document_title: Fission (biology)

question_text: what type of nuclear division is involved in asexual reproduction

text: Fission (biology)

text: Binary fission[edit]

text: Organisms in the domains of Archaea and Bacteria reproduce with binary fission. This form of asexual reproduction and cell division is also used by some organelles within eukaryotic organisms (e.g., mitochondria). Binary fission results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell (or organelle) by dividing the cell into two parts, each with the potential to grow to the size of the original.

text: Fission of prokaryotes[edit]

text: The single DNA molecule first replicates, then attaches each copy to a different part of the cell membrane. When the cell begins to pull apart, the replicated and original chromosomes are separated. The consequence of this asexual method of reproduction is that all the cells are genetically identical, meaning that they have the same genetic material (barring random mutations). Unlike the process of mitosis used by eukaryotic cells, binary fission takes place without the formation of a spindle apparatus in the cell.

text: Process of bacterial fission[edit]

text: The process of binary fission in bacteria involves the following steps. First, the cell's DNA is replicated. The replicated DNA copies then move to opposite poles of the cell in an energy-dependent process.[4] The cell lengthens. Then, the equatorial plate of the cell constricts and separates the plasma membrane such that each new cell has exactly the same genetic material.

text: More specifically, the following steps occur:

text:
The bacterium before binary fission is when the DNA is tightly coiled.
The DNA of the bacterium has uncoiled and duplicated.
The DNA is pulled to the separate poles of the bacterium as it increases size to prepare for splitting.
The growth of a new cell wall begins to separate the bacterium.
The new cell wall fully develops, resulting in the complete split of the bacterium.
The new daughter cells have tightly coiled DNA rods, ribosomes, and plasmids; these are now brand new organisms.

tag: ol

text: Speed of bacterial fission[edit]

text: Binary fission is generally rapid though its speed varies between species. For E. coli, cells typically divide about every 20 minutes at 37 °C.[5] Because the new cells will, in turn, undergo binary fission on their own, the time binary fission requires is also the time the bacterial culture requires to double in the number of cells it contains. This time period can therefore be referred to as the doubling time. Some species other than E. coli may have faster or slower doubling times: some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may have doubling times of nearly 100 hours.[6] Bacterial growth is limited by factors including nutrient availability and available space, so binary fission occurs at much lower rates in bacterial cultures once they enter the stationary phase of growth.

text: Fission of organelles[edit]

text: Some organelles in eukaryotic cells reproduce using binary fission. Mitochondrial fission occurs frequently within the cell, even when the cell is not actively undergoing mitosis, and is necessary to regulate the cell's metabolism.[7]

text: Types of Binary Fission[edit]

text: Binary fission in organisms can occur in four ways, irregular,longitudinal, transverse, oblique.

text:
Irregular: In this fission, cytokinesis may take place along any plane but it is always perpendicular to the plane of karyokinesis. e.g. amoeba
Longitudinal: Here cytokinesis takes place along the longitudinal axis. e.g. in flagellates like Euglena.
Transverse: Here cytokinesis takes place along the transverse axis. e.g. in ciliate protzoans like paramecium.
Oblique: In this type of binary fission cytokinesis occurs obliquely. e.g. ceratium

text: Multiple fission[edit]

text: Fission of protists[edit]

text: Multiple fission at the cellular level occurs in many protists, e.g. sporozoans and algae. The nucleus of the parent cell divides several times by amitosis, producing several nuclei. The cytoplasm then separates, creating multiple daughter cells.[8][9][10]

text: Some parasitic, single-celled organisms undergo a multiple fission-like process to produce numerous daughter cells from a single parent cell. Isolates of the human parasite Blastocystis hominis were observed to begin such a process within 4 to 6 days.[11] Cells of the fish parasite Trypanoplasma borreli have also been observed participating in both binary and multiple fission.[12]

text: Fission of apicomplexans[edit]

text: In the apicomplexans, a phylum of parasitic protists, multiple fission, or schizogony, is manifested either as merogony, sporogony or gametogony. Merogony results in merozoites, which are multiple daughter cells, that originate within the same cell membrane,[13][14] sporogony results in sporozoites, and gametogony results in microgametes.

text: Fission of green algae[edit]

text: Green algae can divide into more than two daughter cells. The exact number of daughter cells depends on the species of algae and is an effect of temperature and light.[15]

text: Multiple fission of bacteria[edit]

text: Most species of bacteria primarily undergo binary reproduction. Some species and groups of bacteria may undergo multiple fission as well, sometimes beginning or ending with the production of spores.[16] The species Metabacterium polyspora, a symbiont of guinea pigs, has been found to produce multiple endospores in each division.[17] Some species of cyanobacteria have also been found to reproduce through multiple fission.[18]

text: Plasmotomy[edit]

text: Some protozoans reproduce by yet another mechanism of fission called as plasmotomy. In this type of fission, a multinucleate adult parent undergoes cytokinesis to form two multinucleate( or coenocytic) daughter cells. The daughter cells so produced undergo karyokinesis, further.

text: Such type of reproduction are shown by opalina and pelomyxa.

text: Clonal fragmentation[edit]

text: Fragmentation in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning where an organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are clones of the original organism. In echinoderms, this method of reproduction is usually known as fissiparity.[19]

text: Population fission[edit]

text: Any splitting of a single population of individuals into discrete parts may be considered fission. A population may undergo fission for a variety of reasons, including migration or geographic isolation. Because the fission leads to genetic variance in the newly isolated, smaller populations, population fission is a precursor to speciation.[20][21]


document_title: Fontanelle

question_text: when does a baby's posterior fontanelle close

question_tokens: when does a baby 's posterior fontanelle close

root

text: Fontanelle

text: Structure[edit]

text: The skull of a baby consists of five main bones: two frontal bones, two parietal bones, and one occipital bone. These are joined by fibrous sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth and brain growth.

tag: p

text:
Posterior fontanelle is triangle-shaped. It lies at the junction between the sagittal suture and lambdoid suture. At birth, the skull features a small posterior fontanelle with an open area covered by a tough membrane, where the two parietal bones adjoin the occipital bone (at the lambda). The posterior fontanelles ossify within 2 or 3 months after birth. This is called intramembranous ossification. The mesenchymal connective tissue turns into bone tissue.
Anterior fontanelle is a diamond-shaped membrane-filled space located between the two frontal and two parietal bones of the developing fetal skull. It persists until approximately 18 months after birth. It is at the junction of the coronal suture and sagittal suture. The fetal anterior fontanelle may be palpated until 18 months. In cleidocranial dysostosis, however, it is often late in closing or may never close. Examination of an infant includes palpating the anterior fontanelle.
Two smaller fontanelles are located on each side of the head, more anteriorly the sphenoidal or anterolateral fontanelle (between the sphenoid, parietal, temporal, and frontal bones) and more posteriorly the mastoid or posterolateral fontanelle (between the temporal, occipital, and parietal bones).

tag: ul

text: During birth, fontanelles enable the bony plates of the skull to flex, allowing the child's head to pass through the birth canal. The ossification of the bones of the skull causes the anterior fontanelle to close over by 9 to 18 months.[3] The sphenoidal and posterior fontanelles close during the first few months of life. The closures eventually form the sutures of the neurocranium. Other than the anterior and posterior fontanelles, the mastoid fontanelle and the sphenoidal fontanelle are also significant.

