document_title: Here Comes the Sun

question_text: who sings lead vocals on here comes the sun

text: Here Comes the Sun

text: Composition[edit]

text: "Here Comes the Sun" is one of Harrison's best-known Beatles compositions alongside "Something" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". The early months of 1969 were a difficult period for Harrison: he had quit the band temporarily, he was arrested for marijuana possession, and he had his tonsils removed.

text: Harrison states in his autobiography, I, Me, Mine:

text: "Here Comes the Sun" was written at the time when Apple was getting like school, where we had to go and be businessmen: 'Sign this' and 'sign that.' Anyway, it seems as if winter in England goes on forever, by the time spring comes you really deserve it. So one day I decided I was going to sag off Apple and I went over to Eric Clapton's house. The relief of not having to go see all those dopey accountants was wonderful, and I walked around the garden with one of Eric's acoustic guitars and wrote "Here Comes the Sun".[2]

text: As Clapton states in his autobiography, the house in question is known as Hurtwood Edge. When interviewed in the Martin Scorsese documentary George Harrison: Living in the Material World, Clapton said he believed the month was April. Data from two meteorological stations in the London area show that April 1969 set a record for sunlight hours for the 1960s. The Greenwich station recorded 189 hours for April, a high that was not beaten until 1984. The Greenwich data also show that February and March were much colder than the norm for the 1960s, which would account for Harrison's reference to a "long, cold, lonely winter".[3]

text: Musical structure[edit]

text: The song is in the key of A major. The main refrain uses a IV (D chord) to V-of-V (B chord) progression (the reverse of that used in "Eight Days a Week" and "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band").[4] The melody in the verse and refrain basically follows the pentatonic scale from E up to C♯ (scale steps 5, 6, 1, 2, 3).[4]

text: One feature is the increasing syncopation in the vocal parts.[5] Another feature is the guitar flat-picking that embellishes the E7 (V7) chord from 2:03 to 2:11, creating tension for resolution on the tonic A chord at "Little darlin' ".[6] The bridge involves a ♭III-♭VII-IV-I-V7 triple descending 4th (or Tri-Plagal) progression (with an extra V7) as the vocals move from "Sun" (♭III or C chord) to "sun" (♭VII or G chord) to "sun" (IV or D chord) to "comes" (I or A chord) and the additional 4th descent to a V7 (E7) chord.[7] The lyric here ("Sun, sun, sun, here it comes") has been described as taking "on the quality of a meditator's mantra".[8] The song also features extreme 4/4 (in the verse) and a sequence of 11/8 + 4/4 + 7/8 (which can also be transcribed as 11/8 + 15/8) in the bridge, phrasing interludes which Harrison drew from Indian music influences.[4][9] In the second verse (0:59–1:13) the Moog synthesizer doubles the solo guitar line and in the third verse the Moog adds an obbligato line an octave above.[5] The last four bars (2:54–3:04) juxtapose the guitar break with a repeat of the bridge.[5]

text: Recording[edit]

text: Harrison, Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr recorded the rhythm track in 13 takes on 7 July 1969.[10] John Lennon did not contribute to the song as he was recovering from a car crash.[11][12] Towards the end of the session Harrison spent an hour re-recording his acoustic guitar part. He capoed his guitar on the 7th fret, resulting in the final key of A major (in fact, slightly above A major due to the track being varispeeded by less than a semitone). He also used the same technique on his 1965 song "If I Needed Someone", which shares a similar melodic pattern. The following day he taped his lead vocals, and he and McCartney recorded their backing vocals twice to give a fuller sound.[5]

text: A harmonium and handclaps were added on 16 July.[13] Harrison added an electric guitar run through a Leslie speaker on 6 August, and the orchestral parts (George Martin's score for two piccolos, two flutes, two alto flutes and two clarinets) were added on 15 August.[5] "Here Comes the Sun" was completed four days later with the addition of Harrison's Moog synthesizer part.[14] The master tapes reveal that Harrison recorded a guitar solo that was not included in the final mix at that time.[15][16]

text: Release and reception[edit]

text: Abbey Road was released on 26 September 1969 with "Here Comes the Sun" sequenced as the opening track on side two of the LP.[17] Along with "Something", which was issued as a single from the album, the song established Harrison as a composer to match Lennon and McCartney.[18][19][20] According to author Alan Clayson, Harrison's two Abbey Road compositions received "the most widespread syndication" of all the tracks on the album, partly through the number of cover versions they attracted.[21] Nine years later, Harrison recorded "Here Comes the Moon" as a lyrical successor to the song.

text: In Japan, "Here Comes the Sun" was issued on a single in 1970, as the B-side to McCartney's Abbey Road track "Oh! Darling".[22] While the Beatles never released the track on a single in Britain, new rules implemented to the UK Singles Chart in 2007 allowed any song to enter the charts based on download sales. This allowed several songs recorded by the Beatles to list on the charts when the group's back catalogue became available for download on iTunes in 2010, including "Here Comes the Sun", which peaked at number 58 on 27 November that year.

text: Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002, Mikal Gilmore likened "Here Comes the Sun" to the McCartney-written "Let It Be" and Lennon's "Imagine", as Harrison's "graceful anthem of hope amid difficult realities".[23] While expressing regret at having underestimated Harrison as a songwriter, Martin described "Here Comes the Sun" as being "in some ways one of the best songs ever written".[24]

text: Cultural references and legacy[edit]

text: In 1977, astronomer and science populariser Carl Sagan attempted to have "Here Comes the Sun" included on a disc of music accompanying the Voyager space mission.[25] Titled the Voyager Golden Record, copies of the disc were put on board both spacecraft in the Voyager program in order to provide any entity that recovered them with a representative sample of human civilization. Writing in his book Murmurs of Earth, Sagan recalls that the Beatles favoured the idea, but "[they] did not own the copyright, and the legal status of the piece seemed too murky to risk." When the probes were launched in 1977, the song was not included.[26]

text: The track has appeared in many critics' lists of the Beatles' best recordings. Among these, the NME placed it at number 4 in the magazine's 2015 list of "the 100 Greatest Beatles Songs".[27] In a similar poll compiled by Mojo in 2006, where the song appeared at number 21, Danny Eccleston described it as "perhaps the best song – outside 'Jerusalem' – that religion can claim credit for", adding: "Those who professed surprise at Harrison's immediate elevation to Most Successful Solo Beatle status [in 1970] clearly weren't listening to this."[28] "Here Comes the Sun" appeared at number 28 on Rolling Stone's 2010 list, where the editors commented: "Along with 'Something,' it gave notice that the Beatles now had three formidable composers."[29]

text: "Here Comes the Sun" was played as the entrance music for Ivanka Trump at the 2016 Republican National Convention. The George Harrison estate complained about the song being used to support Donald Trump's presidential campaign, saying it was "offensive and against the wishes of the George Harrison estate".[30] The Harrison family later tweeted: "If it had been Beware of Darkness, then we MAY have approved it! #TrumpYourself."[31]

text: Cover versions[edit]

text: Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel[edit]

text:
"Here Comes the Sun"

Single by Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel

from the album Love's a Prima Donna

B-side
"Lay Me Down"

Released
30 July 1976 (1976-07-30)

Format
7-inch single

Genre
Pop, rock

Length
2:55

Label
EMI

Songwriter(s)
George Harrison

Producer(s)
Steve Harley

Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel singles chronology

"White, White Dove"
(1976)
"Here Comes the Sun"
(1976)
"(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna"
(1976)

"White, White Dove"
(1976)
"Here Comes the Sun"
(1976)
"(I Believe) Love's a Prima Donna"
(1976)

text: In 1976, "Here Comes the Sun" was covered by the British rock band Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel, and released as the lead single from their fifth studio album, Love's a Prima Donna.[32][33] The lineup on their version was Steve Harley on vocals and guitar, Jim Cregan on lead guitar and backing vocals, Jo Partridge on guitar and backing vocals, George Ford on bass guitar and backing vocals, Duncan Mackay on keyboards, and Stuart Elliott on drums. Additional backing vocals were provided by Yvonne Keeley, John G. Perry and Tony Rivers, while Lindsey Elliott played percussion.

text: "Here Comes the Sun" was the first cover version that Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel had chosen to record.[34][35] The song peaked at number 10 on the UK Singles Chart[33] and number 7 in Ireland.[36] It was the band's last top 40 single.

text: Other artists[edit]

text: In August 1971, Harrison performed the song at the Concert for Bangladesh,[37] accompanied by Pete Ham of the group Badfinger.[38] He also played it during his appearance on Saturday Night Live in November 1976, as a duet with Paul Simon.[39] A live version from his 1991 Japanese tour with Eric Clapton appears on Harrison's Live in Japan double album.[22]

text: Booker T. & the M.G.'s included the song on their 1970 Abbey Road tribute album, McLemore Avenue.[40] That same year, "Here Comes the Sun" was covered by Peter Tosh and released as a single, although it was not widely available until its inclusion on Can't Blame the Youth in 2004. We Five released a version on their 1970 album Catch the Wind.[41]

text: American folk singer Richie Havens had a US hit with his 1971 version, which peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[42] Nina Simone recorded "Here Comes the Sun" as the title track to her 1971 covers album.[43]

text: Sandy Farina covered "Here Comes the Sun" on the Martin-produced soundtrack to the 1978 film Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.[22] In 1980, on their album Flaming Schoolgirls, the Runaways recorded "Here Comes the Sun". Dave Edmunds, Debbie Gibson and Raffi sang a live cover version in a Japanese television special aired in 1990.[44] On their 1994 debut album, Who Is, This Is?, ska-punk band Voodoo Glow Skulls recorded a version of the song.[45]

text: Linda Eder released a version of "Here Comes the Sun" in 2002 on her Gold album. On 29 November that year, Joe Brown performed the song at the Concert for George tribute,[46] which was organised by Clapton and held at the Royal Albert Hall in London.[47] Brown's performance was included on the subsequent live album from the event[48] and in David Leland's concert film.[49]

text: Sheryl Crow sang "Here Comes the Sun" in the 2007 animated film Bee Movie. Swedish heavy metal band Ghost released a version of the song as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of their 2010 album Opus Eponymous. Marina Prior recorded the song for her 2012 album Both Sides Now. Malaysian singer Yuna recorded her version for the 2012 film Savages. It can be heard in the ending credits.

