document_title: Vancouver Aquarium

question_text: when did vancouver aquarium get rid of orcas

question_tokens: when did vancouver aquarium get rid of orcas

text: Vancouver Aquarium

text: Aquarium history[edit]

text: The Vancouver Public Aquarium Association was formed in 1950 by UBC fisheries and oceanography professors Murray Newman, Carl Lietze and Wilbert Clemens. After receiving the help of timber baron H.R. MacMillan, alderman and businessman George Cunningham and $100,000 from each of the three levels of government. (City of Vancouver, Province of British Columbia, Federal Government of Canada), it opened on June 15, 1956 with the ribbon being cut by federal Minister of Fisheries James Sinclair. Sinclair's daughter 7-year-old Margaret was also present at the ribbon cutting ceremony (she would later marry Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau and give birth to Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau).

text: Officially Canada's first public Aquarium, the Vancouver Aquarium has become the largest in Canada and one of the five largest in North America. The Vancouver Aquarium was the first aquarium in the world to capture and display an orca. Other whales and dolphins on display included belugas, narwhals[11] and dolphins.

text: In 1975, the Vancouver Aquarium was the first aquarium accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA). The Aquarium is also accredited by the Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums (CAZA) and in 1987 was designated Canada's Pacific National Aquarium by the Canadian Federal Government.

text: On July 23, 1995, a beluga whale named Qila was born. She was the first beluga to be both conceived and born in a Canadian aquarium. A second calf, Tuvaq, was born on July 30, 2002, but died unexpectedly with no previous sign of illness on July 17, 2005.

text: In 1996, the Vancouver Park Board instituted a municipal bylaw that prevents the Vancouver Aquarium from capturing cetaceans from the wild for display purposes, and only obtain cetaceans from other facilities if they were born in captivity, captured before 1996 or were rescued and deemed un-releasable after this date.

text: On June 15, 2006 Canada Post issued a 51 cent domestic rate stamp to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the Aquarium.

text: For many years, the primary attraction for visitors was the orca show. The Aquarium was the first to capture and display a killer whale, Moby Doll, in a pen at Burrard Drydocks, for 3 months in 1964. Since then, it was home to Skana, Hyak II, Finna, Bjossa, and three of Bjossa's calves. When Finna died and Bjossa was left without other orca companions, the Aquarium attempted to acquire one or more female orcas from other marine parks. However, no suitable companions were found, and Bjossa was moved to SeaWorld, San Diego, in April 2001 where she later died due to a chronic respiratory illness. The Aquarium has since moved to emphasize the educational aspects of the displays rather than the public spectacle of the shows. They have also highlighted their research, rescue and rehabilitation efforts.

text: The aquarium has played a significant role in the research of wild orcas in BC. John Ford, a respected researcher who focuses on orca vocalizations, worked there for many years and they still fund a lot of the study. The Wild Killer Whale Adoption Program, which funds research, is also run out of the aquarium.

text: After considerable public discussion and some opposition from an animal rights group, the Vancouver Park Board voted in favour of a proposal to expand the Aquarium at a cost of $100 million, funded by the Aquarium, private donors, and infrastructure grants. A public consultation process, led by the aquarium and their own consultants, showed 89% of local residents were in favour of the expansion. The proposal will increase the size of the Aquarium by 1.5 acres (6,100 m2) and extend its lease by 20 years. Construction was expected to begin in the fall of 2007.[12]

text: Vancouver Aquarium has not kept any orcas in captivity since 2001 and has pledged not to capture wild animals, but to instead rely on captive animals for breeding.[13]

text: Aquarium facility[edit]

text: The aquarium covers approximately 9,000 square metres (97,000 sq ft) and has a total 9,500,000 litres (2,100,000 imp gal; 2,500,000 US gal) of water in 166 aquatic displays.[citation needed] There are a number of different galleries, several of which were built at different times throughout the aquarium's history.

text: Pacific Canada Pavilion[edit]

text: This central indoor exhibit consists of a 260,000 litres (57,000 imp gal; 69,000 US gal) tank directly adjacent to the entrance. Fish and invertebrates from the Strait of Georgia are displayed in the exhibit.

text: Steller's Bay[edit]

text: Originally this gallery included the Beluga whales along with several non-living displays. In October 2009, a new exhibit opened here[14] displaying several other arctic species, including fishes and invertebrates, along with expanded non-living exhibits as part of the Canada's Arctic Gallery. In 2016, the 2 rescued Harbour Porpoises from the BC Sugar Pool next door, moved to the Canada's Arctic Gallery. Following the deaths of two belugas in 2016, it has been converted into an active Steller Sea Lion research station called Steller's Bay in collaboration with the University of British Columbia. The exhibit reopened as Steller's Bay on July 1st, 2017. It is home to a four female steller sea lions.

text: Penguin Point[edit]

text: Inspired by Boulders Beach, this exhibit features African penguins bred by the Species Survival Plan.

text: The Wild Coast[edit]

text: This is an outdoor gallery that includes several pools, home to Pacific white-sided dolphins, sea otters, and harbour porpoises that are permanently on display here, along with a "touchpool" where visitors are able to touch British Columbian invertebrates. Several other species (harbour seals, Steller's sea lions, and northern fur seals) are rotated in to display in this area. When not on display they live in habitats behind the scenes that are not accessible to visitors.

text: Treasures of the BC Coast[edit]

text: This gallery is a series of separate exhibits that simulate the various aquatic environments on the BC coast. Octopuses, Rockfish, sea stars, sea urchins, and anemones are among the animals here.

text: Tropic Zone[edit]

text: This gallery contains a large display of tropical fish and other animals, including blacktip reef sharks and a green sea turtle named Schoona.

text: Amazon Rainforest[edit]

text: A number of fresh water fish, snakes, caimans, sloths, birds, and other creatures from the Amazon inhabit this gallery.

text: Frogs Forever? Gallery[edit]

text: This gallery is an exhibit focused on the plight of the world's frog population which endeavors to show how people can help protect frogs and other amphibians. It contains 26 species of amphibians from around the world.[15]

text: Canaccord Exploration Gallery[edit]

text: This gallery is home to jellies, fish, and other animals. The 4D Theatre and the children's play area known as "Clownfish Cove" are here, along with multiple classrooms for school groups, including the wet lab education room, which contains both conventional teaching methods such as computers, tables, and chairs, along with live animals and various artifacts.

text: Animals at the Aquarium[edit]

text: The Vancouver Aquarium currently houses around 300 species of fish, almost 30,000 invertebrates, and 56 species of amphibians and reptiles. They also have around 60 mammals and birds.

text: Currently, the Aquarium houses one Pacific white-sided dolphin:

text: Helen is an approximately 30-year-old female dolphin at the Aquarium. She came to the Aquarium from the Enoshima Aquarium in Japan, and is also claimed to have been rescued from entanglement in a fishing net. Helen was part of a multi-year and multi-facility research project focusing on metabolic studies while she was at the Enoshima Aquarium, and is part of a pilot project to understand whale echolocation abilities to prevent whales in the future from becoming entangled in fishing nets.[16] She is distinguishable by the fact that her pectoral flippers are partially amputated due to damage from her entanglement. Helen's tankmate Chester the False Killer Whale joined her at the Wild Coast on Thursday, June 24, 2015. As of November 24, 2017 Helen is the only cetacean left at Vancouver Aquarium after her tank mate Chester died earlier that same day.