text: Closure[edit]

text: In humans, the sequence of fontanelle closure is as follows:[2][4]

text:
The posterior fontanelle generally closes 2 to 3 months after birth;
The sphenoidal fontanelle is the next to close around 6 months after birth;
The mastoid fontanelle closes next from 6 to 18 months after birth; and
The anterior fontanelle is generally the last to close between 18–24 months.

text: Clinical significance[edit]

text: The fontanelle may pulsate, and although the precise cause of this is not known, it is perfectly normal and seems to echo the heartbeat, perhaps via the arterial pulse within the brain vasculature, or in the meninges. This pulsating action is how the soft spot got its name – fontanelle is borrowed from the old French word fontenele, which is a diminutive of fontaine, meaning "spring". It is assumed that the term spring is used because of the analogy of the dent in a rock or earth where a spring arises.[5]

text: Parents may worry that their infant may be more prone to injury at the fontanelles. In fact, although they may colloquially be called "soft-spots", the membrane covering the fontanelles is extremely tough and difficult to penetrate.[6]

text: Fontanelles allow the infant brain to be imaged using ultrasonography. Once they are closed, most of the brain is inaccessible to ultrasound imaging, because the bony skull presents an acoustic barrier.[6]

text: Disease[edit]

text: Fontanelles – bulging[edit]

text: A very tense or bulging anterior fontanelle indicates raised intracranial pressure. Increased cranial pressure in infants may cause the fontanelles to bulge or the head to begin to enlarge abnormally.[7] It can occur due to:[4]

text:
Encephalitis – swelling (inflammation) of the brain, most often due to infections
Hydrocephalus – a buildup of fluid inside the skull
Meningitis—infection of the membranes covering the brain
Abusive Head Trauma (AHT) previously called Shaken Baby Syndrome

text: Fontanelles – sunken[edit]

text: A sunken (also called "depressed") fontanelle indicates dehydration or malnutrition.[8]

text: Fontanelles – enlarged[edit]

text: The fontanelles may be enlarged, may be slow to close or may never close most commonly due to causes like:[9]

text:
Down syndrome
Hydrocephalus
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)
Premature birth

text: Rarer causes include:[9]

text:
Achondroplasia
Apert syndrome
Cleidocranial dysostosis
Congenital rubella
Neonatal hypothyroidism
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Rickets

text: In other animals[edit]

text: In apes the fontanelles fuse soon after birth. In chimpanzees the anterior fontanelle is fully closed by 3 months of age.[2]

text: In dogs[edit]

text: One of the more serious problems that can affect canines is known as an "open fontanelle," which occurs when the skull bones at the top of the head fail to close. The problem is often found in conjunction with hydrocephalus, which is a condition in which too much fluid is found within and around the brain, placing pressure on the brain and surrounding tissues. Often the head will appear dome-shaped, and the open fontanelle is noticeable as a "soft spot" on the top of the dog's head. The fluid-filled spaces within the brain, known as ventricles, also become swollen. The increased pressure damages or prevents the development of brain tissue.[10]

text: Not all open fontanelles are connected with hydrocephalus. In many young dogs the skull bones are not fused at birth, but instead will close slowly over a three- to six-month period. Occasionally these bones fail to close, but the dog is still healthy. In these cases, however, the dog's owners need to be very careful, since any injury or bumps to the animal's head could cause significant brain damage, as well as conditions like epilepsy.

text: Additional images[edit]

text:
Fontanelle.

Anterior fontanelle.

Cranial sutures shown from top of head.


document_title: List of NBA All-Stars

question_text: who has been to the most nba all star games

text: List of NBA All-Stars

text: The National Basketball Association (NBA) All-Star Game is an annual exhibition basketball game played between the Eastern-Conference and the Western-Conference All-Stars. It is the main event of the NBA All-Star Weekend. Twelve players—five starters and seven reserves—from each conference are chosen from a pool of 120 players—60 players from each conference with 24 guards and 24 frontcourts (forwards and centers)—listed on the ballots by a panel of sport writers and broadcasters. The starters are chosen by a combination of fans, media, and current players. Fans may vote using a variety of online platforms, and account for 50% of the vote, with the media and current players each accounting for 25%.[1] The reserves are chosen by voting among the head coaches of each team's particular conference. Coaches are not allowed to vote for their own players, and can select two guards, three big men, and two players regardless of positions.[2] If a player is unable to participate due to injury, the NBA commissioner will select a replacement.[3] The 1999 All-Star Game was canceled due to the league's lockout.[4]

text: The following is a list of NBA All-Stars, players who have been selected for the NBA All-Star Game at least once in their career.[5] Note that the number indicates the player's number of selections—not the number of games played. For instance, Michael Jordan was named to the All-Star Game roster 14 times, but missed the 1986 game due to injury.[6] As of the 2018 All-Star Game, 417 players have been selected to an All-Star Game roster at least once. However, only 286 of them have earned multiple selections to the game.

text: Hall of Famer Kareem Abdul-Jabbar holds the record for most All-Star Game selections and most All-Star Games played. He was selected 19 times and played in 18 All-Star games.[a] LeBron James holds the record for most All-Star Game selections among active players, with 14 selections. LeBron James also holds the record for most consecutive games played, with 14. Bob Cousy and John Havlicek are tied for second most consecutive games actually played, appearing in 13 straight All-Star Games. Tim Duncan also played in 13 straight All-Star Games if the lockout-cancelled 1999 game is excluded. Several players were named to All-Star Game rosters, but never actually played in the game due to injury.

text:
#
The number of times the player has been selected to play in the All-Star Game

^
Denotes player who is still active as of the 2017–18 season

*
Elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as player

†
Not yet eligible for Hall of Fame consideration[7]

§
1st time nominee for Hall of Fame in 2018

tag: table

text: Note: Statistics are correct as February 8, 2018.

text:
Player
#
Selections[c]
Notes
Reference

Abdul-Jabbar, KareemKareem Abdul-Jabbar*[a]
19
1970–1977; 1979–1989
Missed 1973[8] game
[9]

Bryant, KobeKobe Bryant†
18
1998; 2000–2016
Missed 2010,[10] 2014,[11] and 2015[12] games
[13]

Duncan, TimTim Duncan†
15
1998; 2000–2011; 2013; 2015

[14]

Garnett, KevinKevin Garnett†
15
1997–1998; 2000–2011; 2013
Missed 2008[15] game
[16]

O'Neal, ShaquilleShaquille O'Neal*
15
1993–1998; 2000–2007; 2009
Missed 1997,[17] 2001,[18] and 2002[19] games
[20]

James, LeBronLeBron James^
14
2005–2018

[21]

Jordan, MichaelMichael Jordan*
14
1985–1993; 1996–1998; 2002–2003
Missed 1986[22] game
[23]

Malone, KarlKarl Malone*
14
1988–1998; 2000–2002
Missed 1990[24] and 2002[19] games
[25]

West, JerryJerry West*
14
1961–1974
Missed 1969[26] and 1974[27] games
[28]

Chamberlain, WiltWilt Chamberlain*
13
1960–1969; 1971–1973

[29]

Cousy, BobBob Cousy*
13
1951–1963

[30]

Havlicek, JohnJohn Havlicek*
13
1966–1978

[31]