text: Naya Rivera and Demi Lovato performed the song, as Santana Lopez and Dani respectively, in Glee's fifth season episode "Tina in the Sky with Diamonds". Their duet version appears on the album Glee Sings the Beatles, released in September 2013. Writing for MTV, Jocelyn Vena commented that the two singers sang "in perfect harmony over a plucky guitar."[50] Idolator also pointed out "their beautiful harmonies" as a highlight.[51]

text: Paul Simon has often performed "Here Comes the Sun" in concert,[52] as a tribute to Harrison.[53] In September 2014, Simon played the song live on the TBS television show Conan as part of the show's "George Harrison Week" initiative.[52][54]

text: Personnel[edit]

text: According to Ian MacDonald, the lineup on the Beatles' recording was as follows.[11]

text: The Beatles

text:
George Harrison – lead and backing vocals, acoustic and electric guitars, harmonium, Moog synthesizer, handclaps
Paul McCartney – backing vocal, bass, handclaps
Ringo Starr – drums, handclaps

text: Orchestra

text: Uncredited – four violas, four cellos, double bass, two piccolos, two flutes, two alto flutes, two clarinets


document_title: Luke Air Force Base

question_text: who is luke air force base named after

question_tokens: who is luke air force base named after

root

text: Luke Air Force Base

text: Overview[edit]

text: Luke Air Force Base is an active-duty F-16 Fighting Falcon training base with 170 F-16s assigned. The host command at Luke is the 56th Fighter Wing (56 FW), under Air Education and Training Command's 19th Air Force.

tag: p

text: The 56th FW is composed of four groups, 27 squadrons, including six training squadrons. There are several tenant units on base, including the 944th Fighter Wing, assigned to 10th Air Force and the Air Force Reserve. The 56th Fighter Wing also trains more than 700 maintenance technicians each year.

text: The base population includes about 7500 military members and 15,000 family members. With about 80,000 retired military members living in greater Phoenix, the base services a total population of more than 100,000 people.

text: An integral part of Luke's F-16 fighter pilot training mission is the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range. The range consists of 1,900,000 acres (7,700 km2) of relatively undisturbed Sonoran Desert southwest of Luke Air Force Base between Yuma and Tucson south of Interstate 8. Overhead are 57,000 cubic miles (240,000 km3) of airspace where pilots practice air-to-air maneuvers and engage simulated battlefield targets on the ground. Roughly the size of Connecticut, the immense size of the complex allows for simultaneous training activities on nine air-to-ground and two air-to-air ranges. The Luke Air Force Base Range Management Office manages the eastern range activities and Marine Corps Air Station Yuma oversees operations on the western portion.

text: In addition to flying and maintaining the F-16, Luke airmen also deploy to support on-going operations in Iraq, Afghanistan and to combatant commanders in other locations around the world. In 2004, more than 900 Luke airmen deployed, with most supporting Operation Iraqi Freedom.

text: Since June 2012, Luke AFB has been the permanent home of Naval Operational Support Center (NOSC) Phoenix of the US Navy. A NOSC is a facility used to provide operational support for training and administrative services to Navy Reserve Units. NOSC Phoenix supports over 750 Navy Reservists in sixteen Navy Reserve units. The new 32,055 square foot, one-story facility is located on a 1.85 acre site at Luke AFB with sufficient parking and a secured perimeter to meet current anti-terrorism and force protection standards. NOSC Phoenix serves a full-time command and administrative staff, a medical unit, and reservists during drill weekends. It also has a 4800 square foot drill hall, command staff offices, reserve unit administration spaces, medical and dental examination areas, six classrooms, a distance learning center, a physical fitness room, and a quarterdeck. The $11.2 million facility is the first LEED Platinum certified building of the US Navy Reserve Force.

text: Units[edit]

text: The host unit, the 56th Fighter Wing, is tasked to train F-35 and F-16 fighter pilots and maintainers. Historically, the wing graduated more than 400 F-16 pilots and 470 crew chiefs annually.

text: Groups:

text: 56th Operations Group (OG) (Tail Code: "LF")

tag: ul

text: 56th Maintenance Group (MXG)

text: 56th Mission Support Group (MSG)

text: 56th Medical Group (MDG)

text: Tenant Units:

text:
607th Air Control Squadron
944th Fighter Wing

text: Autonomous Units:

text: US Navy, Navy Operational Support Command (NOSC) Phoenix

text: Public reception[edit]

text: The public has been more accommodating to the military operations at Luke Air Force base compared to other Arizona installations like the Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, according to a 2015 study. This is due to a buffer of public land around it, that helps against encroachment and land use conflicts. Also, the private sector in Glendale has been helping to maintain the buffer of public land, and with it the Arizona defense economy. This is because if encroachment impacts a site’s mission, it loses value for the military operation, and base closure is more likely to occur.[4]

text: History[edit]

text: Frank Luke, Jr.[edit]

text: Luke Air Force Base was named after Second Lieutenant Frank Luke (1897–1918). Lt Luke is a posthumous Medal of Honor recipient and the number two United States ace in World War I.

text: Born in Phoenix in 1897, the "Arizona Balloon Buster" scored 18 aerial victories during World War I (14 of these German observation balloons) in the skies over France . Lieutenant Luke was shot down at Murvaux between Verdun and Stenay, France, on 29 Sep 1918, after he had destroyed three enemy balloons. Surviving the crash of his Spad, Lieutenant Luke drew two pistols and fired on German soldiers, killing several of them before he was killed.

text: Luke Field, Oahu, Hawaii Territory (now the Naval Air Station Ford Island) was previously named in his honor.

text: Origins[edit]

text: In 1940, the U.S. Army sent a representative to Arizona to choose a site for an Army Air Corps training field for advanced training in conventional fighter aircraft. The city of Phoenix bought 1,440 acres (5.8 km2) of land which they leased to the government at $1 a year effective 24 March 1941. On 29 March 1941, the Del. E. Webb Construction Co. began excavation for the first building at what was known then as Litchfield Park Air Base. Another base known as Luke Field, in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, released its name so the Arizona base could be called Luke Field. Advanced flight training in the AT-6 began at Luke in June that same year. The first class of 45 students, Class 41 F, arrived 6 June 1941 to begin advanced flight training in the AT-6, although a few essential buildings had been completed. Flying out of Sky Harbor Airport until the Luke runways were ready, pilots received 10 weeks of instruction and the first class graduated 15 August 1941. Then-Captain Barry Goldwater served as director of ground training the following year.

text: World War II[edit]

text: During World War II, Luke Field was the largest fighter training base in the Army Air Forces, graduating more than 12,000 fighter pilots from advanced and operational courses earning the nickname, “Home of the Fighter Pilot.”

text: The base was under the control of the 37th Flying Training Wing (Advanced Single-Engine), Western Flying Training Command, AAF Flying Training Command. During the years of World War II, more than 17,000 pilots trained at Luke Field, making it the largest single engine advanced flying training school in the U.S. More than a million hours of flying were logged, primarily in the AT-6 Texan, along with some transitioning to P-40 Warhawk fighters and later the P-51 Mustang and P-47 Thunderbolt.

text: Although continually modified during the war years, the course of advanced flight training at Luke averaged about 10 weeks and included both flight training and ground school. Approximately 60 hours of flying instruction covered formation flying, navigation, and instrument flying, as well as a bit of aerial acrobatics. About 20 additional hours of flight practice concentrated on aerial and gunnery training.

text: Ground school, or classroom training for the advanced flying course, varied from about 100 to 130 hours and was intermingled with flight time in the aircraft. Cadets flew in the morning and attended ground school in the afternoons, or flew training missions in the afternoon after a morning of ground school. At the peak of the training program at Luke, some students were required to attend night classes. Ground school included instruction in navigation, flight planning, radio equipment, maintenance, and weather.

text: By 7 February 1944, pilots at Luke had achieved a million hours of flying time. A World War II film "A Guy Named Joe" included some footage filmed at Luke. By 1946, however, the number of pilots trained dropped to 299 and the base was deactivated 30 November that year.

text: United States Air Force[edit]

text: Air Training Command[edit]

text: Soon after combat started in Korea, Luke field was reactivated on 1 February 1951 as Luke Air Force Base, part of the Air Training Command (ATC) under the reorganized United States Air Force. A steady pipeline of trained bomber-escort pilots was needed by Strategic Air Command, and the mission of Luke AFB was to augment the jet fighter combat crew training in operation at Nellis AFB. The school at Luke was designated by ATC as the USAF Air Crew School (Fighter Bomber/Escort).

text: The program was to be conducted by the Federalized Michigan Air National Guard 127th Fighter Group, which had transferred from Continental Air Command to ATC, effective 10 February. The wing moved from Romulus Airport, Michigan, to Luke on 23 February, and on 1 March ATC established the USAF Air Crew School (Fighter-Bomber/Escort) at Luke. Fighter-bomber training began on 1 March 1951 in the P-51 Mustang, being replaced by early-model F-84C Thunderjets.

text: Effective 5 March, the 127th was redesignated as the 127th Pilot Training Wing. On 1 November 1952, the active-duty 3600th Flying Training Wing (Fighter) replaced the Air National Guardsmen. ATC flying training squadrons at Luke included:

text:
3601st Fighter Interceptor (later Combat Crew Training) Squadron, 1 November 1952 – 31 December 1957
3602d Fighter Interceptor (later Combat Crew Training) Squadron, 20 November 1952 – 31 December 1957
3603d Fighter Interceptor (later Combat Crew Training) Squadron, 20 November 1952 – 31 December 1957
3604th Fighter Interceptor (later Combat Crew Training) Squadron, 20 November 1952 – 31 December 1957

text: The 3600th FTW became the dedicated training organization for both USAF and NATO pilots in the F-84. The F-84D began having electrical problems with the hot, dry Arizona air which dried out the aircraft's electrical insulation. They were replaced by F-84E, and shortly afterwards to the F-84G which was then in use by SAC. In October 1954, ATC re-designated the 3600th as a "Combat Crew Training Wing" to describe its mission better.