text: Past Pacific White-Sided Dolphins:

text:
Laverne came to Vancouver from SeaWorld San Antonio. She died in 2009 due to a twisted intestine.
Spinnaker came to Vancouver in 2001 from Japan after getting caught in a fishing net. He died in 2012 due to a stroke.
Hana came to Vancouver with Helen in 2005 from the Enoshima Aquarium in Japan after getting caught in a fixed fishing net. She died in 2015 from gastro-intestinal torsion and septicemia following a last attempt to save her life with a "breakthrough" surgery.[17][18]

text: The aquarium used to house a False Killer Whale:

text: Chester was a young False Killer Whale that was rescued by the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Mammal Rescue Centre on Chesterman Beach on Vancouver Island in July 2014.[19] In May 2015, Chester was deemed non-releasable by Fisheries and Oceans Canada which based their decision "on the animal’s age at stranding, his lack of social contact and foraging skills in the wild, and his extensive contact with humans".[20] Chester was at the Wild Coast habitat along with Helen the Pacific White-Sided Dolphin. On November 24, 2017 Chester died of a bacterial infection. He was approximately 3 and a half years old.

text: The Aquarium also housed two beluga whales. Qila was born in captivity, whereas Aurora was captured from the wild in waters near Churchill, Manitoba in 1990.[21]

text:
Aurora was a female beluga, who gave birth first to Qila, Tuvaq (who died in 2005) and Nala, who died on June 21 at around 10:15 pm due to coins and foreign matter found in her respiratory tract. "Aurora" is named after the famous northern light Aurora borealis. Aurora died on November 25, 2016 at around 30 years of age, and was the last remaining beluga at the aquarium.
Qila is a female beluga born at the aquarium to mother Aurora and father Nanuq on July 23, 1995 (21 years old). She is the first beluga to be conceived and born in a Canadian aquarium, and is also the first beluga conceived and born in a Canadian aquarium to give birth to a calf. "Qila" derives from the Inuktitut word qilalugaq qualuqtaq, which means "beluga". She gave birth to her first calf Tiqa, who died of heart failure and pneumonia on September 16, 2011. Qila died on November 16, 2016.

text: Both belugas lived in the Canada's Arctic enclosure (Now Steller's Bay).

text: On breeding loan to SeaWorld, Shedd Aquarium & Georgia Aquarium are the following:

text:
Allua, a female beluga is around 24 years of age. She was moved to SeaWorld San Diego on a breeding loan in 2005.
Imaq, a male beluga who is around 21 years of age. He is on breeding loan to SeaWorld San Antonio.
Grayson, a male beluga who is 8 years old living at the Shedd Aquarium. He was born at SeaWorld San Antonio in 2007, but belongs to the Vancouver Aquarium as he was born to Nanuq, who was owned by the aquarium and also fathered Qila. Until early 2016, Grayson was living at the Georgia Aquarium with his half-sister Qinu.
Qinu, a female beluga born in 2010 who is 7 years of age living at the Georgia Aquarium. She was also born at SeaWorld San Antonio and lived with Grayson until he was moved to the Shedd Aquarium. As with Grayson, she was born to Nanuq and belongs to the Vancouver Aquarium.

text: Past Belugas:

text:
Kavna was estimated to be around 46 years of age at the time of her death on August 6, 2012. Cancerous lesions found on her reproductive tract may have contributed to her death.[22] She was distinguishable from the other belugas by the fact that she was the whitest, due to her age.
Nanuq, a male beluga who was around 31 years old. Nanuq was Qila's father and was on breeding loan to SeaWorld since July 1997 until 2015 when he died of a jaw infection.
Tuaq was born to Kavna and an unknown wild beluga in 1977 but died 4 months later due to malnutrition and a bacterial infection.
Tuvaq was born to Aurora and Imaq in 2002 but died unexpectedly in 2005 from a heart arrhythmia.
Nala was also born to Aurora and Imaq in 2009 but died a year after due to foreign objects found inside her respiratory tract.
Tiqa was born in 2008 to Qila and Imaq and was the first 3rd generation beluga to be born at the aquarium. Tiqa's name stands for T-Tuesday, I-Imaq, Q-Qila and A-Aurora. She died in 2011 due to pneumonia and heart failure.

text: The Vancouver Aquarium used to house two Pacific harbour porpoise rescued by the Aquarium's Marine Mammal Rescue Centre. Daisy was rescued from Gonzolez Beach, B.C. in 2008, and after receiving almost a year of veterinary care and being deemed nonreleasable, was transferred to the Vancouver Aquarium on July 29, 2009. Daisy died on June 16, 2017 [23][24] Another Pacific harbour porpoise, Jack, was rescued from Horseshoe Bay, B.C. in September 2011 and transferred to the Aquarium on March 15, 2012. Jack died in August 2016.

text: The Aquarium is home to six sea otters:

text:
Tanu is an adult female who was abandoned as a pup, rescued by the Alaska SeaLife Center and later moved to the Aquarium.[25]
Katmai is a young female sea otter recently rescued near Homer, Alaska by the Alaska SeaLife Center on October 17, 2012, when she was only a few weeks old. Shortly thereafter, the Alaska SeaLife Center invited a rotating team of Vancouver Aquarium specialists to help provide intensive 24-hour care and rehabilitation for the pup over the next 17 weeks. After being deemed non-releasable by the U.S. Fisheries and Wildlife Service, she arrived at the Vancouver Aquarium on March 21, 2013. After an online naming contest, on April 2, 2013, the Aquarium announced that the pup would be named Katmai after a national park in Alaska.[26]
Rialto is a male pup that was found abandoned at Rialto Beach in Washington state's Olympic National Park by the Seattle Aquarium. As U.S. Fisheries and Wildlife Services deemed him non-releasable and the Seattle Aquarium did not have space to accommodate another male sea otter, the decision was made to transfer him to the Vancouver Aquarium after he had recovered. Rialto was permanently moved to Vancouver in September 2016.
Mak is a male sea otter pup who was transported to the aquarium from Alaska on November 2016 with Kunik. Both were treated at the Alaska SeaLife Center and deemed non-releasable by the U.S. Fisheries and Wildlife Services. Mak was found stranded in Kachemak Bay, Alaska by a member of the public. His name derives from his rescue site.[27]
Kunik is a female sea otter pup who was transferred to the aquarium with Mak in November 2016 after both were treated at Alaska SeaLife Center and deemed non-releasable by the U.S. Fisheries and Wildlife Services. She found by the U.S. Coast Guard stranded on Homer Spit, Alaska, and her name is an Inuktitut word for a traditional Inuit greeting, or "kiss."[27]
Hardy is a male sea otter pup who was rescued at Port Hardy

text: Past Otters:

