document_title: Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

question_text: when did the last pirates of the caribbean come out

text: Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)

text: Films

text: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)

text: Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner's love, Elizabeth Swann, from cursed pirates led by Jack's mutinous former first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, the Black Pearl, along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold.

text: Dead Man's Chest (2006)

text: Lord Cutler Beckett of the East India Trading Company arrests Will and Elizabeth for aiding Captain Jack Sparrow in the previous film. Beckett offers clemency if Will agrees to search for Jack's compass in a bid to find the Dead Man's Chest – and inside, the heart of villainous Davy Jones – which would give Beckett control of the seas. However, Jack wants the Chest to escape from an unpaid debt with Jones, who made Jack captain of the Black Pearl for 13 years in exchange for 100 years of service aboard Jones' ship, the Flying Dutchman.

text: At World's End (2007)

text: Lord Beckett gains power over Davy Jones and, with the help of the Flying Dutchman, he is now executing his plans to extinguish piracy forever. To stand against the East India Trading Co., Will, Elizabeth, Barbossa, and the crew of the Black Pearl set out to rescue Captain Jack Sparrow from Davy Jones' Locker. As one of the Nine Pirate Lords, Jack is needed in order to release an ancient goddess with the power to defeat Beckett's forces.

text: On Stranger Tides (2011)

text: Captain Jack Sparrow is on a quest to find the fabled Fountain of Youth and crosses paths with a former lover, Angelica. She forces Jack aboard the Queen Anne's Revenge, a ship captained by the infamous pirate Blackbeard, Angelica's father. Both are also in search of the Fountain; Angelica to save her father's soul, Blackbeard to escape a prophecy of his demise at the hands of a one-legged man. Joining the hunt is former pirate captain Barbossa, now a privateer in King George II's Navy, who is in a race against the Spanish for the Fountain of Youth.

text: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)

text: Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow's old nemesis, Captain Armando Salazar, escape from the Devil's Triangle, with the goal of killing every pirate at sea, including him. To survive, Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon, a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses.[2]

text: Pirates of the Caribbean 6 (TBA)

text: Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides, it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back-to-back,[3] although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development. On March 4, 2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure, implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized.[4] The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, and Davy Jones, implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in the sixth film.[5] In September 2017, producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release.[6] In October 2017, Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film.[7] Shortly after, it was announced that Joachim Rønning is being eyed to direct the film.[8]

text: Short film

text: Tales of the Code: Wedlocked (2011)

text: Wenches Scarlett (Lauren Maher) and Giselle (Vanessa Branch) fix each other up for their wedding, in which they would each marry their groom. Upon realizing that both their grooms were the same man – Jack Sparrow – the two wenches find themselves in an auction led by the Auctioneer. The short film serves as a prequel to The Curse of the Black Pearl, explaining just why Jack Sparrow's boat, the Jolly Mon, was seen sinking at the beginning of the whole story, and explaining why wenches Scarlett and Giselle were so upset with him, and it also implies how Cotton lost his tongue. The plot took inspiration from the "Auction scene" from the original ride.

text: The short was directed by James Ward Byrkit,[9] and was only included as a special feature in the US 15 disc 3D Blu-ray/2D Blu-ray/DVD + Digital Copy box set that includes films 1–4; and in the similar UK 5-disc set.

text: Production

text: First film

text: In the early 1990s[10] screenwriters Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio conceived a supernatural spin on the pirate genre after completing work on Aladdin, but there was no interest from any studio. Undeterred, the writing team refused to give up the dream, waiting for a studio to pick up their take on a pirate tale.[11] Disney had Jay Wolpert write a script based on the Pirates of the Caribbean, which producer Jerry Bruckheimer rejected, feeling it was "a straight pirate movie".[12] Bruckheimer brought Stuart Beattie in to rewrite the script in March 2002, due to his knowledge of piracy,[13] and later that month Elliott and Rossio were brought in.[12] Elliott and Rossio, inspired by the opening narration of the Pirates of the Caribbean ride, decided to give the film a supernatural edge.[14] As the budget rose, Michael Eisner and Robert Iger threatened to cancel the film, though Bruckheimer changed their minds when he showed them concept art and animatics.[15]

text: In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl, and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star.[13] Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre, one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood, and recalled his childhood memories of the ride, feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the "scary and funny" tone of it. Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky: rather than trying to find treasure, the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse; also, the traditional mutiny had already taken place. Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa, as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity, but with a simple villainy that would suit the story's tone.[16] Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush, with whom he was working on Ned Kelly, suggested it to him.[17] Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski: he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition.[16] Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann,[13] but the role went to Jonathan Pryce, whom Depp idolized.[16]

text: Shooting for The Curse of the Black Pearl began on October 9, 2002 and wrapped by March 7, 2003.[13] Before its release, many executives and journalists had expected the film to flop, as the pirate genre had not been successful for years, the film was based on a theme-park ride, and Depp rarely made a big film.[18] However, The Curse of the Black Pearl became both a critical and commercial success.

text: Second and third films

text: After seeing how well the first film was made, the cast and crew signed for two sequels to be shot back-to-back,[19] a practical decision on Disney's part to allow more time with the same cast and crew.[20] Writers Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio knew that with an ensemble cast, they weren't free to invent totally different situations and characters, as with the Indiana Jones and James Bond series, and so had to retroactively turn The Curse of the Black Pearl into the first of a trilogy.[21] They wanted to explore the reality of what would happen after Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann's embrace at the end of the first film, and initially considered the Fountain of Youth as the plot device.[22] They settled on introducing Davy Jones, the Flying Dutchman and the Kraken, a mythology mentioned twice in the first film. They introduced the historical East India Trading Company (also mentioned in the first film), which for them represented a counterpoint to the themes of personal freedom represented by pirates.[23]

text: Filming for the sequels began on February 28, 2005,[24] with Dead Man's Chest finishing on March 1, 2006,[25] and At World's End on January 10, 2007.[26] The second film was also the first Disney theatrical feature film with the computer-generated Walt Disney Pictures logo.[27]

text: Fourth film

text: Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film. As Gore Verbinski was unavailable, Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film.[28] Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand-alone film,[29] with a story that would support new characters,[30] and incorporate elements from the novel, such as Blackbeard, the Fountain of Youth and mermaids—the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films.[31] Depp, Rush, Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles,[32] and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica, Blackbeard's daughter and Jack Sparrow's love interest.[33] A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain. After the costly production of two simultaneous films, Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment, giving a lower budget,[34] which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects.[35] It was also filmed in 3D, with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar.[28]

text: Filming for On Stranger Tides began June 14, 2010 and ended on November 19, 2010.[35][36] It was released in the United States on May 20, 2011.[37] With a budget of $378.5 million, On Stranger Tides holds the record for most expensive film ever made.

text: Fifth film

text: On January 14, 2011, it was confirmed that Terry Rossio would write the screenplay for the fifth installment, without his co-writer Ted Elliott.[38] On January 11, 2013, Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film. On May 29, 2013, it was announced that Norwegian directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were selected to direct.[39] On August 22, 2013, the two revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales, alluding to the line well-known from the Pirates of the Caribbean theme park attractions.[40][41][42] Although, the film was given an alternative title, Salazar's Revenge, in selected European, South American and Asian countries for marketing purposes.[43][44] They also confirmed that they were working on the film, speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson's "funny and touching" script and that they are inspired by the first film, The Curse of the Black Pearl.[45][46] On September 10, 2013, Disney pushed back the film's initial 2015 release,[47] with sources indicating that a Summer 2016 release is likely.[48] Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script issues were behind the delay, and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well-received outline.[49] While Disney originally announced a release on July 7, 2017,[50][51] Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on May 26, 2017.[52]

text: A spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.[53] According to Australian film industry sources, pre-production started in late September 2014 with filming expected to commence in February 2015.[54] This was officially confirmed by Disney and Ian Walker the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2, 2014, stating that filming will take place exclusively in Australia, being the largest production to ever shoot in the country. Village Roadshow Studios and Port Douglas were officially confirmed as filming locations.[55] Production began in Australia on February 17, 2015 and wrapped on July 9, 2015.[56]

text: Principal cast

text:
This table shows the recurring characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise.
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's presence in the film has not yet been announced.
A C indicates a cameo appearance.
A L indicates an appearance wherein an actor's facial features were digitally imprinted upon another actor's face.
A Y indicates an appearance as a younger version of a pre-existing character.

text:
Character
Films

The Curse of the Black Pearl
(2003)
Dead Man's Chest
(2006)
At World's End
(2007)
On Stranger Tides
(2011)
Dead Men Tell No Tales
(2017)

Captain Jack Sparrow
Johnny Depp[16][19][57]
Johnny Depp[58][59]

Anthony De La TorreY[60]

Captain Hector Barbossa
Geoffrey Rush[16][19][61][59]

Joshamee Gibbs
Kevin McNally[19][62][59]

William "Will" Turner, Jr.
Orlando Bloom[63]

Dylan SmithY
Orlando Bloom[19]

Orlando BloomC[64]

Elizabeth Swann
Pirate King
Keira Knightley[16]

Lucinda DryzekY[65][66]
Keira Knightley[19]

Keira KnightleyC[67]

Marty
Martin Klebba[68][19]

Martin Klebba

James Norrington
Jack Davenport[68][19]

Weatherby Swann
Jonathan Pryce[68][16][19]

Pintel
Lee Arenberg[68][19]

Ragetti
Mackenzie Crook[68][19]

Cotton
David Bailie[68][19]

Mullroy
Angus Barnett[68]

Angus Barnett[69]

Angus Barnett[70]

Murtogg
Giles New[68]

Giles New[69]

Giles New[70]

Theodore Groves
Greg Ellis[68]

Greg Ellis[69][62]

Gillette
Damian O'Hare[68]

Damian O'Hare[71]

Anamaria
Zoe Saldana[68][72]

Davy Jones

Bill Nighy[73]

  Silhouette onlyC[74][75]

William Turner, Sr.
Bootstrap Bill

Stellan Skarsgård[76]

Cutler Beckett

Tom Hollander[77]

Tia Dalma
Calypso

Naomie Harris[78]

Sao Feng

Chow Yun-fat[79]

