document_title: Detroit: Become Human

question_text: how long was detroit become human in development for

text: Detroit: Become Human

text: Gameplay

text: Detroit: Become Human is an adventure game[1] played from a third-person view,[2][3] which is subject to a set and controllable perspective.[4] There are multiple playable characters[5] who can die as the story continues without them;[6] as a result, there is no "game over" message following a character's death.[7] The right analogue stick on the DualShock controller is used to interact with objects and observe one's surroundings, the left analogue stick is for movement, and R2 scans an environment for possible actions; the motion controls and touchpad are also employed. Via quick time events and dialogue decisions,[8][9][10] the story will branch out depending on which choices are made.[11] These can be viewed in a flowchart during and immediately after a given chapter;[12] the player can rewind to certain points in the story to reshape decisions in the event of regret.[13] Certain scenes feature countdowns, which force the player to think and act quickly.[14] Magazines abound the levels for players to read.[15] The playable characters are:

text:
Connor, a police investigator android tasked with hunting down androids that have deviated from their programmed behaviours.[6][10][11]
Kara, a housekeeper android who develops artificial consciousness.[16][17]
Markus, a caretaker android who, after gaining consciousness, takes it upon himself to free others like him from bondage.[17][18]

text: Obtaining clues by highlighting and analysing the environment with augmented vision allows Connor to reconstruct and replay events that occurred before.[3][19] The more information Connor collects within an allotted time,[20] the greater the chance of success will be in deciding a course of action.[21] Markus has the power to grant androids free will and calculate the outcomes of certain acts.[10][22][23]

text: Synopsis

text: Caretaker android Markus and his owner return home and alert the police of a suspected burglary. In confronting the perpetrator, Markus bypasses his programming, thereby becoming a deviant android with full autonomy, leading the police to shoot him at arrival.[24] Markus awakes in a landfill of broken androids and, after escaping, discovers Jericho,[25][26] a wrecked ship and safe haven for deviants. There, Markus rallies the others to fight for their rights.[27][28] They perform several acts of civil disobedience, which catches the public's attention and gets more androids to join.[29][30][31] This culminates in the FBI attacking Jericho.[32] If he survives, Markus and the others set up a final march, resulting in either all of the deviants being killed or the president opening peace talks.[33]

text: Police investigator android Connor is sent by the CyberLife corporation to assist Lieutenant Hank Anderson, an alcoholic who hates androids.[34] In the course of their investigation into an outbreak of deviants,[35][36] they either bond or fall apart,[37][38][39] potentially resulting in Hank committing suicide.[40] During his hunt for Markus' group, he starts to doubt himself, though he can stay firm in his beliefs.[32][41] He eventually locates Jericho,[41][42] where he can become a deviant himself.[32] If he defects, Connor infiltrates CyberLife Tower and converts everyone there into deviants. If not, he attempts to snipe Markus during the final protest, but is stopped by a SWAT team or Hank. In the end, if peace is achieved, Connor can choose whether or not to shoot Markus during a speech.[33]

text: Kara, a housekeeper android for Todd Williams and his daughter Alice,[43] escapes with her after he attacks them and leaves Kara a deviant.[44] The two travel across Detroit, intending to make it to Canada, which has no specific laws involving androids and where they will be safe. Kara and Alice befriend another android named Luther along the way, who joins them on their journey.[45][46][47] They seek the aid of an android sympathiser, who points them to Jericho to obtain passports.[48] They get caught up in the attack there, which may result in Luther, Kara, and Alice's deaths. Kara also learns that Alice is in fact an android, replacing the daughter taken away by Todd's wife.[32] They can make it to Canada by bus or boat, survive a recycling centre, or in either case die trying.[33]

text: Development

text: Detroit: Become Human had a development budget of €30 million.[49] The game is based on Quantic Dream's 2012 PlayStation 3 technology demonstration Kara,[50][51][52] which received strong reactions and an award at the LA Shorts Fest.[15] It starred Valorie Curry, who would later reprise the title role.[53] Writer and director David Cage wanted to make the demo into a full game, despite not originally having planned to, because he was curious as to what would happen next.[54][55] He took inspiration from Ray Kurzweil's The Singularity Is Near, which explains that the rate at which human intelligence develops pales in comparison to that of a machine. Therefore, Cage proposes that machines may one day have emotions.[56] Androids were designed with reference to artificial organs, how their energy would be generated, and human eye movement. An android's abilities were determined by each of their given profession.[57] Experts in artificial intelligence were consulted to discern which technological advancements were the most feasible.[58] Detroit was chosen as the setting to revitalise a city that had succumbed to economic decline after a historical contribution to American industry.[59] The developers travelled to Detroit to conduct field research,[60] taking pictures, visiting abandoned buildings, and meeting people.[61]

text: In late 2013, Cage was in preproduction on Detroit: Become Human[62] which he said would build upon his work on Heavy Rain and Beyond: Two Souls.[63] Cage's script – between 2,000 and 3,000 pages[64] – was first relayed to the design team whilst the programmers created the graphics[65] as well as a new game engine with advancements in features like rendering, dynamic lighting, shading, bokeh, and physical cameras.[2][66] Quantic Dream improved their game engine's depth of field after Mark Cerny, lead architect of PlayStation 4, came to evaluate it.[67] In October 2016, the screenplay was completed after more than two years.[68] Cage used charts and diagrams while writing the choices, to see where they would end up;[69] penning "five or six thousand pages of notes", he likened the story to a Rubik's Cube.[70] Two scenes were cancelled over their lack of clarity in how violence was portrayed.[71] The casting extended to Los Angeles, London, and Paris in search for more than 250 actors to portray 513 roles. The actors were scanned in 3D, whose models were then made into characters. Shooting and animation followed, and on 8 September 2017, the performance capture was finished after 324 days.[64][65][72][73] Detroit: Become Human was worked on by the 180 staff members at Quantic Dream and also outsourced to the Philippines, China, Vietnam, and India.[74] The game has 35,000 camera shots, 74,000 unique animations, and 5.1 million lines of code.[64]

text: The characters Connor and Markus are played by Bryan Dechart and Jesse Williams, respectively.[20][75] Clancy Brown, Lance Henriksen, and Minka Kelly portray supporting characters Lieutenant Hank Anderson, Carl Manfred, and North, respectively.[10][76][77] There are three different composers, one for each playable character:[78] Philip Sheppard for Kara, Nima Fakhrara for Connor, and John Paesano for Markus. Sheppard's cello sequence in Kara's theme was inspired by the flames of a log fire, whereas the motif layered over it came from the two syllables in her name. Fakhrara created custom instruments and used vintage synthesizers in order that the sound could represent the robotic nature of Connor. Paesano's music was made with the idea that it would be "like a church hymn", personifying Markus' transformation into a leader.[79] Sheppard recorded at Abbey Road Studios with the English Session Orchestra;[80] Paesano was at Synchron Stage Vienna with the Synchron Stage Orchestra.[81] Director of photography Aymeric Montouchet used "thick grain and shaky long lens" with shallow depth of field for Kara, "small, tight grain" and a blue palette for Connor, and orange and white colours for Markus.[67] The game was released to manufacturing on 23 April 2018, after four years of production.[82]

text: Release

text: Detroit: Become Human was announced on 27 October 2015 at a Sony press conference during Paris Games Week.[83] It appeared at E3 2016 and E3 2017, showing trailers of additional playable characters and gameplay.[5][18] Following E3 2017, Cage confirmed that the game would be released in 2018,[84] later specified as the first or second quarter therein.[85] The game was released on 25 May 2018 for PlayStation 4.[86] If pre-ordered, Detroit: Become Human would come with a dynamic theme and digital soundtrack, while the digital deluxe edition included a copy of Heavy Rain, a digital art book, digital soundtrack, two dynamic themes, and ten avatars.[87]

text: After the 2017 Paris Games Week, a new trailer was criticised for its portrayal of child abuse, specifically a scene in which a 10-year-old girl is attacked by her father.[88] Dechart defended the trailer, saying the story "elicits empathy".[89] A demo of the first scene, "Hostage", was made available on the PlayStation Store on 24 April 2018, accompanied by an Amazon Alexa skill that guides the player through the demo.[82] The game was promoted in Japan with the live action short film, Tokyo: Become Human.[90] This was followed by a launch trailer and two animated English-language shorts introducing Elijah Kamski, the creator of the androids, and Chloe, the first android to pass the Turing test.[91][92]

text: Reception

text:
Reception

Aggregate score

Aggregator
Score

Metacritic
79/100[93]

Review scores

Publication
Score

Destructoid
7/10[8]

EGM
8.5/10[9]

Game Informer
8/10[22]

Game Revolution
[94]

GameSpot
7/10[12]

GamesRadar+
[14]

IGN
8/10[95]

VideoGamer.com
4/10[96]

text: Detroit: Become Human received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic.[93][nb 1] Destructoid's Chris Carter said that, despite tiring of Quantic Dream's penchant for detective stories, he enjoyed its execution and Connor's "calm demeanor and android origin". Carter praised the setting, calling it "believable" and "captivating", while also noting that the "smaller moments" were among its strengths.[8] Michael Goroff of Electronic Gaming Monthly favoured the fact that the playable characters were androids because their second-class citizenship status created an "effective viewpoint". The controls and quick-time events were also subject to approval. Goroff lauded the "incredibly satisfying and sometimes unexpected" impact of the collective decisions and declared this the game's "biggest accomplishment".[9] Writing for Game Informer, Kimberley Wallace agreed with Carter's assessment of the "little moments" and said the character development was "fun to watch", well-handled, and the "highlight of the game". She appreciated how the branching narratives affected the latter parts and complimented Quantic Dream for the "impressive" achievement.[22] Paul Tamburro at Game Revolution wrote that Detroit: Become Human boasted a "compelling world ... enriched by fantastic performances and state-of-the-art motion-capturing". He commended Curry, Dechart, and Williams for their "engrossing performances" and said the game was among "the most well-acted" around. He also felt the choices "drastically" changed the story.[94] Peter Brown of GameSpot welcomed the variety of cycling between characters for ensuring player engagement. The game's "most dreadful and horrific scenes" made a considerable impression on Brown, some of which he found to be "truly unforgettable". Additionally, he remarked that the visuals were beautiful and "captivating to behold".[12] GamesRadar+'s Andy Hartup praised Quantic Dream for making "an interactive story capable of provoking genuine, honest, and varied emotions". He thought the consequences of the decisions were "utterly delightful", albeit rarely, and saw the setting as "beautiful". Hartup liked the character models, calling them "the most remarkable you’ll see in gaming", and favoured the eyes in particular. On the decision-making aspects, he proclaimed Detroit: Become Human "the new gold standard ... for meaningful choice in gaming".[14] Lucy O'Brien at IGN wrote that the game "manages to be a frequently moving melodrama that bends to your choices with meaningful results". She also praised the acting of Curry, Dechart, and Williams, observing different benefits to each character. O'Brien appraised the general plot as "big, ambitious fun" and the environments as "beautifully detailed". Like Goroff, Wallace, Tamburro, and Hartup, O'Brien found the "branching paths to be multiple and deep", while also complimenting the flowcharts,[95] a feature Colm Ahern of VideoGamer.com singled out as one of the game's few redeeming qualities.[96]

