document_title: List of rivers of Europe

question_text: which is the second longest river of europe

text: List of rivers of Europe

text: Scope[edit]

text: The border of Europe and Asia is here defined as from the Kara Sea over the Ural Mountains and Ural River to the Caspian Sea. While the crest of the Caucasus Mountains is the geographical border with Asia in the south, Georgia, and to a lesser extended Armenia and Azerbaijan, are politically and culturally often associated with Europe; rivers in these countries are therefore included.

text: The list is at the outset limited to those rivers that are at least 250 km long from the most distant source, have a drainage basin (catchment area, watershed) of at least 10,000 km², or have a mean discharge (volume, flow) of at least 150 m3/s. Also included are a number of rivers (currently 47) that do not meet these criteria, but are very well-known and/or nearly make the mark. Examples of these are the Arno, Ruhr, Saar, and River Clyde. See the lists of rivers for individual countries linked to at the bottom of the page for smaller rivers.

text: The rivers are ordered from those flowing to the extreme northeast into the Arctic Ocean, following the coastline anticlockwise all the way to the southeastern coast of the Black Sea. Iceland and the British Islands are included via virtual connections with northern Norway and across the Strait of Dover and the North Channel, respectively. Finally, rivers draining into the Caspian Sea are listed from Azerbaijan to the Ural River.

text: The table can be sorted over each column. The first three columns give a ranking for (maximum) length, area and volume of those rivers flowing into the sea or an endorheic lake down to the cut-off values. No ranking of tributaries is attempted, as the concept is too contentious; for example, hydrologically the middle and upper Volga could be considered a tributary of the Kama, in which case it would be the fifth or sixth longest river in Europe. Instead it doesn’t appear in the table at all.

text: Caveats[edit]

text: The provided measurements are drawn from sources deemed most reliable, but still are often uncertain, especially when other sources disagree wildly. For example, the Siret in Romania and Ukraine is 726 km with a basin of 44,000 km2 according to the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 647 km (44,811 km2) according to a Romanian management plan for the Siret basin [1] and 559 km (47,610 km2) according to the extensive transboundary rivers study by the Economic Commission for Europe.[2]

text: Length estimates for rivers depend on a number of variables. 1) The estimate will be larger when the river’s curves are traced at a smaller scale. 2) The choice of the source obviously has an impact. Here we attempt to list the most distant source. When that involves a tributary nearer the mouth of the river, the length of the nominal river is listed as well, if it meets the above criteria. 3) Rivers flowing into estuaries have an arbitrary end. Its channel through an estuary is usually included in the length when it is exposed at low tide. 4) The length of a watercourse through a reservoir or lake is open for interpretation. For this table, when a source for the total length of a river system involving lakes is lacking, the shortest courses through the lakes is used. 5) Over time, a river’s length can change (usually decrease) through canalization, the creation of reservoirs, and natural changes in the water course.

text: The catchment areas are more consistent between sources. However, in low relief the watershed is less obvious, while underground connections (especially in karst systems) further complicate area measurements. Unless excellent sources are available, the areas below 70° latitude are taken from the HydroBASINS project.[3] The River Networks and Ramsar Sites Information Service websites provide convenient interfaces to assess the accuracy of many of the basins. Areas for rivers above 70° are warned and found to be less reliable.

text: The listed multiyear mean discharges are even less reliable than the lengths. Underestimates are most common, as the gauging stations are often far above the mouth, so that only a fraction of the drainage basin is represented. On the other hand, the highest volume of a river may not be at the mouth due to water loss by human usage, diversion (e.g. through distributaries), evaporation, or underground drainage.

text: Rivers of Europe[edit]

text:
Arctic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
North Sea
Baltic Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Black Sea
Caspian Sea

text:
Europe's largest rivers ( over 100 km long, > 10,000 km² watershed, or > 150 m3/s mean discharge)

º

Rank (of fleuves)
River or river system
Length
(km)
Basin
(km²)
Flow
(m³/s)
River mouth
Countries
[note 1]
Notes
Refs

Length
Area
Flow

94
82
+
Kara ← Bolshoy Kara
289
13400
?
Kara Sea near Ust-Karsk

[note 2]
[4]

86
86
+
Korotaikha (de; it; ru) ← Syadej-Yu
310
12700
?
Pechora Sea

[note 3]
[5]

6
6
3
Pechora
1809
322000
4380
Pechora Sea near Naryan-Mar

[6][7]

*
*
*
-
Sula
353
10400
92
Pechora

[8]

*
*
*
-
Shapkina (de; ru) ← Lekeyyu (ru)
506
6570
582
Pechora

[9]

*
*
*
-
Tsilma
374
21500
228
Pechora

[10]

*
*
*
-
Pizhma
389
5470
55
Pechora

[11]

*
*
*
-
Izhma
531
31000
317
Pechora near Ust-Izhma

[12][13]

*
*
*
-
Laya (de; no; ru)
332
9530
50
Pechora

[14]

*
*
*
-
Usa
565
93600
1310
Pechora near Usinsk

[15]

*
*
*
-
-
Kolva
546
18100
165
Usa near Usinsk

[16]

*
*
*
-
-
Adzva
334
10600
110
Usa

[17]

*
*
*
-
-
Kosyu (de; nl; ru)
259
14800
122
Usa

[18]

*
*
*
-
-
Bolshaya Rogovaya (de; no; ru)
311
7290
?
Usa

[19]

*
*
*
-
Shchugor
300
9660
252
Pechora

[20]

*
*
*
-
Ilych
411
16000
177
Pechora

[21]

18
20
12
Mezen
966
78000
890
White Sea (Mezen Bay) near Mezen

[22][23]

*
*
*
-
Pyoza
363
15100
123
Mezen

[24][25]

*
*
*
-
Vashka
605
20500
184
Mezen

[26]

78
60
+
Kuloy ← Sotka
350
19000
17
White Sea near Dolgoshchelye

[note 4]
[27]

7
5
4
Northern Dvina ← Vychegda
1803
357052
3330
Dvina Bay in Severodvinsk

[note 5]
[28][23]

.
.
.
Northern Dvina ← Sukhona ← Lake Kubenskoye ← Kubena
1685
357052
3330
Dvina Bay in Severodvinsk

[note 6]
[28][23]

*
*
*
-
Pinega
779
42600
430
Northern Dvina in Ust-Pinega

[29]

*
*
*
-
-
Yula
250
5290
49
Pinega

[30]

*
*
*
-
Yemtsa ← Mekhrenga
299
14100
70
Northern Dvina near Bolshaya Gora

[note 7]
[31]

*
*
*
-
Vaga ← Ustya
736
44800
384
Northern Dvina near Bereznik

[note 8]
[32]

.
.
.
-
Vaga
575
44800
384
Northern Dvina near Bereznik

[33]

*
*
*
-
-
Ustya
477
17500
92
Vaga

[34]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Kokshenga
251
5670
36
Ustya

[35]

*
*
*
-
Vychegda
1130
121000
1160
Northern Dvina in Kotlas

[36]

*
*
*
-
-
Viled
321
5610
43
Vychegda near Koryazhma

[37]

*
*
*
-
-
Yarenga
281
5140
49
Vychegda

[38]

*
*
*
-
-
Vym
499
25600
260
Vychegda near Ust-Vym

[39]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Yolva (de)
255
3440
31
Vym

[40][41]

*
*
*
-
-
Sysola
487
17200
105
Vychegda in Syktyvkar

[42][43]

*
*
*
-
-
Lokchim (de; ru)
272
6600
52
Vychegda

[44]

*
*
*
-
-
Vishera
247
8780
79
Vychegda

[45]

*
*
*
-
-
Nem (de; ru)
260
4230
37
Vychegda

[46]

*
*
*
-
Lower Yug ← Luza
609
35600
290
Northern Dvina in Veliki Ustyug

[note 9]
[47]

.
.
.
-
Yug
574
35600
290
Northern Dvina in Veliki Ustyug

[48][49]

*
*
*
-
-
Luza
574
18300
132
Yug

[50]

*
*
*
-
Sukhona ← Lake Kubenskoye ← Kubena
941
50300
438
Northern Dvina in Veliki Ustyug

[note 10]
[51]

33
28
28
Onega ← Lake Lacha ← Svid ← Lake Vozhe ← Vozhega
680
56900
492
Onega Bay at Onega town

[note 11]
[52][53]

.
.
.
Onega
416
56900
492
Onega Bay at Onega town

[54]

*
*
*
-
Voloshka
260
7100
72
Onega

[55]

55
45
58
Lower Vyg ← Lake Vygozero ← Segezha (de; ru)-system
436
27100
267
White Sea near Belomorsk

[note 12]
[56][57]

.
.
.
Vyg ← Umba (ru)
315
27100
267
White Sea near Belomorsk

[note 13]
[58]

*
*
*
-
Segezha (de; ru) ← Lake Segozero ← Vuoloma (de; ru) ← Talviesdegi (ru)
329
9140
74
Lake Vygozero near Segezha

[note 14]
[59]

59
44
55
Kem ← Čirka-Kem (de; ru)
422
27700
279
White Sea near Kem

[note 15]
[60]

.
.
.
Kem ← Kuyto Lakes ← Pista/Pistojoki (de; fi; ru)
399
27700
279
White Sea near Kem

[note 16]
[61]

82
49
56
Kovda ← Lake Topozero ← Karango (ru)
325
26100
276
Kandalaksha Gulf

[note 17]
[62][63]

+
85
83
Niva
36
12830
164
Kandalaksha Gulf near Kandalaksha

[note 18]
[64]

104
+
+
Varzuga
254
9840
79
White Sea

[65]

58
74
81
Ponoy
426
15500
167
White Sea

[66][67]

105
98
+
Voronya ← Lake Lovozero ← Kurga River (ru)
251
9940
114
Barents Sea

[note 19]
[68]

84
58
61
Tuloma ← Lake Notozero ← Lutto
320
21140
241
Barents Sea near Murmansk

[note 20]
[69][2]

73
62
86
Paatsjoki ← Lake Inari ← Ivalo
360
18403
157
Barents Sea near Kirkenes

[70][23]

70
72
73
Tana/Deatnu ← Karasjohka
366
16386
197
Barents Sea near Tana Bru

[note 21]
[2]

+
+
74
Jökulsá á Fjöllum
206
7750
183
Arctic Ocean

[71]

+
+
32
Ölfusá ← Hvítá
185
6100
440
Atlantic Ocean near Selfoss

[71][23]

+
+
39
Þjórsá
230
7530
390
Atlantic Ocean

[71][23]

+
+
65
Kúðafljót
115
2400
230
Atlantic Ocean

[71]

+
+
71
Jökulsá á Dal
150
3700
205
Atlantic Ocean

[note 22]
[71]

+
+
+
Altaelva
240
8693
101
Norwegian Sea in Alta

+
+
78
Målselva ← Rostaelva
145
6144
171
Norwegian Sea in Målselv

+
+
70
Vefsna
161
4122
207
Norwegian Sea in Mosjøen

+
+
53
Namsen
229
6298
285
Norwegian Sea in Namsos

+
+
90
Otra
245
3740
150
North Sea in Kristiansand

99
93
59
Skien ← Norsjø ← Saua ← Heddalsvatnet ← Tinne - etc. system
273
10815
263
Skagerrak near Porsgrunn

76
+
+
Numedalslågen
356
5554
111
Skagerrak in Larvik

89
66
49
Drammenselva ← Tyrifjorden ← Storelva-Ådalselva-Sperillen ← Begna ← Otrøelva
310
17113
314
Skagerrak in Drammen

38
37
15
Glomma/Glama
619
42441
709
Skagerrak in Fredrikstad

[2][23]

*
*
*
-
Vorma ← Mjøsa ← Gudbrandsdalslågen
358
17412
330
Glomma at Årnes

29
34
24
Göta älv ← Vänern ← Klarälven system
756
50229
554
Kattegat in Gothenburg

[72][23]

*
*
*
-
Klarälven ← Trysilelva ← Femundelva ← Rogen
460
11820
165
Vänern near Karlstad

[note 4]

+
+
+
Ätran
243
3342
53
Kattegat in Falkenberg

+
+
+
Lagan
232
6452
82
Kattegat near Laholm

96
75
+
Motala ström ← Vättern ← Huskvarnaån system
285
15481
100
Baltic Sea in Norrköping

[72]

91
54
82
Norrström ← Mälaren ← Kolbäcksån system
307
22650
166
Baltic Sea in Stockholm

[72]

43
43
47
Dalälven ← Österdalälven
542
28954
353
Bothnian Sea near Gävle

[73][23]

*
*
*
-
Västerdalälven ← Fulan
315
8642
124
Dalälven in Djurås

[73]

52
59
66
Ljusnan
443
19828
226
Bothnian Sea in Söderhamn

[73]

64
84
+
Ljungan
399
12851
135
Bothnian Sea near Sundsvall

[73]

57
48
30
Indalsälven
430
26726
448
Bothnian Sea near Sundsvall

[73][23]

48
42
29
Ångerman
463
31864
481
Bothnian Sea near Kramfors

[73][23]

*
*
*
-
Faxälven
399
9037
152
Ångerman near Sollefteå

[73]

