interesting and dark; ultimately, though, I didn't think it felt right".[18]
Anton Yelchin as Kyle Reese, a teenage refugee and admirer of John Connor and the Resistance. As portrayed by Michael Biehn in The Terminator, he was sent back in time to 1984 to protect Sarah Connor to ensure the survival of the human race, and fathered John with her. Yelchin said he wanted to portray Kyle as Biehn did and not make him appear weaker because it was a younger version of the character. The difference in his portrayal lies in showing Kyle as intense, but not concentrated until he joins the resistance proper. Yelchin tried to convey Kyle's intensity by focusing on how fast Biehn appeared when running in the original film.[19]
Moon Bloodgood as Blair Williams, a "no-nonsense and battle-hardened" pilot of the Resistance who suffers from survivor's guilt and serves as a romantic interest for Marcus.[20][21] McG characterizes her as continuing the feminine strength that has been prominent throughout the franchise.[22]
Bryce Dallas Howard as Kate Connor, John's wife. Charlotte Gainsbourg was originally set to play the part, but left due to scheduling conflicts with another film.[23] As portrayed by Claire Danes in the third film, Kate was a veterinarian; but in this film, she is now a physician. Howard suggested, as part of the character's backstory, that Kate studied medical books and interviewed many surviving doctors after the events of Judgment Day. The film's subject matter reminded her of developing countries, devastated by war and lacking basic supplies such as clean water, which "reflects things that are going on currently in this privileged world that we are living in where there hasn't been an apocalypse and robots haven't taken over the world. I think that's something definitely for us to reinvestigate and that we continue to make choices for our own future to take that into consideration".[24] Howard focused on Kate "being accustomed to fear and loss" because the character was a military brat.[25]
Common as Barnes, John's right-hand man.[26] Common stated the character was not overly developed, being "only just a bad-ass character, you know, really the big heavy of the movie", before McG's intervention. Common agreed with this, as "I didn’t want to just be the big, bulky guy there" and worked on the emotional side, "thinking about how it would be in a world that’s post-apocalyptic, a world where, you know, things have been destroyed and we’re really fighting for survival."[27]
Helena Bonham Carter as Dr. Serena Kogan / Skynet: an ex-Cyberdyne scientist who convinces Marcus to donate his body for her research.[28] Her face is later used by the Skynet computer to communicate with Marcus. Tilda Swinton was originally considered for the part, but Bonham Carter replaced her before filming. She accepted the part because her then-domestic partner, Tim Burton, was a Terminator fan. Her role was a "small but pivotal" one and would only require ten days of shooting.[29] However, on July 20, 2008, Bonham Carter delayed filming by a day,[30] and was given an indefinite leave due to the death of four of her family members in a minibus accident in South Africa.[31]
Michael Ironside as General Hugh Ashdown, the leader of the Resistance.
Roland Kickinger as The Terminator / T-800 (Model 101): the first Terminator covered in living tissue. Bodybuilder and actor Kickinger, who previously portrayed Schwarzenegger in the 2005 biographical film See Arnold Run, was his physical double on set. When asked about his role, Kickinger said it is "Arnold's character in the first Terminator. That's basically my role, but 20 years before, so it establishes how the Terminator came about."[32] Polish strongman athlete Mariusz Pudzianowski was also considered for doubling Schwarzenegger.[33] If Schwarzenegger had decided not to lend his appearance to the film, then John would have shot the T-800s face off before the audience got a good look at him.[34]

text: Arnold Schwarzenegger's facial likeness was utilized via CGI, with a mold of his face made in 1984 scanned to create the digital makeup.[35]

text: Jadagrace Berry as Star, an 8-year-old girl in Kyle's care.[25] Born after Judgment Day, Star is mute due to the trauma of the post-apocalyptic world. Therefore, this has given her the unnatural ability to sense when a Skynet unit is approaching.[22]

text:
Brian Steele as the T-600.
Linda Hamilton as the uncredited voice of Sarah Connor. In the two scenes of the film where John Connor played Sarah's recording tapes.

text: Production[edit]

text: Development[edit]

text: In 1999, two years after C2 Pictures purchased the rights to the franchise, two Terminator films' premises were mapped out and were supposed to be developed simultaneously. Tedi Sarafian was hired to write Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines, which he eventually received shared story credit for, while David C. Wilson was to write Terminator 4. Before any revisions were done, T3 initially took place in 2001 and revolved around the first attacks between Skynet and humans. T4 would follow immediately afterward and centered primarily on the war seen in the first two films.[36] Warner Bros. gave the film the codename "Project Angel".

text: Following the release of Terminator 3 in 2003, producers Andrew G. Vajna and Mario Kassar contracted Nick Stahl and Claire Danes to return as John Connor and Kate Brewster in another film.[37] Director Jonathan Mostow helped develop the script, written by John Brancato and Michael Ferris, and was set to begin production in 2005 after completing another film. It was known by then that Arnold Schwarzenegger's role would be limited, as he had assumed office as Governor of California. The producers sought to have Warner Bros. finance the picture as they did for Terminator 3.[38] In 2005, Stahl said John and Kate would be recast as the story jumped forward in time.[39] By 2006, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (a successor to Orion Pictures and current owners of the Hemdale Film Corporation library, distributor and producer of the original film, respectively) was set to distribute the fourth film as part of the new CEO Harry Sloan's scheme to make the studio a viable Hollywood player.[40]

text: On May 9, 2007, it was announced that production rights to the Terminator series had passed from the feuding Vajna and Kassar to the Halcyon Company. The producers hoped to start a new trilogy based on the franchise.[41] The purchase was financed with a loan by Pacificor, a hedge fund from Santa Monica.[42] By July 19, the project was in legal limbo due to a lawsuit between MGM and Halcyon subsidiary T Asset. MGM had an exclusive window of 30 days to negotiate for distribution of the Terminator films. When negotiating for Terminator 4, Halcyon rejected their initial proposal, and MGM suspended negotiations. After the 30 days were over, MGM claimed that the period during which negotiations were suspended did not count and their exclusive period was still open. Halcyon asked a court for an injunction allowing them to approach other distributors.[43][44] Later, the lawsuit was settled and MGM got a 30-day right of first refusal to finance and distribute the fifth Terminator film.[45]

text: Finally, Warner Bros. paid $60 million to acquire the United States distribution rights of Terminator Salvation; Sony Pictures also paid just over $100 million to acquire this film's distribution rights in all international territories.[1]

text: Writing[edit]

text: McG signed on to direct as the first two films were among his favorites, and he had even cast Robert Patrick (who played the T-1000) in his films.[46] Though he was initially unsure about "flogging a dead horse,"[3] he felt the post-apocalyptic setting allowed the film to be different enough so as not to be just an inferior sequel. The idea that events in Terminator 2: Judgment Day and Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines altered the future allowed them to be flexible with their presentation of the futuristic world.[47] McG met with the series' co-creator James Cameron, and, although he neither blessed nor denigrated the project, Cameron told the new director he had faced a similar challenge when following Ridley Scott's Alien with Aliens.[3] He maintained two elements of the previous films; that John is an outsider to the authorities, and someone of future importance is being protected, and in this film, it is Kyle Reese.[48]

text: The first full screenplay for the film was written by Terminator 3 writers John Brancato and Michael Ferris, who received full screenplay credit. Paul Haggis rewrote Brancato and Ferris's script,[49] and Shawn Ryan made another revision three weeks before filming.[50] Jonathan Nolan also wrote on set, which led to McG to say, "I would have to characterize Jonah as the lead writer of the film." In response to whether or not Nolan would receive a writing credit for his contribution, McG went on to say, "I don’t know how the WGA rules work, but honest to goodness, we did the heaviest lifting with Jonah.”[47][51] Nolan contributed to the film after Bale signed on and created Connor's arc of becoming a leader.[52] However, Nolan had to abruptly leave the project due to another commitment.[10] Anthony E. Zuiker contributed to the script as well.[53] So extensive were the rewrites that Alan Dean Foster decided to rewrite the entire novelization after submitting it to his publisher because the compiled shooting script was very different from the one he was given beforehand.[54]

text:
"You survived the nuclear holocaust and you crawl out of the hole after three-to-five years and say, 'Well, I know what's going on—I'm the one!' Some SAS guy isn't going to say, 'Where do I go, boss?' He'd say, 'Shut the fuck up and get in line.'"

— McG on John's struggles to become the leader.[55]

text: In the early script drafts, John was a secondary character. Producer James Middleton explained "Ben-Hur was influenced by Jesus Christ, but it was his story. Much in that way, this [new main] character will be influenced by John Connor." [56] The original ending was to have John killed, and his image kept alive by the resistance by grafting his skin onto Marcus' cybernetic body. Marcus would have then murdered Kate, Barnes, Kyle, and Star.[57][58][59] However, after the ending was leaked on the Internet, Warner Bros. decided to completely change the entire third act of the film.[60] McG and Nolan did continue the Christ element of John's character though, in which he has some followers who believe what he knows about Skynet and others who do not.[61]

text: McG described the film's theme as "where you draw the line between machines and humans".[3] The friendship between Marcus—who was executed (for murder) when humanity still ruled the world—and Kyle Reese illustrates how war and suffering can bring out the best in people, such as when they worked together to survive during the Blitz.[55] The title was derived from this second chance given to humanity and to Marcus, in addition to John's efforts to save humanity from the machines.[62] The film's original title was Terminator Salvation: The Future Begins, but this was dropped during filming.[55]

text: Throughout writing, the cast and crew would watch scenes from the three films to pick moments to reference or tribute, including "Come with me if you want to live" and "I'll be back", which is uttered by John in this film. McG found himself having to decide which ideas for references would be included and which would not.[63] An opening scene has John fighting a Terminator on a crashed helicopter, which was storyboarded as a homage to the climax of the original film, where his mother Sarah, having broken her leg, is chased by a crippled Terminator. McG did this to reflect the skills John learned from her.[13]