Nowitzki, DirkDirk Nowitzki^
13
2002–2012; 2014–2015

[32]

Bird, LarryLarry Bird*
12
1980–1988; 1990–1992,
Missed 1991[33] and 1992[34] games
[35]

Hayes, ElvinElvin Hayes*
12
1969–1980

[36]

Johnson, MagicMagic Johnson*
12
1980; 1982–1992
Missed 1989[37] game
[38]

Malone, MosesMoses Malone*
12
1978–1989
Missed 1984[39] game; also a one-time ABA All-Star
[40]

Olajuwon, HakeemHakeem Olajuwon*[b]
12
1985–1990; 1992–1997

[41]

Robertson, OscarOscar Robertson*
12
1961–1972

[42]

Russell, BillBill Russell*
12
1958–1969

[43]

Schayes, DolphDolph Schayes*
12
1951–1962
Missed 1952[44] game
[45]

Thomas, IsiahIsiah Thomas*
12
1982–1993
Missed 1991[33] game
[46]

Wade, DwyaneDwyane Wade^
12
2005–2016
Missed 2015[12] game
[47]

Barkley, CharlesCharles Barkley*
11
1987–1997
Missed 1994[48] and 1997[17] games
[49]

Baylor, ElginElgin Baylor*
11
1959–1965; 1967–1970

[50]

Bosh, ChrisChris Bosh†
11
2006–2016
Missed 2009[51] game
[52]

Erving, JuliusJulius Erving*
11
1977–1987
Also a five-time ABA All-Star
[53]

Ewing, PatrickPatrick Ewing*
11
1986; 1988–1997
Missed 1986[22] and 1997[17] games
[54]

Iverson, AllenAllen Iverson*
11
2000–2010
Missed 2007[55] and 2010[10] games
[56]

Pettit, BobBob Pettit*
11
1955–1965

[57]

Allen, RayRay Allen*
10
2000–2002; 2004–2009; 2011

[58]

Anthony, CarmeloCarmelo Anthony^
10
2007–2008; 2010–2017

[59]

Arizin, PaulPaul Arizin*
10
1951–1952; 1955–1962
Missed 1960[60] game
[61]

Drexler, ClydeClyde Drexler*
10
1986; 1988–1994; 1996–1997
Missed 1997[17] game
[62]

Greer, HalHal Greer*
10
1961–1970

[63]

Kidd, JasonJason Kidd*
10
1996; 1998; 2000–2004; 2007–2008; 2010
Missed 2007[55] game
[64]

Pierce, PaulPaul Pierce†
10
2002–2006; 2008–2012

[65]

Robinson, DavidDavid Robinson*
10
1990–1996; 1998; 2000–2001

[66]

Stockton, JohnJohn Stockton*
10
1989–1997; 2000

[67]

Durant, KevinKevin Durant^
9
2010–2018

[68]

Gervin, GeorgeGeorge Gervin*
9
1977–1985
Also a three-time ABA All-Star
[69]

Parish, RobertRobert Parish*
9
1981–1987; 1990–1991

[70]

Paul, ChrisChris Paul^
9
2008–2016
Missed 2010[10] game
[71]

Payton, GaryGary Payton*
9
1994–1998; 2000–2003

[72]

Wilkens, LennyLenny Wilkens*
9
1963–1965; 1967–1971; 1973

[73]

Wilkins, DominiqueDominique Wilkins*
9
1986–1994
Missed 1992[34] game
[74]

Barry, RickRick Barry*
8
1966–1967; 1973–1978
Missed 1973[8] game; also a four-time ABA All-Star
[75]

Carter, VinceVince Carter^
8
2000–2007
Missed 2002[19] game
[76]

Cowens, DaveDave Cowens*
8
1972–1978; 1980
Missed 1977[77] and 1980[78] games
[79]

DeBusschere, DaveDave DeBusschere*
8
1966–1968; 1970–1974

[80]

English, AlexAlex English*
8
1982–1989

[81]

Foust, LarryLarry Foust
8
1951–1956; 1958–1959
Missed 1952[44] game
[82]

Howard, DwightDwight Howard^
8
2007–2014

[83]

Lanier, BobBob Lanier*
8
1972–1975; 1977–1979; 1982

[84]

Mutombo, DikembeDikembe Mutombo*
8
1992; 1995–1998; 2000–2002

[85]

Nash, SteveSteve Nash*
8
2002–2003; 2005–2008; 2010; 2012
Missed 2007[55] game
[86]

Sharman, BillBill Sharman*
8
1953–1960

[87]

Yao, Ming !Yao Ming*
8
2003–2009; 2011
Missed 2007[55] and 2011[88] games
[89]

Bing, DaveDave Bing*
7
1968–1969; 1971; 1973–1976

[90]

Frazier, WaltWalt Frazier*
7
1970–1976

[91]

Gallatin, HarryHarry Gallatin*
7
1951–1957

[92]

Hill, GrantGrant Hill*
7
1995–1998; 2000–2001; 2005
Missed 2001[18] game
[93]

Johnson, JoeJoe Johnson^
7
2007–2012; 2014
Missed 2012[94] game
[95]

Lucas, JerryJerry Lucas*
7
1964–1969; 1971

[96]

Macauley, EdEd Macauley*
7
1951–1957

[97]

Martin, SlaterSlater Martin*
7
1953–1959

[98]

McGrady, TracyTracy McGrady*
7
2001–2007

[99]

McGuire, DickDick McGuire*
7
1951–1952; 1954–1956; 1958–1959

[100]

McHale, KevinKevin McHale*
7
1984; 1986–1991

[101]

Mourning, AlonzoAlonzo Mourning*
7
1994–1997; 2000–2002
Missed 1994,[48] 1997,[17] and 2001[18] games
[102]

Pippen, ScottieScottie Pippen*
7
1990; 1992–1997

[103]

Reed, WillisWillis Reed*
7
1965–1971

[104]

Sikma, JackJack Sikma
7
1979–1985

[105]

Thurmond, NateNate Thurmond*
7
1965–1968; 1970; 1973–1974
Missed 1968[106] and 1970[107] games
[108]

Walker, ChetChet Walker*
7
1964; 1966–1967; 1970–1971; 1973–1974

[109]

Westbrook, RussellRussell Westbrook^
7
2011–2013; 2015–2018

[110]

White, Jo JoJo Jo White*
7
1971–1977

[111]

Worthy, JamesJames Worthy*
7
1986–1992

[112]

Aldridge, LaMarcusLaMarcus Aldridge^
6
2012–2016; 2018

[113]

Archibald, NateNate Archibald*
6
1973; 1975–1976; 1980–1982

[114]

Costello, LarryLarry Costello
6
1958–1962; 1965
Missed 1962[115] game
[116]

Dantley, AdrianAdrian Dantley*
6
1980–1982; 1984–1986

[117]

Davis, WalterWalter Davis
6
1978–1981; 1984; 1987

[118]

Dumars, JoeJoe Dumars*
6
1990–1993; 1995; 1997

[119]

Gasol, PauPau Gasol^
6
2006; 2009–2011; 2015–2016

[120]

Gilmore, ArtisArtis Gilmore*
6
1978–1979; 1981–1983; 1986
Also a five-time ABA All-Star
[121]

Guerin, RichieRichie Guerin*
6
1958–1963

[122]

