document_title: Vice President of the United States

question_text: when was the office of the vice president created

question_tokens: when was the office of the vice president created

text: Vice President of the United States

text: Origin[edit]

text: No mention of an office of vice president was made at the 1787 Constitutional Convention until near the end, when an 11-member committee on "Leftover Business" proposed a method of electing the president and vice president, and recommended that the vice president succeed the executive in the event of a vacancy in that position, but would otherwise serve as the president of the Senate, casting a vote only to break a tie. Although delegates approved establishing the office, with both its executive and senatorial functions, not many understood the extent of the vice president's duties. Only a few states had an analogous position. Among those that did, New York's constitution provided that, "The lieutenant-governor shall, by virtue of his office, be president of the Senate, and, upon an equal division, have a casting voice in their decisions, but not vote on any other occasion."[9]

text: Convention delegates had previously considered the selection of the Senate's presiding officer, deciding that, "The Senate shall choose its own President," and had agreed that this official would be designated the executive's immediate successor. They had also considered the mode of election of the executive but had not reached consensus. This all changed on September 4, when the committee recommended that the nation's chief executive be elected by a group of electors apportioned among the states, with each state receiving a number of presidential electors equal to the sum of that state's allocation of representatives and senators.[10][11]

text: The formation of the office of vice president was a by-product of this recommendation. The proposed presidential election process called for each state to choose members of the electoral college who were mandated to vote for the candidate who had received most votes in their state. Recognizing that loyalty to one's individual state outweighed loyalty to the new federation, the Constitution's framers assumed that individual electors would be inclined to choose a candidate from their own state (a so-called "favorite son" candidate) over one from another. So they created the office of vice president and required that electors vote for two candidates, requiring that at least one of their votes must be for a candidate from outside the elector's state, believing that this second vote could be cast for a candidate of national character.[11][12] Additionally, to guard against the possibility that some electors might strategically throw away their second vote in order to bolster their favorite son's chance of winning, it was specified that the first runner-up presidential candidate would become vice president. Creating this new office imposed a political cost on strategically discarded electoral votes, incentivizing electors to make their choices for president without resort to electoral gamesmanship and to cast their second ballot accordingly.[11]

text: Roles of the vice president[edit]

text:
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text: The vice presidency was established primarily to provide a successor in the event of the president's death, disability, or resignation.[4][13] Vice presidents have two constitutionally mandated duties: to serve as President of the Senate (but without a vote, unless the Senate is evenly divided), and to receive from the states the tally of electoral ballots cast for president and vice president and to open the certificates during a joint session of Congress.[4] Other statutorily granted roles include membership of both the National Security Council and the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution.[14][15]

text: President of the United States Senate[edit]

text: As President of the Senate (Article I, Section 3, Clause 4), the vice president has two primary duties: to cast a vote in the event of a Senate deadlock and to preside over and certify the official vote count of the Electoral College. For example, in the first half of 2001, the Senators were divided 50-50 between Republicans and Democrats. The Democrats had the majority from January 3 to noon January 20 with Al Gore's tie-breaking vote. Dick Cheney's tie-breaking vote gave the Republicans the Senate majority until June 6, 2001 when Jim Jeffords left the Republican Party.

text: Regular duties[edit]

text: The vice president oversees procedural matters in the Senate, and may cast a tie-breaking vote. There is a strong convention within the Senate that the vice president should not use his position as President of the Senate to influence the passage of legislation or act in a partisan manner, except in the case of breaking tie votes. As of February 2, 2018, a total of 262 tie-breaking votes had been cast by 36 vice presidents. As President of the Senate, John Adams cast 29 tie-breaking votes, a number later surpassed by John C. Calhoun with 31; no other vice president since then has ever threatened this record.[16] Adams's votes protected the president's sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, and prevented war with Great Britain. On at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters. Adams's political views and his active role in the Senate made him a natural target for critics of George Washington's administration. Toward the end of his first term, a threatened resolution that would have silenced him except for procedural and policy matters caused him to exercise more restraint in hopes of seeing his election as President of the United States.

text: Formerly, the vice president would preside regularly over Senate proceedings, but in modern times, the vice president rarely presides over day-to-day matters in the Senate; in their place, the Senate chooses a President pro tempore (or "president for a time") to preside in the vice president's absence; the Senate normally selects the longest-serving senator in the majority party. The President pro tempore has the power to appoint any other senator to preside, and in practice junior senators from the majority party are assigned the task of presiding over the Senate at most times.

text: Except for this tie-breaking role, the Standing Rules of the Senate vest no significant responsibilities in the vice president. Rule XIX, which governs debate, does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate, and grants only to members of the Senate (and, upon appropriate notice, former presidents of the United States) the privilege of addressing the Senate, without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president. Thus, as Time magazine wrote during the controversial tenure of Vice President Charles G. Dawes, "once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech, and then he is done. For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent, attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise, of deliberation or humor."[17]

text: Recurring, infrequent duties[edit]

text: The President of the Senate also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the Electoral College. This process occurs in the presence of both houses of Congress, generally on January 6 of the year following a U.S. presidential election.[18] In this capacity, only four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren, and George H. W. Bush. At the beginning of 1961, it fell to Richard Nixon to preside over this process, which officially announced the election of his 1960 opponent, John F. Kennedy. In 2001, Al Gore announced the election of his opponent, George W. Bush. In 1969, Vice President Hubert Humphrey would have announced the election of his opponent, Richard Nixon; however, on the date of the Congressional joint session (January 6), Humphrey was in Norway attending the funeral of Trygve Lie, the first elected Secretary-General of the United Nations. The president pro tempore presided in Humphrey's absence.[19]

text: In 1933, incumbent Vice President Charles Curtis announced the election of House Speaker John Nance Garner as his successor, while Garner was seated next to him on the House dais. The President of the Senate may also preside over most of the impeachment trials of federal officers. However, whenever the President of the United States is on trial, the Constitution requires the Chief Justice of the United States to preside. In 1986, the Senate extended this to cover vice presidents as well—the Constitution is silent as to who would preside in the instance where the vice president is the officer impeached.

text: Succession to the presidency[edit]

text: The U.S. Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 6) provides that "In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, ..."[20] Initially, it was unclear whether this meant the vice president became the new president or merely an acting president. This was first tested in 1841 with the death of President William Henry Harrison. Harrison's vice president, John Tyler, asserted that he had succeeded to the full presidential office, powers, and title, and declined to acknowledge documents referring to him as "Acting President." Despite some strong calls against it, Tyler took the oath of office as the nation's tenth President. Although some in Congress denounced Tyler's claim as a violation of the Constitution,[20] it was not challenged legally, and so the Tyler precedent of full succession was established. This was made explicit by Section 1 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1967. In total, nine incumbent Vice Presidents have succeeded to the presidency. In addition to Tyler they are, Millard Fillmore, Andrew Johnson, Chester A. Arthur, Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Gerald Ford.

text: Presidential disabilities[edit]

text: Another issue was who had the power to declare that an incapacitated president is unable to discharge his duties. This question had arisen most recently with the illnesses of President Dwight D. Eisenhower. Sections 3 and 4 of the amendment provide means for the vice president to become acting president upon the temporary disability of the president. Section 3 deals with self-declared incapacity of the president. Section 4 deals with incapacity declared by the joint action of the vice president and of a majority of the Cabinet or of such other body as Congress may by law provide. While Section 4 has never been invoked, Section 3 has been invoked three times: on July 13, 1985 when Ronald Reagan underwent surgery to remove cancerous polyps from his colon, and twice more on June 29, 2002 and July 21, 2007 when George W. Bush underwent colonoscopy procedures requiring sedation. Prior to this amendment, Vice President Richard Nixon informally assumed some of President Dwight Eisenhower's duties for several weeks on each of three occasions when Eisenhower was ill.[20]

text: Informal roles[edit]

text: The extent of any informal roles and functions of the vice president depend on the specific relationship between the president and the vice president, but often include tasks such as drafter and spokesperson for the administration's policies, adviser to the president, and being a symbol of American concern or support. The influence of the vice president in this role depends almost entirely on the characteristics of the particular administration. Dick Cheney, for instance, was widely regarded as one of President George W. Bush's closest confidants. Al Gore was an important adviser to President Bill Clinton on matters of foreign policy and the environment. Often, vice presidents are chosen to act as a "balance" to the president, taking either more moderate or radical positions on issues.

text: Under the American system the president is both head of state and head of government, and the ceremonial duties of the former position are often delegated to the vice president. The vice president is often assigned the ceremonial duties of representing the president and the government at state funerals or other functions in the United States. This often is the most visible role of the vice president, and has occasionally been the subject of ridicule, such as during the vice presidency of George H. W. Bush. The vice president may meet with other heads of state or attend state funerals in other countries, at times when the administration wishes to demonstrate concern or support but cannot send the president personally.

text: Office as stepping stone to the presidency[edit]

text: In recent decades, the vice presidency has frequently been used as a platform to launch bids for the presidency. The transition of the office to its modern stature occurred primarily as a result of Franklin Roosevelt's 1940 nomination, when he captured the ability to nominate his running mate instead of leaving the nomination to the convention. Prior to that, party bosses often used the vice presidential nomination as a consolation prize for the party's minority faction. A further factor potentially contributing to the rise in prestige of the office was the adoption of presidential preference primaries in the early 20th century. By adopting primary voting, the field of candidates for vice president was expanded by both the increased quantity and quality of presidential candidates successful in some primaries, yet who ultimately failed to capture the presidential nomination at the convention.