text: Filming[edit]

text: Terminator Salvation had a $200 million budget.[1] The shooting of the film started on May 5, 2008, in New Mexico, with parts of the filming taking place at Kirtland Air Force Base, after the United States Air Force agreed to provide the crew guidance and aircraft.[64][65] [66] The filmmakers had originally intended to begin filming on March 15 in Budapest or Australia,[67] but a 25 percent tax rebate and absence of an interest rate cap and floor made the filmmakers seek the cheaper New Mexico, because of their elevated budget.[68] To avoid delays caused by a possible 2008 Screen Actors Guild strike in July, all exterior scenes were completed by then, so production could restart easily.[69][70] The shoot ended on July 20, 2008,[30] though some pick-ups took place in January 2009.[71]

text: In addition to Bale breaking his hand and Worthington hurting his back, special effects technician Mike Menardis almost lost his leg filming an explosion. The sequence required a manhole cover being blown into the air, which hit Menardis and partially severed his leg. McG noted it was a testament to the gritty style of the film. "I say with respect, I didn't want that Star Wars experience of everything's a blue screen, tennis balls, and go for it. I had Stan Winston build all the machines. We built all the sets, the explosive power, the explosive power so you feel that wind and that percussion and that heat blowing your eyebrows off. And with that, you get a couple bumps and bruises on the way, but you get it in an integrity and a realism that hopefully echoes Apocalypse Now. You couldn't say, 'Let's just shoot Apocalypse Now in Burbank, I think it's going to feel just as good.'"[62]

text: The film used Technicolor's Oz process during post-production. This is a partial silver retention on the interpositive, similar to bleach bypass, which will be used to lend to the sense of detachment from the modern world McG was looking for.[7] Industrial Light & Magic developed shader programs to make the desaturated lighting of the CGI realistic and well-integrated to the on-set footage.[72] The filmmakers consulted with many scientists about the effects of an abandoned world and nuclear winter.[46] McG cited Mad Max 2, the original Star Wars trilogy and Children of Men, as well as the novel The Road, as his visual influences.[3][46] He instructed his cast to read the latter as well as Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?[30][47] Like Children of Men, McG would storyboard scenes so that it would be edited together to resemble a seamless, continuous shot.[73] It took two weeks to film a two-minute shot of Connor getting caught up in a bombing on the Skynet base where he discovers plans for the T-800.[74]

text: Design and special effects[edit]

text: McG sought to create as many "in-camera" elements as possible to make the film more realistic.[75] Many of the settings were hand-built, including an entire gas station for the Harvester attack scenes. The Terminator factory was built in an abandoned factory,[64] and the design crew consulted robot manufacturer companies for a more realistic depiction.[75] A 20-foot-tall (6.1 m) model built and detonated by Kerner Optical was used for the explosion of Skynet's 30-story San Francisco-based lab.[55]

text: The majority of the machines were designed by Martin Laing, a crew member on Cameron's Titanic and Ghosts of the Abyss.[76] McG described many of the machines as having an H. R. Giger influence.[46] McG's intent was to create a gritty, tactile 2018 on screen, and Laing concurred the robots would have to be black and degraded as none of them are new. Laing devised Aerostats, which are smaller versions of the Aerial Hunter Killers from the previous films. The Aerostats send a signal to the 60-foot-tall (18 m) humanoid Harvesters. They are very big and slow, so they use Mototerminators to capture humans, and the Harvesters place them in Transporters. Laing was unsure of how to design the Transporters until he saw a cattle transport while driving through Albuquerque.

text: The film features the first aquatic Skynet robot, the Hydrobot, which Laing modeled on eels,[55] and was built by the animatronics crew with its exterior made of metal-looking rubber so it could be used in the aquatic scenes.[64]

text: The film features rubber-skinned T-600 and T-700 robots. McG interpreted Kyle Reese's description in the original film of the T-600 as being easy to spot by making them tall and bulky.[3] For scenes of humans fighting with Terminators, the actors interacted with stuntmen wearing motion capture suits, later replaced by digital robots.[75] For the Moto-Terminators, Ducati designers were hired to create the robots, and the on-screen robot was a combination of stuntmen driving actual Ducatis and a Moto-Terminator mock-up, as well as a digital Moto-Terminator.[77] Visual effects studio Imaginary Forces created the Terminator point-of-view sequences, and tried to depict a simple interface, "free of the frills—anything that a machine would not purely need", and with more software bugs and anomalies since the robots of Salvation were not as advanced as the Terminators from the previous films.[78]

text: The majority of the special effects were done by Industrial Light & Magic. Salvation was one of the last films that Stan Winston, the visual effects supervisor on the first three films, worked on. He died on June 15, 2008, from multiple myeloma,[79] and McG dedicated the film to him in the end credits.[9] John Rosengrant and Charlie Gibson replaced Winston,[76] and McG commented that they are "trying to achieve something that's never been done before"[80] and "push the envelope".[81] Asylum Visual Effects created digital plates, Marcus' endoskeleton, and a digital T-600. Rising Sun Pictures did the digital correction of day for night scenes, the destruction of the submarine and Marcus' robot hand.[82]

text: Music[edit]

text:
Terminator Salvation Original Soundtrack

Film score by Danny Elfman

Released
May 19, 2009 (2009-05-19)

Label
Reprise

Danny Elfman chronology

Wanted
(2008)Wanted2008
Terminator Salvation
(2009)
9
(2009)92009

text: Danny Elfman began composing the score in January 2009. Beforehand, McG wanted to hire Gustavo Santaolalla to work on the music for the human characters, while having either Thom Yorke or Jonny Greenwood for Skynet's themes.[83][52] He wanted to discuss scoring the film with Hans Zimmer but he was unable to arrange a meeting. McG met with the original Terminator composer Brad Fiedel but was not interested in repeating the sounds Fiedel achieved in his films. However, McG wanted Elfman to give those themes and ambient sounds a "Wagnerian quality".[48]

text: Reprise Records released the soundtrack on May 19, 2009, which included 15 tracks. While Common had expressed interest in writing a song for the soundtrack,[84] Alice in Chains' "Rooster" is the only featured song.[85] Although not included in the soundtrack, "You Could Be Mine" by Guns N' Roses, which was featured in Terminator 2: Judgment Day, can be heard briefly in a scene of the film as well.[86] A remix version of Nine Inch Nails' "The Day the World Went Away" is played on the film's third theatrical trailer, but is not included in the film or soundtrack.

text: All music composed by Danny Elfman except Rooster.

text:
Terminator Salvation Original Soundtrack[85]

No.
Title
Writer(s)
Original artist
Length

1.
"Opening"

6:01

2.
"All Is Lost"

2:45

3.
"Broadcast"

3:19

4.
"The Harvester Returns"

2:45

5.
"Fireside"

1:31

6.
"No Plan"

1:43

7.
"Reveal / The Escape"

7:44

8.
"Hydrobot Attack"

1:49

9.
"Farewell"

1:40

10.
"Marcus Enters Skynet"

3:23

11.
"A Solution"

1:44

12.
"Serena"

2:28

13.
"Final Confrontation"

4:14

14.
"Salvation"

3:07

15.
"Rooster"
Jerry Cantrell
Alice in Chains
6:14

Total length:
50:27

text: Controversies[edit]

text: During filming, Bale became angry with director of photography Shane Hurlbut for walking onto a set during a scene; he swore and screamed at Hurlbut and threatened to leave the film. Audio of Bale's tirade leaked to the public and went viral.[87] Bale apologized publicly and said he resolved his differences with Hurlbut, explaining that he sometimes has a problem with someone walking on set, and that when the incident took place they continued to work together for a number of hours that day.[88]

text: In March 2009, producer Moritz Borman filed a lawsuit against the Halcyon Company, seeking $160 million. Borman, who had arranged the transfer of the Terminator rights to Halcyon in May 2007, claimed the company's two managers, Derek Anderson and Victor Kubicek, had "hijacked" the production and refused to give him his $2.5 million share of the production. Borman alleged budget overruns were the reasons Anderson and Kubicek did not pay him and that they had $1 million in debt.[89] Nevertheless, an "amicable" resolution was reached a month later.[90]

text: Further complications occurred on May 20, 2009, when executive producer Peter D. Graves, who informed Anderson and Kubicek about the Terminator rights, filed a breach-of-contract claim for arbitration, alleging that they owe him $750,000.[1]

text: Release[edit]

text: Initial screening[edit]

text: The film was released in North America on May 21, 2009, with Warner Bros. setting the American premiere on May 14, 2009, at the Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood.[91] Elsewhere, Sony Pictures Entertainment released the film in most overseas territories on different dates in June. One exception was Mexico, however, because of the swine flu outbreak in the country, which forced Sony to push the release date to July 31, 2009.[92]

text: It is rated PG-13 by the Motion Picture Association of America for "intense sequences of sci-fi violence, action, and language," unlike the first three films which are rated R.[93] The decision to release the film with a PG-13 rating has met with much criticism from fans,[94] as well as the media.[95] The rating decision was made after McG cut out a shot of Marcus stabbing a thug with a screwdriver, as the director felt disallowing the young audience due to that one shot was unfair. He also deleted a topless scene for Moon Bloodgood because "It was a soft moment between a man and a woman that was designed to echo the Kelly McGillis/Harrison Ford moment in Witness [but] in the end, it felt more like a gratuitous moment of a girl taking her top off in an action picture, and I didn't want that to convolute the story or the characters."[96] The producers had expected the rating because of the modern leniency towards violence in PG-13 films, such as the 2007 action film, Live Free or Die Hard.[49]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film's first nationwide U.S. screenings on Thursday, May 21, 2009, making $3 million from midnight screenings and earning $13.3 million in its first day[97] and grossed an additional $42,558,390 on its 4-day Memorial Day opening weekend from 3,530 theaters.[98] It debuted at #2 behind Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian, giving it a lower first-weekend take than its predecessor, becoming the first film in the series not to open at #1[99] and failing to meet Boxoffice Magazine predictions by 50%.[100] Terminator Salvation was more successful in its international release, opening at #1 in 66 of 70 territories through the first week of June,[101] and continuing to be the highest-grossing film in the following week.[102] The film's total domestic gross was $125,322,469, along with $246,030,532 from overseas territories, for a worldwide gross of $371,353,001.[2][103] As of December 2009, the film ranks 14th for the year internationally and 23rd domestically (U.S. and Canada), which puts it below initial expectations in terms of domestic gross and first weekend, as well as overall global take.[104][105][106]

