document_title: World Tourism rankings

question_text: what is the most popular country in europe

text: World Tourism rankings

text: Most visited destinations by international tourist arrivals[edit]

text: In 2016, there were 1.235 billion international tourist arrivals worldwide, with a growth of 4% as compared to 1.186 billion in 2015. The top 10 international tourism destinations in 2016 were:[1]

text:
Rank
Destination
International
tourist
arrivals
(2016)[1]
International
tourist
arrivals
(2015)[1]
Change
(2015 to
2016)
(%)
Change
(2014 to
2015)
(%)

1
 France
82.6 million
84.5 million
 2.2
 0.9

2
 United States
75.6 million
77.5 million
 2.4
 3.3

3
 Spain
75.6 million
68.5 million
 10.3
 5.5

4
 China
59.3 million
56.9 million
 4.2
 2.3

5
 Italy
52.4 million
50.7 million
 3.2
 4.4

6
 United Kingdom
35.8 million
34.4 million
 4.0
 5.6

7
 Germany
35.6 million
35.0 million
 1.7
 6.0

8
 Mexico
35.0 million
32.1 million
 8.9
 9.4

9
 Thailand
32.6 million
29.9 million
 8.9
 20.6

10
 Austria
28.1 million
26.7 million
 5.2
 5.7

text: Africa[edit]

text: In 2015, there were over 53 million international tourist arrivals to Africa, a decrease of 3% from 2014. In 2015, the top ten African destinations were:

text:
Rank
Destination
International
tourist
arrivals
(2015)[1]
International
tourist
arrivals
(2014)[1]
Change
(2014 to
2015)
(%)
Change
(2013 to
2014)
(%)

1
 Morocco
11.2 million
10.3 million
 1.0
 2.4

2
 Egypt
9.1 million
9.6 million
 5.1
 5.0

3
 South Africa
8.9 million
9.5 million
 6.8
 0.1

4
 Tunisia
5.4 million
7.2 million
 25.2
 2.6

5
 Zimbabwe
2.1 million
1.9 million
 9.4
 2.6

6
 Algeria
1.7 million
2.3 million
 25.7
 15.8

7
 Mozambique
1.6 million
1.7 million
 6.6
 11.9

8
 Botswana
1.5 million
2.0 million
 22.3
 27.3

9
 Ivory Coast
1.4 million
0.5 million
 205.9
 23.9

10
 Namibia
1.4 million
1.3 million
 5.1
 12.2

Note: Egypt is classified under "Middle East" in the UNWTO.[2]

text: Americas[edit]

text: In 2016, there were over 199 million international tourist arrivals to the Americas. In 2016, the top ten destinations were:[1]

text:
Rank
Destination
International
tourist
arrivals
(2016)[1]
International
tourist
arrivals
(2015)[1]
Change
(2015 to
2016)
(%)
Change
(2014 to
2015)
(%)

1
 United States
75.6 million
77.4 million
 2.4
 3.3

2
 Mexico
35.0 million
32.1 million
 8.9
 9.4

3
 Canada
20.0 million
18.0 million
 11.1
 8.7

4
 Brazil
6.6 million
6.3 million
 4.3
 1.9

5
 Dominican Republic
6.0 million
5.6 million
 8.4
 8.9

6
 Chile
5.6 million
4.5 million
 26.0
 21.9

7
 Argentina
5.6 million
5.7 million
 3.1
 3.3

8
 Cuba
4.0 million
3.5 million
 13.7
 17.5

9
 Peru
3.7 million
3.5 million
 8.4
 7.5

10
 Puerto Rico
3.7 million
3.5 million
 5.5
 9.1

text: Asia-Pacific[edit]

text: In 2016, there were over 308 million international tourist arrivals to Asia-Pacific, an increase of 9.0% over 2015. In 2016, the top ten destinations were:[1]

text:
Rank
Destination
International
tourist
arrivals
(2016)[1]
International
tourist
arrivals
(2015)[1]
Change
(2015 to
2016)
(%)
Change
(2014 to
2015)
(%)

1
 China
59.3 million
56.9 million
 4.2
 2.3

2
 Thailand
32.6 million
29.9 million
 8.9
 20.6

3
 Malaysia
26.8 million
25.7 million
 4.0
 6.3

4
 Hong Kong
26.6 million
26.7 million
 0.5
 3.9

5
 Japan
24.0 million
19.7 million
 21.8
 47.1

6
 South Korea
17.2 million
13.2 million
 30.3
 6.8

7
 Macau
15.7 million
14.3 million
 9.8
 1.8

8
 India
14.6 million
13.3 million
 9.7
 1.4

9
 Singapore
12.9 million
12.1 million
 7.1
 1.6

10
 Indonesia
12.0 million[3]
10.0 million
–
 5.6

text: Europe[edit]

text: In 2016, there were over 616 million international tourist arrivals to Europe, an increase of 1.0% over 2015. In 2016, the top ten destinations were:[1]

text:
Rank
Destination
International
tourist
arrivals
(2016)[1]
International
tourist
arrivals
(2015)[1]
Change
(2015 to
2016)
(%)
Change
(2014 to
2015)
(%)

1
 France
82.6 million
84.5 million
 2.2
 0.9

2
 Spain
75.6 million
68.5 million
 10.3
 5.5

3
 Italy
52.4 million
50.7 million
 3.2
 4.4

4
 United Kingdom
35.8 million
34.4 million
 4.0
 5.6

5
 Germany
35.6 million
35.0 million
 1.7
 6.0

6
 Austria
28.1 million
26.7 million
 5.2
 5.7

7
 Turkey
25.4 million[4]
39.5 million
–
 0.8

8
 Greece
24.8 million
23.6 million
 5.1
 7.1

9
 Russia
24.6 million
26.9 million
 8.6
 5.6

10
 Poland
17.5 million
16.7 million
 4.4
 4.6

text: Middle East[edit]

text: In 2015, there were over 53 million international tourist arrivals to the Middle East, an increase of 2.0% over 2014. In 2015, the top ten destinations were:

text:
Rank
Destination
International
tourist
arrivals
(2015)[1]
International
tourist
arrivals
(2014)[1]
Change
(2014 to
2015)
(%)
Change
(2013 to
2014)
(%)

1
 Turkey
39.5 million
39.8 million
 0.8
 5.3

2
 Saudi Arabia
18.0 million
18.3 million
 1.5
 15.8

3
 United Arab Emirates
14.2 million
13.2 million
 7.6
 32.1

4
 Egypt
9.1 million
9.6 million
 5.1
 5.0

5
 Iran
5.2 million
5.0 million
 5.4
 4.2

6
 Jordan
3.8 million
4.0 million
 5.7
 1.1

7
 Qatar
2.9 million
2.8 million
 3.7
 8.2

8
 Israel
2.8 million
2.9 million
 4.4
 1.2

9
 Oman
1.9 million
1.6 million
 17.8
 15.7

10
 Lebanon
1.5 million
1.4 million
 12.1
 6.3

Note: Iran is classified as part of "South Asia" in the UNWTO.[2]
Turkey and Israel are classified as part of "Southern/Medit.Europe" in the UNWTO.[2]

text: International tourism receipts[edit]

text: International tourism receipts grew to US$1,260 billion in 2015, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.4% from 2014.[1] The World Tourism Organization reports the following destinations as the top twelve tourism earners for the year 2015, with the United States by far the top earner.

text:
Rank
Region
International
tourism
receipts
(2016)[1]
International
tourism
receipts
(2015)[1]
Change
(2015 to
2016)
(%)
Change
(2014 to
2015)
(%)

1
 United States
$205.9 billion
$205.4 billion
 0.3%
 7.0%

2
 Spain
$60.3 billion
$56.5 billion
 6.9%
 13.3%

3
 Thailand
$49.9 billion
$44.9 billion
 11.0%
 16.9%

4
 China
$44.4 billion
$45.0 billion
 1.2%
 2.1%

5
 France
$42.5 billion
$44.9 billion
 5.3%
 22.9%

6
 Italy
$40.2 billion
$39.4 billion
 2.0%
 13.3%

7
 United Kingdom
$39.6 billion
$45.5 billion
 12.9%
 2.3%

8
 Germany
$37.4 billion
$36.9 billion
 1.4%
 14.8%

9
 Hong Kong
$32.9 billion
$36.2 billion
 9.1%
 5.8%

10
 Australia
$32.4 billion
$28.9 billion
 12.3%
 8.2%

text: Africa[edit]

text:
Rank
Region
International
tourism
receipts
(US$ million)
(2016)[1]

1
 South Africa
7,910

2
 Morocco
6,548

3
 Egypt
5,258

4
 Tanzania
2,135

5
 Mauritius
1,572

6
 Tunisia
1,239

7
 Botswana
1,101

8
 Nigeria
1,070

9
 Sudan
1,009

10
 Zimbabwe
824

text: Americas[edit]

text:
Rank
Region
International
tourism
receipts
(US$ million)
(2016)[1]

1
 United States
205,940

2
 Mexico
19,571

3
 Canada
18,213

4
 Dominican Republic
6,723

5
 Brazil
6,024

6
 Colombia
4,773

7
 Argentina
4,687

8
 Panama
4,258

9
 Puerto Rico
3,985

10
 Costa Rica
3,879

text: Asia-Pacific[edit]

text:
Rank
Region
International
tourism
receipts
(US$ million)
(2016)[1]

1
 Thailand
49,871

2
 China
44,432

3
 Hong Kong
32,860

4
 Australia
32,423

5
 Japan
30,678

6
 Macau
29,881

7
 India
22,427

8
 Singapore
18,386

9
 Malaysia
18,074

10
 South Korea
17,210

text: Europe[edit]

text:
Rank
Region
International
tourism
receipts
(US$ million)
(2016)[1]

1
 Spain
60,346

2
 France
42,481

3
 Italy
40,246

4
 United Kingdom
39,615

5
 Germany
37,433

6
 Austria
19,300

7
 Turkey
18,743

8
 Switzerland
15,937

9
 Greece
14,618

10
 Netherlands
14,054

text: Middle East[edit]

text:
Rank
Region
International
tourism
receipts
(US$ million)
(2015)[1]

1
 Turkey
18,743

2
 United Arab Emirates
17,481

3
 Saudi Arabia
10,130

4
 Lebanon
6,857

5
 Egypt
6,065

6
 Israel
5,794

7
 Qatar
5,035

8
 Jordan
4,065

9
 Iraq
4,060

10
 Oman
1,540

text: International tourism expenditures[edit]

text: The World Tourism Organization reports the following source countries as the top ten spenders on international tourism for the year 2017.[5] With China by far being the top spender.