text: Of the thirteen presidential elections from 1956 to 2004, nine featured the incumbent president; the other four (1960, 1968, 1988, 2000) all featured the incumbent vice president. Former vice presidents also ran, in 1984 (Walter Mondale), and in 1968 (Richard Nixon, against the incumbent vice president, Hubert Humphrey). The presidential election of 2008 was the first presidential election since 1928 that saw neither an incumbent president nor an incumbent or former vice president, take part in any primary or general election for the presidency on a major party ticket. Nixon is the only vice president to have been elected president while not an incumbent, as well as the only person elected twice to both the presidency and vice presidency.

text: Selection process[edit]

text: Eligibility[edit]

text: To be Constitutionally eligible to serve as the nation's vice president, a person must, according the 12th Amendment, meet the eligibility requirements to become president (which are stated in Article II, Section 1, Clause 5). Thus, to serve as vice president, an individual must:

text:
be a natural-born U.S. citizen;
be at least 35 years old;
be a resident in the U.S. for at least 14 years.[21]

text: A person who meets the above qualifications is still disqualified from holding the office of vice president under the following conditions:

text:
Under Article I, Section 3, Clause 7, upon conviction in impeachment cases, the Senate has the option of disqualifying convicted individuals from holding federal office, including that of vice president;
Under Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment, no person who has swore an oath to support the Constitution, who has later has gone to war against the United States, or given aid and comfort to the nation's enemies can serve in a state or federal office – including as vice president. This disqualification, originally aimed at former supporters of the Confederacy, may be removed by a two-thirds vote of each house of the Congress.[22]

text: An additional disqualifying condition may exist under the Twenty-second Amendment, which limits the number of times as person may be elected president to no more than twice. Constitutional scholars disagree on whether a president who has already served two full terms is also ineligible to be elected or appointed vice president, as suggested by the Twelfth Amendment.[23][24] One viewpoint is that the 22nd Amendment's presidential term limit disqualifies any two-term president from later serving as vice president as well as from succeeding to the presidency from any point in the United States presidential line of succession. From another point of view, based on the literal language of the Constitution, a two-term former president could become vice president, as he or she is only barred from being elected president a third time, not from serving as president.[25] The practical applicability of this distinction has not been tested, as no former president has ever sought the vice presidency.

text: Residency limitation[edit]

text: While it is commonly held that the president and vice president must be residents of different states, this is not actually the case. Nothing in the Constitution prohibits both candidates being from a single state.

text: Instead, the limitation in the Twelfth Amendment imposed is on the members of the Electoral College, who must cast a ballot for at least one candidate who is not from their own state.

text: In theory, the candidates elected could both be from one state, but the electors of that state would, in a close electoral contest, run the risk of denying their vice presidential candidate the absolute majority required to secure the election, even if the presidential candidate is elected. This would then place the vice presidential election in the hands of the Senate.

text: In practice, however, residency is rarely an issue. Parties have avoided nominating tickets containing two candidates from the same state. Further, the candidates may themselves take action to alleviate any residency conflict. For example, at the start of the 2000 election cycle Dick Cheney was a resident of Texas; Cheney quickly changed his residency back to Wyoming, where he had previously served as a U.S. Representative, when Texas governor and Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush asked Cheney to be his vice presidential candidate.

text: Nominating process[edit]

text: Though the vice president does not need to have any political experience, most major-party vice presidential nominees are current or former United States Senators or Representatives, with the occasional nominee being a current or former Governor, a high-ranking military officer, or a holder of a major post within the Executive Department. The vice presidential candidates of the major national political parties are formally selected by each party's quadrennial nominating convention, following the selection of the party's presidential candidates. The official process is identical to the one by which the presidential candidates are chosen, with delegates placing the names of candidates into nomination, followed by a ballot in which candidates must receive a majority to secure the party's nomination.

text: In practice, the presidential nominee has considerable influence on the decision, and in the 20th century it became customary for that person to select a preferred running mate, who is then nominated and accepted by the convention. In recent years, with the presidential nomination usually being a foregone conclusion as the result of the primary process, the selection of a vice presidential candidate is often announced prior to the actual balloting for the presidential candidate, and sometimes before the beginning of the convention itself. The first presidential aspirant to announce his selection for vice president before the beginning of the convention was Ronald Reagan who, prior to the 1976 Republican National Convention announced that Richard Schweiker would be his running mate. Reagan's supporters then sought to amend the convention rules so that Gerald R. Ford would be required to name his vice presidential running mate in advance as well. The proposal was defeated, and Reagan did not receive the nomination in 1976. Often, the presidential nominee will name a vice presidential candidate who will bring geographic or ideological balance to the ticket or appeal to a particular constituency.

text: The vice presidential candidate might also be chosen on the basis of traits the presidential candidate is perceived to lack, or on the basis of name recognition. To foster party unity, popular runners-up in the presidential nomination process are commonly considered. While this selection process may enhance the chances of success for a national ticket, in the past it often insured that the vice presidential nominee represented regions, constituencies, or ideologies at odds with those of the presidential candidate. As a result, vice presidents were often excluded from the policy-making process of the new administration. Many times their relationships with the president and his staff were aloof, non-existent, or even adversarial.

text: The ultimate goal of vice presidential candidate selection is to help and not hurt the party's chances of getting elected, nonetheless several vice presidential selections have been controversial. In 1984, Democratic nominee Walter Mondale's groundbreaking choice of Geraldine Ferraro as his running mate (the first woman in U.S. history nominated for Vice President by a major political party), became a drag on the ticket due to repeated questions about her husband's finances. A selection whose positive traits make the presidential candidate look less favorable in comparison or which can cause the presidential candidate's judgment to be questioned often backfire, such as in 1988 when Democratic candidate Michael Dukakis chose experienced Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen; Bentsen was considered a more seasoned statesman in federal politics and somewhat overshadowed Dukakis. Questions about Dan Quayle's experience were raised in the 1988 presidential campaign of George H. W. Bush, but the Bush-Quayle ticket still won handily. James Stockdale, the choice of third-party candidate Ross Perot in 1992, was seen as unqualified by many and Stockdale had little preparation for the vice presidential debate, but the Perot-Stockdale ticket still won about 19% of the vote. In 2008, Republican John McCain chose Sarah Palin as his running mate over his primary rivals and/or campaign surrogates such as Mitt Romney or Tom Ridge. This surprise move would, it was hoped, draw women voters disappointed by Hillary Clinton's defeat in the Democratic presidential primaries into the McCain camp. Palin's selection soon came to be seen as a negative for McCain, due to her several controversies during her gubernatorial tenure which were highlighted by the press, and her feuding with McCain campaign chairman Steve Schmidt. This perception continued to grow throughout the campaign, especially after her interviews with Katie Couric led to concerns about her fitness for the presidency.[26]

text: Historically, vice presidential candidates were chosen to provide geographic and ideological balance to a presidential ticket, widening a presidential candidate's appeal to voters from outside his regional base or wing of the party. Candidates from electoral-vote rich states were usually preferred. However, in 1992, moderate Democrat Bill Clinton (of Arkansas) chose moderate Democrat Al Gore (of Tennessee) as his running mate. Despite the two candidates' near-identical ideological and regional backgrounds, Gore's extensive experience in national affairs enhanced the appeal of a ticket headed by Clinton, whose political career had been spent entirely at the local and state levels of government. In 2000, George W. Bush chose Dick Cheney of Wyoming, a reliably Republican state with only three electoral votes, and in 2008, Barack Obama mirrored Bush's strategy when he chose Joe Biden of Delaware, a reliably Democratic state, likewise one with only three electoral votes. Both Cheney and Biden were chosen for their experience in national politics (experience lacked by both Bush and Obama) rather than the ideological balance or electoral vote advantage they would provide.

text: The first presidential candidate to choose his vice presidential candidate was Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1940.[27] The last not to name a vice presidential choice, leaving the matter up to the convention, was Democrat Adlai Stevenson in 1956. The convention chose Tennessee Senator Estes Kefauver over Massachusetts Senator (and later president) John F. Kennedy. At the tumultuous 1972 Democratic convention, presidential nominee George McGovern selected Senator Thomas Eagleton as his running mate, but numerous other candidates were either nominated from the floor or received votes during the balloting. Eagleton nevertheless received a majority of the votes and the nomination, though he later resigned from the ticket, resulting in Sargent Shriver becoming McGovern's final running mate; both lost to the Nixon-Agnew ticket by a wide margin, carrying only Massachusetts and the District of Columbia.

text: In cases where the presidential nomination is still in doubt as the convention approaches, the campaigns for the two positions may become intertwined. In 1976, Ronald Reagan, who was trailing President Gerald R. Ford in the presidential delegate count, announced prior to the Republican National Convention that, if nominated, he would select Senator Richard Schweiker as his running mate. This move backfired to a degree, as Schweiker's relatively liberal voting record alienated many of the more conservative delegates who were considering a challenge to party delegate selection rules to improve Reagan's chances. In the end, Ford narrowly won the presidential nomination and Reagan's selection of Schweiker became moot.

text: In the 2008 Democratic presidential primaries which pitted Hillary Clinton against Barack Obama, Clinton suggested a Clinton-Obama ticket with Obama in the vice president slot as it would be "unstoppable" against the presumptive Republican nominee. Obama rejected the offer outright saying "I want everybody to be absolutely clear. I'm not running for vice president. I'm running for president of the United States of America" while noting "With all due respect. I won twice as many states as Sen. Clinton. I've won more of the popular vote than Sen. Clinton. I have more delegates than Sen. Clinton. So, I don't know how somebody who's in second place is offering vice presidency to the person who's in first place". Obama stated that the nomination process would have to be a choice between himself and Clinton, saying "I don't want anybody here thinking that 'Somehow, maybe I can get both'", by nominating Clinton as president and assuming he would be her running mate".[28][29] Some suggested that it was a ploy by the Clinton campaign to denigrate Obama as less qualified for the presidency.[30] Later, when Obama became the presumptive Democratic nominee, former President Jimmy Carter cautioned against Clinton being picked for the vice president slot on the ticket, saying "I think it would be the worst mistake that could be made. That would just accumulate the negative aspects of both candidates", citing opinion polls showing 50% of US voters with a negative view of Hillary Clinton.[31]

text: Election[edit]

text: Vice presidents are elected indirectly in the United States. A number of electors, collectively known as the Electoral College, officially select the president and vice president. On Election Day, voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its delegation in both Houses of Congress combined. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.