Harden, JamesJames Harden^
6
2013–2018

[123]

Heinsohn, TomTom Heinsohn*
6
1957; 1961–1965
Missed 1965[124] game
[125]

Howell, BaileyBailey Howell*
6
1961–1964; 1966–1967

[126]

Hudson, LouLou Hudson
6
1969–1974

[127]

Johnston, NeilNeil Johnston*
6
1953–1958

[128]

Kemp, ShawnShawn Kemp
6
1993–1998

[129]

Mikkelsen, VernVern Mikkelsen*
6
1951–1953; 1955–1957

[130]

O'Neal, JermaineJermaine O'Neal
6
2002–2007
Missed 2006[131] game
[132]

Parker, TonyTony Parker^
6
2006–2007; 2009; 2012–2014

[133]

Richmond, MitchMitch Richmond*
6
1993–1998
Missed 1993[134] game
[135]

Stoudemire, Amar'eAmar'e Stoudemire†
6
2005; 2007–2011

[136]

Twyman, JackJack Twyman*
6
1957–1960; 1962–1963

[137]

Yardley, GeorgeGeorge Yardley*
6
1955–1960

[138]

Billups, ChaunceyChauncey Billups
5
2006–2010

[139]

Braun, CarlCarl Braun
5
1953–1957
Missed 1956[140] game
[141]

Curry, StephenStephen Curry^
5
2014–2018

[142]

Daugherty, BradBrad Daugherty
5
1988–1989; 1991–1993

[143]

Davis, AnthonyAnthony Davis^
5
2014–2018
Missed 2015[12] game
[144]

Embry, WayneWayne Embry*
5
1961–1965
Missed 1963[145] game; inducted as a contributor
[146]

George, PaulPaul George^
5
2013–2014; 2016–2018

[147]

Gola, TomTom Gola*
5
1960–1964
Missed 1962[115] game
[148]

Goodrich, GailGail Goodrich*
5
1969; 1972–1975

[149]

Griffin, BlakeBlake Griffin^
5
2011–2015
Missed 2015[12] game
[150]

Hagan, CliffCliff Hagan*
5
1958–1962
Missed 1958[151] game; also a one-time ABA All-Star
[152]

Hardaway, TimTim Hardaway
5
1991–1993; 1997–1998

[153]

Horford, AlAl Horford^
5
2010–2011; 2015–2016; 2018

[154]

Irving, KyrieKyrie Irving^
5
2013–2015; 2017–2018

[155]

Johnson, DennisDennis Johnson*
5
1979–1982; 1985

[156]

Johnson, GusGus Johnson*
5
1965; 1968–1971

[157]

Johnson, MarquesMarques Johnson
5
1979–1981; 1983; 1986

[158]

Jones, SamSam Jones*
5
1962; 1964–1966; 1968

[159]

LaRusso, RudyRudy LaRusso
5
1962–1963; 1966; 1968–1969
Missed 1962[115] game
[160]

Love, KevinKevin Love^
5
2011–2012; 2014; 2017–2018
Missed 2017[161] and 2018 games
[162]

Maravich, PetePete Maravich*
5
1973–1974; 1977–1979
Missed 1978[163] game
[164]

McAdoo, BobBob McAdoo*
5
1974–1978

[165]

Miller, ReggieReggie Miller*
5
1990; 1995–1996; 1998; 2000

[166]

Moncrief, SidneySidney Moncrief
5
1982–1986

[167]

Mullin, ChrisChris Mullin*
5
1989–1993
Missed 1993[134] game
[168]

Ohl, DonDon Ohl
5
1963–1967

[169]

Phillip, AndyAndy Phillip*
5
1951–1955

[170]

Shue, GeneGene Shue
5
1958–1962

[171]

Tomjanovich, RudyRudy Tomjanovich
5
1974–1977; 1979

[172]

Unseld, WesWes Unseld*
5
1969; 1971–1973; 1975

[173]

Wall, JohnJohn Wall^
5
2014–2018
Missed 2018 game
[174]

Wanzer, BobbyBobby Wanzer*
5
1952–1956

[175]

Webber, ChrisChris Webber
5
1997; 2000–2003
Missed 2003[176] game
[177]

Westphal, PaulPaul Westphal
5
1977–1981

[178]

Baker, VinVin Baker
4
1995–1998

[179]

Bellamy, WaltWalt Bellamy*
4
1962–1965

[180]

Birdsong, OtisOtis Birdsong
4
1979–1981; 1984

[181]

Blackman, RolandoRolando Blackman
4
1985–1987; 1990

[182]

Butler, JimmyJimmy Butler^
4
2015–2018
Missed 2016[183] game
[184]

Chambers, TomTom Chambers
4
1987; 1989–1991

[185]

Cheeks, MauriceMaurice Cheeks*
4
1983; 1986–1988

[186]

Collins, DougDoug Collins
4
1976–1979
Missed 1979[187] game
[188]

Cousins, DeMarcusDeMarcus Cousins^
4
2015–2018
Missed 2018 game
[189]

Cunningham, BillyBilly Cunningham*
4
1969–1972
Also a one-time ABA All-Star
[190]

Dandridge, BobBob Dandridge
4
1973; 1975–1976; 1979

[191]

Davies, BobBob Davies*
4
1951–1954

[192]

DeRozan, DeMarDeMar DeRozan^
4
2014; 2016–2018

[193]

Garmaker, DickDick Garmaker
4
1957–1960

[194]

Green, JohnnyJohnny Green
4
1962–1963; 1965; 1971

[195]

Hardaway, PennyPenny Hardaway
4
1995–1998

[196]

Hawkins, ConnieConnie Hawkins*
4
1970–1973
Also a one-time ABA All-Star
[197]

Haywood, SpencerSpencer Haywood*
4
1972–1975
Also a one-time ABA All-Star
[198]

Hutchins, MelMel Hutchins
4
1953–1954; 1956–1957

[199]

Jones, BobbyBobby Jones
4
1977–1978; 1981–1982
Also a two-time ABA All-Star
[200]

King, BernardBernard King*
4
1982; 1984–1985; 1991

[201]

Laimbeer, BillBill Laimbeer
4
1983–1985; 1987

[202]

Lovellette, ClydeClyde Lovellette*
4
1956-1957; 1960–1961

[203]

Lowry, KyleKyle Lowry^
4
2015–2018

[204]

Lucas, MauriceMaurice Lucas
4
1977–1979; 1983
Also a one-time ABA All-Star
[205]

Marion, ShawnShawn Marion†
4
2003; 2005–2007

[206]

Mikan, GeorgeGeorge Mikan*
4
1951–1954

[207]

Millsap, PaulPaul Millsap^
4
2014–2017

[208]

Monroe, EarlEarl Monroe*
4
1969; 1971; 1975; 1977

[209]

Naulls, WillieWillie Naulls
4
1958; 1960–1962

[210]

Pollard, JimJim Pollard*
4
1951–1952; 1954–1955

[211]

Price, MarkMark Price
4
1989; 1992–1994

[212]

Richardson, Micheal RayMicheal Ray Richardson
4
1980–1982; 1985

[213]

Risen, ArnieArnie Risen*
4
1952–1955
Missed 1955[214] game
[215]

Robertson, AlvinAlvin Robertson
4
1986–1988; 1991

[216]