text:
Rank
Country
International
tourism
expenditure
(2016)[5]
International
tourism
expenditure
(2017)[5]

1
 China
$250.1 billion
$257.7 billion

2
 United States
$123.6 billion
$135.2 billion

3
 Germany
$79.8 billion
$83.7 billion

4
 United Kingdom
$64.8 billion
$63.4 billion

5
 France
$40.3 billion
$41.4 billion

6
 Australia
$30.8 billion
$34.0 billion

7
 Canada
$28.7 billion
$32.0 billion

8
 Russia
$24.0 billion
$31.1 billion

9
 South Korea
$27.2 billion
$30.6 billion

10
 Italy
$25.0 billion
$27.1 billion


document_title: List of African countries by area

question_text: top 10 largest country in africa by land mass

root

text: List of African countries by area

text: Below is a list of all countries in Africa, in order of geographical area. Sudan was, with an area of 2,505,813km², formerly the largest country in Africa, until South Sudan formally split from it in 2011.

tag: p

text:
Rank
Flag
Name[1][2][3]
Area[a][b][4]

1

Algeria
02381740 !2,381,741 km2 (919,595 sq mi)

2

Democratic Republic of the Congo
02344858 !2,344,858 km2 (905,355 sq mi)

3

Sudan
01861484 !1,861,484 km2 (718,723 sq mi)

4

Libya
01759540 !1,759,540 km2 (679,362 sq mi)

5

Chad
01284000 !1,284,000 km2 (495,755 sq mi)

6

Niger
01267000 !1,267,000 km2 (489,191 sq mi)

7

Angola
01246700 !1,246,700 km2 (481,354 sq mi)

8

Mali
01240192 !1,240,192 km2 (478,841 sq mi)

9

South Africa
01221037 !1,221,037 km2 (471,445 sq mi)

10

Ethiopia
01104300 !1,104,300 km2 (426,373 sq mi)

11

Mauritania
01030700 !1,030,700 km2 (397,955 sq mi)

12

Egypt (Excluding Asian section)
01001449 !1,001,449 km2 (386,662 sq mi)

13

Tanzania
00945203 !945,203 km2 (364,945 sq mi)

14

Nigeria
00923768 !923,768 km2 (356,669 sq mi)

15

Namibia
00825418 !825,418 km2 (318,696 sq mi)

16

Mozambique
00801590 !801,590 km2 (309,496 sq mi)

17

Zambia
00752614 !752,614 km2 (290,586 sq mi)

18

South Sudan
00644329 !644,329 km2 (248,777 sq mi)

19

Somalia
00637657 !637,657 km2 (246,201 sq mi)

20

Central African Republic
00622984 !622,984 km2 (240,535 sq mi)

21

Madagascar
00587041 !587,041 km2 (226,658 sq mi)

22

Botswana
00581726 !581,726 km2 (224,606 sq mi)

23

Kenya
00580367 !580,367 km2 (224,081 sq mi)

24

Cameroon
00475442 !475,442 km2 (183,569 sq mi)

25

Morocco
00446550 !446,550 km2 (172,414 sq mi)**

26

Zimbabwe
00390757 !390,757 km2 (150,872 sq mi)

27

Republic of the Congo
00342000 !342,000 km2 (132,047 sq mi)

28

Côte d'Ivoire
00322460 !322,460 km2 (124,503 sq mi)

29

Burkina Faso
00274000 !274,000 km2 (105,792 sq mi)

30

Gabon
00267668 !267,668 km2 (103,347 sq mi)

31

Guinea
00245857 !245,857 km2 (94,926 sq mi)

32

Ghana
00238534 !238,534 km2 (92,098 sq mi)

33

Uganda
00236040 !236,040 km2 (91,136 sq mi)

34

Senegal
00196723 !196,723 km2 (75,955 sq mi)

35

Tunisia
00163610 !163,610 km2 (63,170 sq mi)

36

Malawi
00118484 !118,484 km2 (45,747 sq mi)

37

Eritrea
00117600 !117,600 km2 (45,406 sq mi)

38

Benin
00112622 !112,622 km2 (43,484 sq mi)

39

Liberia
00111369 !111,369 km2 (43,000 sq mi)

40

Sierra Leone
00071740 !71,740 km2 (27,699 sq mi)

41

Togo
00056785 !56,785 km2 (21,925 sq mi)

42

Guinea-Bissau
00036125 !36,125 km2 (13,948 sq mi)

43

Lesotho
00030355 !30,355 km2 (11,720 sq mi)

44

Equatorial Guinea
00028051 !28,051 km2 (10,831 sq mi)

45

Burundi
00027830 !27,830 km2 (10,745 sq mi)

46

Rwanda
00026798 !26,798 km2 (10,347 sq mi)

47

Djibouti
00023200 !23,200 km2 (8,958 sq mi)

48

Swaziland
00017364 !17,364 km2 (6,704 sq mi)

49

Gambia
00010380 !10,380 km2 (4,008 sq mi)

50

Cape Verde
00004033 !4,033 km2 (1,557 sq mi)

51

Comoros
00002235 !2,235 km2 (863 sq mi)

52

Mauritius
00002040 !2,040 km2 (788 sq mi)

53

São Tomé and Príncipe
00000964 !964 km2 (372 sq mi)

54

Seychelles
00000451 !451 km2 (174 sq mi)

tag: table

text: ** — Excluding all disputed lands (Western Sahara and Spanish territories)


document_title: List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons

question_text: when was the last time the 76ers won the finals

text: List of Philadelphia 76ers seasons

text: Seasons[edit]

text:
League championships

Conference championships

Division titles

Playoff berth

text:
Season

Team

League

Conference

Finish

Division

Finish

Wins

Losses

Win%

GB

Playoffs

Awards

Syracuse Nationals

1949–50

1949–50

NBA

—

—

Eastern

1st

51

13

.797

—

Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0Won Division Finals (Knicks) 2–1Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1950–51

1950–51

NBA

—

—

Eastern

4th

32

34

.485

8

Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–2

1951–52

1951–52

NBA

—

—

Eastern

1st

40

26

.606

—

Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1Lost Division Finals (Knicks) 3–1

1952–53

1952–53

NBA

—

—

Eastern

2nd

47

24

.662

0.5

Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–0

1953–54

1953–54

NBA

—

—

Eastern

T-2nd

42

30

.583

2

Won Division Finals (Celtics) 2–0Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–3

1954–55

1954–55

NBA

—

—

Eastern

1st

43

29

.597

—

Won Division Finals (Celtics) 3–1Won NBA Finals (Pistons) 4–3

1955–56

1955–56

NBA

—

—

Eastern

3rd

35

37

.486

10

Won Division Semifinals (Celtics) 2–1Lost Division Finals (Warriors) 3–2

1956–57

1956–57

NBA

—

—

Eastern

2nd

38

34

.528

6

Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–0Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 3–0

1957–58

1957–58

NBA

—

—

Eastern

2nd

41

31

.569

8

Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1

1958–59

1958–59

NBA

—

—

Eastern

3rd

35

37

.486

17

Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 2–0Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

1959–60

1959–60

NBA

—

—

Eastern

3rd

45

30

.600

14

Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 2–1

1960–61

1960–61

NBA

—

—

Eastern

3rd

38

41

.481

19

Won Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–0Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1

1961–62

1961–62

NBA

—

—

Eastern

3rd

41

39

.513

19

Lost Division Semifinals (Warriors) 3–2

1962–63

1962–63

NBA

—

—

Eastern

2nd

48

32

.600

10

Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2

Philadelphia 76ers

1963–64

1963–64

NBA

—

—

Eastern

3rd

34

46

.425

25

Lost Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–2

1964–65

1964–65

NBA

—

—

Eastern

3rd

40

40

.500

22

Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

1965–66

1965–66

NBA

—

—

Eastern

1st

55

25

.688

—

Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1

Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)  Dolph Schayes (CoY)

1966–67

1966–67

NBA

—

—

Eastern

1st

68

13

.840

—

Won Division Semifinals (Royals) 3–1Won Division Finals (Celtics) 4–1Won NBA Finals (Warriors) 4–2

Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)

1967–68

1967–68

NBA

—

—

Eastern

1st

62

20

.756

—

Won Division Semifinals (Knicks) 4–2Lost Division Finals (Celtics) 4–3

Wilt Chamberlain (MVP)

1968–69

1968–69

NBA

—

—

Eastern

2nd

55

27

.671

2

Lost Division Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1

1969–70

1969–70

NBA

—

—

Eastern

4th

42

40

.512

18

Lost Division Semifinals (Bucks) 4–1

1970–71

1970–71

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic[note 2]

2nd

47

35

.573

5

Lost Conference Semifinals (Bullets) 4–3

1971–72

1971–72

NBA

Eastern

6th

Atlantic

3rd

30

52

.366

26

—

1972–73

1972–73

NBA

Eastern

8th

Atlantic

4th

9

73

.110

59

—

1973–74

1973–74

NBA

Eastern

8th

Atlantic

4th

25

57

.305

31

—

1974–75

1974–75

NBA

Eastern

7th

Atlantic

4th

34

48

.415

26

—

1975–76

1975–76

NBA

Eastern

4th

Atlantic

2nd

46

36

.561

8

Lost First Round (Braves) 2–1

1976–77

1976–77

NBA

Eastern

1st

Atlantic

1st

50

32

.610

—

Won Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3Won Conference Finals (Rockets) 4–2Lost NBA Finals (Trail Blazers) 4–2

1977–78

1977–78

NBA

Eastern

1st

Atlantic

1st

55

27

.671

—

Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0Lost Conference Finals (Bullets) 4–2

1978–79

1978–79

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

2nd

47

35

.573

7

Won First Round (Nets) 2–0Lost Conference Semifinals (Spurs) 4–3

1979–80

1979–80

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

2nd

59

23

.720

2

Won First Round (Bullets) 2–0Won Conference Semifinals (Hawks) 4–1Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1980–81

1980–81

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

2nd

62

20

.756

—

Won First Round (Pacers) 2–0Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3

Julius Erving (MVP)

1981–82

1981–82

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

2nd

58

24

.707

5

Won First Round (Hawks) 2–0Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–2Won Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–3Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–2

1982–83

1982–83

NBA

Eastern

1st

Atlantic

1st

65

17

.793

—

Won Conference Semifinals (Knicks) 4–0Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–1Won NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–0

