document_title: Universal suffrage

question_text: when did universal suffrage happen in the uk

text: Universal suffrage

text: Expanding suffrage[edit]

text: France, under the 1793 Jacobin constitution, was the first major country to enact suffrage for all adult males, though it was never formally enacted in practice (the subsequent election occurring after the fall of the Jacobin government). The Second French Republic did institute adult male suffrage after the revolution of 1848.

text: Following the French revolutions, the first movements in the Western world toward universal suffrage occurred in the early 19th century, and focused on removing property requirements for voting. In 1867, Germany (the North German Confederation) enacted suffrage for all adult males. In the United States following the American Civil War, slaves were freed and granted rights of citizens, including suffrage for adult males (although several states established restrictions largely, though not completely, diminishing these rights). In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the focus of the universal suffrage movement came to include the extension of the right to vote to women, as happened from the post-Civil War era in several Western states and the 1890s in a number of British colonies.

text: In 1906, the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which became the republic of Finland, was the first country in the world to implement full universal suffrage, as women could stand as candidates, unlike in New Zealand, and ethnic exclusion was not implemented, unlike in Australia. It also elected the world's first female members of parliament the following year.[2][3]

text: The First French Republic was the second nation that adopted universal male suffrage, doing so in 1792; it was one of the first national systems that abolished all property requirements as a prerequisite for allowing men to register and vote. Greece recognized full male suffrage in 1830. Spain recognized it in the Constitution of 1869 and France and Switzerland have continuously done so since the 1848 Revolution (for resident male citizens). Upon independence in the 19th century, several Latin American countries and Liberia in Africa initially extended suffrage to all adult males, but subsequently restricted it based on property requirements. The German Empire implemented full male suffrage in 1871.[citation needed] The United States adopted full white male suffrage with the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1870,[citation needed] but this was rescinded in the South after 1890 with the reinstitution of property and literacy requirements until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

text: In 1893, the self-governing colony New Zealand became the first country in the world (except for the short-lived 18th century Corsican Republic) to grant active universal suffrage by giving women the right to vote. It did not grant universal full suffrage (the right to both vote and be a candidate, or both active and passive suffrage) until 1919.[4]

text: In 1902, Australia become the first country to grant full suffrage for women, i.e. the first country in the world to give women both the right to vote and to run for office.[5] However, universal suffrage was not implemented, as aboriginals did not get the right to vote until 1962.

text: Several European nations that had enacted universal suffrage had their normal legal process, or their status as an independent nation, interrupted during and after the First World War.

text: Many societies in the past have denied or abridged political representation on the basis of race or ethnicity, related to discriminatory ideas about citizenship. For example, in apartheid-era South Africa, non-white people could generally not vote in national elections until the first multi-party elections in 1994 (except under the Cape Qualified Franchise, which was replaced by a number of separate MPs in 1936 (Blacks) and 1958 (Coloureds), later by the Tricameral Parliament). Rhodesia enacted a similar statute in its proclaimed independence, which however allowed a smaller number of representatives for the considerably larger Black majority (under its 1961 constitution, the voting classes had been based on socio-economic standards, which marginalized most Black and a few White voters to a separate set of constituencies, under the principle of weighted voting; this replaced in 1969 by an openly racial franchise, with delegated all Blacks to the 'B' voters roll).

text: Although in the United States African Americans were granted the rights of citizens, including suffrage, by constitutional amendments following the American Civil War, later in the century white Democrats had regained control in all states of the former Confederacy in the American South. From 1890 to 1910 they passed new constitutions, laws or constitutional amendments establishing barriers to voter registration and, later, voting, that essentially disfranchised most African Americans. Though these were, in order not to abridge the Fifteenth Amendment, based on economic and educational standards (i.e. upkeep of poll taxes and submission to literacy tests), and thus excluded a number of poor White voters as well, they were overtly racist in their intent - with grandfather clauses largely excepting those whose forefathers had held the vote under the previously racial franchise and white primaries in states where only the Democratic party could exercise any political weight. Legal challenges were mounted, but African Americans did not fully regain the ability to exercise their rights until after passage in the mid-1960s of the Twenty-fourth Amendment, which secured the right to vote in relation to poll taxes, and the Voting Rights Act, which provided federal protection and enforcement of elections. This was a result of their activism in the Civil Rights Movement and a series of legal challenges, most notably Smith v. Allright (which banned white primaries).