text: Conversely, Carter criticised the game's "surface level exploration" of the Ship of Theseus, questioning the director's subtlety. He blamed the weakness of Kara's story on Cage's writing, called the portrayal of domestic and substance abusers "cartoonish", and complained about occasional "wooden acting".[8] Goroff's only annoyance with the controls concerned its motion-sensitive feature, especially disparaging its use in quick-time events.[9] Wallace thought Markus' story was the worst of the three, citing "predictable speeches" and "black-and-white decisions" as the primary problems. She suggested that the narrative suffered "heavy-handed" attempts at historical parallels, and noted, as Carter did, that its representation of abuse seemed "exploitive due to the over-the-top antics". She felt the use of the motion controls and touchpad was "unintuitive" and wanted more variety from the gameplay.[22] Tamburro faulted the opening act for its "slow" and "dull" interactions, the quick-time events for their abundance, and occasional story paths for being "highly questionable".[94] Brown viewed Markus as "remarkably lacking in nuance" and the allegories to actual history as "on-the-nose" and "distracting". He commented that the flowchart exposition was "ultimately detrimental" to player immersion and wished there was a way of disabling it.[12] Hartup disliked the moments in which themes were either "fumble[d]" or "pushed too far".[14] O'Brien observed multiple plotholes and found a considerable amount of "clumsy" exposition and dialogue.[95] Ahern wrote in his verdict, "Detroit: Become Human wants to move you ... The thing is, it really doesn't ... when the narrative is as cringey and ham-fisted as it is you won't want to play through it multiple times".[96]

text: Sales

text: Detroit: Become Human reached fifth place on the UK chart after two days of release[98] and, in one week, made first place in overall sales, as with console sales alone; though fewer than Beyond: Two Souls and Heavy Rain in that region, Cage and executive producer Guillaume de Fondaumière claimed it was the studio's most successful launch yet.[99][100][101] Detroit: Become Human sold the most out of any title on the PlayStation Store in May 2018, having been available for six days.[102] It released in Japan with 39,548 units (which rose to 56,480 after two weeks), second to Dark Souls: Remastered.[103][104] In the UK, the second week also saw it become the second best-selling video game (behind FIFA 18).[105] The game sold one million copies after the first two weeks.[106] For the week ending 10 June, its physical sales dropped to fourth place in the United Kingdom.[107]

text: Awards

text: Detroit: Become Human was nominated for the 2016 Best of E3 Game Critics Awards in the category of Best Original Game[108] but lost out to Horizon Zero Dawn.[109] At E3 2017, it won GameSpot's Best of E3 award[110] and was nominated for IGN's Best PlayStation 4 Game[111] and Best Adventure Game awards,[112] Hardcore Gamer's Adventure Game award[113] and Game Critics Awards' Best Original Game and Best Action/Adventure Game awards.[114][115]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ It became one of the highest user-rated PlayStation 4 video games on Metacritic, with a score of 8.8/10.[97]


document_title: List of Super Bowl starting quarterbacks

question_text: who has the most superbowl wins as a quarterback

root

text: Winning and losing quarterbacks[edit]

text:
Hall of Famer

Active Player

tag: table

text:
Season

Winning QB

Team

College

Losing QB

Team

College

1966

Bart Starr

Green Bay Packers

Alabama

Len Dawson

Kansas City Chiefs

Purdue

1967

Bart Starr

Green Bay Packers

Alabama

Daryle Lamonica

Oakland Raiders

Notre Dame

1968

Joe Namath

New York Jets

Alabama

Earl Morrall

Baltimore Colts

Michigan State

1969

Len Dawson

Kansas City Chiefs

Purdue

Joe Kapp

Minnesota Vikings

California

1970

Johnny Unitas

Baltimore Colts

Louisville

Craig Morton

Dallas Cowboys

California

1971

Roger Staubach

Dallas Cowboys

Navy

Bob Griese

Miami Dolphins

Purdue

1972

Bob Griese

Miami Dolphins

Purdue

Billy Kilmer

Washington Redskins

UCLA

1973

Bob Griese

Miami Dolphins

Purdue

Fran Tarkenton

Minnesota Vikings

Georgia

1974

Terry Bradshaw

Pittsburgh Steelers

Louisiana Tech

Fran Tarkenton

Minnesota Vikings

Georgia

1975

Terry Bradshaw

Pittsburgh Steelers

Louisiana Tech

Roger Staubach

Dallas Cowboys

Navy

1976

Ken Stabler

Oakland Raiders

Alabama

Fran Tarkenton

Minnesota Vikings

Georgia

1977

Roger Staubach

Dallas Cowboys

Navy

Craig Morton

Denver Broncos

California

1978

Terry Bradshaw

Pittsburgh Steelers

Louisiana Tech

Roger Staubach

Dallas Cowboys

Navy

1979

Terry Bradshaw

Pittsburgh Steelers

Louisiana Tech

Vince Ferragamo

Los Angeles Rams

Nebraska

1980

Jim Plunkett

Oakland Raiders

Stanford

Ron Jaworski

Philadelphia Eagles

Youngstown State

1981

Joe Montana

San Francisco 49ers

Notre Dame

Ken Anderson

Cincinnati Bengals

Augustana (IL)

1982

Joe Theismann

Washington Redskins

Notre Dame

David Woodley

Miami Dolphins

LSU

1983

Jim Plunkett

Los Angeles Raiders

Stanford

Joe Theismann

Washington Redskins

Notre Dame

1984

Joe Montana

San Francisco 49ers

Notre Dame

Dan Marino

Miami Dolphins

Pittsburgh

1985

Jim McMahon

Chicago Bears

BYU

Tony Eason

New England Patriots

Illinois

1986

Phil Simms

New York Giants

Morehead State

John Elway

Denver Broncos

Stanford

1987

Doug Williams

Washington Redskins

Grambling State

John Elway

Denver Broncos

Stanford

1988

Joe Montana

San Francisco 49ers

Notre Dame

Boomer Esiason

Cincinnati Bengals

Maryland

1989

Joe Montana

San Francisco 49ers

Notre Dame

John Elway

Denver Broncos

Stanford

1990

Jeff Hostetler

New York Giants

West Virginia

Jim Kelly

Buffalo Bills

Miami (FL)

1991

Mark Rypien

Washington Redskins

Washington State

Jim Kelly

Buffalo Bills

Miami (FL)

1992

Troy Aikman

Dallas Cowboys

UCLA

Jim Kelly

Buffalo Bills

Miami (FL)

1993

Troy Aikman

Dallas Cowboys

UCLA

Jim Kelly

Buffalo Bills

Miami (FL)

1994

Steve Young

San Francisco 49ers

BYU

Stan Humphries

San Diego Chargers

Northeast Louisiana[a]

1995

Troy Aikman

Dallas Cowboys

UCLA

Neil O'Donnell

Pittsburgh Steelers

Maryland

1996

Brett Favre

Green Bay Packers

Southern Miss

Drew Bledsoe

New England Patriots

Washington State

1997

John Elway

Denver Broncos

Stanford

Brett Favre

Green Bay Packers

Southern Miss

1998

John Elway

Denver Broncos

Stanford

Chris Chandler

Atlanta Falcons

Washington

1999

Kurt Warner

St. Louis Rams

Northern Iowa

Steve McNair

Tennessee Titans

Alcorn State

2000

Trent Dilfer

Baltimore Ravens

Fresno State

Kerry Collins

New York Giants

Penn State

2001

Tom Brady

New England Patriots

Michigan

Kurt Warner

St. Louis Rams

Northern Iowa

2002

Brad Johnson

Tampa Bay Buccaneers

Florida State

Rich Gannon

Oakland Raiders

Delaware

2003

Tom Brady

New England Patriots

Michigan

Jake Delhomme

Carolina Panthers

Louisiana–Lafayette

2004

Tom Brady

New England Patriots

Michigan

Donovan McNabb

Philadelphia Eagles

Syracuse

2005

Ben Roethlisberger

Pittsburgh Steelers

Miami (OH)

Matt Hasselbeck

Seattle Seahawks

Boston College

2006

Peyton Manning

Indianapolis Colts

Tennessee

Rex Grossman

Chicago Bears

Florida

2007

Eli Manning

New York Giants

Ole Miss

Tom Brady

New England Patriots

Michigan

2008

Ben Roethlisberger

Pittsburgh Steelers

Miami (OH)

Kurt Warner

Arizona Cardinals

Northern Iowa

2009

Drew Brees

New Orleans Saints

Purdue

Peyton Manning

Indianapolis Colts

Tennessee

2010

Aaron Rodgers

Green Bay Packers

California

Ben Roethlisberger

Pittsburgh Steelers

Miami (OH)

2011

Eli Manning

New York Giants

Ole Miss

Tom Brady

New England Patriots

Michigan

2012

Joe Flacco

Baltimore Ravens

Delaware

Colin Kaepernick

San Francisco 49ers

Nevada

2013

Russell Wilson

Seattle Seahawks

Wisconsin

Peyton Manning

Denver Broncos

Tennessee

2014

Tom Brady

New England Patriots

Michigan

Russell Wilson

Seattle Seahawks

Wisconsin

2015

Peyton Manning

Denver Broncos

Tennessee

Cam Newton

Carolina Panthers

Auburn

2016

Tom Brady

New England Patriots

Michigan

Matt Ryan

Atlanta Falcons

Boston College

2017

Nick Foles

Philadelphia Eagles

Arizona

Tom Brady

New England Patriots

Michigan

text: Jump up ^ Now known as Louisiana–Monroe.

tag: ol

tag: p

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl starts[edit]

text:
Hall of Famers

Active Player

*Player is not yet eligible for hall of fame

text:
Starts
Player
Record
Team(s), Super Bowls
Win %
Ref,

8
Tom Brady

5–3
New England Patriots – XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLII, XLVI, XLIX, LI, LII
62.5%
[1]

5
John Elway

2–3
Denver Broncos – XXI, XXII, XXIV, XXXII, XXXIII
40%
[2]

4
Terry Bradshaw

4–0
Pittsburgh Steelers – IX, X, XIII, XIV
100%
[3]

Joe Montana

4–0
San Francisco 49ers – XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV
100%
[4]

Roger Staubach

2–2
Dallas Cowboys – VI, X, XII, XIII
50%
[5]

Peyton Manning*

2–2
Indianapolis Colts – XLI, XLIV; Denver Broncos – XLVIII, 50
50%
[6]