Moses Malone (MVP, FMVP)  Bobby Jones (SMoY)  Julius Erving (JWKC)

1983–84

1983–84

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

2nd

52

30

.634

10

Lost First Round (Nets) 3–2

1984–85

1984–85

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

2nd

58

24

.707

5

Won First Round (Bullets) 3–1Won Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–0Lost Conference Finals (Celtics) 4–1

1985–86

1985–86

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

2nd

54

28

.659

13

Won First Round (Bullets) 3–2Lost Conference Semifinals (Bucks) 4–3

1986–87

1986–87

NBA

Eastern

5th

Atlantic

2nd

45

37

.549

14

Lost First Round (Bucks) 3–2

1987–88

1987–88

NBA

Eastern

10th

Atlantic

4th

36

46

.439

21

—

1988–89

1988–89

NBA

Eastern

7th

Atlantic

2nd

46

36

.561

6

Lost First Round (Knicks) 3–0

1989–90

1989–90

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

1st

53

29

.646

—

Won First Round (Cavaliers) 3–2Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1

1990–91

1990–91

NBA

Eastern

5th

Atlantic

2nd

44

38

.537

12

Won First Round (Bucks) 3–0Lost Conference Semifinals (Bulls) 4–1

1991–92

1991–92

NBA

Eastern

10th

Atlantic

5th

35

47

.427

16

—

1992–93

1992–93

NBA

Eastern

13th

Atlantic

6th

26

56

.317

34

—

Dana Barros (MIP)

1993–94

1993–94

NBA

Eastern

11th

Atlantic

6th

25

57

.305

32

—

1994–95

1994–95

NBA

Eastern

13th

Atlantic

6th

24

58

.293

33

—

1995–96

1995–96

NBA

Eastern

15th

Atlantic

7th

18

64

.220

42

—

1996–97

1996–97

NBA

Eastern

14th

Atlantic

6th

22

60

.268

39

—

Allen Iverson (RoY)

1997–98

1997–98

NBA

Eastern

14th

Atlantic

7th

31

51

.378

24

—

1998–99[note 3][7]

1998–99

NBA

Eastern

6th

Atlantic

3rd

28

22

.560

5

Won First Round (Magic) 3–1Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–0

1999–00

1999–00

NBA

Eastern

5th

Atlantic

3rd

49

33

.598

3

Won First Round (Hornets) 3–1Lost Conference Semifinals (Pacers) 4–2

2000–01

2000–01

NBA

Eastern

1st

Atlantic

1st

56

26

.683

—

Won First Round (Pacers) 3–1Won Conference Semifinals (Raptors) 4–3Won Conference Finals (Bucks) 4–3Lost NBA Finals (Lakers) 4–1

Allen Iverson (MVP)  Dikembe Mutombo (DPoY, JWKC)  Aaron McKie (SMoY)  Larry Brown (CoY)

2001–02

2001–02

NBA

Eastern

6th

Atlantic

4th

43

39

.524

9

Lost First Round (Celtics) 3–2

2002–03

2002–03

NBA

Eastern

4th

Atlantic

2nd

48

34

.585

1

Won First Round (Hornets) 4–2Lost Conference Semifinals (Pistons) 4–2

2003–04

2003–04

NBA

Eastern

11th

Atlantic

5th

33

49

.402

14

—

2004–05

2004–05

NBA

Eastern

7th

Atlantic

2nd

43

39

.524

2

Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–1

2005–06

2005–06

NBA

Eastern

9th

Atlantic

2nd

38

44

.463

11

—

2006–07

2006–07

NBA

Eastern

9th

Atlantic

3rd

35

47

.427

12

—

2007–08

2007–08

NBA

Eastern

7th

Atlantic

3rd

40

42

.488

26

Lost First Round (Pistons) 4–2

2008–09

2008–09

NBA

Eastern

6th

Atlantic

2nd

41

41

.500

21

Lost First Round (Magic) 4–2

2009–10

2009–10

NBA

Eastern

13th

Atlantic

4th

27

55

.329

23

—

Samuel Dalembert (JWKC)

2010–11

2010–11

NBA

Eastern

7th

Atlantic

3rd

41

41

.500

15

Lost First Round (Heat) 4–1

2011–12[note 4]

2011–12

NBA

Eastern

8th

Atlantic

3rd

35

31

.530

4

Won First Round (Bulls) 4–2Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–3

2012–13

2012–13

NBA

Eastern

9th

Atlantic

4th

34

48

.415

20

—

2013–14

2013–14

NBA

Eastern

14th

Atlantic

5th

19

63

.232

29

—

Michael Carter-Williams (RoY)

2014–15

2014–15

NBA

Eastern

14th

Atlantic

4th

18

64

.220

31

—

2015–16

2015–16

NBA

Eastern

15th

Atlantic

5th

10

72

.122

46

—

2016–17

2016–17

NBA

Eastern

14th

Atlantic

4th

28

54

.341

25

—

2017–18

2017–18

NBA

Eastern

3rd

Atlantic

3rd

52

30

.634

7

Won First Round (Heat) 4–1Lost Conference Semifinals (Celtics) 4–1

Ben Simmons (RoY)

Regular season**
2,754
2,632
.511
47 playoff berths11 division titles3 conference titles

Playoffs

217

205

.514

9 Conference Championships3 NBA Championships

text: *Current Season

text: **Not including current season

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ The 1992–93 Dallas Mavericks actually had a point differential of -15.2, and the 2011–12 Bobcats of -13.9, vis-à-vis the 1972–73 76ers -12.1 and 2015–16 76ers -10.2

Jump up ^ The Eastern Division was renamed the Eastern Conference, and split into the Atlantic and Central divisions.

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until February 5, 1999, and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule.

Jump up ^ Due to a lockout, the season did not start until December 25, 2011, and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 game regular season schedule.

tag: ol

text: Sources[edit]

text:
NBA History, nba.com. NBA Media Ventures, LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Philadelphia 76ers, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.
Playoff Index, basketball-reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved 2009-09-06.

tag: ul


document_title: The End (Earl Grant song)

question_text: who sang at the end of the rainbow

question_tokens: who sang at the end of the rainbow

text: The End (Earl Grant song)

text:
"The End"

Single by Earl Grant

B-side
"Hunky Dunky Doo"

Released
1958

Format
45 rpm, 78 rpm single

Genre
Pop music

Length
2:18

Label
Decca Records

Songwriter(s)
Jimmy Krondes & Sid Jacobson[1]

text: "The End" is a song (music by Jimmy Krondes and lyrics by Sid Jacobson) which was released (in the United States) as a 1958 single by Earl Grant. Grant's single on the Decca label, featured Charles "Bud" Dant on orchestra; some pressings of the single were shown with the title "(At) The End (Of A Rainbow)". The single was Grant's only entry into the U.S. Top 40, and spent 19 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 reaching No. 7,[2] while reaching No. 16 on Billboard's "Hot R&B Sides".[3][4]

text: Grant also released a German version of the song, titled Jeder Tag geht zu Ende (Every Day Comes to an End), which reached No. 12 on the German charts.[5]

text: Nancy Sinatra recorded a cover-version of the song for her 1966 album "Nancy in London".[6] In 2007 this version of the song was used in a TV commercial for Vodafone mobile telephone services in the U.K., and in 2014, this version was used in a commercial for Chobani Simply 100 Greek yogurt.[6]

text: Steve Lawrence released a cover of the song in 1973, which reached No. 46 on the Billboard Easy Listening survey.[7]


document_title: Juliet O'Hara

question_text: when did shawn and juliet start dating on psych

text: Juliet O'Hara

text:
Juliet O'Hara

Psych character

Maggie Lawson as Juliet O'Hara

First appearance
"Spellingg Bee"

Last appearance
Psych: The Movie

Created by
Steve Franks

Portrayed by
Maggie Lawson

Information

Nickname(s)
Jules (by Shawn), Jewel (by her father), Mrs. Tostig, Maniac, Crazy Cat Lady

Aliases
Mary Lou Baumgartner (1.15), Maniac (3.07), Helene (7.02)

Gender
Female

Occupation
San Francisco Police Department Head Detective (2014–present)
SBPD Junior Detective (2006–14)
Miami Police Department Police Officer (?–2006)

Family
Frank O'Hara (father) [1]
Maryanne O'Hara (mother)[1]
Lloyd French (stepfather)[1]
Ewan O'Hara (brother)

Spouse(s)
Shawn Spencer

Significant other(s)
Scott Seaver (1999–2003)
Cameron Luntz (formerly)
Declan Rand (2010)

Relatives
Unnamed sister-in-law
Drake O'Hara (nephew)
Finn O'Hara (nephew)
Isaac O'Hara (nephew)

text: Head Detective Juliet Lynn "Jules" O'Hara is a character on the American comedy Psych played by Maggie Lawson. She attended the University of Miami.

text: Fictional biography[edit]

text: Juliet O'Hara first appears undercover in the show's second episode, "Spellingg Bee", as a recently transferred junior detective from Miami Beach where she attended the University of Miami, replacing Lucinda Barry as Head Detective Carlton Lassiter's partner. Born in 1981,[1] she was raised in a family of brothers and is shown to be close with both her parents and her siblings.[2] Although she is initially frustrated by her coworkers not taking her seriously enough due to her relatively young age,[3] as the series progresses she is given more responsibility, being left in charge in the absence of Lassiter and then Interim Chief Karen Vick.[4] She has grown more assertive with her partner, and actors Maggie Lawson and Timothy Omundson (who plays Lassiter) both suggest that a strange mutual respect has developed between them.[5]

text: Juliet seems to present a gentle counterpoint to Lassiter's gruff, rigid style. She reminds her partner repeatedly to "be sensitive" with the media, the victims, and the witnesses of their cases. Unlike Lassiter, she is friendly with Shawn Spencer and more willing to work with him and Burton Guster. Lawson says that, although Juliet is bemused by Shawn at first, she has slowly gained respect for him and by the second season, Juliet reveals a "very friendly, comfortable relationship".[5] The actress says she thinks that, despite some skepticism, Juliet does believe that Shawn is psychic. By the end of the fifth season, Shawn and Juliet are romantically involved. By the middle of the sixth season, Shawn is ready for marriage. Her older brother Ewan, played by John Cena, is an army soldier whom she had to arrest when he attempted to murder an actual killer to protect the army. Ewan was supposed to go to prison but his high level bosses made him vanish. Juliet claims Ewan was the reason she became a cop, that him joining the military gave her enough confidence to join the police force. Her estranged con artist father Frank O'Hara is played by William Shatner.[1] She seems to be Scots Irish,[6] with her family hailing from Inverness[7].