text: Home media[edit]

text: The DVD and Blu-ray Disc of the film was released on December 1, 2009. The former contains the theatrical cut of the film with a featurette on the Moto-Terminators. The Blu-ray features both the theatrical cut and the R-rated Director's cut, which is three minutes longer (118 minutes), with bonus material including Maximum Movie Mode, a video commentary in which director McG talks about the film while it plays, featurettes, a video archive, and a digital comic of the first issue of the official film prequel comic. Both versions include a digital copy of the theatrical cut for portable media players.[107] Target Stores will be the only retailer to carry the Director's Cut on DVD.[108] On its first week of retail, Terminator Salvation debuted at the top spot of the Blu-ray charts, and on second in the DVD charts, behind Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian. The film made $29,811,432 in domestic DVD sales bringing its total gross to $401,439,971 [109]

text: Tie-ins[edit]

text: In addition to the novelization by Alan Dean Foster, a prequel novel titled Terminator Salvation: From the Ashes by Timothy Zahn was released.[110][111] Two further books were inspired by the film—Cold War by Greg Cox, and Trial by Fire, again by Zahn. IDW Publishing released a four-issue prequel comic, as well as an adaptation.[112] It follows Connor rallying together the resistance in 2017, as well as examining normal people overcoming their intolerances to defeat Skynet.[113] Playmates Toys, Sideshow Collectibles, Hot Toys, Character Options, and DC Unlimited produced merchandise,[114][115] while Chrysler, Sony, Pizza Hut, and 7-Eleven were among the product placement partners.[116][117] On May 23, 2009, a roller coaster named after the film opened at Six Flags Magic Mountain. In 2011 the ride was no longer licensed and renamed to Apocalypse.[118]

text: A third-person shooter video game of the same name was released on the same week of the release of the film.[119] Christian Bale declined to lend his voice, so Gideon Emery voiced the character of John Connor. The game, however, features the voices of Common and Moon Bloodgood as Barnes and Blair Williams, respectively.[120] Despite not appearing in the film, Rose McGowan voiced the character of Angie Salter, an ex-high school teacher.[121] The game is set in 2016, after the events of Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines and before the events of Terminator Salvation. Another video game also titled Terminator Salvation was released in 2010 in the arcades. It's a light gun shooter developed by Play Mechanix and published by Raw Thrills.[122]

text: On May 18, 2009, Machinima released Terminator Salvation: The Machinima Series, an animated prequel web series set before the video game and leading to the events of the film, comprising six episodes. The series also set in 2016 and follows Blair Williams (again voiced by Bloodgood) is fighting the war against the machines in downtown Los Angeles, while tracking down the computer hacker named Laz Howard (voiced by Cam Clarke) and trying to pursue him to join sides with the resistance. The series was created using real-time computer animation from the video game. It was distributed by Warner Premiere, produced by Wonderland Sound and Vision and The Halcyon Company and was released on DVD on November 3, 2009.[123]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that the film received a 33% approval rating with an average rating of 5/10 based on 267 reviews. The website's consensus reads, "With storytelling as robotic as the film's iconic villains, Terminator Salvation offers plenty of great effects but lacks the heart of the original films." By comparison, Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film has received an average score of 49, based on 46 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[124]

text: Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars, saying that "After scrutinizing the film, I offer you my summary of the story: Guy dies, finds himself resurrected, meets others, fights. That lasts for almost two hours."[125] Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that the film isn't the same without Arnold Schwarzenegger and that it misses its dramatic element.[126] Likewise, Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film a 2/4 and called it "predictable" with the "dramatic elements flat-lin[ing]". She considered Christian Bale's performance "one-dimensional", but found his co-stars to "come off better", saying Sam Worthington had "a quiet intensity marred only by yelling "Nooooo!" three times in about 10 minutes" and that Anton Yelchin had "some of the best lines".[127]

text: Total Film's review gave the film 4/5 with its verdict: "The Terminator story recharges with a post-apocalyptic jolt of energy. Frantic and full of welcome ties to the past, it also ploughs new ground with purpose. Fingers crossed McG will follow Cameron's lead and serve up a worthy sequel."[128] Devin Faraci of Empire magazine also gave a positive rating of four out of five stars, saying: "McG has sparked a moribund franchise back to life, giving fans the post-apocalyptic action they've been craving since they first saw a metal foot crush a human skull two decades ago."[129] However, on CHUD, the latter said, "Bale's desire to star as John Connor was probably the most fatal blow to the film; it completely distorted the shape of the story as it existed." Furthermore, he expressed that the third act was when the film began falling apart, saying, "McG and Nolan muddied the end of the picture, delivering action generics (yet another Terminator fight in a factory) while never finding their own hook that would give this movie more of an impact than you would get from an expanded universe novel."[130] In contrast, James Berardinelli considered the ending the best part of the film, feeling that the first two-thirds were "rambling and disjointed" and that the lack of a central villain was only fixed when the T-800 appeared.[131]

text: Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times stated that "[Bale's] strengths do not serve him, or the movie, as well here" and that "when the story starts to crumble around Bale, Worthington is there to pick up the pieces".[132] Craig Sharp of FilmShaft gave the film 3/5, saying "If you're looking for action then this is one damn good film! If it's character depth you're after then move along please."[133] A.O. Scott of the New York Times said the film has "a brute integrity lacking in some of the other seasonal franchise movies" and "efficient, reasonably swift storytelling".[134] Ben Lyons and Ben Mankiewicz gave the film a "See It" and "Skip It", respectively, on their show At the Movies with the latter mentioning that it "is the worst big budget summer release I've seen in some time".[135]

text: Arnold Schwarzenegger, star of the preceding three films in the series, initially remarked that Terminator Salvation was "a great film, I was very excited",[136] but later reversed this position and said it was "...awful. It tried hard, not that they didn't try, the acting and everything. It missed the boat."[137] Terminator series creator James Cameron considered it an "interesting film" that he "didn't hate as much as I thought I was going to", and praised Sam Worthington's performance,[138] but also said he would not return to the franchise: "[The series] has kind of run its course [...] frankly, the soup's already been pissed in by other film makers".[139] He also felt his two films were better than either of the later films.[140] Linda Hamilton, who portrayed Sarah Connor in The Terminator and Terminator 2: Judgment Day and lent her voice to Terminator Salvation, wished the film "all the best" but expressed her opinion that the series "was perfect with two films. It was a complete circle, and it was enough in itself. But there will always be those who will try to milk the cow".[141]

text: In Reel Power: Hollywood Cinema and American Supremacy, Matthew Alford argued that with the fourth installment, "the franchise had made a clear shift towards supporting establishment narratives, despite its earlier reservations" and that a "central theme" is whether John Connor "should prioritise striking a decisive military blow against the machines or rescue some captured humans, who are entombed—with shades of Auschwitz—by the Terminators". "[T]he flashforwards from the first three Terminator films hinted at a horrible future scape of pain, deprivation and ad-hoc guerrilla warfare", he writes, but "in contrast, producer Jeffrey Silver explained that the Department of Defense gave 'fantastic cooperation [to Salvation] because they recognized that in the future portrayed in this film, the military will still be the men and women who protect us, no matter what may come'". Alford concludes that "for a world that is set just fifteen years after a global nuclear holocaust the survivors are fancifully healthy, not to mention hairy" and that this "normalises the unthinkable".[142]

text: Accolades[edit]

text: The film was nominated for several awards in 2009–10.

text:
Award
Year
Category
Result
Recipient
Source

Teen Choice Awards
2009
Choice Movie Actor: Action Adventure
Nominated
Christian Bale
[143]

Choice Movie Actress: Action Adventure
Nominated
Bryce Dallas Howard

Choice Movie Fresh Face Male
Nominated
Sam Worthington

Choice Movie: Action Adventure
Nominated
Terminator Salvation

Choice Summer Movie: Action Adventure
Nominated
Terminator Salvation

Satellite Awards
Best Sound (Mixing and Editing)
Nominated
Cameron Frankley
Mark Ulano
Richard Van Dyke
Ron Bartlett
[144]

Scream Awards
Best Science Fiction Movie
Nominated
Terminator Salvation
[145]

Best Science Fiction Actress
Nominated
Moon Bloodgood

Breakout Performance-Male
Nominated
Sam Worthington

Best Cameo
Nominated
Helena Bonham Carter

Nominated
Arnold Schwarzenegger

Best Sequel
Nominated
Terminator Salvation

Best FX
Nominated
Terminator Salvation

Saturn Awards
2010
Best Makeup
Nominated
Mike Smithson
John Rosengrant
[146]

VES Awards
Best Single Visual Effect of the Year
Nominated
Chantal Feghali
Charles Gibson
Susan Greenhow
Ben Snow
[147]