Captain Edward Teague

Keith Richards[80][81]
Alexander ScheerY

Keith RichardsL[82]

Henry Turner

Dominic Scott Kay

Brenton Thwaites[83][59]

Lewis McGowanY[84]

Scrum

Stephen Graham[85][59]

Captain Edward Teach
Blackbeard

Ian McShane[86]

Angelica Teach

Penélope Cruz[86]

Philip Swift

Sam Claflin[87]

Syrena

Àstrid Bergès-Frisbey[88][89]

Captain Armando Salazar

Javier Bardem[59]

Carina Barbossa
Carina Smyth

Kaya Scodelario[59]

"Uncle" Jack Teague

Paul McCartney[90]

text: Crew

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Director(s)
Screenwriter(s)
Story by
Cinematographer
Producer

The Curse of the Black Pearl
July 9, 2003 (2003-07-09)
Gore Verbinski[91][19]
Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio[14][92][19]
Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio and Stuart Beattie and Jay Wolpert[14]
Dariusz Wolski
[68][93][69][94]
Jerry Bruckheimer
[92][95][19][28][59]

Dead Man's Chest
July 7, 2006 (2006-07-07)
Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio[19]

At World's End
May 25, 2007 (2007-05-25)

On Stranger Tides
May 20, 2011 (2011-05-20)
Rob Marshall[28][96]
Ted Elliott & Terry Rossio
(Based on: On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers)[96]

Dead Men Tell No Tales
May 26, 2017 (2017-05-26)
Joachim Rønning & Espen Sandberg[39]
Jeff Nathanson[97]
Jeff Nathanson and Terry Rossio[98][97]
Paul Cameron[59]

text: Music

text: Film soundtracks

text:
Title
U.S. release date
Length
Composer(s)
Label

Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (Original Soundtrack)
July 22, 2003 (2003-07-22)
43:50
Klaus Badelt and Hans Zimmer[68]
Walt Disney Records

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)
July 4, 2006 (2006-07-04)
58:32
Hans Zimmer[93][69]

Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)
May 22, 2007 (2007-05-22)
55:50

Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)
May 17, 2011 (2011-05-17)
77:11
Hans Zimmer and Rodrigo y Gabriela[99][100]

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (Soundtrack from the Motion Picture)
May 25, 2017 (2017-05-25)
75:20
Geoff Zanelli[101]

text: Reception

text: Box office performance

text:
Film
U.S. release date
Box office gross
All-time Ranking
Budget
Ref(s)

North America
Other territories
Worldwide
North America
Worldwide

The Curse of the Black Pearl
000000002003-07-09-0000July 9, 2003
$305,413,918
$348,850,097
$654,264,015
64
108
$140 million
[102]

Dead Man's Chest
000000002006-07-07-0000July 7, 2006
$423,315,812
$642,863,913
$1,066,179,725
17
21
$225 million
[103]

At World's End
000000002007-05-25-0000May 25, 2007
$309,420,425
$654,000,000
$963,420,425
61
35
$300 million
[104]

On Stranger Tides
000000002011-05-20-0000May 20, 2011
$241,071,802
$804,642,000
$1,045,713,802
119
23
$378.5 million
[105][106]

Dead Men Tell No Tales
000000002017-05-26-0000May 26, 2017
$172,558,876
$622,221,339
$794,780,215
254
69
$230 million
[107]

Total
$7009145178083300000♠1,451,780,833
$7009307257734900000♠3,072,577,349
$7009452435818200000♠4,524,358,182
12
9
$1.274 billion
[108]

text: The Pirates of the Caribbean film series was successful at the box office, with each film grossing over $650 million, and all but Dead Men Tell No Tales at some point ranking among the fifty highest-grossing films of all time. It also became the first ever series to have multiple films passing the billion dollar mark in box office revenues with Dead Man's Chest and On Stranger Tides,[109] since followed by other film franchises.

text: The Curse of the Black Pearl was the third highest-grossing 2003 film in North America (behind The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King and Finding Nemo) and fourth worldwide (behind The Return of the King, Finding Nemo and The Matrix Reloaded).[110] Dead Man's Chest was the most successful film of 2006 worldwide,[111] and At World's End led the worldwide grosses in 2007, though being only fourth in North America (behind Spider-Man 3, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix and Shrek the Third).[112] On Stranger Tides was the third highest-grossing film of 2011 worldwide (behind Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 and Transformers: Dark of the Moon) and the fifth in North America.[113] The first three sequels broke box office records upon release, of which the most notable are the opening-weekend record in North America (Dead Man's Chest),[114] the Memorial-Day weekend record in North America (At World's End)[115] and the opening-weekend record outside North America (On Stranger Tides).[116]

text: Critical and public response

text:
Film
Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic
CinemaScore

The Curse of the Black Pearl
79% (210 reviews)[117]
63 (40 reviews)[118]
A[119]

Dead Man's Chest
54% (220 reviews)[120]
53 (37 reviews)[121]
A−[119]

At World's End
45% (220 reviews)[122]
50 (36 reviews)[123]
A−[119]

On Stranger Tides
32% (262 reviews)[124]
45 (39 reviews)[125]
B+[119]

Dead Men Tell No Tales
29% (230 reviews)[126]
39 (45 reviews)[127]
A−[119]

text: The series is noted for its high quality of acting talent, and is one of the aspects of the films that is always praised.[128][129][130][131][132][133] The visual and practical effects are considered some of the best ever done on film,[132][133][134][135] so much so that audiences believed certain CGI elements of the films were real and done practically.[136][137][138][139] However, the plots of the four sequels have received mixed reviews, with the general consensus that they are too bloated and convoluted to follow.[140][141][142][143][144] Pirates of the Caribbean is noted for reinvigorating the pirate genre of film after decades of either no pirate films or failed pirate films.[145] The success of the series saw Disney and Jerry Bruckheimer try to replicate the franchise's success by launching films such as Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time and The Lone Ranger, the latter of which directed by Gore Verbinski. Both movies failed critically and commercially.[146][147][148][149]

text: Accolades

text: Academy Awards

text: Together, all the first three films were nominated for a total of 11 Academy Awards, of which a single award was won.

text:
Award
Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
On Stranger Tides
Dead Men Tell No Tales

Actor in a Leading Role
Nominated[138][150]
(Johnny Depp)

Art Direction

Nominated[151]

Makeup
Nominated[138][150]

Nominated[152]

Sound Editing
Nominated[138][150]
Nominated[151]

Sound Mixing
Nominated[138][150]
Nominated[151]

Visual Effects
Nominated[138][150]
Won[151]
Nominated[152]

text: Golden Globe Awards

text: Together, all the four films were nominated for a total of 2 Golden Globe Awards, of which neither were won.

text:
Award
Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
On Stranger Tides
Dead Men Tell No Tales

Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical
Nominated
(Johnny Depp)
Nominated
(Johnny Depp)

text: MTV Movie Awards

text: Together, all the first three films were nominated for a total of 13 MTV Movie Awards, of which 4 were won.

text:
Award
Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
On Stranger Tides
Dead Men Tell No Tales

Best Movie
Nominated
Won
Nominated

Best Male Performance
Won
(Johnny Depp)
Won
(Johnny Depp)

Best Female Performance

Nominated
(Keira Knightley)
Nominated
(Keira Knightley)

Best Breakthrough Female Performance
Nominated
(Keira Knightley)

Best On-Screen Team
Nominated
(Johnny Depp & Orlando Bloom)

Best Villain
Nominated
(Geoffrey Rush)
Nominated
(Bill Nighy)

Best Comedic Performance
Nominated
(Johnny Depp)

Won
(Johnny Depp)

text: Teen Choice Awards

text: Together, the first four films were nominated for a total of 25 Teen Choice Awards, of which 16 were won.

text:
Award
Film

The Curse of the Black Pearl
Dead Man's Chest
At World's End
On Stranger Tides
Dead Men Tell No Tales

Choice Movie: Chemistry
Won
(Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley)

Choice Movie: Fight/Action Sequence
Won
(Johnny Depp vs Geoffrey Rush)

Choice Movie: Liar
Won
(Johnny Depp)

Choice Movie: Liplock
Won
(Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley)
Won
(Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley)

Nominated
(Orlando Bloom & Keira Knightley)

Choice Movie: Female Breakout Star
Nominated
(Keira Knightley)

Choice Movie Actor

Won
(Johnny Depp)
Won
(Johnny Depp)
Nominated
(Johnny Depp)
Nominated
(Johnny Depp)

Nominated
(Orlando Bloom)
Nominated
(Orlando Bloom)
Nominated
(Brenton Thwaites)

Choice Summer Movie

Won

Nominated

Choice Movie: Scream

Won
(Keira Knightley)

Choice Movie

Won
Won
Nominated

Choice Movie: Rumble

Won
(Orlando Bloom & Jack Davenport)
Won
(Orlando Bloom)

Choice Movie: Hissy Fit

Won
(Keira Knightley)

Choice Male Hottie

Nominated
(Orlando Bloom)

Choice Movie Actress

Nominated
(Keira Knightley)
Won
(Keira Knightley)
Nominated
(Penélope Cruz)
Nominated
(Kaya Scodelario)

Choice Movie: Villain

Won
(Bill Nighy)
Won
(Bill Nighy)
Nominated
(Ian McShane)
Nominated
(Javier Bardem)


document_title: 2018 Commonwealth Games

question_text: how many medals does australia have in commonwealth games 2018

root

text: 2018 Commonwealth Games

text: Host selection[edit]

text: On 22 August 2008, the Premier of Queensland, Anna Bligh, officially launched Gold Coast City's bid to host the Commonwealth Games in 2018. On 7 April 2009, the ABC reported a land exchange deal between Gold Coast City and State of Queensland for Carrara Stadium. According to Mayor Ron Clarke, the land would aid a potential bid for the 2018 Commonwealth Games. The land exchanged would be used as the site of an aquatics centre. In the same article, Mayor Clarke raised the question of the Australian Federal Government's commitment to a 2018 Commonwealth Games bid in light of the Government's support for Australia's 2018 FIFA World Cup Finals bid.[9] On 16 April 2009, Queensland Premier Anna Bligh told reporters that a successful Commonwealth Games bid by Gold Coast City could help the tourist strip win a role in hosting the World Cup.[10]

tag: p

text: "Some of the infrastructure that would be built for the Commonwealth Games will be useful for Gold Coast City to get a World Cup game out of the soccer World Cup if we're successful as a nation," she said. However the decision on the venues for the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups were made eleven months prior to the bid decision for the 2018 Commonwealth Games, so the potential World Cup venues had already been chosen. On 3 June 2009, Gold Coast City was confirmed as Australia's exclusive bidder vying for the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[11] "Should a bid proceed, Gold Coast City will have the exclusive Australian rights to bid as host city for 2018," Bligh stated.