Jim Kelly

0–4
Buffalo Bills – XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII
0%
[7]

3
Troy Aikman

3–0
Dallas Cowboys – XXVII, XXVIII, XXX
100%
[8]

Bob Griese

2–1
Miami Dolphins – VI, VII, VIII
67%
[9]

Ben Roethlisberger

2–1
Pittsburgh Steelers – XL, XLIII, XLV
67%
[10]

Kurt Warner

1–2
St. Louis Rams – XXXIV, XXXVI; Arizona Cardinals – XLIII
33%
[11]

Fran Tarkenton

0–3
Minnesota Vikings – VIII, IX, XI
0%
[12]

2
Bart Starr

2–0
Green Bay Packers – I, II
100%
[13]

Jim Plunkett

2–0
Oakland/L.A. Raiders – XV, XVIII
100%
[14]

Eli Manning

2–0
New York Giants – XLII, XLVI
100%
[15]

Len Dawson

1–1
Kansas City Chiefs – I, IV
50%
[16]

Joe Theismann

1–1
Washington Redskins – XVII, XVIII
50%
[17]

Brett Favre

1–1
Green Bay Packers – XXXI, XXXII
50%
[18]

Russell Wilson

1–1
Seattle Seahawks – XLVIII, XLIX
50%
[19]

Craig Morton

0–2
Dallas Cowboys – V; Denver Broncos – XII
0%
[20]

text:
BOLD indicates game won
Starr was also 3–1 in NFL Championship games (1960, 1961,1962, 1965) before the NFL and AFL met in the first Super Bowl.
Dawson was also 1–0 in AFL Championship games (1962) before the NFL and AFL met in the first Super Bowl.
There have also been three instances of quarterbacks facing off multiple times in the Super Bowl. Staubach and Bradshaw, Aikman and Kelly, and Brady and Eli Manning all faced each other twice.  In each case the same quarterback (Bradshaw, Aikman and Manning) won both matchups.[21]

tag: ul

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl wins[edit]

text: Super Bowl wins are often used to determine the greatness of a quarterback.[22] Of the eligible players, only Jim Plunkett has won multiple Super Bowls and not been inducted into the Hall of Fame. Peyton Manning is the only quarterback to have won Super Bowls for two NFL teams. The following NFL quarterbacks have won multiple Super Bowls as starters.

text:
Hall of Famers

Active Player

text:
Wins
Player
Super Bowls
Team

5
Tom Brady
XXXVI, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLIX, LI
New England Patriots

4
Terry Bradshaw
IX, X, XIII, XIV
Pittsburgh Steelers

Joe Montana
XVI, XIX, XXIII, XXIV
San Francisco 49ers

3
Troy Aikman
XXVII, XXVIII, XXX
Dallas Cowboys

2
Bart Starr
I, II
Green Bay Packers

Bob Griese
VII, VIII
Miami Dolphins

Roger Staubach
VI, XII
Dallas Cowboys

Jim Plunkett
XV, XVIII
Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders

John Elway
XXXII, XXXIII
Denver Broncos

Ben Roethlisberger
XL, XLIII
Pittsburgh Steelers

Eli Manning
XLII, XLVI
New York Giants

Peyton Manning
XLI, 50
Indianapolis Colts; Denver Broncos

text: Quarterbacks with multiple Super Bowl losses[edit]

text: The following NFL quarterbacks have lost multiple Super Bowls as starters.

text:
Hall of Famers

Active Player

text:
Losses
Player
Super Bowls
Team

4
Jim Kelly
XXV, XXVI, XXVII, XXVIII
Buffalo Bills

3
Tom Brady
XLII, XLVI, LII
New England Patriots

Fran Tarkenton
VIII, IX, XI
Minnesota Vikings

John Elway
XXI, XXII, XXIV
Denver Broncos

2
Craig Morton
V;  XII
Dallas Cowboys; Denver Broncos

Roger Staubach
X, XIII
Dallas Cowboys

Kurt Warner
XXXVI;  XLIII
St. Louis Rams; Arizona Cardinals

Peyton Manning
XLIV;  XLVIII
Indianapolis Colts; Denver Broncos


document_title: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (TV special)

question_text: how did they make rudolph the red nosed reindeer movie 1964

text: Plot[edit]

text: Sam the Snowman welcomes the viewers to Christmastown at the North Pole and introduces Santa and Mrs. Claus and we see Mrs. Claus fussing over Santa as she wants him to fatten up by Christmas Eve. Sam then goes onto tell the story of a year Christmas was almost cancelled due to a snowstorm and how a very special reindeer saved the day.

text: Via flashback, we see Donner, Santa's lead reindeer, and his wife and their new baby fawn, Rudolph. Upon admiring him, they are surprised to see that Rudolph has been born with a glowing red nose. When Santa arrives, he warns Donner that Rudolph won't make the sleigh team because of his nose. Donner then decides to hide the nose by covering it with mud to allow Rudolph to fit in with all the other reindeer.

text: A year later, Rudolph goes out to the reindeer games where all the other new fawns will be inspected by Santa and learn to pull his sleigh. During flight practice, Rudolph becomes acquainted with a beautiful doe named Clarice who tells him he's cute, which causes Rudolph to fly. However, while engaging in celebratory play with the other bucks, Rudolph's fake nose pops off, causing the others to make fun of him. Rudolph is then told he can no longer play in the reindeer games. Walking away, Rudolph meets up with Hermey, an elf who ran away from Santa's workshop because he wanted to be a dentist instead of making toys, and they decide to run away together. The pair then meet a prospector named Yukon Cornelius, who has fruitlessly searched his whole life for silver and gold. After escaping the Abominable Snow Monster of the North on an iceberg, the trio crash land on the Island of Misfit Toys where unloved or unwanted toys live with their ruler, a winged lion named King Moonracer. The king allows the group to stay one night on the island in exchange for returning to Christmastown to ask Santa to find homes for the unwanted toys. However, Rudolph awakens in the night and leaves the island on his own due to his concern that his nose, which attracts the Abominable, will endanger his friends.

text: Years go by and Rudolph has grown into adulthood. Returning home, he finds that his parents and Clarice have been looking for him for months. He sets out once again to find them, only to discover that they have been kidnapped by the Abominable Snow Monster. Rudolph tries to save Clarice from being eaten, but the monster hits him in the head with a stalactite, dazing him. Later, Hermey and Yukon return to Christmastown and go to save Rudolph. Hermey, oinking like a pig, lures the monster out of his cave and Yukon drops rocks on his head to knock him out. Hermey then pulls out all the monster's teeth. Realizing that the Abominable is now defenseless, Yukon drives the toothless monster back, only to fall over the cliff with all his pack dogs. Mourning Yukon's death, Rudolph, Hermey, Clarice, and the Donners return home where everyone apologizes to them. After hearing their story, Santa welcomes the group back to Christmastown, promises that he'll find homes for the Misfit Toys, Hermey opens his own dentist's office, and Donner apologizes for being so hard on Rudolph. Yukon then returns with a reformed Abominable Snow Monster whom he hired to be a tree decorator. Christmas Eve comes and while everybody's celebrating, Santa fears that he'll have to cancel Christmas if the storm doesn't let up. Santa is soon distracted by Rudolph's red nose and realizes that it's light could cut through the storm. He asks Rudolph to lead the sleigh and Rudolph agrees. The team then flies off to the island where the Misfit Toys to pick them up. The special ends with Santa wishing the viewers a merry Christmas as he and Rudolph fly off into the night.

text: Cast[edit]

text: Santa's Workshop[edit]

text:
Billie Mae Richards voices Rudolph.[3][4]
Stan Francis voices Santa Claus.
Paul Kligman voices Donner, Coach Comet, and Clarice's unnamed father.
Burl Ives voices Sam the Snowman.
Paul Soles voices Hermey.
Janis Orenstein voices Clarice.
Larry D. Mann voices Yukon Cornelius.
Peg Dixon voices Mrs. Claus and Mrs. Donner.
Carl Banas voices the Head Elf.
Alfie Scopp voices Fireball and the other young bucks.

text: Island of Misfit Toys[edit]

text:
Stan Francis voices King Moonracer, a winged lion who rules the entire Island of Misfit Toys.
Alfie Scopp voices Charlie-In-The-Box, the island's sentry.
Carl Banas voices the Spotted Elephant, King Moonracer's footman.
Corinne Conley voices Dolly, a seemingly normal girl rag doll. Her misfit problem is never explained on the special; many decades later, on NPR's Wait Wait… Don't Tell Me! news quiz show (broadcast December 8, 2007), Rudolph's producer, Arthur Rankin Jr., noted that Dolly's problem was psychological, caused by being abandoned by her owner (named as Sue in the special) and suffering depression from feeling uncared-for.[5]
Carl Banas voices the other toys which includes: a bird that swims, a cowboy who rides an ostrich, a train with square wheels on his caboose, two teddy bears (one on a bicycle and one with wings), a boat that doesn't float, a set of clown nesting dolls with a wind-up mouse as the last one, a water pistol that shoots jelly, a plane that can't fly, and a scooter with two wheels in front and one in back.

text: Production[edit]

text: The TV special, with the teleplay by Romeo Muller, introduced several new characters inspired by the song's lyrics. Muller told an interviewer shortly before his death that he would have preferred to base the teleplay on May's original book, but could not find a copy.[citation needed] Other than Burl Ives, all characters were portrayed by Canadian actors recorded at RCA studios in Toronto under the supervision of Bernard Cowan.[6]

text: After the script, concept designs and storyboards for Rudolph were done by Arthur Rankin, Jr. and his staff of artists at Rankin/Bass in New York City, the company's trademark stop motion animation process, known as "Animagic", was filmed at MOM Productions in Tokyo with supervision by Tadahito Mochinaga and associate direction by Kizo Nagashima.[citation needed] Besides Rudolph, Mochinaga and the rest of the Japanese puppet animation staff are also known for their partnership with Rankin/Bass on their other "Animagic" productions almost throughout the 1960s, from The New Adventures of Pinocchio, to Willy McBean and his Magic Machine, to The Daydreamer and Mad Monster Party?.[citation needed]

text: Aftermath[edit]

text: Since those involved with the production had no idea of the future value of the stop-motion puppet figures used in the production, many were not preserved. Rankin claimed in 2007 to be in possession of an original Rudolph figure.[7] Nine other puppets—including Santa and young Rudolph—were given to a secretary, who gave them to family members. Eventually seven were discarded.[7] In 2005, the remaining two puppets of Rudolph and Santa were appraised on Antiques Roadshow; the episode aired in 2006 on PBS. At that time, their appraised value was between $8,000 and $10,000. The puppets had been damaged through years of rough handling by children and storage in an attic.[8] Toy aficionado Kevin Kriess bought Santa and Rudolph in 2005; in 2007, he had both puppets restored by Screen Novelties, a Los Angeles-based collective of film directors specializing in stop motion animation with puppet fabricator Robin Walsh leading the project.[7][9] The figures have been shown at conventions since then.[10]