text: Disfranchisement[edit]

text:
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text: All US states, with the exceptions of Maine and Vermont, (James Kararu) disfranchise some felons from voting depending on their current incarceration, parole or probation status; a number of US states permanently disfranchise some felons, even after their release from prison.[6] Many states within the U.S. previously disfranchised paupers, persons who either paid no direct taxes, or received public assistance.[7]

text: Nations have differing degrees of legal recognition of non-resident citizens: non-resident Danes cannot vote after two years;[8] non-resident Italians may vote for representatives at-large in the Italian parliament; non-resident British citizens cannot vote for their national parliament unless they have lived in the UK within the last fifteen years.[9] A few nations also restrict those who are part of the military or police forces, e.g. Kuwait.[10]

text: Many democratic countries, for example the United Kingdom and France, have had colonies with citizens living outside of the mother country and have generally not been entitled to vote for the national legislature. A peculiarly complex case is that of Algeria under the Third French Republic: Algeria was legally an integral part of France, but citizenship was restricted (as in other French colonies proper) by legal status, not by race or ethnicity. Any Muslim Algerian could become a French citizen by choosing to live like one. As this required the person to resign jurisdiction under Islamic law in favour of French civic law, very few did. Among Muslims, such a change was considered apostasy from Islam, which was the dominant religion in Algeria. Colonists in America declared Independence from Great Britain citing "No Taxation Without Representation" as one of their main grievances. However, the newly established country did not extend voting rights in the United States beyond white adult male property owners (about 6% of the population),[11] and did not grant its overseas citizens the right to vote in elections either, until the passage of the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act in 1986.

text: Citizens of an EU Member State are allowed to vote in EU parliamentary elections, as well as some local elections. For example, a British person living in Graz, Austria, would be entitled to vote for the European Parliament as a resident of the "electoral district" of Austria, and to vote in Graz municipal elections. He would, however, not be entitled to vote in Austrian (federal) elections, or Styrian (state) elections. Similarly, all locally resident EU citizens in the UK are allowed to vote for representatives of the local council, and those resident in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland may vote for the devolved parliaments or assemblies. But, only British, Irish and Commonwealth citizens are allowed to vote for the British House of Commons.[12] However, not all British citizens are allowed to vote, since non-resident British citizens lose their franchise after 15 years. In fact the British government is planning to reinstate universal suffrage soon.[13]

text: Dates by country[edit]

text: States have granted and revoked universal suffrage at various times. This list can be organised in three ways:

text:
Universal There are no distinctions between voters over a certain age in any part of its territories due to gender, literacy, wealth, social status, language, religion, race, or ethnicity.
Male is for all males over a certain age irrespective of literacy, wealth, or social status.
Female is for all women over a certain age irrespective of literacy, wealth, or social status.
Ethnicity is for all eligible voters over a certain age irrespective of language, religion, race, or ethnicity.

text:
Universal suffrage by country or territory

Universal
Male
Female
Ethnicity
Country or territory
Notes

1964–77
1964–77
1964–77
1964–77
Afghanistan
1964 Constitution of Afghanistan transformed Afghanistan into a modern democracy.[14]

1952
1853
1952
1853
Argentina
Universal male suffrage was instituted in 1853. Universal, secret and mandatory suffrage for male citizens over 18 years of age was granted by the Sáenz Peña Law (General Election Law) of 1912. It was amended to include female citizens in 1947 but became effective in 1952.

1921
1919
1921
1920
Armenia
Became part of the Soviet Union in 1920.

1962
1901
1902
1962
Australia
In 1855, the parliament of the self-governing Colony of South Australia enacted legislation providing for universal male suffrage. The parliaments of the Colony of Victoria and the Colony of New South Wales followed suit by enacting legislation providing universal male suffrage in 1857 and 1858, respectively. In 1894 the parliament of the Colony of South Australia enacted legislation providing a full and universal adult franchise; the right of all adults of the age of majority to vote in elections, and for any elector to stand for high office. In 1901, the self-governing colonies of Australia joined together in a federal structure of states. In 1902, the new federal parliament legislated for a universal adult franchise and the right of electors to stand for and occupy any office for which they could directly vote. Indigenous people were explicitly excluded. True universal suffrage was not achieved until 1962 when the Commonwealth Electoral Act extended the right to vote to all Australians regardless of race. However, Australia was first united a federation in 1901[15][better source needed]. Hence, universal voting rights were not enabled until the nation was united. Voting rights for all men and women were established in 1902[16].

1918
1896
1918
1907
Austria
Universal suffrage 1896, universal and equal suffrage (removing multiple voting) 1907. Before 1907 unmarried landholding women were allowed to vote. After the Central Powers' defeat in World War I universal suffrage including women.

1919
1919
1919
1919
Azerbaijan
Became part of the Soviet Union in 1920.

1961
1958
1961
1807
Bahamas
Legislation passed in the house in 1961 allowing for Universal adult suffrage in The Bahamas. All men could vote equally in The Bahamas in 1958. In 1807 legislation passed in the house of assembly giving free persons of color the right to vote. [17]

1973–75
1973–75
1973–75[18]
1973–75
Bahrain
Universal suffrage in 1973, although parliament was suspended and dissolved in 1975 for approximately 30 years. Non Sunni-Muslims cannot vote.

1948
1893
1948
1893
Belgium
Universal census suffrage for all men aged 25 and above since 1893. Depending on education and amount of taxes paid, males could cast between 1 and 3 votes. Widows were also allowed to vote but lost their voting rights after remarrying. Universal single suffrage for males since 1918. Universal suffrage for women was finally introduced in 1948.

2008
2008
2008
2008
Bhutan

1956
1956
1956
1956
Bolivia
Universal suffrage granted by decree; first elections in 1956; women's suffrage coincided with abolition of literacy requirements.