text: "Recently I met with the president and CEO of the Australian Commonwealth Games Association and we agreed to commission a full and comprehensive feasibility study into the potential for the 2018 Commonwealth Games," she said. "Under the stewardship of Queensland Events new chair, Geoff Dixon, that study is now well advanced." On 15 March 2010, it was announced that the Queensland Government will provide initial funding of A$11 million for the 2018 Commonwealth Games bid. The Premier of Queensland has indicated the Government's support for the bid to the Australian Commonwealth Games Association.[12] On 31 March 2010, the Australian Commonwealth Games Association officially launched the bid to host the 2018 Commonwealth Games.[13] In October 2011, Gold Coast City Mayor Ron Clarke stated that the games would provide a strong legacy for the city after the games have ended.[14]

text: On 31 March 2010, a surprise bid was made for the 2018 Commonwealth Games by the Sri Lankan city of Hambantota. Hambantota was devastated by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, and is undergoing a major face lift. The first phase of the Port of Hambantota is nearing completion and it is funded by the government of China. The Mattala International Airport, which is the second international Airport of Sri Lanka is built close to Hambantota. A new Hambantota International Cricket Stadium had also been built, which had hosted matches in the 2011 Cricket World Cup.

text: On 10 November 2011, the Hambantota bidders claimed they had already secured enough votes to win the hosting rights.[15] However, on 11 November it was officially announced Gold Coast City had won the rights to host the games.[16][17]

text:
2018 Commonwealth Games bidding results

City
Country
Votes

Gold Coast City
 Australia
43

Hambantota
 Sri Lanka
27

tag: table

text: Administration[edit]

text: The entire project was overseen by the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation (GOLDOC). In February 2012, Mark Peters was appointed Chief Executive Officer of the Gold Coast City 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation.[18] The Queensland Government Minister tasked with overseeing the Games was Kate Jones.[19]

text: Preparation[edit]

text: Venues[edit]

text: One of the key technical aspects of Gold Coast City's successful bid was the fact that the city had 80 percent of the planned venues in place before the bidding deadline. The vast majority of venues were located within 20-minutes driving time of the Athletes Village in Parkwood.

text: Venues in Gold Coast[edit]

text: Carrara Stadium, located in the suburb of Carrara, was the main venue for Athletics, the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony. The seating capacity of the stadium was temporarily increased to 40,000 for the games by the installation of a large temporary North Stand.[20]

text: The Gold Coast City Convention and Exhibition Centre, located in the suburb of Broadbeach, hosted Basketball, Netball (preliminaries) and Weightlifting events, also serving as the Main Media Centre and International Broadcast centre hosting over 3000 members of the worlds press.[21] The Broadbeach Bowls Club hosted the Bowls competition.[22]

text: The Hinze Dam, located in the suburb of Advancetown, was the location for the Mountain Bike competition. A new course was constructed to meet international competition requirements and temporary spectator seating for 2,000 spectators.

text: The newly built Coomera Sport and Leisure Centre hosted Gymnastics and Netball (finals).[23] The existing sound stages of the Village Roadshow Studios complex in the suburb of Oxenford hosted the sports of Boxing, Table Tennis and Squash.[24] During Games mode the venue was enhanced to provide for the International Sporting Federation technical venue requirements and provide spectator seating of 3,000 (boxing) and 3,200 (table tennis). The Gold Coast Hockey Centre hosted the men's and women's Hockey events during the games.[25] The Southport Broadwater Parklands hosted Triathlon and athletic events.[26] The Optus aquatic centre hosted the swimming and diving events.[27]

text: Robina Stadium hosted the Rugby 7s competition and upgraded to meet World Rugby standards.[28] The Elanora/Currumbin Valley area hosted the road racing elements of the cycling programme. Coolangatta Beachfront hosted the beach volleyball event.[29]

text: Venues outside Gold Coast[edit]

text: Brisbane, along with the Gold Coast, forms part of the South East Queensland conurbation. Track Cycling was held at the Sleeman Sports Complex in the suburb of Chandler, where a new indoor cycling velodrome (Anna Meares Velodrome) was built. The Velodrome's seat capacity was 4,000 during the games mode.[30]

text: The Shooting disciplines were held at the Belmont Shooting Centre. In Tropical North Queensland, the Cairns Convention Centre and Townsville Entertainment Centre hosted the preliminary rounds of both the men's and women's basketball competitions.[31][32][33]

text: Financing[edit]

text: The Queensland state government spent A$1.5 billion (US$1.2 billion) to deliver the event. Out of this, A$550 million (US$425 million) were spent on the procurement programme. Procurement of the security and security infrastructure included contracts for four prime suppliers which delivered around 4,200 security guards. A$34 million (US$26 million) were spent on the deployment of the armed forces to provide rapid-response squads, bomb detectors, offshore patrols and surveillance. A$657 million (US$509 million) were spent for the construction of the venues and the Games Village.[34]

text: Medals[edit]

text: At a charity gala held on 4 November 2017, the medals for the games were officially unveiled. Australian Indigenous artist Delvene Cockatoo-Collins designed the medals, while they were produced by the Royal Australian Mint. The design of the medals was inspired by the coastline of Gold Coast along with Indigenous culture.[35] Furthermore, Cockatoo-Collins mentioned, "the medal design represents soft sand lines which shift with every tide and wave, also symbolic of athletic achievement, The continual change of tide represents the evolution in athletes who are making their mark, Records are made and special moments of elation are celebrated". Approximately 1,500 medals were created to be distributed to the medallists and each measures approximately 63 millimetres in diameter. The medals weigh between 138 and 163 grams.[36]

text: Athletes village[edit]

text: The 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletes Village was located on 59 hectares at Southport, Gold Coast.[37] which provided accommodation and services to 6,600 athletes and officials in 1252 permanent dwellings. There are 1170 one and two bedroom apartments and 82 three bedroom townhouses which will serve as student accommodation to the nearby Griffith University. It offered services like laundry, refreshments and television and computer spaces and four residential pools. The village consisted a gym which was designed with guidance from the Australian Institute of Sport and equipment and the equipment were sponsored by Technogym. Adjoining the gym was the Athlete Recovery Area which provided services like plunge baths, including accessible baths, saunas, massage and consults from the Sports Medical personnel. The Main Dining served over 18,000 meals per day to the athletes during the games. The village also consisted of retail shops, Optus phone store, salon, bar and a games room which featured a number of arcade games, pool tables and game consoles.[38]

text: Queen's baton relay[edit]

text: The Gold Coast 2018 Queen’s Baton Relay was launched on Commonwealth Day, 13 March 2017, on the historic forecourt at Buckingham Palace, signalling the official countdown to the start of the Games. Accompanied by the Duke of Edinburgh and Prince Edward The Earl of Wessex, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II heralded the start of the relay by placing her ‘message to the Commonwealth and its athletes’ into the distinctive loop-design Queen’s Baton which then set off on its journey around the globe. It traveled for 388 days, spending time in every nation and territory of the Commonwealth. The Gold Coast 2018 Queen’s Baton Relay was the longest in Commonwealth Games history. Covering 230,000 km over 388 days, the baton made its way through the six Commonwealth regions of Africa, the Americas, the Caribbean, Europe, Asia and Oceania.

text: The baton landed on Australian soil in December 2017 and then spent 100 days travelling through Australia, finishing its journey at the Opening Ceremony on 4 April 2018, where the message was removed from the Baton and read aloud by Charles, Prince of Wales.[39]

text: Transport[edit]

text: During the games period, free public transportation within Queensland region was provided to ticket and accreditation holders. The free transportation services were available on local buses, train and Gold Coast light rail (G:link) services in Gold Coast and on TransLink and Qconnect bus services in Cairns and Townsville.[40] The Gold Coast light rail system, connected a number of the key games venues including the Optus Aquatic Centre, Broadwater Parklands and the Gold Coast Convention & Exhibition Centre with the major accommodation centres of Surfers Paradise and Broadbeach and the Athletes Village at Parklands. An extension to the system was announced in October 2015, connecting the then current terminus at Gold Coast University Hospital to the railway line to Brisbane at Helensvale. The extension opened in December 2017, in time for the games.[41]

text: Anti-doping[edit]

text: The Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority conducted an anti-doping drive in the months prior to the games, covering around 2500 tests of Australian athletes, as well as 500 tests against international athletes. Three Australians failed drug tests in this process, along with around 20 international athletes, subject to appeal. The Commonwealth Games Federation conducted in-competition testing and, matching protocol at the Olympic Games, launched a sample storage initiative to allow for future testing of samples up to ten years later, should detection technology improve.[42]

text: Participating teams[edit]

text: There were 71 nations competing at 2018 Commonwealth Games.[43] Maldives were scheduled to participate, but in October 2016 they withdrew from the Commonwealth.[44] The Gambia returned to the Commonwealth Games after being readmitted as a Commonwealth Games Federation member on 31 March 2018.[3]

text:
[hide]Participating Commonwealth Games Associations: country name (number of participants)