*
*
*
-
Fjällsjöälven (de; sv; uk)
263
8432
139
Ångerman near Näsåker

[73]

47
47
33
Umeälven
467
26815
435
Bothnian Sea in Umeå

[73][23]

*
*
*
-
Vindelälven
453
12654
188
Umeälven near Umeå

[73]

53
89
86
Skellefteälven
440
11731
157
Bothnian Bay in Skellefteå

[73]

63
92
89
Piteälven
402
11285
156
Bothnian Bay in Piteå

[73]

49
50
26
Luleälven
461
25240
500
Bothnian Bay in Luleå

[73][23]

*
*
*
-
Lesser Lule
238
9678
180
Luleälven near Vuollerim

[73]

49
63
52
Kalixälven
461
18130
289
Bothnian Bay in Kalix

[73]

40
38
34
Torne ← Torneträsk ← Abiskojokk ← Válfojohka
565
40157
430
Bothnian Bay in Tornio

[note 23]
[73][2][2]

*
*
*
-
Muonio ← Könkämäeno ← Kilpisjärvi
350
14430
162
Torne near Pajala

[note 24]
[73]

*
*
*
-
Lainioälven ← Rostoeatnu ← Rostojávri ← Ohmátjohka
290
6002
70
Torne near Junosuando

[note 25]
[73]

42
33
25
Kemijoki
552
51127
553
Bothnian Bay in Kemi

[2][23]

*
*
*
-
Ounasjoki
300
13968
140
Kemijoki in Rovaniemi

[74]

*
*
*
-
Kitinen
278
11214
?
Kemijoki near Pelkosenniemi

86
78
76
Iijoki
310
14191
174
Bothnian Bay in Ii

[note 26]

60
53
60
Oulujoki ← Oulujärvi ← Hyrynsalmi system
420
22841
262
Bothnian Bay in Oulu

[note 27]
[2]

+
46
63
Kokemäenjoki
150
27046
238
Bothnian Sea in Pori

[note 28]

41
39
54
Kymi ← Lake Päijänne ←←← Koivujärvi sources
554
37159
282
Gulf of Finland in Kotka

[note 29]

15
7
5
Neva ← Lake Ladoga ← Volkhov-system
1010
281000
2490
Gulf of Finland in Saint Petersburg

[note 30]
[75][23]

.
.
.
Neva
74
281000
2490
Gulf of Finland in Saint Petersburg

[75][23]

*
*
*
-
Vuoksi ← Saimaa ← Pielisjoki-system
806
68501
584
Lake Ladoga at Solovyovo and at Priozersk

[note 31]
[76][2]

*
*
*
-
-
Pielisjoki ← Pielinen ← Lieksanjoki ←← Murdoyoki (ru)
390
20000
240
Lake Saimaa in Joensuu

[note 32]

*
*
*
-
Svir ← Lake Onega ← Vodla-system
678
88200
790
Lake Ladoga near Lodeynoye Pole

[note 33]
[77]

*
*
*
-
-
Oyat
266
5220
52
Svir near Lodeynoye Pole

[78]

*
*
*
-
-
Shuya
194
10100
130
Lake Onega near Petrozavodsk

[79]

*
*
*
-
-
Suna
280
7670
66
Lake Onega near Kondopoga

[80]

*
*
*
-
-
Vodla ← Lake Vodlozero ← Ileksa ← Olova (ru)
358
13700
130
Lake Onega near Pudozh

[note 34]
[81]

*
*
*
-
Syas
260
7330
53
Lake Ladoga in Syasstroy

[82]

*
*
*
-
Volkhov ← Lake Ilmen ← Msta-system
844
80200
580
Lake Ladoga near Volkhov

[note 35]
[83]

*
*
*
-
-
Msta ← Lake Mstino ← Tsna
620
23300
202
Lake Ilmen near Velikiy Novgorod

[note 36]
[84]

*
*
*
-
-
Pola
267
7420
63
Lake Ilmen near Staraya Russa

[85]

*
*
*
-
-
Lovat
530
21900
105
Lake Ilmen near Staraya Russa

[86]

*
*
*
-
-
Shelon
248
9710
44
Lake Ilmen near Shimsk

[87]

67
83
+
Luga ← Oredezh
383
13364
93
Gulf of Finland in Ust-Luga

[note 37]
[88]

.
.
.
Luga
353
13364
93
Gulf of Finland in Ust-Luga

[89]

35
29
37
Narva ← Lake Peipus ← Velikaya
647
56229
400
Gulf of Finland near Narva

[2]

.
.
.
Narva
77
56229
400
Gulf of Finland near Narva

[2]

*
*
*
-
Plyussa
281
6963
50
Narva near Narva

[90]

*
*
*
-
Velikaya
430
25153
134
Lake Peipus near Pskov

[91]

*
*
*
-
Emajõgi ← Võrtsjärv ← Väike Emajõgi
218
10039
70
Lake Peipus

[note 38]
[92]

+
+
+
Pärnu
144
6887
64
Gulf of Riga in Pärnu

[93]

51
+
+
Gauja
452
9161
71
Gulf of Riga near Riga

[2]

14
18
19
Daugava/Western Dvina
1020
85613
640
Gulf of Riga near Riga

[23]

*
*
*
-
Aiviekste ← Pededze
254
9135
57
Daugava near Pļaviņas

[note 39]
[94]

*
*
*
-
Mezha
259
9525
61
Daugava near Doroshkino

86
65
+
Lielupe ← Mēmele/Nemunelis
310
17504
106
Gulf of Riga near Jūrmala

[2]

79
87
+
Venta
346
11843
98
Baltic Sea in Ventspils

[2]

22
17
20
Neman
914
92523
634
Baltic Sea near Šilutė

[2]

*
*
*
-
Šešupė
298
6194
34
Neman near Neman

*
*
*
-
Nevėžis
209
5947
33
Neman near Raudondvaris

*
*
*
-
Neris/Viliya
510
25254
182
Neman in Kaunas

*
*
*
-
-
Šventoji
246
6804
56
Neris in Jonava

*
*
*
-
Shchara River
325
6724
31
Neman

80
79
+
Pregolya ← Lava/Łyna
336
14117
90
Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad

[note 40]
[95]

.
.
.
Pregolya ← Angrapa ← Gołdapa
310
14117
90
Baltic Sea near Kaliningrad

[note 41]
[96]

*
*
*
-
Łyna/Alna/Lava
264
7020
40
Pregolya in Znamensk

[note 42]
[97][98]

12
9
10
Vistula ← Bugonarew ← Western Bug
1211
192632
1080
Baltic Sea near Gdańsk

[note 43]
[99][2][23]

.
.
.
Vistula
1047
192632
1080
Baltic Sea near Gdańsk

[note 44]
[99][2][23]

*
*
*
-
Bugonarew ← Western Bug
810
74714
328
Vistula in Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki

[note 45]

*
*
*
-
-
Wkra
249
5322
20
Bugonarew near Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki

[100]

*
*
*
-
-
Narew
446
28645
146
Bugonarew near Serock

[note 46]
[101]

*
*
*
-
-
Western Bug
772
38676
158
Bugonarew near Serock

[102]

*
*
*
-
Pilica
319
9138
46
Vistula near Warka

[103]

*
*
*
-
Wieprz
303
10256
43
Vistula in Dęblin

[104]

*
*
*
-
San
443
16769
126
Vistula near Sandomierz

[105]

*
*
*
-
Dunajec
247
6802
85
Vistula in Opatowiec

[106][2]

13
13
22
Oder ← Warta
1045
118791
574
Baltic Sea in Świnoujście

[note 47]
[107][2]

.
.
.
Oder
854
118791
574
Baltic Sea in Świnoujście

[note 48]
[2][23]

*
*
*
-
Warta
808
55538
195
Oder in Kostrzyn nad Odrą

[107]

*
*
*
-
-
Noteć
388
17159
76
Warta in Santok

[108]

*
*
*
-
Lusatian Neisse
255
4403
31
Oder in Neißemünde

[109]

*
*
*
-
Bóbr
272
5943
39
Oder in Krosno Odrzańskie

[110]

10
12
14
Elbe ← Vltava
1245
148268
860
Wadden Sea near Cuxhaven

[note 49]
[111][2]

.
.
.
Elbe
1094
148268
860
Wadden Sea near Cuxhaven

[note 50]
[112][2]

*
*
*
-
Havel ← Spree
560
24096
103
Elbe near Havelberg

[note 51]
[112]

.
.
.
-
Havel
334
24096
103
Elbe near Havelberg

[112]

*
*
*
-
-
Spree
382
10110
35
Havel in Berlin-Spandau

[112]

*
*
*
-
Saale
413
24167
117
Elbe in Barby

[112]

*
*
*
-
-
White Elster
257
5154
26
Saale near Halle (Saale)

[112]

*
*
*
-
Mulde ← Zwickau Mulde
290
7400
75
Elbe in Dessau

[note 52]
[112]

*
*
*
-
Ohře / Eger
316
5588
38
Elbe in Litoměřice

[112]

*
*
*
-
Vltava - Teplá Vltava
431
28101
154
Elbe in Mělník

[note 53]
[112]

30
35
44
Weser ← Werra
751
46259
365
Wadden Sea near Bremerhaven

[note 54]
[113][114]

*
*
*
-
Aller ← Leine
346
15721
120
Weser near Verden

[note 55]
[113]

.
.
.
-
Aller
260
15721
120
Weser near Verden

211?
[113]

*
*
*
-
-
Leine
278
6517
62
Aller near Schwarmstedt

[113]

*
*
*
-
Fulda
220
6947
67
Weser in Hannoversch Münden

[113]

*
*
*
-
Werra
300
5497
50
Weser in Hannoversch Münden

[113]

69
64
+
Ems
371
17802
89
Wadden Sea near Delfzijl

[note 56]
[114][2]

+
+
+
Zwarte Water ← Vecht/Vechte
201
5741
50
IJsselmeer near Genemuiden

[note 57]
[115]

+
+
41
IJssel ← Oude IJssel
188
4533
380
IJsselmeer near Kampen

[note 58]
[116][117]

11
11
6
Rhine
1233
185263
2315
North Sea at Hoek van Holland

[note 59]

*
*
*
-
Waal
82
?
1500
Rhine delta in Gorinchem

[note 60]

*
*
*
-
Lek
62
?
429
Rhine delta at Kinderdijk

[note 60]

*
*
*
-
Lippe ← Alme
268
4882
46
Rhine in Wesel

[note 61]
[115]

*
*
*
-
Ruhr ← Neger ← Renau
227
4485
82
Rhine in Duisburg

[note 62]
[115]

*
*
*
-
Moselle ← Moselotte
549
28153
320
Rhine in Koblenz

[note 63]
[118][2]

*
*
*
-
-
Saar
235
7431
78
Moselle near Konz

[118]

*
*
*
-
-
Sauer
173
4259
41
Moselle in Wasserbillig

[118]

*
*
*
-
Lahn ← Ohm ← Felda
251
5925
51
Rhine in Lahnstein

[note 64]
[115]

*
*
*
-
Main ← Regnitz system
583
27208
211
Rhine in Mainz

[note 65]
[119]

.
.
.
-
Main
525
27208
211
Rhine in Mainz

[note 66]
[119]

*
*
*
-
-
Regnitz ← Pegnitz ← Fichtenohe
191
7521
57
Main in Bamberg

[note 67]
[119]

*
*
*
-
Neckar ← Eschach
380
13934
136
Rhine in Mannheim

[120]

*
*
*
-
Ill
217
4760
54
Rhine near Strasbourg

[121]

*
*
*
-
Aare
288
17684
559
Rhine in Koblenz

[122]

*
*
*
-
-
Limmat ← Lake Zurich ← Linth
140
2417
101
Aare in Brugg

[122]

*
*
*
-
-
Reuss
164
3443
140
Aare in Brugg

[122]

20
40
46
Meuse/Maas
950
34364
357
North Sea near Hellevoetsluis

[note 68]
[123][2]

*
*
*
-
Ourthe
181
3624
55
Meuse in Liège

*
*
*
-
Sambre
193
2856
29
Meuse in Namur

73
56
+
Scheldt
360
21683
129
North Sea near Flushing

[note 69]
[124][125][114]

*
*
*
-
Leie/Lys
202
4305
28
Scheldt in Ghent

[124]

73
77
+
Thames ← Churn
360
14292
66
North Sea near Southend-on-Sea

[note 70]
[126]

+
+
+
Great Ouse
230
8172
39
North Sea in King's Lynn

[127]

92
96
+
Trent
298
10435
100
Humber Estuary near Scunthorpe

[note 71]
[128]

+
94
+
Ouse ← Ure
208
10704
145
Humber Estuary near Scunthorpe

[note 72]
[129]

+
+
+
Tyne ← North Tyne
118
2936
45
North Sea at South Shields

+
+
+
Tweed
156
4988
90
North Sea in Berwick-upon-Tweed

[130][131]

+
+
67
Tay
193
6019
220
North Sea near Dundee

[note 73]
[132]

+
+
+
Spey
173
2944
66
North Sea near Elgin

[133]