text: The winning slate of electors meets at its state's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, about six weeks after the election, to vote. They then send a record of that vote to Congress. The vote of the electors is opened by the sitting vice president, acting in his capacity as President of the Senate and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress, which was elected at the same time as the president and vice president.

text: Oath and tenure[edit]

text: Pursuant to the Twentieth Amendment, the vice president's term of office begins at noon on January 20 of the year following the election. This date, known as Inauguration Day, marks the beginning of the four-year terms of both the president and vice president.

text: Although Article VI requires that the vice president take an oath or affirmation of allegiance to the US Constitution, unlike the president, the United States Constitution does not specify the precise wording of the oath of office for the vice president. Several variants of the oath have been used since 1789; the current form, which is also recited by Senators, Representatives and other government officers, has been used since 1884:

text: I, (first name last name), do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter. So help me God.[32][33]

text: The term of office for vice president is four years. While the Twenty-Second Amendment generally restricts the president to two terms, there is no such limitation on the office of vice president, meaning an eligible person could hold the office as long as voters continued to vote for electors who in turn would reelect the person to the office. Additionally, a vice president could even serve under different presidents. This has happened twice: George Clinton (1805–1812) served under both Thomas Jefferson and James Madison; and John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) served under John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson.[4]

text: Original election process and reform[edit]

text: Under the original terms of the Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 3), the electors of the Electoral College voted only for office of president rather than for both president and vice president. Each elector was allowed to vote for two people for the top office; and could not differentiate between their first and second choice for the presidency. The person receiving the greatest number of votes (provided that such a number was a majority of electors) would be president, while the individual who received the next largest number of votes became vice president. If no one received a majority of votes, then the president and vice president would be elected by means of a Contingent election. The House of Representatives would choose among the five candidates with the largest numbers of votes, with each state's representatives together casting a single vote. In such a case, the person who received the highest number of votes but was not chosen president would become vice president. In the case of a tie for second, then the Senate would choose the vice president.[34]

text: The emergence of political parties and nationally coordinated election campaigns during the 1790s (which the Constitution's framers had not contemplated) soon frustrated this original plan. In the election of 1796, Federalist John Adams came in first, but because the Federalist electors had divided their second vote amongst several vice presidential candidates, Democratic-Republican Thomas Jefferson came second. Thus, the president and vice president were from opposing parties. Conflict between the two arose early on over the increasingly turbulent relations between the U.S. and France. Ultimately, Jefferson became more an "opposition leader", and actively sought to frustrate the president's policies. Then, in the election of 1800, Democratic-Republican electors (for reasons that are disputed), though clearly preferring Jefferson over Aaron Burr, the party's secondary candidate, sought to guarantee that their party won both offices, and cast 37 electoral votes for both Jefferson and Burr. In the contingent election that followed, Jefferson finally won on the 36th ballot, and Burr became vice president.[35]

text: This hardening of party lines and resultant straight-ticket voting practices led to the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804, which directs electors to use separate ballots to vote for the president and vice president.[35] While this solved the problems that had arisen under the previous system, it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the vice presidency, as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the presidency. The amendment also prescribes that, if no vice presidential candidate receives an Electoral College majority, then the Senate selects the vice president, with a majority vote of the entire membership (currently 51 of 100 senators, assuming there are no vacancies) being necessary for election.[36] There has been only one such contingent election since the 12th Amendment was ratified. It occurred on February 8, 1837, when no candidate for the vice presidency received a majority of electoral votes in the 1836 election. By a 33-17 vote, Richard Mentor Johnson (Martin Van Buren's running mate) was elected the nation's ninth vice president.[37]

text: Salary[edit]

text: The vice president's salary is $230,700.[38] The salary was set by the 1989 Government Salary Reform Act, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The vice president does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his position as President of the Senate.[39] The vice president must serve a minimum of two years to qualify for a pension.[40]

text: Since 1974, the official residence of the vice president and their family has been Number One Observatory Circle, on the grounds of the United States Naval Observatory in Washington, D.C.

text: Impeachment[edit]

text: Article I, Section 2, Clause 5 and Article II, Section 4 of the Constitution both authorize the House of Representatives to serve as a "grand jury" with the power to impeach high federal officials, including the vice president, for "treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors." Similarly, Article I, Section 3, Clause 6 and Article II, Section 4 both authorize the Senate to serve as a court with the power to remove impeached officials from office, given a two-thirds vote to convict. No vice president has ever been impeached.

text: Vacancies[edit]

text: Prior to ratification of the Twenty-fifth Amendment in 1967, no constitutional provision existed for filling an intra-term vacancy in the vice presidency. As a result, when one occurred, the office was left vacant until filled through the next ensuing election and inauguration. Between 1812 and 1967, the vice presidency was vacant on sixteen occasions—as a result of seven deaths,[41] one resignation, and eight cases in which the vice president succeeded to the presidency.

text: Section 2 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment established a procedure for filling such a vacancy.

text: Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.

text: Since it came into force the office has been vacant twice, until the confirmation of a new vice president by both houses of Congress and the swearing in ceremony. The first such instance occurred in 1973 following the resignation of Spiro Agnew, Richard Nixon's vice president. Gerald Ford was subsequently nominated by President Nixon and confirmed by Congress. The second occurred 10 months later when Nixon resigned following the Watergate scandal and Ford assumed the presidency. The resulting vice presidential vacancy was filled by Nelson Rockefeller.[20][41] Ford and Rockefeller are the only two people to have served as vice president without having been elected to the office, and Ford remains the only person to have served as both vice president and president without being elected to either office.

text:
Vice Presidency vacancies[4]

Dates
Length
in days
Reason
Next Vice President
after vacancy

01 !March 4, 1789 – April 21, 1789
7001480000000000000♠48
Logistical delays as the new Federal Government began operations
John Adams, following his inauguration

02 !April 20, 1812 – March 4, 1813
7002318000000000000♠318
George Clinton died
Elbridge Gerry, following election of 1812

03 !November 23, 1814 – March 4, 1817
7002832000000000000♠832
Elbridge Gerry died
Daniel D. Tompkins, following election of 1816

04 !December 28, 1832 – March 4, 1833
7001660000000000000♠66
John C. Calhoun resigned
Martin Van Buren, following election of 1832

05 !April 4, 1841 – March 4, 1845
7003143000000000000♠1,430
John Tyler succeeded to presidency
George M. Dallas, following election of 1844

06 !July 9, 1850 – March 4, 1853
7002969000000000000♠969
Millard Fillmore succeeded to presidency
William R. King, following election of 1852

07 !April 18, 1853 – March 4, 1857
7003141600000000000♠1,416
William R. King died
John C. Breckinridge, following election of 1856

08 !April 15, 1865 – March 4, 1869
7003141900000000000♠1,419
Andrew Johnson succeeded to presidency
Schuyler Colfax, following election of 1868

09 !November 22, 1875 – March 4, 1877
7002468000000000000♠468
Henry Wilson died
William A. Wheeler, following election of 1876

10 !September 19, 1881 – March 4, 1885
7003126200000000000♠1,262
Chester A. Arthur succeeded to presidency
Thomas A. Hendricks, following election of 1884

11 !November 25, 1885 – March 4, 1889
7003119500000000000♠1,195
Thomas A. Hendricks died
Levi P. Morton, following election of 1888

12 !November 21, 1899 – March 4, 1901
7002468000000000000♠468
Garret Hobart died
Theodore Roosevelt, following election of 1900

13 !September 14, 1901 – March 4, 1905
7003126700000000000♠1,267
Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to presidency
Charles W. Fairbanks, following election of 1904

14 !October 30, 1912 – March 4, 1913
7002125000000000000♠125
James S. Sherman died
Thomas R. Marshall, following election of 1912

15 !August 2, 1923 – March 4, 1925
7002580000000000000♠580
Calvin Coolidge succeeded to presidency
Charles G. Dawes, following election of 1924

16 !April 12, 1945 – January 20, 1949
7003137900000000000♠1,379
Harry S. Truman succeeded to presidency
Alben W. Barkley, following election of 1948

17 !November 22, 1963 – January 20, 1965
7002425000000000000♠425
Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to presidency
Hubert Humphrey, following election of 1964

18 !October 10, 1973 – December 6, 1973
7001570000000000000♠57
Spiro Agnew resigned
Gerald Ford, following confirmation by Congress