 Anguilla (12)
 Antigua and Barbuda (17)
 Australia (469) (hosts)
 Bahamas (31)
 Bangladesh (23)
 Barbados (45)
 Belize (12)
 Bermuda (8)
 Botswana (26)
 British Virgin Islands (10)
 Brunei (8)
 Cameroon (40)
 Canada (282)
 Cayman Islands (21)
 Cook Islands (18)
 Cyprus (46)
 Dominica (13)
 England (390)
 Falkland Islands (15)
 Fiji (96)
 The Gambia (6)
 Ghana (71)
 Gibraltar (22)
 Grenada (14)
 Guernsey (31)
 Guyana (23)
 India (216)
 Isle of Man (31)
 Jamaica (106)
 Jersey (33)
 Kenya (136)
 Kiribati (14)
 Lesotho (20)
 Malawi (19)
 Malaysia (177)
 Malta (24)
 Mauritius (54)
 Montserrat (7)
 Mozambique (26)
 Namibia (28)
 Nauru (16)
 New Zealand (251)
 Nigeria (88)
 Niue (19)
 Norfolk Island (18)
 Northern Ireland (90)
 Pakistan (56)
 Papua New Guinea (56)
 Rwanda (17)
 Saint Helena (9)
 Saint Kitts and Nevis (7)
 Saint Lucia (13)
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (20)
 Samoa (38)
 Scotland (226)
 Seychelles (25)
 Sierra Leone (24)
 Singapore (59)
 Solomon Islands (14)
 South Africa (194)
 Sri Lanka (79)
 Swaziland (10)
 Tanzania (15)
 Tonga (13)
 Trinidad and Tobago (51)
 Turks and Caicos Islands (7)
 Tuvalu (7)
 Uganda (69)
 Vanuatu (18)
 Wales (213)
 Zambia (36)

text: Number of athletes by team[edit]

text:
[show]CGF Code
Country
Athletes

AUS
 Australia
469

ENG
 England
390

CAN
 Canada
282

NZL
 New Zealand
251

SCO
 Scotland
226

IND
 India
216

WAL
 Wales
213

RSA
 South Africa
194

MAS
 Malaysia
177

KEN
 Kenya
136

JAM
 Jamaica
106

FIJ
 Fiji
96

NIR
 Northern Ireland
90

NGR
 Nigeria
88

SRI
 Sri Lanka
79

GHA
 Ghana
71

UGA
 Uganda
69

SIN
 Singapore
59

PAK
 Pakistan
56

PNG
 Papua New Guinea

MRI
 Mauritius
54

TTO
 Trinidad and Tobago
51

CYP
 Cyprus
46

BAR
 Barbados
45

CMR
 Cameroon
40

SAM
 Samoa
38

ZAM
 Zambia
36

JEY
 Jersey
33

BAH
 Bahamas
31

GGY
 Guernsey

IOM
 Isle of Man

NAM
 Namibia
28

BOT
 Botswana
26

MOZ
 Mozambique

SEY
 Seychelles
25

MLT
 Malta
24

SLE
 Sierra Leone

BAN
 Bangladesh
23

GUY
 Guyana

GIB
 Gibraltar
22

CAY
 Cayman Islands
21

LES
 Lesotho
20

SVG
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

MAW
 Malawi
19

NIU
 Niue

COK
 Cook Islands
18

NFI
 Norfolk Island

VAN
 Vanuatu

ANT
 Antigua and Barbuda
17

RWA
 Rwanda

NRU
 Nauru
16

FAI
 Falkland Islands
15

TAN
 Tanzania

GRN
 Grenada
14

KIR
 Kiribati

SOL
 Solomon Islands

DMA
 Dominica
13

LCA
 Saint Lucia

TGA
 Tonga

AIA
 Anguilla
12

BIZ
 Belize

IVB
 British Virgin Islands
10

SWZ
 Swaziland

SHN
 Saint Helena
9

BER
 Bermuda
8

BRU
 Brunei

MNT
 Montserrat
7

SKN
 Saint Kitts and Nevis

TCA
 Turks and Caicos Islands

TUV
 Tuvalu

GAM
 The Gambia
6

text: Calendar[edit]

text:
OC
Opening ceremony
●
Event competitions
1
Gold medal events
CC
Closing ceremony

text:
April
4
Wed
5
Thu
6
Fri
7
Sat
8
Sun
9
Mon
10
Tue
11
Wed
12
Thu
13
Fri
14
Sat
15
Sun
Events

Ceremonies
OC

CC
N/A

Aquatics
 Diving

3
2
3
2

10

 Swimming

7
9
8
8
9
9

50

 Athletics

5
6
8
7
10
9
9
4
58

 Badminton

●
●
●
●
1
●
●
●
●
●
5
6

 Basketball

●
●
●
●
●
●

●
1
1
2

 Beach volleyball

●
●
●
●
●
●
2

2

 Boxing

●
●
●
●
●
●
●

●
16

16

Cycling

 Mountain biking

2

2

 Road cycling

2

2

4

 Track cycling

6
4
6
4

20

Gymnastics

 Artistic

1
1
2
5
5

14

 Rhythmic

1
1
4

6

 Hockey

●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●
2

2

 Lawn bowls

●
●
●
2
2
●
1
2
3

10

 Netball

●
●
●
●
●
●
●
●

●
1
1

 Powerlifting

4

4

 Rugby sevens

●
●
2
2

 Shooting

3
3
3
3
1
3
3

19

 Squash

●
●
●
●
2
●
●
●
●
1
2
5

 Table tennis

●
●
●
1
1
●
●
●
1
4
2
9

 Triathlon

2

3

5

 Weightlifting

3
3
3
3
4

16

 Wrestling

4
4
4

12

Daily medal events

19
17
22
31
33
26
15
24
27
44
17
275

Cumulative total

19
36
58
89
122
148
163
187
214
258
275

April
4th
Wed
5th
Thu
6th
Fri
7th
Sat
8th
Sun
9th
Mon
10th
Tue
11th
Wed
12th
Thu
13th
Fri
14th
Sat
15th
Sun
Total events

text: Sports[edit]

text: The regulations stated that from the 26 approved sports administered by Commonwealth Governing Bodies, a minimum of ten core sports and maximum of seventeen sports must be included in any Commonwealth Games schedule. The approved sports included the 10 core sports: athletics, badminton, boxing, hockey, lawn bowls, netball (for women), rugby sevens, squash, swimming and weightlifting. Integrated disabled competitions were also scheduled for the Games in nine sports: swimming, athletics, cycling, table tennis, powerlifting and lawn bowls. Along with these events for the first time EAD events in triathlon were held, with the medals added to the final tally for each nation. A record 38 para events were contested at these games.[45] On 8 March 2016, beach volleyball was announced as the 18th sport.[46]

text: The program was broadly similar to that of the 2014 Commonwealth Games, with the major changes being the dropping of judo, the reintroduction of basketball, the debut of women's rugby sevens and beach volleyball.[47]

text: On 7 October 2016, it was announced seven new events for women were added to the sport program, meaning there are an equal number of events for men and women. This marks the first time in history that a major multi-sport event has equality in terms of events. In total 275 events in 18 sports are being contested.[48][49]

text: Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of medal events contested in each sport.

text:
Aquatics

 Diving (10) (details)
 Swimming (50) (details)

 Athletics (58) (details)
 Badminton (6) (details)
 Basketball (2) (details)
 Beach volleyball (2) (details)
 Boxing (16) (details)

 Cycling (details)

Mountain biking (2)
Road (4)
Track (20)

 Gymnastics (details)

Artistic (14)
Rhythmic (6)

 Hockey (2) (details)
 Lawn bowls (10) (details)

 Netball (1) (details)
 Rugby sevens (2) (details)
 Shooting (19) (details)
 Squash (5) (details)
 Table tennis (9) (details)
 Triathlon (5) (details)
 Weightlifting (16) (details)

 Powerlifting (4) (details)

 Wrestling (12) (details)

text: Opening ceremony[edit]

text: The opening ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium in the Gold Coast, Australia, between 20:00 and 22:40 AEST, on 4 April 2018. Tickets for the ceremony started at 100 Australian dollars with half price tickets available for children.[50] The Head of the Commonwealth, Queen Elizabeth II, was represented by her son, Charles, Prince of Wales.[51]

text: Parade of Nations[edit]

text: Following tradition, the host of the previous games, Scotland entered first, followed by the rest of the European countries competing.[52] Following this, all countries paraded in alphabetical order from their respective regions. After the European countries entered, countries from Africa, the Americas, Asia, the Caribbean, and lastly Oceania marched in. The host nation of Australia entered last. Each nation was preceded by a placard bearer carrying a sign with the country's name.

text: Closing ceremony[edit]

text: The closing ceremony was held at Carrara Stadium on Sunday 15th April and was produced by Jack Morton Worldwide at a cost of AU$30 million. Australian pop stars Guy Sebastian, Samantha Jade, Dami Im and The Veronicas were among the performers along with children's entertainers, The Wiggles.

text: Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex, declared the Games closed and passed the Commonwealth Games flag to Birmingham, England which will host the 2022 Games.[53]

text: Medal table[edit]

text: Only the top ten successful nations are displayed here.

text: The ranking in this table is consistent with International Olympic Committee convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a Commonwealth Games Association). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by their three-letter country code. Australia tops the medal table rank with 80 gold, second England with 45 gold and third India with 26 gold.