text: In January 1954, the swept-wing F-84F Thunderstreak began to arrive, and three additional dedicated squadrons were activated:

text:
3605th Fighter Interceptor (later Combat Crew Training) Squadron, 12 May 1954 – 31 December 1957
3606th Fighter Interceptor (later Combat Crew Training) Squadron, 12 May 1954 – 13 October 1954

text: 3608th Fighter Interceptor (later Combat Crew Training) Squadron, 12 May 1954 – 31 December 1957

text: F-84F's replaced the straight-winged earlier models in the original four squadrons by the end of 1956, giving the wing seven squadrons of twenty-one aircraft each, or about 150 aircraft. Thirty more were received in 1957 as some of the older production blocks were transferred to Air National Guard units or to reclamation at Davis-Monthan AFB.

text: For several years, the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project at Sandia Base, New Mexico, had provided all atomic, biological, and chemical (ABC) warfare training for the Air Force. Beginning in October 1954, ATC added ABC instruction to its fighter pilot programs at Luke and Nellis. In addition, ATC established six general ABC courses to train aircrews already in the field, using mobile training teams.

text: Formation of the USAF Thunderbirds[edit]

text: On 25 May 1953 the 3600th Air Demonstration Team was officially organized and established at Luke, still officially carrying this designation, now known as the United States Air Force Thunderbirds. At Luke, the squadron initially operated F-84G Thunderjets, as the aircraft had to be able to show how good training made a typical aircraft easy to handle. The aircraft had to be stable for maneuvers in formation, reliable enough to meet show schedules, rugged for the demonstration team. In addition, the F-84G was the first fighter in the Air Force with mid-air refueling capability. To convert the aircraft from combat to demonstration, technicians removed the guns and plugged the gun ports.

text: In 1955, the Air Force selected the swept-wing F-84F Thunderstreak as their second aircraft. The Thunderstreak was modified for the team by adding smoke tanks for the first time, and red, white, and blue drag chutes. In addition, the extreme heat from the lead aircraft, 1,500 °F (820 °C), required moving the slot's radio antenna from the jet's fin. For the first time, a solo was added to the diamond displays, increasing the show time to 19 minutes.

text: The unit was reassigned to Nellis AFB, Nevada on 23 June 1956.

text: Tactical Air Command[edit]

text: F-100 Super Sabre era

text: By the end of 1957, ATC basing structure had changed considerably as the result of tactical commitments, decreased student load, and fund shortages. During 1958 ATC discontinued its Flying Training and Technical Training Air Force. As a result, Luke AFB was transferred to Tactical Air Command. This reassignment came about as the result of a USAF-directed study of the feasibility of putting combat crew training under the appropriate zone of interior operational commands.

text: With the transfer to TAC, the ATC 3600th FTW was re-designated as the 4510th Combat Crew Training Wing, and flying training at Luke was changed to the F-100 Super Sabre. F-100 training squadrons were:

text:
4511th Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 January 1958 – 1 October 1964 (Formerly ATC 3601st CCTW)
4512th Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 January 1958 – 15 October 1969 (Formerly ATC 3602d CCTW)
4513th Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 January 1958 – 1 November 1958 (Formerly ATC 3603d CCTW)
4514th Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 January 1958 – 15 December 1969 (Formerly ATC 3604th CCTW)
4515th Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 January 1958 – 18 January 1970 (Formerly ATC 3605th CCTW)
4516th Combat Crew Training Squadron, 1 January 1958 – 1 April 1970 (Formerly ATC 3608th CCTW)

text: During the 1960s, thousands of American fighter pilots left Luke to carve their niche in the annals of Air Force history in the skies over Vietnam in the F-100. In July 1968, the first "LA" tail codes were placed on the tails of Luke-based aircraft.

text: 58th Tactical Fighter Training Wing[edit]

text: F-4 Phantom II era

text: The 58th Tactical Fighter Training Wing replaced the provisional 4510th CCTW on 15 October 1969. Although Luke remained under the jurisdiction of Tactical Air Command, the HQ USAF-controlled (AFCON) 58th TFTW gave the wing at Luke a permanent lineage and history that the TAC provisional wing could not carry.

text: The provisional squadrons of the 4510th were re-designated as follows:

text:
310th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (Formerly 4514th CCTS)
311th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (Formerly 4515th CCTS)
425th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (GSU at Williams AFB, Arizona)
426th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (Formerly 4515th CCTS)
550th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (Formerly 4516th CCTS)
69th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (formerly 4518th CCTS) (F-104G West German training Squadron)*
418th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, (formerly 4519th CCTS) (F-104G West German training Squadron)*

text: * Assigned to the 58th TFTW with the inactivation of the 4540th Combat Crew Training Group (see below)

text: Upon activation of the 310th TFTS, the squadron began receiving new A-7D Corsair II ground attack aircraft from Ling-Temco-Vought, with a mission to train USAF pilots in the new aircraft. Its F-100s were reassigned to other squadrons which flew the F-100s of the 4510th CCTS. The 310th TFTS sent its A-7Ds to the 333d TFS at D-M in July 1971, and became an F-4C RTU.

text: The 425th TFTS was assigned to the 58th as a Geographically Separated Unit in 1969, assigned to Williams AFB. The squadron was established in December 1963 as the 4441st CCTS, with a mission to train Republic of Vietnam Air Force pilots on the Northrup F-5A Freedom Fighter. The F-5 training continued at Williams after the end of the Vietnam War, becoming a squadron to train Military Assistance Program (MAP) pilots from over 20 nations on the F-5. It was discontinued in 1989 and the 425th was inactivated.

text: In the summer of 1971, the 58th TFTW received F-4C Phantom IIs, and the wing assumed the F-4 pilot training role that was formerly done by the 4453d CCTW at Davis-Monthan AFB, when D-M was converted to an operational A-7D base by the arrival of the 355th TFW from Takhli RTAFB, Thailand.

text: F-15 Eagle era

text: In November 1974, the Air Force’s newest air superiority fighter, the F-15 Eagle, came to Luke. To accommodate the F-15, the 555th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron was activated. The early F-15A's, however, were quite troublesome, with engine problems limiting their effectiveness and also their availability.

text: It was not until June 1976 that a second F-15 training squadron was established, with the 4461st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron sanding up on 23 June. The assets of the 4461st TFTS were re-designated as: 461st Tactical Fighter Training Squadron: 1 July 1977. The 550th TFTS traded in its F-4s in August 1977 becoming the third F-15 training squadron. The F-15As, which remained troublesome throughout the 1970s, were replaced in 1982 with the updated F-15D.

text: On 25 August 1979, the 405th Tactical Training Wing was activated at Luke AFB, Arizona by Tactical Air Command to consolidate the F-15 Eagle Replacement Training Unit (RTU) operations. It took over the 425th, 461st 550th and 555th Tactical Fighter Training Squadrons

text: The 426th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron converted from F-4 Phantom II to F-15 training in January 1981 specifically to support the TAC Air Defense Command (ADTAC) training mission inherited from the inactivated Aerospace Defense Command which was merged into TAC. On 19 November 1990, the 555th TFTS changed its course from air superiority combat training with the Eagle to air defense interceptor training with the F-15C/D when TAC began assigning F-15s to interceptor duty, the 426th being inactivated.

text: The 461st TFTS received first F-15E Strike Eagle, July 1988, and the 550th TFTS became the second F-15E Strike Eagle training squadron in March 1989.

text: On 1 October 1991, due to the implementation of the Objective Wing at Luke and the "One base, one wing" policy, the 405th TTW was shut down and the F-15s were reassigned back to the 58th TTW.

text: In 1993, 1st Lt Jeannie M. Flynn became the first female to complete training in the F-15E Strike Eagle at Luke. After earning a master's degree in aerospace engineering from Stanford University, she graduated first in her UPT class at Laughlin AFB in December 1992, and chose the F-15 after Chief of Staff General Merrill McPeak opened the door for women to fly combat aircraft.

text: F-16 Falcon era

text: The 310th and 311th TFTS retained their F-4Cs until April 1982, ending the Phantom era at Luke, receiving Block 1 F-16A Fighting Falcons in November 1982 and April 1983. Luke-based F-16s began carrying tail codes "LF". 310th TFTS officially began training fighter pilots 2 February 1983.

text:
312th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, activated on 1 October 1984, First F-16C squadron in the Air Force
314th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron, activated on 1 October 1986, Second F-16C squadron in the Air Force

text: In 1990 Luke AFB was placed on the National Priorities List, often called the Superfund list in 1990. After many years of cleanup and remediation, on 22 April 2002 became the first Air Force base to be removed from the list, after satisfying the requirement to remove pollution dating back as far as World War II.

text: 58th Operations Group[edit]

text: The end of the Cold War in the early 1990s brought significant changes to the base. On 1 October 1991, the 58th Tactical Training Wing adopted the Air Force Objective Organization Plan, and was re-designated simply as the 58th Fighter Wing (58 FW). All operational fighter training squadrons were reassigned to the new 58th Operations Group (58 OG). Training units also re-designated as "Fighter Squadrons". Units assigned to the 58 OG were:

text:
310th Fighter Squadron, F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
311th Fighter Squadron, F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
312th Fighter Squadron, Inactivated, aircraft to 310th, 311th, 314th FS.
314th Fighter Squadron, F-16C/D Fighting Falcon
461st Fighter Squadron, F-15E Strike Eagle (reassigned back from 405th FW, 1 October 1991)
550th Fighter Squadron, F-15E Strike Eagle (reassigned back from 405th FW, 1 October 1991)
555th Fighter Squadron, F-15C/D Eagle (reassigned back from 405th FW, 1 October 1991)

text: In 1991, the Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) commission ordered that all flightline activities cease at MacDill AFB by 1993. The host unit at MacDill AFB, the 56th Fighter Wing, would move its F-16 training to Luke AFB, and Luke would be an exclusive F-16 Fighting Falcon training base. The F-15s would be reassigned to Seymour Johnson AFB, North Carolina in order to accommodate additional F-16 training at Luke.

text: In addition, the 58th Fighter Wing would be inactivated and moved to Kirtland AFB, New Mexico, with the historical senior 56th FW taking over all assets at Luke. At Kirtland, the wing would be re designated as the 58th Special Operations Wing, leaving all aircraft and equipment at Luke, and be reassigned to Air Force Special Operations Command, replacing the Air Training Command 542d Crew Training Wing.