1988
1988
1988
1988
Brazil
Male suffrage from 1891 excluding the homeless, women, priests, and the military. Women from 1932. Illiterates were still banned until 1988.

1945
1945
1945
1945
Bulgaria
Universal suffrage including women and men serving in the Army was instituted by the government of the Fatherland front.

1990
1990
1990
1990
Burma/Myanmar
Last free elections held in 1990.[19] New elections held in 2015, which elected 75% of legislators, while 25% remain appointed by the military.

1960
1920
1920
1960
Canada
In 1920, Canada enacted suffrage for federal elections for male and female citizens, with exceptions for Chinese Canadians and Aboriginal Canadians;[20] for provincial elections, female suffrage was established between 1916 (Manitoba, Alberta, Saskatchewan) and 1940 (Quebec). Chinese Canadians, regardless of gender, were given suffrage in 1947, while Aboriginal Canadians were not allowed to vote until 1960, regardless of gender. Newfoundland which joined Canada in 1949 had universal male suffrage in 1925.

1970
1970
1970
1970
Chile
From 1888 suffrage for men of any race over 21 who can read. From 1925 full suffrage for men aged 21 and above and able to read and write. 1934 women get to vote on Municipal Elections. From 1949 universal suffrage for men and women aged 21 and above and able to read and write. From 1970 suffrage for men and women aged 18 and older whether or not they can read.

1954
1853–1886, 1936
1954
1853–1886, 1936
Colombia
Universal male suffrage starting in 1853, restricted in 1886. Electorate defined on the basis of adult franchise and joint electorate.

1918
1896
1918
1896
First Czechoslovak Republic
Within Austria, universal suffrage 1896, universal and equal suffrage (removing multiple voting) 1907. After the Central Powers' defeat in World War I, universal suffrage including women.

1915
1849
1915
1849
Denmark
The King granted limited voting rights in 1834 but only to property owners and with limited power. First proper voting rights came in 1849 to "men over 30 of good reputation" but in the subsequent years the rules were changed a number of times, and it was not until the change of the constitution in 1915 that all men and women living within the kingdom had influence on all chambers.[21] Danish law does not operate with any notion of "ethnicity,". Non-resident citizens are still excluded from voting after two years abroad.[8]

1918
1917
1918
1917
Estonia
Two tiered elections were held, with 62 representatives from rural communities and towns elected in May–June and July–August, respectively.

1979
1979
1979
1979
European Union
Elections to the European Parliament have taken place since 1979.

1945
1792–1795, 1848
1944
1916
France
In 1792, the Convention assembly was elected by all males 25 and over. Over the subsequent years, France experienced profound political upheaval, with republican, monarchist and bonapartist government governing at various times. Through these changes, suffrage increased and decreased based on the introduction, repeal and reintroduction of various degrees of universal, property and census-based suffrage. Universal male suffrage was given in 1848, with the exception of the military who obtained the right to vote in 1945. This was supplemented in 1944 by full universal suffrage, including women as voters.[citation needed]

1906
1906
1906
1906
Finland
As an autonomous Grand Principality in the Russian Empire, Finland achieved universal suffrage in 1906, becoming the second country in the world to adopt universal suffrage.[22] The Finnish parliamentary election of 1907 was the first time when women were elected (19 of 200 MPs). After becoming independent in 1917, Finland continued its universal suffrage.

1919
1867/1871
1919
1919
Germany
The German Empire from 1871 until 1918 (and the North German Confederation before it from 1867) had universal male suffrage, one of the more progressive election franchises at the time.[23] After the German Revolution of 1918–19, the Weimar Constitution established universal suffrage in 1919 with a minimum voting age of 20.

1919
1919
1919
1919
Georgia
The first democratic elections were held on 14th-16th February 1919. 5 women were elected in total (for Menshevik party) to take part in national legistature numbering 130MPs. In 1921, Georgia became a part of the Soviet Union .

1951
1951
1951
1951
Ghana
Universal suffrage was granted for the 1951 legislative election. This was the first election to be held in Africa under universal suffrage.[24]

1952
1844
1952
1844
Greece
After the Revolution of the 3rd September 1843, the Greek Constitution of 1844 with the electoral law of 18th March 1844 introduced universal male suffrage with secret ballot.[25] Women were given the right to vote in local elections in 1930 and in parliamentary elections since 1952.

1991
1991
1991
1991
Hong Kong
Held its first legislative elections in 1991, elected part of the legislators. Until now Hong Kong still only can elect half of the legislators. All registered voters can eligible to vote.

1918
1918
1918
1918
Hungary
After the Central Powers' defeat in World War I.

1950
1950
1950
1950
India
All adult citizens as recognized by the Constitution of India, irrespective of race or gender or religion on the founding of the Republic of India.