text: *   Host nation (Australia)

text:
2018 Commonwealth Games medal table

Rank
CGA
Gold
Silver
Bronze
Total

1
 Australia (AUS)*
80
59
59
198

2
 England (ENG)
45
45
46
136

3
 India (IND)
26
20
20
66

4
 Canada (CAN)
15
40
27
82

5
 New Zealand (NZL)
15
16
15
46

6
 South Africa (RSA)
13
11
13
37

7
 Wales (WAL)
10
12
14
36

8
 Scotland (SCO)
9
13
22
44

9
 Nigeria (NGR)
9
9
6
24

10
 Cyprus (CYP)
8
1
5
14

Total (43 CGAs)
275
276
289
840

text: Broadcasting[edit]

text: In Australia, the games were broadcast live on three Seven Network channels - 7HD, 7TWO and 7Mate.[54] In the United Kingdom, BBC provided Commonwealth Games coverage of more than 200 hours across BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Red Button, BBC Sport website, BBC iPlayer and BBC radio.[55] TVNZ channel broadcast the games for the viewers in New Zealand.[56] Astro Arena provided the games coverage for the Malaysian viewers.[57] ESPN provided the games coverage for viewers in the USA.[58] Sony Pictures Networks India broadcast the games for the viewers in India on three channels - Sony Six, Sony Ten 2 in English and Sony Ten 3 in Hindi.[59]

text: Marketing[edit]

text: Motto[edit]

text: The official motto for the 2018 Commonwealth Games was "Share the Dream". It was chosen to highlight the dreams and experience at the games that were shared by participants of the games, ranging from athletes to volunteers and the host country Australia to the world including the Commonwealth nations.[60]

text: Emblem[edit]

text: The emblem was launched on 4 April 2013, which marked exactly five years until its opening ceremony.[61] It was unveiled at the Southport Broadwater Parklands. It was designed by the New South Wales based brand consultancy WiteKite.[62] The emblem of the 2018 Commonwealth Games was a silhouette of the skyline and landscape of Gold Coast, the host city of the games.[63] Nigel Chamier OAM, who served as the Chairman of the Gold Coast 2018 Commonwealth Games Corporation till the end of the games, said that it was the result of months of market research.[64]

text: Mascot[edit]

text: Borobi was named as the mascot of the 2018 Commonwealth Games in 2016. Borobi is a blue koala, with indigenous markings on its body. The term "borobi" means koala in the Yugambeh language, spoken by the indigenous Yugambeh people of the Gold Coast and surrounding areas.[65]

text: Concerns and controversies[edit]

text: Missing athletes[edit]

text: At least 13 athletes from four countries - Cameroon, Uganda, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone - absconded during or immediately after the Games. Some missed their competitions.[66] Athletes regularly abscond during major sporting events, and many subsequently claim asylum in their host countries. Most hold nationalities that are deemed high-risk by immigration authorities and find it impossible to get visas outside of exceptional events, such as major games.[67]

text: A month after the games ended, officals estimated that fifty athletes had remained in Australia illegally, with another 200 staying in the country on visas.[68][69]

text: Criticism of the closing ceremony[edit]

text: The organising committee decided to bring in the athletes before the start of the closing ceremony. This caused an uproar on social media as, contrary to public expectations, none of the athletes were shown entering the stadium during the ceremony. Broadcast rights holders Channel 7 complained on air about the decision and concluded that, "it hasn't really lived up to expectations". Many spectators and athletes left during the ceremony, resulting in a half-empty stadium for much of the event.[70] Following this, the ABC claimed that Channel 7 was briefed on the closing ceremony schedule,[71] a claim which Channel 7 later refuted.[72]


document_title: San Juan, Puerto Rico

question_text: where is the capital of puerto rico located

question_tokens: where is the capital of puerto rico located

text: San Juan, Puerto Rico

text: History

text: In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the original settlement which he called Caparra. It was named after the Province of Caceres in Spain, the birthplace of Nicolás de Ovando, then the Governor of Spain's Caribbean territories,[8] Today it is part of the Pueblo Viejo sector of Guaynabo, just to the west of the present San Juan metropolitan area. A year later, the settlement was moved to a site then called Puerto Rico, Spanish for "rich port" or "good port", after its similar geographical features to the town of Puerto Rico of Gran Canaria in the Canary Islands.[9] In 1521, the newer settlement was given its formal name, Puerto Rico de San Juan Bautista.

text: The ambiguous use of San Juan Bautista and Puerto Rico for both the city and the island in time led to a reversal in practical use by most inhabitants: by 1746 the name for the city (Puerto Rico) had become that of the entire island, leading to the city being identified as Puerto Rico de Puerto Rico on maps of the era.[10][11][12]

text: San Juan, as a settlement of the Spanish Empire, was used by merchant and military ships traveling from Spain as the first stopover in the Americas. Because of its prominence in the Caribbean, a network of fortifications was built to protect the transports of gold and silver from the New World to Europe. Because of the rich cargoes, San Juan became a target of the foreign powers of the time.[13]

text: The city was witness to attacks from the English led by Sir Francis Drake in 1595 (in what is known as the Battle of Puerto Rico) and by George Clifford, Earl of Cumberland, in 1598. Artillery from San Juan's fort, El Morro, repelled Drake; however, Clifford managed to land troops and lay siege to the city.[14] After a few months of English occupation, Clifford was forced to abandon the siege when his troops began to suffer from exhaustion and sickness. In 1625 the city was sacked by Dutch forces led by Captain Balduino Enrico (also known as Boudewijn Hendricksz/Bowdoin Henrick), but El Morro withstood the assault and was not taken. The Dutch were counterattacked by Captain Juan de Amezquita and 50 members of the civilian militia on land and by the cannons of the Spanish troops in El Morro Castle. The land battle left 60 Dutch soldiers dead and Enrico with a sword wound to his neck which he received from the hands of Amezquita.[15][unreliable source?] The Dutch ships at sea were boarded by Puerto Ricans who defeated those aboard. After a long battle, the Spanish soldiers and volunteers of the city's militia were able to defend the city from the attack and save the island from an invasion. On October 21, Enrico set La Fortaleza and the city ablaze. Captains Amezquita and Andre Botello decided to put a stop to the destruction and led 200 men in an attack against the enemy's front and rear guard. They drove Enrico and his men from their trenches and into the ocean in their haste to reach their ships.[16]

text: The British attack in 1797, during the French Revolutionary Wars, led by Sir Ralph Abercromby (who had just conquered Trinidad). His army laid siege to the city but was forced to withdraw in defeat as the Puerto Rican defenses proved more resilient than those of Trinidad. Various events and circumstances, including liberalized commerce with Spain, the opening of the island to immigrants as a direct result of the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815, and the colonial revolutions, led to an expansion of San Juan and other Puerto Rican settlements in the late 18th and early 19th century.

text: On May 8, 1898, United States Navy ships, among them the USS Detroit, USS Indiana, USS New York, USS Amphitrite, USS Terror and USS Montgomery, commanded by Rear Admiral William T. Sampson arrived at San Juan Bay.[17][18] The USS Yale captured a Spanish freighter, the Rita in San Juan Bay, thus being the first hostile encounter between the warring sides in Puerto Rico. On May 9, Yale fought a brief battle with an auxiliary cruiser of Spain, name unknown, resulting in a Spanish victory. Around this time, Captain Ángel Rivero Méndez was assigned the command of the Spanish forces in the fortress of San Cristóbal in San Juan. On May 10, the Yale returned to San Juan Bay, Rivero-Méndez ordered his men to open fire upon the USS Yale using an Ordoñez 15 centimeter cannon, thus becoming the first attack against the Americans in Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War.[19] For his actions, Captain Rivero-Mendez was awarded the "Cruz de la Orden de Merito Militar" (The Cross of the Order of the Military Merit) first class.[19] The residents of San Juan were furious with Rivero and blamed him for the destruction caused to their city by the American bombardments. Nothing came of those accusations and Capt. Rivero-Méndez was ordered to turn over the keys of all the military installations in San Juan to Captain Henry A. Reed of the U.S. Army after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 was signed.[19] On July 25, General Nelson A. Miles landed at Guánica (in southwestern Puerto Rico) with 3,300 soldiers in what was known as the Puerto Rican Campaign. The American troops found some resistance and engaged the Spanish and Puerto Rican troops in battle, the most notable of these the battles of Yauco and Asomante. All military actions in Puerto Rico were suspended August 13, 1898, after President William McKinley and French Ambassador Jules Cambon, acting on behalf of the Spanish government, signed an armistice.[20][21] Spain ceded the island to the United States later the same year by signing the Treaty of Paris.

text: Camp Las Casas, located in the district of Santurce, served as the main training camp for the Puerto Rican soldiers prior to World War I and World War II; the majority of the men trained in this facility were assigned to the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" which was renamed the 65th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army by the Reorganization Act of June 4, 1920. The 65th Infantry was deactivated in 1956 and became the only unit ever to be transferred from an active Army component to the Puerto Rico National Guard.[22]

text: Lieutenant Teófilo Marxuach (Retired as a Lieutenant Colonel), a native of Arroyo, Puerto Rico, fired the first shot in what is considered to be the first shot of World War I fired by the regular armed forces of the United States against any ship flying the colors of the Central Powers[23] Marxuach, who was a member of the "Porto Rico Regiment of Infantry" and Officer of the Day, on March 25, 1915, opened fire on the Odenwald, an armed German supply vessel, when it was trying to force its way out of San Juan's bay.[24] The shots ordered by Lt. Marxuach were the first fired by the United States in World War I.[25]

text: In 1919, Félix Rigau Carrera, "El Aguila de Sabana Grande" (The Eagle from Sabana Grande), the first Puerto Rican pilot, became the first native Puerto Rican to fly an aircraft in the island when he flew his Curtiss JN-4 from Las Casas. At the time, the area was used by the military as an air base and it was also Puerto Rico's first commercial airport, and Rigau Carrera was allowed to perform his historic flight from the air field.[26] Camp Las Casas was eventually closed down, and in 1950 a public housing project by the name of Residencial Fray Bartolome de Las Casas was constructed on its former location.

text: On January 2, 1947, the people of San Juan elected Felisa Rincón de Gautier (also known as Doña Fela) (1897–1994) as their mayor. Thus, she became the first woman to be elected as the mayor of a capital city in any of The Americas.[27] During the Cold War era, she ordered the establishment of the island's first Civil Defense system under the directorship of Colonel Gilberto José Marxuach (Teófilo's son).[28] Rincón de Gautier served as mayor until January 2, 1969.

text: On October 30, 1950, San Juan was the scene of the San Juan Uprising, one of many uprisings which occurred in various towns and cities in Puerto Rico, by the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party against the governments of Puerto Rico and the United States. Among the uprising's main objective was to attack "La Fortaleza" (the Governors mansion) and the United States Federal Court House Building in Old San Juan. In accordance to the planned uprising in San Juan, a group of nationalists were supposed to attack simultaneously the gubernatorial mansion La Fortaleza, where Puerto Rican governor Luis Muñoz Marín resided, and the United States Federal Court House which is located close to an area called "La Marina" in Old San Juan. The La Fortaleza battle, which ensued between the nationalists and the police lasted 15 minutes, and ended when four of the five attackers were killed.[29]

text: Coat of arms and flag of San Juan

text: On March 8, 1948 the city government of San Juan officially adopted as the city's first flag an orange field, in the center of which is the Coat of Arms of the City. The orange color was based and taken from Father Diego de Torres Vargas' text and it reads : "Escudo de armas dado a Puerto Rico por los Reyes Católicos en el año de 1511, siendo Procurador un vecino llamado Pedro Moreno. Son : un cordero blanco con su banderilla colorada, sobre un libro, y todo sobre una isla verde, que es la de Puerto Rico, y por los lados una F y una I, que quiere decir Fernando e Isabel, los Reyes Católicos que se las dieron, y hoy se conservan en el estandarte real, que es de damasco anaranjado, con que se ganó la ciudad" ("Coat of Arms given to Puerto Rico by the Catholic Monarchs in the year 1511 being Procurator a vecino named Pedro Moreno. They are: a white lamb with a red flag, on top of a book, and everything above a green island, which is Puerto Rico...which is of orange damask, with which the city was won"). It appears that the color was changed from orange to white at some point.[30]

text:
17th-century Spanish painting commemorating Captain Juan de Amezquita's victory and Enrico's defeat at Puerto Rico de San Juan; by Eugenio Caxés, Museo del Prado