text: Relationship with Shawn Spencer[edit]

text: Season one

text:
"Spellingg Bee" (1.02) - Shawn and Juliet meet for the first time when Juliet unknowingly steals his seat in a diner. Shawn attempts to flirt with her, but Juliet's reception is cool. Shawn eventually figures out that Juliet is a cop and that she is staking out the diner.
"Speak Now or Forever Hold Your Piece" (1.03) - When Shawn "reads" Juliet's palm, the two have a moment of mutual understanding. They agree to help each other out on the case, thus beginning their camaraderie.
"Weekend Warriors" (1.06) - Shawn called Juliet "Jules" for the first time, when they are both watching a Civil War reenactment.
"Shawn vs. the Red Phantom" (1.08) - At the beginning of the episode, Shawn calls Juliet apparently from somewhere he can see her. She asks Shawn where he is, and he responds by asking if she really wants to know the answer. She says, "I don't ask questions I don't want to know the answer to." Shawn then advises her not to ask "your boyfriend if he thinks your sister's hot." She informs him she does not have a sister, to which he asks, "How about a boyfriend?" Shawn then takes on a missing-person's case as a "favor" to Juliet, informing Gus that he hopes for bigger favors in the future, ones that he cannot share "with nuns and men of the cloth."
"From the Earth to the Starbucks" (1.10) - Shawn and Juliet team up to solve a case for Lassiter. Juliet admits that Shawn does makes her laugh... occasionally.
"He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not, He Loves Me, Oops He's Dead" (1.11) - When Shawn and Juliet go under cover at a speed-dating event, the hostess informs them that their personality questionnaires were a 100% compatibility match, "a speed-dating first." Shawn later claims to have copied hers verbatim. Shawn is also clearly jealous when he runs into Juliet on a date at the bowling alley.

text: Season two

text:
"Meat Is Murder, But Murder Is Also Murder" (2.06) - Shawn goes under cover as a horoscope writer at the newspaper where the victim worked. He directs his horoscopes at specific people, such as Detective Lassiter and his dad. In the one meant for Juliet, he writes, "Your one true love will be wearing sneakers and an Apple Jacks T-shirt." Shawn then wears sneakers and an Apple Jacks T-shirt, and Jules seems to get the message, though she does not say anything. After solving the case, Juliet says to Shawn, "Looks like you're finally able to communicate your visions again." and Shawn says, "Im having another vision right now, you and me celebrating over dinner and drinks." Juliet replies, "Hmm. Sounds like you're still a little off." Shawn took her rejection pretty well.
"Rob-a-Bye Baby" (2.08) - While investigating a nanny agency, Shawn and Juliet go under cover as a married couple.
"Bounty Hunters!" (2.09) - When Juliet makes a mistake that results in a suspected murderer escaping custody, Shawn saves the day by reapprehending the prisoner. When Juliet thanks Shawn, he assures her that it was a mistake and "that's what friends are for." Shawn leans in to kiss Juliet, but she refuses to kiss him, saying it would be "a mistake." Shawn pulls away, respecting her wishes, but nevertheless walks away smiling. Once alone, Juliet disassembles and reassembles her gun, a stress-relieving exercise she learned in the police academy.
"Gus' Dad May Have Killed an Old Guy" (2.10) - Shawn and Gus are going around the station giving everyone Christmas presents, but after giving Juliet hers, Shawn states that it is just from him. She then makes him think that she is going to give him a hug, and he opens his arms to hug her back, and is visibly disappointed when she brushes past him.

text: Season three

text:
"Murder? ... Anyone? ... Anyone? ... Bueller?" (3.02) - While talking to his high-school crush Abigail Lytar at their reunion, Shawn spots Juliet across the gymnasium and murmurs, "Pretty much perfect."
"The Greatest Adventure in the History of Basic Cable" (3.04) - When Shawn will not stop cracking jokes in the interrogation room, Juliet leans across the table and demands that he share what he knows, to which Shawn marvels, "My God that was so hot." When Shawn leaves the room with the supposed men of the Spanish government, he hands Jules a paper, telling her the truth about the "Spanish". He also wrote, "You smell nice" on the paper. Later, after Juliet leads the SBPD to Shawn and Gus' rescue, Shawn and Juliet share a meaningful glance.
"Talk Derby to Me" (3.07) - Shawn sets up a romantic dinner for Juliet and himself, complete with music, candles, and flowers. She cannot stay, however, because she has to follow a lead. When that lead turns out to be a red herring, Shawn takes the blame for the mistake. After the case is closed, Shawn and Juliet go on a couples skate-alone at the roller rink and brush hands several times; as the camera zooms out, their hands pressed together, though they are not actually holding hands.
"Gus Walks into a Bank" (3.08) - Shawn and Juliet have a minor squabble about her decision to date Cameron Luntz, the head of SWAT. Shawn eventually tells her it is okay, he just wants her to be happy. When Juliet's date with Luntz for that evening is cancelled, she finds Shawn at the Psych office. The two take a stroll on the boardwalk eating hot dogs.
"Christmas Joy" (3.09) - Shawn, while discussing an old flame with Juliet, says, "Don't worry, it was long before I knew you." Juliet insists that it is irrelevant, meaning that from her point of view, no relationship exists between them. Shawn, however, does not seem convinced.
"Six Feet Under the Sea" (3.10) - Juliet befriends a woman named April, who expresses an interest in Shawn and asks for Juliet's opinion of him. Juliet's reaction implies that she has feelings for Shawn. Later, Shawn asks April out, but she turns him down because she does not want to "get in the way." She wishes Shawn good luck, leaving him confused.
"Lassie Did a Bad, Bad Thing" (3.11) - Officer Drimmer asks Shawn if Juliet and he are an item. He then proceeds to tell Shawn that Juliet talks about him a lot, calling him "witty and urbane."
"Any Given Friday Night at 10PM, 9PM Central" (3.13) - Juliet is checking out one of the football players as he runs out onto the field. When he turns around, Juliet is astonished to discover that he is Shawn! Later, Juliet smiles widely as she watches Shawn leading a football team out onto the field, but quickly hides it when Gus notices.
"Tuesday the 17th" (3.15) - When Shawn is introducing Juliet, he calls her "one of Santa Barbara's finest, both literally and figuratively", and Juliet is flattered rather than annoyed. Also, after Juliet saves Shawn's life by shooting his assailant in the hand, Shawn tells her, "That level of markmanship is easily one of the sexiest things that I've ever-" Juliet cuts him off, but smiles softly nonetheless.
"An Evening with Mr. Yang" (3.16) - Juliet finally asks out Shawn on a date, and owns up to the fact that she has been sending mixed signals. Unfortunately, Shawn tells her the timing is awful, as he is on a date with his old high-school flame, Abigail. When Shawn explains the situation, Juliet understands. She kisses him on the cheek and leaves. Shawn is obviously affected by the kiss, but rejoins Abigail.

text: Season four

text:
"Extradition: British Columbia" (4.01) - Shawn does not know how to act around Juliet, now that he is dating Abigail. He tells Juliet, "I refuse to feel uncomfortable around you. It's silly. You mean too much to me, and I am perfectly capable of keeping this [their friendship] platonic, as long as you are." Juliet replies, "I am too! Great!" As she walks away, Shawn questions, "But how?" They also take what feels like a romantic stroll, as pointed out by Juliet, on a suspension bridge overlooking a river.
"High Noon-ish" (4.03) - Shawn tips his cowboy hat at Juliet and winks at her. Juliet smiles, but quickly looks down as if embarrassed.
"Bollywood Homicide" (4.06) - When Shawn asks if Juliet believes in love curses, she says whenever someone is looking for their soulmate, it can feel like outsides forces are conspiring against them. Shawn moves closer to Juliet, and she leans back, probably thinking that Shawn is going to kiss her. She asks, "Shawn, what are you doing?" Shawn does not answer the question, instead pointing out a clue that he had seen while they were moving toward each other. When Raj and Juliet go on their pretend date, Shawn, watching from a car, is clearly jealous when Raj starts to hold Juliet's hand, as noted by Gus and Lassiter. Later, Shawn rescues Juliet from an unstable suspect threatening her with a knife. Abigail tells Shawn that she was very impressed that he would risk his life for a random coworker. Shawn glances over at Juliet and says, "She's not random." So Abigail would not get the wrong impression, Shawn quickly corrects himself, saying he would do that for anyone.
"Shawn Takes a Shot in the Dark" (4.09) - After Shawn's kidnapping, Juliet goes to his apartment with Gus to search for clues. When she sees Abigail's toothbrush and some items, she becomes very curious if Abigail moved in. Gus replies that they have reached the "he has a drawer, she has a toothbrush" stage to which Juliet seems affected. Shawn, who has been shot and kidnapped, tells one of his kidnappers that he has a girlfriend named Abigail and that he wants to call her to say goodbye before they kill him. Shawn then calls Juliet and proceeds to give her clues about his whereabouts. The kidnapper tells Shawn to tell "Abigail" that he loves her. Shawn does. Juliet, believing the profession of love to be real, responds by saying, "Shawn, I think I..." Shawn interrupts her by saying, "Goodbye, Abigail." He hangs up. Juliet is clearly confused, but is able to use his clues to track down his whereabouts, and he is saved. After the ordeal, Shawn discusses with Gus the possibility that Juliet was going to say, "I love you" back. Although Gus states the possibility that she was just doing what she had to do, Shawn does not seem convinced.
"You Can't Handle This Episode" (4.10) - Juliet's brother, Ewan O'Hara, reveals that Juliet has said a lot of good things about Shawn. Later, Ewan says explicitly that Juliet "likes [Shawn] a lot", and he puts his stamp of approval on Shawn, as well. Meanwhile, Abigail leaves for Uganda.
"A Very Juliet Episode" (4.12) - Juliet receives news that her college boyfriend Scott might be dead. After receiving the awful news, Shawn and she take a long walk together through the park, during which Shawn gives Juliet a friendly hug. Shawn then searches high and low for Scott, who turns out to be in witness protection. Once the couple is reunited, Shawn is clearly jealous. Shawn bargains with the criminal Scott put in jail to not have Scott harmed if Shawn will prove the criminal's innocence. Shawn holds up his end of the bargain, and though Scott was no longer in danger, Juliet and he parted ways, agreeing to meet again in a year.
"Death Is in the Air" (4.13) - At the beginning of the episode, Shawn and Gus are talking about all the things Shawn can do since he is single and does not need to impress anyone, but then Juliet walks up and he immediately throws away his stinky snack- obviously he wants to impress Juliet. More importantly, Juliet gets exposed to the Thornburg virus and Shawn rushes to find the antidote. Upon returning, Shawn explains to Gus that the threat of Juliet's mortality made him realize he does not have as much time as he thought; he has to tell her how he feels. Gus informs them both that Juliet has not contracted the virus after all, but Shawn tries to go through with his admission, anyway. He ultimately stumbles and fails to tell Juliet how he feels, which is immediately followed by Lassiter's entry into the room, effectively killing the moment.
"Mr. Yin Presents" (4.16) - A serial killer named Mr. Yin kidnaps both Juliet and Abigail, who just returned from Uganda. Yin forces Shawn to choose one of them to save, but only has Juliet read him the clue to save her life. Juliet tries to tell Shawn he can save Abigail, but Yin cuts her off. Shawn gets the clue to save Abigail from Yang's book, and sends Gus with Lassie to save Juliet, saying the only way he would be able to not be there for Jules is if he knows that Gus is. Lassiter and Gus arrive and they are able to save Juliet in time, while Shawn is able to save Abigail. At the end, Juliet breaks down sobbing as Lassiter hugs her. Abigail tells Shawn she cannot handle the danger and breaks up with him.