text:
Nyac was a female sea otter rescued from the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. She was one of the last surviving sea otters from the incident and was later featured in a viral YouTube video of sea otters "holding hands" recorded by Cynthia Holmes. Nyac died on September 23, 2008 at approximately 20 years of age. Days before her death, she was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, which has been associated with contact with petroleum in other marine species.
Milo was a male sea otter rescued and brought to the aquarium after being deemed non-releasable. Along with Nyac, he was featured in the viral YouTube video of sea otters "holding hands" by Cynthia Holmes. Milo died on January 12, 2012 at the age of 12 years after being diagnosed with lymphoma. He was the first otter to be treated with chemotherapy as part of a unique chemotherapeutic treatment plan developed by researchers, veterinarians, and pathologists around the world.
Walter/Wally was found as an injured adult sea otter in Tofino, on the West Coast of Vancouver Island. He had been shot by a shotgun and suffered extensive injuries as a result. After receiving critical care at the Marine Mammal Rescue Centre he became a healthy sea otter who would not survive in the ocean and was therefore moved to the Aquarium. He was estimated to be over 10 years old at the time of his rescue.[28] He died on December 9, 2015.
Elfin is an adult male sea otter who was abandoned as a pup, was rescued by the Alaska SeaLife Center and later moved to the Aquarium. Elfin died peacefully on April 1st 2017 at the age of 16. Elfin was distinctively known for his large amount of white fur. [29]

text: The Aquarium is also home to two harbor seals at this time, all of which are male (DaVinci, and Hermes).

text: The Aquarium also houses 6 northern fur seals (Meechi, Tikva, Tuku, Kyoo, Aya, and Ani), and four female Steller sea lions (Willo, Ashby, Rogue, and Izzy). The sea lions actually belong to the University of British Columbia, and are part of a research program aimed at studying the causes for the collapse of the Steller sea lion population in Alaska.

text: At an off-site research facility, an additional 4 Steller sea lions are kept as part of an open-water research program. They are Hazy, Sitka, Boni, and Yasha.

text: On July 1, 2008, Tag, a 15-year-old male sea lion, died due to oral cancer, despite receiving laser surgery and chemotherapy.[16] Tag was a 15-year-old male sea lion who arrived at the Aquarium as a 2-week-old pup.[16]

text: The Aquarium has one green sea turtle (Schoona). Schoona is a 16-year-old sea turtle, who has arrived at the aquarium in 2005.

text: Giselle is a zebra shark who arrived at the Vancouver Aquarium around 2008. Giselle is around 15 years old.

text: Mammals at the aquarium[edit]

text:
Species
Status
Population Worldwide
Population at Aquarium

Sea otters
Endangered
106,000
6

Steller's sea lion
Near threatened
52,000
4

Harbor seal
Least concern
315,000
2

Goeldi's marmoset
Vulnerable
Unknown
8

Pacific white-sided dolphin
Least concern
900,000
1

False killer whale
Data deficient
Unknown
0

Linnaeus's two-toed sloth
Least concern
Unknown
2

text: Reptiles/Amphibians at the aquarium[edit]

text:
Species
Status
Population Worldwide
Population at Aquarium

Axolotl
Critically endangered
100
4

Blue poison dart frog
Vulnerable
Unknown
6

Panamanian golden frog
Critically endangered
Unknown
5

Phantasmal poison frog
Endangered
5,000
8

Golden poison frog
Endangered
10,000
5

Red-footed tortoise
Vulnerable
Unknown
7

Oregon spotted frog
Vulnerable
8,300
2

text: Frogs Forever?[edit]

text:
Species
Status
Population Worldwide
Population at Aquarium

Axolotl
Critically Endangered
1,200
4

Blue Poison Dart Frog
Not Evaluated
Unknown
6

Oregon Spotted Frog
Vulnerable
Unknown
2

text: Conservation and Research Programs[edit]

text: The Vancouver Aquarium has created and operates a number of conservation and research programs aimed at understanding and preserving animal species in the wild.

text: Ocean Wise[edit]

text: The Vancouver Aquarium has a program called Ocean Wise, which is aimed at promoting sustainable seafood in restaurants, markets, and other food service facilities. Its main thrust is to avoid species whose fishing typically causes large bycatches, species from areas where the habitat will degrade if overfished, and species which themselves are overfished.[30] Ocean Wise works directly with food service companies to select sustainable seafood and actively promote them to the general public. The options are highlighted on participating restaurant menus and display cases with the Ocean Wise symbol, to help consumers make environmentally friendly seafood choices. Today, well over 300 restaurants in Canada are participants in the Ocean Wise program.[31]

text: Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup[edit]

text: The Great Canadian Shoreline Cleanup is a program that was initiated by the Vancouver Aquarium by a small group of staff members and volunteers in 1994. These employees had heard about the International Coastal Cleanup and decided to participate in it by picking up garbage at a local beach and submitting the information.[32] The Ocean Conservancy's International Coastal Cleanup is an annual international initiative aimed to engage people to remove trash and debris from the world's beaches and waterways, identify the sources of debris, and change the behaviors that cause marine debris in the first place.

text: Volunteers and sponsors collect and catalogue debris which is then collected for analysis on sources of garbage that enter the ocean.[33] For example, in 2007, 1,240 beach sites with a collective length of 1,772 km were cleaned by 52,263 volunteers bringing in almost 87.5 metric tons of garbage.[34]

text: Marine Mammal Rescue and Rehabilitation Program[edit]

text: The Vancouver Aquarium operates a Marine Mammal Rescue program which is aimed at rescuing and rehabilitating marine mammals that are found injured, ill, or abandoned, until they can be re-released into their natural habitats. On average, the Rescue Centre admits approximately 100 distressed marine mammals per year.[35] The vast majority of these are harbour seals, but patients can include sea otters, elephant seals, Steller sea lions, harbour porpoises, and common dolphins.[36][37] The program notably helped rescue Springer, an orphaned killer whale successfully released and reunited with her family pod.[38] Other high-profile rescues include the successful returning of a beached gray whale back to the water in 2005 and the rescue of Schoona, a lost green sea turtle near Prince Rupert, BC. In October 2013, rescued harbour porpoise Levi became the first cetacean to be rehabilitated at the Marine Marine Mammal Rescue Centre and released back into the wild.[39]

text: B.C. Cetacean Sightings Network[edit]

text: The B.C. Cetacean Sightings Network is a collaborative conservation and research program between the Vancouver Aquarium and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada aimed at collecting reports and sightings of whales and sea turtles in the wild. The Sightings Network is a network of over 1,800 observers across British Columbia, including whale watching operators, lighthouse keepers, charter boat operators, tugboat captains, BC Ferries personnel, researchers, government employees, recreational boaters and coastal residents. The program aims to solicit reports through the program's website, a toll-free hotline, email, or through the logbook program.[40]

text: Controversy[edit]

text: In 2014, the Vancouver Aquarium's practice of keeping whales, dolphins and porpoises in captivity and its beluga whale breeding program sparked controversy.