text: Production credits[edit]

text:
Directed by Larry Roemer
Produced by Arthur Rankin, Jr.
Co-Producer: Jules Bass
Written by Romeo Muller
Adapted from the Story by Robert L. May
Adapted from the Song by Johnny Marks
Music and Lyrics by Johnny Marks
Music Conducted and Arranged by Maury Laws
Associate Director: Kizo Nagashima
Recording Engineers: Bill Giles, Alan Mirchin, Ralph Friedman
Sound Effects: Walter Gustafson
Recording Supervisor: Bernard Cowan
"Animagic" Supervisor: Tadahito Mochinaga (aka Tad Mochinaga)
Continuity Design: Anthony Peters

text: Different versions[edit]

text: Original 1964 NBC broadcast edit[edit]

text: This version has the NBC "living color" peacock at the introduction. It includes the original end credits, where an elf drops presents which list all the technical credits. It also includes commercials which were exclusively for GE small appliances with some of the same animated elves from the main program introducing each of the products, and closing NBC network bumpers, including promos for the following week's episodes of GE College Bowl and Meet the Press, which were presumably pre-empted that Sunday for the inaugural 5:30 PM (EST) telecast. The College Bowl quiz show was also sponsored by GE.[11] The original does not include Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit Toys, but does include a scene near the end of the special in which Yukon Cornelius discovers a peppermint mine near Santa's workshop. He can be seen throughout the special tossing his pickax into the air, sniffing, then licking the end that contacts the snow or ice. Discarded in 1965 to make room for Santa traveling to the Island of Misfit toys, the audience was left to assume that Cornelius was attempting to find either silver or gold by taste alone.

text: 1965–1997 telecasts[edit]

text: The 1965 broadcast also included a new duet between Rudolph and Hermey called "Fame and Fortune", which replaced a scene in which the same characters sang "We're a Couple of Misfits". Viewers of the 1964 special complained that Santa was not shown fulfilling his promise to the Misfit Toys (to include them in his annual toy delivery). In reaction, a new scene for subsequent rebroadcasts was produced with Santa making his first stop at the Island to pick up the toys. This is the ending that has been shown on all telecasts and video releases ever since. Until sometime in the 1970s the special aired without additional cuts, but eventually more commercial time was required by the network. In 1978, several sequences were deleted to make room for more advertising: the instrumental bridge from "We Are Santa's Elves" featuring the elf orchestra, additional dialogue by Burl Ives, and the "Peppermint Mine" scene resolving the fate of Yukon Cornelius. The special's 1993 restoration saw "Misfits" returned to its original film context, and the 2004 DVD release showcases "Fame and Fortune" as a separate musical number.

text: 1998–2007 CBS telecasts[edit]

text: Most of the 1965 deletions were restored in 1998, and "Fame and Fortune" was replaced with the original "We're a Couple of Misfits" reprise. The "Peppermint Mine" scene was not restored; it has not aired on CBS since the mid 70s.

text: Starting in 2005, CBS aired the video of the "Fame and Fortune" scene with the soundtrack replaced by an edited version of "We're a Couple of Misfits". The special has been edited to make more time for commercial advertising by shortening some musical numbers.

text: CBS telecasts since 2008[edit]

text: "Fame and Fortune" has once again been replaced with "We're a Couple of Misfits". Additional cuts have been made for more commercial time.

text: Home media[edit]

text: When Rudolph was first issued on VHS and LaserDisc by Family Home Entertainment and Broadway Video from 1989 to 1997 under the Christmas Classics Series label, the 1965 rebroadcast print described above was used. All current video prints of Rudolph by Classic Media are a compendium of the two previous telecast versions of the special. All the footage in the current versions follow the original NBC airing (without the original GE commercials) up until the "Peppermint Mine" scene, followed by the final act of the 1965 edit (with the Island of Misfit Toys finale and the 1965 alternate credits in place of the original end credit sequence).

text: In 1998, the special was released by Sony Wonder on VHS. In 2000, it was released on DVD, and on Blu-ray Disc in 2010 (although the Blu-ray does not contain the bonus features from the previous DVD release.) This edit has been made available in original color form by former rights holders Classic Media,[12] (which in 2012 became the DreamWorks Classics division of DreamWorks Animation, and finally in 2016, part of Universal Pictures)[13] As previously mentioned, this is also the version currently airing on CBS, albeit in edited form to accommodate more commercial time. In November 2014, Classic Media released a 50th anniversary edition of the special on Blu-ray.[14] Walmart released an exclusive 50th anniversary Blu-ray edition with a storybook.

text: Soundtrack[edit]

text: The songs and incidental music were all written by Johnny Marks, with Maury Laws supervising. In addition to the songs previously mentioned, the score also includes the film's love theme "There's Always Tomorrow", sung by Clarice after Rudolph is kicked out of the reindeer games. Marks' holiday standard "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" appears as instrumental background music when Rudolph first arrives at the Reindeer Games. Also included in the soundtrack is an instrumental version of Marks' setting of the Christmas hymn "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day."

text: In 1964, an LP record of the soundtrack was released on Decca Records. It contained all the original songs performed as they are in the special, with the exception of Burl Ives' material, which has been re-recorded. MCA Special Products released the soundtrack on CD in June 1995. It is an exact duplication of the original LP released in 1964. Tracks 1-9 are the original soundtrack selections while tracks 10-19 are the same songs performed by the Decca Concert Orchestra. The song "Fame and Fortune" is not contained on either release. On November 30, 2004 the soundtrack was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over 500,000 copies.

text: Ives re-recorded "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" and "A Holly Jolly Christmas", with different arrangements, for his own album Have a Holly Jolly Christmas in 1965.[15]

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: Books and other items related to the show have in some cases misspelled "Hermey" as "Herbie". Rich Goldschmidt, who wrote Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer: The Making of the Rankin/Bass Holiday Classic, says the scripts by Romeo Muller show the spelling to be "Hermey".[16]

text: A Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer video game was released on November 9, 2010. The adaptation was published by Red Wagon Games for the Wii and Nintendo DS, and was developed by High Voltage Software and Glyphic Entertainment respectively. The Wii version was received poorly, and garnered extremely negative reviews from sites such as IGN giving it a 1.5/10.[17]

text: Sequels[edit]

text: The Rankin/Bass special, which currently airs on CBS, inspired numerous television sequels made by the same studio:

text:
Rudolph's Shiny New Year (1976), a special that first aired on ABC and is still aired annually on both ABC and Freeform.
Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July (1979), a feature-length special that paired Rudolph with the song-inspired character Frosty the Snowman.
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys (2001), a direct-to-video computer-animated film that is considered[by whom?] an unofficial sequel to the 1964 film.
"Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer - 4D Attraction"[18] (2016), A faithful, 10-minute stop motion story adaptation in the form of a 4D film for SimEx-Iwerks;[19] produced by Bent Image Lab and directed by Chel White.

text: Parodies of, and homages to, Rudolph[edit]

text: The television special's familiarity to American audiences through its annual rebroadcasts, along with its primitive stop-motion animation that is easy to recreate with modern technology and the special's ambiguous copyright status, has lent itself to numerous parodies and homages over the years.

text: Films by Corky Quakenbush[edit]

text: Animator Corky Quakenbush has produced parodies of Rudolph for several American television shows:

text:
In its December 16, 1995 episode, the Fox Network's comedy series MADtv aired "Raging Rudolph",[20] which also parodied Martin Scorsese's films. In it, Sam The Snowman narrates in a Joe Pesci-like voice how Rudolph and Hermey got violent Mafia-style revenge on their tormentors. This was followed by two sequels: "The Reinfather",[21] spoofing The Godfather trilogy and "A Pack of Gifts Now",[22] spoofing Apocalypse Now.
A 2001 episode of That '70s Show, titled "An Eric Forman Christmas", featured a subplot where Kelso was taunted by his friends for still watching "kiddie shows" like Rudolph even though he was in high school. A dream sequence produced and directed by Quakenbush, Kelso himself appears in stop-motion form with Rudolph and Santa who encourage him to continue watching their show.
In December 2005, the George Lopez Show featured an animated segment in which Lopez sees a stop-motion version of himself on television in a Rudolph-style special mirroring the theme of the holiday episode.

text: Other parodies of Rudolph[edit]

text:
In the stop-motion animated film The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), Jack looks through a book version of Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer to find a logical answer to explain Christmas to the other citizens of Halloween Town. Later, Zero, the ghost dog, has a magnificently glowing pumpkin nose, which is bright enough to break through the fog that Sally has conjured up. Jack lets Zero go to the head of his skeleton reindeer team and light the way for him.
Chel White, of Bent Image Lab, directed two parodies that played on Saturday Night Live', on Robert Smigel's TV Funhouse:

In a 2001 TV Funhouse episode, Sam the Snowman refuses to narrate the story because of the September 11, 2001 attacks. He then takes two children to Ground Zero at New York City, but Santa Claus convinces him to narrate the story, because people need comforting stories like Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer. Sam decided to narrate the tale, but was immediately interrupted by a special news report.
In 2004, TV Funhouse referenced the Red state-blue state divide. In the segment, Santa hangs out with liberal celebrities Natalie Merchant, Margaret Cho, Al Franken, and Moby while skipping over the Red states ("screw the red states, voting for that dumbass president just because of that moral values crap. I don't want any part of them!"). Rudolph's red nose turns blue.