1955
1955
1955
1955
Indonesia

1963
1906
1963
1906
Iran
Under "Constitutional Revolution". The White Revolution gave women the right to vote in 1963.[26]

1923
1918
1923
1829
Ireland
When Ireland was a part of the United Kingdom, the removal of a voting ban based on religion occurred in 1793 and 1829. Then known as the Irish Free State, the country changed previous British law to enfranchise women equally with men in 1923.[27]

1948
1948
1948
1948
Israel
Universal suffrage since the founding of the State of Israel.

1945
1912
1945
1912
Italy
1912, introduction of the first universal male suffrage, extended to all citizens aged 30 and older, with no restrictions. It was applied in the elections of 1913. In 1918 the electorate was expanded with all male citizens aged 21 and older or who had served in the army. Universal adult suffrage, including women, introduced in 1945, and applied for the first time in the referendum of 1946. Suffrage for men and women aged 18 granted in 1975.

1944
1944
1944
1944
Jamaica
Universal adult suffrage introduced.

1947
1925
1947
1925
Japan
Universal adult male suffrage for those over 25 was introduced in 1925. Universal adult suffrage for both sexes over 20 introduced in 1946, ratified by the new Constitution which adopted on May 3, 1947.

2005
1962
2005
1962
Kuwait
Universal adult male suffrage since 1962, for citizens who are 21 or older, with the exception of those who, at the time of elections, serve in the armed forces. As of 2005, women who satisfy the age and citizenship requirements are allowed to vote.

1919
1919
1919
1919
Latvia
Universal suffrage introduced in Law of elections to the Constituent assembly.

1943
1943
1943
1943
Lebanon
Universal suffrage for all adult males and females since the independence of Lebanon (The Chamber of Deputies is shared equally between Christians and Muslims, rather than elected by universal suffrage that would have provided a Muslim majority).

1984
1984
1984
1984
Liechtenstein

1922
1922
1922
1922
Lithuania

1948
1919
1948
1919
Luxembourg

1957
1956
1957
1956
Malaysia

1947
1947
1947
1947
Malta
The 1947 election was the first election without property qualifications for voters, and women were also allowed to vote for the first time.

1953
1917
1953
1917
Mexico
Universal suffrage given to men in 1917 after the Mexican Revolution; suffrage given to women in municipal elections in 1947 and national elections in 1953.[28] In 1996, Mexicans living in the United States were given the right to vote in Mexican elections.[29]

1919
1917
1919
1917
Netherlands
From 1917 full suffrage for men aged 23 and above. From 1919 universal suffrage for men and women aged 23. From 1971 suffrage for men and women aged 18 and older.

1893
1879
1893
1879
New Zealand
With the extension of voting rights to women in 1893, the self-governing British colony became one of the first permanently constituted jurisdictions in the world to grant universal adult suffrage,[4] suffrage previously having been universal for Māori men over 21 from 1867, and for white men from 1879.[30] Plural voting (impacting men) was abolished in 1889.

1913
1898
1913
1821
Norway
Full male suffrage in 1898, with women included in 1913. Sami men were granted suffrage in a revision of the constitution in 1821.[31]

1956
1951
1956
1951
Pakistan
In 1956, women were granted the right to vote in national elections. *Pakistan adopted universal adult suffrage for provisional assembly elections soon after it became independent in 1947. The first direct elections held in the country after independence were for the provincial Assembly of the Punjab between 10–20 March 1951

1979
1979
1979
1979
Peru
Suffrage was granted for women in 1955 but suffrage for the illiterate was only granted with the 1979 Constitution.

1946
1935
1937
1946
Philippines
Males who were over 25 years old and could speak English or Spanish, with property and tax restrictions, were previously allowed to vote as early as 1907; universal male suffrage became a constitutional right in 1935. Women's suffrage was approved in a plebiscite in 1937.[32]

1918
1918
1918
1918
Poland
Prior to the Partition of Poland in 1795, only nobility (men) were allowed to take part in political life. The first parliamentary elections were held on 26 January 1919 (Polish legislative election, 1919), according to the decree introducing universal suffrage, signed by Jozef Pilsudski on 28 November 1918, immediately after restoring independent Polish state. Universal suffrage for men and women over 21.

1974
1974
1974
1974
Portugal
By 1878, 72% of the male adult population had access to vote; this number was restricted by the policies of the last years of the monarchy and first years of the republic (transition in 1910 with the 5 October 1910 revolution), being reinstalled only in the 1920s. Restricted female suffrage was firstly allowed in 1931; it was further extended in 1933, 1946, and finally 1968. Due to the 1933–74 dictatorship of Estado Novo, universal suffrage was only fully attained after the 1974 Carnation revolution.

?
2013
?
?
Qatar
Municipal elections since 1999.

1917
1917
1917
1917
Russia
Universal suffrage established by Declaration of the Provisional Government of 15 March 1917 and Statute on Elections of the Constituent Assembly of 2 August 1917.[33]

1991
1990
1991
1990
Samoa

?
?
-
?
Saudi Arabia

1994
1910
1931
1994
South Africa
White women's suffrage granted in 1930 and suffrage for all white adults regardless of property in 1931. Universal suffrage not regarding race or colour of skin; Blacks and Coloureds were denied the right to vote before and during the apartheid era (1948–1994).