+
+
+
Clyde
176
3045
83
North Channel near Glasgow

[134]

+
+
+
Lower Bann ← Lough Neagh ← Ulster Blackwater
186
5775
92
North Channel in Coleraine

[114]

101
88
69
Shannon
258
11773
208
Shannon Estuary near Limerick

[note 74]
[114]

+
+
86
The Three Sisters
192
9207
157
Celtic Sea near Waterford

[note 75]
[135][114]

+
+
+
Mersey ← Tame
160
4312
66
Irish Sea near Liverpool

[note 76]
[136]

+
+
+
Wye
215
4136
80
Bristol Channel near Chepstow

[137]

77
91
+
Severn
354
11420
120
Bristol Channel near Severn Beach

[138]

+
+
+
Somme
245
6548
37
English Channel near Abbeville

[114][124]

26
21
23
Seine ← Marne
875
75374
560
English Channel in Le Havre

[note 77]
[139]

.
.
.
Seine
777
75374
560
English Channel in Le Havre

[note 78]}
[139]

*
*
*
-
Eure
229
6017
26
Seine in Pont-de-l'Arche

[140]

*
*
*
-
Oise ← Aisne ← Aire
454
16783
110
Seine in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine

[note 79]

.
.
.
-
Oise
341
16783
110
Seine in Conflans-Sainte-Honorine

[141]

*
*
*
-
-
Aisne
356
7939
65
Oise in Compiègne

[142]

*
*
*
-
Marne
514
12783
110
Seine in Ivry-sur-Seine

[143]

*
*
*
-
Yonne
292
10836
93
Seine in Montereau-Fault-Yonne

[144]

*
*
*
-
Aube
249
4595
41
Seine near Romilly-sur-Seine

[145]

+
95
+
Vilaine
218
10459
72
Bay of Biscay in Pénestin

[146]

17
14
13
Loire
1006
117356
889
Bay of Biscay in Saint-Nazaire

[147][148]

*
*
*
-
Maine ← Sarthe ← Loir
338
22240
127
Loire near Angers

[note 80]
[149]

*
*
*
-
-
Mayenne
202
5844
50
Maine near Angers

[150]

*
*
*
-
-
Sarthe
314
16250
82
Maine near Angers

[151]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Loir
317
8294
32
Sarthe near Angers

[152]

*
*
*
-
Vienne
363
21161
210
Loire in Candes-Saint-Martin

[153]

*
*
*
-
-
Creuse
264
10279
85
Vienne near Châtellerault

[154]

*
*
*
-
Indre
279
3428
19
Loire near Candes-Saint-Martin

[155]

*
*
*
-
Cher
368
13718
96
Loire in Villandry

[156]

*
*
*
-
Allier
421
14350
144
Loire near Nevers

[157][158]

68
99
+
Charente
381
9855
49
Bay of Biscay near Rochefort

[159]

46
52
41
Dordogne
483
23957
380
Gironde estuary near Bordeaux

[160]

*
*
*
-
Isle
255
7558
63
Dordogne in Libourne

[161]

*
*
*
-
Vézère
211
3715
58
Dordogne near Le Bugue

[162]

39
30
17
Garonne ← Tarn
610
55846
650
Gironde estuary near Bordeaux

[note 81]
[163]

.
.
.
Garonne
575
55846
650
Gironde estuary near Bordeaux

[note 82]
[163]

*
*
*
-
Lot
485
11538
155
Garonne near Aiguillon

[164]

*
*
*
-
Tarn
380
15586
233
Garonne near Castelsarrasin

[165]

*
*
*
-
-
Aveyron
291
5176
57
Tarn near Montauban

[166]

*
*
*
-
Ariège
163
4135
76
Garonne in Toulouse

[167]

89
67
45
Adour
308
16912
360
Bay of Biscay in Bayonne

[168][23]

*
*
*
-
Gaves réunis ← Gave de Pau
193
5464
82
Adour near Peyrehorade

[169]

71
70
48
Minho ← Sil
361
16651
340
Atlantic Ocean near Caminha

[note 83]
[2]

.
.
.
Minho
309
16651
340
Atlantic Ocean near Caminha

[2]

*
*
*
-
Sil
226
7969
100
Minho near Ourense

25
16
17
Douro
897
97290
650
Atlantic Ocean in Porto

[2][23]

*
*
*
-
Tormes
247
7054
42
Douro near Bemposta (de; pt) / Villarino

*
*
*
-
Esla
275
16018
182
Douro near Muelas del Pan

*
*
*
-
Pisuerga
276
15665
82
Douro near Valladolid

+
+
+
Mondego
234
6656
108
Atlantic Ocean in Figueira da Foz

16
24
26
Tagus
1007
70756
500
Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon

[note 84]
[170][2][23]

*
*
*
-
Jarama
194
11532
32
Tagus in Aranjuez

+
+
+
Sado
180
6186
40
Atlantic Ocean in Setúbal

21
25
+
Guadiana (← Cigüela) ← Záncara
922
67027
79
Gulf of Cadiz near Ayamonte

[note 85]
[171][2]

.
.
.
Guadiana ← Guadiana Alto (es).
852
67027
79
Gulf of Cadiz near Ayamonte

[note 86]
[171][2]

31
27
83
Guadalquivir ← Guadiana Menor (es; fr) ← Guardal (es; fr)
722
57053
164
Gulf of Cadiz in Sanlúcar de Barrameda

[note 87]
[172]

*
*
*
-
Genil
358
8257
9.3
Guadalquivir in Palma del Río

82
71
+
Segura
325
16599
26
Mediterranean Sea in Guardamar del Segura

45
57
+
Júcar
498
21430
49
Balearic Sea in Cullera

98
+
+
Turia
280
6674
14
Balearic Sea in Valencia

23
19
21
Ebro
910
84763
577
Balearic Sea near Tortosa

[23]

*
*
*
-
Segre
265
22719
100
Ebro in Mequinenza

*
*
*
-
-
Cinca
170
9720
82
Segre near Mequinenza

*
*
*
-
Jalón ← Jiloca
224
9658
21
Ebro near Torres de Berrellén

*
*
*
-
Aragón
195
8529
41
Ebro near Tudela

+
+
+
Llobregat
170
4948
21
Balearic Sea near Barcelona

+
+
+
Aude
224
5327
44
Gulf of Lion near Narbonne

[173]

19
15
7
Rhône ← Saône ← Doubs
957
98131
1900
Gulf of Lion in Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône

[note 88]
[174][23]

.
.
.
Rhône
812
98131
1900
Gulf of Lion in Port-Saint-Louis-du-Rhône

[175][23]

*
*
*
-
Durance
323
14342
180
Rhône in Avignon

[176]

*
*
*
-
Isère
286
11890
333
Rhône near Valence

[177]

*
*
*
-
Saône
480
29321
473
Rhône in Lyon

[178]

*
*
*
-
-
Doubs
453
7874
176
Saône in Verdun-sur-le-Doubs

[179]

*
*
*
-
Ain
190
3765
123
Rhône near Pont-de-Chéruy

[180]

+
+
+
Arno
241
8852
110
Ligurian Sea near Pisa

[note 89]

62
69
62
Tiber
405
16668
239
Tyrrhenian Sea in Ostia

*
*
*
-
Nera
116
4163
168
Tiber near Orte

+
+
+
Garigliano ← Liri
158
4059
120
Tyrrhenian Sea near Minturno

+
+
+
Volturno
175
5784
82
Tyrrhenian Sea in Castel Volturno

+
+
+
Reno
212
5615
95
Adriatic Sea near Comacchio

32
22
9
Po ← Tanaro
702
73746
1460
Adriatic Sea near Porto Tolle

[note 90]
[23]

.
.
.
Po
652
73746
1460
Adriatic Sea near Porto Tolle

[181][23]

*
*
*
-
Mincio ← Lake Garda ← Sarca
203
2977
60
Po near Mantua

*
*
*
-
Oglio
280
6598
130
Po near Mantua

*
*
*
-
Adda ← Lake Como ← Adda
313
7842
187
Po in Cremona

*
*
*
-
Ticino ← Lake Maggiore ← Ticino
248
8061
348
Po in Pavia

*
*
*
-
Tanaro ← Negrone (it)
285
8182
116
Po near Alessandria

[note 91]

*
*
*
-
Dora Baltea
168
3921
96
Po in Crescentino

+
+
68
Tartaro-Canalbianco-Po di Levante
147
2885
218
Adriatic Sea near Porto Viro

55
76
64
Adige ← Eisack ← Rienz ← Ahr
436
14543
235
Adriatic Sea near Chioggia

[note 92]
[182]

.
.
.
Adige ← Etsch ← Karlinbach
421
14543
235
Adriatic Sea near Chioggia

[note 93]
[182]

+
+
+
Brenta
174
4811
93
Adriatic Sea near Chioggia

+
+
+
Piave
231
4420
137
Adriatic Sea near Venice

+
+
+
Tagliamento
170
2939
92
Adriatic Sea near Lignano

+
+
77
Isonzo/Soča
138
3327
173
Adriatic Sea near Monfalcone

[2]

+
97
43
Neretva
240
10380
378
Adriatic Sea near Ploče

[2][23]

*
*
*
-
Trebišnjica
187
4926
114
Neretva in Neum

[note 94]

66
61
16
Bojana/Buna ← Drin
384
18620
672
Adriatic Sea near Ulcinj

[note 95]
[183]

*
*
*
-
Drin ← Black Drin ← Sateska
343
14351
352
Bojana near Lezhë

[note 96]
[2]

*
*
*
-
-
White Drin
136
5005
66
Drin in Kukës

[2]

*
*
*
-
Morača
100
2820
156
Lake Skadar (Bojana) near Žabljak Crnojevića

[184]

+
+
+
Shkumbin
181
2922
62
Adriatic Sea near Lushnjë

[183]

97
+
+
Seman ← Devoll
281
6124
96
Adriatic Sea near Fier

[183]

100
+
72
Aoös/Vjosë
272
6777
204
Adriatic Sea near Vlorë

[2]

+
+
+
Achelous
220
5662
137
Ionian Sea near Astakos

+
+
+
Pineios (Thessaly)
216
9301
81
Aegean Sea near Larissa

93
+
+
Haliacmon
297
8664
80
Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki

65
51
79
Vardar/Axios ← Treska
393
24503
170
Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki

[note 97]
[2]

.
.
.
Vardar/Axios
388
24503
170
Aegean Sea near Thessaloniki

[2]

61
68
+
Struma/Strymon
415
16801
76
Thracian Sea in Amphipolis

[2]

+
+
+
Nestos/Mesta
243
5864
45
Thracian Sea near Thasos

[2]

44
31
40
Maritsa/Meriç/Evros
515
53475
383
Thracian Sea near Alexandroupoli

[2]

*
*
*
-
Ergene
281
11016
28
Maritsa near İpsala

[note 98]
[2][185][186]

*
*
*
-
Tundzha
380
8583
32
Maritsa in Edirne

*
*
*
-
Arda
290
5623
77
Maritsa near Edirne

+
+
+
Veleka
147
995
9.4
Black Sea near Sinemorets

104
+
+
Kamchiya ← Luda Kamchiya
254
5373
26
Black Sea near Varna

[187]

2
2
2
Danube
2857
801463
6450
Black Sea near Sulina

[note 99]
[2][23]

*
*
*
-
Prut
953
27820
105
Danube at Giurgiulești

[note 100]
[188][2]

*
*
*
-
-
Jijia
275
5757
14
Prut near Huși

*
*
*
-
Siret
559
45857
240
Danube in Galați

[note 101]
[2]

*
*
*
-
-
Buzău
325
5537
29
Siret near Galați

*
*
*
-
-
Bistrița
283
7018
66
Siret near Bacău

*
*
*
-
Ialomița
417
11116
40
Danube near Hârșova

*
*
*
-
Argeș
350
12652
73
Danube in Oltenița

*
*
*
-
-
Dâmbovița
245
2837
26
Argeș near Budești

[note 102]
[189]

*
*
*
-
Yantra
285
7897
47
Danube near Svishtov

*
*
*
-
Osam
314
2866
16
Danube near Nikopol

*
*
*
-
Olt
615
24130
174
Danube near Turnu Măgurele

*
*
*
-
Iskar
368
8511
54
Danube near Gigen

*
*
*
-
Jiu
339
10157
86
Danube near Bechet

*
*
*
-
Great Morava ← West Morava ← Ibar
550
37709
232
Danube near Smederevo

[note 103]
[190][2]

*
*
*
-
-
South Morava
295
15550
100
Great Morava near Kruševac

*
*
*
-
-
West Morava
308
15710
120
Great Morava near Kruševac

*
*
*
-
-
-
Ibar
276
7914
60
West Morava in Kraljevo

*
*
*
-
Timiš/Tamis
359
10495
47
Danube in Pančevo

*
*
*
-
Sava ← Sava Dolinka
945
94613
1609
Danube in Belgrade

[note 104]
[2][191][192]

*
*
*
-
-
Drina ← Tara
486
19650
370
Sava near Bijeljina

[note 105]
[193][192]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Lim
220
6797
96
Drina near Višegrad