text: In March 2014, two Park Board Commissioners, Sarah Blyth and Constance Barnes, publicly spoke out against the practice of keeping whales and dolphins in captivity at the aquarium.[41][42] Vancouver Mayor Gregor Robertson, in an emailed letter to The Georgia Straight, expressed his personal belief that "the Vancouver Aquarium should begin to phase out the holding of whales and dolphins in captivity".[43] Primatologist and ethologist Jane Goodall called for the Park Board to follow through with the proposed "phase out" of cetaceans and end the Vancouver Aquarium's captive breeding program.[44][45]

text: The Vancouver Aquarium responded to criticism with an open letter[46] in which they explained that it was their policy not to capture cetaceans from the wild and that the aquarium played a role as a home for rescued cetaceans that cannot be returned to the wild.

text: The Park Board proceeded to commission an independent report from US wildlife veterinarian and scientist Dr. Joseph Gaydos[47] in which he examined the aquarium's animal care standards, accreditation and research and compared it to similar facilities in North America. In his report[48] he found that the Vancouver Aquarium "either meets or exceeds North American industry standards". He also concluded that the aquarium had "an active research department that seems to make good use of studying captive cetaceans, not only for being able to provide better care and understanding of captive animals, but to a greater extent [...] to benefit our understanding and conservation of cetaceans in the wild." Dr Gaydos also made two recommendations. He recommended that the Park Board conduct "a large-scale scientific study on the welfare of captive housed cetaceans" as a way of assessing "the complex societal issue of captive cetaceans". He also suggested that the Park Board require the aquarium to release an annual report on the state of its cetaceans.

text: In the media, the Gaydos report was widely received as a positive review of the aquarium's practices[49][50] and the Vancouver Aquarium also received support from prominent philanthropists and politicians, as well as four former Vancouver mayors.[51][52] The Monterey Bay Aquarium and the Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California also spoke out in favour of the Vancouver Aquarium's cetacean program, citing its importance for scientific research.[53]

text: After a long public debate that ended with the presentation of the Gaydos report and two days of public hearings,[54] the Vancouver Park Board announced in August 2014 that it intended to enact a by-law to ban breeding of cetaceans at the Vancouver Aquarium, and it tasked its staff with drafting an amendment to the existing by-law regulating cetaceans at the aquarium.[55] Vancouver Aquarium CEO Dr. John Nightingale criticized the decision in a public letter, stating that the decision "was not based on the facts or science presented" and that it did not take into consideration "testimony from dozens of the world’s scientific community, including experts in animal welfare and animal cognition.".[56]

text: Following a defeat in the elections to Park Board as part of the 2014 civic elections, a majority of the Park Board commissioners, in their last session, voted against enacting an amendment to the by-law.[57]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: The Vancouver Aquarium was featured frequently in the 1980s Canadian series, Danger Bay, which followed the day to day exploits of the Roberts family, led by Grant "Doc" Roberts, a marine veterinarian and his two children, Nicole and Jonah.

text: A YouTube video featuring two sea otters "holding hands" was recorded at the Vancouver Aquarium.[58] The two sea otters are Nyac and Milo. Nyac died on September 23, 2008.[59] She was one of the last surviving sea otters of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill.[60] The video has been viewed over 19 million times on YouTube. As a result, the Vancouver Aquarium created a live sea otter cam on their website. The YouTube video was originally recorded by Cynthia Holmes.[61] Milo died on January 12, 2012.[62]

text: The Vancouver Aquarium was also featured in the family film Andre (1994), and romantic comedy Good Luck Chuck (2007), as Cam's workplace. Television movie The Suite Life Movie (2011) used the Aquarium as the research firm where Cody Martin interns.

text: On September 5, 2008, Hayden Panettiere appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman and talked about her visit with the rescue dolphins at the Vancouver Aquarium.

text: The song "Baby Beluga" by Raffi was inspired by Kavna, a beluga that he saw while visiting the Vancouver Aquarium.


document_title: FIFA World Cup Trophy

question_text: where is the 2014 world cup trophy kept

question_tokens: where is the 2014 world cup trophy kept

root

text: FIFA World Cup Trophy

text: Jules Rimet Trophy[edit]

text: The Jules Rimet Trophy was the original prize for winning the FIFA World Cup. Originally called "Victory", but generally known simply as the World Cup or Coupe du Monde, it was renamed in 1946 to honour the FIFA President Jules Rimet who in 1929 passed a vote to initiate the competition. It was designed by French sculptor Abel Lafleur and made of gold-plated sterling silver on a white/yellow marble base. In 1954 this base was replaced with a high base made of lapis lazuli. It stood 35 centimetres (14 in) high and weighed 3.8 kilograms (8.4 lb).[2] It comprised a decagonal cup, supported by a winged figure representing Nike, the ancient Greek goddess of victory. The Jules Rimet Trophy was taken to Uruguay for the first FIFA World Cup aboard the Conte Verde, which set sail from Villefranche-sur-Mer, just southeast of Nice, on 21 June 1930. This was the same ship that carried Jules Rimet and the footballers representing France, Romania, and Belgium who were participating in the tournament that year. The first team to be awarded the trophy was Uruguay, the winners of the 1930 World Cup.[3]

tag: p

text: During World War II, the trophy was held by 1938 champion Italy. Ottorino Barassi, the Italian vice-president of FIFA and president of FIGC, secretly transported the trophy from a bank in Rome and hid it in a shoe-box under his bed to prevent the Nazis from taking it.[4] The 1958 FIFA World Cup in Sweden marked the beginning of a tradition regarding the trophy. As Brazilian captain Hilderaldo Bellini heard photographers' requests for a better view of the Jules Rimet Trophy, he lifted it up in the air. Every Cup-winning captain ever since has repeated the gesture.[5]

text: On 20 March 1966, four months before the 1966 FIFA World Cup in England, the trophy was stolen during a public exhibition at Westminster Central Hall.[6] The trophy was found just seven days later wrapped in newspaper at the bottom of a suburban garden hedge on Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood, South London, by a black and white mongrel dog named Pickles.[7][8]

text: As a security measure, The Football Association secretly manufactured a replica of the trophy for use in exhibitions rather than the original. This replica was used on subsequent occasions up until 1970 when the original trophy had to be handed back to FIFA for the next competition. Since FIFA had explicitly denied the FA permission to create a replica, the replica also had to disappear from public view and was for many years kept under its creator's bed. This replica was eventually sold at an auction in 1997 for £254,500, when it was purchased by FIFA. The high auction price, ten times the reserve price of £20,000–£30,000, was led by speculation that the auctioned trophy was not the replica trophy but the original itself. Subsequent testing by FIFA, however, confirmed the auctioned trophy was indeed a replica[9] and FIFA soon afterwards arranged for the replica to be lent for display at the English National Football Museum, which was then based in Preston but is now in Manchester.[10]

text: The Brazilian team won the tournament for the third time in 1970, allowing them to keep the real trophy in perpetuity, as had been stipulated by Jules Rimet in 1930.[11] It was put on display at the Brazilian Football Confederation headquarters in Rio de Janeiro in a cabinet with a front of bullet-proof glass.[12]

text: On 19 December 1983, the wooden rear of the cabinet was opened by force with a crowbar and the cup was stolen again.[13] Four men were tried and convicted in absentia for the crime.[14] The trophy has never been recovered, and it is widely believed to have been melted down and sold.[15] Only one piece of the Jules Rimet Trophy has been found, the original base which FIFA had kept in a basement of the federation's Zürich headquarters prior to 2015.[16]