1945
1888
1945
1888
Serbia
Suffrage for male voters who paid taxes was granted in the Constitution of 1869, and in the Constitution of 1888 the right to vote was given to all males of age 21. Women were allowed to vote with the Communist constitution of Yugoslavia.

1948
1948
1948
1948
South Korea
Universal suffrage since the founding of the Republic of Korea. However, voting was initially limited to landowners and taxpayers in the larger towns, elders voting for everyone at the village level.[34]

1977
1869–1923, 1931–36, 1977
1933–39, 1977
1869–1923, 1931–36, 1977
Spain
Suffrage for men practiced from 1869 to 1923 and in the Second Spanish Republic (1931–36). On November 19, 1933 women were granted the right to vote. Revoked during Franco era (1939–75) and recovered since 1977 in the new Spanish Constitution.

1931
1931
1931
1931
Sri Lanka
Universal suffrage for all irrespective of race, ethnicity, language, or gender. Sri Lanka is the oldest democracy in Asia.

1945
1909
1919
1873
Sweden
During the years 1718–72 burgher men and women of age and with income were able to elect members of parliament, but women's suffrage was abolished in 1772. Jews were given the right to vote in 1838, but not given the right to stand for election until 1870. Catholics were given the right to vote in 1873, but not given the right to be eligible as cabinet minister until 1951. Full[Incorrect - discuss] male suffrage 1909 for those aged 25 and above, but only to one of two equally weighed houses of parliament. Universal suffrage for men and women aged 23 enacted in 1919,[35] and the first election took place in 1921. Until 1924 men who refused to do military service were excepted from universal suffrage. Until 1937 courts were able to punish crimes by revoking a convict's right to vote. Until 1945 persons living on benefits were excepted from universal suffrage. Voting age changed to 21 in 1945, to 20 in 1965, to 19 in 1969 and to 18 in 1975.

1990
1848
1971 or 1990
1848
Switzerland
At the formation of the federal state and with the Constitution of 1848, Switzerland became the first modern state to introduce universal male suffrage[citation needed]; this has continued unbroken since its adoption. Women's suffrage was introduced, by (male) referendum, for federal elections in 1971, but for cantonal elections, the last canton to introduce women's suffrage (Appenzell Innerrhoden) had to do so by supreme court order in 1990.

1996
1947
1947
1996
Taiwan
Universal suffrage under the Constitution of the Republic of China. First National Assembly elections held in 1991, first legislative elections held in 1992. First presidential direct elections held in 1996.

1933
1933
1933
1933
Thailand
Universal suffrage for all since the first general election in 1933.

1959
?
?
?
Tunisia
Universal suffrage for all since the first post-independence constitution.

1934
1876
1934
1876
Turkey

1928
1918
1928
1829
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom the removal of voting rights based on religion occurred with the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791 and Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829. The right to vote has never since been based on race or religion.[nb 1] All adult men were enfranchised by the Representation of the People Act 1918.[37] This Act granted some women the right to vote in national elections,[nb 2] but about 60% of women (those under 30 or not meeting property qualifications) were excluded until the Equal Franchise Act 1928, when women were granted the vote on the same terms as men.[42] The Representation of the People Act 1948 removed plural voting rights held by about 7% of the electorate.[43][nb 3] The Representation of the People Act 1969 reduced the voting age from 21 to 18.

1948
1948
1948
1948
United Nations
Provision of "universal and equal suffrage" in Universal Declaration of Human Rights [Article 21(3)]

2015
?
?
?
Dominican Republic
Jorge Radhamés Zorrilla Ozuna proposed the inclusion of the military vote in the constitutional reform of Dominican Republic, to be effective in the elections of 2016.[45]

1965[nb 4]
1856[nb 5]
1920[nb 6]
1965[nb 7]
United States
In the colonial era, there had been various restrictions on suffrage in what is today the United States. Property restrictions on voting disenfranchised more than half of the white male population in most states.[48]
After the American Revolution, the Constitution did not originally define who was eligible to vote, allowing each state to determine who was eligible. In the early history of the U.S., most states allowed only white male adult property owners to vote (about 6% of the population).[49][50] Over subsequent decades, voting rights expanded to include more of the population. Vermont, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky were the three states to have full adult suffrage for white males before 1800. New Jersey allowed women's suffrage for landowners until the early 1800s.
In the 1820 election, there were 108,359 ballots cast. In the 1840 election, 2,412,694 ballots were cast, an increase that far outstripped natural population growth. Poor voters became a huge part of the electorate. There were few nations in the world that had a similar level of suffrage for white males at this time. By 1856, after the period of Jacksonian democracy, all states had almost universal white adult male suffrage regardless of property ownership, although tax-paying requirements remained in five states, and two into the 20th century.[51][52]
In 1868, the 14th Amendment altered the way each state is represented in the House of Representatives. It counted all residents for apportionment including former slaves, overriding the three-fifths compromise, and reduced a state's apportionment if it wrongfully denied men aged 21 and above the right to vote. However, this was not enforced in practice. In 1870, the 15th Amendment granted suffrage to all males of any race, skin color, and ethnicity, including former slaves (freedmen), meaning that male African Americans in theory had the right to vote throughout the United States.[53]
Starting in 1888, former Confederate states passed Jim Crow laws and amendments to effectively disfranchise black and poor white voters through poll taxes, literacy tests, grandfather clauses and other restrictions, applied in a discriminatory manner. During this period, the Supreme Court generally upheld state efforts to discriminate against racial minorities; only later in the 20th century were these laws ruled unconstitutional. Black males in the Northern states could vote, but the majority of African Americans lived in the South.
Wyoming was the first territory to enfranchise all women in 1869. From then until 1916, all Western states legalized women suffrage, but few Eastern states followed suit. However, in 1920 the 19th Amendment extended the franchise to women in all states.[54] In 1924 the Indian Citizenship Act gave suffrage to all Native Americans, nearly two-thirds of whom already had citizenship and the right to vote.[55]
In 1964, the 24th Amendment, which abolished the use of poll taxes as a requirement for voting in federal elections, was passed.[56][57] Full enfranchisement was revived in 1965, with the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which provided for federal enforcement of rights. For state elections, it was not until the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 6-3 in Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1966) that all state poll taxes were unconstitutional as violating the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This removed a burden on the poor.[46][47]
In 1971, the 26th Amendment ratified, which granted suffrage for men and women aged 18.