Castle San Felipe del Morro

Rigau Carrera poses in his plane (1919)

Lieutenant Teofilo Marxuach

The bodies of two nationalists lie on the ground after their attack on La Fortaleza (1950)

Coat of arms of San Juan

tag: ul

text: Geography

text: San Juan is located along the north-eastern coast of Puerto Rico. It lies south of the Atlantic Ocean; north of Caguas and Trujillo Alto; east of and Guaynabo; and west of Carolina. The city occupies an area of 76.93 square miles (199.2 km2), of which, 29.11 square miles (75.4 km2) (37.83%) is water. San Juan's main water bodies are San Juan Bay and two natural lagoons, the Condado and San José.[31]

text: Climate

text: San Juan has a tropical monsoon climate and enjoys an average temperature of 81.0 °F (27.2 °C) although 90 °F (32 °C) or higher temperatures are seen on an average 79 days annually, more commonly occurring during the wetter months of the northern summer, especially if the winds come from the south. In the winter, temperatures can drop to around 60 °F (16 °C), though the average winter low is 71 °F (22 °C). The coolest temperature officially recorded was 60 °F (16 °C) on March 3, 1957, and the hottest was 98 °F (37 °C) on October 9, 1981;[32] the record cold daily maximum is 71 °F (22 °C) on February 4, 1935, while the record warm daily minimum is 83 °F (28 °C) on August 11, 1995, the most recent of four occasions.[33] Rainfall is well-distributed throughout the year, but the months of January, February, and March are the driest; as March averages just 1.95 inches (49.5 mm) of rain, the city falls under the tropical monsoon category.[34] Rainfall averages 56.35 inches (1,431.3 mm), falling on an average 198.5 days per year;[33] despite this dampness, the city averages 2,970 hours of sunshine per year, or just over ⅔ of the possible total.[35] Annual rainfall has historically ranged from 35.53 in (902 mm) in 1991 to 89.50 in (2,273 mm) in 2010.[33]

text:
[show]Climate data for San Juan Marin Int'l, Puerto Rico (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1898–present)[a]

Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year

Record high °F (°C)
92
(33)
96
(36)
96
(36)
97
(36)
96
(36)
97
(36)
95
(35)
97
(36)
97
(36)
98
(37)
96
(36)
94
(34)
98
(37)

Average high °F (°C)
83.2
(28.4)
83.7
(28.7)
84.9
(29.4)
86.2
(30.1)
87.5
(30.8)
88.9
(31.6)
88.7
(31.5)
89.2
(31.8)
89.2
(31.8)
88.4
(31.3)
85.9
(29.9)
83.9
(28.8)
86.6
(30.3)

Daily mean °F (°C)
77.6
(25.3)
77.9
(25.5)
78.9
(26.1)
80.3
(26.8)
81.9
(27.7)
83.3
(28.5)
83.4
(28.6)
83.7
(28.7)
83.5
(28.6)
82.6
(28.1)
80.6
(27)
78.7
(25.9)
81.03
(27.23)

Average low °F (°C)
72.0
(22.2)
72.0
(22.2)
72.9
(22.7)
74.4
(23.6)
76.3
(24.6)
77.7
(25.4)
78.1
(25.6)
78.2
(25.7)
77.8
(25.4)
76.9
(24.9)
75.2
(24)
73.4
(23)
75.4
(24.1)

Record low °F (°C)
61
(16)
62
(17)
60
(16)
64
(18)
66
(19)
66
(19)
69
(21)
68
(20)
69
(21)
67
(19)
65
(18)
62
(17)
60
(16)

Average rainfall inches (mm)
3.76
(95.5)
2.39
(60.7)
1.95
(49.5)
4.68
(118.9)
5.90
(149.9)
4.41
(112)
5.07
(128.8)
5.46
(138.7)
5.77
(146.6)
5.59
(142)
6.35
(161.3)
5.02
(127.5)
56.35
(1,431.3)

Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in)
17.6
13.9
12.2
13.3
15.7
14.4
18.6
18.5
17.4
17.7
19.6
19.6
198.5

Average relative humidity (%)
74.0
72.4
71.0
71.3
74.9
75.5
75.9
76.4
76.4
76.9
76.2
74.7
74.6

Mean monthly sunshine hours
237.4
231.2
282.0
268.3
255.2
259.4
280.8
267.8
234.7
227.2
202.4
217.4
2,963.8

Percent possible sunshine
69
72
76
71
63
65
69
68
64
63
60
64
67

Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[33][37][35], The Weather Channel[32]

text: Cityscape

text: Architecture

text: The architecture of San Juan is very diverse, due to its size and all the cultural influences received during its existence. The oldest part of the city, known as Old San Juan, mostly features the influence of Spanish architecture. This part of the city is comprised by a network of "setted" roads usually surrounded by ancient, two-storied houses built on masonry. Some colonial structures have been restored and serve either as government offices or museums. Some examples are the Ballajá Barracks, which now serve as museum and headquarter of several cultural organizations; La Fortaleza, which has served as the residence of the Governor of Puerto Rico since the 16th Century; and the Ancient Welfare Asylum, which now houses the Institute of Puerto Rican Culture, among others. Old San Juan also features several public squares, like the Plaza de Armas, located in front of San Juan City Hall; and cathedrals, like the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista.[38] Old San Juan is also notable for being partly enclosed by massive walls and fortifications built by the Spanish government.

text: The architecture is more varied in other districts of the city. The district of Santurce features a lot of influence from art deco, while the districts of Hato Rey feature more modern structures.

text: Districts

text: What is now known as Old San Juan occupied the western end of a rocky islet, the Isleta de San Juan, at the mouth of San Juan Bay. During the 20th century, the main population centers surged well beyond the walls of the old city and onto Puerto Rico's main island, and merged with the existing settlements east and south of Old San Juan. With the annexation of Río Piedras in 1951, the municipality of San Juan grew four times its previous size. As a result, the city is now composed of a variety of districts and neighborhoods. San Juan is now subdivided into 18 districts (barrios),[39] 16 of which fall within the former municipality of Río Piedras. Eight districts are further subdivided into sectors (sub-barrios), including two districts in the area that covered the original municipality of San Juan. The 18 districts are:

text:
Caimito
Cupey
El Cinco
Gobernador Piñero
Hato Rey Central
Hato Rey Norte
Hato Rey Sur
Monacillo
Monacillo Urbano
Oriente
Pueblo
Quebrada Arenas
Sabana Llana Norte
Sabana Llana Sur
San Juan Antiguo (Old San Juan)
Santurce
Tortugo
Universidad

tag: ol

text: Old San Juan

text: During the Spanish colonial times most of the urban population resided in what is now known as Old San Juan. This sector is located on the western half of a small island called the Isleta de San Juan, which is connected to the mainland by two bridges and a causeway. The small island, which comprises an area of 47 square miles (120 km2), also hosts the working-class neighborhood of Puerta de Tierra and most of Puerto Rico's central government buildings, including the Commonwealth's Capitol.

text: The main central part of the city is characterized by narrow streets made of blue cobblestone and picturesque colonial buildings, some of which date back to the 16th and 17th century. Sections of the old city are surrounded by massive walls and several defensive structures and notable forts. These include the 16th-century Fort San Felipe del Morro and the 17th-century Fort San Cristóbal, both part of San Juan National Historic Site, and the 16th-century El Palacio de Santa Catalina, also known as La Fortaleza, which serves as the governor's mansion.[40] Other buildings of interest predating the 20th century are the Ayuntamiento or Alcaldía (City Hall), the Diputación Provincial and the Real Intendencia buildings, which currently house the Puerto Rico Department of State,[41] the Casa Rosa, the San José Church (1523) and the adjacent Hotel El Convento, the former house of the Ponce de León family known as Casa Blanca, the Teatro Tapia, the former Spanish barracks (now Museum of Ballajá), La Princesa (former municipal jail, now headquartering the Puerto Rico Tourism Company), and the Santa María Magdalena de Pazzis Cemetery, located just outside the city walls.[42][43][44] The Cathedral of San Juan Bautista (construction began in the 1520s) is also located in Old San Juan, and contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer and settlement founder Juan Ponce de León.[45] Old San Juan, also known as the "old city", is the main cultural tourist attraction in Puerto Rico; its bayside is lined by dock slips for large cruise ships.

text: Other districts

text: East of Old San Juan lies the wealthy tourist-oriented neighborhood of Condado, which occupies land that used to be owned by entrepreneur Pablo Ubarri Capetillo, a Spanish railroad developer and Count of San José de Santurce under the Spanish colonial period. Beaches such as nearby Ocean Park, popular with swimmers, surfers and kitesurfers, are found all along the district's Atlantic coastline which is also the locus of numerous hotels.[46]

text: Near Condado are two separate business districts, Santurce and Miramar. Miramar is mainly a residential area rising south of the Condado Lagoon. It comprises the former barrio of Miraflores, as well as drained marshland and landfill over which was built San Juan's first airport, the Isla Grande airport, which was renamed Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport in honor of Major Fernando Luis Ribas-Dominicci (USAF). Miramar now hosts the Puerto Rico Convention Center as well as some of San Juan Harbor's cruise ship piers. In 2005 Miramar was designated an historical district of Puerto Rico.[47]

text: Santurce, originally named San Mateo de Cangrejos (Saint Matthew of the Crabs), was a settlement for freed African slaves during the early days of the city. After Pablo Ubarri sought permission to link San Juan with Río Piedras proper via steam tramway in 1878, the time it took to travel between both points were shortened and thereby stimulated the colonization and growth of the district. At the beginning of the twentieth century an electric trolley was installed, the township was split into three parts, and its main settlement, merged with the city, was renamed using the Spanish spelling of Santurtzi (Saint George in Basque), Ubarri's birthplace in Vizcaya, Spain. The "Museo de Arte de Puerto Rico" (Puerto Rico Museum of Art)[48] and other important cultural venues are located in Santurce.