[194]

*
*
*
-
-
Bosna
271
10490
174
Sava in Bosanski Šamac

[2][193]

*
*
*
-
-
Vrbas
235
6501
132
Sava in Srbac

[193]

*
*
*
-
-
Una
214
9657
220
Sava in Jasenovac

[note 106]
[2][192]

*
*
*
-
-
Kupa/Kolpa
297
10194
201
Sava in Sisak

[2]

*
*
*
-
Tisza ← Someş
1111
154073
863
Danube near Titel

[note 107]
[2]

.
.
.
-
Tisza
966
154073
863
Danube near Titel

[note 108]
[2]

*
*
*
-
-
Bega
256
6250
13
Tisza near Titel

*
*
*
-
-
Mureș/Maros
789
30190
190
Tisza in Szeged

[note 109]
[2]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Târnava ← Târnava Mare
249
6236
15
Mureș near Teiuș

*
*
*
-
-
Körös ← Crişul Alb
365
27123
100
Tisza near Csongrád

*
*
*
-
-
Sajó / Slaná ← Hornád
314
12870
70
Tisza in Tiszaújváros

[note 110]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Hernád / Hornád
286
5414
31
Sajó near Miskolc

*
*
*
-
-
Bodrog ← Latorica
255
13579
115
Tisza in Tokaj

[note 111]
[2]

*
*
*
-
-
Szamos / Someş
415
16046
132
Tisza near Vásárosnamény

[2]

*
*
*
-
Drava/Drau ← Isel (de) ← Schwarzach (de; it)
728
40154
577
Danube near Osijek

[note 112]
[195]

*
*
*
-
-
Mur
453
14108
166
Drava near Legrad

[195][196][192]

*
*
*
-
Sió ← Lake Balaton ← Zala system
330
14890
39
Danube near Szekszárd

[note 113]

*
*
*
-
Hron
298
5441
54
Danube near Esztergom

*
*
*
-
Váh
398
19484
194
Danube in Komárno

[2]

*
*
*
-
Rába/Raab
311
10401
80
Danube near Győr

[196][2]

*
*
*
-
Leitha ← Schwarza
258
2138
8.2
Danube near Mosonmagyaróvár

[note 114]
[196]

*
*
*
-
Morava ← Thaya ← Austrian Thaya
402
26734
110
Danube in Bratislava-Devin

[note 115]
[196][2]

.
.
.
-
Morava
352
26734
110
Danube in Bratislava-Devin

[196][2]

*
*
*
-
-
Thaya ← Austrian Thaya
311
13419
44
Morava near Hohenau

[note 116]
[196]

*
*
*
-
Enns
254
6084
200
Danube in Enns

[196]

*
*
*
-
Traun
153
4277
150
Danube in Linz

[196]

*
*
*
-
Inn ← Aua da Fedoz
522
26053
735
Danube in Passau

[197][2]

*
*
*
-
-
Salzach ← Krimmler Ache
232
6829
252
Inn in Haiming

[119]

*
*
*
-
Isar ← Leutascher Ache
295
8962
175
Danube near Deggendorf

[note 117]
[119]

*
*
*
-
Lech
264
4125
115
Danube near Donauwörth

[119][2]

*
*
*
-
Iller ← Breitach ← Turabach
170
2147
70
Danube in Ulm

[note 118]
[119]

+
+
+
Cogîlnic
243
5388
6.5
Black Sea near Tatarbunary

[2]

9
23
50
Dniester/Nistru
1362
73158
313
Black Sea near Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi

[198][2]

*
*
*
-
Răut
286
7761
5.7
Dniester near Dubăsari

*
*
*
-
Zbruch
247
3365
7
Dniester near Khotyn

27
26
85
Southern Bug
806
63569
160
Dnieper-Bug Estuary near Mykolaiv

[note 119]
[199]

*
*
*
-
Inhul
354
9773
8.8
Southern Buh in Mykolayiv

[200]

*
*
*
-
Synyukha (de) ← Hnylyi Tikych ← Hirsky Tikych
283
16640
29
Southern Buh in Pervomaisk

[201][202]

4
3
8
Dnieper
2201
509824
1700
Dnieper-Bug Estuary near Kherson

[2][23]

*
*
*
-
Inhulets
549
14487
0.3?
Dnieper near Kropyvnytskyi

[203]

*
*
*
-
Samara ← Vovcha
421
22734
20
Dnieper near Dnipro

[note 120]

.
.
.
-
Samara
320
22734
20
Dnieper near Dnipro

[204]

*
*
*
-
-
Vovcha
323
13035
5.3
Samara near Pavlohrad

[205]

*
*
*
-
Oril
346
10093
13
Dnieper near Dnipro

*
*
*
-
Vorskla
452
14511
36
Dnieper near Verkhn'odniprovs'k

[206]

*
*
*
-
Psel
717
22782
55
Dnieper in Kremenchuk

[207]

*
*
*
-
-
Khorol
308
4039
3.6
Psel

[208]

*
*
*
-
Sula ← Udai
447
19218
29
Dnieper near Kremenchuk

[note 121]
[209][210]

.
.
.
-
Sula
363
19218
29
Dnieper near Kremenchuk

[209]

*
*
*
-
-
Udai
327
6995
9.4
Sula near Lubny

[210]

*
*
*
-
Ros
346
12581
27
Dnieper near Kaniv

[211]

*
*
*
-
Desna
1130
88490
360
Dnieper in Kiev

[212]

*
*
*
-
-
Snov
253
8265
24
Desna

[213]

*
*
*
-
-
Seim
748
27895
100
Desna in Sosnytsia

[214]

*
*
*
-
Teteriv
385
15213
18
Dnieper near Chernobyl

[215]

*
*
*
-
Prypiat ← Horyn
1052
119911
460
Dnieper near Chernobyl

[note 122]
[2]

.
.
.
-
Prypiat
761
119911
460
Dnieper near Chernobyl

[216][2]

*
*
*
-
-
Uzh
256
8129
25
Prypiat near Chernobyl

[217]

*
*
*
-
-
Ptsich
421
9516
48
Prypiat near Mazyr

[218]

*
*
*
-
-
Ubort
292
5504
23
Prypiat near Pietrykaŭ

[219]

*
*
*
-
-
Horyn
659
27065
90
Prypiat near Davyd-Haradok

[220]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Southern Sluch
451
13675
45
Horyn near Novohrad-Volynskyi

[221]

*
*
*
-
-
Styr
494
12999
45
Prypiat near Pinsk

[222]

*
*
*
-
Sozh
648
42199
207
Dnieper in Loev

[223]

*
*
*
-
-
Iput
437
10789
83
Sozh near Gomel

[224]

*
*
*
-
-
Besed
261
5537
28
Sozh

[225]

*
*
*
-
-
Ostyor
274
3382
21
Sozh near Krychaw

[226]

*
*
*
-
Berezina
613
24895
145
Dnieper near Rechytsa

[227]

*
*
*
-
-
Svislach
327
5190
30
Berezina near Asipovichy

*
*
*
-
Drut
295
4952
30
Dnieper in Rahachou

[228]

101
+
+
Mius
258
7059
12
Sea of Azov near Taganrog

[2]

5
4
11
Don ← Voronezh ← Polnoy Voronezh
1923
437308
890
Sea of Azov near Azov

[note 123]
[229][23]

.
.
.
Don
1870
437308
890
Sea of Azov near Azov

[229][23]

*
*
*
-
Manych ← Kalaus ← Bolshoy Yankul
863
49977
16
Don near Rostov-on-Don

[note 124]
[230]

*
*
*
-
-
Yegorlyk
448
14972
38
Manych near Salsk

[231]

*
*
*
-
Sal
798
20932
15
Don in Semikarakorsk

[232]

*
*
*
-
Donets
1053
98720
159
Don near Semikarakorsk

[233][2]

*
*
*
-
-
Kalitva (de; ru)
308
10543
?
Donets in Belaya Kalitva

[234]

*
*
*
-
-
Aidar
264
7390
15
Donets near Shchastya

[235]

*
*
*
-
-
Oskil/Oskol
472
14818
44
Donets near Izium

[236][2]

*
*
*
-
Chir
317
10580
13
Don

[237]

*
*
*
-
Ilovlya
358
9377
9.8
Don

[238]

*
*
*
-
Medveditsa ← Malaya Medveditsa
748
34914
69
Don near Serafimovitch

[239]

*
*
*
-
-
Tersa (de; ru) ← Yelan (ru)
326
8807
5.6
Medveditsa

[note 125]
[240]

*
*
*
-
Khopyor ← Serdoba (ru)
1011
61052
150
Don near Bukanovskaya

[note 126]
[241]

*
*
*
-
-
Buzuluk
314
9465
13
Khopyor

[242]

*
*
*
-
-
Savala
285
7585
20
Khopyor near Novokhopyorsk

[243]

*
*
*
-
-
Vorona ← Chembar (ru)
511
13229
42
Khopyor near Borisoglebsk

[note 127]
[244]

*
*
*
-
Bityug
379
8818
18
Don near Pavlovsk

[245]

*
*
*
-
Voronezh ← Polnoy Voronezh
520
21286
71
Don near Voronezh

[note 128]
[246]

*
*
*
-
Bystraya Sosna
296
13012
74
Don near Yelets

[247]

85
+
+
Yeya
313
9191
2.5
Sea of Azov near Yeysk

95
+
+
Chelbas (es; ru)
288
4911
2.4
Sea of Azov near Primorsko-Akhtarsk

24
32
34
Kuban
906
52399
430
Sea of Azov near Temryuk

[note 129]
[248][23]

*
*
*
-
Pshish ← Bolshoy Pshish
270
1927
25
Kuban near Ryazanskaya

[note 130]
[249]

*
*
*
-
Belaya
265
6054
?
Kuban

[250]

*
*
*
-
Laba ← Bolshaya Laba
347
12664
96
Kuban in Ust-Labinsk

+
+
+
Kodori
105
2087
144
Black Sea near Adzyubzha

[note 131]

+
+
79
Enguri
213
4052
170
Black Sea in Anaklia

[note 132]
[248]

81
81
36
Rioni
327
13511
424
Black Sea near Poti

[note 133]
[248][23]

54
55
56
Chorokhi/Çoruh
438
22011
278
Black Sea near Batumi

[248][2]

8
10
30
Kur/Kura/Mtkvari
1364
188378
448
Caspian Sea near Neftçala

[note 134]
[251][2]

*
*
*
-
Aras/Araks
1072
102000
141
Kura near Sabirabad

[note 135]
[251][2]

*
*
*
-
Alazani
391
11717
110
Mingachevir reservoir

[252][253][2]

*
*
*
-
-
Iori
320
4897
15
Mingachevir reservoir near Burunqovaq

[note 136]
[253][2]

+
+
+
Samur
213
6777
75
Caspian Sea near Derbent

71
80
75
Sulak ← Andi Koysu ← Tushetis Alazani
361
14085
176
Caspian Sea near Makhachkala

[note 137]
[254][2]

37
36
51
Terek
623
42927
305
Caspian Sea near Kizlyar

[255][2]

*
*
*
-
Sunzha
278
12153
85
Terek near Gudermes

[256]

*
*
*
-
Malka
210
10163
98
Terek near Prokhladny

[257]

28
41
+
Kuma
802
33500
11
Caspian Sea near Lagan

[258]

1
1
1
Volga ← Oka ← Upa ← Uperta
3790
1432506
8087
Caspian Sea near Astrakhan

[note 138]
[259][260][23]

.
.
.
Volga ← Kuybyshev Reservoir ← Kama
3771
1432506
8087
Caspian Sea near Astrakhan

[note 139]
[259][262]

.
.
.
Volga
3530
1432506
8087
Caspian Sea near Astrakhan

[259]

*
*
*
-
Akhtuba
537
?
153
Volga Delta near Astrakhan

[note 140]
[263]

*
*
*
-
Yeruslan
278
6196
?
Volgograd Reservoir near Kamyshin

[note 141]
[264]

*
*
*
-
Tereshka
273
9864
18
Volga near Saratov

[265]

*
*
*
-
Bolshoy Irgiz ← Bolshaya Glushitsa
679
24010
23
Volga near Volsk

[note 142]
[266]

*
*
*
-
Maly Irgiz ← Chernava
262
3916
6.4
Volga

[note 143]
[267]

*
*
*
-
Chapayevka/Mocha
298
5126
2.5
Volga near Novokuybyshevsk

[268]

*
*
*
-
Samara
594
46454
46
Volga in Samara

[269]

*
*
*
-
-
Bolshoy Kinel
436
14929
34
Samara in Kinel

[note 144]
[270]

*
*
*
-
-
Tok (de) - Bitkul
312
5897
13
Samara near Buzuluk

[note 145]
[271]

*
*
*
-
Sok
363
11455
33
Volga near Samara

[272]

*
*
*
-
-
Kondurcha
294
4327
9.4
Sok

[273]

*
*
*
-
Great Cheremshan
336
11806
35
Kuybyshev Reservoir near Dimitrovgrad

[note 146]
[274]

*
*
*
-
Kama
1967
523324
3800
Kuybyshev Reservoir south of Kazan

[note 147]
[262]