1918
?
?
?
Uruguay
With the 1918 Uruguayan Constitution.

1987
?
1978
1987
Zimbabwe
Universal suffrage was introduced in the 1978 Internal Settlement between Ian Smith and Abel Muzorewa. The 1979 Lancaster House constitution agreed to accommodate the nationalists and also affirmed universal suffrage but with a special role for whites. Universal suffrage with no special consideration for race came in 1987. Before 1978, Rhodesia (the name for the region that would become Zimbabwe in 1980) had a merit qualification in order to vote. This was controversial because it excluded the vast majority of native Africans.

text: Women's suffrage[edit]

text: In Sweden-Finland, women's suffrage was granted during the Age of Liberty from 1718 until 1772.[58]

text: In Corsica, women's suffrage was granted in 1755 and lasted until 1769.[59]

text: Women's suffrage (with the same property qualifications as for men) was granted in New Jersey in 1776 (the word "inhabitants" was used instead of "men" in the 1776 Constitution) and rescinded in 1807.

text: The Pitcairn Islands granted restricted women's suffrage in 1838. Various other countries and states granted restricted women's suffrage in the later half of the nineteenth century, starting with South Australia in 1861.

text: The first unrestricted women's suffrage in a major country was granted in New Zealand in 1893.[4] The women's suffrage bill was adopted mere weeks before the general election of 1893. Māori men had been granted suffrage in 1867, white men in 1879. The Freedom in the World index lists New Zealand as the only free country in the world in 1893.[59]

text: South Australia first granted women suffrage and allowed them to stand for parliament in 1894.

text: The autonomous Grand Principality of Finland, a decade before becoming the republic of Finland, was the first country in the world to implement full universal suffrage, by giving women full political rights, i.e. both the right to vote and to run for office, and was the second in the world and the first in Europe to give women the right to vote.[2][3] The world's first female members of parliament were elected in Finland the following year.

text: In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic allowed women the right of passive suffrage with three women being elected.

text: During a discussion on extending women's right to active suffrage, the Radical Socialist Victoria Kent confronted the Radical Clara Campoamor. Kent argued that Spanish women were not yet prepared to vote and, since they were too influenced by the Catholic Church, they would vote for right-wing candidates. Campoamor however pleaded for women's rights regardless of political orientation. Her point finally prevailed and, in the election of 1933, the political right won with the vote of citizens of any sex over 23. Both Campoamor and Kent lost their seats.

text: Youth suffrage, children's suffrage and suffrage in school[edit]

text: Democratic schools practice and support universal suffrage in school, which allows a vote to every member of the school, including students and staff. Such schools hold that this feature is essential for students to be ready to move into society at large.[60][61]


document_title: Geraldine Granger

question_text: who does geraldine marry in vicar of dibley

root

text: Geraldine Granger

text:
Reverend Geraldine Granger

The Vicar of Dibley character

Portrayed by
Dawn French

First appearance
"The Arrival"

Last appearance
"The Vicar in White" (main)
"The Bishop of Dibley" (sketches)

Profile

Occupation
Vicar (1994–2015)
Unemployed (2015–?)