text: South of Santurce is Hato Rey, part of the former municipality of Río Piedras. Hato Rey was grazing ground for cattle owned by the royal government (hence its name, the King's Herd in Spanish) as early as the 16th century,[49] and is now considered the financial center of the island. A section of this district is often referred to as Milla de Oro (actually 0.47 miles or 0.76 kilometers long) due in part to the many banks and businesses located there.[49]

text: In the southern part of the city is the socially diversified community of Río Piedras. Founded in the mid-1850s, Río Piedras was a separate town which hosted sugar cane plantations and the estates of some of San Juan's wealthiest inhabitants (as well as their working class staff). The Spanish colonial governors also had their summer home there on land which eventually gave way to the main campus of the University of Puerto Rico. In 1951 the municipalities of San Juan and Río Piedras were merged to redefine San Juan's current city limits. Today Río Piedras comprises the largest area of the municipality of San Juan.[50] and is home to the "Plaza del Mercado" (Río Piedras Marketplace), the main campus and the Medical Sciences campus of the University of Puerto Rico and the San Juan Botanical Garden.

text: Demographics

text:
Race – San Juan, Puerto Rico – 2010 Census[51]

Race
Population
 % of Total

White
268,708
68.0%

Black/African American
73,538
18.4%

American Indian and Alaska Native
3,071
0.8%

Asian
1,750
0.4%

Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islander
36
0.0%

Some other race
32,386
8.2%

Two or more races
15,835
4.0%

text: San Juan is the largest city in Puerto Rico by population.[52] From 1899 to 1950 the municipality of San Juan excluded the township of Río Piedras. For this reason, population data and land area for the period make reference only to the Antiguo San Juan and Santurce barrios, or subdivisions, of San Juan. The old municipality of Río Piedras constituted the third most populated city of Puerto Rico at the time of its annexation in 1951. Its strategic location south of the capital served as a junction for all the principal ways of transportation of the island and as a geographical entry to San Juan, which are factors that prompted Río Piedras's dramatic urban development in the 20th century.

text: According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of San Juan was as follows:

text:
White: 68.0% (Non-Hispanic Whites: 1.2%)
Black or African American: 18.3% (Non-Hispanic Blacks: 0.3%)
American Indian: 0.8%
Asian: 0.4%
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander: 0.0%
Some other race: 8.2%
Two or more races: 4.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 98.2%

text: Among the Hispanic and Latino population, Puerto Ricans are, unsurprisingly, the largest group; they make up 87.5% of San Juan's Hispanic population. People of Dominican descent made up 12.2% of the Hispanic population, while those of Cuban descent formed 1.7% of the Hispanic populace. Other Hispanic and Latino groups collectively formed 3.2% of San Juan's Hispanic population.

text: There are 13,304 whites of non-Hispanic origin living in San Juan; 10,571 blacks of non-Hispanic origin living in San Juan. Non-Hispanic whites and blacks form 3.2% and 2.6% of San Juan's population respectively. There are also approximately 562 Asians of non-Hispanic origin in San Juan; they make up only 0.1% of the population. However, Asians of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin together number at 6,342. The vast majority of Asians in San Juan are of Chinese descent; of the 6,342 Asians, 4,928 are Chinese. Chinese comprise 1.4% of the population. The only other sizable Asian group in San Juan are Indian Americans; there are 698 people of Indian descent in the city, forming 0.2% of the population. There are very small numbers of people of Filipino, Japanese, and Vietnamese ancestry; none of these groups number more than 100 members.[53]

text: According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, 87.5% of San Juan's population was native and 12.5% were foreign-born. Of the native population, 86.9% were born in Puerto Rico or the United States, of which 75.6% were born in Puerto Rico and 8.9% were born in the United States. The remaining 0.7% were born in a U.S. territory or were born abroad to American parents. The remaining 11.9% of the population were born outside the United States, Puerto Rico, and U.S. territories. In recent years, an increasing number of Americans not of Hispanic ancestry (both of African American and of White American descent) have moved to San Juan. In addition, a large number of Stateside Puerto Ricans have settled in the city upon their return to Puerto Rico. There is also a growing West Indian population, both of Hispanic and non-Hispanic origin.

text: In terms of ancestry, 23,875 people claimed American ancestry, which is equivalent to 5.8% of San Juan's population. Other sizable ancestry groups included those of Italian descent, French descent, and West Indian descent. People of Italian descent numbered at 1,694, forming 0.4% of the population; people of French descent numbered at 1,064, forming 0.2% of the population. Finally, those of West Indian descent numbered at 1,393, forming 0.3% of San Juan's population. Approximately 1,026 people claimed Sub-Saharan African ancestry; 719 claimed Irish ancestry; 646 claimed German ancestry; 431 claimed Arab ancestry, and 346 claimed English ancestry. There are many other ancestry groups in San Juan, but they are very scant.[54]

text: Economy

text: San Juan experienced significant economic growth following World War II. During this period the city underwent an industrial revolution, although as of 1984 it had never generated its own economic region.[55][56] The city's economy relies mostly on companies dedicated to the manufacture of several products, including: Chemical substances (bleach and house cleaning products); medicines; rum and other beverages; fertilizers; electric tools; electronic devices; plastics, textiles, and food-based products.[56] Tourism is also a key industry, based on San Juan's proximity to Puerto Rico's main airport, the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport.[56] The tourism focus of the city is located in the district of Condado Beach where there are luxurious hotels.[56] Historical locations such as El Morro, Old San Juan and El Cuartel de Ballaja are promoted in tourism campaigns. The district of Hato Rey contains a corporate sector known as "La Milla de Oro", (The Golden Mile) which serves as the headquarters of local and international banks. San Juan's Hato Rey district is often referred to as the "Wall Street of the Caribbean", due to the influence of the area on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean's economy.[49]

text: Seaborne Airlines is headquartered on the 9th floor of the World Plaza Building in San Juan.[57]

text: Tourism

text: Technological advances after World War II in the development of the airliner, coupled with the island's climate and natural setting, have transformed San Juan into the springboard for tourism around the island, and has made the rest of the Caribbean known throughout the world during the last fifty years.[58] Today the capital features hotels, museums, historical buildings, restaurants, beaches and shopping centers. In San Juan there are tourist attractions, including: Old San Juan, Ocean Park, Isla Verde and Condado.

text: Places and monuments emphasized in tourism campaigns include: Old San Juan, promoting the historic nature of its colonial buildings and narrow streets covered by adoquine, a blue stone cast from furnace slag; they were brought over as ballast on Spanish ships.[56] This includes the city's ancient defensive wall and forts, most notably El Morro and the Castle of San Cristóbal.[56] On January 23, 1984 both of these edifices were catalogued as being part of humanity's cultural patrimony.[56] The restaurants and art galleries in the zone are visited by tourists.[56] The local universities are promoted as historic places, most notably the campus of University of Puerto Rico located in Río Piedras, which is the oldest university on the island being founded in 1903.

text: Culture

text: San Juan is the birthplace of artists and musicians, locally known as Sanjuaneros, who have significantly influenced Puerto Rican culture. During the 20th century, the musical aspect of the city was influenced by performers including Afro-Caribbean dancer and choreographer Sylvia del Villard and José Enrique Pedreira who became a composer of Puerto Rican Danzas. International musicians such as opera singer Justino Díaz and Grammy Award winners Ramón Ayala (Daddy Yankee) and Ricky Martin were born in the city. Other notable residents include writers Giannina Braschi and Tomas Blanco, award-winning actors Raúl Juliá and Benicio del Toro, and comedian José Miguel Agrelot. Rafael Cordero (1790–1868), was influential in the development of Puerto Rican education and has been once renowned[by whom?] as " The Father of Public Education in Puerto Rico". The city is also the home of contemporary and classic art museums. The Puerto Rico Arts Museum owns the largest collection of contemporary art in Puerto Rico, housing over 1,100 permanent art pieces and displaying temporary exhibitions containing artwork from various locations through Latin America.[59]

text: The Puerto Rico Museum of Contemporary Art, located in Santurce, specializes in contemporary artwork from Latin America and the Caribbean. The paintings displayed in the permanent exhibition are either acquired by the museum's administrative personnel or donated by artists and collectors. They are judged by a panel of painters, art critics, and scholars before being displayed.[60]

text: Other museums such as the Pablo Casals Museum, the Book Museum, Americas Museum and the National Gallery display historic items and artwork alongside contemporary art.[61][62] Miscellaneous museums such as the Children's Museum and the Bacardi Distillery (also known as the "Rum Cathedral") in nearby Cataño appeal to different audiences through interactive exhibitions.[63][64]

text: Government

text: As one of Puerto Rico's 78 municipalities, San Juan's government consists of two branches, the executive and the legislative. Those citizens eligible to vote directly elect a mayor and the municipal assembly for four-year terms. The municipal government is housed in City Hall or Casa Alcaldia, which is located at 153 San Francisco Street, facing the Plaza de Armas at the center of Old San Juan.[65] City Hall was constructed based on Madrid's City Hall starting in 1604 and finally completed in 1789.[65]

text: The executive branch is headed by a popularly elected mayor. The office is currently held by Carmen Yulín Cruz, who was elected at the 2012 general election. Before her, Jorge A. Santini held the position for 12 years. In addition to running the city's day-to-day operations and supervising associated departments, the mayor is responsible for appointing a secretary-auditor and a treasurer. San Juan's Municipal Legislature is made up of 17 municipal legislators, elected at-large, which represent the city's population.[66]

text: San Juan is also the seat of the Puerto Rico Senatorial district I, which is represented by two Senators.[67] In 2012, José Nadal Power and Ramón Luis Nieves were elected as District Senators.[68]