*
*
*
-
-
Sheshma ← Lesnaya Sheshma
268
6196
11
Kama near Starosheshminsk

[note 148]
[275]

*
*
*
-
-
Vyatka ← Belaya
1318
128713
890
Kama near Nizhnekamsk

[note 149]
[276]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Kilmez ← Ut (ru)
295
17160
85
Vyatka near Ust-Kilmez

[note 150]
[277]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Pizhma
305
14981
90
Vyatka near Sovetsk

[278]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Moloma ← Palomka
435
12399
48
Vyatka near Kotelnich

[note 151]
[279]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Cheptsa ← Loza
526
20230
130
Vyatka in Kirovo-Chepetsk

[note 152]
[280]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Letka
260
3633
21
Vyatka

[281]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Kobra (de)
324
7824
55
Vyatka near Nagorsk

[282]

*
*
*
-
-
Ik
571
17934
46
Kama near Menzelinsk

[283]

*
*
*
-
-
Izh
259
8469
34
Kama

[284]

*
*
*
-
-
Belaya
1430
141609
858
Kama near Neftekamsk

[285]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Bystry Tanyp
345
7700
45
Belaya

[286]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Dyoma ← Tyatep
556
13022
35
Belaya in Ufa

[note 153]
[287]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Ufa ← Ay
931
52747
388
Belaya in Ufa

[note 154]
[288]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Ufa
918
52747
388
Belaya in Ufa

[289]

*
*
*
-
-
-
-
Yuryuzan
404
7850
55
Ufa near Karaidel

[290]

*
*
*
-
-
-
-
Ay
549
14825
84
Ufa near Krasnoufimsk

[291]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Sim ← Inzer (de; ru)
313
11629
110
Belaya

[note 155]
[292]

*
*
*
-
-
Chusovaya
592
46812
222
Kama Reservoir near Perm

[note 156]
[293]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Sylva
493
22188
139
Chusovaya near Perm

[294]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Usva
266
6125
31
Chusovaya in Chusovoy

[295]

*
*
*
-
-
Kosva ← Typyl
298
7322
90
Kama Reservoir near Perermskoye

[note 157]
[296]

*
*
*
-
-
Inva
257
6304
29
Kama Reservoir near Maykor

[note 158]
[297]

*
*
*
-
-
Yayva River
304
6530
88
Kama Reservoir near Berezniki

[note 158]
[298]

*
*
*
-
-
Vishera ← Kolva
494
31286
457
Kama near Solikamsk

[note 159]
[299][300]

.
.
.
-
-
Vishera
415
31286
457
Kama near Solikamsk

[299]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Kolva
460
13311
200
Vishera at Cherdyn, Perm Krai

[note 160]
[301]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Yazva ← Glukhaya Vilva
272
5855
70
Vishera near Cherdyn

[note 161]
[302]

*
*
*
-
-
Kosa
267
9851
40
Kama near Ust-Kosa

[303]

*
*
*
-
-
Veslyana
266
7253
68
Kama near Ust-Veslyana

[304]

*
*
*
-
Sviyaga ← Malaya Sviyaga
379
16944
57
Kuybyshev Reservoir west of Kazan

[note 162]
[305]

*
*
*
-
Greater Kokshaga
297
6481
40
Volga near Kokshaisk

[306]

*
*
*
-
Vetluga ← Vokhma (de; ru)
901
39438
255
Volga near Kozmodemyansk

[note 163]
[307]

*
*
*
-
-
Usta
253
6019
28
Vetluga near Voskresenskoye

[308]

*
*
*
-
Sura ← Kadada (ru)
867
67240
260
Volga in Vasilsursk

[note 164]
[309]

*
*
*
-
-
Pyana ← Cheka
453
7991
25
Sura near Sergach

[note 165]
[310]

*
*
*
-
-
Alatyr
304
11171
43
Sura at Alatyr

[note 166]
[311]

*
*
*
-
Kerzhenets
290
6207
20
Volga near Lyskovo

[312]

*
*
*
-
Oka ← Upa ← Uperta
1559
244308
1258
Volga in Nizhny Novgorod

[note 167]
[260][313]

.
.
.
-
Oka
1504
244308
1258
Volga in Nizhny Novgorod

[260]

*
*
*
-
-
Klyazma
686
42421
147
Oka in Gorbatov

[314]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Nerl
284
6766
26
Klyazma near Bogolyubovo

[315]

*
*
*
-
-
Tyosha
311
7781
4
Oka near Murom

[316]

*
*
*
-
-
Moksha ← Azyas
660
50379
95
Oka near Yelatma

[note 168]
[317]

*
*
*
-
-
-
Tsna ← Osinovka
457
21437
46
Moksha near Sasovo

[note 169]
[318]

*
*
*
-
-
Pronya
336
10180
50
Oka near Spassk-Ryazansky

[319]

*
*
*
-
-
Moskva ← Ruza
487
17618
150
Oka in Kolomna

[note 170]
[320]

*
*
*
-
-
Protva
282
4602
25
Oka near Serpukhov

[321]

*
*
*
-
-
Ugra ← Demina (ru)
436
15699
90
Oka near Kaluga

[note 171]
[322]

*
*
*
-
-
Upa ← Uperta (ru)
356
9529
40
Oka near Suvorov

[note 172]
[313]

*
*
*
-
Unzha ← Kema (ru)
531
29156
158
Volga near Yuryevets

[note 173]
[323]

*
*
*
-
-
Neya
253
6286
46
Unzha near Makaryev

[324]

*
*
*
-
Kostroma
354
19838
85
Gorky Reservoir in Kostroma

[note 158]
[325]

*
*
*
-
Sheksna ← Lake Beloye ← Kema
441
21419
172
Rybinsk Reservoir near Rybinsk

[note 174]
[326]

*
*
*
-
-
Suda ← Noshema (ru)
261
13469
134
Rybinsk Reservoir near Cherepovets

[note 175]
[327]

*
*
*
-
Mologa
456
30074
172
Rybinsk Reservoir near Rybinsk

[note 176]
[328]

*
*
*
-
-
Chagodoshcha ← Lid (ru)
286
9333
58
Mologa near Ustyuzhna

[note 177]
[329]

*
*
*
-
Medveditsa
259
6384
41
Volga near Sknyatino

[330]

36
90
+
Maly Uzen
638
11600
8
Kamysh-Samarskiye Lakes

[note 178]
[2]

34
73
+
Bolshoy Uzen
650
15795
11
Kamysh-Samarskiye Lakes

[2]

3
8
37
Ural
2428
210581
400
Caspian Sea in Atyrau

[331][2]

*
*
*
-
Chagan
264
7530
7.7
Ural in Oral

[332]

*
*
*
-
Utva
290
6952
3.8
Ural

*
*
*
-
Ilek
623
41875
40
Ural near Ilek

[333]

*
*
*
-
-
Bolshaya Chobda (de) - Karachobda
363
14666
14
Ilek

[note 179]
[334]

*
*
*
-
Sakmara
798
31040
144
Ural in Orenburg

[335]

*
*
*
-
-
Bolshoy Ik
341
7651
61
Sakmara near Saraktash (de; ru)

[336]

*
*
*
-
Or
332
18533
21
Ural near Orsk

[337]

text: Notes[edit]