19 !August 9, 1974 – December 19, 1974
7002132000000000000♠132
Gerald Ford succeeded to presidency
Nelson Rockefeller, following confirmation by Congress

text: Growth of the office[edit]

text: For much of its existence, the office of vice president was seen as little more than a minor position. John Adams, the first vice president, was the first of many frustrated by the "complete insignificance" of the office. To his wife Abigail Adams wrote, "My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man . . . or his imagination contrived or his imagination conceived; and as I can do neither good nor evil, I must be borne away by others and met the common fate."[42] John Nance Garner, who served as vice president from 1933 to 1941 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, claimed that the vice presidency "isn't worth a pitcher of warm piss."[43] Harry Truman, who also served as vice president under Roosevelt, said that the office was as "useful as a cow's fifth teat."[44]

text: Thomas R. Marshall, the 28th vice president, lamented: "Once there were two brothers. One ran away to sea; the other was elected Vice President of the United States. And nothing was heard of either of them again."[45] His successor, Calvin Coolidge, was so obscure that Major League Baseball sent him free passes that misspelled his name, and a fire marshal failed to recognize him when Coolidge's Washington residence was evacuated.[46]

text: When the Whig Party asked Daniel Webster to run for the vice presidency on Zachary Taylor's ticket, he replied "I do not propose to be buried until I am really dead and in my coffin."[47] This was the second time Webster declined the office, which William Henry Harrison had first offered to him. Ironically, both of the presidents making the offer to Webster died in office, meaning the three-time presidential candidate could have become president if he had accepted either. Since presidents rarely died in office, however, the better preparation for the presidency was considered to be the office of Secretary of State, in which Webster served under Harrison, Tyler, and later, Taylor's successor, Fillmore.

text: In the first 100 years of the United States no fewer than seven proposals to amend the constitution to abolish the office of Vice President were advanced in the United States Congress.[48] The first such amendment was presented by Samuel W. Dana in 1800 and was defeated by a vote of 27 to 85 in the United States House of Representatives.[48] A second proposed amendment, introduced by United States Senator James Hillhouse in 1808 was also defeated.[48] During the late-1860s and 1870s, five additional amendments were proposed.[48] One supporter of the proposals, James Mitchell Ashley , opined that the office of Vice President was "superfluous" and dangerous.[48]

text: Garret Hobart, the first vice president under William McKinley, was one of the very few vice presidents at this time who played an important role in the administration. A close confidant and adviser of the president, Hobart was called "Assistant President."[49] However, until 1919, vice presidents were not included in meetings of the President's Cabinet. This precedent was broken by President Woodrow Wilson when he asked Thomas R. Marshall to preside over Cabinet meetings while Wilson was in France negotiating the Treaty of Versailles.[50] President Warren G. Harding also invited his vice president, Calvin Coolidge, to meetings. The next vice president, Charles G. Dawes, did not seek to attend Cabinet meetings under President Coolidge, declaring that "the precedent might prove injurious to the country."[51] Vice President Charles Curtis was also precluded from attending by President Herbert Hoover.

text: In 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt raised the stature of the office by renewing the practice of inviting the vice president to cabinet meetings, which every president since has maintained. Roosevelt's first vice president, John Nance Garner, broke with him over the "court-packing issue, early in his second term, and became Roosevelt's leading critic. At the start of that term, on January 20, 1937, Garner had been the first Vice President to be sworn into office on the Capitol steps in the same ceremony with the president; a tradition that continues. Prior to that time, vice presidents were traditionally inaugurated at a separate ceremony in the Senate chamber. Gerald R. Ford and Nelson A. Rockefeller, who were both appointed to the office under the terms of the 25th amendment, were inaugurated in the House and Senate chambers, respectively.

text: Henry Wallace, Roosevelt's Vice President during his third term (1941–1945), was given major responsibilities during World War II. However, after numerous policy disputes between Wallace and other Roosevelt Administration and Democratic Party officials, he was denied renomination to office at the 1944 Democratic National Convention. Harry Truman was selected instead. During his 82 day vice presidency, Truman was not informed about any war or post-war plans, including the Manhattan Project, leading Truman to remark, wryly, that the job of the Vice President was to "go to weddings and funerals." As a result of this experience, Truman, after succeeding to the presidency upon Roosevelt's death, recognized the need to keep the Vice President informed on national security issues. Congress made the vice president one of four statutory members of the National Security Council in 1949.

text: The stature of the Vice-presidency grew again while Richard Nixon was in office (1953–1961). He attracted the attention of the media and the Republican party, when Dwight Eisenhower authorized him to preside at Cabinet meetings in his absence. Nixon was also the first vice president to formally assume temporary control of the executive branch, which he did after Eisenhower suffered a heart attack on September 24, 1955, ileitis in June 1956, and a stroke in November 1957.

text: Until 1961, vice presidents had their offices on Capitol Hill, a formal office in the Capitol itself and a working office in the Russell Senate Office Building. Lyndon B. Johnson was the first vice president to be given an office in the White House complex, in the Old Executive Office Building. The former Navy Secretary's office in the OEOB has since been designated the "Ceremonial Office of the Vice President" and is today used for formal events and press interviews. President Jimmy Carter was the first president to give his vice president, Walter Mondale, an office in the West Wing of the White House, which all vice presidents have since retained. Because of their function as Presidents of the Senate, vice presidents still maintain offices and staff members on Capitol Hill.

text: Though Walter Mondale's tenure was the beginning of the modern day power of the vice presidency, the tenure of Dick Cheney saw a rapid growth in the office of the vice president. Vice President Cheney held a tremendous amount of power and frequently made policy decisions on his own, without the knowledge of the President.[52] After his tenure, and during the 2008 presidential campaign, both vice presidential candidates, Sarah Palin and Joe Biden, stated the office had expanded too much under Cheney's tenure and both claimed they would reduce the role to simply being an adviser to the president.[53] This rapid growth has led to calls for abolition of the vice presidency from various constitutional scholars and political commentators such as: Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Matthew Yglesias, and Bruce Ackerman.[54][55][56]

text: Post–vice presidency[edit]

text: This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Living former vice presidents

Walter Mondale (age 90)
since 1981

George H. W. Bush (age 93)
since 1989

Dan Quayle (age 71)
since 1993

Al Gore (age 70)
since 2001

Dick Cheney (age 77)
since 2009

Joe Biden (age 75)
since 2017

text: Four vice presidents have been elected to the presidency while serving as vice president: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Martin Van Buren and George H. W. Bush. Additionally, John C. Breckinridge, Richard Nixon, Hubert Humphrey and Al Gore were each nominated by their respective parties, but did not succeed the presidents with whom they were elected, though Nixon was elected president eight years later.

text: Two former vice presidents unsuccessfully sought a non-conconsecutive term in office:

text:
Adlai Stevenson I, vice president under Grover Cleveland, in 1900, as William Jennings Bryan's running mate.
Charles W. Fairbanks, vice president under Theodore Roosevelt, in 1916, as Charles Evans Hughes' running mate.

text: One vice president sought the office unsuccessfully, but was later elected to it:

text: Thomas A. Hendricks ran in 1876 as the running mate of Democratic nominee Samuel J. Tilden. Eight years later, he was elected vice president as the running mate of Grover Cleveland.

text: Several former vice presidents have sought other offices after serving as vice president:

text:
Daniel D. Tompkins ran for Governor of New York in 1820 while serving as vice president under James Monroe. He lost to DeWitt Clinton, but was re-elected vice president.
John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president to accept election as US Senator from South Carolina.
Hannibal Hamlin, Andrew Johnson, Alben Barkley and Hubert H. Humphrey were all elected to the Senate after leaving office.
Levi P. Morton, vice president under Benjamin Harrison, was elected Governor of New York after leaving office.
Adlai Stevenson I was narrowly defeated for Governor of Illinois in 1908.
Richard Nixon unsuccessfully sought the governorship of California in 1962, nearly two years after leaving office as vice president and just over six years before becoming president.
Walter Mondale ran unsuccessfully for president in 1984, served as U.S. Ambassador to Japan from 1993 to 1996, and then sought unsuccessfully to return to the Senate in 2002.
George H. W. Bush's vice president, Dan Quayle, unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination in 2000.

text: Since 1977, former presidents and vice presidents who are elected or re-elected to the Senate are entitled to the largely honorific position of Deputy President pro tempore. So far, the only former vice president to have held this title is Hubert Humphrey following his return to the Senate. Walter Mondale would have been entitled to the position had his 2002 Senate bid been successful.

text: Under the terms of an 1886 Senate resolution, all former vice presidents are entitled to a portrait bust in the Senate wing of the United States Capitol, commemorating their service as presidents of the Senate. Dick Cheney is the most recent former vice president to be so honored.

text: Unlike former presidents, who receive a pension automatically regardless of their time in office, former vice presidents must reach pension eligibility by accumulating the appropriate time in federal service. Since 2008, former vice presidents are also entitled to Secret Service personal protection.[57] Former vice presidents traditionally receive Secret Service protection for up to six months after leaving office, by order of the Secretary of Homeland Security, though this can be extended if the Secretary believes the level of threat is sufficient.[58]

text: In 2008, a bill titled the "Former Vice President Protection Act" was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Bush.[59] It provides six-month Secret Service protection by law to a former vice president and family. According to the Department of Homeland Security, protection for former vice president Cheney has been extended numerous times because threats against him have not decreased since his leaving office.[60]

text: Timeline of vice presidents[edit]

text: This is a graphical timeline listing of the Vice Presidents of the United States.


document_title: Cordon bleu (dish)

question_text: what kind of cheese is in chicken cordon bleu

root

text: Cordon bleu (dish)

text: Name[edit]

text: The French term cordon bleu is translated as "blue ribbon".[4] According to Larousse Gastronomique cordon bleu "was originally a wide blue ribbon worn by members of the highest order of knighthood, L'Ordre des chevaliers du Saint-Esprit, instituted by Henri III of France in 1578. By extension, the term has since been applied to food prepared to a very high standard and to outstanding cooks. The analogy no doubt arose from the similarity between the sash worn by the knights and the ribbons (generally blue) of a cook's apron."[5][6]

tag: p

text: History[edit]

text: The origins of cordon bleu as a schnitzel filled with cheese are in Switzerland, probably about the 1940s, first mentioned in a cookbook from 1949. The earliest reference to "chicken cordon bleu" in The New York Times is dated to 1967, while similar veal recipes are found from at least 1955.[6]

text: Variants[edit]

text: There are many variations of the recipe, all of which involve a cutlet, cheese, and meat. A popular way to prepare chicken cordon bleu is to butterfly cut a chicken breast, place a thin slice of ham inside, along with a thin slice of a soft, easily melted cheese such as Swiss. The chicken breast is then rolled into a roulade, coated in bread crumbs and then deep fried.[7] Other variations exist with the chicken baked[8] rather than fried.