text: Season five

text:
"Romeo and Juliet and Juliet" (5.01) - Juliet was temporarily reassigned to City Hall sometime shortly after her ordeal with Mr. Yin to deal with the stress from it. Shawn seeks her help on a case from which his father has barred him, involving a kidnapping within two rival Chinese gangs. Juliet gives him information, but does not return to the SBPD. Shawn calls her for back up before confronting kidnapper, Teno Tan. He is easily outmatched, but Teno surrenders when Juliet arrives before Shawn is killed. They thank each other and agree to hug, but Lassiter interrupts. Shawn calls for a rain check.
"Feet Don't Kill Me Now" (5.02) - Henry allows Shawn and Juliet to team up after Lassiter chooses Gus to help on the case. Their partnership does not hold up, as Shawn realizes he works best with Gus, as does Juliet with Lassiter. Shawn and Juliet attend a tap recital together to support their respective partners.
"Shawn 2.0" (5.08) - Shawn plans to invite Juliet to a friend's wedding, but "criminal profiler" Declan Rand beats him to the punch. Juliet offers to reschedule, but Shawn plays it off not wanting her to be forced. Shawn becomes increasingly jealous of Declan, whom Gus dubs "Shawn 2.0" because of their similarities. Like Shawn, Declan is a fraud who acquired his profiling expertise from his father. Both threaten to expose each other if either one of them does not come clean himself. Like he has the entire episode, Declan beats Shawn, making his confession to Juliet first. She forgives Declan and they go for coffee, leaving Shawn unable to say anything.
"One, Maybe Two, Ways Out" (5.09) - Juliet is now in a serious relationship with Declan, of which Shawn is very jealous. Declan is even planning a vacation for Juliet and himself. After Shawn and Gus cause Nadia's capture, Juliet overhears Shawn telling Gus that he cannot be happy without her, though he knows he should be glad that she is happily in a relationship. Juliet is visibly affected by his words. After Nadia is freed and Fong is taken into custody, Shawn and Gus again arrive at Declan's residence. Declan tells them to make their visit quick, as he is bidding 30 million euros on an item over the phone. Gus, intrigued by this, follows Declan upstairs. Shawn is left alone in the foyer, at which point Juliet enters the room, surprised to see him. She questions Shawn about how he solved such an intricate case and why there might be three creme brulé dishes at Declan's computer, but he does not rat out Declan for helping. Shawn wishes her a great four days off, but she corrects that it is two weeks, visibly upsetting him. He makes Juliet promise to enjoy her vacation, and tells her to take many mental photographs. As Shawn starts going off on a tangent, Juliet abruptly kisses him. She then pulls back, and both Shawn and she are left speechless from the kiss. Declan and Gus return, and Shawn, too stunned to make any witty remarks, simply wishes them a good vacation. Declan goes to pack as Shawn and Gus leave, and Shawn takes one more look at Juliet before he closes the door. Juliet is left standing in the foyer, alone.
"Extradition II: The Actual Extradition Part" (5.10) - Shawn and Gus are invited to visit Despereaux in Canada. Before Shawn leaves, his father advises him to speak with Juliet, as he overheard Shawn talk about her via butt dialing. Shawn asks after her at the station, but Buzz tells him she already has her passport. Juliet and Lassiter arrive to take Despereaux to the United States, to Shawn's visible shock, and he asks Juliet to talk. Later, Juliet comes to his hotel room and tells him that she had broken up with Declan, but Shawn cannot talk with her as Gus and Despereaux are inside, resulting in Jules walking away upset. At the end of the episode, Shawn asks Lassiter where Juliet is, with the answer "Grabbin' a muffin". He finds her at a platform overlooking the ocean, but she is still upset, claiming they missed their moment. Shawn does not give up and explains to Juliet that since they met, he has thought about replacing his motorcycle, a beloved symbol of freedom, with a car. They kiss passionately, but are disrupted by the tourists at the overlook. Then, they move to a gift shop, where they are interrupted by a customer who calls Juliet a "slut". They then go to a car, and are once more interrupted by a cop. Shawn realizes that he has a room before the camera pans to the sky.
"In Plain Fright" (5.11) - At the beginning of the episode,t Shawn and Juliet are revealed to be officially a couple.
"Dual Spires" (5.12) Shawn and Gus are standing near the lake where their murder victim was found, and where the only cell service zone in the town is. When Juliet shows up unexpectedly. Shawn distracts Gus by saying, "Dude, labradoodle!", and Juliet and Shawn share a quick kiss.
"Yang 3 in 2D" (5.16) - Juliet seems uneasy as Shawn (now her boyfriend) sides with a supposed Yin kidnap victim. When Shawn and Gus are trapped inside Yin's house, she is the first to get Yang out of confinement, and when Yang tries to make a deal with the police, Jules agrees. Yang gets to take an updated picture with Shawn, and Juliet is the only person to accompany her into the house. Juliet does not hesitate to agree to the conditions and the two enter the house. Shawn is saved, and after Yang gets her picture, she says to Shawn, "Catch up with you later, Mr. Spencer." After finishing his statement on the Yin case, Shawn goes looking for Jules, and finds her in the interrogation room. She says she cannot finish her statement because it is like "marking the time 'til the next crazy rolls in." To that, Shawn replies that he is there for her and will "always protect her", and she responds the same and Shawn kisses her hand. He then tells her he will see her that night later on and kisses her on the lips. The camera pans to reveal that Lassiter has seen and heard their entire conversation and now knows about their secret romantic relationship.

text: Season six

text:
"Shawn Rescues Darth Vader" (6.01) - Lassiter hooks Juliet to a lie detector and tries to trick her into admitting she is in a relationship with Shawn. She later confesses to Lassiter outright that she is dating Shawn , but he feels their trust has been broken. Lassiter puts Shawn in the same lie detector when the latter seemingly was at the crime scene. Shawn declares this has to do with Juliet and his romantic involvement, and he blurts out that he loves her, shocking everyone in the room and himself. He also admits while under the lie detector that he is a psychic, which further deepens Juliet's trust in Shawn. Later, Lassiter warns Shawn if he hurts Juliet, he will discharge his weapon...repeatedly.
"Last Night Gus" (6.02) - Due to some drugged drinks, Shawn forgets a conversation he had with Juliet when she tells him they need to talk about it, and saying it was serious causing him to freak out. She reveals that he had asked her to move in and is surprised he does not remember. They agree that it is probably too soon.
"The Amazing Psych-Man and Tap Man, Issue #2" (6.04) - Shawn quickly becomes jealous as Juliet shows admiration for the Mantis, a vigilante who is competing with the SBPD to catch the Camino drug syndicate. When they are on a date, Shawn realizes that Juliet got a text from the SBPD that requires her to leave. Though reluctant, she departs.
"Shawn, Interrupted" (6.06) - Juliet shows concern for Shawn when he goes under cover at a mental institution, admitting that her deepest fear was that Shawn would not be able to come out, after Shawn makes an off-hand comment about enjoying it there, "Spoiler. I'm making you a wallet." Shawn reassures her, but Juliet is still not at ease.
"In for a Penny..." (6.07) - Shawn invites Juliet's estranged con-artist dad, Frank, to her birthday party, then hires him to assist on a case. Juliet is furious with Shawn and has no intention of reconciling with her father. She changes her mind when Frank tells her he attended all her recitals and talent shows. At her birthday party, Juliet has made peace with her dad and forgiven Shawn, since his heart was in the right place.
"Neil Simon's Lover's Retreat" (6.09) - Shawn and Juliet go away on a romantic vacation, but they are robbed by their new 'friends', who call themselves "Barbie and Clive", possibly taken from the 1930s criminals, Bonnie and Clyde. While tracking down the thieves, they come across a murder, effectively spoiling their plans. Shawn apologizes, since Juliet had "definite expectations" for their vacation, including the "M word", causing Juliet to explain that she had not been expecting a marriage proposal, since it is too soon and she was in no way ready to get married. Shawn agrees seemingly relieved. The clerk returns Shawn's stolen Nintendo DS, which Shawn had been having a fit about throughout the episode when discovering it had been stolen, much to Juliet's annoyance and confusion. Gus hears a rattle from inside it; he opens the battery case and finds an engagement ring, revealing that Shawn had actually planned to propose to Juliet during their vacation.
"Indiana Shawn and the Temple of the Kinda Crappy, Rusty Old Dagger" (6.10) - The episode opens up to Gus confronting Shawn over the ring he found, and Gus is clearly upset because Shawn was going to propose to Juliet, and never told Gus about it. Shawn apologizes, telling Gus that he "had to be ready for a Shamu moment." Shawn promises that when he pops the question to Juliet, Gus will be there, and offers a fist bump, which Gus ignores, saying, "That's storybook right there."
"Heeeeere's Lassie" (6.11) - Shawn keeps looking for a spot to stash the ring, since he is not ready to give it to Juliet. Gus suggests putting it back in Henry's drawer if he is not going to propose. Juliet's dad Frank arrives from Tanzania, stating he got Shawn's voicemail saying he had something important to discuss. Shawn left the voicemail when he was considering proposing and wanted to ask Frank for his blessing. He asks for permission to marry Juliet in case he needs it in the future. Frank explains to Shawn he wants his daughter to marry someone honest and asks if Shawn has ever lied to Juliet, which Shawn hesitates before answering. Gus answers in the affirmative and Frank leaves without offering or denying his blessing, leaving Shawn confused about whether or not he had Juliet's father's blessing to one day propose to Juliet.
"Shawn and the Real Girl" (6.12) - Juliet proves to be jealous as Shawn infiltrates into a reality show in which several men vie for the heart of a woman. Later, Shawn admits to considering himself lucky to have her in his life.
"Santabarbaratown" (6.16) - At the end, Juliet and Shawn are walking by the station, talking about Shawn moving in with her.