In 2004, for Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer's 40th anniversary, CBS produced stop motion promos for their programming line-up, done in the style of Rankin/Bass animation. Appearing as elves in the CBS promos were puppet versions of CBS stars Jeff Probst from Survivor, Ray Romano and Doris Roberts from Everybody Loves Raymond, William Petersen and Marg Helgenberger from CSI, Charlie Sheen from Two and a Half Men, Phil Simms and Greg Gumbel from The NFL on CBS, and late-night talk show host David Letterman. A new stop-motion animation featuring Rudolph and Santa meeting even more CBS network stars was also aired in 2005.
Mystery Science Theater 3000 made numerous references to the special in their movie hecklings, such as Rudolph's line "I'm cute!! I'm cuute!! She said I'm cuuuuuutte!!!!". In episode 321, which screened Santa Claus Conquers the Martians, the MST3K cast had their own ideas for potential residents on the Island of Misfit Toys including Toaster Dolls, Patrick Swayze's Roadhouse board game, the EZ Bake Foundry, and Mr. Mashed Potato Head.

text: Uses in advertising[edit]

text:
In 1964, Rankin & Bass produced several commercials for the General Electric-sponsored broadcast.[23]
In November 2007, the Aflac insurance company released a commercial that featured Rudolph, who has a cold but does not want to miss work. All his friends say he will be unable to pay for his expenses. Santa then tells them about Aflac. Charlie wonders what will happen if Rudolph is not better by Christmas, but Rudolph thinks the Aflac duck can do the work. Rudolph gets better in a week, but Blitzen is sick, so the Aflac duck fills in for him.[24]
In 2009, Verizon began showing a commercial of the Misfit Toys with an AT&T phone. The characters wonder why it is there with all of its features but soon discover why, when the phone shows a map of where it has 3G coverage. (Verizon's ad campaign touts its much wider 3G coverage compared to AT&T's.) The toy airplane replies: "You're gonna fit right in here!" and falls on the ground laughing.[citation needed]
Starting in 2011, there have been several Bing.com commercials, filmed to look like the same stop-motion style as the special, which feature several characters including Rudolph, Yukon Cornelius, Hermey, the Bumble, and the Misfit Toys.[citation needed]
A 2012 commercial for Windows phone features Bumble the Abominable Snowman (with his full set of teeth), speed-dating and getting advice from friends through Live Tiles. A follow-up features Bumble at Santa's North Pole pool party, and Santa using Live Tiles on his new Windows Phone to help him give his elves the holiday-season toy production directives.[citation needed]
A 2013 commercial for Nissan shows a woman in a dealership briefly entering a fantasy, wherein Santa's Elves, including Boss Elf and Hermey, have expanded their manufacturing line to include Nissan cars. Furthermore, the Bumble makes an appearance test driving one to his obvious approval.[citation needed]
CBS celebrated the special's 50th anniversary in 2014 with Rudolph and Sam the Snowman celebrating with cast members from The Big Bang Theory and NCIS while passing by their studio lots.[citation needed]
In 2014, the United States Postal Service used four characters (Rudolph, Hermey, Yukon Cornelius, and Bumble) for the year's "Contemporary Christmas" stamp issue.[2][25]
In 2015, the Rudolph characters began appearing in commercials for AT&T with a stop-motion version of spokes-character Lily Adams.

text: Copyright issues[edit]

text: The copyright of the Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer special lies in a gray area of federal copyright law. When the recording was originally published, the date of copyright (published in Roman numerals) was accidentally listed as 1164 (MCLXIV), omitting an M that should have been present (1964 in Roman numerals is MCMLXIV); this mistake was not corrected with subsequent edits and remains on televised prints to this day.[26] The songs were validly and separately copyrighted, and the original character on which the special was based also remains under copyright and trademark protection, extending some indirect copyright protection to the special as a derivative work. (A number of films, such as It's a Wonderful Life and His Girl Friday, fall under similar circumstances: a public domain film loosely based on a copyrighted work.)

text: Assuming the error in the copyright is considered substantial enough to invalidate it (U.S. copyright law before 1988 required works to have a valid date on a copyright notice, while providing some leeway in regard to non-substantial errors), the error puts large portions of the special not directly tied to the songs or original story into the public domain. (Some of the characters, particularly Santa Claus and the adult reindeer, relied on material that was already public domain anyway; all of the characters except Rudolph, most of the images, and large portions of the spoken soundtrack would thus be public domain in this interpretation.) Because of the indirect copyright protections and uncertainty over their extent, permission is still required to show the program as a whole. The extensive derivative works seen in popular culture are likely a byproduct of this uncertain copyright status.


document_title: 2017 California wildfires

question_text: what is the name of the fires in california

text: 2017 California wildfires

text: Wildfire maps[edit]

text: This section contains a map of the locations and burn areas of the fires that occurred during the largest outbreaks of the season. The burn areas of some major fires are included in some of the maps.

text:
[Full screen]

Location of the California wildfires in October 2017

[Full screen]

Location of the California wildfires in December 2017

text: Wildfires[edit]

text:
Name
County
Acres
Start Date
Containment Date
Status
Notes
Ref

Jayne
Fresno
5,738
April 20, 2017
April 21, 2017
Contained

[16]

Opera
Riverside
1,350
April 30, 2017
May 2, 2017
Contained

[17]

Elm
Fresno
10,345
May 18, 2017
May 21, 2017
Contained

[18]

Gate
San Diego
2,056
May 20, 2017
May 23, 2017
Contained

[19]

Oakwood
Madera
1,431
June 10, 2017
June 13, 2017
Contained

[20]

Highway
Kern
1,522
June 18, 2017
June 28, 2017
Contained

[21]

Holcomb
San Bernardino
1,503
June 19, 2017
June 29, 2017
Contained

[22]

Schaeffer
Tulare
16,031
June 24, 2017
August 10, 2017
Contained

[23]

Salmon August Complex
Siskiyou
65,888
June 25, 2017
December 8, 2017
Contained

[24][25]

Manzanita
Riverside
6,309
June 26, 2017
June 30, 2017
Contained

[26]

Hill
San Luis Obispo
1,598
June 26, 2017
June 30, 2017
Contained
50 homes destroyed
[27]

Winters
Yolo
2,269
July 6, 2017
July 12, 2017
Contained

[28]

Alamo
San Luis Obispo
28,687
July 6, 2017
July 19, 2017
Contained
1 home destroyed, 1 damaged
[29]

Wall
Butte
6,033
July 7, 2017
July 17, 2017
Contained
41 homes, 48 outbuildings destroyed, 10 damaged
[30]

Whittier
Santa Barbara
18,430
July 8, 2017
October 5, 2017
Contained
16 homes, 30 outbuildings destroyed, 7 damaged
[31]

Parkfield
Monterey
1,816
July 8, 2017
July 11, 2017
Contained

[32]

Garza
Fresno
48,889
July 9, 2017
July 21, 2017
Contained
1 structure destroyed
[33]

Long Valley
Lassen
83,733
July 11, 2017
July 21, 2017
Contained

[34]

Detwiler
Mariposa
81,826
July 16, 2017
August 24, 2017
Contained
63 homes, 68 structures destroyed (131 total), 21 damaged
[35]

Modoc July Complex
Modoc
83,120
July 24, 2017
August 16, 2017
Contained

[36]

Orleans Complex
Siskiyou
27,276
July 25, 2017
September 26, 2017
Contained

[37]

Empire
Mariposa
6,370
August 1, 2017
November 27, 2017
Contained

[38]

Parker 2
Modoc
7,697
August 3, 2017
August 29, 2017
Contained

[39]

Young
Siskiyou
2,500
August 7, 2017
August 28, 2017
Merged into the Eclipse Complex's Oak fire

[40]

South Fork
Mariposa
7,000
August 13, 2017
November 27, 2017
Contained

[41]

Blaine
Riverside
1,044
August 13, 2017
August 16, 2017
Contained

[42]

Eclipse Complex
Siskiyou
78,698
August 15, 2017
November 29, 2017
Contained

[43]

Pier
Tulare
36,556
August 29, 2017
November 29, 2017
Contained

[44]

Railroad
Madera
12,407
August 29, 2017
October 24, 2017
Contained
5 homes, 9 structures destroyed
[45]

Ponderosa
Butte
4,016
August 29, 2017
September 9, 2017
Contained
32 homes, 22 outbuildings, 15 damaged
[46]

Mud
Lassen
6,042
August 29, 2017
September 1, 2017
Contained

[47]

Slinkard
Mono
8,925
August 29, 2017
September 12, 2017
Contained

[48]

Helena
Trinity
21,846
August 30, 2017
November 15, 2017
Contained
133 structures destroyed
[49]

La Tuna
Los Angeles
7,194
September 1, 2017
September 9, 2017
Contained
5 homes, 5 structures destroyed
[50]

Palmer
Riverside
3,874
September 2, 2017
September 6, 2017
Contained

[51]

Mission
Madera
1,035
September 3, 2017
September 13, 2017
Contained
4 structures destroyed
[52]

Buck
Trinity
13,417
September 12, 2017
November 20, 2017
Contained

[53]

Lion
Tulare
18,900
September 24, 2017
December 2, 2017
Contained

[54]

Canyon
Riverside
2,662
September 25, 2017
October 4, 2017
Contained
6 structures damaged
[55]

Cherokee
Butte
8,417
October 8, 2017
October 16, 2017
Contained

[56]

Atlas
Napa/Solano
51,624
October 8, 2017
October 31, 2017
Contained
6 fatalities, 785 structures destroyed, 40 damaged
[57]

Tubbs
Napa/Sonoma
36,807
October 8, 2017
October 31, 2017
Contained
22 fatalities, 1 injured, 5,643 structures destroyed
[58]

Nuns
Sonoma
56,556
October 8, 2017
October 30, 2017
Contained
Merged with the Norrbom, Adobe, Partrick, Pressley, and Oakmont Fires. 3 fatalities, 1,200 structures destroyed
[59]

Redwood Valley Complex
Mendocino
36,523
October 8, 2017
October 28, 2017
Contained
9 fatalities, 43 injured, 545 structures destroyed
[60][61]

La Porte
Butte
6,151
October 9, 2017
October 18, 2017
Contained

[62]

Cascade
Yuba
9,989
October 9, 2017
October 18, 2017
Contained
4 fatalities, 143 residential, 123 outbuildings destroyed
[63]

Sulphur
Lake
2,207
October 9, 2017
October 26, 2017
Contained
150 structures destroyed
[64]

Canyon 2
Orange
9,217
October 9, 2017
October 18, 2017
Contained
25 structures destroyed, 55 structures damaged
[65]

37
Sonoma
1,660
October 9, 2017
October 13, 2017
Contained

[6]

Pocket
Sonoma
17,357
October 9, 2017
October 31, 2017
Contained

[66]

Lobo
Nevada
821
October 9, 2017
October 18, 2017
Contained
At least 30 structures destroyed
[67]

Bear
Santa Cruz
391
October 16, 2017
October 27, 2017
Contained
7 injuries, 4 structures destroyed
[10]

Buffalo
San Diego
1,088
October 17, 2017
November 14, 2017
Contained

[68]

Tank
Kern
50
October 25, 2017
October 27, 2017
Contained

[69]

Wildomar
Riverside
866
October 27, 2017
October 29, 2017
Contained

[70]

Thomas
Ventura
272,000
December 4, 2017

55% contained
1,223 structures destroyed, 250 structures damaged, 2 firefighters injured, 1 firefighter and 1 civilian killed
[11][71][72][73][74]

Creek
Los Angeles
15,619
December 5, 2017

98% contained
123 buildings destroyed, 81 buildings damaged, 3 firefighters injured
[75][76][77]

Rye
Los Angeles
6,049
December 5, 2017
December 12, 2017
Contained
6 buildings destroyed, 3 structures damaged, 1 firefighter injured
[78][11][79]

Little Mountain
San Bernardino
260
December 5, 2017
December 7, 2017
Contained
3 injuries
[80][81][82][83]

Skirball
Los Angeles
422
December 6, 2017
December 15, 2017
Contained
6 structures destroyed, 12 structures damaged, 3 firefighters injured
[84][85][86]

Lilac
San Diego
4,100
December 7, 2017
December 16, 2017
Contained
157 structures destroyed, 64 structures damaged, 3 firefighters and 4 civilians injured
[87][88]