[show]Family

Brothers
1 unnamed

Husband
Harry Kennedy (2006—)

tag: table

text: Boadicea Geraldine Kennedy (née Granger) is a fictional female vicar, the central character to the successful British BBC sitcom The Vicar of Dibley. She is portrayed by Dawn French, described by the British Comedy Guide as "the jolly, down-to-earth female vicar of Dibley, a small country village inhabited by oddballs. After overcoming the town's initial shock at her gender Geraldine helps to improve the village."[1] Much of the source of comedy comes from the way French plays the female vicar with her extroverted and fun-loving nature,[2] frequent colourful language, and behaviour as a vicar which would usually be frowned on by the church.

tag: p

text: The character made a debut in 1994,[3] and on 15 March 2013, French reprised her role as Granger as part of her French and Saunders marathon on BBC Radio 2.

text: Character[edit]

text: Granger arrived at the parish church to a shocked congregation, leading her to remark: "You were expecting a bloke - beard, bible, bad breath. And instead, you got a babe with a bob cut and a magnificent bosom."[4] She is a bonne vivante and a liberal woman who enjoys nothing more than a good laugh, much to the consternation of her love interest David Horton. Despite her fun-loving and sometimes outrageous behaviour, she is deeply caring and does her best to help those in her parish in any way she can. She is well aware of her obesity but seems to take a relatively laid-back attitude toward it. A self-confessed chocoholic,[3] her favourite being Smarties and Curly Wurlys, she often will go on a diet only to break it within minutes by eating one of the innumerable chocolate bars that she has hidden throughout her house (even in hollowed-out Bibles). On one occasion, she gives up chocolate for Lent and nearly goes mad but does succeed. She has an enormous crush on actor Sean Bean.

text: Despite her kind-hearted nature, Geraldine is not above occasional arrogance. In the second-season episode "Celebrity Vicar", after a spot on local radio led to several high-profile media appearances, Geraldine allowed fame to go to her head, and became overconfident and self-absorbed, caring more about her public image and TV career than she did about her parishioners or her duties as a priest. She was later humbled after the tabloids printed several offensive articles about the members of the village council, and she struggled to regain their trust.

text: Her unusual first name Boadicea is revealed later in the series, much to David Horton's ongoing amusement, although in the final episode her full name is given as Geraldine Julie Andrews Dick van Dyke Supercalifragilisticexpialidocius Chim-Chiminey Chim-Chiminey Chim-Chim-Cheree Granger, the latter due to her mother's favourite book being Mary Poppins and the fact that the film was released the year of Geraldine's birth.

text: Her best friend is Alice Tinker (Emma Chambers);[5] at the end of each episode she tells a joke to Alice, but Alice rarely understands the humour. Geraldine was once going to marry David Horton but decided not to after all. In 2006, she receives a proposal from accountant Harry Jasper Kennedy and accepts by running around the village, screaming. In the final episode she marries him in a bizarre wedding with touches of Doctor Who, including the two bridesmaids being dressed as Daleks and with parts of the church decorated with vegetables. She ends up getting married in her pyjamas because her wedding dress has been accidentally covered with mud by Owen Newitt.


document_title: List of Tennessee Titans seasons

question_text: when was the last time the tennessee titans made the playoffs

text: List of Tennessee Titans seasons

text: This is a list of seasons completed by the Tennessee Titans, an American football franchise of the National Football League (NFL). The list documents the season-by-season records of the Titans' franchise from 1960 to the present, including postseason records and league awards for individual players or head coaches. The Titans were originally known as the Houston Oilers and were a part of the inaugural season of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960. In 1997, the franchise moved to Tennessee, playing in Memphis temporarily until settling in Nashville. The team was rebranded as the Titans following the 1998 season. The Titans have yet to win a Super Bowl, falling short in their only appearance in Super Bowl XXXIV, although the team does have two championships from its early years in the AFL. During their tenure in Tennessee they have defeated all 31 other franchises at least once, enjoying a perfect record against the Detroit Lions (5-0).

text: For complete team history, see History of the Tennessee Titans and History of the Houston Oilers.

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
AFL Champions (1960–1969)
Super Bowl Champions (1970–present)
Conference Champions
Division Champions
Wild Card Berth

text:
Season
Team
League
Conference
Division
Regular season
Postseason Results
Awards
Head coaches

Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties

Houston Oilers

1960
1960
AFL

Eastern
1st
10
4
0
Won AFL Championship (1) (Chargers) 24–16

Lou Rymkus

1961
1961
AFL

Eastern
1st
10
3
1
Won AFL Championship (2) (at Chargers) 10–3
George Blanda (MVP)
Lou Rymkus (1–3–1)
Wally Lemm (9–0)

1962
1962
AFL

Eastern
1st
11
3
0
Lost AFL Championship (Dallas Texans) 17–20
(2 OT)

Pop Ivy

1963
1963
AFL

Eastern
3rd
6
8
0

Pop Ivy

1964
1964
AFL

Eastern
4th
4
10
0

Sammy Baugh

1965
1965
AFL

Eastern
4th
4
10
0

Hugh Taylor

1966
1966
AFL

Eastern
4th
3
11
0

Wally Lemm

1967
1967
AFL

Eastern
1st
9
4
1
Lost AFL Championship (at Raiders) 7–40

Wally Lemm

1968
1968
AFL

Eastern
2nd
7
7
0

Wally Lemm

1969
1969
AFL

Eastern
2nd
6
6
2
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Raiders) 7–56

Wally Lemm

1970
1970
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
3
10
1

Wally Lemm

1971
1971
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
4
9
1

Ed Hughes

1972
1972
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
1
13
0

Bill Peterson

1973
1973
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
1
13
0

Bill Peterson (0–5)
Sid Gillman (1–8)