text:
Jump up ^ Countries through which the river flows, like the tributaries ordered from mouth to source. The river's basin may cover more countries.
Jump up ^ The 32 km Bolhshaya Kara is the longer of the two source rivers of the 257 km Kara proper
Jump up ^ The 111 km Syadey-Yu is the longest source river of the 199 km Korotaikha.
^ Jump up to: a b A single river with different names along its stretch.
Jump up ^ The 1130 km long Vychegda joins the Northern Dvina 673 km from its mouth in the White Sea.
Jump up ^ The Northern Dvina (744 km) originates at the confluence of the Sukhona (558 km) and the Yug (574 km). The Sukhona starts at the small lake Kubenskoye (a ~15 km course), which is fed by the 368 km Kubena.
Jump up ^ The 231 km long Mekhrenga joins the 188 km Yemtsa, 68 km before it reaches the Dvina.
Jump up ^ The 477 km Ustya joins the 575 km Vaga 259 km before the Vaga flows into the Dvina.
Jump up ^ The 574 km long Luza joins the Yug 35 km before the Yug merges with the Sukhona to form the Northern Dvina.
Jump up ^ The name of this river changes from Kubena (368 km) to Sukhona (558 km) after the relatively small Lake Kubenskoye (a ~15 km crossing).
Jump up ^ Vozhega (140 km) runs into Lake Vozhe (<30 km straight crossing inflow to outflow), which is drained by the Svid (64 km), which flows into Lake Lacha (33 km long), where 416 km Onega originates.
Jump up ^ The Segezha, 329 km from its most distant source, flows into Lake Vygozero 18 km away from where the Lower Vyg (88 km) drains it.
Jump up ^ The 33 km long Umba flows in the 135 km Upper Vyg, 112 km before that flows into Lake Vegozero. This 80 km long lake is drained by the 88 km long Lower Vyg.
Jump up ^ Talgiesdegi (48 km) joins Voloma (138 km) 113 km before that flows into Lake Segozero (mean flow 20 m3/s). This lake, crossed in a straigt line in 35 km, is drained by the Segezha (59 km), which flows into Lake Vygozero (mean flow 74 m3/s).
Jump up ^ Kem (18 km) and Čirka (16 km) form the headwaters of 220 km Čirka-Kem, which, confusingly, joins another much larger river named Kem 7 km below its origin from Kuyto Lake and 184 km before it streams into the White Sea.
Jump up ^ Pistojoki (Pista in Russian; 110 km) feeds the ca. 98 km Kuyto Lakes chain, which, on the other side, is drained by the Kem (191 km).
Jump up ^ River Kovda, flowing through many large lakes, has a given length of 233 km.[62] Kovda drains Lake Topozero from the northwest; at the very southeast of the lake, 76 and 79 km via a straight course, the small rivers Karango (16 km) and Kondoya (13 km) run in the lake and form the most distant sources of the river Kovda.
Jump up ^ Niva drains Lake Imandra, the longest distance over the complex network of lakes and rivers above it is unclear, though it is over 200 km.
Jump up ^ Voronya (155 km) drains Lake Lovozero, which is fed by the Kurga (81 km) 15 km across. The systems starting with Mar'yok (ru)-Afanasiya (ru) (62 km, with a 30 km crossing) and Tsaga River (ru) (45 km, with a 48 km crossing) are nearly the same length.
Jump up ^ The Lutto (Lotta in Russian; 190 km) flows into Lake Onozero, which, after a 66 km minimal crossing, is drained by Tuloma (64 km).
Jump up ^ Karashoka (166 km) and Inarijoki (153 km) join to form the 200 km long Tana River.
Jump up ^ Discharge reduced to 95 m3/s since sthe building of a reservoir
Jump up ^ Abiskojokk (40 km) feeds lake Torneträsk, which is drained after a 55 km crossing by the Torne (470 km).
Jump up ^ Lake Kilpisjärvi is drained, about 30 km from its headwater's most distant source, by Könkämäeno. Possibly the Gobmeatnu tributary joining just below the lake has a slighlty more distant source. Könkämäeno (90 km) and Lätäseno (60 km) join to form Muonio (230 km).
Jump up ^ The southeastern end of the lake Rostojávri, some 26 km from its most distant source is drained by the 266 km long Rostoeatnu- Lainio river.
Jump up ^ Peranganjoki (sv) → Alajoki (sv) (together well over 80 km) → Lake Kiantajärvi (50 km crossing) → Emäjoki (fi; sv) → Iijärvi →Kiehimänjoki (these three 103 km together) → Oulujärvi (75 km course) → Oulujoki (107 km). The entire system above the lake Oulujärvi is also referred to as Hyrynsalmi.
Jump up ^ The length of this system is a rough estimate. The Peranganjoki-Alajoki system (>> 80 km) feeds Kiantajärvi. After a 50 km course, this lake is drained by the 105 km long Emäjoki-Kiehimäjnoki watercourse, which feeds Oulujärvi. The entire system above this lake is also referred to as Hyrynsalmi. After a 75 km course through Oulujärvi, Oulujoki (107 km) takes the water to the Bothnian Bay.
Jump up ^ Kokemäenjoki drains Kulovesi, the last of a large chain of lakes. The system starting with Keurusselkä , via Kuorevesi, Ruovesi, Palovesi, Näsijärvi, Tammerkoski, Pyhäjärvi (Tampere region)|Pyhäjärvi]], and Nokianvirta to Kulovesi is the central course, but its total length is tricky to define.
Jump up ^ The 204 km Kymi river drains Lake Päljänne, which 120 km further north near Jyväskylä is fed from a network of lakes further north. The sources that feed the lake Koivujärvi are the most distant for Kymi. From there, the shortest route over the so called Rautalammin route (fi) (including lakes Pielavesi, Nilakka, Iisvesi, Kiesimä, Konnevesi, Kynsivesi, and Kuusvesi) and via Saraavesi and Leppävesi to Päljänne is 230 km.
Jump up ^ The 844 km Volkhov system flows into Lake Ladoga ~92 km (shortest course) from where the Neva (74 km) drains it.
Jump up ^ The 806 km long Pielisjoki system flows into the northeastern end of lake Saimaa. A ~260 km course through this complex lake leads to the 156 km Vuoksi exit.
Jump up ^ Murdoyoki (ru) (41 km) → Roukkulanjärvi (fi; ru) (27 km) → Omelianjoki (ru) (7 km) → Torosozero (ru)-Leksozero (44 km) → Sula River (ru) (21 km) → Sula lake (7 km) → Lieksanjoki (132 km) → Pielinen Lake (44 km) → Pielisjoki (67 km) → Saimaa. The watershed area is a rough guess.
Jump up ^ The 358 km-long Vodla system feeds into Lake Onega. After a 96 km crossing, 224 km-long Svir drains this lake into Lake Ladoga.
Jump up ^ Olova (42 km) joins Ileksa (155 km) 135 km before that flows into Lake Vodlozero. After a 32 km direct crossing, this lake is drained by the Vodla (149 km).
Jump up ^ The Volkov river (224 km) drains Lake Ilmen from the delta of the 620-km Msta-Tsna system.
Jump up ^ Tsna (160 km) flows into Lake Mstino, which after 15 km is drained by 445 km Msta.
Jump up ^ The 192 km Oredezh joins the Luga 191 km upstream from the sea
Jump up ^ Väike Emajõgi (82 km) feeds the lake Võrtsjärv. After a 35 km crossing , Võrtsjärv is drained by Suur Emajõgi (101 km)
Jump up ^ The Pededze (159 km) flows into the Alviekste 22 km below Alviekste's source in Lake Lubāns and 95 km before it drains into the Daugava.
Jump up ^ The 264 km long Lyna/Lava joins the Pregolya 72 km before it reaches the sea
Jump up ^ The Angrapa (ca 170 km) is the longest source river of the Pregolya (123 km). The 89 km Gołdapa joins the Angrapa ca 100 km before the formation of Pregolya.
Jump up ^ HydroBasins data support the 264 km estimate by the Polish over the 289 km estimate by the Russian source.
Jump up ^ The 772 km long Western Bug merges with the Narew and after a further 38 km flows into the Vistula 401 km above that river's discharge in the Baltic Sea. Though shorter, the Vistula has twice as high a volume at the meeting point.
Jump up ^ The commonly quoted 194,424 km2 catchment area probably includes coastal waters.
Jump up ^ The 772 km Bug joins the Narew 38 km before its confluence with the Vistula. The 38 km joined stretch used to be and locally still is known as Bugo-Narew.
Jump up ^ Hydrologically and historically, the Narew is a tributary of the Bug, but by a decree of the Polish regime in 1962 the roles were reversed.
Jump up ^ The 808 km Warta joins the 854 km Oder 237 km above the Oder's mouth.
Jump up ^ Canalization reduced the length of the Oder from ca 1040 km to the current 854 km.
Jump up ^ The Vltava (431 km) joins the Elbe 833 km above its mouth in the North Sea. The length and catchment area of the river include the estuary until Cuxhaven, where the estuary is 15 km wide, but the nautical channel only 400 m.
Jump up ^ The length and catchment area of the Elbe includes the estuary until Cuxhaven, where the estuary is 15 km wide, but the nautical channel only 400 m.
Jump up ^ The Spree (382 km) joins the Havel (334 km) 178 km before that reaches the Elbe.
Jump up ^ The "Vereinigte Mulde" (124 km) originates from the confluence of the Zwickau Mulde (166 km) and Freiberger Mulde (124 km).
Jump up ^ The Vltava proper (377 km) is formed by the confluence of the Studená (Cold) Vltava (8.3 km) and the Warm Vltava (54.3 km)
Jump up ^ The 451 km Weser originates at the confluence of the 300 km Werra and the 220 km Fulda. The Weser and Werra originally had the same name (Wesera). The length and basin area include the innere Außenweser, a channel through the estuary which is dry at low tide.
Jump up ^ The Leine (281 km) joins the Aller (260 km) 52 km before that reaches the Weser.
Jump up ^ The length and catchment area include the river channel through the Dollard and Ems estuary, both mostly dry at low tide, up to Eemshaven.
Jump up ^ With Zwarte Meer and Ramsgeul, which lead to the Ketelmeer, the length would be 214 km and the basin 5,867 km2
Jump up ^ The Oude IJssel (82 km, same length when starting from the larger Bocholter Aa or smaller Issel source rivers) flows into the 125-km IJssel 19 km below it branches from the Nederrijn and 106 km before its mouth in the Ketelmeer, which via the IJsselmeer and Wadden Sea is connected to the North Sea. The upper IJssel was formed between the 7th to 9th century as a distributary of the Rhine and provides 75% of the volume.
Jump up ^ Basin area excludes the Meuse basin, which could be considered a tributary of the Rhine. The discharge is that for the Rhine just across the border in the Netherlands before it breaks up in its distributaries. The total discharge to the North Sea is considerably higher.
^ Jump up to: a b Distributary branch of the Rhine
Jump up ^ The Alme (59 km) flows into the 220 km long Lippe 11 km below Lippe's source.
Jump up ^ The Neger (20.5 km from both its Renau and Namenlose tributaries) flows into the Ruhr (219.3 km) 202.5 km before it runs into the Rhine.
Jump up ^ 48 km Moselotte flows into the 544 km Moselle 43 km below Moselle's source.
Jump up ^ The 63.1 km long Ohm, measured from the source of the Felda tributary, joins the 245.6 km long Lahn 58.7 km below the source of the Lahn
Jump up ^ Regnitz (191.1 km from its most distant source) flows into the Main, 133.2 km below its most distant source, and 391.8 km before its mouth.
Jump up ^ The White Main (51.7 km) and the longer but smaller Red Main (71.8 km) are the headwaters of the Main (473.2 km). This course has the highest volume at each junction.
Jump up ^ The Pegnitz, for the first 15 km known as Fichtenhohe, joins after 127.3 km with the Rednitz, itself 123.7 km long from its most distant source, to form the Regnitz. After a further 63.7 km the Regnitz flows into the Main.
Jump up ^ Until 1904, when the Bergse Maas was created, the Meuse was a tributary of the Rhine. Because of further canalization in 1970 the Meuse could be considered a tributary of the Rhine again. The catchment area and length includes the Haringvliet and Hollands Diep estuaries, which are riverine at low tide.
Jump up ^ The length of the Scheldt traditionally includes the Westerschelde estuary, which is riverine at low tide [1]. The catchment area includes the complete delta (i.e. including the Oosterschelde), while the discharge is for that near Antwerp. Without the Westerschelde the length would be about 295 km. The source of the Leie may be a few km further upstream than the source of the Scheldt itself.
Jump up ^ The traditional length of the Thames is 346 km measured from Thames Head to the very end of the Thames estuary at Foulness Point, past the Medway. The traditional catchment area of 12,935 km2 however is for a region above Gravesend and the Medway catchment area is not considered part of the Thames watershed. As a compromise, the given catchment area and length ends at the Medway (338 from Thames Head). The 25 km Churn joins the newborn Thames 3 km below its source to make the total length 360 km.
Jump up ^ The catchment area and length exclude the Humber estuary and the River Don basin (1857 km2), which in 1628 was articially diverted to Rivers Aire (and eventually Ouse) via the Dutch River, but in 1802 was reonnected to the Trent via the Stainforth and Keadby Canal. Discharge is 89.5 m3/s for 80% of the catchment area.
Jump up ^ The catchment area and length exclude the Humber estuary, but the catchment area includes the River Don basin (1857 km2) (see River Trent).
Jump up ^ Catchment area and discharge include that of River Earn but exclude the Firth of Tay. It's unclear if the Firth is included in the length.
Jump up ^ Length and catchment area excludes the 102 km long estuary; the estuary has a basin of 15,700-16,800 km2.
Jump up ^ The Three Sisters are the rivers Suir (184 km), Barrow (192 km) and Nore (140 km). Nore flows into Barrow, which 20 km later joins the Suir to form the estuary named Waterford Harbour
Jump up ^ Length and catchment area include the Mersey estuary, which constricts to 1 km width before entering the Irish Sea. River Mersey originates at the confluence of the 30 mile (ca 48 km) River Tame and River Goyt
Jump up ^ The 516 km long Marne flows into the larger Seine 361 km before it drains in the English channel
Jump up ^ Seine's catchment area (75,374 km2 )[139] excludes the Crique de Rouen estuary; this would add another ~2800 km2, including the Risle river basin
Jump up ^ The Aire (125 km) flows into the larger Aisne (356 km) 121 km below its source. The Aisne joins the smaller Oise about 94 km before it drains in the Saine.
Jump up ^ The Loir (317.4 km) flows in the Sarthe (314 km). 9.2 km later the Sarthe joins the Mayenne to form the short Maine river, which flows into the Loire after just 11.5 km.
Jump up ^ The 380 km Tarn flows into the Garonne about 230 km before it meets the ocean. As both its volume and catchment area are larger, the Tarn is hydrologically the upper part of the Garonne river.
Jump up ^ Starting from the Ruda-Garona, the longest headwater of the Garonne. Length (54 km in Spain, 521 km in France) and catchment area excludes the Gironde estuary.
Jump up ^ The 226 km Sil flows into the Minho about 135 km above the Minho reaches the ocean.
Jump up ^ The commonly given 80,000+ km2 for the drainage area includes the 7740 km2 basin of the Sorraia, here treated as a primary river.
Jump up ^ The 167 km Záncara joins the 155 km Cigüela (or Gigüela) and the 76 km Guadiana Alto in a trifurcation some 755 km before the Guadiana reaches the ocean. On some maps, the following 77 km are still called Cigüela. See the Spanish Guadiana article on the confusion in this river system.
Jump up ^ The Guadiana Alto/Viejo source river is 76 km long.
Jump up ^ Hydrologically the Guardiana Menor and its longest source river the Guardal (a.k.a. Barbata) form the true upper course of the Guadalquivir, which has a nominal length of 657 km. Barbata/Guardal - Guardiana Menor (206 km) meets the nominal Guadalquivir 138 km below its source.
Jump up ^ The 453 km long Doubs joins the upper Saône to form the 171 km long Grand Saône, which flows into the Rhône 333 km above its mouth in the Mediterranean.
Jump up ^ The furthest headstream of the Arno could be considered the 19th-century, 62 km Canale Maestro della Chiana (fr; it) that drains part of Valdichiana into the Arno about 30 km below its source for a total length of over 270 km. 306 km2 has been subtracted from the HydroBasins area for the endorheic Lake Trasimeno.
Jump up ^ The Tanaro (285 km including its Negrone source river) joins the Po 234 km below its source. A competing longest stretch is 691 km starting from the Maira. (see it:Po for references and discussion)
Jump up ^ The 9 km Negrino is the longer source stream of the 276 km Tanaro.
Jump up ^ Hydrologically, this is one river with the upper courses of the Rienz, Eisack and Adige/Etsch as tributaries, as it forms the longest course and has the largest discharge at each junction. The ca 130 km long Ahr->Rienz->Eisack originating under the Dreiherrnspitze joins the 409 km long Adige/Etch 103 km below the latter's nominal source.
Jump up ^ The 17 km long Karlinbach, originating under the Weißkugel, flows into the Reschensee, about 5 km below the official source under the Reschen Pass of the 409 km long Adige/Etsch.
Jump up ^ The Trebišnjica enters the Hutovo Blato marshland in Bosnia through a complex underground karst system. From here a portion of its waters continues the 9 km long Krupa to join the Neretva. Other portions appear as outlets on the coast, e.g. in Neum in Bosnia, in Slano and most significantly near Dubrovnik in Croatia as the 30 m short Ombla river into the Rijeka Dubrovačka ria.
Jump up ^ The Drin (343 km from its most distant source) drains partly in the Adriatic, but the main channel, called Drinasa, joins the 44 km Bojana 3 km after that emerges from Lake Skadar.
Jump up ^ The Sateska (38 km) flows into the Black Drin (149 km) less than 4 km after Black Drin's emergence from Lake Ohrid. Black Drin meets White Drin 145 km later to form the Drin proper (160 km). The drainage area (but not the length) includes the 1394 km2 Lake Prespa basin, which drains underground through very porous karst mountains into Lake Ohrid.
Jump up ^ The 132 km long Treska flows into the Vardar about 261 km above its mouth in the Aegean Sea.
Jump up ^ The often-mentioned 17,323 km2 drainage area is much too large, as the total area drained by the Meriç (including Ergene) in Turkey is only 14,560 km2.
Jump up ^ Including the 46 km Breg headstream
Jump up ^ The most distant source for the Prut may be via the 167 km Cheremosh tributary.
Jump up ^ Siret length estimates range from 559 km to 726 km. The shorter length is supported by HydroBasins data.
Jump up ^ The 237 km-long Dâmbovița forms at the confluence of 8 km Valea Vladului and 6.5 km Valea Otic .
Jump up ^ Hydrologically, this is a single river, as it follows at both junctions the river with the greatest length, drainage area and average discharge. The Great Morava (185 km) is formed by the merger of the West and South Morava. The 276 km Ibar joins the West Morava 89 km before it becomes the Great Morava.
Jump up ^ Drainage area is hard to estimate due to the connectivity of the karst system. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (87197 km2) as it excludes local basins connected as such.
Jump up ^ The 140 km Tara is the larger and longer of the two source rivers of the 346 km Drina. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (18820 km2) as it excludes local basins connected underground via the karst system.
Jump up ^ Drainage area is hard to estimate due to the connectivity of the karst system. The most detailed level of HydroBasins data gives a lower drainage area (8076 km2) as it excludes local basins connected underground as such.
Jump up ^ The 415 km Someș joins the Tisza 696 km before its mouth in the Danube.[2] Average discharge measured at Szeged, which is higher than at places downstream.
Jump up ^ The Tisza used to be 1,419 km long, but through canalization was reduced to its current length of 966 km between 1846 and 1880. The average discharge is for that at Szeged, where it is higher than at places downstream.
Jump up ^ Average discharge as measured at Arad, where it is higher than at places downstream.
Jump up ^ The 286 km Hornád river joins the 229 km Sajó 32 km before the latter streams into the Tisza.
Jump up ^ Latorica (188 km) and Ondava (147 km) join to form the Bodrog (67 km)
Jump up ^ At the junction 47 km from its nominal source, the upper Drau is in every hydrological aspect a tributary of the Isel. The longer Isel, 65 km from the Schwarzach source under the Rötspitze, continues straight, is on average almost 3x larger in volume, and drains twice as large a basin. Below the junction the Drau/Drava is 663 km long.
Jump up ^ Zala (139 km) is the longest and primary inflow of Lake Balaton. 70 km across, Balaton is drained the 121 km Sió, a water course created in the 3rd century.
Jump up ^ The 78 km Schwarza is the longest source river of the 180 km Leitha.
Jump up ^ The 311 km Thaya flows into the Morava 91 km before it joins the Danube
Jump up ^ The Austrian a.k.a. German Thaya (76 km) joins the Moravian Thaya (68 km) to form Thaya proper (235 km). The catchment area of 12,772 km2[196] accidentally excludes the Kyjovka tributary.
Jump up ^ Leutascher Ache (30 km) joins the Isar (291.5 km) 26.1 km below its source.
Jump up ^ The Breitach (24.3 km from Turabach source) joins with the Trettach (15.6 km) to form the Iller (146 km).
Jump up ^ The Southern Bug is 857 km long when including the liman; the given drainage area does include the Inhul, which empties in the liman.
Jump up ^ Vovcha (323 km) joins the Samara 222 km below its source and 98 km before their discharge in the Dnieper.
Jump up ^ 327 km Uday flows into the Sula (363 km) about 120 km above Sula merges into the Dnieper.
Jump up ^ The 659 km Horyn joins the Prypiat 395 km above its confluence with the Dnieper
Jump up ^ The 520 km Voronezh (starting from the Polnoy Voronezh source) flows into the Don 1403 above its mouth in the Sea of Azov
Jump up ^ Kalaus (436 km) is the upstream section of Manych (nominally 420 km); Kalaus used to split up into thet (West) Manych and East Kanych, but the east branch has been dammed off. The 78 km long Yankul joins the Kalaus 365 km before it changes its name to Manych.
Jump up ^ The 218 km long Yelan joins the 249 km Tersa 108 km before Tersa flows into the Medveditsa
Jump up ^ The Serdoba (160 km) joins the Khopyor (979 km) 128 km after Khoyor's source
Jump up ^ The Chembar (119 km including the upper Chembar) joins the Vorona (454 km) 392 km before the Vorona flows into the Khopyor.
Jump up ^ The 178 km Polnoy Voronezh joins the 164 km Lesnoy Voronezh to form the 342 km Voronezh proper
Jump up ^ Length includes the Ullukam source river, which at its confluence with Uchkulan forms the Kuban.
Jump up ^ The 22 km Bolshoy Pshish is the longer source river of the 258 km Psish proper
Jump up ^ 132 m3/s discharge according to source
Jump up ^ The discharge below the reservoir is reduced to 40 m3/s
Jump up ^ Discharge is that for the north delta and south arm combined
Jump up ^ Many other sources, e.g. [2], give a 1515 km length, but this is not supported by the HydroBasins data.
Jump up ^ Many other sources, e.g. [3], give a 1264 km length, but this is not supported by the HydroBasins data. The combined length of the Araks-lower Kura system is nearly as long as the Kura itself.
Jump up ^ The discharge is for the middle part of the river; at the mouth it is only 9.8 m3/s due to agricultural use and divergence of water towards the Tbilisi reservoir. Before the completion of the Mingachevir reservoir it was a tributary of the Alazani.
Jump up ^ In Georgia, the Pirikiti Alazani (44 km) and Tushetis Alazani (48 km) form the Andi Koysu, which 144 km later joins the Avar Koysu (178 km) to form the 169 km long Sulak River.
Jump up ^ The Oka River, 1559 km starting from the Uperta source river, joins the Volga 1299 km below its source and 2231 km before its discharge in the Caspian Sea.
Jump up ^ The 1967 km Kama (1805 km river and 162 km fairway through a full Kuybyshev Reservoir) joins the Volga 1804 km above the mouth. The Kama has a nearly identical mean discharge and length as the Volga (it may have been significantly longer before the reservoirs were created),[261] while unlike the Volga it doesn't change direction at the meeting point, so that hydrologically the Volga could be considered a tributary of the Kama.
Jump up ^ Akhtuba is a distributary of Volga that flows parallel to it, joining at multiple places.
Jump up ^ Before the filling of the Volgograd Reservoir in 1961, Yeruslan River was at least 400 km long and had a catchment area of more than 12,000 km2.
Jump up ^ Bolshaya Glushitsa (65 km) joins Bolshoy Irgiz (675 km) 61 km below its source
Jump up ^ Chernava (75 km) joins Maly Irgiz (235 km) 48km below its source.
Jump up ^ Includes the 14 km Su-Elga source stream
Jump up ^ Bitkul (34 km) joins Tok (306 km) 28 km below its source.
Jump up ^ Before the filling of the Kuybyshev Reservoir in 1957, Cheremshan River was at least 440 km long and had a catchment area of more than 15,300 km2.
Jump up ^ The catchment area and length include the Kama-derived part of the Kuybyshev Reservoir. At full capacity, the reservoir extends to the junction with the Vyatka, shortening Kama as a river to 1805 km. Before the creation of the four large reservoirs in its course, the Kama River was 2030 km long up to the junction with the Volga.[261]
Jump up ^ 56 km Lesnaya Sheshma joins 259 km Sheshma proper 47 km below Sheshma's source
Jump up ^ The 96 km Belaya source river joins the 1314 km Vyatka 92 km below Vyatka's source.
Jump up ^ 107 km Ut joins the 270 km Kilmez 188 km before Kilmez flows into Vyatka
Jump up ^ Palomka (44 km) joins the Moloma (419 km) 28 km below Moloma's source
Jump up ^ 127 km Loza joins the 501 km Cheptsa 102 km below Cheptsa's source
Jump up ^ The 91 km Tyatep joins the 535 km Dyoma 70 km below Dyoma's source.
Jump up ^ The 549 km long Ay joins the Ufa 382 km before that flows in to the Belaya.
Jump up ^ The 307 km Inzer joins the 239 km Sim just 6 km before that flows into the Belaya. Before their junction, Sim's discharge is >48 m3/s and Inzer's is 51 to 67 m3/s, but the 6 km joined stretch is named Sim.
Jump up ^ Includes the catchment area of the Sylva tributary. Since the building of the Kama Hydroelectric Station both rivers now feed into an arm of the Kama Reservoir.
Jump up ^ Typyl (68 km) joins Kosva (238 km), 53 km below the source of the Kosva.
^ Jump up to: a b c Drainage area but not the length includes the reservoir arm derived from the river.
Jump up ^ Kolva (460 km) joins the Vishera (415 km) just 34 km before the Vishera streams into the Kama.
Jump up ^ Discharge unknown; calculated from the fraction of the Vishera basin comprised by the Kolva basin.
Jump up ^ The 234 km Glukhaya Vilva joins the 176 km Yazva 38 km before that flows into the Vishera.
Jump up ^ The 41 km Malaya Sviyaga joins the 375 km Sviyaga 37 km after the latter's source.
Jump up ^ The 219 km Vokhma joins the 889 km Vetluga, 207 km below Veluga's source
Jump up ^ The Kadada (153 km from its Tahtala source) joins the 841 km Sura 137 km below the source of the Sura itself.
Jump up ^ The 70 km Cheka joins the 436 km Pyana 53 km below its source.
Jump up ^ The 168 km Cheka joins the 296 km Alatyr 160 km below the source of the Alatyr itself.
Jump up ^ The 63 km long Uperta joins the 345 km Upa 52 km below it source. Upa then flows into the 1504 km-long Oka 1203 km before the Oka joins the Volga.
Jump up ^ Azyas (40 km) joins Moksha (656 km) 36 km below Moksha's source
Jump up ^ Osinovka (37 km) joins Tsna (451 km) 31 km below Tsna's source.
Jump up ^ The 145 km Ruza joins the 473 km long Moskva 342 km before the Moskva flows into the Oka. Before canalization, the Moskva itself was 502 km long
Jump up ^ The 64 km Demina joins the 399 km Ugra 27 km below its source.
Jump up ^ The 63 km Uperta joins the 345 km Upa 293 km before that joins the Oka.
Jump up ^ The 426 km long Unzha originates at the confluence of the 105 km long Kema and 89 km long Lyndonga rivers.
Jump up ^ The Sheksna was about 700 km long and had a catchment area of ca 39,000 km2 before the creation of the Rybinsk Reservoir in 1947.
Jump up ^ The 184 km long Suda originates from the confluence of the Noshema (77 km) and the Koloshma (68 km)
Jump up ^ The Mologa was about 700 km long and had a catchment area of over 37,000 km2 before the creation of the Rybinsk Reservoir in 1947 .
Jump up ^ The 146 km long Lid joins the 242 km Chagodoshcha 140 km before it flows into the Mologa.
Jump up ^ The average discharge is measured at stations in the upper part of the river.
Jump up ^ Discharge unknown; calculated from the fraction of the Ilek basin comprised by the Chobda basin.