Outstanding Models and Miniatures in a Feature Motion Picture
Nominated
Nick D'Abo
Brian Gernand
Geoff Heron
Pat Sweeney

text: Cancelled sequel and reboot[edit]

text: While Terminator Salvation was initially intended to begin a new trilogy, production of a fifth film was halted by legal trouble, as well as The Halcyon Company filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.[148] While some anonymous sources[149] insisted that Terminator 5 would be moving forward, the majority of analysts predicted that its future was in jeopardy.[150][151]

text: In late September 2009, it was announced that the rights to the franchise were once again up for sale as The Halcyon Company tried to pull itself out of bankruptcy.[152] In late October 2009, Halcyon announced it would auction off the rights to future Terminator material and was seeking $60–70 million, though the only offer made was by director Joss Whedon for $10,000.[153][154] In December 2009, Halcyon issued a statement saying that they were looking at various options including sale and refinancing of the rights with an announcement on the outcome no later than February 1, 2010.[155] On February 8, 2010, an auction was held to determine the owner of the Terminator rights. After studios Sony Pictures and Lionsgate bid separately, Pacificor, the hedge fund that pushed Halcyon into bankruptcy, made a deal for $29.5 million. Pacificor hired an agency to sell off the rights to the franchise.[156][157]

text: In August 2010, it was reported that a new Terminator film was being developed. The new film would not be a direct sequel to Salvation, but rather an animated reboot of the original series. It would have been entitled Terminator 3000 and would be shot by Hannover House.[158] However, Pacificor, the owner of the rights to the Terminator franchise, had not given any official license to Hannover House to develop a new film.[159][160]

text: On February 16, 2011, it was announced that Universal Studios was considering a fifth Terminator film with Arnold Schwarzenegger returning as the star and with Fast Five's Justin Lin directing along with Chris Morgan as the screenwriter. The discussions for the film had been in the very early stages.[161] On April 27, 2011, it was announced that a rights package to a Terminator film, to which Schwarzenegger, Lin, and producer Robert W. Cort were attached, but no screenwriter, had been circulating among the studios. Universal, Sony and Lionsgate, and CBS Films had been some of the interested companies.[162][163] According to sources close to Schwarzenegger, he had only wanted to commit fully if a good script could be created.[164]

text: It was reported on May 13, 2011, that Megan Ellison and her production company Annapurna Pictures won the rights to make at least two more Terminator films, including Terminator 5, in an auction deal that is rumored to have hit the $20 million mark.[165] While Schwarzenegger was claimed to be up for a substantial role, the film would not be anchored by him; instead, a young male actor would take the lead. On December 4, 2012, a year and a half after negotiations were entered, the deal was finally closed. Ellison said that she and her brother David Ellison were "starting from scratch as they seek out a screenwriter to plot the end".[166]

text: The new film, now titled Terminator Genisys and intended to be a reboot of the series with an eye to launching a new trilogy, was announced in the summer of 2013, with Schwarzenegger confirming to reprise his role as the T-800. Filming began on April 21, 2014, and the film was released on July 1, 2015.[167] However, despite the film's financial success, it was not well received by critics and fans of the series. James Cameron regained the rights to the film franchise; he and director Tim Miller will supervise the film series after Genisys.


document_title: Cassini–Huygens

question_text: how many orbits did cassini make around saturn

question_tokens: how many orbits did cassini make around saturn

root

text: Cassini–Huygens

text: Overview[edit]

text: Teams from 28 countries made up the joint team responsible for designing, building, flying and collecting data from the Cassini orbiter and Huygens probe.

tag: p

text: The mission was managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in the United States, where the orbiter was assembled. Huygens was developed by the European Space Research and Technology Centre. The Centre's prime contractor, Aérospatiale of France (now Thales Alenia Space), assembled the probe with equipment and instruments supplied by many European countries (Huygens' batteries and two scientific instruments by the United States). The Italian Space Agency (ASI) provided the Cassini orbiter's high-gain radio antenna, with the incorporation of a low-gain antenna (to ensure telecommunications with the Earth for the entire duration of the mission), a compact and lightweight radar, which also uses the high-gain antenna and serves as a synthetic-aperture radar, a radar altimeter, a radiometer, the radio science subsystem (RSS), the visible channel portion VIMS-V of VIMS spectrometer.[15]

text: The VIMS infrared counterpart was provided by NASA, as well as Main Electronic Assembly, which includes electronic subassemblies provided by CNES of France.[16][17]

text: On April 16, 2008, NASA announced a two-year extension of the funding for ground operations of this mission, at which point it was renamed the Cassini Equinox Mission.[18] The round of funding was again extended in February 2010 with the Cassini Solstice Mission.

text: Naming[edit]

text: The mission consisted of two main elements: the ASI/NASA Cassini orbiter, named for the Italian astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini, discoverer of Saturn's ring divisions and four of its satellites; and the ESA-developed Huygens probe, named for the Dutch astronomer, mathematician and physicist Christiaan Huygens, discoverer of Titan.

text: The mission was commonly called Saturn Orbiter Titan Probe (SOTP) during gestation, both as a Mariner Mark II mission and generically.

text: Cassini-Huygens was a Flagship-class mission to the outer planets.[7] The other planetary flagships include Galileo, Voyager, and Viking.[7]

text: Objectives[edit]

text: Cassini had several objectives, including:[19]

text:
Determining the three-dimensional structure and dynamic behavior of the rings of Saturn.
Determining the composition of the satellite surfaces and the geological history of each object.
Determining the nature and origin of the dark material on Iapetus's leading hemisphere.
Measuring the three-dimensional structure and dynamic behavior of the magnetosphere.
Studying the dynamic behavior of Saturn's atmosphere at cloud level.
Studying the time variability of Titan's clouds and hazes.
Characterizing Titan's surface on a regional scale.

tag: ul

text: Cassini–Huygens was launched on October 15, 1997, from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station's Space Launch Complex 40 using a U.S. Air Force Titan IVB/Centaur rocket. The complete launcher was made up of a two-stage Titan IV booster rocket, two strap-on solid rocket motors, the Centaur upper stage, and a payload enclosure, or fairing.[20]

text: The total cost of this scientific exploration mission was about US$3.26 billion, including $1.4 billion for pre-launch development, $704 million for mission operations, $54 million for tracking and $422 million for the launch vehicle. The United States contributed $2.6 billion (80%), the ESA $500 million (15%), and the ASI $160 million (5%).[21] However, these figures are from the press kit which was prepared in October 2000. They do not include inflation over the course of a very long mission, nor do they include the cost of the extended missions.

text: The primary mission for Cassini was completed on July 30, 2008. The mission was extended to June 2010 (Cassini Equinox Mission).[22] This studied the Saturn system in detail during the planet's equinox, which happened in August 2009.[18]

text: On February 3, 2010, NASA announced another extension for Cassini, lasting 61⁄2 years until 2017, ending at the time of summer solstice in Saturn's northern hemisphere (Cassini Solstice Mission). The extension enabled another 155 revolutions around the planet, 54 flybys of Titan and 11 flybys of Enceladus.[23] In 2017, an encounter with Titan changed its orbit in such a way that, at closest approach to Saturn, it was only 3,000 km above the planet's cloudtops, below the inner edge of the D ring. This sequence of "proximal orbits" ended when its final encounter with Titan sent the probe into Saturn's atmosphere to be destroyed.

text: Itinerary[edit]

text:
Selected destinations (ordered by size but not to scale)

Titan
Earth's Moon
Rhea
Iapetus
Dione
Tethys
Enceladus

Mimas
Hyperion
Phoebe
Janus
Epimetheus
Prometheus
Pandora

Helene
Atlas
Pan
Telesto
Calypso
Methone

tag: table

text: History[edit]

text: Cassini–Huygens's origins date to 1982, when the European Science Foundation and the American National Academy of Sciences formed a working group to investigate future cooperative missions. Two European scientists suggested a paired Saturn Orbiter and Titan Probe as a possible joint mission. In 1983, NASA's Solar System Exploration Committee recommended the same Orbiter and Probe pair as a core NASA project. NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) performed a joint study of the potential mission from 1984 to 1985. ESA continued with its own study in 1986, while the American astronaut Sally Ride, in her influential 1987 report NASA Leadership and America's Future in Space, also examined and approved of the Cassini mission.[citation needed]

text: While Ride's report described the Saturn orbiter and probe as a NASA solo mission, in 1988 the Associate Administrator for Space Science and Applications of NASA, Len Fisk, returned to the idea of a joint NASA and ESA mission. He wrote to his counterpart at ESA, Roger Bonnet, strongly suggesting that ESA choose the Cassini mission from the three candidates at hand and promising that NASA would commit to the mission as soon as ESA did.[citation needed]

text: At the time, NASA was becoming more sensitive to the strain that had developed between the American and European space programs as a result of European perceptions that NASA had not treated it like an equal during previous collaborations. NASA officials and advisers involved in promoting and planning Cassini–Huygens attempted to correct this trend by stressing their desire to evenly share any scientific and technology benefits resulting from the mission. In part, this newfound spirit of cooperation with Europe was driven by a sense of competition with the Soviet Union, which had begun to cooperate more closely with Europe as ESA drew further away from NASA. Late in 1988, ESA chose Cassini–Huygens as its next major mission and the following year the program received major funding in the US.[24][25]

text: The collaboration not only improved relations between the two space programs but also helped Cassini–Huygens survive congressional budget cuts in the United States. Cassini–Huygens came under fire politically in both 1992 and 1994, but NASA successfully persuaded the U.S. Congress that it would be unwise to halt the project after ESA had already poured funds into development because frustration on broken space exploration promises might spill over into other areas of foreign relations. The project proceeded politically smoothly after 1994, although citizens' groups concerned about its potential environmental impact attempted to derail it through protests and lawsuits until and past its 1997 launch.[26][27][28][29][30]

text: Spacecraft design[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The spacecraft was planned to be the second three-axis stabilized, RTG-powered Mariner Mark II, a class of spacecraft developed for missions beyond the orbit of Mars.