Rodgers, GuyGuy Rodgers*
4
1963–1964; 1966–1967

[217]

Rondo, RajonRajon Rondo^
4
2010–2013
Missed 2013[218] game
[219]

Sampson, RalphRalph Sampson*
4
1984–1987
Missed 1987[220] game
[221]

Sprewell, LatrellLatrell Sprewell
4
1994–1995; 1997; 2001

[222]

Thompson, DavidDavid Thompson*
4
1977–1979; 1983
Also a one-time ABA All-Star
[223]

Thompson, KlayKlay Thompson^
4
2015–2018

[224]

Wallace, BenBen Wallace
4
2003–2006

[225]

Wallace, RasheedRasheed Wallace
4
2000–2001; 2006; 2008

[226]

Wicks, SidneySidney Wicks
4
1972–1975

[227]

Aguirre, MarkMark Aguirre
3
1984; 1987–1988

[228]

Arenas, GilbertGilbert Arenas
3
2005–2007

[229]

Bridges, BillBill Bridges
3
1967–1968; 1970

[230]

Chenier, PhilPhil Chenier
3
1974–1975; 1977

[231]

Dischinger, TerryTerry Dischinger
3
1963–1965

[232]

Francis, SteveSteve Francis
3
2002–2004

[233]

Gasol, MarcMarc Gasol^
3
2012; 2015; 2017

[234]

Green, DraymondDraymond Green^
3
2016–2018

[235]

Hamilton, RichardRichard Hamilton
3
2006–2008

[236]

Johnson, KevinKevin Johnson
3
1990–1991; 1994

[237]

Jones, EddieEddie Jones
3
1997–1998; 2000

[238]

Kauffman, BobBob Kauffman
3
1971–1973

[239]

Kerr, JohnnyJohnny Kerr
3
1956; 1959; 1963

[240]

Lillard, DamianDamian Lillard^
3
2014–2015; 2018

[241]

Love, BobBob Love
3
1971–1973

[242]

Majerle, DanDan Majerle
3
1992–1993; 1995

[243]

McGinnis, GeorgeGeorge McGinnis*
3
1976–1977; 1979
Also a three-time ABA All-Star
[244]

Mullins, JeffJeff Mullins
3
1969–1971

[245]

Nance, LarryLarry Nance
3
1985; 1989; 1993

[246]

Rice, GlenGlen Rice
3
1996–1998

[247]

Rose, DerrickDerrick Rose^
3
2010–2012

[248]

Roundfield, DanDan Roundfield
3
1980–1982
Missed 1981[249] and 1982[250] games
[251]

Roy, BrandonBrandon Roy
3
2008–2010
Missed 2010[10] game
[252]

Schrempf, DetlefDetlef Schrempf
3
1993; 1995; 1997

[253]

Scott, CharlieCharlie Scott*
3
1973–1975
Also a two-time ABA All-Star
[254]

Seymour, PaulPaul Seymour
3
1953–1955

[255]

Stojaković, PejaPeja Stojaković
3
2002–2004

[256]

Stokes, MauriceMaurice Stokes*
3
1956–1958

[257]

Van Arsdale, DickDick Van Arsdale
3
1969–1971

[258]

Van Arsdale, TomTom Van Arsdale
3
1970–1972

[259]

Van Lier, NormNorm Van Lier
3
1974; 1976–1977

[260]

Walker, AntoineAntoine Walker
3
1998; 2002–2003

[261]

Wilkes, JamaalJamaal Wilkes*
3
1976; 1981; 1983

[262]

Williams, BuckBuck Williams
3
1982–1983; 1986

[263]

Williams, DeronDeron Williams†
3
2010–2012

[264]

Antetokounmpo, GiannisGiannis Antetokounmpo^
2
2017–2018

[265]

Barnhorst, LeoLeo Barnhorst
2
1952–1953

[266]

Beaty, ZelmoZelmo Beaty*
2
1966; 1968
Also a three-time ABA All-Star
[267]

Boozer, CarlosCarlos Boozer†
2
2007–2008
Missed 2007[55] game
[268]

Brand, EltonElton Brand†
2
2002; 2006

[269]

Brandon, TerrellTerrell Brandon
2
1996–1997

[270]

Brian, FrankFrank Brian
2
1951–1952

[271]

Butler, CaronCaron Butler†
2
2007–2008
Missed 2008[15] game
[272]

Caldwell, JoeJoe Caldwell
2
1969–1970
Also a two-time ABA All-Star
[273]

Clark, ArchieArchie Clark
2
1968; 1972

[274]

Cummings, TerryTerry Cummings
2
1985; 1989

[275]

Davis, BaronBaron Davis
2
2002; 2004

[276]

Deng, LuolLuol Deng^
2
2012–2013

[277]

Drew, JohnJohn Drew
2
1976; 1980

[278]

Drummond, AndreAndre Drummond^
2
2016; 2018

[279]

Duckworth, KevinKevin Duckworth
2
1989; 1991

[280]

Dukes, WalterWalter Dukes
2
1960–1961

[281]

Eddleman, DwightDwight Eddleman
2
1951–1952

[282]

Elliott, SeanSean Elliott
2
1993; 1996

[283]

Finley, MichaelMichael Finley
2
2000–2001

[284]

Fulks, JoeJoe Fulks*
2
1951–1952

[285]

George, JackJack George
2
1956–1957

[286]

Ginóbili, ManuManu Ginóbili^
2
2005; 2011

[287]

Hibbert, RoyRoy Hibbert†
2
2012; 2014

[288]

Houston, AllanAllan Houston
2
2000–2001

[289]

Hundley, RodRod Hundley
2
1960–1961

[290]

Ilgauskas, ŽydrūnasŽydrūnas Ilgauskas
2
2003; 2005

[291]

Jamison, AntawnAntawn Jamison
2
2005; 2008

[292]

Johnson, EddieEddie Johnson
2
1980–1981

[293]

Johnson, JohnJohn Johnson
2
1971–1972

[294]

Johnson, LarryLarry Johnson
2
1993; 1995

[295]

Kenon, LarryLarry Kenon
2
1978–1979
Also a three-time ABA All-Star
[296]

Kojis, DonDon Kojis
2
1968–1969

[297]

Lee, DavidDavid Lee†
2
2010; 2013

[298]

Leonard, KawhiKawhi Leonard^
2
2016–2017

[299]

Lever, FatFat Lever
2
1988; 1990

[300]

Lewis, RashardRashard Lewis
2
2005; 2009

[301]

Malone, JeffJeff Malone
2
1986–1987

[302]

Manning, DannyDanny Manning
2
1993–1994

[303]

Marbury, StephonStephon Marbury
2
2001; 2003

[304]

Marin, JackJack Marin
2
1972–1973

[305]

Miller, BradBrad Miller
2
2003–2004

[306]

Nixon, NormNorm Nixon
2
1982; 1985

[307]

Noah, JoakimJoakim Noah^
2
2013–2014

[308]

Paxson, JimJim Paxson
2
1983–1984

[309]

Petrie, GeoffGeoff Petrie
2
1971; 1974

[310]

Porter, TerryTerry Porter
2
1991; 1993

[311]

Randolph, ZachZach Randolph^
2
2010; 2013

[312]

Robinson, GlennGlenn Robinson
2
2000–2001

[313]