text: Season seven

text:
"Juliet Takes a Luvvah" (7.02) - Juliet and Shawn decide to live together.
"No Country for Two Old Men" (7.04) - After a homewarming party for Juliet and Shawn, her stepfather Lloyd runs into trouble with Mexican gangsters over his gambling debts.
"Deez Nups" (7.07) - During Lassiter's wedding reception, Juliet confronts Shawn about inconsistencies that she found in his latest "vision", leading her to deduce that he is a mentalist, not a psychic, which Shawn confirms. Heartbroken, Juliet splashes her drink in Shawn's face, tearfully exiting the scene.
"Right Turn or Left for Dead" (7.08) - Juliet tells Shawn to move out.
"Juliet Wears the Pantsuit" (7.09) - Shawn moves out, reluctantly. At the end of the episode, he helps Juliet repair a window and they are seen to still have chemistry. However, Juliet is not ready to forgive him for lying.
"Santa Barbarian Candidate" (7.10) - Juliet attends the Founders Gala as Shawn's date. As they dance, Juliet learns that Shawn went back to take dancing lessons that he had previously lied about going to when he learned what it meant to her. Juliet asks where "this Shawn" was when they were dating, to which he says that he's "right here". After dancing with him, she admits to Shawn that she still has feelings for him, but tells him that he has to tell Chief Vick about his lie about being a psychic. He refuses to, as he would not be able to do good or help people's lives like he always has. Juliet tells him that what he does is not good for everyone. At the end of the episode, Shawn decides to confess his lie to Chief Vick for the sake of smoothing things back over with Juliet. He almost tells Chief Vick that he is not a psychic, but Juliet comes in claiming that Shawn led her to Mike’s house to get the photos. She tells Shawn later on that she could not be selfish and have him reveal his lie. She seems to be slowly beginning to trust him again. Shawn makes an attempt to kiss her, but she says that she is not ready to get back together yet. Despite telling him this, the two agree to go out to eat together.
"Office Space" (7.11) - After going out to eat together from the previous episode, Juliet and Shawn are shown asleep next to each other in bed at her place. While sleeping, he wakes up to Gus tapping on the window, and leaves to help him. Later, at the station, Shawn and she are talking, and he remarks, "[they are] back in the saddle". However, Juliet says that nothing is back yet, what they did was a "one-time thing", and since they were adults, "it happens".
"Nip and Suck It" (7.13) - At the end of the episode, Shawn tells Gus that Juliet and he are officially back together. Shawn remarks that Juliet made him "work" for it, but that they are finally together again.
"No Trout About It" (7.14) - Shawn and Juliet make a romantically goofy phone call as revealed by Shawn when retelling a case to a police consultant, much to Juliet's embarrassment. She later voices her concerns about her position at the department due to intraoffice dating with Shawn, which is usually against police regulations.

text: Season eight

text: "The Break Up" (8.10) - Shawn and Juliet get engaged to be married outside a crime scene in San Francisco, only to have the engagement ring get stolen by a mugger.

text: Psych: The Movie

text: Shawn and Juliet finally marry after the engagement ring is retrieved.


document_title: Summer Roberts

question_text: who does summer end up with in the oc

question_tokens: who does summer end up with in the oc

text: Summer Roberts

text: Production history[edit]

text: Summer was originally intended as a small supporting character, only there as an object of fantasy for Seth and a friend for Marissa Cooper, while Ryan Atwood and Marissa were the lead couple. However, due to Bilson's performance, Summer became an increasingly important character. Series creator Josh Schwartz said: "She was adorable and funny and smart, which was a really fresh way to go with that character. And the more we gave her to do in the first couple of episodes, the more she kept nailing. Finally, in the episode with the Tijuana road trip, we watched a scene between her and Seth in the diner and knew: This girl is amazing. Let's make her a series regular."[2]

text: Character[edit]

text:
Summer Roberts grew up in Newport Beach, California, with her wealthy father, Dr. Neil Roberts (Michael Nouri). For much of the series, she also lived with a stepmother, named Gloria (unseen character), whom she never refers to by name, instead calling the latter "what's her name" or "the stepmonster" due to her mood swings and various addictive pills. She was often paired in scenes with her best friend, Marissa Cooper (Mischa Barton), who was the leading female of the series until her death.[3]  Summer became the female lead character of the show's fourth season. During this all, she had a long lasting relationship with leading man Seth Cohen (Adam Brody). In a flash forward in The End's Not Near, It's Here, she finally marries Seth. Her character was only scheduled to appear in a few episodes, but was considered a hit, and ended up being in each of the series.
Summer is, throughout the first few episodes, portrayed as a shallow, materialistic gossip who is ditzy and can have an occasional bitchy nature. Spoiled by her divorced father, she considers him to be her best friend, and his opinion matters as much, if not more than her own.

text: Summer was unusual in combining the qualities of a conventionally attractive and desirable character with a tough, outspoken, "take-charge" attitude. She is portrayed as highly sexualised and initially appears stupid; later she undergoes something of a transformation and becomes far more intelligent and concerned about environmental issues, a change possibly due to her relationship with the geeky Seth Cohen.[4]

text: In season 4 Summer adopts a pet rabbit and names her Pancakes.[5] It is revealed in the season finale that Pancakes had been pregnant, after Seth and Summer discover Pancakes' babies living under her bed. Ryan adopted one of the bunnies, naming it Flapjacks.

text: Storyline[edit]

text: Season 1[edit]

text: In the first season of The O.C., Summer was portrayed as a spoiled, rude, rich girl. The snobbiness is on display in the first episode, where Summer is at first attracted to newcomer Ryan Atwood – until she learns he is from Chino, prompting her response, "Chino, ew." Her attraction to him continues afterwards. However, different sides to her character have been shown as she has developed. Before choosing Summer (after her finally showing her feelings for Seth) Seth picks Anna Stern (Samaire Armstrong), who exhibits a similarly strong personality and shares his sarcastic sense of humour and love of comic books, the first go around. After a long wanting from Seth, Summer and Seth begin dating. It is during her transformation that Summer and Seth Cohen (Adam Brody) fall in love with each other. In the process of their characters' relationship, Summer and Seth experience many struggles because Summer thinks it will affect her popular reputation at their high school.

text: As the season progresses, Summer is affected by their relationship and is often jealous of Seth since he seems to be enjoying Anna's company so much. As a result, Summer gets angry and starts dating a not-so-funny guy named Danny, but that relationship doesn't last long, and Seth is suddenly back on her mind. Midway through the end of the first season, Anna breaks up with Seth because it is obvious he is still in love with Summer. Seth and Summer become a couple, and announce their romance at a school kissing booth, after which they become very close. Summer and Seth lose their virginity to each other. However, as soon as Ryan Atwood (Benjamin McKenzie), Seth's adopted brother, moves away, Seth realizes that the immediate past and present are meaningless, because before Ryan moved to Newport Beach, Seth was a painfully shy social misfit, and he is afraid that since Ryan left, he will once again be alone and the object of ridicule again in Newport. Seth then sails away at the end of the season, leaving behind his worried parents and a heartbroken Summer.

text: Season 2[edit]

text: Summer has a new boyfriend, Zach Stevens (Michael Cassidy). Zach is starting to become friends with Seth, whom he met shortly before Zach and Summer started dating, yet their friendship is a little mixed since they both have feelings for Summer. Summer seems committed to putting Seth behind her, although at times it becomes clear that she still has feelings for him. This inevitably causes problems for her relationship with Zach, who suspected they still held feelings for each other. This is further complicated when Summer also becomes professionally involved with Seth and Zach as they develop their comic book, Atomic County, for publication. This relationship proves inextricably linked with the personal feelings all have for each other, and resulted in a bad meeting with a media executive that effectively killed their partnership.

text:
Summer was about to go on an overseas trip to Italy with Zach and his family, when the feelings she still had for Seth prevented her from doing so and she left her heartbroken Zach at the airport, going back to Seth. Zach returned later on in the season however, and this along with Zach and Seth once again going into a partnership for a comic book strained her relationship with Seth. Zach also somewhat subtly exploited this to weaken Seth and Summer's relationship and restart his relationship with her, causing something of a love triangle. The introduction of Reed, a female attractive, older comic book executive who Seth was not initially truthful about also caused difficulties. This was eventually resolved when on the day of the Junior Prom they flipped a coin as to who would go to the prom with Summer and who would meet George Lucas for a comic book project meeting, with Zach winning the date with Summer.
However at the Prom both Summer and Zach seemed unhappy with their choices, and at the last minute Seth arrived at the prom to receive the Prom Queen/King award with Summer and reconciled their relationship. Zach apparently succeeded in impressing Lucas and it has been rumored he was given an internship and moved away from Newport as a result, explaining his absence for season 3.

text: Towards the end of the season Summer also becomes worried about her best friend Marissa's behaviour, unexplained bruises and a tension with her boyfriend Ryan and his brother Trey. She confronts Marissa and Marissa confesses that Trey had attempted to rape her. Summer consults Seth about this, who feels obliged to tell Ryan and as a result the tragic events of Trey's shooting happen, with Seth and Summer arriving at the aftermath of the shooting.