Liberty
Riverside
300
December 7, 2017
December 9, 2017
Contained
7 structures destroyed
[89][90]

Range 219
San Diego
100
December 15, 2017
December 15, 2017
Contained

[91]

text: October Northern California wildfires[edit]

text: During the month of October, a series of wildfires broke out throughout Napa, Lake, Sonoma, Mendocino, and Butte counties during severe fire weather conditions, effectively leading to a major red flag warning from much of the northern California area. In the extreme conditions, shortly after the fires ignited, they rapidly grew to become massive conflagrations spanning from 1,000 to well over 20,000 acres apart within a single day.[92] In addition, the fires have destroyed an estimated 8,900+ structures, and killed at least 44 people.[8] The fires burned over 245,000 acres (99,148 ha) of land,[6] and forced over 20,000 people to evacuate.[93][94]

text: December Southern California wildfires[edit]

text: Multiple wildfires ignited in early December across Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Ventura, San Diego, and Riverside Counties. The fires were exacerbated by unusually powerful and long-lasting Santa Ana winds,[95] as well as large amounts of dry vegetation grown due to large amounts of precipitation earlier in the year, and caused traffic disruptions, school closures, hazardous air conditions, and massive power outages. California governor Jerry Brown declared a state of emergency in Ventura and Los Angeles counties,[96] and Los Angeles mayor Eric Garcetti declared a state of emergency for the city.[97] The largest fire is the Thomas Fire, which has grown to 272,000 acres.[98][99][100][101][102]


document_title: Kings of Comedy Juniors

question_text: who won kings of comedy in vijay tv

question_tokens: who won kings of comedy in vijay tv

text: Kings of Comedy Juniors

text: Winners[edit]

text:
Winners
Notes
Amount won

Suchil
Title Winners
₹

Uthra
Runner Up
₹

Athesh
Best Entertainer
₹

text:
Muhesh
Mridulasree
Suchil
Uthra
Hrithikhasan
Adhesh

text: Cast[edit]

text: Host[edit]

text: Priyanka: who has appeared in many Tamil Shows such as Olly Belly, Jodi Number One and Airtel Super Singer Junior

text: Judges[edit]

text:
Robo Shankar
Rambha
Sindhu


document_title: Sputnik 2

question_text: when did sputnik 2 come back to earth

question_tokens: when did sputnik 2 come back to earth

text: Sputnik 2

text: Mission profile[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: Sputnik 2, known to Korolev's design bureau as "Prosteyshiy Sputnik-2", meaning "Simple Satellite 2",[7] was launched into a 212 × 1660 km (132 × 1031 mi) orbit with a period of 103.7 minutes on a modified ICBM R-7, similar to the one used to launch Sputnik 1.

text: Sputnik 2's launch vehicle had several modifications for the mission. These included modifying the launch trajectory to utilize propellant more efficiently and removing some flight control components to reduce weight. In addition, the core stage would be burned to propellant depletion instead of cutting off at a preset time. The telemetry system at engine cutoff would be switched from monitoring the booster's parameters to those of the capsule. It was also designed to only transmit data for ten minutes at a time every 90 minutes, so as to prevent battery power from being used up sending data while the spacecraft was out of range of Soviet tracking stations. The interstage section between the booster and capsule was highly polished and equipped with thermal blankets so as to reflect off sunlight and keep the latter cool, also several deployable reflectors were mounted on the core stage. A braking nozzle was added to the core stage to prevent it from tumbling in orbit; this would work by venting excess helium gas from the propellant tank pressurization system. Several RD-107 engines were test-fired, with the best-performing units being selected for use on Sputnik 2's booster. The launch vehicle arrived at Baikonur on October 22, along with various parts of the capsule. On November 1, the booster was erected on LC-1.

text: Ten dogs were considered for the mission, with the final selection being narrowed down to three, Laika being the flight animal, Albina the backup, and Muhka, used to test equipment.

text: Liftoff took place at about 5:30 PM Moscow time on November 3. Booster performance was nominal and the command to terminate core stage thrust was issued at T+297 seconds, just as onboard sensors detected LOX depletion. The booster and capsule entered a 225 km × 1,671 km (140 mi × 1,038 mi) orbit at a 65 degree inclination.

text: During the first two orbits, it proved difficult to reliably track Sputnik 2's flight path, but ground controllers were able to intercept theodolite data from an American tracking station in Perth, Australia. Data showed that Laika's heart rate and breathing spiked rapidly during ascent, but she otherwise reached orbit largely unscathed. Official Soviet press releases stated that Laika survived a week in orbit, but information released in the post-Soviet era indicated that she died only a few hours into the mission. Other sources suggested it had been four days before the dog succumbed to overheating and carbon dioxide buildup.

text: Telemetry data indicated that Laika's vital signs were normal for the first three orbits, but during the fourth orbit, the cabin temperature rose to 43 °C (109 °F) followed by movements of the dog. Data received on the second day showed no signs of breathing, heart rate, or blood pressure, but the cardio sensor was still registering a heart beat. By the morning of November 6, there were no signs of life in the capsule. On November 10, the batteries in the spacecraft ran out and all data transmission ceased, after 150 separate telemetry sessions. Sputnik 2 reentered the atmosphere on April 14, 1958 after 162 days in space and about 2500 orbits. Reentry was sighted from the east coast of the United States and surviving debris impacted in the Amazon region of South America.[8]

text: The flight sparked considerable ethical debate about cruelty to animals, as Laika had been launched with the full knowledge that she could not be recovered and may have suffered a quite unpleasant death from panic and overheating, and even some Soviet space program officials reportedly felt sorry about it. An anonymously-written poem criticizing the mission and the Soviet state was circulated in Moscow.

text: The R-7 was also known by its GURVO designation 8K71,[9] as well as the T-3, M-104,[10] and Type A.[11] The R-7 modified for the PS-2 satellite launch was designated 8k71PS.[12] Unlike Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2 was not designed to detach from the R-7 sustainer core, since Sputnik 1's core stage had demonstrated an acceptable orbital lifespan. This allowed the core's Tral D telemetry system to be used to transmit data, but would lead to speculation that Sputnik 2 had failed to separate.[13] After Sputnik 2 reached orbit, the interior temperature rapidly climbed to over 40 °C (100 °F), and Laika survived for only a few hours instead of the planned ten days.[14]

text:
Instruments
Purpose

Dog Laika
Biological data

Geiger counters
Charged particles

Spectrophotometers
Solar radiation (ultraviolet and
x-ray emissions) and cosmic rays

text: Passenger[edit]

text: The first living creature (larger than a microbe) to enter orbit was a female mongrel originally named Kudryavka (Little Curly), but later renamed Laika ("Barker"). Her true pedigree is unknown, although it is generally accepted that she was part husky or other Nordic breed, and possibly part terrier. NASA refers to Laika as a "part-Samoyed terrier".[15] Laika was selected from ten candidates at the Air Force Institute of Aviation Medicine, because of her even temperament.[16] She weighed about 6 kg (13 lbs).

text: The pressurized cabin on Sputnik 2 was padded and allowed enough room for Laika to lie down or stand. An air regeneration system provided oxygen; food and water were dispensed in a gelatinized form. Laika was chained in place and fitted with a harness, a bag to collect waste, and electrodes to monitor vital signs.

text: Early telemetry indicated Laika was agitated but alive and well, although the cabin temperature had already reached 43 °C (109 °F) by the third orbit. Biometric telemetry failed sometime after the fourth orbit.[17] It was initially claimed that Laika had survived in orbit for a week; decades later, Russian sources revealed that Laika likely had survived only a few hours in orbit before dying from overheating.[18]

text: The mission provided scientists with the first data on the behavior of a living organism in the space environment.[19] Although the time between Sputniks 1 and 2 was only 32 days, the plan to launch a dog was in the works more than a year in advance. The Soviets already had significant experience launching dogs in high altitude rockets, and they used that experience when ordered to quickly get Sputnik 2 into space.[6]

text: Impact[edit]

text: The time after Sputnik 2 was tense for the Americans and exciting for the Soviets. The day after Sputnik 2 went into orbit the Gaither committee met with President Eisenhower to brief him on the current situation.[20] The committee, like much of the U.S., seemed to be in a panic, afraid that they were falling so far behind the Soviets technologically that it would put them in danger of a strike using nuclear weapons.

text: Unlike most of the U.S., President Eisenhower kept calm through the time afterward just as he did after Sputnik 1 was launched. According to one of the president’s aides, “The president's burning concern was to keep the country from going hog-wild and from embarking on foolish, costly schemes.”[20] And by this he was referring to the push from the Gaither committee and others to invest in creating nuclear fallout shelters.

text: In the U.S.S.R., just six days after the launch of Sputnik 2, on the 40th anniversary of the October revolution, Khrushchev boasted in a speech “Now our first Sputnik is not lonely in its space travels.”[20]

text: Sputnik 2 and the Van Allen radiation belt[edit]

text: The Van Allen radiation belt could have received the name "Vernov Belt" after S.N. Vernov (ru) from Moscow State University. Sputnik 2 detected the Earth's outer radiation belt in the far northern latitudes, but researchers did not immediately realize the significance of the elevated radiation because Sputnik 2 passed through the Van Allen belt too far out of range of the Soviet tracking stations.

text: In Australia, Professor Harry Messel intercepted the signals. Other stations in Australia and South America had also been in range and intercepted the signals. However, the Soviets would not release the code that would allow the stations in Australia and South America to read the signals, and without the code, the stations would not cooperate and send the data to the Soviets.

text: The disagreement cost the Soviets the opportunity to claim one of the most significant findings of the space race at that time, and only after the launch (31 January 1958) of the U.S. satellite Explorer 1 did James Van Allen demonstrate the existence of the radiation belts.[21] In 1958, with Sputnik 3, they began to cooperate, and they confirmed the findings of the U.S. satellites Explorer 1, 3, and 4.