text: Other common variations include omitting the bread crumbs,[9] wrapping the ham around the chicken, or using bacon in place of ham.[10]

text: A variant popular in the Asturias province of Spain is cachopo, a deep-fried cutlet of veal, beef or chicken wrapped around a filling of Serrano ham and cheese.[11] In Spain, the version made with chicken is often called san jacobo.

text: In largely Muslim-populated countries, the halal versions of chicken cordon bleu are also popular, such that the chicken is rolled around beef or mutton instead of pork product.


document_title: John Bryan State Park

question_text: who is john bryan state park named after

text: John Bryan State Park

text:
John Bryan State Park

Ohio State Park

Clifton Gorge at John Bryan State Park near Clifton, Ohio

Country
United States

State
Ohio

County
Greene

Elevation
1,017 ft (310 m) [1]

Coordinates
39°47′28″N 83°51′16″W / 39.79111°N 83.85444°W / 39.79111; -83.85444Coordinates: 39°47′28″N 83°51′16″W / 39.79111°N 83.85444°W / 39.79111; -83.85444 [1]

Area
752 acres (304 ha)

Established
1949

Management
Ohio Department of Natural Resources

Location in Ohio

Website: John Bryan State Park

tag: table

text: John Bryan State Park is a 752-acre (304 ha) Ohio state park in Greene County, Ohio. The park surrounds Clifton Gorge, a deep cut of the Little Miami River between Yellow Springs and Clifton.[2] The park contains a campground, and hiking and biking trails.[3] The park also abuts the Clifton Gorge State Nature Preserve.

text: Background[edit]

text: The Cincinnati-Pittsburgh stagecoach road served the area and several enterprising settlers began establishing water-powered industries in the gorge. The town of Clifton prospered from the textile mill, grist mills and sawmills located there.

text: By the late 19th century, most of the industrial activity in the area ceased. Water was no longer an economical source of power and many mills were abandoned. However, one of the grist mills built in 1802 is still in operation. Located in the village of Clifton, the Clifton Mill is open to visitors.

text: In 1896, John Bryan, an ambitious businessman, purchased 335 acres (136 ha) along the Clifton gorge area and called these acres "Riverside Farm." This portion of the Little Miami River was a vital, economical source of power for the early settlers in the 19th century. In 1918, he bequeathed Riverside Farm to the state of Ohio, "...to be cultivated by the state as a forestry, botanic and wildlife reserve park and experiment station," which would bear his name. In May 1925, John Bryan's land became one of the state's first forest parks. In 1949, John Bryan State Park was transferred to the newly created ODNR Division of Parks and Recreation. John Bryan State Park and the adjoining Clifton Gorge State Nature Preserve overlook the beautiful Little Miami River gorge that has been designated as a National Natural Landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior.[4]


document_title: Allen (surname)

question_text: where does the last name allen derive from

text: Allen (surname)

text:
AllenOriginRegion of origin
Scotland, Ireland, EnglandMeaning
"little rock", "harmony" and "handsome"

text: Allen is a Celtic surname, originating in Scotland, and common in Ireland, Wales and England. It is a variation of the surname MacAllen and may be derived from two separate sources: Ailin, in Scottish and Irish Gaelic, means both "little rock" and "harmony", or it may also be derived from the Celtic Aluinn, which means "handsome". Variant spellings include Alan, Allan, etc. The noble family of this surname, from which a branch went to Portugal, is descended of one Alanus de Buckenhall.

text: In Ireland, Allen is the Anglicization of the Gaelic name Ó h-Ailín.[1] Allen is the 41st most common surname in England.[2]

text:
Top
0–9
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

tag: ul

text: Disambiguation[edit]

text:
Albert Allen
Alexander Allen
Alfred Allen
Andrew Allen
Anita Allen
Anthony Allen
Arthur Allen
Benjamin Allen
Bernard Allen
Bert Allen
Bill Allen
Bob Allen
Brian Allen
Bruce Allen
Bryan Allen
C. J. Allen
Charles Allen
Charlie Allen
Chris Allen
Christopher Allen
Clarence Allen
Cory Allen
Craig Allen
Damon Allen
Dan Allen
David Allen
Denis Allen
Dennis Allen
Doug Allen
Eddie Allen
Edward Allen
Elizabeth Allen
Ernest Allen
Ethan Allen
Frances Allen
Francis Allen
Frank Allen
Fred Allen
George Allen
Gordon Allen
Graham Allen
Harry Allen
Harvey Allen
Ian Allen
Jack Allen
James Allen
Jerome Allen
John Allen
Joseph Allen
Josh Allen
Kate Allen
Keith Allen
Kenneth Allen
Kevin Allen
Laurie Allen
Leslie Allen
Malcolm Allen
Marcus Allen
Martin Allen
Michael Allen
Nancy Allen
Oliver Allen
Patrick Allen
Paul Allen
Percy Allen
Peter Allen
Philip Allen
Ralph Allen
Randy Allen
Raymond Allen
Rebecca Allen
Reginald Allen
Richard Allen
Robert Allen
Roderick Allen
Rodney Allen
Roger Allen
Ronald Allen
Russell Allen
Ruth Allen
Samuel Allen
Sandra Allen
Sarah Allen
Steve Allen
Terry Allen
Thomas Allen
Tommy Allen
Tony Allen
Will Allen
William Allen
Willie Allen

text: A[edit]

text:
A Allen, Australian rugby league player
Abner P. Allen (1839–1905), American Medal of Honor recipient
Alexander Viets Griswold Allen (1841–1908) American Episcopal theologian
Anson Allen (1838–1880), American politician
Arnold Allen, American computer scientist
Arthur A. Allen (1885–1964), American ornithologist
Asa A. Allen (1911–1970), American Pentecostal evangelist and faith healer
Ashley Allen (born 1968), American model and actress

text: B[edit]

text:
Bernadette Allen, U.S. diplomat
Bobby Allen (born 1978), American ice hockey player
Bradley Allen (born 1971), English footballer
Bryn Allen (1921–2005), Welsh international footballer

text: C[edit]

text:
Carl Meredith Allen (accused), source of the "Philadelphia Experiment" story
Cecil J. Allen (1886–1973), British railway engineer and writer
Charles Peter Allen (1861–1930), English politician
Christian Allen, video game designer
Clarence Ray Allen (1930–2006), American convicted murderer
Clive Allen (born 1961), retired English footballer
Clive Allen (basketball) (born 1961), retired English basketball player and coach
Corey Allen (born 1934), American film and television director, producer, writer and actor

text: D[edit]

text:
Daevid Allen (born 1938 as Christopher David Allen), Australian musician, founder of Soft Machine and Gong
Damon E. Allen (1921–2009), Kentucky optometrist
Darina Allen (born 1951), Irish chef
Dayton Allen (1919–2004), American comedian and voice actor
Debbie Allen (born 1950), American actress and television director-producer
Deborah Allen (born 1953), American country music singer
Devere Allen (1891–1955), American pacifist political activist and writer
Dick Allen (born 1942), former Major League Baseball first baseman and third baseman
Dick Allen (film editor) (1944–2007), English film editor
Diogenes Allen (1932–2013), American philosopher and theologian
Dominique Allen (born 1989), British basketball player
Donna Allen, American dance pop singer
Dwayne Allen (born 1990), American football player

text: E[edit]

text:
Ed Allen (1897–1974), American jazz trumpeter
Edgar Van Nuys Allen (1900–1961), American physician
Elizabeth Anne Allen (born 1970), American actress
Elsa Guerdrum Allen (1888–1969), American ornithologist and historian of ornithology
Eric Allen (born 1965), former American football player
Ernie Allen (born 1946), American attorney
Ethan Allen (baseball) (1904–1993), American baseball player
Ethel D. Allen (1929–1981), Pennsylvania politician

text: F[edit]

text:
Fanny Allen, American nun and nurse
Fiona Allen, (born 1965), English comedian
Frances E. Allen, US computer scientist, recipient of the Turing Award
Frederick Lewis Allen, American historian and editor
Floyd Allen, American landowner, later convicted of murder

text: G[edit]

text:
Gary Allen (1936–1986), American journalist
Gavin Allen (born 1965),  former Australian rugby league footballer
GG Allin (1956–1993), American Punk Icon
Gracie Allen (1895–1964), American comedian
Glover Morrill Allen (1879–1942), mammalogist
Grant Allen (1848–1899), Canadian science writer
Gubby Allen (1902–1989), English cricketer

text: H[edit]

text:
Hank Allen (born 1940), former Major League Baseball outfielder
Harrison Allen (1841–1897), physician and zoologist
Harvey A. Allen (c. 1818–1882), United States Army officer, was Commander of the Department of Alaska 1871–1873
Harry Julian Allen (1910–1977), NASA engineer and administrator
Holless Wilbur Allen (1880–1966), inventor of the compound bow

text: I[edit]

text:
Isabelle Allen (born 2002), English actress
Ira Allen (1751–1814), politician from Vermont
Irwin Allen (1916–1991), American film and television procucer

text: J[edit]

text:
Jared Allen (born 1982), American football player
Jennifer Allen (born 1961), American author
Jermaine Allen (born 1983), English American footballer
Jim Allen (born 1954), American automotive author
Jimmy Allen (born 1952), former American football player
Jimmy Allen (musician), member of American rock band Against All Will
Joan Allen (born 1956), American actress
Joe Allen (born 1990), Welsh footballer
Joel Asaph Allen (1838–1921), American zoologist
Josh Allen (born 1991), American football player