text: Cassini was developed simultaneously with the Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) spacecraft, but budget cuts and project rescopings forced NASA to terminate CRAF development to save Cassini. As a result, Cassini became more specialized. The Mariner Mark II series was cancelled.

text: Including the orbiter and probe, it has been the second-largest unmanned interplanetary spacecraft built,[31][32] as well as being among the most complex.[31] The orbiter had a mass of 2,150 kg (4,740 lb), the probe 350 kg (770 lb). With the launch vehicle adapter and 3,132 kg (6,905 lb) of propellants at launch, the spacecraft had a mass of 5,600 kg (12,300 lb). Only the two Phobos 1 and 2 spacecraft sent to Mars by the Soviet Union were larger.

text: The Cassini spacecraft was 6.8 meters (22 ft) high and 4 meters (13 ft) wide. Spacecraft complexity was increased by its trajectory (flight path) to Saturn, and by the ambitious science at its destination. Cassini had 1,630 interconnected electronic components, 22,000 wire connections, and 14 kilometers (8.7 mi) of cabling.[citation needed] The core control computer CPU was a redundant MIL-STD-1750A system. The main propulsion system consisted of one prime and one backup R-4D bipropellant rocket engine. The thrust of each engine was 490 newtons and the total spacecraft delta-v was about 2,040 meters per second.[33] Smaller monopropellant rockets provided attitude control.

text: Cassini was powered by 32.7 kg[34] of plutonium-238—the heat from the material's radioactive decay was turned into electricity. Huygens was supported by Cassini during cruise, but used chemical batteries when independent.

text: The probe contained a DVD with more than 616,400 signatures from citizens in 81 countries, collected in a public campaign.[35] [36]

text: Until September 2017 the Cassini probe continued orbiting Saturn at a distance of between 8.2 and 10.2 astronomical units from the Earth. It took 68 to 84 minutes for radio signals to travel from Earth to the spacecraft, and vice versa. Thus ground controllers could not give "real-time" instructions for daily operations or for unexpected events. Even if response were immediate, more than two hours would have passed between the occurrence of a problem and the reception of the engineers' response by the satellite.

text: Instruments[edit]

text: Summary[edit]

text:
Optical Remote Sensing ("Located on the remote sensing pallet")[38]

Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS)
Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)
Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS)
Visible and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS)

Fields, Particles and Waves

Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS)
Cosmic Dust Analyzer (CDA)
Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS)
Magnetometer (MAG)
Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI)
Radio and Plasma Wave Science (RPWS)

Microwave Remote Sensing

Radar
Radio Science (RSS)

text: Description[edit]

text: Cassini's instrumentation consisted of: a synthetic aperture radar mapper, a charge-coupled device imaging system, a visible/infrared mapping spectrometer, a composite infrared spectrometer, a cosmic dust analyzer, a radio and plasma wave experiment, a plasma spectrometer, an ultraviolet imaging spectrograph, a magnetospheric imaging instrument, a magnetometer and an ion/neutral mass spectrometer. Telemetry from the communications antenna and other special transmitters (an S-band transmitter and a dual-frequency Ka-band system) was also used to make observations of the atmospheres of Titan and Saturn and to measure the gravity fields of the planet and its satellites.

text: Plutonium power source[edit]

text: Because of Saturn's distance from the Sun, solar arrays were not feasible as power sources for this space probe.[49] To generate enough power, such arrays would have been too large and too heavy.[49] Instead, the Cassini orbiter was powered by three radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which use heat from the natural decay of about 33 kg (73 lb) of plutonium-238 (in the form of plutonium dioxide) to generate direct current electricity via thermoelectrics.[49] The RTGs on the Cassini mission have the same design as those used on the New Horizons, Galileo, and Ulysses space probes, and they were designed to have very long operational lifetimes.[49] At the end of the nominal 11-year Cassini mission, they were still able to produce 600 to 700 watts of electrical power.[49] (One of the spare RTGs for the Cassini mission was used to power the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Kuiper belt, which was designed and launched later.[citation needed])

text: To gain momentum while already in flight, the trajectory of the Cassini mission included several gravitational slingshot maneuvers: two fly-by passes of Venus, one more of the Earth, and then one of the planet Jupiter. The terrestrial flyby was the final instance when the probe posed any conceivable danger to human beings. The maneuver was successful, with Cassini passing by 1,171 km (728 mi) above the Earth on August 18, 1999.[50] Had there been any malfunction causing the probe to collide with the Earth, NASA's complete environmental impact study estimated that, in the worst case (with an acute angle of entry in which Cassini would gradually burn up), a significant fraction of the 33 kg[34] of plutonium-238 inside the RTGs would have been dispersed into the Earth's atmosphere so that up to five billion people (i.e. almost the entire terrestrial population) could have been exposed, causing up to an estimated 5,000 additional cancer deaths over the subsequent decades[51] (0.0005 per cent, i.e. a fraction 0.000005, of a billion cancer deaths expected anyway from other causes; the product is incorrectly calculated elsewhere[52] as 500,000 deaths). However, the chance of this happening were estimated to be less than one in one million.[51]

text: Telemetry[edit]

text: The Cassini spacecraft was capable of transmitting in several different telemetry formats. The telemetry subsystem is perhaps the most important subsystem, because without it there could be no data return.

text: The telemetry was developed from ground up, due to the spacecraft using a more modern set of computers than previous missions.[53] Therefore, Cassini was the first spacecraft to adopt mini-packets to reduce the complexity of the Telemetry Dictionary, and the software development process led to the creation of a Telemetry Manager for the mission.

text: There were around 1088 channels (in 67 mini-packets) assembled in the Cassini Telemetry Dictionary. Out of these 67 lower complexity mini-packets, 6 mini-packets contained the subsystem covariance and Kalman gain elements (161 measurements), not used during normal mission operations. This left 947 measurements in 61 mini-packets.

text: A total of seven telemetry maps corresponding to 7 AACS telemetry modes were constructed. These modes are: (1) Record; (2) Nominal Cruise; (3) Medium Slow Cruise; (4) Slow Cruise; (5) Orbital Ops; (6) Av; (7) ATE (Attitude Estimator) Calibration. These 7 maps cover all spacecraft telemetry modes.

text: Huygens probe[edit]

text: The Huygens probe, supplied by the European Space Agency (ESA) and named after the 17th century Dutch astronomer who first discovered Titan, Christiaan Huygens, scrutinized the clouds, atmosphere, and surface of Saturn's moon Titan in its descent on January 15, 2005. It was designed to enter and brake in Titan's atmosphere and parachute a fully instrumented robotic laboratory down to the surface.[54]

text: The probe system consisted of the probe itself which descended to Titan, and the probe support equipment (PSE) which remained attached to the orbiting spacecraft. The PSE includes electronics that track the probe, recover the data gathered during its descent, and process and deliver the data to the orbiter that transmits it to Earth. The core control computer CPU was a redundant MIL-STD-1750A control system.

text: The data were transmitted by a radio link between Huygens and Cassini provided by Probe Data Relay Subsystem (PDRS). As the probe's mission could not be telecommanded from Earth because of the great distance, it was automatically managed by the Command Data Management Subsystem (CDMS). The PDRS and CDMS were provided by the Italian Space Agency (ASI).

text: After Cassini's launch, it was discovered that data sent back from the probe to European Space Agency's mission control center was largely unreadable. It was determined that Cassini's receiver was unable to accurately process the changes in frequency and wavelength of the signal it would be receiving from Huygens during its descent to Titan.[14] The problem was rectified by changing the distance and angle of Cassini's trajectory to Huygens during the landing.[14][55]

text: Selected events and discoveries[edit]

text: Venus and Earth fly-bys and the cruise to Jupiter[edit]

text: The Cassini space probe performed two gravitational-assist flybys of Venus on April 26, 1998, and June 24, 1999. These flybys provided the space probe with enough momentum to travel all the way out to the asteroid belt. At that point, the Sun's gravity pulled the space probe back into the inner Solar System.

text: On August 18, 1999, at 03:28 UTC, the craft made a gravitational-assist flyby of the Earth. One hour and 20 minutes before closest approach, Cassini made its closest approach to the Earth's Moon at 377,000 kilometers, and it took a series of calibration photos.

text: On January 23, 2000, Cassini performed a flyby of the asteroid 2685 Masursky at around 10:00 UTC. It took photos[56] in the period five to seven hours before the flyby at a distance of 1.6 million kilometers, and a diameter of 15 to 20 km was estimated for the asteroid.

text: Jupiter flyby[edit]

text: Cassini made its closest approach to Jupiter on December 30, 2000, and made many scientific measurements. About 26,000 images of Jupiter, its faint rings, and its moons were taken during the six month flyby. It produced the most detailed global color portrait of the planet yet (see image at right), in which the smallest visible features are approximately 60 km (37 mi) across.[57]

text: A major finding of the flyby, announced on March 6, 2003, was of Jupiter's atmospheric circulation. Dark "belts" alternate with light "zones" in the atmosphere, and scientists had long considered the zones, with their pale clouds, to be areas of upwelling air, partly because many clouds on Earth form where air is rising. But analysis of Cassini imagery showed that individual storm cells of upwelling bright-white clouds, too small to see from Earth, pop up almost without exception in the dark belts. According to Anthony Del Genio of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, "the belts must be the areas of net-rising atmospheric motion on Jupiter, [so] the net motion in the zones has to be sinking."

text: Other atmospheric observations included a swirling dark oval of high atmospheric-haze, about the size of the Great Red Spot, near Jupiter's north pole. Infrared imagery revealed aspects of circulation near the poles, with bands of globe-encircling winds, with adjacent bands moving in opposite directions.

text: The same announcement also discussed the nature of Jupiter's rings. Light scattering by particles in the rings showed the particles were irregularly shaped (rather than spherical) and likely originate as ejecta from micrometeorite impacts on Jupiter's moons, probably Metis and Adrastea.