1974
1974
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
7
7
0

Sid Gillman

1975
1975
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
10
4
0

Robert Brazile (DROY)
Bum Phillips

1976
1976
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
9
0

Bum Phillips

1977
1977
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
8
6
0

Bum Phillips

1978
1978
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Dolphins) 17–9
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Patriots) 31–14
Lost AFC Championship (at Steelers) 5–34
Earl Campbell (OPOY, OROY)
Bum Phillips

1979
1979
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Broncos) 13–7
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Chargers) 17–14
Lost AFC Championship (at Steelers) 13–27
Earl Campbell (MVP, OPOY)
Bum Phillips

1980
1980
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
11
5
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Raiders) 7–27
Earl Campbell (OPOY)
Bum Phillips

1981
1981
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
9
0

Ed Biles

1982
1982
NFL
AFC

13th+
1
8
0

Ed Biles

1983
1983
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
2
14
0

Ed Biles (0–6)
Chuck Studley (2–8)

1984
1984
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
3
13
0

Hugh Campbell

1985
1985
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
11
0

Hugh Campbell (5–9)
Jerry Glanville (0–2)

1986
1986
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
5
11
0

Jerry Glanville

1987
1987
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Seahawks) 23–20 (OT)
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 10–34

Jerry Glanville

1988
1988
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
10
6
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Browns) 24–23
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Bills) 10–17

Jerry Glanville

1989
1989
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (Steelers) 23–26 (OT)
Warren Moon (WP MOY)
Jerry Glanville

1990
1990
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
9
7
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Bengals) 14–41
Warren Moon (OPOY)
Jack Pardee

1991
1991
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
11
5
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Jets) 17–10
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Broncos) 24–26

Jack Pardee

1992
1992
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Bills) 38–41 (OT)

Jack Pardee

1993
1993
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
12
4
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Chiefs) 20–28

Jack Pardee

1994
1994
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
2
14
0

Jack Pardee (1–9)
Jeff Fisher (1–5)

1995
1995
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
7
9
0

Jeff Fisher

1996
1996
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
8
8
0

Eddie George (OROY)
Jeff Fisher

Tennessee Oilers

1997
1997
NFL
AFC
Central
3rd
8
8
0

Jeff Fisher

1998
1998
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
8
8
0

Jeff Fisher

Tennessee Titans

1999
1999
NFL
AFC
Central
2nd
13
3
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (Bills) 22–16
Won Divisional Playoffs (at Colts) 19–16
Won AFC Championship (at Jaguars) 33–14
Lost Super Bowl XXXIV (vs. Rams) 16–23
Jevon Kearse (DROY)
Jeff Fisher

2000
2000
NFL
AFC
Central
1st
13
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Ravens) 10–24

Jeff Fisher

2001
2001
NFL
AFC
Central
4th
7
9
0

Jeff Fisher

2002
2002
NFL
AFC
South
1st
11
5
0
Won Divisional Playoffs (Steelers) 34–31 (OT)
Lost AFC Championship (at Raiders) 24–41

Jeff Fisher

2003
2003
NFL
AFC
South
2nd
12
4
0
Won Wild Card Playoffs (at Ravens) 20–17
Lost Divisional Playoffs (at Patriots) 14–17
Steve McNair (MVP)
Jeff Fisher

2004
2004
NFL
AFC
South
4th
5
11
0

Jeff Fisher

2005
2005
NFL
AFC
South
3rd
4
12
0

Jeff Fisher

2006
2006
NFL
AFC
South
2nd
8
8
0

Vince Young (OROY)
Jeff Fisher

2007
2007
NFL
AFC
South
3rd
10
6
0
Lost Wild Card Playoffs (at Chargers) 6–17

Jeff Fisher

2008
2008
NFL
AFC
South
1st
13
3
0
Lost Divisional Playoffs (Ravens) 10–13

Jeff Fisher

2009
2009
NFL
AFC
South
3rd
8
8
0

Chris Johnson (OPOY)
Jeff Fisher

2010
2010
NFL
AFC
South
4th
6
10
0

Jeff Fisher

2011
2011
NFL
AFC
South
2nd
9
7
0

Mike Munchak

2012
2012
NFL
AFC
South
3rd
6
10
0

Mike Munchak

2013
2013
NFL
AFC
South
2nd
7
9
0

Mike Munchak

2014
2014
NFL
AFC
South
4th
2
14
0

Ken Whisenhunt

2015
2015
NFL
AFC
South
4th
3
13
0

Ken Whisenhunt (1–6)
Mike Mularkey (2–7)

2016
2016
NFL
AFC
South
2nd
9
7
0

Mike Mularkey

Total
413
449
6
(1960–2016, includes only regular season)

14
19
0
(1960–2016, includes only playoffs)

427
468
6
(1960–2016, includes both regular season and playoffs; 2 AFL Championships)

text: + = Due to a strike-shortened season in 1982, all teams were ranked by conference instead of division.