text: On 1 June 1992, Tactical Air Command was inactivated, and the new Air Combat Command (ACC) replaced it, assuming jurisdiction of Luke AFB.

text: On 30 December 1992, the 425th Fighter Squadron was activated at Luke AFB. The mission of the 425th was to provide advanced weapons and tactics continuation for Republic of Singapore Air Force's F-16 pilots and maintenance personnel. Aircraft had already arrived for the squadron in October and shortly after in the new year pilot training began in January 1993.

text: Air Education and Training Command[edit]

text: On 1 April 1994, after 24 years at Luke AFB, the 58th Fighter Wing was replaced by the 56th Fighter Wing (56 FW), relocated from MacDill AFB, Floridas due to Base Realignment and Closure Commission action, as part of the Air Force Heritage Program. With the reassignment, jurisdiction of Luke AFB was transferred to Air Education and Training Command (AETC), Nineteenth Air Force (19 AF) as a result of the Air Force deciding to consolidate all Air Force training programs under AETC. The 56th Operations Group assumed control over all operational fighter squadrons.

text: The transfer of Luke to Air Education and Training Command gave the command front-line aircraft, bases and facilities that could be used for realistic operational training. With the return of AETC to Luke, it was possible to produce a task-certified or more mission ready apprentice, operational units could reduce the amount of on-the-job training provided to new airmen.

text: Within a year, the wing realignment to make the 56 OG an exclusive F-16 group took place. The 555th Fighter Squadron was reassigned to USAFE on 25 March 1994 as part of a realignment of Aviano AB, Italy; its F-15C/D Eagles being sent to Tyndall AFB, Florida where F-15 air defense interceptor training was being consolidated under First Air Force. The F-15E Strike Eagle squadrons (461st, 550th) were also inactivated, with their Strike Eagles being sent to Seymour Johnson AFB under the 4th Fighter Wing.

text: F-15 training ended with the last "LA" tail coded F-15 (Luke Arizona) leaving on 26 September 1995 when the 550th Fighter Squadron inactivated, 21 years after the first TF-15A arrived at Luke.

text: With the transfer of the Eagles, additional F-16 training units were assigned to the 56 OG, all tail-coded "LF" (Luke Falcons):

text:
61st Fighter Squadron, 1 April 1994 (formerly at MacDill AFB)
62d Fighter Squadron, 18 March 1994 (formerly at MacDill AFB)
63d Fighter Squadron, 1 April 1994 (formerly at MacDill AFB)
308th Fighter Squadron, reassigned from 58th OG
309th Fighter Squadron, reassigned from 58th OG
310th Fighter Squadron, reassigned from 58th OG
425th Fighter Squadron, reassigned from 58th OG (Joint USAF-RSAF unit)

text: The 21st Fighter Squadron was activated on 8 August 1996 to train Republic of China Air Force F-16A/B crews at Luke AFB. Empty hangars were refurbished and aircrews were pulled in from other units on base. By January 1997 several ROCAF F-16A/B block 20s had been delivered and the first training flights began for their crews. Despite being A/B models, the aircraft were new construction from General Dynamics, with modern avionics and engines, and were considered to be more advanced than the F-16C/Ds being flown from Luke AFB. The aircraft carry USAF markings and serial numbers, also the "LF" tail code.

text: On 20 September 1999, an F-16D crashed at Luke AFB, marking the 56th Fighter Wing’s seventh Class A mishap in FY99. In all cases, the pilots ejected safely. Engine problems caused most of the mishaps. The 56th Fighter Wing commander, Brig Gen John Barry, grounded the wing’s F-16s after the second mishap. Maintenance personnel discovered that engine augmentor ducts had failed in both cases. They developed a new inspection procedure to identify cracks, which was subsequently used throughout the Air Force. A manufacturing defect in turbine blades was responsible for many of the mishaps, and General Barry grounded the fleet a second time to allow maintainers to upgrade the turbine blades, which improved safety.

text: When 1st Lt Joshua Padgett completed the F-16 basic course on 8 March 2000, he became the 50,000th fighter pilot to graduate from Luke AFB, Arizona, since the Army Air Forces started training there in July 1941

text: After the 9/11/2001 terrorist attacks, Luke suspended routine flying training operations, as the Federal Aviation Administration shut down the nation’s airways to all but select military flights. Aircraft of the 56th Fighter Wing were deployed to fly Combat Air Patrols over New York City and Washington, D.C. in the immediate aftermath of the attacks in support of Operation Noble Eagle. Although the 56th Fighter Wing does not deploy aircraft to United States Air Forces Central Command Expeditionary units as part of the Global War on Terrorism, Luke Airmen routinely deploy to USAFCENT in AEF deployment cycles, engaging in combat in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF); Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and other expeditionary operations as tasked.

text: In 2002 the 56th Fighter Wing became responsible for the nearby Barry M. Goldwater Training Range, became concerned that urban development near the base would curtail flying training if left unchecked. In addition, the Munitions Storage Area (MSA) stood outside of the base compound, adding a burden to the Security Forces Squadron. In October 2002, Senator John McCain of Arizona shepherded a MILCON funding insert of $13 million to purchase 273 acres (1.10 km2) needed to incorporate the MSA into the base perimeter and to acquire additional land in order to preserve access to the Goldwater Range.

text: BRAC 2005 directed that the older Block 25 F-16s be sent to Air National Guard units, this change reduced the number of fighter squadrons, with the 61st and 63d Fighter Squadrons inactivating in 2009 and 2010.

text: Air Defense Command[edit]

text: In 1959 Air Defense Command established a Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Data Center (DC-21) at Luke AFB. The SAGE system was a network linking Air Force (and later FAA) General Surveillance Radar stations into a centralized center for Air Defense, intended to provide early warning and response for a Soviet nuclear attack. It was initially under the Phoenix Air Defense Sector (PhADS), established on 15 June 1959. PhADS was inactivated on 1 April 1966, and re-designated as the 27th Air Division. DC-21 with its AN/FSQ-7 computer remained under the 27th AD until 19 November 1969 it was inactivated and its assets absorbed by the 26th Air Division. DC-21 was inactivated on 9 December 1983 when technology advances made SAGE obsolete.

text: Air Force Reserve[edit]

text: Air Force Reserve training began at Luke AFB in 1960 with the activation of the 302d Air Rescue Squadron. The 302d had a distinguished heritage and lineage, being formed as the 302d Fighter Squadron, one of four African-American fighter squadrons to enter combat during World War II. It saw combat in the European Theater of Operations (ETO) and Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) from 17 February 1944 – 20 February 1945.

text: For many years the 302d operated a variety of Air Rescue helicopters from the base, training for and performing search and rescue (SAR) missions, in addition to some medical air evacuation missions. In 1974, its mission changed to training for a combat SAR role, while continuing to perform some search and rescue.

text: The squadron's mission changed again, in 1987, to a fighter role as the 302d Tactical Fighter Squadron, being assigned to the AFRES (now AFRC) 944th Fighter Wing. The 302d TFS was equipped with block 25/32 F-16C Fighting Falcons, carrying tail code "LR". The 302d TFS trained for counterair, interdiction, and close air support missions. It deployed several times since late 1992 to Turkey to help enforce the no-fly zone over Iraq and to Italy to support UN air operations in the Balkans, The 302d FS was moved to Holloman AFB, New Mexico and converted to F-22A Raptors on 2 October 2007.

text: The 69th Fighter Squadron was activated at Luke on 1 Feb 2010, equipped with Block 42 F-16Cs, tail code "LF", 69th FS carrying a black tail band. The 69th had formerly been assigned to Luke as an active-duty squadron from 1969–1983, flying Lockheed F-104G Starfighters training pilots from the West German Air Force (See below).

text: West German Air Force training at Luke[edit]

text: From 1957 to 1965 830 pilots from the West German air force were trained on the F-84 at Luke AFB under Air Training Command. Since Northern European weather and operational restrictions placed severe limitations on the amount of training, Luke AFB was chosen, where flying conditions were ideal for most of the time.

text: On 4 April 1963 the USAF and the Federal Republic of Germany signed contracts for a unique pilot training program. One agreement called for undergraduate pilot training for West German Air Force (GAF) and West German Navy (GN) students in Cessna T-37 Tweet and Northrop T-38 Talon jet aircraft at Williams AFB, Arizona. The second agreement provided for advanced fighter training in the Lockheed Lockheed F-104G Starfighter at Luke AFB. The two programs were interrelated. Graduates of the basic flight training at Williams were programmed for the advanced training at Luke, resulting in an almost two-year tour of duty in the United States for the young German pilots. The advanced training at Luke was the unique aspect of the program.

text: The host 4510th Combat Crew Training Wing (CCTW) at Luke was tasked with providing the advanced flying training. On 20 February 1964, the 4540th Combat Crew Training Group (CCTG) was organized and designated to conduct GAF training at Luke. The group was activated on 1 April. Prior to designating the 4540th CCTG, the 4518th Combat Crew Training Squadron was activated on 1 March 1964 and was reassigned to the 4540th CCTG upon the later's activation. A second squadron, the 4519th Combat Crew Training Squadron, was assigned to the group, effective 1 July 1964. The German unit was named "2. Deutsche Luftwaffen-Ausbildungsstaffel F-104 USA (2. DtLwAusbStff F-104 USA)" (2nd German Air Force Training Squadron F-104 USA). Although remaining German property, the Starfighters carried USAF insignia and were assigned American serial numbers.

text: By mid July 1964, 23 TF-104G and 12 F-104G were assigned to Luke. On 26 August 1964 a total of 14 USAF F-104 instructor pilots graduated in the second class conducted at Luke. With a sufficient number of aircraft and instructor pilots, preparations were on target to receive the first advanced training class scheduled for October 1964. Aircraft inventories at Luke peaked in 1967 and 1968. In 1967, 100 aircraft were assigned, 62 F-104G and 38 TF-104G: The total increased to 102 in 1968, 61 F-104G models and 41 TF-104G models.

text: Major changes occurred in organization on 1 October 1969 when the 58th Tactical Fighter Training Wing (TFTW) was activated, replacing the 4510th CCTW as the host unit at Luke. Concurrently, the 69th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron and the 418th Tactical Fighter Training Squadron were activated as F-104 training units, replacing the 4518th CCTS and 4519th CCTS.