document_title: Peripherally inserted central catheter

question_text: where is a picc line supposed to be

question_tokens: where is a picc line supposed to be

root

text: Peripherally inserted central catheter

text: Medical uses[edit]

text: In those who are very unwell PICC lines are appropriate when more than two weeks of treatment is needed.[2]

tag: p

text: Side effects[edit]

text: Side effects include blood clots and infection.[2]

text: Other complications may include catheter occlusion, phlebitis and bleeding. Urokinase or low-dose tPA may be used to break down obstructions. The type of occlusion (caused by medication precipitate or by thrombus) may determine which drug will be used in an attempt to clear the line. To decrease the risk of infection, particularly a blood stream infection, those involved in the management of the PICC must adhere to strict infection control procedures.[3]

text: Insertion[edit]

text: A PICC is inserted in a peripheral vein in the arm, such as the cephalic vein, basilic vein or brachial vein, and then advanced proximally toward the heart through increasingly larger veins, until the tip rests in the distal superior vena cava or cavoatrial junction.

text: PICCs are usually inserted by physicians, physician assistants (in the US), radiologist assistants (in the US), respiratory therapists, nurse practitioners, or specially trained certified registered nurses and radiologic technologists using ultrasound, chest radiographs, and fluoroscopy to aid in their insertion and to confirm placement. PICC insertion is a sterile procedure, but does not require the use of an operating room. When done at bedside (that is, in the patient's room), a suitable sterile field must be established and maintained throughout the procedure. For this reason, visitors are normally requested to leave the room until the insertion is complete, and some form of skin preparation should be used to clean the patient's skin.

text: The insertable portion of a PICC varies from 25 to 60 cm in length, that being adequate to reach the desired tip position in most patients. Some lines are designed to be trimmed to the desired length before insertion; others are simply inserted to the needed depth with the excess left outside. As supplied, the line has a guide wire inside. This wire is provided to stiffen the (otherwise very flexible) line so it can be threaded through the veins. The wire is removed and discarded after insertion.

text: The PICC is also provided with a "wing" having holes for either sutures or an adhesive securing device. Securing the catheter prevents post-insertion movements of the line, which otherwise could place the tip in an unsafe position.

text: Usage[edit]

text: PICCs can remain in situ for extended periods of time, from seven days to 4 months [4] up to 12 months although little information is available with respect to viability timeframes. They are used in both the hospital and community settings. PICCs can be used for intravenous delivery of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), chemotherapy, antibiotics or other medications, and can also be used for blood sampling if the lumen is 4 French or larger in size (Arrow and Bard manufacturers guidelines). To maintain patency, PICC management should include regular flushing with normal saline and "locking" with Heparin or normal saline when not in use. The type of locking procedure depends on the type of PICC and bung; Groshong PICCs have a three-way valve at the tip so the use of a heparin lock is not necessary, and there are no clamps on the external length. In comparison, Arrow PICCs have clamps on the exterior line and require a heparin lock. The use of heparin to maintain line patency, though, is questionable, and currently randomized clinical control trials are investigating this further. Heparin locks have been associated with complications, including heparin-induced thrombocytopaenia.[5]

text: Blood pressure should not be taken on the arm with a PICC,[6] which is a problem if there are reasons not to take pressure on the other arm, such as a dialysis shunt, absence, cast, infection, lymph node removal, etc. Blood pressure readings on legs are often 10–20% higher than those on the brachial artery.[7]

text: Certain types of PICCs have recently been approved by the FDA for use in power injection. These types, often referred to as power-injectable PICCs, are designed to withstand the high pressures associated with radiocontrast studies.