text: The Confederation commissioned a replica of their own, made by Eastman Kodak, using 1.8 kilograms (4.0 lb) of gold. This replica was presented to Brazilian military president João Figueiredo in 1984.[14] The trophy was the subject of a 2014 documentary "Mysteries of the Rimet Trophy" shown as part of ESPN's 30 for 30: Soccer Stories films series during the 2014 World Cup.[17]

text: New trophy[edit]

text: A replacement trophy was commissioned by FIFA for the 1974 World Cup. Fifty-three submissions were received from sculptors in seven countries.[15][18] Italian artist Silvio Gazzaniga was awarded the commission. The trophy stands 36.5 centimetres (14.4 in) tall and is made of 5 kilograms (11 lb) of 18 carat (75%) gold, worth approximately US$161,000 in 2018, with a base 13 centimetres (5.1 in) in diameter containing two layers of malachite. It has been asserted by Sir Martyn Poliakoff of Periodic Videos that the trophy is hollow; if, as is claimed, it were solid, the trophy would weigh 70–80 kilograms (150–180 lb) and would be too heavy to lift.[19][20] Produced by Bertoni, Milano in Paderno Dugnano, it weighs 6.175 kilograms (13.61 lb) in total and depicts two human figures holding up the Earth. Gazzaniga described the trophy thus, "The lines spring out from the base, rising in spirals, stretching out to receive the world. From the remarkable dynamic tensions of the compact body of the sculpture rise the figures of two athletes at the stirring moment of victory".[15] Miguel Delaney, football writer for The Independent, wrote, "Those two arms on the trophy "stretching out to receive the world... at the stirring moment of victory" – in the words of designer Silvio Gazzinaga – are so representative in more ways than one. This is what everyone in the game is ultimately reaching for: immortality.”[21]

text: The trophy has the engraving "FIFA World Cup" on its base. After the 1994 FIFA World Cup a plate was added to the bottom side of the trophy on which the names of winning countries are engraved, names therefore not visible when the trophy is standing upright. The inscriptions state the year in figures and the name of the winning nation in its national language; for example, "1974 Deutschland" or "1994 Brasil". In 2010, however, the name of the winning nation was engraved as "2010 Spain", in English, not in Spanish.[22][23] As of 2018, twelve winners have been engraved on the base. The plate is replaced each World Cup cycle and the names of the trophy winners are rearranged into a spiral to accommodate future winners, with Spain on later occasions written in Spanish ("España").[15] FIFA's regulations now state that the trophy, unlike its predecessor, cannot be won outright: the winners of the tournament receive a bronze replica which is gold-plated rather than solid gold.[15] Germany became the first nation to win the new trophy for the third time when they won the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[24]

text: Winners[edit]

text: Jules Rimet Trophy

text:
Brazil – 1958, 1962, 1970
 Uruguay – 1930, 1950
 Italy – 1934, 1938
 West Germany – 1954
 England – 1966

tag: ul

text: FIFA World Cup Trophy

text:
Germany /  West Germany – 1974, 1990, 2014
 Argentina – 1978, 1986
 Italy – 1982, 2006
 Brazil – 1994, 2002
 France – 1998, 2018
 Spain – 2010


document_title: Reperfusion therapy

question_text: the maximum window of time a fibrinolytic can be administered is

text: Reperfusion therapy

text: Thrombolytic therapy[edit]

text: Myocardial infarction[edit]

text: Thrombolytic therapy is indicated for the treatment of STEMI – if it can begin within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms, and the person is eligible based on exclusion criteria, and a coronary angioplasty is not immediately available.[4] Thrombolysis is most effective in the first 2 hours. After 12 hours, the risk of intracranial bleeding associated with thrombolytic therapy outweighs any benefit.[2][5][6] Because irreversible injury occurs within 2–4 hours of the infarction, there is a limited window of time available for reperfusion to work.

text: Thrombolytic drugs are contraindicated for the treatment of unstable angina and NSTEMI[2][7] and for the treatment of individuals with evidence of cardiogenic shock.[8]

text: Although no perfect thrombolytic agent exists, ideally it would lead to rapid reperfusion, have a high sustained patency rate, be specific for recent thrombi, be easily and rapidly administered, create a low risk for intracerebral bleeding and systemic bleeding, have no antigenicity, adverse hemodynamic effects, or clinically significant drug interactions, and be cost effective.[9] Currently available thrombolytic agents include streptokinase, urokinase, and alteplase (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, rtPA). More recently, thrombolytic agents similar in structure to rtPA such as reteplase and tenecteplase have been used. These newer agents boast efficacy at least as well as rtPA with significantly easier administration. The thrombolytic agent used in a particular individual is based on institution preference and the age of the patient.

text: Depending on the thrombolytic agent being used, additional anticoagulation with heparin or low molecular weight heparin may be of benefit.[10][11] With tPa and related agents (reteplase and tenecteplase), heparin is needed to keep the coronary artery open. Because of the anticoagulant effect of fibrinogen depletion with streptokinase[12] and urokinase[13][14][15] treatment, it is less necessary there.[10]

text: Failure[edit]

text: Thrombolytic therapy to abort a myocardial infarction is not always effective. The degree of effectiveness of a thrombolytic agent is dependent on the time since the myocardial infarction began, with the best results occurring if the thrombolytic is used within two hours of the onset of symptoms.[16][17] Failure rates of thrombolytics can be as high as 50%.[18] In cases of failure of the thrombolytic agent to open the infarct-related coronary artery, the person is then either treated conservatively with anticoagulants and allowed to "complete the infarction" or percutaneous coronary intervention (and coronary angioplasty) is then performed. Percutaneous coronary intervention in this setting is known as "rescue PCI" or "salvage PCI". Complications, particularly bleeding, are significantly higher with rescue PCI than with primary PCI due to the action of the thrombolytic.

text: Side effects[edit]

text: Intracranial bleeding (ICB) and subsequent stroke is a serious side effect of thrombolytic use. The risk factors for developing intracranial bleeding include a previous episode of intracranial bleed, advanced age of the individual, and the thrombolytic regimen that is being used. In general, the risk of ICB due to thrombolytics is between 0.5 and 1 percent.[10]

text: Coronary angioplasty[edit]

text: The benefit of prompt, primary angioplasty over thrombolytic therapy for acute STEMI is now well established.[19][20][21] When performed rapidly, an angioplasty restores flow in the blocked artery in more than 95% of patients compared with the reperfusion rate of about 65% achieved by thrombolysis.[19] Logistic and economic obstacles seem to hinder a more widespread application of angioplasty,[22] although the feasibility of providing regionalized angioplasty for STEMI is currently being explored in the United States.[23] The use of a coronary angioplasty to abort a myocardial infarction is preceded by a primary percutaneous coronary intervention. The goal of a prompt angioplasty is to open the artery as soon as possible, and preferably within 90 minutes of the patient presenting to the emergency room. This time is referred to as the door-to-balloon time. Few hospitals can provide an angioplasty within the 90 minute interval,[24] which prompted the American College of Cardiology (ACC) to launch a national Door to Balloon (D2B) Initiative in November 2006. Over 800 hospitals have joined the D2B Alliance as of March 16, 2007.[25]