text: Safety

text: In 2010 there were 201 slayings in San Juan, a rate of around 50 per 100,000 residents. Law enforcement in San Juan is the joint responsibility of the Department of Police and Public Safety, also known as the San Juan Police Department and the Puerto Rico Police Department.[69] The Municipal Police, originally known as the "San Juan Municipal Guard", was created in 1521 and has active military and law enforcement functions, until 1980 when act #77 created municipal law enforcement agencies in Puerto Rico. It currently employs over 1,000 sworn officers plus civilian staff.[70]

text: Media

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2017)

text: Education

text: Colleges and universities

text: San Juan is home to many of Puerto Rico's institutions of higher learning. The University of Puerto Rico Río Piedras Campus is located in San Juan, along with the University of Puerto Rico's Medical Sciences Campus. Other colleges located in San Juan are the University of the Sacred Heart, the Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico, the Ana G. Méndez University System's Metropolitan University, the Metropolitan Campus of the Inter American University of Puerto Rico, the Carlos Albizu University, the Evangelic Seminary of Puerto Rico and the Center for Advanced Studies on Puerto Rico and the Caribbean. There are smaller colleges located in the city, including the ICPR Junior College, the Instituto de Banca y Comercio and the International Junior College, located in Santurce.[71] There are also several technical schools based in San Juan, including the Technological College of San Juan, the Liceo de Artes y Ciencias, Ramirez College of Business and Technology, and the Puerto Rico Technical Junior College. The Puerto Rico Conservatory of Music and the School of Fine Arts in Old San Juan specialize in education that promotes the fine arts and music.[71]

text: Public and private schools

text: Also, San Juan is home to 136[citation needed] public schools operated by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. Most of the specialized schools operated by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico are located in San Juan. These schools emphasize topics such as Science and Math, Radio and Television, Arts, Trade, Music, and Sports, but also include other subjects such as Spanish, English, and Social Studies in their curriculum. In addition to dozens of state-run elementary, intermediate, and high schools, the government of the city of San Juan operates two bilingual schools, including one sports-magnet school, the first municipal-run schools in Puerto Rico.[citation needed] Several private schools are located in San Juan, including Robinson and St. John's schools in the Condado, Perpetuo Socorro in Miramar, St. John's Episcopal, Santa Mónica and Academia San Jorge in Santurce, Commonwealth High School, La Merced and Espíritu Santo in Hato Rey, Escuela Josefita Monserrate de Selles, San Antonio, Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, San José in Río Piedras and Cupeyville, St. Mary's, Boneville and Cupey Maria Montesory School in Cupey.

text: Transportation

text: The Port of San Juan is the fourth busiest seaport in the Western Hemisphere, ranked among the top 17 in the world in terms of container movement. It is also the largest home-based cruise port in the world with over a dozen cruise ships. It is the second busiest port in cruise volume after Miami.

text: The Metropolitan Area is served by two airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, San Juan's primary commercial airport, is located eight miles (12.9 km) from Old San Juan in the neighboring municipality of Carolina. The airport accommodates more than 30 domestic and international airlines and is the busiest airport in the Caribbean. It is often referred to as "The Gateway to the Caribbean" because it serves as the main connection to the island and the rest of the Caribbean for the United States and vice versa. The area's secondary airport is the Fernando Ribas Dominicci Airport, which is located directly across the San Antonio Creek or Cano San Antonio from Old San Juan in the Isla Grande district.[72] Dominicci Airport is used mainly by general aviation aircraft, charter flights, and some domestic commercial flights. It used to be the city's and also the island of Puerto Rico's main international gateway until the opening of Luis Muñoz Marin International Airport. It is now also widely used by the Isla Grande Flight School and Caribbean Flight Center, the only flight school on the island.

text: Public transport

text: At 4,300 vehicles per paved mile, San Juan has by far the highest density of vehicles on the road of any country in the world.[73] The city is served by five limited-access expressways and highways and numerous arterial avenues and boulevards, but continues to suffer from severe traffic congestion.[74]

text: The Metropolitan Bus Authority (Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses or AMA in Spanish) provides daily bus transportation to residents of San Juan, Guaynabo, Bayamón, Toa Baja, Trujillo Alto, Cataño and Carolina through 30 fixed routes. Its fleet consists of 277 regular buses and 35 handicap-accessible buses. AMA's ridership is estimated at 112,000 on weekdays.[75] There is also a daily ferry service, known as the Cataño Ferry (La Lancha de Cataño), which operates between Old San Juan and the town of Cataño.[76]

text: In an attempt to decrease vehicle dependency and road congestion, the city built a metro system dubbed "Tren Urbano" ("Urban Train"). The 10.7-mile (17.2 km) line connects to 16 stations.[77] The project, which opened in late 2004, cost $2.25 billion and was more than $1 billion over budget and four years late. The Tren Urbano has received less ridership than was originally projected and has not significantly reduced the city's automobile traffic, despite a reported 7.5% ridership increase in 2006 over 2005. There is a planned project to build a "interurban light rail system" connecting the cities of San Juan and Caguas.[78]

text: Increased investment in public transportation, however, has not changed the fact that San Juan is an automobile-reliant city and its fast growth has sparked urban sprawl. As of mid-2010, the government has approved plans for a redesign of this Puerto Rican city, featuring a new mass transit system, new roads and intersections, and more beach-access points. No cars will be allowed inside the oldest part of city (Old San Juan). The plans hope to remedy previous poor urban planning in the oldest section of the city, the Isleta, while curbing reliance on motor vehicles. The plans for redevelopment also hope to make the city more appealing in order to attract new residents, as San Juan has suffered from a shrinking population over the past 60 years.[79]

text: Health and utilities

text: San Juan has an elaborate system of triage, hospital, and preventive care health services. The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled. There are 20 hospitals in San Juan, half of them operated by the government. The largest hospital in San Juan and most important of Puerto Rico and the Caribbean[citation needed] is the Rio Piedras Medical Center, or Centro Medico de Rio Piedras in Spanish. This hospital, founded in 1956, is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico. It is made up of eight other hospitals.

text:
San Juan Municipal Hospital: This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government.
Industrial Hospital: This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees, whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees. Normally, injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here.
San Juan Pediatric Hospital - Also operated by the San Juan municipal government.
Pediatric Hospital: Operated by the government of the Commonwealth, this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases.
Centro Medico: This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.
Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe (Caribbean Cardiovascular Center): This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean. It features a hotel for the patients' families.
Psychiatric Hospital: The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico. Operated by the government of Puerto Rico.
Psychiatric Correctional Hospital: It is both a hospital and correctional facility. It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration.

text: The city of San Juan operates 10 hospitals. Of these, nine are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan. The main hospital is located at Centro Medico. These 10 hospitals are:

text:
La Perla
Puerta de Tierra
Llorens Torres
Puerto Nuevo
San José
Rio Piedras
Sabana Llana
Hoare
Santurce Parada 19
General Hospital (Centro Medico)

text: Also, there are 10 private hospitals in San Juan. These are:

text:
Hospital Metropilitano
Hospital Auxilio Mutuo
Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso
Hospital de Veteranos: The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean. Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System.
Ashford Presbyterian Hospital
Hospital Pavia Hato Rey
Hospital Pavia Santurce
San Jorge Children's Hospital: The most well known children's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area.
Hospital San Gerardo: Located at the Cupey neighborhood, is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly.
Hospital del Maestro (Teachers Hospital): Located in Hato Rey, this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association.

text: Sports

text: Teams based in San Juan have been notably successful in athletic competition. The Santurce Crabbers won the National Superior Basketball League championship in 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2003 during this period being recognized as a dynasty. The San Juan Senators and the Santurce Crabbers were the two major baseball teams in the city, winning the championship of the Puerto Rican Professional Baseball League a total of seventeen times. The Santurce Crabbers are located third among teams with more championships in the Caribbean Series, winning championships in the 1951, 1953, 1955, 1993 and 2000 editions of the tournament. The city has also been the host of events within the sports community; some examples include:

text:
Host of the 1966 Central American and Caribbean Games.[80]
Host of the 1979 Pan American Games.[81]
Has been host of the Caribbean World Series nine times.[82]
Major League Baseball's Montreal Expos played 22 home games at Hiram Bithorn Stadium in both 2003 and 2004.[83] The team also briefly considered moving permanently to San Juan before relocating to Washington, D.C.
Hosted the 2006, 2009 and 2013 World Baseball Classic at the Hiram Bithorn Stadium.[84]
Host of the 1974 FIBA World Championship (basketball).[85]
Has been host of the FIBA Americas Championship five times (1980, 1993, 1999, 2003, 2009).
The first edition of World Wrestling Entertainment's pay per view New Year's Revolution was held at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in January 2005.[86]
The Latin American Regional Special Olympics in February 2010
Host of Major League Baseball's 2010 "San Juan Series", three games of the Mets at Marlins held on June 28–30, 2010 at Hiram Bithorn Stadium.

text: The recently built $28 million San Juan Natatorium is beginning to attract islandwide and regional swim meets, as well winter training by top-rated mainland U.S. colleges and universities, including the United States Military Academy at West Point and the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis.

text: In July 2007, the San Juan Golf Academy and its driving range began operating atop the city's former sanitary landfill in Puerto Nuevo and will eventually include the city's first and only 9-hole golf course.

text: Professional teams

text:
Club
Sport
League
Venue

Cangrejeros de Santurce
Basketball
Baloncesto Superior Nacional
Roberto Clemente Coliseum

Cangrejeros de Santurce
Baseball
Puerto Rico Baseball League
Hiram Bithorn Stadium[87][88]

Atléticos de San Juan
Football/Balompié (Soccer)
Puerto Rico Soccer League

Academia Quintana

San Juan United
Puerto Rico Soccer League Second Division
Sixto Escobar Stadium[89]

text: International relations

text: Twin towns – sister cities

text: San Juan is twinned with:[90]

text:
Local

 Honolulu, Hawaii[91]
 Jacksonville, Florida[92]
 Killeen, Texas[93][94]

International

 Cádiz, Spain
 Cartagena, Colombia
 Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2006[95][irrelevant citation][96][unreliable source?]

 Guatemala City, Guatemala
 San Juan City, Philippines
 Santiago, Dominican Republic

text: Notable people from San Juan