text: K[edit]

text:
Karen Allen (born 1951), American actress
Kathleen Allen (1906–1983), British artist
Keenan Allen (born 1992), American football player
Kenton Allen, television producer at BBC
Kimball Allen (born 1982), writer, performer
Kris Allen (born 1985), American singer-songwriter and winner of American Idol
Krista Allen (born 1971), American actress and model

text: L[edit]

text:
Larry Allen (born 1971), former American footballer
Lavoy Allen (born 1989), American basketball player
Leo Allen (born 1972), American stand-up comedian
Leo E. Allen (1898–1973), American politician
Les Allen (born 1937), English footballer
Lester Allen (1891–1949), American screen, stage and vaudeville actor and film director
Lettie Annie Allen (1901–1980), New Zealand public servant, political activist, feminist and local politician
Lew Allen (born 1925), former U.S. Air Force general
Lewis F. Allen (1800–1890), farmer and politician
Lexi Allen (born 1967), American gospel singer, actress and television personality
Lillian B. Allen (1904–1995), Canadian painter and photographer
Lily Allen (born 1985), English singer-songwriter
Lou Allen (1924–2008), American footballer
Lucius Allen (born 1947), American basketball player
Lynn Allen (1891–1958), NFL player

text: M[edit]

text:
Malik Allen (born 1978), American basketball player
Margaret Allen, pseudonym of American science fiction novelist William Thomas Quick
Mary Allen (born 1951), British writer
Mel Allen (1913–1996), American sportscaster
Michael Graham Allen (born 1950), player and maker of Native American flutes
Mike Allen (poet) (born 1969), American writer and poet
Myron Allen (1854–1924), American baseball player

text: N[edit]

text:
Neil Allen (born 1958), former American Major League baseball player
Nellie B. Allen (1874–1961), American landscape designer
Nick Allen (1888–1939), American Major League baseball player
Nicky Allen (1958–1984), New Zealand rugby union player
Norman M. Allen (1828–1909), New York politician

text: O[edit]

text:
Omari Allen (born 1990), Montserratian cricketer
Orlando Allen (1803–1874), American politician—Buffalo, New York
Oscar K. Allen (1882–1936), Democratic governor of Louisiana (1932–36)

text: P[edit]

text:
Pauline Allen, Australian scholar of early Christianity
Percival Allen (1917–2008), British geologist
Percy Benjamin Allen (1913–1992), New Zealand politician
Pete Allen (musician) (born 1954), English dixieland jazz clarinetist
Peter Allen (musician) (1944–1992), Australian songwriter and singer
Peter Allen (US broadcaster) (1920–2016), American broadcaster and radio announcer
Peter Anthony Allen (1911–1964), British convicted murderer
Peter Lewis Allen (born 1957), American scholar and author
Phil Allen, English rock musician
Philip Allen (politician) (1785–1865), American politician
Philip Allen, Baron Allen of Abbeydale (1912–2007), British civil servant
Phog Allen (1885–1974), American athlete, coach, and physician

text: R[edit]

text:
Rachel Allen (born 1972), Irish chef
Ralph Shuttleworth Allen (1817–1887), British Conservative Member of Parliament
Rashaun Allen (born 1990), American football player
Ray Allen (born 1975), American basketball player
Ray R. Allen (1920–2010), Alexandria, Louisiana, public official
Rebecca Allen (born 1992), Australian basketball player
Red Allen (c. 1906–1967), American jazz trumpeter
Red Allen (bluegrass) (1930–1933), American bluegrass singer and guitarist
Rick Allen (drummer) (born 1963), English rock drummer
Rod Allen (advertising executive) (1929–2007), British advertising executive
Rod Allen (born 1959), American television baseball commentator
Roger Allen (disambiguation)
Rosalie Allen (1924 – 2003), American country singer, songwriter, guitarist, columnist and television and radio host
Rosalind Allen (born 1957), New Zealand actress
Rose Allen, one of the Colchester Martyrs
Ruth Allen (economist) (1889–1979), American economist and academic
Ryan Allen, American opera singer
Ryan Allen (American football) (born 1990), American football player in the National Football League
R. G. D. Allen (Roy George Douglas Allen) (1906–1983),  English economist and mathematician

text: S[edit]

text:
Sarah Addison Allen, American author
Sheila Allen (born 1929), American actress
Sheila Allen (English actress) (born 1932), English actress
Shirley Allen, American nurse involved in 1997 "siege"
Stephen Allen, (1767–1852), Mayor of New York
Sture Allén (born 1928), Swedish academic

text: T[edit]

text:
Tessa Allen (born 1996), American actress
Tim Allen (born 1953), American actor
Timothy Allen (born 1971), English photojournalist
Timothy F. H. Allen (born 1942), British botanist
Tina Allen (1949–2008), American sculptor
Tom Allen (born 1945), American politician
Toussaint Allen (1896–1960), American baseball player in the Negro Leagues
Travis Allen (born 1973), California politician

text: V[edit]

text:
Vic Allen (1923–2014), British Communist; trade unionist; university academic
Victor M. Allen (1870–1916), New York politician
Viola Allen (1887–1948), American silent film and theater actress
Viv Allen (born 1916), former Canadian ice hockey player

text: W[edit]

text:
Walter Allen (1911–1995), English literary critic
Woody Allen (born 1935), American film actor and director, although not his birth name

text: Unknown[edit]

text:
Allen (Cambridge University cricketer), active 1820s
Allen (Kent cricketer), active 1740s
Allen (Middlesex cricketer), active 1750s and 1760s


document_title: Brazilian nationality law

question_text: how long do you have to live in brazil to become a citizen

text: Brazilian nationality law

text: Birth in Brazil[edit]

text: A person born in Brazil acquires Brazilian nationality at birth. The only exception applies to children of persons in the service of a foreign government (such as a foreign diplomats). This means that parents and siblings of the Brazilian child are eligible to apply for permanent residency in Brazil, regardless of their nationality or where subsequent siblings were/are born.[1]

text: Natural Brazilians born abroad[edit]

text: Brazilian law considers as Brazilian citizens people born abroad in two cases:

text:
a person born outside Brazil of a Brazilian parent who is in the service of the Brazilian government; or
a person born outside Brazil of a Brazilian parent, provided that that person either be registered with a Brazilian consular office or later move to Brazil and confirm one's nationality before a federal judge.

text: Between 1994 and 2007, registration with a Brazilian consular office did not confer Brazilian nationality. In September 2007, a constitutional amendment reinstituted consular registration as a means of acquiring Brazilian nationality.

text: Naturalization as a Brazilian citizen[edit]

text: Foreigners may apply for Brazilian nationality if they meet the following criteria:[2][3][4]

text:
four years of residence in Brazil
adequate ability to communicate in Portuguese
no prior criminal conviction in either Brazil or any country that Brazil has formal relations with

text: The residence requirement may be reduced in certain circumstances:[2][3][4]

text:
only one year of residence is required for those who have a Brazilian spouse or child, for nationals of Portuguese-speaking countries, for those who have provided "relevant services" to the country, or for those with notable "professional, scientific or artistic ability"
no residence period is required for those married to a Brazilian diplomat for more than five years, or for those who worked for more than 10 years in a Brazilian diplomatic mission

text: Those who have lived in Brazil for more than 15 years and have no criminal conviction do not have to satisfy any other condition for naturalization. There are also lower requirements for those who moved to Brazil as minors.[2][3][4]

text: Since 10 May 2016, Brazil recognizes dual citizenship, therefore not requiring naturalized citizens to renounce their previous nationality.[5][6][2][4]

text: Dual nationality and loss of Brazilian nationality[edit]

text: According to the Brazilian constitution, Brazilian citizens who acquire another nationality may lose Brazilian nationality. However, since 1994 a constitutional amendment allows two exceptions where Brazilians may maintain Brazilian nationality while acquiring another one. The first exception is in the case of recognition of "originary nationality" by foreign law. Contrary to a popular misconception, this term does not refer to recognition of original Brazilian nationality by the other country, but to cases where the other nationality is acquired by origin (by birth or descent, as opposed to naturalization).[7] Whether the other country recognizes dual nationality is irrelevant. The second exception is in case the other country requires naturalization for the person to remain residing or to exercise civil rights there.

text: Although the government has the power to revoke Brazilian nationality of those who voluntarily naturalized in another country and did not satisfy one of the exceptions, it tends to apply these exceptions very broadly, and in practice it only revokes Brazilian nationality if the person formally requests so, or very rarely in exceptional circumstances.[8][9] For example, in 2013 the Brazilian government revoked the nationality of a Brazilian citizen who had naturalized in the United States, to extradite her to that country (the Brazilian constitution does not allow extradition of its own citizens). The decision was confirmed by the Supreme Federal Court in 2017, and she was extradited in 2018.[10]

text: Those who lose Brazilian nationality due to naturalization in another country may apply for its reacquisition after requesting renunciation of the other nationality.[8]

text: Naturalized Brazilians are allowed to also keep their previous nationality.[5][6][2][4] They may lose Brazilian nationality if convicted of activity considered "harmful to the national interest".[3][4]

text: In general, Brazilian citizens must enter and leave Brazil on a Brazilian passport or Brazilian identity card, even if they also hold a passport of another country.[11] However, in exceptional circumstances, such as dual citizens who work in foreign government jobs that prohibit the use of a Brazilian passport, Brazil accepts issuing visitor visas on their foreign passports for travel to Brazil.[12]

text: Visa-free travel[edit]

text: Visa requirements for Brazilian citizens are administrative entry restrictions by the authorities of other states placed on citizens of Brazil. As of 1 January 2017, Brazilian citizens had visa-free or visa on arrival access to 156 countries and territories, ranking the Brazilian passport 18th in terms of travel freedom according to the Henley visa restrictions index.[13]

text: Military service[edit]

text: Male Brazilian citizens have a 12-month military service obligation, unless the citizen has a disqualifying physical or psychological condition, or if the citizen does not wish to serve and the military finds enough volunteers to support its needs. Therefore, although registering for the military is mandatory, about 95% of those who register receive an exemption.[14] Male citizens between 18 and 45 years of age are required to present a military registration certificate when applying for a Brazilian passport.[15]

text: Voting[edit]

text: Voting in Brazil is mandatory for citizens between 18 and 70 years of age. Those who do not vote in an election and do not later present an acceptable justification (such as being away from their voting location at the time) must pay a fine of 3.51 BRL.[16][17] Citizens between 18 and 70 years of age are required to present proof of voting compliance (by having voted, justified absence or paid the fine) when applying for a Brazilian passport.[15]


document_title: Obsolete golf clubs

question_text: old golf club equivalent to a 4 or 5 iron

text: Obsolete golf clubs

text: Woods[edit]

text: Wooden clubs generally had a metal base-plate and were made heavier with a lead insert into the back of the head; often the face of the club had an insert of bone or ivory to reduce the wear from impact on the wood.