text: Season 3[edit]

text:
Summer is adjusting to her senior year at Harbor School, with the year starting originally with her best friend Marissa Cooper being expelled from Harbor as a result of her involvement in the shooting of Trey Atwood. As a result, Summer reluctantly seeks a more involved role in student politics, thus gaining a new rival in fellow student Taylor Townsend (Autumn Reeser). They have since become (albeit at times reluctantly on Summer's part) friends, particularly when Taylor helped her get Marissa back in by organizing a petition.
Summer was initially insecure about her relationship with Seth, because she often felt that he was smarter than her and she feared that he would break up with her for someone more like him. However, when Summer gets a very high SAT score, Summer's personality changes upon realizing that she is smart and has the potential to be smart. This gives Summer the ambition to change and this season Summer begins to focus on school.
Also, her relationship with Seth is closer than it was during much of the previous year, and the couple's post-graduation future is one she finds harder to ignore. They had trouble earlier in the season deciding what colleges to go to and how it would affect their future together, but eventually they both agreed on going to Brown University, which was more feasible after Summer got a high SAT score. Summer cares a lot about Seth and when Seth starts smoking pot, she becomes worried about him and forgives him if he promises to stop. When Summer finds out that Seth is still smoking pot, she is upset with him, but Seth apologizes with a letter on a napkin, admitting his lies and mistakes and tells Summer that if he messed up again, she could show it to his parents. Summer forgives Seth. Shortly before they got their college acceptance letters Summer said that if should she get into Brown and not Seth, she would not go. When they got their college acceptance letters, to Seth's dismay this was exactly what happened. Seth, not wanting to be personally responsible for Summer turning down a major educational and life opportunity for him said he did not want to go to Brown anymore. As a result they broke up, with Seth stating when confronted by Summer that he did not love her anymore. While their future as a couple seemed uncertain at this point, (and was further complicated by the return of Seth's ex-girlfriend Anna Stern). Summer takes a Korean Pop Star as date for the prom and when seeing Seth with Anna, Summer becomes hurt, when Summer has fallen off the stage after being announced Prom Queen for the second time in a row, Seth runs to Summer and tells her the truth about Brown and they reconcile. They have resigned to going to school together in Rhode Island, albeit at different schools.

text: Summer has also dealt with several changes in her home life, such as her stepmother, an unseen character, leaving and divorcing her father. Also more recently she has had to deal with her father dating her best friend's mother, Julie Cooper. She eventually accepted the relationship and recently announced engagement, however, seeing the happiness it had brought her father despite her own reservations on Julie Cooper.

text: Season 4[edit]

text:
Summer is adjusting to life in college without Seth and Marissa in an unexpected fashion. She tries to separate herself from Orange County and her former materialistic lifestyle. During the final season, she and Taylor go from being rivals to best friends.
Whilst attending college she befriends another college freshman, Che. Che is an environmentalist and Summer joins him in an attempt to take her mind off the death of her best friend, Marissa Cooper.  She attends protests, stops shaving her legs and rearranges her dorm to fit her new lifestyle. After some time, she tries to return to her former self, but realizes that she prefers caring about the environment, attending protests and other political pursuits to reading tabloid magazines and watching television such as The Valley. She decides to balance her personality between her two sides. However, her environmental activism creates trouble for herself, when she and Che release lab rabbits from a science lab.  When Brown officials investigate the incident, she remains truthful aside for not naming her accomplice. Unfortunately, Che blames her for other protest crimes that have occurred at the university, believing himself fundamental to the environmental movement at Brown, which results in Summer's year-long expulsion. Summer has moved back into her old Newport house with the Coopers and Taylor. Upon hearing of her expulsion, her boyfriend Seth decided to put off college plans until next Fall so they could return to Providence together. Close to New Year's Eve, Summer had a pregnancy scare, which ultimately caused Seth to ask her hand in marriage. Although the newly engaged Summer found out she was not pregnant, plans for their marriage stay the same.

text: In "The French Connection" Summer meets up with ex-bestfriend Holly Fischer to find out what life is like as a "Newpsie-wed". Summer realizes that she has changed and no longer feels like she belongs with the crowd she used to know. Summer realises that she doesn't know who she truly is and breaks off the engagement (although maintaining a relationship) with Seth in order to find herself. She slowly works toward this as she and Seth re-connect.

text: Later, Summer helps rescue a groundhog in a political movement when Seth and Che were arrested. Also, in "The Case of the Franks" Summer gets offered a job at GEORGE (Global Environmental Organisation Regarding Greenhouse Emissions) travelling around the country speaking to children in high school. She believes that this is one part of her destiny while Seth is the other.

text: She challenges Seth to make stock film after he criticizes the films at GEORGE's art show. He mockingly steps up to the plate by filming an inflatable orca and shark in his backyard swimming pool for six hours and says that he took two naps while filming. Summer  doesn't appreciate his effort and says that he should stop being lazy and actually do something. During his second attempt, which consists of various adventures of the family, he catches a conversation between Summer and Kirsten. She says that she just wants Seth to be excited about something that he loves. During a trip to rent An Inconvenient Truth, an earthquake hits Newport. Summer and Seth safely get out of Ryan's Jeep when a light pole falls onto it.

text: Series finale[edit]

text: Six months later, Seth and Summer fall into a rut after the earthquake, and spend hours watching Briefcase or No Briefcase (a television game show take-off of Deal or No Deal). Seth tells her that she must join GEORGE, and they'll always be together. Summer leaves Seth to help the environment and they say farewell. Summer attends protests and works to save the environment and educate students on environmental issues for a year. She appears in newspaper articles as an environmentalist. In a flash-forward sequence, Summer ends up marrying Seth.

text: Reception[edit]

text: She was number 9 in FHM's "All-time sexiest girls next door".[6]


document_title: List of Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles of 2006

question_text: what was the number 1 song in january 2006

text: Chart history

text:
Key

Indicates best-performing single of 2006

text:
Issue date

Song

Artist(s)

Reference(s)

January 7

"Don't Forget About Us"

Mariah Carey

[10]

January 14

"Laffy Taffy"

D4L

[11]

January 21

"Grillz"

Nelly featuring Paul Wall, Ali & Gipp

[12]

January 28

[13]

February 4

"Check on It"

Beyoncé featuring Slim Thug

[14]

February 11

[15]

February 18

[16]

February 25

[17]

March 4

[18]

March 11

"You're Beautiful"

James Blunt

[19][20]

March 18

"So Sick"

Ne-Yo

[21]

March 25

[22]

April 1

"Temperature"

Sean Paul

[23]

April 8

"Bad Day"

Daniel Powter

[24]

April 15

[25]

April 22

[26]

April 29

[27]

May 6

[28]

May 13

"SOS"

Rihanna

[29]

May 20

[30]

May 27

[31]

June 3

"Ridin'"

Chamillionaire featuring Krayzie Bone

[32]

June 10

[33]

June 17

"Hips Don't Lie"

Shakira featuring Wyclef Jean

[34]

June 24

[35]

July 1

"Do I Make You Proud"

Taylor Hicks

[36][37]

July 8

"Promiscuous"

Nelly Furtado featuring Timbaland

[38]

July 15

[39]

July 22

[40]

July 29

[41]

August 5

[42]

August 12

[43]

August 19

"London Bridge"

Fergie

[44]

August 26

[45]

September 2

[46]

September 9

"SexyBack"

Justin Timberlake

[47]

September 16

[48]

September 23

[49]

September 30

[50]

October 7

[51]

October 14

[52]

October 21

[53]

October 28

"Money Maker"

Ludacris featuring Pharrell

[54]

November 4

[55]

November 11

"My Love"

Justin Timberlake featuring T.I.

[56]

November 18

[57]

November 25

[58]

December 2

"I Wanna Love You"

Akon featuring Snoop Dogg

[59]

December 9

[60]

December 16

"Irreplaceable"

Beyoncé

[61]

December 23

[62]

December 30

[63]


document_title: Factory system

question_text: where are goods produced in the domestic system

text: Factory system

text: Characteristics[edit]

text: The defining characteristics of the factory system are:

text:
The factory system is considered a capitalist form of production. The operative labor generally does not own a significant share of the enterprise. The capitalist owners provide all machinery, buildings, management and administration, raw or semi-finished materials and are responsible for the sale of all production, as well as any resulting losses.
Use of Unskilled labor – Before the factory some systems had many products such as shoes and muskets were made by skilled craftsmen who usually custom-made an entire article. In contrast, factories practiced division of labor, in which most workers were either low skilled laborers who tended or operated machinery, or unskilled laborers who moved materials, semi-finished and finished goods. There were a few skilled mechanics. Division of labor was also practiced by the putting out system in which, for example, pieces of leather were cut off-site and brought to a central shop to be made into shoes or other articles.[2]
Economies of scale – Factories produced products on a much larger scale than the putting out or crafts systems. Because factories could oversupply local markets, access to transportation was important so that goods could be widely distributed. Factories used far less manpower per unit of production and therefore lowered product cost.
Location – Before the widespread use of steam engines and railroads, most factories were located at water power sites and near water transportation.[3] Railroads became widespread (itself a consequence of steam power becoming more efficient and affordable), so factories could be located away from water power sites but nearer railroads.[4]
Centralization – The cost and complexity of machinery, especially that powered by water or steam, was more than cottage industry workers could afford or had the skills to maintain. The exception was the sewing machine, which allowed putting out of sewing to continue for decades after the rise of factories. Home spinning and weaving were displaced in the years following the introduction of factory production, especially as distribution became easier.[2]

text:
Standardization and uniformity – Components were made to standard specifications, such as soles, heels and uppers for shoes themselves made to uniform sizes. Uniformity was mainly due to the precision possible from machinery, but also, quality was overseen by management. The quality of many machine operations such as sewing was superior to hand methods.[2] Near the end of the 19th century metal interchangeable parts became widely used.[6]
Guarantee of supply. Factories were able to produce and distribute a steady supply of goods.

text: Workers were paid either daily wages or for piece work, either in the form of money or some combination of money, housing, meals and goods from a company store (the truck system). Piece work presented accounting difficulties, especially as volumes increased and workers did a narrower scope of work on each piece. Piece work went out of favor with the advent of the production line, which was designed on standard times for each operation in the sequence, and workers had to keep up with the work flow.

text: History[edit]

text: One of the earliest factories was John Lombe's water-powered silk mill at Derby, operational by 1721. By 1746, an integrated brass mill was working at Warmley near Bristol. Raw material went in at one end, was smelted into brass and was turned into pans, pins, wire, and other goods. Housing was provided for workers on site. Josiah Wedgwood in Staffordshire and Matthew Boulton at his Soho Manufactory were other prominent early industrialists, who employed the factory system.

text: The factory system began widespread use somewhat later when cotton spinning was mechanized.

text: The first use of an integrated system, where cotton came in and was spun, bleached dyed and woven into finished cloth, was at mills in Waltham and Lowell, Massachusetts. These became known as Lowell Mills and the Waltham-Lowell system.