Robinson, TruckTruck Robinson
2
1978; 1981

[314]

Rocha, RedRed Rocha
2
1951–1952

[315]

Rodman, DennisDennis Rodman*
2
1990; 1992

[316]

Ruland, JeffJeff Ruland
2
1984–1985
Missed 1985[317] game
[318]

Scolari, FredFred Scolari
2
1952–1953
Missed 1953[319] game
[320]

Sears, KenKen Sears
2
1958–1959

[321]

Selvy, FrankFrank Selvy
2
1955; 1962

[322]

Silas, PaulPaul Silas
2
1972; 1975

[323]

Sloan, JerryJerry Sloan
2
1967; 1969

[324]

Smith, PhilPhil Smith
2
1976–1977

[325]

Smith, RandyRandy Smith
2
1976; 1978

[326]

Stackhouse, JerryJerry Stackhouse
2
2000–2001

[327]

Theus, ReggieReggie Theus
2
1981; 1983

[328]

Thomas, IsaiahIsaiah Thomas^
2
2016–2017

[329]

Toney, AndrewAndrew Toney
2
1983–1984

[330]

Tripucka, KellyKelly Tripucka
2
1982; 1984

[331]

Vandeweghe, KikiKiki Vandeweghe
2
1983–1984

[332]

Walker, JimmyJimmy Walker
2
1970; 1972

[333]

Walker, KembaKemba Walker^
2
2017–2018

[334]

Walton, BillBill Walton*
2
1977–1978
Missed 1977[77] game
[335]

Wedman, ScottScott Wedman
2
1976; 1980
Missed 1980[78] game
[336]

West, DavidDavid West^
2
2008–2009

[337]

Williams, GusGus Williams
2
1982–1983

[338]

Winters, BrianBrian Winters
2
1976; 1978

[339]

Abdur-Rahim, ShareefShareef Abdur-Rahim
1
2002

[340]

Adams, AlvanAlvan Adams
1
1976

[341]

Adams, MichaelMichael Adams
1
1992

[342]

Ainge, DannyDanny Ainge
1
1988

[343]

Anderson, KennyKenny Anderson
1
1994

[344]

Armstrong, B. J.B. J. Armstrong
1
1994

[345]

Barksdale, DonDon Barksdale*
1
1953
Inducted as a contributor
[346]

Barnett, DickDick Barnett
1
1968

[347]

Barros, DanaDana Barros
1
1995

[348]

Beal, BradleyBradley Beal^
1
2018

[349]

Beard, ButchButch Beard
1
1972

[350]

Beard, RalphRalph Beard
1
1951

[351]

Blaylock, MookieMookie Blaylock
1
1994

[352]

Block, JohnJohn Block
1
1973

[353]

Boozer, BobBob Boozer
1
1968

[354]

Boryla, VinceVince Boryla
1
1951

[355]

Bradley, BillBill Bradley*
1
1973

[356]

Brown, FredFred Brown
1
1976

[357]

Buse, DonDon Buse
1
1977
Also a one-time ABA All-Star
[358]

Bynum, AndrewAndrew Bynum
1
2012

[359]

Carr, AustinAustin Carr
1
1974

[360]

Carroll, Joe BarryJoe Barry Carroll
1
1987

[361]

Cartwright, BillBill Cartwright
1
1980

[362]

Cassell, SamSam Cassell
1
2004

[363]

Ceballos, CedricCedric Ceballos
1
1995
Missed 1995[364] game
[365]

Chandler, TysonTyson Chandler^
1
2013

[366]

Chappell, LenLen Chappell
1
1964

[367]

Clifton, NathanielNathaniel Clifton*
1
1957

[368]

Coleman, DerrickDerrick Coleman
1
1994

[369]

Coleman, JackJack Coleman
1
1955

[370]

Davis, AntonioAntonio Davis
1
2001

[371]

Davis, DaleDale Davis
1
2000

[372]

Divac, VladeVlade Divac
1
2001

[373]

Donaldson, JamesJames Donaldson
1
1988

[374]

Dragić, GoranGoran Dragić^
1
2018

[375]

Eaton, MarkMark Eaton
1
1989

[376]

Ellis, DaleDale Ellis
1
1989

[377]

Embiid, JoelJoel Embiid^
1
2018

[378]

Felix, RayRay Felix
1
1954

[379]

Floyd, SleepySleepy Floyd
1
1987

[380]

Free, World B.World B. Free
1
1980

[381]

Gabor, BillyBilly Gabor
1
1953

[382]

Gatling, ChrisChris Gatling
1
1997

[383]

Granger, DannyDanny Granger†
1
2009

[384]

Grant, HoraceHorace Grant
1
1994

[385]

Green, A. C.A. C. Green
1
1990

[386]

Green, RickeyRickey Green
1
1984

[387]

Groza, AlexAlex Groza
1
1951

[388]

Gugliotta, TomTom Gugliotta
1
1997

[389]

Harris, DevinDevin Harris^
1
2009

[390]

Harrison, BobBob Harrison
1
1956

[391]

Hawkins, HerseyHersey Hawkins
1
1991

[392]

Hayward, GordonGordon Hayward^
1
2017

[393]

Hazzard, WaltWalt Hazzard
1
1968

[394]

Hill, TyroneTyrone Hill
1
1995

[395]

Holiday, JrueJrue Holiday^
1
2013

[396]

Hollins, LionelLionel Hollins
1
1978

[397]

Hornacek, JeffJeff Hornacek
1
1992

[398]

Howard, JoshJosh Howard
1
2007

[399]

Howard, JuwanJuwan Howard
1
1996

[400]

Iguodala, AndreAndre Iguodala^
1
2012

[401]

Imhoff, DarrallDarrall Imhoff
1
1967

[402]

Issel, DanDan Issel*
1
1977
Also a six-time ABA All-Star
[403]

Jackson, LuciousLucious Jackson
1
1965

[404]

Jackson, MarkMark Jackson
1
1989

[405]

Johnson, SteveSteve Johnson
1
1988
Missed 1988[406] game
[407]

Jordan, DeAndreDeAndre Jordan^
1
2017

[408]

Kaman, ChrisChris Kaman†
1
2010

[409]

King, JimJim King
1
1968

[410]

Kirilenko, AndreiAndrei Kirilenko†
1
2004

[411]

Knight, BillyBilly Knight
1
1977
Also a one-time ABA All-Star
[412]

Korver, KyleKyle Korver^
1
2015

[413]

Lacey, SamSam Lacey
1
1975

[414]

Laettner, ChristianChristian Laettner
1
1997

[415]

Lee, ClydeClyde Lee
1
1968

[416]

Lewis, ReggieReggie Lewis
1
1992

[417]

Lopez, BrookBrook Lopez^
1
2013

[418]

Magloire, JamaalJamaal Magloire
1
2004

[419]

Martin, KenyonKenyon Martin†
1
2004

[420]

Mashburn, JamalJamal Mashburn
1
2003

[421]

Mason, AnthonyAnthony Mason
1
2001

[422]

McDaniel, XavierXavier McDaniel
1
1988

[423]

McDyess, AntonioAntonio McDyess
1
2001

[424]

McGlocklin, JonJon McGlocklin
1
1969

[425]

Meschery, TomTom Meschery
1
1963

[426]