text: Tests of general relativity[edit]

text: On October 10, 2003, the mission's science team announced the results of tests of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, performed by using radio waves transmitted from the Cassini space probe.[58] The radio scientists measured a frequency shift in the radio waves to and from the spacecraft, as those passed close to the Sun. According to the general theory of relativity, a massive object like the Sun causes space-time to curve, causing a beam of radiowaves (or light, or any form of electromagnetic radiation) that passes by the Sun to travel farther (known as the Shapiro time delay).

text: Although some measurable deviations from the values calculated using the general theory of relativity are predicted by some unusual cosmological models, no such deviations were found by this experiment. Previous tests using radiowaves transmitted by the Viking and Voyager space probes were in agreement with the calculated values from general relativity to within an accuracy of one part in one thousand. The more refined measurements from the Cassini space probe experiment improved this accuracy to about one part in 51,000.[59] The data firmly support Einstein's general theory of relativity.[citation needed]

text: New moons of Saturn[edit]

text: In total, the Cassini mission discovered seven new moons orbiting Saturn.[60] Using images taken by Cassini, researchers discovered Methone, Pallene and Polydeuces in 2004,[61] although later analysis revealed that Voyager 2 had photographed Pallene in its 1981 flyby of the ringed planet.[62]

text: On May 1, 2005, a new moon was discovered by Cassini in the Keeler gap. It was given the designation S/2005 S 1 before being named Daphnis. A fifth new moon was discovered by Cassini on May 30, 2007, and was provisionally labeled S/2007 S 4. It is now known as Anthe. A press release on February 3, 2009 showed a sixth new moon found by Cassini. The moon is approximately 1/3 of a mile (500 m) in diameter within the G-ring of the ring system of Saturn, and is now named Aegaeon (formerly S/2008 S 1).[63] A press release on November 2, 2009 mentions the seventh new moon found by Cassini on July 26, 2009. It is presently labeled S/2009 S 1 and is approximately 300 m (1000 ft) in diameter in the B-ring system.[64]

text: On April 14, 2014, NASA scientists reported the possible beginning of a new moon in the A Ring of the planet Saturn.[65]

text: Phoebe flyby[edit]

text: On June 11, 2004, Cassini flew by the moon Phoebe. This was the first opportunity for close-up studies of this moon (Voyager 2 performed a distant flyby in 1981 but returned no detailed images). It also was Cassini's only possible flyby for Phoebe due to the mechanics of the available orbits around Saturn.[66]

text: The first close-up images were received on June 12, 2004, and mission scientists immediately realized that the surface of Phoebe looks different from asteroids visited by spacecraft. Parts of the heavily cratered surface look very bright in those pictures, and it is currently believed that a large amount of water ice exists under its immediate surface.

text: Saturn rotation[edit]

text: In an announcement on June 28, 2004, Cassini program scientists described the measurement of the rotational period of Saturn.[67] Because there are no fixed features on the surface that can be used to obtain this period, the repetition of radio emissions was used. This new data agreed with the latest values measured from Earth, and constituted a puzzle to the scientists. It turns out that the radio rotational period had changed since it was first measured in 1980 by Voyager 1, and it was now 6 minutes longer. This, however, does not indicate a change in the overall spin of the planet, but is thought to be due to movement of the source of the radio emissions to a different latitude, at which the rotation rate is different.

text: Orbiting Saturn[edit]

text: On July 1, 2004, the spacecraft flew through the gap between the F and G rings and achieved orbit, after a seven-year voyage.[68] It was the first spacecraft to ever orbit Saturn.

text: The Saturn Orbital Insertion (SOI) maneuver performed by Cassini was complex, requiring the craft to orient its High-Gain Antenna away from Earth and along its flight path, to shield its instruments from particles in Saturn's rings. Once the craft crossed the ring plane, it had to rotate again to point its engine along its flight path, and then the engine fired to decelerate the craft by 622 meters/s to allow Saturn to capture it.[69] Cassini was captured by Saturn's gravity at around 8:54 pm Pacific Daylight Time on June 30, 2004. During the maneuver Cassini passed within 20,000 km (12,000 mi) of Saturn's cloud tops.

text: When Cassini was in Saturnian orbit, departure from the Saturn system was evaluated in 2008 during end of mission planning.[70][clarification needed]

text: Titan flybys[edit]

text: Cassini had its first flyby of Saturn's largest moon, Titan, on July 2, 2004, a day after orbit insertion, when it approached to within 339,000 km (211,000 mi) of Titan. Images taken through special filters (able to see through the moon's global haze) showed south polar clouds thought to be composed of methane and surface features with widely differing brightness. On October 27, 2004, the spacecraft executed the first of the 45 planned close flybys of Titan when it passed a mere 1,200 kilometers above the moon. Almost four gigabits of data were collected and transmitted to Earth, including the first radar images of the moon's haze-enshrouded surface. It revealed the surface of Titan (at least the area covered by radar) to be relatively level, with topography reaching no more than about 50 meters in altitude. The flyby provided a remarkable increase in imaging resolution over previous coverage. Images with up to 100 times better resolution were taken and are typical of resolutions planned for subsequent Titan flybys. Cassini collected pictures of Titan and the lakes of methane were similar to the lakes of Earth.

text: Huygens lands on Titan[edit]

text:
External image

 Raw images from the Huygens probe descent on 14 January 2005 (37 pages)
© ESA/NASA/JPL/U. of Arizona. (ESA hosting)

text: Cassini released the Huygens probe on December 25, 2004, by means of a spring and spiral rails intended to rotate the probe for greater stability. It entered the atmosphere of Titan on January 14, 2005, and after a two-and-a-half-hour descent landed on solid ground.[5] Although Cassini successfully relayed 350 of the pictures that it received from Huygens of its descent and landing site, a software error failed to turn on one of the Cassini receivers and caused the loss of another 350 pictures. While landing, for caution, NASA loaded Huygens with 3 parachutes.[71]

text: Enceladus flybys[edit]

text: During the first two close flybys of the moon Enceladus in 2005, Cassini discovered a deflection in the local magnetic field that is characteristic for the existence of a thin but significant atmosphere. Other measurements obtained at that time point to ionized water vapor as its main constituent. Cassini also observed water ice geysers erupting from the south pole of Enceladus, which gives more credibility to the idea that Enceladus is supplying the particles of Saturn's E ring. Mission scientists began to suspect that there may be pockets of liquid water near the surface of the moon that fuel the eruptions.[72]

text: On March 12, 2008, Cassini made a close fly-by of Enceladus, passing within 50 km of the moon's surface.[73] The spacecraft passed through the plumes extending from its southern geysers, detecting water, carbon dioxide and various hydrocarbons with its mass spectrometer, while also mapping surface features that are at much higher temperature than their surroundings with the infrared spectrometer.[74] Cassini was unable to collect data with its cosmic dust analyzer due to an unknown software malfunction.

text: Wikinews has related news: Cassini discovers organic material on Saturn moon

text: On November 21, 2009, Cassini made its eighth flyby of Enceladus,[75] this time with a different geometry, approaching within 1,600 kilometers (990 mi) of the surface. The Composite Infrared Spectrograph (CIRS) instrument produced a map of thermal emissions from the Baghdad Sulcus 'tiger stripe'. The data returned helped create a detailed and high resolution mosaic image of the southern part of the moon's Saturn-facing hemisphere.

text: On April 3, 2014, nearly ten years after Cassini entered Saturn's orbit, NASA reported evidence of a large salty internal ocean of liquid water in Enceladus. The presence of an internal salty ocean in contact with the moon's rocky core, places Enceladus "among the most likely places in the Solar System to host alien microbial life".[76][77][78] On June 30, 2014, NASA celebrated ten years of Cassini exploring Saturn and its moons, highlighting the discovery of water activity on Enceladus among other findings.[79]

text: In September 2015, NASA announced that gravitational and imaging data from Cassini were used to analyze the librations of Enceladus' orbit and determined that the moon's surface is not rigidly joined to its core, concluding that the underground ocean must therefore be global in extent.[80]

text: On October 28, 2015, Cassini performed a close flyby of Enceladus, coming within 49 km (30 mi) of the surface, and passing through the icy plume above the south pole.[81]

text: Radio occultations of Saturn's rings[edit]

text: In May 2005, Cassini began a series of radio occultation experiments, to measure the size-distribution of particles in Saturn's rings, and measure the atmosphere of Saturn itself. For over four months, the craft completed orbits designed for this purpose. During these experiments, it flew behind the ring plane of Saturn, as seen from Earth, and transmitted radio waves through the particles. The radio signals received on Earth were analyzed, for frequency, phase, and power shift of the signal to determine the structure of the rings.