text: One particularly successful implementation of a primary PCI protocol is in the Calgary Health Region under the auspices of the Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta. Under this model, EMS teams responding to an emergency can transmit the ECG directly to a digital archiving system that allows emergency room staff to immediately confirm the diagnosis. This in turn allows for redirection of the EMS teams to those facilities that are ready to conduct time-critical angioplasty. This protocol has resulted in a median time to treatment of 62 minutes.[26]

text: The current guidelines in the United States restrict angioplasties to hospitals with available emergency bypass surgery as a backup,[4] but this is not the case in other parts of the world.[27]

text: A PCI involves performing a coronary angiogram to determine the location of the infarcting vessel, followed by balloon angioplasty (and frequently deployment of an intracoronary stent) of the stenosed arterial segment. In some settings, an extraction catheter may be used to attempt to aspirate (remove) the thrombus prior to balloon angioplasty. While the use of intracoronary stents do not improve the short term outcomes in primary PCI, the use of stents is widespread because of the decreased rates of procedures to treat restenosis compared to balloon angioplasty.[28]

text: Adjuvant therapy during an angioplasty includes intravenous heparin, aspirin, and clopidogrel. Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are often used in the setting of primary angioplasty to reduce the risk of ischemic complications during the procedure.[29][30] Due to the number of antiplatelet agents and anticoagulants used during primary angioplasty, the risk of bleeding associated with the procedure is higher than during an elective procedure.[31]

text: Coronary artery bypass surgery[edit]

text: Emergency bypass surgery for the treatment of an acute myocardial infarction (MI) is less common than PCI or thrombolysis. From 1995 to 2004, the percentage of people with cardiogenic shock treated with primary PCI rose from 27.4% to 54.4%, while the increase in coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) was only from 2.1% to 3.2%.[32] Emergency CABG is usually undertaken to simultaneously treat a mechanical complication, such as a ruptured papillary muscle, or a ventricular septal defect, with ensuing cardiogenic shock.[33] In uncomplicated MI, the mortality rate can be high when the surgery is performed immediately following the infarction.[34] If this option is entertained, the patient should be stabilized prior to surgery, with supportive interventions such as the use of an intra-aortic balloon pump.[35] In patients developing cardiogenic shock after a myocardial infarction, both PCI and CABG are satisfactory treatment options, with similar survival rates.[36][37]

text: Coronary artery bypass surgery involves an artery or vein from the patient being implanted to bypass narrowings or occlusions in the coronary arteries. Several arteries and veins can be used, however internal mammary artery grafts have demonstrated significantly better long-term patency rates than great saphenous vein grafts.[38] In patients with two or more coronary arteries affected, bypass surgery is associated with higher long-term survival rates compared to percutaneous interventions.[39] In patients with single vessel disease, surgery is comparably safe and effective, and may be a treatment option in selected cases.[40] Bypass surgery has higher costs initially, but becomes cost-effective in the long term.[41] A surgical bypass graft is more invasive initially but bears less risk of recurrent procedures (but these may be again minimally invasive).[40]

text: Reperfusion arrhythmia[edit]

text: Accelerated idioventricular rhythm which looks like slow ventricular tachycardia is a sign of a successful reperfusion.[42] No treatment of this rhythm is needed as it rarely changes into a more serious rhythm.[43]


document_title: Currie Cup

question_text: where did the currie cup get its name

question_tokens: where did the currie cup get its name

text: Currie Cup

text: History[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

tag: table

text: The Currie Cup is one of the oldest rugby competitions,[1] with the first games played in 1889 but it was only in 1892 that it became officially known as the Currie Cup. The competition had its humble beginnings as an inter-province competition in 1884, but when the South African Rugby Board was founded in 1889 it decided to organize a national competition that would involve representative teams from all the major unions. The original participating unions were Western Province, Griqualand West, Transvaal and Eastern Province. The first tournament was held in Kimberley and was won by Western Province. For a prize they received a silver cup donated by the South African Rugby Board, now displayed at the SA Rugby Museum in Cape Town. The story of how the Currie Cup came to be comes from the first overseas rugby team to tour South Africa in 1891, The British Isles, who carried with them a particularly precious bit of cargo. Among the bags, boots and balls was a golden cup given to them by Sir Donald Currie, owner of Union-Castle Lines, the shipping company that transported them to the southern tip of Africa. Sir Donald was clear with his instructions – hand this trophy over to the team in South Africa that gives you the best game; and after a spirited display where the unbeaten British Lions narrowly won 3-0, Griqualand West became the first ever holders of the Currie Cup. They then handed the trophy over to the South African rugby board and it became the floating trophy for the Currie Cup competition. The inaugural Currie Cup tournament was thus held in 1892 with Western Province earning the honour of holding it aloft as the first official winners.

text: The competition missed a few years here and there for reasons such as war and the like, but in 1968 it became a fully fledged annual showpiece. Western Province dominated the competition's early years, and by 1920 the team from Cape Town had already secured the trophy 10 times. Only Griqualand West could halt the rampant WP side and win the trophy in 1899 and 1911. In 1922 the Transvaal won the competition for the first time, however Western Province would continue to dominate the Currie Cup throughout the 1920s and 1930s, winning the trophy a further 4 times and sharing it twice with Border. In 1939 the trophy returned to Johannesburg for only the second time after Transvaal defeated Western Province in Cape Town. This was the first time WP had lost a final at their home ground Newlands. The Currie Cup went into hiatus during the Second World War but resumed in 1946 when Northern Transvaal claimed their first ever trophy by beating Western Province 11-9 in the final at Loftus Versfeld in Pretoria. The late 1940s and early 1950s were dominated by Transvaal who would win the trophy in 1950 and 1952, however in 1954 the Currie Cup would finally return south following Western Province's narrow 11-8 victory over Northern Transvaal in the final at Newlands in Cape Town.

text: At the end of the 1980s, South African rugby supporters were treated to two of the most memorable Currie Cup finals. In 1989 winger Carel du Plessis scored a last-minute try as WP managed to draw with Northern Transvaal 16-all, Riaan Gouws missed the conversion which would have given WP its 6th title of the decade a feat which has never been achieved. The following year the Blue Bulls slipped up, though, and Natal sneaked home 18-12, inspired by fly-half Joel Stransky. The 1990s saw further improvement by Natal and the rise of Francois Pienaar’s Transvaal. Since the age of professionalism in rugby union in the early 1990s, the Currie Cup has become much more competitive with no team able to carve out an era of dominance like that of WP in the early years or Northern Transvaal in the 1970s and 1980s. All five of the so-called 'big unions' have won the Currie Cup on at least one occasion in the last 20 years; the Golden Lions (formerly Transvaal) have won the trophy 3 times in 1999, 2011 and 2015; Western Province have won the trophy on six occasions in 1997, 2000, 2001, 2012, 2014, and 2017;[2] the Blue Bulls (formerly Northern Transvaal) have wom the trophy 5 times in 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2009; the Free State Cheetahs have won the trophy 3 times in 2005, 2007 and 2016 and the Sharks have won the trophy 3 times in 2008, 2010 and 2013. In 2006 the trophy was shared by the Free State Cheetahs and Blue Bulls following their 28-28 all draw in a tense final in Bloemfontein. Whilst these days the competition lags behind Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship (previously the Tri-Nations) in the order of importance, the Currie Cup still holds a special place amongst South African rugby supporters and players, with the trophy very much still the holy grail of the South African domestic rugby scene.[citation needed]

text: Teams[edit]

text: From 1996 to 2015, the following 14 provincial unions participated in the Currie Cup:

text:
Currie Cup teams

Team
Home base
Region

Blue Bulls
Pretoria
The Pretoria metropolitan area and the entire Limpopo province