text: They were:

text:
Play club: Driver
Brassie: so called because the base-plate was of brass; equivalent to a 3 Wood[1]
Spoon: Higher-lofted wood; equivalent to a 5 Wood
Baffing spoon or a Baffy: Approach wood; equivalent to a 7 Wood

text: These were made of wood and were used until they were replaced by the numbered system used today.

text: Irons[edit]

text: They were:

text:
Driving iron: 1 Iron
Long iron: 2 Iron
Mid mashie: 3 Iron
Mashie iron: 4 Iron
Mashie: 5 Iron
Spade mashie: 6 Iron
Mashie niblick: 7 Iron
Pitching niblick: 8 Iron
Niblick: 9 Iron
Jigger: Very low lofted iron, shortened shaft - similar to a modern chipper

text: The traditional set of irons was invented by Archibald Barrie, and were used from 1903 until about the 1940s. The introduction of the standardized numbered iron set produced by the Spalding Sporting Goods Company in the early 1930s caused the traditional set of irons to give way gradually to the numbered set.

text: The traditional irons varied greatly in loft (+/- 5 degrees). The shape of the head determined some of the playing characteristics of the club; most traditional heads were roughly egg-shaped.

text: Sabbath sticks[edit]

text: Sunday sticks or sabbath sticks were the golf enthusiasts' answer to the Church of Scotland's discouragement of golfing on Sundays. Clubs were disguised as walking sticks, the club head comfortably fitting into the palm of the golfer's hand, until when the golfer was unobserved, the stick was reversed and a few strokes were played.[2]


document_title: List of SpongeBob SquarePants cast members

question_text: who does the voice of the captain in spongebob

text: Regular cast[edit]

text: Background[edit]

text:
Voice of SpongeBob SquarePants

Audio sample of the voice of SpongeBob SquarePants from the episode "The Secret Box" (2001).
Problems playing this file? See media help.

text: SpongeBob SquarePants has featured the voices of Tom Kenny, Bill Fagerbakke,  Rodger Bumpass,  Clancy Brown, Mr. Lawrence, Jill Talley, Carolyn Lawrence, Mary Jo Catlett and Lori Alan since it began. Stephen Hillenburg started developing the SpongeBob concept into a television series in 1996 upon the cancellation of Rocko's Modern Life, which he directed. While creating the show and writing its pilot episode in 1997, he and the show's then-creative director Derek Drymon were also conducting auditions to find voices for the show's characters.[1]

text: For the voice of SpongeBob, the main character, Hillenburg approached Kenny, who previously worked with him on Rocko's Modern Life.[2] Drymon said, "Steve [Hillenburg] wanted to find an original sounding voice [for SpongeBob]."[1] Hillenburg utilized Kenny's and other people's personalities to help create the personality of SpongeBob.[3] The voice of SpongeBob was originally used by Kenny for a minor character in Rocko's Modern Life. Kenny forgot the voice initially as he created it only for that single use. Hillenburg, however, remembered it when he was coming up with SpongeBob and used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice.[3] Kenny says that SpongeBob's high-pitched laugh was specifically created to be unique.  They wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker.[4] Voice acting veteran Clancy Brown voices Mr. Krabs, SpongeBob's boss at the Krusty Krab. For the character, Brown uses a voice that he describes as "piratey" with "a little Scottish brogue."[5] According to him, his Mr. Krabs voice was improvised during his audition and it was not challenging for him to find the correct voice.[5] Bumpass provides the voice of Squidward Tentacles, and other characters. Squidward was "a very nasally, monotone kind of guy", said Bumpass. He said that the character "became a very interesting character to do" because of "his sarcasm, and then his frustration, and then his apoplexy, and so he became a wide spectrum of emotions".[6]

text: Mr. Lawrence had met Hillenburg previously on Rocko's Modern Life. When working on the pilot episode of SpongeBob, Hillenburg invited him to audition for all of the characters.[7] Since other voices had been found for the main cast already, Lawrence started out by voicing a variety of minor characters. This included Plankton, who was initially only set to appear in one episode.[7][1] Mr. Lawrence stated in an interview with Thomas F. Wilson that Nickelodeon executives told Hillenburg, "'we could stunt-cast this. You know, we could have Bruce Willis do this voice.' And Steve was just like, 'it's Doug [Lawrence], don't you hear it? This is the character! This is the guy!'"[7] Jill Talley, Tom Kenny's wife, voices Karen Plankton. Being a Chicago native, she uses a Midwestern accent for the character.[8] Electronic sound effects are underlaid by the series' audio engineers to create a robotic sound whenever she speaks.[9] Talley and Mr. Lawrence often improvise their characters' dialogue. In 2009, Lawrence called improvisation his "favorite part of the voice over."[10] He elaborated in a 2012 interview, saying, "I always enjoy the back-and-forth. [Talley and I] start to actually overlap so much talking to each other that [the voice directors] have to tell us, 'hey, stop doing that, separate what you're saying!'"[7]

text: Fagerbakke voices SpongeBob's best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star. He auditioned for the role after Kenny had been cast as SpongeBob. Fagerbakke said, "Steve is such a lovely guy, and I had absolutely no feeling for the material whatsoever." He described his experience in the audition, saying "I was just going in for another audition, and I had no idea what was in store there in terms of the remarkable visual wit and really the kind of endearing child-like humanity in the show. I couldn't pick that up from the audition material at all. I was just kind of perfunctorially trying to give the guy what he wanted."[11] Carolyn Lawrence provides Sandy Cheeks' voice. When Lawrence was on a sidewalk in Los Feliz, Los Angeles with a friend who knew SpongeBob SquarePants casting director Donna Grillo, her friend said to the director that Lawrence had "an interesting voice". Grillo invited Lawrence to audition and she then got the role.[12][13] Mrs. Puff's voice is provided by American actress Mary Jo Catlett, who is known for her live-action roles on television programs from the 1970s such as Diff'rent Strokes and M*A*S*H.[14] As of 2017, voicing Mrs. Puff has become her only remaining regular television role; Catlett described herself as "basically retired" in 2013, since she feels that voicing Mrs. Puff requires less preparation than her performances in person.[15] Lori Alan voices Pearl. During her audition for the role, she was shown an early drawing of Pearl and took note of how the character was much larger than the rest of the cast. She decided to reflect the character's size in her voice by making it deep and full in tone. She aimed to make Pearl's voice invoke the sound of whales’ low vocalizations while also sounding "spoiled and lovable."[16] In an interview with AfterBuzz TV, Alan said that she knew Pearl "had to sound somewhat like a child," but at the same time needed "an abnormally large voice."[17]

text: In the Christmas special "Christmas Who?", the characters of Patchy the Pirate, the president of the fictional SpongeBob SquarePants fan club, and his pet called Potty the Parrot debuted. The former is portrayed by Kenny in live-action, while series creator Hillenburg voiced the latter.[18] After Hillenburg's departure as the series' showrunner in 2004, Tibbitt was given the role voicing Potty the Parrot.[19] Mr. Krabs' mother, Mama Krabs, who debuted in the episode "Sailor Mouth", was voiced by staff writer Paul Tibbitt.[20][21][22] However, voice actress Sirena Irwin overtook Tibbitt's role as the character reappeared in the fourth season episode "Enemy In-Law" in 2005.[23] Irwin also provides the voices of other characters in the show, including Margaret SquarePants, SpongeBob's mother.

text: Voice recording sessions always include a full cast of actors, which Kenny describes as "getting more unusual".[24] Kenny said, "That's another thing that's given SpongeBob its special feel. Everybody's in the same room, doing it old radio-show style. It's how the stuff we like was recorded".[24] It takes about four hours to record an 11-minute episode.[25] For the first three seasons, Hillenburg and Drymon sat in on recording sessions at Nickelodeon Studios, and they directed the actors.[26] In the fourth season, Andrea Romano took over the role as the voice director.[26] Wednesday is recording day, the same schedule followed by the crew since 1999.[26] Casting supervisor Jennie Monica Hammond said, "I loved Wednesdays".[26]

text: The cast members get residuals every time the episodes they appeared in are aired, which Carolyn Lawrence described as "a very complicated mathematical calculation."[25] Lawrence said in 2008 that it was a "declining scale" and they were "still in negotiations... both sides are still talking." She further stated that "they're still trying to work it out."[25]

text: Main cast[edit]

text:
Actor

Character(s)