Miles, EddieEddie Miles
1
1966

[427]

Mitchell, MikeMike Mitchell
1
1981

[428]

Mix, SteveSteve Mix
1
1975

[429]

Molinas, JackJack Molinas
1
1954
Missed 1954[430] game
[431]

Murphy, CalvinCalvin Murphy*
1
1979

[432]

Natt, CalvinCalvin Natt
1
1985

[433]

Nelson, JameerJameer Nelson^
1
2009
Missed 2009[51] game
[434]

Noble, ChuckChuck Noble
1
1960

[435]

Oakley, CharlesCharles Oakley
1
1994

[436]

Okur, MehmetMehmet Okur
1
2007

[437]

Oladipo, VictorVictor Oladipo^
1
2018

[438]

Pierce, RickyRicky Pierce
1
1991

[439]

Porziņģis, KristapsKristaps Porziņģis^
1
2018
Missed 2018 game
[440]

Price, JimJim Price
1
1975

[441]

Ratliff, TheoTheo Ratliff
1
2001
Missed 2001[18] game
[442]

Redd, MichaelMichael Redd
1
2004

[443]

Regan, RichieRichie Regan
1
1957

[444]

Rivers, DocDoc Rivers
1
1988

[445]

Robinson, CliffordClifford Robinson
1
1994

[446]

Robinson, FlynnFlynn Robinson
1
1970

[447]

Rowe, CurtisCurtis Rowe
1
1976

[448]

Rule, BobBob Rule
1
1970

[449]

Russell, CampyCampy Russell
1
1979

[450]

Russell, CazzieCazzie Russell
1
1972

[451]

Sauldsberry, WoodyWoody Sauldsberry
1
1959

[452]

Schaus, FredFred Schaus
1
1951

[453]

Shaffer, LeeLee Shaffer
1
1963

[454]

Shelton, LonnieLonnie Shelton
1
1982

[455]

Smith, AdrianAdrian Smith
1
1966

[456]

Smith, SteveSteve Smith
1
1998

[457]

Smits, RikRik Smits
1
1998

[458]

Starks, JohnJohn Starks
1
1994

[459]

Sunderlage, DonDon Sunderlage
1
1954

[460]

Szczerbiak, WallyWally Szczerbiak
1
2002

[461]

Teague, JeffJeff Teague^
1
2015

[462]

Thorpe, OtisOtis Thorpe
1
1992

[463]

Towns, Karl-AnthonyKarl-Anthony Towns^
1
2018

[464]

Van Exel, NickNick Van Exel
1
1998

[465]

Wallace, GeraldGerald Wallace†
1
2010

[466]

Walther, PaulPaul Walther
1
1952

[467]

Washington, KermitKermit Washington
1
1980

[468]

Williams, JaysonJayson Williams
1
1998

[469]

Williams, MoMo Williams†
1
2009

[470]

Willis, KevinKevin Willis
1
1992

[471]

World Peace, MettaMetta World Peace†[d]
1
2004

[472]

Zaslofsky, MaxMax Zaslofsky
1
1952

[473]


document_title: Cutman

question_text: what are the metal things they put on boxers faces

text: Cutman

text: Treatments[edit]

text: Before the fight, cutmen will usually put petroleum jelly on the most likely areas of impact, especially the fighter's face, making the skin more elastic and slippery, and hence less likely to tear. It is not considered good practice to use large amounts of petroleum jelly, since during the fight it is likely to end up on the gloves of the opponent, and later in the eyes of the fighter if the opponent lands a punch close to their eyes. Cutmen might also tape fighters' hands, which helps protect the bones and tendons. Wraps are used during training but are illegal during competition,  though people still commonly use the term "wrap" in error to describe the taping method of using gauze and tape.

text: During the fight, cutmen try to control any swelling or bleeding during the breaks between rounds. Since cutmen are not doctors, and have a very short period of time to treat the fighter, their treatments are limited to advanced first aid treatments.

text: Swelling[edit]

text: Swelling is usually associated with facial hematomas (bruises), and is traditionally reduced by applying firm pressure with a chilled enswell or an ice bag on top of the area of trauma.[2] The cutman presses the enswell against a fighter's skin to cool and reduce swelling from injuries, especially in areas around the eyes where swelling can impair vision. Since the time between rounds is very short, cutmen try to apply the enswell right away and hold it as long as they can, but a common mistake is using the enswell to push directly on the swollen area in an attempt to disperse it or move it into a safer place such as away from the eye.[3] Such treatment will not move the hematoma, and may disrupt the microscopic blood vessels under the skin, thus causing an increase in bleeding and enlargement of the swelled area.[citation needed]

text: Cuts[edit]

text: Cuts (lacerations) are the primary focus of the cutman because unless the bleeding is stopped promptly, the fight physician may stop the fight and declare that the injured fighter has lost the match. Physicians also will stop a match for a laceration that is perpendicular to the eye. The most common area of the face to be cut is around the eye. Cuts are treated by applying a cold towel to clean and simultaneously cool the area of the cut, causing a decrease in blood flow. A cotton swab soaked in epinephrine is applied with pressure to decrease blood flow even more, and Avitene is put into the cut to coagulate the blood.[1] A cutman might also cover the area with petroleum jelly to prevent further damage.

text: Nosebleeds[edit]

text: Most nosebleeds occur near the opening of the nose. To stop the bleeding, cutmen generally apply a cotton swab soaked in adrenaline hydrochloride to the damaged area, while simultaneously pressing the nostril against the cotton swab with the other hand. Once the bleeding has stopped, the area is chilled with an ice pack or an enswell. The fighter is usually instructed to breathe through the mouth during the treatment.[2]

text: A broken nose is a more difficult case, and can be detected by a heavy flow of dark colored blood from the nose. The bleeding is generally treated the same way; however, the fighter is usually instructed to avoid swallowing blood as it may induce nausea or vomiting, and the cutman is more likely to consult the ringside physician to ensure the fighter's safety.

text: Tools[edit]

text: Equipment[edit]

text:
Enswell, sometimes called end-swell, endswell, stop-swell, no-swell or simple eye iron, is a small piece of metal with a handle. It is traditionally kept on ice and is used to cool the area of a bruise or a cut by applying direct pressure to decrease the blood flow to the area.
Cotton swabs are used to apply medications to the fighter's wounds. While some cutmen use ready-made cotton swabs, others make their own.[1] It has been suggested that the practice of past cutmen's in keeping cotton swabs behind their ears or in their mouths is unsanitary and unprofessional.[3]
Ice packs are used to cool bruises, cuts and sprains, and to keep the enswell cold.
Petroleum jelly is put on the cuts and most likely areas of impact to make the skin more elastic and slippery, and hence less likely to tear. Some cutmen cover cuts with homemade salve containing a mix of petroleum jelly and adrenaline chloride, so that adrenaline keeps getting applied to the wound during the bout. Also, perspiration from above the eyes will be prevented from reaching the eyes by applying petroleum jelly to the eyebrows.
Gauze pads are used to dry cuts.
Medical gloves are worn by the cutman to limit the fighter's exposure to infectious matter, as well as limiting the cutman's exposure to blood.

text: Medications[edit]

text: Cutmen used to create their own medications, and the recipes were passed from masters to apprentices as trade secrets. Today, the use of various medications in sports is highly controlled, and most cutmen use only two or three standard medications from the list below.