Boland Cavaliers
Wellington
Northern and central districts of the Western Cape province

Border Bulldogs
East London
Eastern districts of the Eastern Cape province

Eastern Province Kings
Port Elizabeth
Western districts of the Eastern Cape province

Falcons
Kempton Park
The East Rand and other municipalities to the east and south of Johannesburg in Gauteng province

Free State Cheetahs
Bloemfontein
Central and western districts of the Free State province

Golden Lions
Johannesburg
Johannesburg and the West Rand

Griffons
Welkom
Northern and eastern districts of the Free State province

Griquas
Kimberley
The entire Northern Cape province

Leopards
Potchefstroom
The entire North West province

Pumas
Nelspruit
The entire Mpumalanga province

Sharks
Durban
The entire KwaZulu-Natal province

SWD Eagles
George
Eastern districts of the Western Cape province

Western Province
Cape Town
Cape Town metropolitan area

text: From 2016, the Currie Cup added Welwitschias, a team from Namibia.[3][4]

text: Champions and Finals[edit]

text: Between 1892 and 1920, the competition was held as a centralised tournament, with the team with the best record crowned as the winner. Between 1922 and 1936 (as well as in three tournaments between 1957 and 1966), the winner was the team with the best record following a round-robin competition. In all the other seasons, a final was played to determine the champion.

text:
Currie Cup Champions and Finals Results

Season
Champions
Runner-Up
Final Result
Final Venue

1892
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1894
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1895
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1897
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1898
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

18991
Griqualand West
N/A
N/A
N/A

1904
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1906
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1908
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1911
Griqualand West
N/A
N/A
N/A

1914
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1920
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1922
Transvaal
N/A
N/A
N/A

1925
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1927
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1929
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1932
Border & Western Province (shared)
N/A
N/A
N/A

1934
Border & Western Province (shared)
N/A
N/A
N/A

1936
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1939
Transvaal
Western Province
17–6
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1946
Northern Transvaal
Western Province
11–9
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1947
Western Province
Transvaal
16–12
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1950
Transvaal
Western Province
22–11
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

1952
Transvaal
Boland
11–9
Wellington

1954
Western Province
Northern Transvaal
11–8
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1956
Northern Transvaal
Natal
9–8
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

1957–19592
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1964
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1966
Western Province
N/A
N/A
N/A

1968
Northern Transvaal
Transvaal
16–3
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1969
Northern Transvaal
Western Province
28–13
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1970
Griqualand West
Northern Transvaal
11–9
De Beers, Kimberley

1971
Northern Transvaal & Transvaal (shared)
N/A
14–14
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

1972
Transvaal
Eastern Transvaal
25–19
Pam Brink Stadium, Springs

1973
Northern Transvaal
Free State
30–22
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1974
Northern Transvaal
Transvaal
17–15
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1975
Northern Transvaal
Free State
12–6
Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein

1976
Free State
Western Province
33–16
Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein

1977
Northern Transvaal
Free State
27–12
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1978
Northern Transvaal
Free State
13–9
Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein

1979
Northern Transvaal & Western Province (shared)
N/A
15–15
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1980
Northern Transvaal
Western Province
39–9
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1981
Northern Transvaal
Free State
23–6
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1982
Western Province
Northern Transvaal
24–7
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1983
Western Province
Northern Transvaal
9–3
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1984
Western Province
Natal
19–9
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1985
Western Province
Northern Transvaal
22–15
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1986
Western Province
Transvaal
22–9
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1987
Northern Transvaal
Transvaal
24–18
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

1988
Northern Transvaal
Western Province
19–18
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1989
Northern Transvaal & Western Province (shared)
N/A
16–16
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1990
Natal
Northern Transvaal
18–12
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1991
Northern Transvaal
Transvaal
27–15
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1992
Natal
Transvaal
14–13
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

1993
Transvaal
Natal
21–15
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

1994
Transvaal
Free State
56–33
Springbok Park, Bloemfontein

1995
Natal
Western Province
25–17
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

1996
Sharks6
Golden Lions3
33–15
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

1997
Western Province
Free State Cheetahs4
14–12
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

1998
Blue Bulls5
Western Province
24–20
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

1999
Golden Lions
Sharks
32–9
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

2000
Western Province
Sharks
25–15
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

2001
Western Province
Sharks
29–24
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

2002
Blue Bulls
Golden Lions
31–7
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

2003
Blue Bulls
Sharks
40–19
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

2004
Blue Bulls
Free State Cheetahs
42–33
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

2005
Free State Cheetahs
Blue Bulls
29–25
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

2006
Blue Bulls & Free State Cheetahs (shared)
N/A
28–28
Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein

2007
Free State Cheetahs
Golden Lions
20–18
Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein

2008
Sharks
Blue Bulls
14–9
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

2009
Blue Bulls
Free State Cheetahs
36–24
Loftus Versfeld, Pretoria

2010
Sharks
Western Province
30–10
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

2011
Golden Lions
Sharks
42–16
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

2012
Western Province
Sharks
25–18
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

2013
Sharks
Western Province
33–19
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

2014
Western Province
Golden Lions
19–16
Newlands Stadium, Cape Town

2015
Golden Lions
Western Province
32–24
Ellis Park Stadium, Johannesburg

2016
Free State Cheetahs
Blue Bulls
36–16
Free State Stadium, Bloemfontein

2017
Western Province
Sharks
33–21
Kings Park Stadium, Durban

text: In addition to the winners above, Western Province also won the South African Rugby Board Trophy in 1889. This tournament was effectively the precursor to the Currie Cup, which started in 1892.

text:
1 Western Province and Transvaal did not compete.
2 Contested over two seasons.
3 Transvaal were renamed the Gauteng Lions; now known as Golden Lions.
4 Orange Free State were renamed the Free State Cheetahs.
5 Northern Transvaal were renamed the Blue Bulls.

text: Overall winners[edit]

text:
Team
Number of wins
Notes
Most recent

Western Province
34
Four shared
2017

Northern Transvaal/Blue Bulls
23
Four shared
2009

Transvaal/Gauteng Lions/Golden Lions
11
One shared
2015

Natal/Sharks
7

2013

Orange Free State/Free State Cheetahs
5
One shared
2016

Griqualand West/Griquas
3

1970

Border/Border Bulldogs
2
Two shared
1934

text: Since the competition become established as an annual competition in 1968 (see History above).