Tom Kenny[27][24]

SpongeBob SquarePants

Gary the Snail

Patchy the Pirate

French Narrator

Hans

Harold SquarePants

Dirty Bubble[A]

Grandpa SquarePants

Other miscellaneous characters

Bill Fagerbakke[27]

Patrick Star

Other miscellaneous characters

Rodger Bumpass[27]

Squidward Tentacles

Other miscellaneous characters

Clancy Brown[27]

Mr. Krabs

Other miscellaneous characters

Mr. Lawrence[27]

Plankton

Potty the Parrot[B]

Realistic Fish Head

Larry the Lobster

Other miscellaneous characters

Jill Talley[27]

Karen

Other miscellaneous characters

Carolyn Lawrence[27]

Sandy Cheeks

Other miscellaneous characters

Mary Jo Catlett[27]

Mrs. Puff

Other miscellaneous characters

Lori Alan[27]

Pearl

Other miscellaneous characters

text: Other regular cast[edit]

text:
Actor

Character(s)

Carlos Alazraqui

Scooter

Other miscellaneous characters

Dee Bradley Baker[26][28]

Bubble Bass

Squilliam Fancyson

Old Man Jenkins

Perch Perkins

Other miscellaneous characters

Sirena Irwin[29]

Mama Krabs[B]

Margaret SquarePants

Other miscellaneous characters

Bob Joles[30]

Man Ray[C]

Mark Fite[31][32]

Various characters

Thomas F. Wilson[33][34]

Various characters

text: Recurring guest voices[edit]

text:
Actor

Character(s)

Notes

Tim Conway

Barnacle Boy[35]

Conway first appeared in 1999 with his former McHale's Navy co-star Ernest Borgnine, who voiced Mermaid Man;[36] he has since appeared in over 15 episodes.

Brian Doyle-Murray

The Flying Dutchman[27]

Doyle-Murray appeared in ten episodes throughout the first eight seasons. He returned in 2017 for a guest appearance in "The Legend of Boo-Kini Bottom" after a six-year absence.[37]

Marion Ross

Grandma SquarePants[38]

Ross has appeared since 2001.[39]

John O'Hurley

King Neptune[40]

O'Hurley has appeared three times as King Neptune since the character's first appearance in 2000.[41][42]

Michael McKean

Captain FrostymugLonnie

McKean appeared twice during the show's ninth season, voicing Captain Frostymug in "License to Milkshake" and Lonnie the shark in "Sharks vs. Pods".[43][44]

text: Former cast members[edit]

text:
Actor

Character(s)

Notes

Brad Abrell

Bubble Buddy

Abrell voiced Bubble Buddy and other minor characters during the show's second season. He reprised his role as Bubble Buddy for the eighth season episode "Bubble Buddy Returns" but has not made an appearance since.[45]

Ernest Borgnine

Mermaid Man

Borgnine made the most guest appearances on the show, voicing the character since 1999 to his death in 2012.[36][46]

Stephen Hillenburg

Potty the Parrot

Hillenburg voiced the recurring character from 2000 to 2004. When he left the show as the showrunner, writer Tibbitt was given the role voicing the character as it reappeared in the fifth season episode "Friend or Foe".[19]

Sara Paxton

Various characters

Paxton voiced many minor child characters in the show's first three seasons, but has not recorded new dialogue since.[47][48][49] An archival recording of Paxton's voice is used in the tenth-season episode "Unreal Estate."

Paul Tibbitt

Potty the Parrot

Tibbitt took over the role of Potty from Stephen Hillenburg in 2005 and last voiced the character in 2012.

Camryn Walling

Various characters

Walling voiced several child characters throughout the show's first two seasons, but has not recorded new dialogue since.[45] An archival recording of Walling's voice is used in the tenth-season episode "Unreal Estate."

Frank Welker

Welker voiced several animal characters—including Clamu, Baby Oyster, Mystery the Seahorse, and the gorilla—between 2001 and 2003, but has not appeared since.[45]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year

Actor

Award

Category

Role

Episode

Result

Ref(s).

2001

Mary Jo Catlett

Annie Award

Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Television Production

Mrs. Puff

"No Free Rides"

Nominated

[50]

2001

Tom Kenny

Annie Award

Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Male Performer in an Animated Television Production

SpongeBob SquarePants

"Wormy"

Nominated

[50]

2008

Tom Kenny

Annie Award

Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production

SpongeBob SquarePants

"Spy Buddies"

Nominated

[51]

2010

Tom Kenny

Annie Award

Best Voice Acting in a Television Production

SpongeBob SquarePants

"Truth or Square"

Won

[52]

2012

Rodger Bumpass

Daytime Emmy Award

Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program

Squidward Tentacles

Nominated

[53]

2018

Tom Kenny

Annie Award

Outstanding Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production

SpongeBob SquarePants

Won

[54]

2018

Tom Kenny

Daytime Emmy Award

Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program

SpongeBob SquarePants

Won

[55]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
^ A. Guest star Charles Nelson Reilly originally provided the voice of the character.[56] Reilly died in 2007.[57][58]
^ B. Replaced Paul Tibbitt.
^ C. Replaced John Rhys-Davies, who has voiced Man Ray in two episodes.[59][60]


document_title: Hands of Stone

question_text: who plays sugar ray leonard in hands of stone

text: Hands of Stone

text: Plot[edit]

text: The film follows the life of Panamanian boxing legend Roberto Durán, who made his professional boxing debut in 1968 as a 16-year-old and retired in 2001 at age 50.

text: Growing up in Panama, Durán is homeschooled by Chaflan, who teaches young Roberto some vital life lessons. Later, Duran joins a boxing club with Nestor "Plomo" Quiñones as his coach.

text: As he reaches 20, an American legendary boxing trainer Ray Arcel, who nearly lost his life after being attacked by an unknown assailant in 1953 in New York City and is now living with his wife Stephanie, notices Roberto's raw talent and punching power and takes the young fighter under his wing, becoming his coach. Not long after, Durán then meets a student, Felicidad, with whom he later has five children.

text: After his fights through the 70s and 80s, rising through the divisions with phenomenal success (just one loss) he challenges Sugar Ray Leonard, dubbed as the "Fighter of the Year." However, Durán is disrespectful of Leonard, describing him as a "clown" and confidently predicts a knock out win for himself.

text: One night, Durán confronts Leonard in front of his wife and insults him by calling him a "homosexual." The incident frustrates Ray. Durán's hard feelings for Ray, on the other hand seem to stem from his resentment of Americans in general, because he recalls the ill-treatment meted out by the Americans to the nation of Panama, remembering how American troops took over the country by owning the Panama Canal — leading to conflict between the sides in 1964.

text: In June 1980, the day of fight between Durán and Leonard in which the venue is in Montreal, Durán wins via Unanimous decision as a Welterweight Champion (148-147, 145-144, 146-144). After the fight, Leonard states that being insulted is a strategy and calls for a rematch with an $8 million purse. At the house party, informed by his manager Carlos Eleta, Durán reluctantly agrees to the rematch. Chaflan is killed after being run over by a truck.

text: In November 1980, Durán and Leonard face at the ring for the second time, this time the venue is in New Orleans. But in the eighth round, the people of Panama are shocked when Durán gives up by saying "No más" (English: "No more") to the referee, thus Leonard wins via technical knockout (68–66, 68–66, and 67–66).

text: Upon returning home in Panama, he faces angry protests. Durán tells his wife that he regrets letting them down and needs to go back in the ring in order to regain his popularity and the forgiveness of his fans. Due to this incident, Arcel is retired from his training and tells Durán that Plomo will be his coach. In June 1983, New York City, the day of his fight against Davey Moore, Leonard gratefully meets Durán for the first time since the rematch, saying that he forgives Durán. He tells Leonard that he gives his apology to his wife. At the fight with Moore up to the eighth round, now Leonard is now commentator, Durán won via technical knockout, eventually restores his popularity and pride by the people of Panama.

text: In the film's epilogue, it states that Plomo was in Durán's side for each fight until his death in 2012; Leonard and Durán remain friends until now; Ray was the first boxing trainer to be elected to the Boxing Hall of Fame and died of leukemia in 1994 after the six-year battle.

text: Cast[edit]

text:
Édgar Ramírez as Roberto Durán
Robert De Niro as Ray Arcel[5]
Usher Raymond IV as Sugar Ray Leonard[6]
Oscar Jaenada as Chaflan
Jurnee Smollett-Bell as Juanita Leonard
Ellen Barkin as Stephanie Arcel[7]
Rubén Blades as Carlos Eleta[8]
Pedro Pérez as Plomo Quiñones[9]
Ana de Armas as Felicidad Iglesias
John Turturro as Frankie Carbo
Eliud Kauffman as Margarito Duran
John Duddy as Ken Buchanan[10]
Joe Urla as Angelo Dundee

text: Production[edit]

text: Production on the film began in December 2013 in Panama.[11] Principal photography was completed in March 2014. The was dedicated in memory of Stephanie Arcel "your legacy is love".

text: Release[edit]

text: In May 2015, The Weinstein Company acquired distribution rights to the film, with a 2,000 screen commitment.[12] The film was scheduled to be released on August 26, 2016 in 800 theaters before expanding to 2,500 theaters on Wednesday August 31.[4][13]

text: Reception[edit]

text: Box office[edit]

text: Hands of Stone was released on August 26, 2016 and was projected to gross around $2–3 million from 810 theaters in its opening weekend.[13] In its limited opening weekend the film grossed $1.7 million, finishing 16th at the box office.[14] In its second weekend, despite being added to 1,201 theaters, the film grossed just $1.3 million, finishing 20th at the box office.[15]

text: Critical response[edit]

text: Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale.[16] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating, the film has a score of 54 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[17]