text: By 1975, a decrease in training requirements was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in the fleet size. The two squadrons were consolidated in 1976 with the 418th TFTS inactivating on 1 October 1976. Also a storage program was started to preserve the lifespan of the aircraft. As of 30 September 1975 some 13 aircraft were in flyable storage. Training of West German Air Force pilots in the F-104G continued until late 1982. The Germans flew more than 900 Starfighters totaling an excess of 269,750 hours and produced 1,868 F-104 pilots. The 69th TFTS inactivated on 16 March 1983.

text: NATO F-104 Pilot Training

text: A third F-104G squadron at Luke, the 4443d Combat Crew Training Squadron, differed from the West German squadrons in that it was associated with the Military Assistance Program (MAP) with students from NATO and other friendly nations being trained in the Starfighter. On 22 May 1964, TAC relieved the 4443d CCTS from its assignment to the 831st Air Division at George AFB, California, and reassigned it to the 4540th CCTG, effective 1 August 1964. The move consolidated all F-104 training at one location. The F-104s that purchased with MAP funds and were assigned USAF serial numbers for record-keeping purposes although they never carried USAF insignia. On 15 June 1969 the 4443rd CCTS was inactivated.

text: Previous names[edit]

text:
Litchfield Park Air Base, c. 15 February 1941
Luke Field, 6 June 1941
Luke Air Force Base, 10 June 1949

text: Major Commands to which assigned[edit]

text:
West Coast Air Corps Training Center, 3 July 1941 – 23 January 1942
Air Corps Flying Training Command, 23 January 1942 – 15 March 1942
AAF Flying Training Command, 15 March 1942 – 31 July 1943
AAF Training Command, 31 July 1943 – 1 July 1946
Air Training Command, 1 July 1946 -December 1946, 1 January 1951 – 1 July 1958
Tactical Air Command, 1 July 1958 – 1 June 1992
Air Combat Command, 1 June 1992 – 1 July 1993
Air Education and Training Command, 1 July 1993–present

text: The facility was placed on temporary reduced activity status, 6 July 1946; temporarily inactivated, 31 October 1946. It became a sub-installation of Williams Air Force Base, Arizona, 3 Dec 1946 – 5 Mar 1951. It was removed from inactive status, placed on active status, 1 January 1951.

text: Major units assigned[edit]

text:
Air Corps Advanced Flying School

Re-designated Army Air Forces Advanced Flying School
Re-designated Army Air Forces Pilot School (Advanced Single-Engine), 20 May 1941 – 6 July 1946

90th Air Base Group, 1 August 1941 – 19 May 1942
3003d Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 May 1944 – 31 October 1945
3028th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 May 1944 – 30 November 1946
408th Army Air Force Base Unit, 1 October 1946 – 1 March 1947
127th Fighter (later Training) Group, 23 February 1951 – 1 November 1952
USAF Air Crew School

Re-designated USAF Combat Crew Training School, 1 March 1951 – 1 November 1943

4510th Combat Support Group, 1 November 1952 – 15 October 1969

4510th Combat Crew Training Group, 1 November 1952 – 1 August 1963
4510th Combat Crew Training Wing, 1 November 1952 – 15 October 1969
3600th Air Demonstration Flight, 25 May 1953 – 23 June 1956
Phoenix Air Defense Sector, 15 June 1959

Re-designated: 27th Air Division, 1 April 1966
Re-designated: 26th Air Division, 19 November 1969 – 31 August 1983

4629th Air Defense Squadron (SAGE)*, 1 July 1972

Re-designated 26th Air Defense Squadron (SAGE)*, 1 January 1975 – 9 December 1983

58th Tactical Training Wing, 15 October 1969 – 1 April 1994
405th Tactical Training Wing, 29 August 1979 – 1 October 1991
832d Air Division, 1 December 1980 – 1 October 1991
56th Fighter Wing, 1 April 1994–present

text: Note: * Operated DC-21 ADCOM/ADTAC SAGE blockhouse

text:
3600th Flying Training Wing

4510th Combat Crew Training Group

File:58th Tactical Training Wing

Phoenix Air Defense Sector

26th Air Division

27th Air Division

832d Air Division

944th Fighter Wing (AFRC)


document_title: San Antonio River Walk

question_text: what is the length of the riverwalk in san antonio

text: San Antonio River Walk

text: History[edit]

text: In September 1921, a disastrous flood along the San Antonio River took 50 lives.[1] Plans were then developed for flood control of the river. Among the plans was to build an upstream dam (Olmos Dam) and bypass a prominent bend of the river in the Downtown area (between present day Houston Street and Villita Parkway), then to pave over the bend, and create a storm sewer.

text: Work began on the Olmos Dam and bypass channel in 1926; however, the San Antonio Conservation Society successfully protested the paved sewer option. No major plans came into play until 1929, when San Antonio native and architect Robert Hugman submitted his plans for what would become the River Walk. Although many have been involved in development of the site, the leadership of former mayor Jack White was instrumental in passage of a bond issue that raised funds to empower the 1938 “San Antonio River Beautification Project”, which began the evolution of the site into the present 2.5-mile-long (4 km) River Walk.

text: Hugman endorsed the bypass channel idea (which would be completed later that year) but, instead of paving over the bend, Hugman suggested 1) a flood gate at the northern (upstream) end of the bend; 2) a small dam at the southern (downstream) end of the bend; and 3) a Tainter gate in the channel to regulate flow. The bend would then be surrounded by commercial development, which he titled "The Shops of Aragon and Romula". Hugman went as far as to maintain his architect's office along the bend.

text: Hugman's plan was initially not well-received – the area was noted for being dangerous. At one point, it was declared off-limits to military personnel. People were warned of the threat of being "drowned like a rat" should the river flood. However, over the next decade support for commercial development of the river bend grew, and crucial funding came in 1939 under the WPA which resulted in the initial construction of a network of some 17,000 feet (5,200 m) of walkways, about twenty bridges, and extensive plantings including some of the bald cypress (others are several hundred years old) whose branches stretch up to ten stories and are visible from street level.

text: Hugman's persistence paid off; he was named project architect. His plan would be put to the test in 1946, when another major flood threatened Downtown San Antonio, but the Olmos Dam and bypass channel minimized the area damage. Casa Rio, a landmark River Walk restaurant, became the first restaurant in the area in 1946, opening next door to Hugman's office.

text: Through the following decades the network has been improved and extended. The first major extension of the Riverwalk was constructed by the joint venture of two general contractors Darragh & Lyda Inc. and H. A. Lott Inc. to Tower of the Americas as part of HemisFair '68. The expansion extended the Riverwalk beyond its natural banks at the horseshoe bend to the new convention center and theater by excavating much of the block bordered by Commerce, Bowie, Market and Alamo Streets. That was also the year the Hilton Palacio del Rio was built, the first of many downtown hotels that leverage their slice of urban "riverfront." A subsequent major expansion opened in 1988 that extended a branch from the 1968 extension to create a lagoon at the new Rivercenter Mall and the Marriott Rivercenter Hotel.

text: In 1981 the Hyatt Regency San Antonio opened with a new pedestrian connector that linked Alamo Plaza to the River Walk with concrete waterfalls, waterways and indigenous landscaping. Known as the Paseo del Alamo, this river "extension" actually flows from Alamo Plaza into the San Antonio River through the atrium of the hotel. This connector not only allows the hotel to market itself as being on Alamo Plaza and on the River Walk, but it provides the city with an urban park that connects the city's two largest tourist attractions.

text: Many downtown buildings like the Casino Club Building have street entrances and separate river entrances one level below. This separates the automotive service grid (for delivery and emergency vehicles) and pedestrian traffic below, and creating an intricate network of bridges, walkways, and old staircases. The San Antonio Spurs had their five NBA Championship victory parades/cruises along the river.

text: Growth and expansion[edit]

text: Expansion plans are planned for areas of the river north and south of Downtown. As chain restaurants and establishments have begun to flourish, now taking up about a third of commercial space, talk has begun at City Hall about limiting their existence on the River Walk and keeping a distinctively local flair. On May 30, 2009 the city opened the $72 million Museum Reach.[2] The Museum Reach features local attractions such as the San Antonio Museum of Art and The Pearl Brewery, which has become one of the most popular areas for locals.[3][4]

text: Two years later, in May 2011, the River Walk was extended by several miles to extend from Downtown to Mission Espada which is on the city's south side. This addition (named the "Mission Reach") is notable for its emphasis on ecological controls and improvements, as well as trail improvements to support both hiking and biking.[5] The Mission Reach has paddling trails[6] and biking trails which allow tourists to experience the UNESCO World Heritage Missions.[7][8]

text: The River Walk has inspired similar projects in other cities, such as the Little Sugar Creek Greenway in Charlotte, North Carolina,[9] the Cherry Creek Greenway in Denver, Colorado,[10] and the Santa Lucía Riverwalk in Monterrey, Mexico.[11]

text: After years of murmuring from locals and tourists about the water's quality, talk has also begun about cleaning up the water, although the muddy bottom and silt deposits make this difficult.[12] The muddy bottom does receive an annual cleaning during the Mud Festival.[13]

text: In early 2016, for the first time in its history, the River Walk was connected with another linear urban walkway, the San Pedro Creek Greenway. The greenway joins with the River Walk at the confluence of the San Pedro Creek and the San Antonio River near Mission Concepción.

text: On May 25, 2017, Esperanza Andrade, a former Texas secretary of state, and Lisa Wong, her business partner in the company Go Rio San Antonio, prevailed in a 10-1 vote from the San Antonio City Council for the $100 million contract to operate the barges on the River Walk. The only dissenter on the council was the mayoral candidate Ron Nirenberg, who opposes Mayor Ivy Taylor in a runoff election on June 10. In selecting Andrade and Wong, the council rejected City Manager Sheryl Sculley's recommendation to award the contract instead to the Chicago-based Entertainment Cruises, the choice also of former Mayor Phil Hardberger. On receiving the contract, Andrade told Taylor and the council: "We not only know but we understand why the River Walk is indeed our crown jewel of our beautiful city. And we understand that the barge operation is the thread that weaves it all together."[14]


document_title: List of Major League Baseball single-season records

question_text: who has the most saves in a season in mlb history

text: Batting records[edit]

text: Home runs[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Home runs
Season