text: Reentry[edit]

text: Sputnik 2 reentered the Earth's atmosphere 14 April 1958, at approximately 0200 hrs, on a line that stretched from New York to the Amazon. Its track was plotted by British ships and 3 “Moon Watch Observations”, from New York. It was said to be glowing and did not develop a tail until it was at latitudes south of 20 degrees North. Estimates put the average length of the tail at about 50 nautical miles. The satellite burned up in the atmosphere.[22]

text: Replicas[edit]

text: A copy of Sputnik 2 that was used in testing before the launch is located at the Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center in Hutchinson, Kansas, USA.[23]

text: Footnotes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
Jump up ^ Berger, Eric (3 November 2017). "The first creature in space was a dog. She died miserably 60 years ago". Ars Technica. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
Jump up ^ "Russian Space Web".
Jump up ^ https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1957-002A
^ Jump up to: a b Logsdon, Launius (2000). Reconsidering Sputnik: Forty years since the Soviet satellite. Australia: Hardwood Academic. pp. 86, 101. ISBN 90-5702-623-6.
^ Jump up to: a b Zak, Anatoly. "Sputnik 2". Russian Space Web. Retrieved April 9, 2016.
Jump up ^ Siddiqi, Asif A.. Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge, Gainesville, Florida. The University of Florida Press, 2003, p. 155. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X
Jump up ^ http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik2_mission.html
Jump up ^ Zaloga, Stephen J.. The Kremlin's Nuclear Sword, Washington. The Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002, p. 232. ISBN 1-58834-007-4
Jump up ^ Cox, Donald & Stoiko, Michael, "Spacepower what it means to you", Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, The John C. Winston Company, p. 69, 1958
Jump up ^ Bilstein, Roger E., "Stages to Saturn a Technological History of the Apollo/Saturn launch Vehicles", Washington D.C., National Aeronautics and Space Administration, p. 387. 1980, NASA SP 4206
Jump up ^ Siddiqi, Asif A.. Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge, Gainesville, Florida. The University of Florida Press, 2003, p. 163. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X
Jump up ^ "Russian Space Web". 3 November 2012.
Jump up ^ Siddiqi, Asif A.. Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge, Gainesville, Florida. The University of Florida Press, 2003, p. 174. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X
Jump up ^ Sputnik 2. National Space Science Data Center. Accessed April 14, 2015.
Jump up ^ Siddiqi, Asif A.. Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge, Gainesville, Florida. The University of Florida Press, 2003, p. 173. ISBN 0-8130-2627-X
Jump up ^ "Sputnik-2".
Jump up ^ "Russian Space Web".
Jump up ^ Chernov, V. N., and V. I. Yakovlev, Scientific research during the flight of an animal in an artificial earth satellite, Artif. Earth Satell., No. 1, 80-94, 1958
^ Jump up to: a b c Cox, Donald W. (1962). The space race; from Sputnik to Apollo, and beyond. Philadelphia: Chilton Books. pp. 26, 32. LCCN 62018224.
Jump up ^ Roberts, W. (n.d.). Provocations #36: The Van Allen radiation belts almost scooped | OpenSky Repository. Retrieved April 10, 2016, from https://opensky.ucar.edu/islandora/object/archives:1538 12 January 1985
Jump up ^ King-Heele, D (1958). "The Last Minutes of Satellite 1957β (Sputnik 2)". Nature.  |access-date= requires |url= (help)
Jump up ^ List of Artifacts; Kansas Cosmosphere and Space Center. Archived 2015-02-11 at the Wayback Machine.


document_title: Kath & Kim

question_text: who sings the joker is me kath and kim

question_tokens: who sings the joker is me kath and kim

text: Kath & Kim

text: History[edit]

text: The characters of Kath, Kim (created by Riley and Turner) and Sharon (created and played by Magda Szubanski[2]) first featured in the early 1990s as a weekly segment of the Australian comedy series Big Girl's Blouse (Seven, 1994–95).[3] They also appeared in Something Stupid (Seven, 1998).[3]

text: The skits were developed by Riley and Turner into a full series. The first series of Kath & Kim premiered on ABC TV on 16 May 2002, with three further series following, while a television movie, entitled Da Kath and Kim Code, was broadcast nationally on 25 November 2005. Kath & Kim has garnered much critical acclaim since its debut, winning two Logie Awards for Outstanding Comedy Programme and an Australian Film Institute Award for Best Television Drama Series. In Australia, it has become a pop-culture phenomenon, and is a success with audiences nationwide. Internationally, the series has spawned a cult fanbase.

text: Fourth series[edit]

text: The fourth series of Kath & Kim began airing on the Seven Network on 19 August 2007, due to the contract expiring with ABC. The first episode of series four attracted an Australian audience of 2.521 million nationally,[4] the highest rating ever for a first episode in the history of Australian television,[4] until the series premiere of Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities in 2009 with 2.58 million viewers.[5]

text: American version[edit]

text: Due to the success that Kath & Kim has achieved internationally, it was remade for US audiences by NBC.[6][7][8] Riley and Turner served as executive producers on the US version. In this remake, actress Molly Shannon has taken the role of Kath Day,[9] and Selma Blair the role of Kim.[10] The character of Sharon does not appear at the insistence of Szubanski.

text: NBC chose Jason Ensler to direct. Michelle Nader developed the series for American television, which premiered in the United States as part of the Fall schedule of 2008. The series started to shoot in California in July 2008. NBC debuted the US adaptation on 9 October 2008, while Seven started screening it to Australian viewers on 12 October 2008. After airing only two episodes, Seven dropped the sitcom from their lineup due to poor ratings, only to bring it back several weeks later as a late-night schedule filler. In America, reviews were poor, but it averaged roughly around 5 to 7 million viewers per week, and was rewarded with a full season order in October 2008.[11][12] On 19 May 2009, NBC announced that there would not be a second season of Kath & Kim.

text: 2012 Film[edit]

text: On 9 March 2011, Turner and Riley announced plans for a movie, in which, Kath, Kim, Kel, Brett, Sharon and Epponnee would head overseas on holiday. Contracts were written to finance the film's production under the working title of The Kath & Kim Filum, with the word 'film' deliberately misspelt with the letter 'u' in typical Kath and Kim humour.[13] However, the title Kath & Kimderella was ultimately used, and the film was released in Australia on 6 September 2012.[14] It was directed by Ted Emery (director of the television series) and produced by Rick McKenna. The holiday scenes were shot in Positano, Italy and filming took a total of two weeks.[15]

text: The film was released in Australian cinemas on 6 September 2012.[14] It grossed in excess of $2.1 million in its first weekend on Australian movie screens.[16]

text: Re-runs[edit]

text: In 2017, the rights to the series were acquired by the Nine Network which began airing repeats of the series from 1 August 2017 until 21 November 2017.[17]

text: Premise[edit]

text: Kath & Kim follows the day-to-day Australian suburban life of Kath Day-Knight (Jane Turner), her only child Kimberly (Kim) Diane Craig née Poole (Gina Riley), Kim's husband and Computa City salesman, Brett Craig (Peter Rowsthorn), Kath's love interest and eventual husband who works as a "purveyor of fine meats", Kel Knight (Glenn Robbins), and long-time family friend Sharon Strzelecki (Magda Szubanski).

text: The main setting is Kath's townhouse in Fountain Lakes. It is taped in a house in the waterfront street of Lagoon Place, Patterson Lakes, Victoria.[1] The house's exact location is 4 Lagoon Place, Patterson Lakes, Victoria.

text: The storyline of first series follows Kath's engagement and plans for her wedding to Kel. Kim frequently stays in her mother's house owing to her rocky relationship with Brett (most of which is due to her own childish, spoilt, and rude behaviour towards Brett). Sharon's always around with a helping hand and her own relationship problems. Her history with Brett is also explored.

text: The second series follows Kim's pregnancy and her rekindled relationship with Brett. Kath and Kel's relationship goes through some teething troubles. Kim and Brett have a baby in the final episode of the second series whom they name Epponn'knee-Raelene Kathleen Darlene Charlene Craig, shortened to Epponn'knee-Rae. Several episodes of the third series focus on Epponn'knee-Rae. The third-season finale features an adult Epponn'knee-Rae, played by Kylie Minogue.

text: Storylines follow the characters' day-to-day lives, and document their personal struggles and the banality of their achievements and aspirations. Kath & Kim satirises the mother-daughter relationship and the habits and values of modern suburban Australians, and emphasises the kitsch and superficial elements of contemporary society, particularly the traditional working class which has progressed to a level of affluence (or "effluence" as quoted by Kath) which previous generations had been unable to achieve. Despite this affluence, good taste and a sense of cultural sophistication still eludes the titular characters.

text: They visit places such as the Westfield Fountain Gate (some parts filmed at Westfield Southland), the local IKEA, Target, and various local restaurants.

text: It also occasionally mocks Australian and international mass popular culture, such as popular reality television shows Big Brother and Australian Idol. It sometimes makes statements about Australian politics. The crass and embarrassing behaviour of the characters, and their gaudy, out-dated fashion sense are popular features of the show. Processed and widely recognised Australian foods, such as Jatz crackers, Tim Tams and Fruiche yoghurt are frequently referenced in the series.

text: During the credits, most episodes end with Kath and Kim sitting in Kath's back yard, chatting about issues related to the episode. Sometimes these chats help to complete the story which was told during episode.

text: Catch phrases[edit]

text: The highly developed alternative vocabulary including the mixed metaphors, hypercorrection, malapropisms, eggcorns (like "effluent" instead of "affluent"), and mis-pronunciations of the regular characters are much-repeated by the show's fans. These include: "Look at moy" (look at me)—used by Kath to command attention during arguments, and "It's noice, different and unusual"—used by Kath, Kim and Sharon to express approval or agreement.

text: Costuming[edit]

text: Second-hand shops were used for Kath's clothing, whereas Kim was dressed in current trends.[18]

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main Cast[edit]

text:
Jane Turner as Kath Day-Knight - A middle aged woman
Gina Riley as Kim Craig - Kath's lazy daughter, in her 20s
Magda Szubanski as Sharon Strzelecki - Kim's "second best friend", described as very unlucky in love
Glenn Robbins as Kel Knight - Kath's boyfriend and later husband, a metrosexual man
Peter Rowsthorn as Brett Craig - Kim's husband

text: Recurring cast[edit]

text:
Zara Harrington, Emma Le Boeuf and Makayla Berkers as Epponnee-Rae Craig - Kim's baby (series 2, episode 8 and onwards)
Jane Turner and Gina Riley as Prue and Trude, two snobby women who work in a homewares store (8 episodes + TV movie)
Marg Downey as Marion, a new age marriage celebrant and counsellor (6 episodes)
Mick Molloy as Gary Poole, Kim's father (2 episodes)
William McInnes (credited as Rock Hampton) as Sandy Freckle, long-time friend of Kel (2 episodes)
Tony Martin as Mark, romantic interest of Sharon (4 episodes)
Peta Brady as Kelly, Brett's supervisor at work (4 episodes + TV movie)
Mark Trevorrow as Daryl Lee, a camp man who works in a men's wear shop (3 episodes + TV movie)
Luke Lennox as Brodie (1 episode + TV movie)
Matt Lucas (as Sharon's sister, 2 episodes)

text: Guest cast[edit]

text:
Eric Bana (as himself, 1 episode)
Alan Brough (first name used, 1 episode)
Michael Bublé (as himself, TV movie)
Sibylla Budd
Rhonda Burchmore (as herself, TV movie)
Glenn Butcher
John Clarke
Vince Colosimo
Gerry Connolly
Rachel Griffiths (as herself, 1 episode)
Donna Hay (as herself)
Mark Holden (as himself, 1 episode)
Barry Humphries (TV movie, and movie (as Edna Everage))
Colin Lane
Judith Lucy (1 episode, TV movie)
Rove McManus (as himself)
Andrew O'Keefe (as himself)
Geoffrey Rush (1 episode)
Rob Sitch (1 episode)
Shane Warne (as a Shane Warne impersonator who marries Sharon, 1 episode)
The Wiggles (as themselves, TV movie)
Frank Woodley (1 episode)
Kylie Minogue (as an adult Epponnee-Rae Craig in episode 3x8, also made brief appearance in episode 3x7)

text: Several guest stars are well-known Australian comedy performers, some of whom previously worked with Turner or Riley. Buble and Lucas were fans of the show and asked to appear in it. Humphries declared himself a fan of the series before taking part.