text: Spokes in rings verified[edit]

text: In images captured September 5, 2005, Cassini detected spokes in Saturn's rings,[82] previously seen only by the visual observer Stephen James O'Meara in 1977 and then confirmed by the Voyager space probes in the early 1980s.[83][84][full citation needed]

text: Lakes of Titan[edit]

text: Radar images obtained on July 21, 2006 appear to show lakes of liquid hydrocarbon (such as methane and ethane) in Titan's northern latitudes. This is the first discovery of currently existing lakes anywhere besides on Earth. The lakes range in size from one to one-hundred kilometers across.[85]

text: On March 13, 2007, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that it had found strong evidence of seas of methane and ethane in the northern hemisphere of Titan. At least one of these is larger than any of the Great Lakes in North America.[86]

text: Saturn hurricane[edit]

text: In November 2006, scientists discovered a storm at the south pole of Saturn with a distinct eyewall. This is characteristic of a hurricane on Earth and had never been seen on another planet before. Unlike a terrestrial hurricane, the storm appears to be stationary at the pole. The storm is 8,000 kilometers (5,000 mi) across, and 70 kilometers (43 mi) high, with winds blowing at 560 kilometers per hour (350 mph).[87]

text: Iapetus flyby[edit]

text: On September 10, 2007, Cassini completed its flyby of the strange, two-toned, walnut-shaped moon, Iapetus. Images were taken from 1,000 miles (1,600 km) above the surface. As it was sending the images back to Earth, it was hit by a cosmic ray that forced it to temporarily enter safe mode. All of the data from the flyby were recovered.[88]

text: Mission extension[edit]

text: On April 15, 2008, Cassini received funding for a 27-month extended mission. It consisted of 60 more orbits of Saturn, with 21 more close Titan flybys, seven of Enceladus, six of Mimas, eight of Tethys, and one targeted flyby each of Dione, Rhea, and Helene.[89] The extended mission began on July 1, 2008, and was renamed the Cassini Equinox Mission as the mission coincided with Saturn's equinox.[90]

text: Second mission extension[edit]

text: A proposal was submitted to NASA for a second mission extension (September 2010 – May 2017), provisionally named the extended-extended mission or XXM.[91] This ($60M pa) was approved in February 2010 and renamed the Cassini Solstice Mission.[92] It included Cassini orbiting Saturn 155 more times, conducting 54 additional flybys of Titan and 11 more of Enceladus.

text: Great Storm of 2010 and aftermath[edit]

text: On October 25, 2012, Cassini witnessed the aftermath of the massive Great White Spot storm that recurs roughly every 30 years on Saturn.[93] Data from the composite infrared spectrometer (CIRS) instrument indicated a powerful discharge from the storm that caused a temperature spike in the stratosphere of Saturn 83 K (83 °C; 149 °F) above normal. Simultaneously, a huge increase in ethylene gas was detected by NASA researchers at Goddard Research Center in Greenbelt, Maryland. Ethylene is a colorless gas that is highly uncommon on Saturn and is produced both naturally and through man-made sources on Earth. The storm that produced this discharge was first observed by the spacecraft on December 5, 2010 in Saturn's northern hemisphere. The storm is the first of its kind to be observed by a spacecraft in orbit around Saturn as well as the first to be observed at thermal infrared wavelengths, allowing scientists to observe the temperature of Saturn's atmosphere and track phenomena that are invisible to the naked eye. The spike of ethylene gas that was produced by the storm reached levels that were 100 times more than those thought possible for Saturn. Scientists have also determined that the storm witnessed was the largest, hottest stratospheric vortex ever detected in the Solar System, initially being larger than Jupiter's Great Red Spot.

text: Venus transit[edit]

text: On December 21, 2012, Cassini observed a transit of Venus across the Sun.[94] The VIMS instrument analyzed sunlight passing though the Venusian atmosphere.[94] VIMS previously observed the transit of exoplanet HD 189733 b.[94]

text: The Day the Earth Smiled[edit]

text: On July 19, 2013, the probe was pointed towards Earth to capture an image of the Earth and the Moon, as part of a natural light, multi-image portrait of the entire Saturn system. The event was unique as it was the first time NASA informed the public that a long-distance photo was being taken in advance.[95][96] The imaging team said they wanted people to smile and wave to the skies, with Cassini scientist, Carolyn Porco, describing the moment as a chance to "celebrate life on the Pale Blue Dot".[97]

text: Rhea flyby[edit]

text: On February 10, 2015, the Cassini spacecraft visited Rhea more closely, coming within 47,000 km (29,000 mi).[98] The spacecraft observed the moon with its cameras producing some of the highest resolution color images yet of Rhea.[99]

text: Hyperion flyby[edit]

text: Cassini performed its latest flyby of Saturn's moon Hyperion on May 31, 2015, at a distance of about 34,000 km (21,000 mi).[100]

text: Dione flyby[edit]

text: Cassini performed its last flyby of Saturn's moon Dione on August 17, 2015, at a distance of about 475 km (295 mi). A previous flyby was performed on June 16.[101]

text: Hexagon changes color[edit]

text: Between 2012 and 2016, the hexagon changed from a mostly blue color to more of a golden color.[102] One theory for this is that sunlight is creating haze as the pole is exposed to sunlight due to the change in season.[102] It was previously noted that there was less blue color overall on Saturn between 2004 and 2008.[103]

text: Grand Finale and destruction[edit]

text: Cassini's end involved a series of close Saturn passes, approaching within the rings, then an entry into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15, 2017, to destroy the spacecraft.[5][10][70] This method was chosen because it is imperative to ensure protection and prevent biological contamination to any of the moons of Saturn thought to offer potential habitability.[104]

text: In 2008 a number of options were evaluated to achieve this goal, each with varying funding, scientific, and technical challenges.[105] A short period Saturn impact for an end of mission was rated "excellent" with the reasons "D-ring option satisfies unachieved AO goals; cheap and easily achievable" while collision with an icy moon was rated "good" for being "cheap and achievable anywhere/time".[105]

text: On November 29, 2016, the spacecraft performed a Titan flyby that took it to the gateway of F-ring orbits: This was the start of the Grand Finale phase culminating in its impact with the planet.[106][107] A final Titan flyby on April 22, 2017, changed the orbit again to fly through the gap between Saturn and its inner ring days later on April 26. Cassini passed about 3,100 km (1,900 mi) above Saturn's cloud layer and 320 km (200 mi) from the visible edge of the inner ring; it successfully took images of Saturn's atmosphere and began returning data the next day.[108] After a further 22 orbits through the gap, the mission was ended with a dive into Saturn's atmosphere on September 15; signal was lost at 7:55:46 AM EDT on September 15, 2017, just 30 seconds later than predicted. It is estimated that the spacecraft burned up about 45 seconds after the last transmission.

text: Missions[edit]

text: The spacecraft operation was organized around a series of missions.[110] Each is structured according to a certain amount of funding, goals, etc.[110] At least 260 scientists from 17 countries have worked on the Cassini–Huygens mission; in addition thousands of people overall worked to design, manufacture, and launch the mission.[111]

text:
Prime Mission, July 2004 through June 2008.[112][113]
Cassini Equinox Mission was a two-year mission extension which ran from July 2008 through September 2010.[110]
Cassini Solstice Mission ran from October 2010 through April 2017.[110][114] (Also known as the XXM mission.)[103]
Grand Finale (spacecraft directed into Saturn), April 2017 to September 15, 2017.[114]

text: Glossary[edit]

text:
AACS: Attitude and Articulation Control Subsystem
ACS: Attitude Control Subsystem
AFC: AACS Flight Computer
ARWM: Articulated Reaction Wheel Mechanism
ASI: Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, the Italian space agency
BIU: Bus Interface Unit
CAM: Command Approval Meeting
CDS: Command and Data Subsystem—Cassini computer that commands and collects data from the instruments
CICLOPS: Cassini Imaging Central Laboratory for Operations
CIMS: Cassini Information Management System
CIRS: Composite Infrared Spectrometer
DCSS: Descent Control Subsystem
DSCC: Deep Space Communications Center
DSN: Deep Space Network (large antennas around the Earth)
DTSTART: Dead Time Start
ELS: Electron Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
ERT: Earth-received time, UTC of an event
ESA: European Space Agency
ESOC: European Space Operations Centre
FSW: flight software
HGA: High Gain Antenna
HMCS: Huygens Monitoring and Control System
HPOC: Huygens Probe Operations Center
IBS: Ion Beam Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
IEB: Instrument Expanded Blocks (instrument command sequences)
IMS: Ion Mass Spectrometer (part of CAPS instrument)
ITL: Integrated Test Laboratory—spacecraft simulator
IVP: Inertial Vector Propagator
LGA: Low Gain Antenna
NAC: Narrow Angle Camera
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the United States of America space agency
OTM: Orbit Trim Maneuver
PDRS: Probe Data Relay Subsystem
PHSS: Probe Harness SubSystem
POSW: Probe On-Board Software
PPS: Power and Pyrotechnic Subsystem
PRA: Probe Relay Antenna
PSA: Probe Support Avionics
PSIV: Preliminary Sequence Integration and Validation
PSE: probe support equipment
RCS: Reaction Control System
RFS: Radio Frequency Subsystem
RPX: ring plane crossing
RWA: Reaction Wheel Assembly
SCET: Spacecraft Event Time
SCR: sequence change requests
SKR: Saturn Kilometric Radiation
SOI: Saturn Orbit Insertion (July 1, 2004)
SOP: Science Operations Plan
SSPS: Solid State Power Switch
SSR: Solid State Recorder
SSUP: Science and Sequence Update Process
TLA: Thermal Louver Assemblies
USO: UltraStable Oscillator
VRHU: Variable Radioisotope Heater Units
WAC: Wide Angle Camera
XXM: Extended-Extended Mission


document_title: Main Aur Charles

question_text: who is the hero of film main aur charles

text: Main Aur Charles

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Randeep Hooda - Charles Sobhraj
Richa Chaddha - Mira Sharma (Charles's girl friend)
Adil Hussain - Amod Kanth
Alexx O'Nell - Richard Thomas
Lucky Morani - Dr. Ashima Mehra (criminal psychologist)
Mandana Karimi - Liz (Charles's girl friend)
Shaanti - Princess Malvika
Dijana Dejanovic - Charles's Lawyer
Vipin Sharma - Satender Kumar (Jailor)
Tisca Chopra - Reena (Amod Kanths' wife)
Kanika Kapoor - Special appearance as bar singer
Anastasia Fullfina - Andrea (Charles's girl friend)
Nandu Madhav - Inspector Sudhakar Zhende
Saurabh Sarkar- Bajrangi Babu
Sandeep Punia - Satpal Punia
Satyakam Gupta - Rajan Ahuja
Shanu Dev - Mr.Joshi (Investigating Officer)
Abhiskek Diwan - Hemant

text: Production[edit]

text: The film was shot in Delhi, Goa, Mumbai, Pattaya and Udaipur.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Main Aur Charles