Barry Bonds

San Francisco Giants

73

2001

Mark McGwire

St. Louis Cardinals

70

1998

Sammy Sosa

Chicago Cubs

66

1998

Mark McGwire

St. Louis Cardinals

65

1999

Sammy Sosa

Chicago Cubs

64

2001

Sammy Sosa

Chicago Cubs

63

1999

Roger Maris

New York Yankees

61

1961

Babe Ruth

New York Yankees

60

1927

tag: table

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Hits
Season

Ichiro Suzuki

Seattle Mariners

262

2004

George Sisler

St. Louis Browns

257

1920

Bill Terry

New York Giants

254

1930

Lefty O'Doul

Philadelphia Phillies

254

1929

text: Batting average[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Average
Season

Nap Lajoie

Philadelphia Athletics

.426

1901

Rogers Hornsby

St. Louis Cardinals

.424

1924

George Sisler

St. Louis Browns

.420

1922

Ty Cobb

Detroit Tigers

.420

1911

text: Runs batted in[edit]

text:
Player
Team
RBIs
Season

Hack Wilson

Chicago Cubs

191

1930

Lou Gehrig

New York Yankees

184

1931

Hank Greenberg

Detroit Tigers

183

1937

Jimmie Foxx

Boston Red Sox

175

1938

Lou Gehrig

New York Yankees

175

1927

text: Hitting streak[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Streak
Season

Joe DiMaggio

New York Yankees

56

1941

Pete Rose

Cincinnati Reds

44

1978

Bill Dahlen

Chicago Colts

42

1894

George Sisler

St. Louis Browns

41

1922

Ty Cobb

Detroit Tigers

40

1911

text: Runs scored[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Runs
Season

Babe Ruth

New York Yankees

179

1921

Lou Gehrig

New York Yankees

167

1936

Lou Gehrig

New York Yankees

163

1931

Babe Ruth

New York Yankees

163

1928

Chuck Klein

Philadelphia Phillies

158

1930

text: Doubles[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Doubles
Season

Earl Webb

Boston Red Sox

67

1931

George Burns

Cleveland Indians

64

1926

Joe Medwick

St. Louis Cardinals

64

1936

Hank Greenberg

Detroit Tigers

63

1934

Paul Waner

Pittsburgh Pirates

62

1932

text: Triples[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Triples
Season

Chief Wilson

Pittsburgh Pirates

36

1912

Sam Crawford

Detroit Tigers

26

1914

Kiki Cuyler

Pittsburgh Pirates

26

1925

Joe Jackson

Cleveland Naps

26

1912

text: At bats[edit]

text:
Player
Team
At bats
Season

Jimmy Rollins

Philadelphia Phillies

716

2007

Willie Wilson

Kansas City Royals

705

1980

Ichiro Suzuki

Seattle Mariners

704

2004

Juan Samuel

Philadelphia Phillies

701

1984

Dave Cash

Philadelphia Phillies

699

1975

Juan Pierre

Chicago Cubs

699

2006

text: Stolen bases[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Stolen bases
Season

Rickey Henderson

Oakland Athletics

130

1982

Lou Brock

St. Louis Cardinals

118

1974

Vince Coleman

St. Louis Cardinals

110

1985

Vince Coleman

St. Louis Cardinals

109

1987

Rickey Henderson

Oakland Athletics

108

1983

text: Pitching records[edit]

text: Wins[edit]

text: All-time[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wins
Season

Jack Chesbro

New York Yankees

41

1904

Ed Walsh

Chicago White Sox

40

1908

Christy Mathewson

New York Giants

37

1908

Walter Johnson

Washington Senators

36

1913

Joe McGinnity

New York Giants

35

1904

text: Live-ball era (post-1920)[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wins
Season

Lefty Grove

Philadelphia Athletics

31

1931

Denny McLain

Detroit Tigers

31

1968

Dizzy Dean

St. Louis Cardinals

30

1934

Hal Newhouser

Detroit Tigers

29

1944

Dazzy Vance

Brooklyn Dodgers

28

1924

Lefty Grove

Philadelphia Athletics

28

1930

Dizzy Dean

St. Louis Cardinals

28

1935

Robin Roberts

Philadelphia Phillies

28

1952

text: Earned run average[edit]

text:
Player
Team
ERA
Season

Dutch Leonard

Boston Red Sox

0.96

1914

Mordecai Brown

Chicago Cubs

1.04

1906

Bob Gibson

St. Louis Cardinals

1.12

1968

text: Strikeouts[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Strikeouts
Season

Nolan Ryan

California Angels

383

1973

Sandy Koufax

Los Angeles Dodgers

382

1965

Randy Johnson

Arizona Diamondbacks

372

2001

Nolan Ryan

California Angels

367

1974

Randy Johnson

Arizona Diamondbacks

364

1999

text: Shutouts[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Shutouts
Season

Jack Coombs

Philadelphia Athletics

13

1910

Bob Gibson

St. Louis Cardinals

13

1968

Pete Alexander

Philadelphia Phillies

12

1915

text: Saves[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Saves
Season

Francisco Rodríguez

Los Angeles Angels

62

2008

Bobby Thigpen

Chicago White Sox

57

1990

John Smoltz

Atlanta Braves

55

2002

Éric Gagné

Los Angeles Dodgers

55

2003

text: Balks[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Balks
Season

Dave Stewart

Oakland Athletics

16

1988

John Dopson

Boston Red Sox

15

1989

Bob Welch

Oakland Athletics

13

1988

John Candelaria

New York Yankees

12

1988

Juan Guzmán

Texas Rangers

12

1988

text: Wild pitches[edit]

text:
Player
Team
Wild pitches
Season

Red Ames

New York Giants

30

1905

Tony Cloninger

Atlanta Braves

27

1966

Larry Cheney

Chicago Cubs

26

1914

Juan Guzmán

Toronto Blue Jays

26

1993

text: Team records[edit]

text: Hits[edit]

text:
Team
Hits
Season

Philadelphia Phillies

1,783

1930

text: Home runs[edit]

text:
Team
Home runs
Season

Seattle Mariners

264

1997

Texas Rangers

260

2005

Toronto Blue Jays

257

2010

Baltimore Orioles

257

1996

text: Runs batted in[edit]

text:
Team
Runs Batted In
Season

Chicago Cardinals

934

1936

text: Runs scored[edit]

text:
Team
Runs Scored
Season

New York Yankees

1,067

1931

text:
showvteMajor League Baseball recordsBaseball statistics (types of records)General
Record holders
Single-game records
Single-season records
Record breakers by season
Records considered unbreakable
Titles leaders
BattingleadersCareer
Batting average
On-base percentage
Times on base
Slugging percentage
OPS
Hits
3,000 club
Progressive
Singles
Doubles
Triples
Home runs
500 club
Progressive
Extra base hits
RBIs
Total bases
Walks
Intentional
HBP
Strikeouts
Games played
At-bats
Plate appearances
Annual
 Batting average
Doubles
Triples
Home runs
RBI
Season
Batting average
Triples
Home run
Progressive
Game
Home runs
Hitting for the cycle
Grand slams
RBI
Game
Inning
Hits
Misc
Consecutive game hitting streak
On-base plus slugging
Hits
Home runs
Doubles
Triples
RBIs
BaserunningleadersCareer
Runs
Stolen bases
Annual
Runs
Stolen bases
Game
Runs
Misc
Runs
Stolen bases
PitchingleadersCareer
Wins
300 club
Losses
Games started
Games finished
Innings pitched
Strikeouts
3,000 club
Saves
Complete games
Shutouts
ERA
WHIP
Walks
Hit batsmen
Wild pitches
Batters faced
Annual
Wins
Saves
Shutouts
Strikeouts
ERA
Game
No-hitters
Perfect games
Strikeouts
Game
Inning
Immaculate innings
Misc
Wins
FieldingleadersCareer
Putouts
C
1B
2B
SS
3B
OF
LF
CF
RF
P
Errors
C
1B
2B
SS
3B
OF
LF
Assists
Passed balls
Annual
Putouts
Errors
Managingrecords
Wins and winning percentage
Multiple statrecords
Triple Crown
20–20–20 club
30–30 club
40–40 club
Other
Consecutive games played
Longest winning streaks
Longest losing streaks
Individual streaks
Titles streaks

text:
showvteRecordsWorld record
Category: World records
Guinness World Records
Limca Book of Records
Unique World Records
Asia Book of Records
People
Heaviest
Oldest
Tallest
Shortest
Sporting records
Chess
Cricket
Test
One Day International
Twenty20 International
Cycling
FIBA Basketball World Cup records
FIFA World Cup records
Formula One motorsport
constructors
drivers
Juggling
World Rally Championship
Speed skating
Figure skating
Swimming
Athletics: World records
progressions
Olympic records
National records
In Australia: List of NRL records
List of AFL records
In the US:
NBA
Regular season
Post-season
NFL
individual
team
NHL
individual
team
MLB
MLS
Track and field
In India: ISL records
National records
Japan
Palestinian territories
Philippines
Motion recordsSpeed
Air
Transcontinental
Land speed record
Railed
Production car
Motorcycle land-speed record
Production motorcycle
Wheel-driven
British
Water speed record
Underwater
Sailing
Sound barrier
Speed of light
Distance
Flight distance record
Flight altitude record
Ocean depth record
Flight endurance record
Boundary of space
Other
Spaceflight records
FAI records
Man-made objects
Tallest structures
Category on tallest structures
Physical phenomena
Solar System Extremes
Extremes on Earth
Extreme points of Earth
List of weather records
Organisms
List of longest-living organisms
Smallest organisms
Largest organisms

text: Major League Baseball records

text: Use mdy dates from July 2013Articles lacking sources from August 2018All articles lacking sources


document_title: The Tragically Hip

question_text: where did the name tragically hip come from

text: The Tragically Hip

text: History[edit]

text: Early history (1984–1991)[edit]

text: The Tragically Hip formed in 1984 in Kingston, Ontario. Gord Sinclair and Rob Baker were students at Kingston Collegiate and had performed together at the KCVI Variety Show as the Rodents. Baker and Sinclair joined with Downie and Fay in 1984 and began playing gigs around Kingston with some memorable stints at a Queen's University pub called Alfie's. Guitarist Paul Langlois joined in 1986; saxophonist Davis Manning left that same year. They took their name from a skit in the Michael Nesmith movie Elephant Parts.[3]

text: By the mid-1980s they performed in small music venues across Ontario until being seen by then-MCA President Bruce Dickinson at the Horseshoe Tavern in Toronto.[4] They were then signed to a long-term record deal with MCA, and recorded the self-titled EP The Tragically Hip. The album produced two singles, "Small Town Bring-Down" and "Highway Girl".