text: The Nasmyth, Gaskell and Company's Bridgewater Foundry, which began operation in 1836, was one of the earliest factories to use modern materials handling such as cranes and rail tracks through the buildings for handling heavy items.[7]

text: Arkwright[edit]

text: Richard Arkwright is the person credited with being the brains behind the growth of factories and the Derwent Valley Mills. After he patented his water frame in 1769, he established Cromford Mill, in Derbyshire, England. The factory system was a new way of organizing labour made necessary by the development of machines which were too large to house in a worker's cottage. Working hours were as long as they had been for the farmer, that is, from dawn to dusk, six days per week. Overall, this practice essentially reduced skilled and unskilled workers to replaceable commodities.

text: Interchangeable parts[edit]

text: Mass production using interchangeable parts was first achieved in 1803 by Marc Isambard Brunel in cooperation with Henry Maudslay, and Simon Goodrich, under the management of (with contributions by) Brigadier-General Sir Samuel Bentham, the Inspector General of Naval Works at Portsmouth Block Mills at Portsmouth Dockyard, for the British Royal Navy during the Napoleonic War. By 1808 annual production had reached 130,000 sailing blocks.[8][9][10][11][page needed][12][page needed][13][page needed][14][page needed][15][page needed][16][17] This method of working did not catch on in general manufacturing in Britain for many decades, and when it did it was imported from America, becoming known as the American system of manufacturing, even though it originated in England.

text: Societal effects[edit]

text: Much manufacturing in the 18th century was carried out in homes under the domestic or putting-out system, especially the weaving of cloth and spinning of thread and yarn, often with just a single loom or spinning wheel. As these devices were mechanized, machine made goods were able to underprice the cottagers, leaving them unable to earn enough to make their effort worthwhile. Other products such as nails had long been produced in factory workshops, increasingly diversified using the division of labour to increase the efficiency of the system.

text: Factory workers typically lived within walking distance to work until the introduction of bicycles and electric street railways in the 1890s. Thus the factory system was partly responsible for the rise of urban living, as large numbers of workers migrated into the towns in search of employment in the factories. Many mills had to provide dormitories for workers, especially for girls and women.

text: The transition to industrialisation was not without difficulty. For example, a group of English workers known as Luddites formed to protest against industrialisation and sometimes sabotaged factories. They continued an already established tradition of workers opposing labor saving machinery. Numerous inventors in the textile industry such as John Kay and Samuel Crompton, suffered harassment when developing their machines or devices.

text: In other industries the transition to factory production was not so divisive.

text: Until the late 19th century it was common to work 12 hours a day, six days a week in most factories; however long hours were also common outside factories.

text: Debate arose concerning the morality of the system, as workers complained about unfair working conditions prior to the passage of labour laws. One of the problems concerned women's labour, which in many cases women were paid almost a quarter of what men made. Child labour was also a major part of the system, and was vehemently argued by those who deemed it immoral. However, in the early 19th century, education was not compulsory and in many families having children work was necessary due to low incomes (Samuel Slater employed children but was required to provide basic education). Children commonly did farm labor and produced goods for the household. Besides working in factories children worked in mines. Automation in the late 19th century is credited with displacing child labor, with the automatic glass bottle blowing machine (ca. 1890) cited as an example, having been said to do more to end child labor than child labor laws. Years of schooling began to increase sharply from the end of the 19th century.

text: Some industrialists themselves tried to improve factory and living conditions for their workers. One of the earliest such reformers was Robert Owen, known for his pioneering efforts in improving conditions for workers at the New Lanark mills, and often regarded as one of the key thinkers of the early socialist movement.

text: Karl Marx worried that the capitalist system would eventually lead to wages only sufficient for subsistence due to the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. Subsistence wages were indeed the case in parts of England. The British Agricultural Revolution had been reducing the need for labor on farms for over a century and these workers were forced to sell their labor wherever they could. Conditions were particularly bad during the depression years of the late 1830s to early 1840s. The depression was immediately followed by the Irish famine of 1845–50 which brought large numbers of Irish immigrants to seek work in the English and American factories.

text: One of the best known accounts of factory worker's living conditions during the Industrial Revolution is Friedrich Engels' The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844. By the late 1880s Engels noted that the extreme poverty and lack of sanitation he wrote about in 1844 had largely disappeared.[18]


document_title: 20 Million Miles to Earth

question_text: where was 20 million miles to earth filmed

text: 20 Million Miles to Earth

text: Plot[edit]

text: Off the coast of Sicily, fishermen watch as a spaceship crashes into the sea. They row out to the site and pull two spacemen from the nose-down craft before it completely sinks into the sea.

text: In Washington, D.C., Major General A.D. McIntosh discovers that the missing spaceship, piloted by Colonel Bob Calder, has been located. As McIntosh flies to the site, Pepe, a little boy, finds and opens a translucent cylinder marked “USAF” on the beach. It contains a gelatinous mass, which he sells to Dr. Leonardo, a zoologist studying sea creatures. Meanwhile, Leonardo's granddaughter Marisa, a third year medical student, is summoned to take care of the injured spacemen. When Calder regains consciousness, he finds his crew mate, Dr. Sharman, in the last throes of the fatal disease that killed his other eight crewmen.

text: After Marisa returns to the trailer shared with her grandfather, a small creature hatches from the mass, and Leonardo locks it in a cage; by morning, the creature has tripled in size. McIntosh arrives, accompanied by scientist Dr. Justin Uhl, and meets with two representatives of the Italian government, informing them the spaceship has returned from Venus. Leonardo and Marisa hitch the trailer to their truck and head for Rome. Calder's spacecraft carried a sealed metal container bearing an unborn Venusian species. As police divers begin to search for it, McIntosh offers a reward for the capsule's recovery, prompting Pepe to lead them to the empty container. When Pepe tells them that he sold the mass to Dr. Leonardo, McIntosh and Calder pursue him.

text: That night, Leonardo discovers that the creature has grown to human size. Soon after, it breaks out of the cage and flees. Confused, the beast blunders onto a nearby farm, terrorizing the animals. The creature eats sulfur and rips open several bags it discovers. While feeding, the creature encounters the farm dog and kills it, alerting the farmer. Calder and the others reach the barn, trapping the beast inside. Calder explains that the creature is not dangerous unless provoked. However, he immediately provokes it by trying to prod the creature into a cage, and it injures the farmer when he stabs it with a pitchfork. After the creature breaks out of the barn and disappears into the countryside, the police commissario insists that it be destroyed.

text: After the Italian government grants Calder permission to capture the creature, he devises a plan to ensnare it in a giant electric net dropped from a helicopter. The Italian police conduct their own pursuit, shooting at it with flamethrowers. Aware that sulfur is the creature's food of choice, Calder uses it as bait, luring the creature to a secluded site and subduing it with an electric jolt from the net. Later, at the American Embassy in Rome, McIntosh briefs the press corps and allows three reporters to view the creature, which has been placed in the Rome Zoo. There, Calder explains that the creature is being sedated with a continuous electric shock so it can be studied. Marisa, who is aiding her uncle, begins flirting with Calder. Suddenly, electrical equipment shorts out and the creature awakens.

text: Now huge, the creature battles an elephant and sends the panicked patrons scurrying. Taking their fight to the streets of Rome, the two destroy cars and damage buildings. The creature finally kills the elephant and continues its rampage. Calder tracks the beast to the River Tiber, where it submerges. Grenades are lobbed into the river, and it surfaces. It heads for the Colosseum and destroys an ancient temple, killing three soldiers. As the creature disappears into the ruins, Calder charges after it with a group of bazooka-carrying soldiers, driving it to the top of the structure. Calder scores a direct bazooka hit. Artillery fire from a tank then destroys the ledge the creature is clinging to, and it plunges to its death. A relieved Marisa runs into Calder's arms.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
William Hopper as Robert Calder
Joan Taylor as Marisa Leonardo
Frank Puglia as Dr. Leonardo
John Zaremba as Dr. Judson Uhl
Thomas Browne Henry as Maj. Gen. A.D. McIntosh
Tito Vuolo as Police Commissioner Unte
Jan Arvan as Contino
Arthur Space as Dr. Sharman
Bart Bradley as Pepe
Ray Harryhausen cameo (uncredited)

text: Production[edit]

text: 20 Million Miles to Earth began production in Rome, Italy in September 1956, using only William Hopper of the main cast, and moved to the U.S. from October 30 to November 9 of that year.[2] Rome was chosen as the location for filming because Harryhausen wanted to vacation there.[2] The working title of the film was The Giant Ymir,[2] and it has also been released as The Beast from Space. All references to the name Ymir were removed from the released version of the film, as Harryhausen was concerned that audiences might confuse it with the Arabic title "Emir".

text: Ray Harryhausen wanted the film to be shot in color, but the filmmakers were not given a budget large enough to accommodate color filming. In 2007, five years after the death of the film's director, Harryhausen worked with restoration and colorization company Legend Films to create a colorized version of the film. That version, along with the original theatrical black-and-white version, was released July 31, 2007 on DVD as part of a 50th Anniversary Edition of the film.[3][4]

text: There are minor differences between the two versions. One example: the black-and-white version begins in "A Fishing Village in Sicily", not Sperlonga, Italy.

text: It was the first of three collaborations between Harryhausen, Schneer, and Nathan Juran. Juran only directed the American sequences, while Schneer and Harryhausen directed the Italian sequences.[5]

text: Reception[edit]

text: 20 Million Miles to Earth has an 80% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on ten reviews.[6] Marco Lanzagorta of PopMatters gave the film 9 out of 10 stars, calling it "required viewing for those interested in modern cinema".[7]

text: Time Out wrote, "Don't worry about the dotty script or cardboard performances - just sit back and watch this gelatinous blob in action";[8] while the Radio Times called it "one of animation master Ray Harryhausen's best fantasy films, and his own personal favourite. The snake-tailed giant Ymir monster is also one of Harryhausen's finest creations: It has a well-defined personality and manages to evoke sympathy for its bewildered plight. The Ymir's fight with an elephant and the Roman locations - especially the climactic Colosseum battle - add unique touches to this minor classic".[9]

text: Legacy[edit]

text: The four-issue comic book mini-series 20 Million Miles More (2008), released by TidalWave Productions as part of their Ray Harryhausen Signature Series, picked up the story 50 years after the events of the film.[10] A preview of the first issue was included on the 50th Anniversary DVD release of the film.[11]