text:
Adrenaline hydrochloride (also adrenaline [or epinephrine] chloride, usually a 1:1000 solution): Applied topically to decrease blood flow. This is arguably the most common medication used by cutmen.[3]
Avitene (microfibrillar collagen hemostat): Coagulant used for bleeding cuts. Usually used in a powder form.  It works best when the surface is dry.[4]  The treatment includes covering the affected area with Avitene, and applying moderate pressure with dry gauze.
Thrombin: Coagulant used when the blood is removed and the surface is dry.
Surgicel and Gelfoam: Two other substances also used for coagulation, although less frequently than Avitene or Thrombin.
Monsel's solution: This widely outlawed hemostatic quickly stops the blood flow by chemically cauterizing the tissues surrounding the cut, while generating severe scar tissue. The application of a lead-based hemostatic can be recognized by the appearance of a dark ring of damaged tissue around the cut. However, Monsel's solution is an iron (sub)sulfate solution that contains no lead, contrary to popular misconception.[3]

text: Notable cutmen[edit]

text: Chuck Bodak, a legendary boxing cutman who worked with over 50 World Champions including Muhammad Ali, Rocky Marciano, Tommy Hearns, Julio Cesar Chavez, Evander Holyfield and Oscar De La Hoya.[5]

text: Rafael Garcia, a legendary cutman known for working with Floyd Mayweather, Jr.

text: Cutmen in popular culture[edit]

text: Film and TV[edit]

text:
Here Comes the Boom, a 2012 Columbia Pictures film, featured Jacob Duran as a cutman for a fictional UFC fight between "Scott Voss" Kevin James and "Ken Dietrich" Krzysztof Soszynski
Million Dollar Baby, a 2004 Academy Award-winning film. Clint Eastwood stars as a trainer and cutman.
More Than Famous, a 2003 documentary on Salvadoran/American boxer Carlos 'Famoso' Hernández, featured prominent cutman Chuck Bodak as himself.
The Cutman, a 2003 short film by Yon Motskin, is a drama focusing on a cutman's life.
Play It to the Bone, a 1999 Touchstone Pictures film, featured cutmen Chuck Bodak as "Cesar's Cutman" and Jacob Duran as "Vince's Cutman".
In The Boxer, a 1997 Universal Pictures film, Ken Stott plays "Ike Weir", "Danny Flynn's" coach, and is seen performing cutman's duties by treating Danny's cut with two cotton swabs.
In the 1976 film Rocky, during Rocky Balboa's fight with heavyweight champion Apollo Creed, Rocky's cutman is Al, played by former boxing trainer Al Silvani (credited as Al Salvani). During the fight, between the 14th and 15th rounds, Rocky's eyes have swollen so badly that he cannot see, so Salvani famously cuts Rocky's eyelid to restore his vision. He also serves as Rocky's cutman in both Rocky II and Rocky III.
In the 2006 film Rocky Balboa, Jacob Duran portrays a cutman in the corner of Mason Dixon.
In the 2015 film Creed, Jacob Duran portrays himself as the cutman in the corner of Adonis Creed.
The Aaron Sorkin TV show Sports Night includes an episode featuring Allen Garfield as Chuck "the Cut-Man" Kimmel.
The Contender, a TV boxing reality show which exposes and elevates prominent fighters to a celebrity status, earning the opportunity to fight for The Contender title. Featuring Sugar Ray Leonard and Carlos Vargas as the cutman in the corner.
In Hard Times (1975 film) Strother Martin is a cutman.

text: Video games[edit]

text: Fight Night Round 2 and Fight Night: Round 3 by Electronic Arts allow the player to perform the cutman duties during the breaks between rounds. The player has a very limited time to apply enswell to the bruises and treat cuts with adrenaline-soaked cotton swabs.

text: Fiction[edit]

text: Million Dollar Baby: Stories from the Corner by F.X. Toole contains several short stories on the lives of cutmen and their relationships with the fighters.

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ Jump up to: a b c Whisler, John (2004). "Battered boxers want Joe Souza in their corner". www.mysanantonio.com. URL last accessed May 9, 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b Tenny, Dave (2002). "How to Use Enswell and Take Care of a Nosebleed" Archived 2006-04-27 at the Wayback Machine.. www.thecutman.com. URL last accessed March 18, 2006.

^ Jump up to: a b c d Guzman, Trinidad; Duran, Jacob (2004). "Boxing through the eyes of a cutman" Archived 2006-05-04 at the Wayback Machine.. www.fightnews.com. URL last accessed March 18, 2006.

Jump up ^ Davol, Inc. Avitene Microfibrillar Collagen Hemostat Instructions for Use Archived 2006-03-13 at the Wayback Machine.. www.davol.com. URL last accessed March 20, 2006.

Jump up ^ Chuck Bodak passes Fightnews.com, February 6, 2009


document_title: Warrant Officer of the Air Force

question_text: what is a warrant officer in air force

question_tokens: what is a warrant officer in air force

text: Warrant Officer of the Air Force

text:
Warrant Officer of the
Royal Australian Air Force
(WOFF-AF)

Incumbent
Robert Swanwick
since 1 December 2015

Style
Warrant Officer of the Air Force (Warrant Officer)

Term length
3 years

Inaugural holder
Richard ('Dick') Newton

text: Warrant Officer of the Air Force (WOFF-AF) is the most senior Warrant Officer in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). It is a singular appointment – it is only held by one person at any time. The special insignia for the WOFF-AF is the Australian coat of arms with a wreath around it. The current Warrant Officer of the Air Force[1] is Robert Swanwick.

text: Based on the United States Air Force practice of appointing a Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force,[citation needed] the WOFF-AF is responsible to the Chief of Air Force (CAF).

text: The appointment is the equivalent of the Regimental Sergeant Major of the Army (RSM-A) in the Australian Army and Warrant Officer of the Navy (WO-N) in the Royal Australian Navy.

text: The post was created by the then Chief of the Air Staff, Air Marshal I.B. Gration, to provide a conduit between Air Force’s senior leadership and the airman ranks.[2]

text: Appointees[edit]

text:
#
Name
Term
began
Term
ended
Notes

1
Newton, Richard ('Dick')Richard ('Dick') Newton AM
000000001993-02-15-000015 February 1993
1996
[2]

2
Tuckey, BryanBryan Tuckey OAM
1996
1999

3
Boydell, JohnJohn Boydell
000000001999-06-01-0000June 1999
000000002002-08-02-00002 August 2002
[3][4]

4
Hall, PeterPeter Hall AM
000000002002-08-02-00002 August 2002
2005
[3]

5
Woolnough, RayRay Woolnough AM
2005
2008
[5][6]

6
Millar, John ('JJ')John ('JJ') Millar AM
000000002008-12-16-000016 December 2008
000000002011-11-04-00004 November 2011
Promoted to Squadron Leader on leaving post[6][7]

7
Pentreath, MarkMark Pentreath CSM
000000002011-11-04-00004 November 2011
000000002015-12-01-00001 December 2015
[1][8]

8
Swanwick, RobertRobert Swanwick
000000002015-12-01-00001 December 2015
Incumbent

text: Memorabilia[edit]

text: The WOFF-AF has some items that may be presented on occasion, such as the Challenge Coin.