text: They followed up with 1989's Up to Here. This album produced four singles, "Blow at High Dough", "New Orleans Is Sinking", "Boots or Hearts", and "38 Years Old". All four of these songs found extensive rotation on modern rock radio play lists in Canada. Road Apples followed in 1991, producing three singles ("Little Bones", "Twist My Arm" and "Three Pistols") and reaching No. 1 on Canadian record charts. During the Road Apples tour, Downie became recognized for ranting and telling fictional stories during songs such as "Highway Girl" and "New Orleans is Sinking".

text: The sound on these first two full-length albums is sometimes characterized as "blues-tinged," although there are definite acoustic punctuations throughout both discs. While the band failed to achieve significant international success with these first two albums, their sales and dominance of modern rock radio in Canada gave them license to subsequently explore their sound.

text: Fully Completely[edit]

text: The Hip released another album, Fully Completely in 1992, which produced the singles "Locked in the Trunk of a Car", "Courage" and "At the Hundredth Meridian" and three others. The sound on this album displayed less of a blues influence than previous albums. The Hip created and headlined the first Another Roadside Attraction tour at this time, both to act as a vehicle for their touring, and to promote other Canadian acts (as well as non-Canadians Ziggy Marley and Pere Ubu).

text: Many songs from Day For Night were first performed prior to their release during the 1993 Another Roadside Attraction Tour. "Nautical Disaster" was played frequently in the middle of "New Orleans is Sinking", an early version of "Thugs" was tested, and Downie sang lyrics from many other Day For Night songs, such as "Grace, Too", "Scared" and "Emergency", during this tour.

text: Day for Night and Trouble at the Henhouse to Live Between Us[edit]

text: Day for Night was then released in 1994,[5] producing six singles, including "Nautical Disaster" and "Grace, Too". Trouble at the Henhouse followed in 1996, producing five singles, including "Ahead by a Century" and "Butts Wigglin", which would also appear on the soundtrack to the Kids in the Hall movie Brain Candy. Live Between Us, was recorded on the subsequent tour at Cobo Arena in Detroit, Michigan

text: The band developed a unique sound and ethos, leaving behind its earlier blues influence. Downie's vocal style changed while the band experimented with song structures and chord progressions. Songs explored the themes of Canadian geography and history, water and land, all motifs that became heavily associated with the Hip. While Fully Completely began an exploration of deeper themes, many critics consider Day for Night to be the Hip's artistry most fully realized.

text: Enigmatic sound[edit]

text: The sound here is typically called "enigmatic" and "dark", while critic MacKenzie Wilson praises "the poignancy of Downie's minimalism."[6] It was on the follow-up tour for this album that the band made its first and only appearance on Saturday Night Live, thanks in large part to the finagling of fellow Canadian and Kingston-area resident Dan Aykroyd.

text: In July 1996, the Hip headlined Edenfest. The three-day concert took place at Mosport Park, in Bowmanville, Ontario, Canada, just a few months after the LP Trouble At the Henhouse was released. The concert sold over 70,000 tickets total and was attended by an estimated 20,000 additional people who gained access to the concert site after the outside security broke down.

text: In 1998, the band released their seventh full-length album, Phantom Power,[7] which produced five singles. It won the 1999 Juno Awards for Best Rock Album and Best Album Design. A single from the album, "Bobcaygeon", won the Juno Award for Single of the Year in 2000. The album has been certified platinum three times over in Canada.[8]

text: In February 1999, the Hip played the very first concert at the brand new Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario.

text: 2000 saw the release of Music @ Work. It won the 2001 Juno Award for Best Rock Album. The album featured back-up vocals from Julie Doiron on a number of tracks, and reached No. 1 on the Canadian Billboard Charts.

text: In 2002, In Violet Light, recorded by Hugh Padgham and Terry Manning at Compass Point Studios in the Bahamas was released, along with three singles from the album. It became certified platinum in Canada.[8] Later that year, the Hip made a cameo appearance in the Paul Gross film Men with Brooms, playing a curling team from their hometown of Kingston. Two of their songs, "Poets" and "Throwing Off Glass", were also featured on the film's soundtrack.

text: On October 10, 2002, the Tragically Hip performed two songs, "It's a Good Life If You Don't Weaken" and "Poets", as part of a command performance for Queen Elizabeth II. In 2003, the band recorded a cover of "Black Day in July", a song about the 1967 12th Street Riot in Detroit, on Beautiful: A Tribute to Gordon Lightfoot.

text: In Between Evolution was released in 2004 in the No. 1 position in Canada. It has since sold over 100,000 copies.

text: At the 92nd Grey Cup held November 21, 2004, the band provided the halftime entertainment in front of a packed house at Frank Clair Stadium in Ottawa.[9]

text: In 2004, in episode 15 ("Rock On"), season 2 of Canadian comedy TV series Corner Gas, the Tragically Hip gave a cameo appearance as an unnamed local band rehearsing in Brent's garage. They play a rough version of the song It Can't Be Nashville Every Night from their In Between Evolution album until interrupted and asked to leave by Brent, Wanda, and Hank. As they disappointedly go, Wanda demands that Gord Sinclair and Rob Baker leave behind their amplifiers.[10]

text: In October 2005, several radio stations temporarily stopped playing "New Orleans Is Sinking", out of sensitivity to the victims of Hurricane Katrina, which had devastated the city in early September of that year.[11][12][13] However it received considerable pirate radio and relief site play and gained some notoriety and praise in New Orleans due to its attitudinal proximity to the city's culture.

text: On November 1, 2005, the Hip released a double CD, double DVD box set, Hipeponymous, including all of their singles and music videos to date, a backstage documentary called "Macroscopic", an animated Hip-scored short film entitled "The Right Whale", two brand new songs ("No Threat" and "The New Maybe"), a full-length concert from November 2004 That Night in Toronto, and a 2-CD greatest hits collection Yer Favourites (selected on-line by 150,000 fans). On November 8, 2005, Yer Favourites and That Night In Toronto were released individually.

text: In 2006 another studio album, entitled World Container, was released, being notably produced by Bob Rock. It produced four singles, and reached the No. 1 spot on the Canadian rock music charts. The band toured concert dates in major Canadian cities, and then as an opening act for the Who on several US dates. A tour of Eastern Canada, Europe, and select cities in the United States occurred late in the year.

text: On February 23, 2008, the Hip returned to their hometown of Kingston, Ontario, where they were the first live act to perform at the new K-Rock Centre.

text: In 2009, the band again worked with producer Bob Rock, and We Are the Same was released in North America on April 7, 2009. It produced three singles. To promote We Are the Same the band invited The Hour's George Stroumboulopoulos for a live interview at The Bath House Recording Studio in Bath, Ontario (where most of the album was recorded), and they played seven new songs as well as unique versions of five other songs. The interview and performance were broadcast live in more than eighty theatres across Canada.

text: On January 22, 2010, the band performed "Fiddler's Green" at the "Canada for Haiti" telethon to aid earthquake victims in that country. This was broadcast nationally on all three of Canada's main networks (CBC, Global and CTV).

text: On May 12, 2012, a 90-second clip of the song "At Transformation", the first single from the band's new album, premiered during Hockey Night in Canada. The full song premiered on Toronto radio station CFNY-FM (102.1 The Edge) on May 16. The song was released to radio stations on May 17 and was officially released on iTunes on May 18. Band member Johnny Fay revealed that the title for the album is Now for Plan A. The second single, "Streets Ahead," was released on August 24. The album (their 12th studio album), produced by Gavin Brown, was released on October 2, 2012. The band played several live "Nashville" style shows that week at the Supermarket bar in Kensington market to promote the release of this record. On the evening of October 2 they played a full set to a packed bar with a live webcast through tdsmultimedia to livestream, and an audio simulcast on Sirius XM.

text: The Tragically Hip re-entered their studio in July 2014 to begin work on a new album. The following October, Fully Completely was re-released as a remastered deluxe edition, including two bonus tracks, a vinyl edition and a recording of a live show.[14] To celebrate and promote the re-release, the band toured Canada and the United States from January to October 2015.[15]

text: 2016: Downie's diagnosis and summer tour[edit]

text: On May 24, 2016, the band announced that Downie had been diagnosed with terminal brain cancer.[16] The band also announced that, despite his condition, they would tour that summer.[1]

text: The Hip's thirteenth album, Man Machine Poem, was released on June 17, 2016.[17]

text: The final concert of the Man Machine Poem tour[2] was held at the Rogers K-Rock Centre in the band's hometown of Kingston on August 20, 2016. The concert was attended by Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau.[18] The concert was aired by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as a live cross-platform broadcast on CBC Television, CBC Radio One, CBC Radio 2, CBC Music and YouTube.[19] The concert featured 30 songs and three encore sets, with the band finishing with a performance of "Ahead by a Century".[2] The CBC's broadcast and live streaming of the concert, uninterrupted by advertisements, was watched by 11.7 million people (roughly one-third of the Canadian population).[20]

text: On October 13, 2016, Downie gave an interview, his first since his cancer diagnosis, to CBC's Peter Mansbridge, in which he reported experiencing memory loss.[21] Downie also told Mansbridge that he was working with the Tragically Hip on new studio material,[21] and that the band have up to four albums worth of unreleased material in the vaults.[21]

text: Downie released his fifth solo album, Secret Path on October 18, 2016. The album is a concept album about Chanie Wenjack, a First Nations boy who escaped from a Canadian Indian residential school in 1966 and died while attempting to make the 600 km walk back to his home.[21][22]

text: On December 22, 2016, Downie was selected as The Canadian Press' Canadian Newsmaker of the Year and was the first entertainer ever selected for the title.[23]