Soundtrack album by Vipin Patwa, Aditya Trivedi, Bally Grunge and Sanjeev-Darshan

Released
October 15, 2015 (2015-10-15)

Length
29:07

Label
T-Series

text: The music for Main Aur Charles is composed by Vipin Patwa, Aditya Trivedi, Bally Grunge and Sanjeev-Darshan. The full audio album was released on 15 October 2015. The music rights are acquired by T-Series.

text:
No.
Title
Lyrics
Singer(s)
Length

1.
"Neeli Bullet"
Kartik Chaudhry
Aditya Trivedi
03:41

2.
"Woh Tho Yahin Hai Lekin"
Dr Sager
Jonita Gandhi
02:51

3.
"Ya Rabba"
Rohan Moktali
Saugat Upadhaya
04:07

4.
"Dekhe Meri Aankhon Mein Jo"
Kartik Chaudhry
Saba Azad
03:36

5.
"Jee Lo Yaaron"
Bally Grunge
Saugat Upadhaya
03:43

6.
"Main To Yahin Hoon Lekin"
Dr Sager
Ali Azmat
02:39

7.
"Theme of Charles"
Aditya Trivedi
Aditya Trivedi
03:36

8.
"Jab Chaye Mera Jadoo"
Ikram Basra
Kanika Kapoor
04:54

Total length:
29:07


document_title: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

question_text: who played bull in robin hood prince of thieves

text: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves

text: Plot[edit]

text: Robin of Locksley — an English nobleman who joined Richard the Lionheart, King of England in the Third Crusade — is imprisoned in Jerusalem along with his comrade, Peter Dubois. Facing the amputation of Peter's hand by the Ayyubid prison guards, Robin escapes with Peter, saving the life of a Moor named Azeem in the process. Robin, Peter, and Azeem escape through a sewer and into an alley, but Peter is shot and mortally wounded by an archer. Before making his last stand against the approaching guards, Peter has Robin swear to protect his sister, Marian. Robin returns to England with Azeem, who has vowed to accompany him until Azeem's life-debt to Robin is repaid.

text: In England, with King Richard away in France, the cruel Sheriff of Nottingham rules over the land, aided by his cousin Guy of Gisbourne, the witch Mortianna, and the corrupt Bishop of Hereford. At Locksley Castle, Robin's father, who is loyal to King Richard, is killed by the Sheriff's men after refusing to join them.

text: Robin returns to England to find his father dead, his home in ruins, and the Sheriff and his men oppressing the people. After telling Marian of Peter's demise, and while fleeing the Sheriff's forces afterwards, Robin and Azeem encounter a band of outlaws hiding in Sherwood Forest, led by Little John. Among the band is Will Scarlett, who holds a belligerent grudge against Robin. Robin assumes command of the group, training them to defend themselves and fight against Nottingham. They rob soldiers and convoys that pass through the forest, then distribute the stolen wealth among the poor. One of their early targets is Friar Tuck, who subsequently joins these Merry Men. Marian begins to sympathize with the band and renders Robin any aid she can muster, as the two grow closer to one another and gradually begin to fall in love. Robin's successes infuriate the Sheriff, who increases the mistreatment of the people, resulting in greater local support for Robin Hood.

text: The Sheriff kills Gisbourne for his failure to prevent the looting of several convoys, and hires Celtic warriors from Scotland to assist his forces in assaulting the hideout. The Sheriff manages to locate the outlaws' hideout and launches an attack, destroying the refuge and capturing most of the outlaws. With the Bishop's help, the Sherrif has Marian confined when she tries to summon help from France. To consolidate his claim to the throne, the Sheriff proposes to Marian (who is Richard's cousin), claiming that if she accepts, he will spare the lives of the captured outlaws. Nevertheless, several of the rebels are due to be executed by hanging as part of the wedding celebration. Among the captured is Will Scarlett, who makes a deal with the Sheriff to find and kill Robin in exchange for his freedom.

text: Will meets up with Robin and a handful of his aides who survived the Celts' assault. Will informs Robin of the Sheriff's plans to marry Marian and execute Robin's men. Will continues to display anger against Robin, which motivates Robin to question why Will hates him so much. Will then reveals himself to be Robin's younger illegitimate half-brother; Will's mother was a peasant woman with whom Robin's father took comfort after Robin's mother died. Robin's anger toward his father caused him to separate from her and leave Will fatherless. Despite his anger, Robin is overjoyed to learn that he has a brother, and reconciles with Will.

text: On the day of the wedding and hangings, Robin and his men infiltrate Nottingham Castle, freeing the prisoners. Although Robin's band originally planned to free their friends and retreat, Azeem reveals himself and his willingness to fight the Sheriff, inciting the peasants to revolt. After a fierce fight, Robin kills the Sheriff, but is attacked by Mortianna with a spear. Azeem slays Mortianna, fulfilling his life-debt to Robin. Tuck kills the Bishop by burdening him with treasure and throwing him out a window.

text: Robin and Marian profess their love for each other and are married in the forest. Their wedding is briefly interrupted by King Richard, who blesses the marriage and thanks Robin for his deeds.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Kevin Costner as Robin of Locksley[6]
Morgan Freeman as Azeem
Christian Slater as Will Scarlett
Alan Rickman as Sheriff of Nottingham[7]
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marian
Geraldine McEwan as Mortianna
Micheal McShane [sic] as Friar Tuck
Brian Blessed as Lord Locksley
Michael Wincott as Guy of Gisborne
Nick Brimble as Little John
Harold Innocent as the Bishop of Hereford
Walter Sparrow as Duncan
Daniel Newman as Wulf
Sean Connery (uncredited) as King Richard
Jack Wild as Much
Daniel Peacock as Bull

text: Production[edit]

text: Rickman turned down the role of the sheriff twice before he was told he could have carte blanche with his interpretation of the character.

text: Filming[edit]

text: Principal exteriors were shot on location in the United Kingdom. A second unit filmed the medieval walls and towers of the Cité de Carcassonne in the town of Carcassonne in Aude, France, for the portrayal of Nottingham and its castle. Locksley Castle was Wardour Castle in Wiltshire – restored in an early shot using a matte painting. Marian's manor was filmed at Hulne Priory in Northumberland. Scenes set in Sherwood Forest were filmed throughout England: Burnham Beeches in Buckinghamshire was used for the outlaws' encampment, Aysgarth Falls in Yorkshire for the fight scene between Robin and Little John, and Hardraw Force in North Yorkshire was the location where Marian sees Robin bathing.[9] Sycamore Gap on Hadrian's Wall was used for the scene when Robin first confronts the sheriff's men.[10] Chalk cliffs at Seven Sisters, Sussex were used as the locale for Robin's return to England from the Crusades.[11]

text: Interior scenes were completed at Shepperton Studios in Surrey.[9]

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text:
Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (Original Soundtrack)Film score by Michael KamenReleased
July 2, 1991Length
60:22Label
Morgan Creek Productions

text: The original music score was composed, orchestrated and conducted by Michael Kamen. An excerpt from the main title music was subsequently used as the logo music for Morgan Creek,[12] and has been used by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment in intros for trailers on DVD/Blu-ray.[13]

text: No.TitleLength1."Overture" / "A Prisoner of the Crusades"8:272."Sir Guy of Gisborne" / "The Escape to Sherwood"7:273."Little John" / "The Band in the Forest"4:524."The Sheriff and His Witch"6:035."Maid Marian"2:576."Training" / "Robin Hood, Prince of Thieves"5:157."Marian at the Waterfall"5:348."The Abduction" / "The Final Battle at the Gallows"9:539."(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" (sung by Bryan Adams)6:3310."Wild Times" (sung by Jeff Lynne)3:12

text: Release[edit]

text: Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves was submitted for classification from the British Board of Film Classification and required 14 seconds to be cut from the film to obtain a PG rating.[2]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert praised Freeman's performance as well as Rickman's, but ultimately decried the film as a whole, giving it two stars and stating, "Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves is a murky, unfocused, violent, and depressing version of the classic story... The most depressing thing about the movie is that children will attend it expecting to have a good time."[14] The New York Times gave the film a negative review, with Vincent Canby writing that the movie is "a mess, a big, long, joyless reconstruction of the Robin Hood legend that comes out firmly for civil rights, feminism, religious freedom, and economic opportunity for all."[15] The Los Angeles Times found the movie unsatisfactory, as well.[16] Costner was criticised for not attempting an English accent.[17]

text: Lanre Bakare, writing in The Guardian, calls Rickman's Sheriff, for which he won a BAFTA, a "genuinely great performance".[18]  Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes retrospectively collected reviews from 52 critics to give the film a score of 50%.[19]

text: Prince of Thieves was nominated for two Golden Raspberry Awards: Kevin Costner won the Worst Actor award for his performance as Robin Hood, while Christian Slater received a nomination for Worst Supporting Actor for his performances in this film and Mobsters, but lost to Dan Aykroyd for Nothing but Trouble.[20]

text: In 2005, the American Film Institute nominated this film for AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores.[21]

text: Box office[edit]

text: The film grossed $25 million in its opening weekend and $18.3 million in its second. The film  eventually made $390,493,908 at the global box office, making it the second-highest grossing film of 1991, immediately behind Terminator 2: Judgment Day. It enjoyed the second-best opening for a nonsequel, at the time.[22][23][24][25]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: A tie-in video game of the same name was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy. Developed by Sculptured Software Inc. and Bits Studios, respectively, and published by Virgin Games, Inc., it was featured as the cover game for the July 1991 issue of Nintendo Power magazine.[26]

text: A toy line was released by Kenner, consisting of action figures and playsets. Notably, all but one of the figures were slightly modified from Kenner's well known Super Powers line, while Friar Tuck, as well as the vehicles and playset, were modified from Star Wars: Return of the Jedi toys.[27]