text: Episodes[edit]

text: The title sequence shows the main five regular characters over a white background. In Series 3, it was amended to include Epponnee-Rae and Cujo. The five regular cast members are then credited over aerial shots of suburban houses. Szubanski is credited as "Special Guest Star," despite appearing in every episode. The theme song is "The Joker," performed by Gina Riley. A re-recording of it debuted in the telemovie opening sequence and has continued into Series 4.

text: Twenty-four episodes lasting approximately twenty-five minutes each across three series aired on ABC TV from 2002 to 2004. The series debuted on 15 May 2002 on the ABC Network with "Sex" and became one of the highest rated shows for ABC.[citation needed] A replacement of a full series occurred in 2005 with the telemovie Da Kath & Kim Code. The fourth series of Kath & Kim premiered on 19 August 2007 at 7:30 pm on the Seven Network with a total of eight episodes.

text: In late 2009, they announced that writing had begun on Series 5,[19] but by May 2010, Turner said: "We sort of felt like it was the end two years ago. We thought, ‘We’ve done enough and the well is dry and we can’t think of any more ideas’ ... We think we might just leave it for now."[20] The movie was released in 2012.

text:
Series
Episodes
Originally aired
DVD release

Season premiere
Season finale
Region 2
Region 4

1
8
16 May 2002
4 July 2002
20 June 2005
8 October 2002

2
8
18 September 2003
6 November 2003
27 November 2006
24 November 2003

3
8
7 October 2004
25 November 2004
TBA
30 November 2004

Telemovie
27 November 2005
TBA
1 December 2005

4
8
19 August 2007
14 October 2007
TBA
17 October 2007

Movie
from 6 September 2012 in cinemas

23 May 2013

text: Reception[edit]

text: The first series of Kath and Kim attracted criticism that the creators were making fun of the lower class in Australian society.[21]

text: Ratings[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2007)

text: Kath & Kim premiered on 16 May 2002 and became one of ABC's highest rated shows. When the show premiered on the Seven Network, it became the highest rating episode in Australian television history, until the record was broken by Nine Network's Underbelly: A Tale of Two Cities on 9 February 2009. The fourth series of Kath & Kim debuted with a record breaking 2.511 million viewers peaking at 2.731 million. In its second and third episodes viewers fell to 1.994 & 1.817 million respectively, however viewers then rebounded for its fourth and fifth episodes with ratings of 2.047 & 2.157 million respectively. Strong ratings continued with viewers of 2.049 and 2.066 million for the sixth and seventh episodes. The eighth episode and series finale rated 2.338 million giving the fourth series an average viewership of 2.122 million, making it the highest rating series in Australia for 2007 and the highest rating of all four series of the show.[citation needed]

text: Channel Seven have since started showing repeats of the show from series one onwards which had previously only aired on the ABC network. The repeats have proved quite successful, rating 1.465 and 1.530 so far, winning in a very competitive timeslot and being amongst the highest rating shows of the week.[22]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally aired
Network
Viewers (millions)
Rank

Season premiere
Season finale

1
8
16 May 2002
4 July 2002
ABC
1.254[23]
#15

2
8
18 September 2003
6 November 2003
1.755[23]
#1

3
8
7 October 2004
25 November 2004
1.829[24]
#1

4
8
19 August 2007
14 October 2007
Seven Network
2.127[24]
#1

text: Merchandise[edit]

text: The enduring public interest and popularity of Kath and Kim has led to a merchandising industry. The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from T-shirts to posters. The Kath & Kim series have been released on VHS (although titles are now discontinued in the VHS format) and DVD, in box-sets and separate series editions in both Region 4 (Australia, New Zealand, Latin America) as well as Region 2 (Europe). The series has also had a CD release, featuring songs from the series and recordings from Kath and Kim. In addition, there have been clothing (such as aprons, T-shirts and oven mitts). Merchandise is available to purchase online, from the Kath & Kim official website.

text: CD releases[edit]

text:
Album info

Kath & Kim's Party Tape

Release date: 2 May 2004 [1]
Chart positions: #17 (Australian Albums Chart)[2]
Accreditation: Gold (50,000+ units sold)[3]

In 2004, Kath & Kim's Party Tape was released in Australia under the Universal record label. It features 21 tracks including the full length version of the show's title theme, "The Joker" (as sung by Gina Riley) as well as Diana Ross and Lionel Richie's "Endless Love" and Donna Summer's "MacArthur Park".

text: Track listing[edit]

text:
Gina Riley – "The Joker"
Kath & Kim (Jane Turner and Gina Riley) – "Wine Time #1"
The Tubes – "Don't Touch Me There"
Bobby Hebb – "Sunny"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #2"
Diana Ross and Lionel Richie – "Endless Love"
Status Quo – "Roll Over Lay Down"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #3"
The Supremes – "Rhythm of Life"
Van McCoy – "The Hustle"
Yvonne Elliman – "If I Can't Have You"
Donna Summer – "MacArthur Park"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #4"
The Commodores – "Three Times a Lady"
Sérgio Mendes and Brasil '66 – "Day Tripper"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #5"
Yvonne Fair – "It Should Have Been Me"
Stephanie Mills – "Never Knew Love Like This Before"
Kath & Kim – "Wine Time #6"
Captain & Tennille – "Love Will Keep Us Together"
Kath & Kim – "Lady Bump"

text: DVD releases[edit]

text: Single seasons[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 2
Region 4

1
8
2
United Kingdom: 20 June 2005
Australia: 8 October 2002

This release of the complete first season has a total running time of 202 minutes and contains all 8 episodes. Special features include features entitled "Being Stewpid", "Wine Time Philosophy" and "Scenes that are different, un-ewes-yewl" as well as re-living Brett And Kim's Connubials!

text:
Season
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 2
Region 4

2
8
2
United Kingdom: 27 November 2006
Australia: 24 November 2003

This release of the complete second season has a total running time of 215 minutes and contains all 8 episodes. Special features include features entitled "A bit of huffy puffy with Kath and Kel", "More Yumor", "More Wine Time philosophy" and "Scenes that are different, un-ewes-yewl".

text:
Season
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

3
8
2
Australia: 30 November 2004

This release of the complete third season has a total running time of 248 minutes and contains all 8 episodes. Special features includes a feature entitled "'In the Raw' with Kath & Kim" as well as goof reels, deleted scenes, a performance of "Lady Bump" at the Logies, interviews with Kath & Kim, bonus "Wine Time" material as well as Prue and Trued telling it how it is.

text:
Season
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

4
8
2
Australia: 17 October 2007

text: Box sets[edit]

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 2
Region 4

1 & 2
16
4
United Kingdom: 27 November 2006
Australia: 8 April 2004

This box set of the first and second seasons has a total running time of 431 minutes. It contains the same special features as the single season releases.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

1–3
24
6
Australia: 7 April 2005

This box set of the first, second and third seasons has a total running time of 686 minutes. It contains the same special features as the single season releases.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

1–4
32
8
Australia: 6 November 2008

Special box set featuring all four seasons. Called The Hornbag Collection.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

1 & 2
16
4
Australia: 2 July 2009

Called Kath & Kim: Series 1 & 2. Total running time 417 minutes. Contains the same special features as single season releases. Released through Roadshow Entertainment. Cover artwork states that it is PAL Region 4 but the discs have All Regions printed.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

3 & 4
16
4
Australia: 2 July 2009

Called Kath & Kim: Series 3 & 4. Total Running Time 513 minutes. Contains the same special features as single season releases. Released through Roadshow Entertainment. Cover artwork states that it is PAL Region 4 but the discs have All Regions printed.

text:
Seasons
Episodes
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

1–4
32
8
Australia: 1 April 2010

Called Kath & Kim Kollection Series 1–4.

text: Other DVDs[edit]

text: Da Kath & Kim Code[edit]

text:
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

2
Australia: 1 December 2005

text: Da Kath & Kim Code repackage[edit]

text:
Discs
DVD release date

Region 4

2
Australia: 1 April 2010

This release of Da Kath & Kim Code features two discs with a total running time of 164 minutes. It contains the telemovie as well as special features including an exended ending for the telemovie, behind the scenes, goofs, a feature entitled "Barry Humphries at 'The Buckingham'", deleted scenes as well as a feature entitled "Kath & Kim & Bert". The release also includes "Live in London" content which includes Kath & Kim live at the Toast Festival, wine tasting, talking to the BBC as well as having "A Current Affair".

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text: This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text: The show itself, and the cast, have been nominated several television awards in the past, including AFI Awards and Logies. In addition, Kath and Kim and Da Kath and Kim Code have won four major awards for the show itself.

text:
Year
Award
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result

2002
AFI Awards
Best Actress in a Supporting or Guest Role in a Television Drama
Magda Szubanski
Won

2002
AFI Awards
Best Screenplay in a Television Drama

Won

2002
AFI Awards
Best Television Drama Series

Won

2003
Logies
Most Outstanding Comedy Program

Won

2004
Logies
Most Outstanding Comedy Program (tied with CNNNN)

Won

2004
Logies
Most Popular Light Entertainment or Comedy Program

Won

text: Nominated[edit]

text:
2002: Best Screenplay in a Television Drama at the AFI Awards
2003, 2004, 2005: Most Popular Light Entertainment / Comedy Program at the Logies
2003, 2004: Best Actor in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy (Glenn Robbins) at the AFI Awards
2003, 2004: Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy (Jane Turner) at the AFI Awards
2003, 2004: Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Television Drama or Comedy (Gina Riley) at the AFI Awards
2003, 2004: Best Comedy Series – Sitcom or Sketch
2004, 2005, 2006: Most Popular Actor (Glenn Robbins) at the Logies ('04 & '05 for Kath and Kim; '06 for Da Kath and Kim Code)
2004: Best Actress in a Supporting or Guest Role in a Television Drama or Comedy (Magda Szubanski) at the AFI Awards
2004: Best Screenplay in Television
2005: Most Popular Actress (Gina Riley) at the Logies
2005: Most Popular Actress (Magda Szubanski) at the Logies
2005: Most Outstanding Comedy Program at the Logies
2006: Most Outstanding Miniseries / Telemovie at the Logies (for Da Kath and Kim Code)