text: On June 15, 2017, all five members of The Tragically Hip were announced as recipients of the Order of Canada by Governor General of Canada David Johnston.[24] Downie received his honour on June 19, and the other four members of the band will be invested at a later date.[24]

text: The band and the tour are the subjects of Jennifer Baichwal and Nicholas de Pencier's documentary film Long Time Running, which is slated to premiere at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival.[25]

text: Band members[edit]

text: Current members

text:
Gord Downie – lead vocals and guitar
Paul Langlois – guitar and backing vocals
Rob Baker – guitar
Gord Sinclair – bass and backing vocals
Johnny Fay – drums and percussion

text: Past members

text: Davis Manning – saxophone

text: Awards and honours[edit]

text: SOCAN Awards

text: 1997: National Achievement Award

text: Canada's Walk of Fame:

text: 2002: Inducted in Toronto, Ontario

text: Canadian Music Hall of Fame:

text: 2005: Inducted at the Juno Awards in Winnipeg, Manitoba

text: Royal Conservatory of Music:

text: 2006: Presented with an honorary fellowship May 24 at the Windsor Arms Hotel in Toronto, Ontario

text: Governor General's Performing Arts Awards:

text: 2008: Presented the National Arts Centre Award in Ottawa, Ontario

text: Juno Awards

text:
1990: Most Promising Group of the Year
1991: Canadian Entertainer of the Year
1993: Canadian Entertainer of the Year
1995: Entertainer of the Year
1995: Group of the Year
1997: Group of the Year
1997: Album of the Year (Trouble at the Henhouse),
1997: North Star Rock Album of the Year (Trouble at the Henhouse)
1999: Best Rock Album (Phantom Power)
1999: Best Album Design (Phantom Power)
2000: Best Single ("Bobcaygeon")
2001: Best Rock Album (Music at Work)
2006: CD/DVD Artwork Design of the Year (Hipeponymous)
2006: Music DVD of the Year (Hipeponymous)
2017: Rock Album of the Year (Man Machine Poem)
2017: Group of the Year

text: Order of Canada

text: 2017: Appointed to the Order of Canada[24]

text: Homages:

text:
In 2012, the city of Kingston Ontario renamed a prominent portion of Barrack Street, in front of the K-Rock Centre, to "The Tragically Hip Way".[26]
In 2013, the Tragically Hip were one of four bands — alongside Rush, the Guess Who and Beau Dommage — honoured by Canada Post in a series of postage stamps.[27]
On January 1, 2017, CBC Radio 2's The Strombo Show aired a special episode titled The Hip 30, which consisted of Canadian musicians performing live covers of the band's songs and sharing their thoughts on the band's impact on Canadian culture.[28] Participating artists included Blue Rodeo, Sarah Harmer, Barenaked Ladies, Donovan Woods and Rheostatics.[28] The episode was already planned as a tribute to the band's 30th anniversary before Downie's cancer diagnosis was announced; several times during the show, host George Stroumboulopoulos reaffirmed that "this is not a eulogy; this is a celebration".
On January 28, 2017, the Kingston Frontenacs of the Ontario Hockey League played against the Mississauga Steelheads in a special theme night game, in which the Frontenacs wore specially designed Tragically Hip jerseys.[29] The band participated in the pregame show, in which the band members were presented with their own jerseys.[29]
On February 2, 2017, the City of Kingston unveiled a commemorative stone in Springer Market Square with Rob Baker and Paul Langlois, recognizing the last concert of the Man Machine Poem tour. Lyrics "Everybody was in it from miles around..." from Blow at High Dough were selected in an online poll with over 11,000 votes cast.[30]

text: Discography[edit]

text: Studio albums[edit]

text:
The Tragically Hip (EP) (RCA Canada/MCA, 1987)
Up to Here (MCA, 1989)
Road Apples (MCA, 1991)
Fully Completely (MCA, 1992)
Day for Night (MCA, 1994)
Trouble at the Henhouse (MCA, 1996)
Phantom Power (Universal, 1998)
Music @ Work (Universal, 2000)
In Violet Light (Universal, 2002)
In Between Evolution (Universal, 2004)
World Container (Universal, 2006)
We Are the Same (Universal, 2009)
Now for Plan A (Universal, 2012)
Man Machine Poem (Universal, 2016)


document_title: WWE Tag Team Championship

question_text: who is the longest reigning wwe tag team champions

text: WWE Tag Team Championship

text: Overview of titles[edit]

text:
#
Name
Years

1
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship
1958 – 1967 (became WWWF property in 1963)

2
WWF International Tag Team Championship
1969 – 1971, 1985

3
World Tag Team Championship (WWE)
1971 – 2010

4
WWF Women's Tag Team Championship
1983-1989

5
WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship
1991

6
WCW World Tag Team Championship
1975 – 2001 (became WWF property in 2001)

7
WWE Raw Tag Team Championship
2002 – present

8
NXT Tag Team Championship
2013 – present

9
WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship
2016 – present

text: History[edit]

text: Capitol Wrestling set up its first tag team championship, the United States Tag Team Championship in 1958. When Capitol seceded from the National Wrestling Alliance in 1963 and became the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF), the championship became the WWWF United States Tag Team Championship. In 1967, WWWF World Heavyweight Champion Bruno Sammartino teamed with Spiros Arion to win the belts. Due to Sammartino being the world champion, the team vacated the tag titles which were then abandoned.[1]

text: For two years, the WWWF had no tag team championship until The Rising Suns (Toru Tanaka and Mitsu Arakawa) arrived in the promotion in September 1969 with the WWWF International Tag Team Championship which they claimed to have won in a tournament in Tokyo in June of that year. This became the WWWF's tag team title until 1971, mostly being held by The Mongols.[2] When they left the WWWF, taking the titles with them, the promotion established their own original world tag team championship, the WWWF World Tag Team Championship. In 1979, the promotion became the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and the tag titles were shortened to WWF Tag Team Championship until 1983 when they were renamed WWF World Tag Team Championship.

text: By 1988, wrestling magazine Pro Wrestling Illustrated was calling for the establishment of a secondary WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (modelled on the WCW United States Tag Team Championship) due to the glut of tag team competition in the promotion.[3] This never took place, but in 1991, WWF-affiliated promotion UWF Japan introduced the WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship, claimed by the team of Perro Aguayo and Gran Hamada. This title was abandoned when the affilaition ended that same year.[4] Similarly, back in May 1985, Tatsumi Fujinami and Kengo Kimura beat Dick Murdoch and Adrian Adonis in a tournament final in Japan for a revival of the old International Tag Team Title of 1969-1971, only for the title to be abandoned again when New Japan and the WWF fell out in October

text: In 2001, the WWF bought rival company WCW, acquiring the WCW World Tag Team Championship, among other titles, which was defended on WWF programming until that year's Survivor Series, where the WCW World Tag Team Championship was unified into the WWF World Tag Team Championship.[5]

text: After WWF's initial brand extension in the spring of 2002 and the renaming of the company as World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), the tag titles became the WWE Tag Team Championship and champions Billy and Chuck were drafted to the SmackDown brand. That following summer, however, The Un-Americans (Christian and Lance Storm) defeated Billy and Chuck for the titles, moving the championship to the Raw brand where it was renamed World Tag Team Championship, effectively leaving the SmackDown brand without a tag team title. As a result, then-SmackDown General Manager Stephanie McMahon introduced a new WWE Tag Team Championship and commissioned it to be the tag team title for the SmackDown brand.[6]

text: Both titles were unified in 2009 and were collectively referred to as the "Unified WWE Tag Team Championship" while officially remaining independently active until the World Tag Team Championship was formally decommissioned in 2010,[5][6] leaving the newer title as WWE's only tag team championship. As a result of the 2016 draft, the championship became exclusive to Raw and was renamed the Raw Tag Team Championship, and SmackDown created the SmackDown Tag Team Championship as a counterpart title.[7] In addition, WWE's developmental brand NXT established its own Tag Team Championship in January 2013. The Raw, SmackDown, and NXT tag team titles are WWE's three currently active tag team championships.

text: Championships[edit]

text: Active primary championships[edit]

text:
WWE Raw Tag Team Championship, originally called the WWE Tag Team Championship, the current tag team title for the Raw brand
WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship, the current tag team title for the SmackDown brand
NXT Tag Team Championship, the current tag team title for the WWE developmental brand NXT

text: Retired primary championships[edit]

text:
World Tag Team Championship (WWE), used from 1971 to 2010, was briefly known as the WWE Tag Team Championship in 2002
WWF International Tag Team Championship, used from 1969 to 1971
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship, established in 1958, used in WWWF from 1963 to 1967

text: Other tag team championships[edit]

text:
WWF Women's Tag Team Championship, the retired tag team title of the Women's division, used from 1983 to 1989
WWF Intercontinental Tag Team Championship, a short-lived tag team title which appeared in UWF Japan in 1991 [4]
WCW World Tag Team Championship, established in 1975, became WWF property in 2001 and retired later that year. Previously the primary tag team championship of Jim Crockett Promotions and World Championship Wrestling

text: Longest championship reigns with a primary title[edit]

text: The New Day, Demolition, The Fabulous Kangaroos, The Mongols, and The Ascension all retain the specific records for each of their respective titles held. At present, The Usos hold the specific record for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship at 182 days for their third reign.

text:
#
Team
Title
Reign
Length
(days)
Notes

1
The New Day
WWE Raw Tag Team Championship
2nd
483

2
Demolition
World Tag Team Championship (WWE)
1st
478

3
The Fabulous Kangaroos
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship
3rd
409

4
The Valiant Brothers
World Tag Team Championship (WWE)
1st
370

5
The Mongols
WWF International Tag Team Championship
1st
368

6
The Ascension
NXT Tag Team Championship
1st
364
WWE recognizes The Ascension's reign as lasting 344 days due to tape delays.

7
Mr Fuji and Professor Tanaka
World Tag Team Championship (WWE)
1st
337

8
Paul London and Brian Kendrick
WWE Raw Tag Team Championship
1st
331
WWE recognizes London and Kendrick's reign as lasting 334 days due to tape delays.

9
Dr. Jerry Graham and Luke Graham
WWWF United States Tag Team Championship
1st
321

10
The British Bulldogs
World Tag Team Championship (WWE)
1st
294