text:
Team
Number of wins
Notes
Most recent

Northern Transvaal/Blue Bulls
21
Four shared
2009

Western Province
13
Two shared
2017

Natal/Sharks
7

2013

Transvaal/Gauteng Lions/Golden Lions
7
One shared
2015

Orange Free State/Free State Cheetahs
5
One shared
2016

Griqualand West/Griquas
1

1970

text: Records and statistics[edit]

text: Most career matches

text:
Name
Team/s
Seasons
Games

Jacques Botes
Pumas/Sharks
2002–2014

156

Helgard Müller
Free State Cheetahs
1983–1998

142

Rudi Visagie
Free State/Natal/Mpumalanga
1980–1996

141

Chris Badenhorst
Free State Cheetahs
1987–1999

136

Burger Geldenhuys
Blue Bulls
1977–1989

128

André Joubert
Free State/Natal
1986–1999

126

text:
Most career points

1. 1699 Naas Botha (Northern Transvaal) 1977–1992
2. 1412 Willem de Waal (Leopards/Free State/WP) 2002–2010
3. 1402 Eric Herbert (Northern Free State(Griffons)/Free State) 1986–2001
4. 1210 De Wet Ras (Free State/Natal) 1974–1986
5. 1165 André Joubert (Free State/Natal) 1986–1999

Most career tries

1. 74 John Daniels (Golden Lions/Boland Cavaliers)
2. 66 Breyton Paulse (Western Province)
3. 65 Chris Badenhorst (Free State)
4. 58 André Joubert (Free State/Natal)
5. 51 Gerrie Germishuys (Free State/Transvaal)
5. 51 Carel du Plessis (Western Province/Transvaal)
5. 51 Niel Burger (Western Province)
5. 51 Jan-Harm Van Wyk (Free State/Pumas)

Most individual points in a season

1. 268 Johan Heunis (Northern Transvaal) 1989
2. 263 Gavin Lawless (Golden Lions) 1996
3. 252 Casper Steyn (Blue Bulls) 1999
4. 230 Kennedy Tsimba (Cheetahs) 2003
5. 228 Kennedy Tsimba (Cheetahs) 2002

Most team points in a season

Sharks (792 in 1996)

Most individual tries in a season

1. 21 Bjorn Basson (Griquas) 2010
2. 19 Carel Du Plessis (Western Province) 1989
2. 19 Colin Lloyd (Leopards) 2006
4. 18 Ettiene Botha (Blue Bulls) 2004
5. 16 Jan-Harm Van Wyk (Free State) 1997
6. 15 Phillip Burger (Cheetahs) 2006

Most team tries in a season

Sharks (112 in 1996)

Most points in match

Jannie de Beer – 46 v. Northern Free State in 1997

Most tries in a match

Jacques Olivier – 7 v SWD in 1996

Most final appearances

Burger Geldenhuys 11 (Northern Transvaal—between 1977 and 1989)
Naas Botha 11 (Northern Transvaal—between 1977 and 1991)

text: Broadcasting rights[edit]

text:
SuperSport broadcasts live Currie Cup matches in South Africa.
Setanta Sports Asia broadcasts live Currie Cup matches in Asia.
Sky Sports broadcasts live Currie Cup matches in the United Kingdom.


document_title: Josie (Steely Dan song)

question_text: who played bass on josie by steely dan

question_tokens: who played bass on josie by steely dan

text: Josie (Steely Dan song)

text: Lyrics and music[edit]

text: Becker and Fagen wrote an early version of "Josie" well before the recordings for Aja took place.[2]  While most of the songs on the album fuse jazz with rock, Allmusic critic Stewart Mason describes "Josie" has as the album's "most conventional rocker."[3]  Nonetheless "Josie"  incorporates many jazz chords.[4]  Don Breithaupt sees an influence from the Delta blues, particularly in the "stark open fifths and lyric-driven rhythm," but Breithaupt also notes that it incorporates "exotic open chords derived from the parallel Phrygian scale."[5] Rolling Stone critic Michael Duffy describes it has having "tight, modal tunes with good hooks in the choruses, solid beats with intricate counter rhythms and brilliantly concise guitar solos" as well as a complex horn chart and "schmaltzy" L.A. jazz riffs.[6]   Mason praises the song's "sly irony and danceable R&B groove."[3]  J.J. Syrja notes that the song even echoes disco, but doesn't "fall victim" to it.[7]

text: Becker plays a guitar solo on the song, one of the few on Aja.[3]  Steely Dan biographer Brian Sweet particularly praised his solo, calling it "a real stormer."[8]    Fagen sings the lead vocals.[6]  The other musicians on the song include Chuck Rainey on bass guitar, Victor Feldman on electric piano and Larry Carlton and Dean Parks on guitar.[5]  The drummer is Jim Keltner, who critic Victor Aaron particularly praises for a fill that restarts the song near the end after a brief pause.[4][2]

text:
Seguin Gazette-Enterprise reviewer J.J. Syrja describes the song as "a tasty ditty about a community girl in the truest sense of the word."[7]  "The lyrics describe the boys of the neighborhood celebrating the return of a fun-loving girl named Josie who may have a shady past and anticipating the debauchery that may ensue.[3][4][6][2]  Sweet suggests that she may be returning from prison.[8]
Kentucky musician and songwriter Chris Gast points to the possibility that the Steely dan classic , "Josie", is in reference to a girl being away at college, and coming home for a visit.  Perhaps it is the holiday season, the time of year when many students return home and the bars swell with people.  Maybe Josie, or someone like her, was a crush of the songwriter.
The lyric, "She's the pride of the neighborhood", from Josie, suggests that she got out.  Josie is someone to be looked up to, almost untouchable in some way.  She remembers her friends at home, but she is moving on in her life, and is rarely seen by her friends in recent years. The line, "When Josie comes home, so bad... She's the best friend we never had", suggests her friends at home feel a touch of friendly jealousy towards her for leaving.  They still love Josie, however, and whenever she comes back to town, it is cause for celebration.
It is also plausible that Josie is a celebrity or star of some kind from the area, and she is returning home to visit.  The lyric, "She's the raw flame, the live wire...", tells the listener that Josie is held in high esteem by her peers.  As for the student interpretation, Fagen also references the college years in Steely Dan's, "My Old School".

text:
Donald Fagen – synthesizers, vocals
Walter Becker – guitar solos
Victor Feldman – electric piano
Larry Carlton – guitar
Chuck Rainey – bass
Jim Keltner – drums, percussion
Timothy B. Schmit – backing vocals

text: Reception[edit]

text: Josie was released as the third single from Aja, following "Peg" and "Deacon Blues."[5][8]  A non-Aja single, "FM (No Static at All)," was released between "Deacon Blues" and "Josie."[5]  Although the earlier two Aja singles reached the Top 20, "Josie" fell a little short of that, peaking at number 26 on the Billboard Hot 100.[8][10]  It also reached #44 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart.[11]

text: "Josie" was included on several Steely Dan compilation albums, including Greatest Hits in 1978, Citizen Steely Dan in 1993 and Showbiz Kids: The Steely Dan Story, 1972–1980 in 2000.[12][13][14]  Several live versions were released, including on Alive in America in 1995, Plush TV Jazz-Rock Party in 2000 and Green Flower Street: Radio Broadcast 1993 in 2015.[15][16]