text: PICCs can also be used to measure central venous pressure, which is a rough estimate of the right atrial pressures of the heart and can give valuable information about fluid status.

text: Removal[edit]

text: In most cases the removal of a PICC is a simple procedure. Generally, the catheter line can be safely and quickly removed by a trained nurse, even in the patient's own home, in a matter of minutes. After removal, the insertion site is normally bandaged with sterile gauze and kept dry for a few days, during which the wound can close and begin healing. Usually, a smaller adhesive bandage can be placed over the wound site after the gauze is removed if the wound is slow to heal. The tip of the catheter is sent for MCS (microscopy culture and sensitivity) if the patient is systemically unwell at the time of removal of the PICC. In certain units, it is sent as routine investigation.


document_title: Supreme Court of Indiana

question_text: when & where did the 1st supreme court sit in indiana

text: Supreme Court of Indiana

text: Organization and Jurisdiction[edit]

text: In 2008 the Court consisted of one chief justice and four associate justices, the constitutional minimum; however, the Indiana General Assembly may increase the number of associate justices to a maximum of eight for a total of nine court justices.[1][2][3] A board of five commissioners assists the Court in its administrative duties. Commissioners are nominated by the Judicial Nominating Commission and appointed by the governor.[4] The Court offices and chambers are located on the third floor in the north wing of the Indiana Statehouse. The Court maintains a large legal library on the third floor that is open to the public.[5]

text: The Court has no original jurisdiction in most cases, meaning that it can only hear cases appealed to the Court after having been previously heard in lower courts. Most cases begin in local circuit courts, where the initial trial is held and a jury decides the outcome of the case. The circuit court decision can be appealed to the Indiana Court of Appeals or the Indiana Tax Court, who can hear the case or enforce the lower court's decision. If the parties still disagree with the outcome of the case, they can appeal the decision to the Indiana Supreme Court. The Court can choose to hear the case and possibly overturn the previous judgment, or it can decline to accept the case and uphold the decision of the lower courts.[6][7]

text: The Supreme Court of Indiana has original and sole jurisdiction in certain specific areas, including the practice of law, discipline or disbarment of judges appointed to the lower state courts, and supervision over the exercise of jurisdiction by the other lower courts of the state. When the Court accepts a case, it reviews the documentation of the trials in the lower court and sometimes allows oral arguments before making a decision. In some cases the justices will issue a decision without hearing arguments from either side and will base their decision solely on evidence submitted in the lower courts. The Court can order a new trial to take place in the local court, overturn the decision of lower courts and enforce its own decision, or uphold the decision of lower courts.[6][7]

text: The Court appoints three commissions to assist it in its exclusive jurisdiction over the practice of law in Indiana. The role of the Board of Law Examiners is to "inquire into and determine the character, fitness, and general qualifications to be admitted to practice law as a member of the bar of the Supreme Court of Indiana."[8] The Disciplinary Commission is responsible for investigating grievances filed against members of the bar for misconduct and making disciplinary recommendations to the Supreme Court.[9] The Commission for Continuing Legal Education administers, develops, and regulates continuing legal education requirements, mediation training standards, and attorney specialization programs.[10]

text: The Judicial Nominating Commission is responsible for recruiting and interviewing applicants to fill vacancies on the Indiana Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, and the Tax Court. It then sends three nominees for each vacancy to the governor. The Judicial Qualification Commission investigates complaints of judicial misconduct and files charges where appropriate. Both commissions have the same members and are chaired by the chief justice.[11]

text: The entire Court takes part in the annual Judicial Conference of Indiana, which is attended by all of the state's judges, and recommends improvements to the Court and state judiciary. The Court is also responsible for implementing all laws passed by the Indiana General Assembly that affect the judiciary.[12] The Division of Supreme Court Administration is staffed by clerks who oversee the fiscal management of the courts, including payroll and expenses. In addition, the division is responsible for maintaining the Court's records and assists in its administrative functions.[13]

text: Terms and elections[edit]

text: Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution governs the term length of Supreme Court Justices.[14] When there is a vacancy on the Court, a new justice is nominated using a variation of the Missouri Plan. First, the Judicial Nominating Commission submits a list of three qualified nominees to the governor. The governor then selects the new Justice from the list. If the governor fails to choose a replacement within sixty days, the chief justice or the acting chief justice must do so.[1][2][3] The Judicial Nomination Commission Chief Justice selects the chief justice from the sitting associate justices for a five-year term. The chief justice presides over the Court. When the position of chief justice becomes vacant, the most senior member of the Court serves as the acting chief justice until a new one is chosen by the Judicial Nominating Commission. The chief justice also serves as chairman of the Judicial Nominating Commission.[1][2][3]

text: Justices are appointed to a term that could potentially last for ten years. Once a new justice is chosen, he may serve for two years before being subjected to a retention election held during the first statewide election following the completion of the justice's second year in office. The justice is listed on the ballot with the option to be retained or to be rejected from the Court. If retained, the justice may serve the remainder of his ten-year term. When a term is completed, the justice must be reappointed with the same process originally used to appoint him to remain on the Court.[2][3] A majority vote of both houses of the Indiana General Assembly may impeach a justice for misconduct. It is mandatory for a justice to retire at age seventy-five, even if their term is incomplete.[2]

text: Qualification[edit]

text: Eligibility requirements to be nominated as a justice of the Supreme Court are established in Article 7 of the Indiana Constitution.[14] The candidate must be a citizen of the United States and reside within the state of Indiana before being considered for the office. The candidate must also have been admitted to the practice of law in Indiana for at least ten years prior to their candidacy or must have served as a judge of a circuit, superior, or criminal court of Indiana for five years. The candidate cannot be under an indictment in any court in the United States with a crime punishable as a felony. The Judicial Nominating Commission must also ensure that they are the "most highly qualified public candidates" available.[2][15]

text: Current Justices[edit]

text:
Name
Term Start
Term Expires
Position
Notes

Loretta Rush
November 7, 2012[16]
December 31, 2024
Chief Justice of Indiana

Steven H. David
October 18, 2010[16]
October 18, 2020
Associate Justice

Mark S. Massa
April 2, 2012[16]
December 31, 2024
Associate Justice

Geoffrey G. Slaughter[17]
June 13, 2016
December 31, 2017
Associate Justice

Christopher M. Goff[18]
June 12, 2017
January 1, 2021
Associate Justice

tag: table

text: History[edit]

text: The Indiana Supreme Court was established in 1816 when Indiana was granted statehood. The new Court replaced the General Court of the Indiana Territory, which consisted of a three-member panel. Housed in a three-room building it shared with the Indiana legislature, the Court held its first session in Corydon on May 5, 1817. Under the state constitution of 1816, the governor appointed justices with the state senate's "advice and consent" for a term of seven years.[19][20]

text: In December 1816 Jonathan Jennings, Indiana's first governor, nominated John Johnson of Vincennes Knox County; James Scott of Charlestown Clark County; and Jesse Holman of Aurora Dearborn County, to serve as the first panel of judges on the Indiana Supreme Court. Johnson became the Court's first chief justice. When Johnson died in 1817, Jennings named Isaac Blackford to replace him. Blackford became the second chief justice of the Court and was the longest serving justice in the Court's history, serving 36 years, 3 months, and 24 days. Blackford recorded all of the Court's early decisions in a multivolume work titled Blackford's Reports that served for many years as a foundational text on the interpretation of state laws.[21]

text: In 1824 the Supreme Court relocated to Indianapolis with the rest of the state's government. Initially the Court shared space on the second floor of the Marion County Courthouse, before moving to the third Indiana Statehouse. In 1865 the Court was given its own building on lot number one in Indianapolis, where it remained until 1888, moving to its present location in the fifth Indiana Statehouse. As of 2012 the Court occupies the entire north wing of the third floor of the Indiana Statehouse.[19][22]

text: In 1851 the Supreme Court was reorganized under the new state constitution. The position of justice was changed from an appointed position to an elected one. Judicial terms were changed to six years and the Court's size was set to a minimum of three members and not more than five. The Court's judges quickly became overwhelmed by an ever-increasing caseload. In 1853 the minimum was increased to four members and in 1872 it was increased to five. The Court has remained at a minimum of five justices since that time.[19] In 1867 the general assembly transferred all the law books in the Indiana State Library to the Court to create a Supreme Court Law Library. The library grew to become the primary legal library for the state and includes more than seventy-thousand volumes.[5]

text: The Court's caseload continued to grow over time. In 1881 the general assembly approved the creation of a five-member panel of commissioners to assist the justices in administrative tasks. Even this was not enough to handle the load. In 1891 the Appellate Court of Indiana was created to handle cases of lower importance. At first the appellate court only took a small portion of the Supreme Court's caseload, but its responsibility gradually increased.[19]

text: In 1970 state constitutional amendments reorganized the Court. The constitution renamed the Appellate Court the Indiana Court of Appeals. With the formation of the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court could choose which cases it would hear and which cases it would leave to the lower courts. Constitutional amendments also lengthened judicial terms to ten years and changed the limits on the size of the Court to a minimum of five members and a maximum of nine. The method of selecting justices was changed from statewide election to appointment by the governor. The amendment also provided for a Judicial Nominating Commission to choose candidates. Justices also became subject to a retention election.[19] In addition, the office of chief justice became permanent. Previously the title rotated among the justices.[23] In 2004 the Indiana General Assembly created the Supreme Court Division of Administration, legalizing and expanding the role of the clerks of the Court.[13]

text: Landmark cases[edit]

text: The Court has heard several cases that have had a major impact on Indiana as well as others that have set nationwide precedents. The first of these cases, Lasselle v. State (1820), where the Court overturned a circuit court decision that tested slave ownership in the new state by stating "the framers of our constitution intended a total and entire prohibition of slavery,"[24] and resulted in all slaves in Indiana being freed.[25] In the Fall Creek Massacre case (1823), State v. Hudson, the Court upheld a lower court's finding that crimes committed against Native Americans were punishable under American laws. This decision lead to the first execution of a white man for crimes against natives.[26] In the Falkenburg v. Jones case (1889), Indiana became the first state to establish the right for a defendant to obtain court records free of charge.[27] The 1909 case of Woessner v. Bullick[28] established that the Court could invalidate a governor's veto if proper veto procedures were not followed, in effect ruling the pocket-veto as unconstitutional.[29] In 1917 the state was among the first to adopt an Exclusionary rule, established in the case of Callendar v. State, which prevented illegally obtained evidence from be submitted in court.[30] In William v. Smith, a case heard in 1921, the Court overturned Indiana's eugenics laws, the first of their kind in the nation.[31]


document_title: Child tax credit

question_text: when was the additional child tax credit introduced

text: Child tax credit

text: Germany[edit]

text: Germany has a programme called the "Kinderfreibetrag" (de) which functions as a tax credit. The child allowance is an allowance in German tax law, which a certain amount of money is tax-free in the taxation of parents. In the income tax fee paid, child benefit and tax savings through the child tax credit are compared against each other, and the parents pay whichever results in the lesser amount of tax.

text: United Kingdom[edit]

text: In the United Kingdom, a family with children and an income below about £32,200 can claim child tax credit on top of child benefit. The tax credit is "non-wastable" – it is paid whether or not the family has a net tax liability – and is paid in or out of work. Higher rates are paid for disabled children. It is integrated with the working tax credit, which also provides support for childcare costs.

text: All taxable income is tested for the credit, so a couple who both work and have children, will have both salaries taken into account. Tax Credits may be capped which it is claimed could affect the poorest families disproportionately. On Monday 26th October 2015 the House of Lords voted for Labour proposals for financial redress to those affected by reduced entitlements.[1]

text: United States[edit]

text: There are several different credits that a taxpayer can claim in the United States. One of the most common is the Child Tax Credit, provided by 26 U.S.C. Sec. 24. After $110,000 it phases out at the rate of $50 for each additional $1,000 (or portion of $1,000) earned above $110,000.[2]

text: For a relatively small number of families, the child tax credit will exceed their tax liability. In many such cases, the unused portion of the child tax credit is refundable as the "additional child tax credit." The amount that is available as a refund depends on the amount of earned income, and in certain circumstances the amount of social security and medicare taxes paid. Refer to IRS form 8812 and instructions.

text: The child tax credit is available to taxpayers who have a “qualifying child”. The full credit is only available if the family makes less than $110K per year. A person is a “qualifying child” if he or she has not attained the age of 17 by the end of the taxable year and meets the requirements of 26 U.S.C. Sec. 152(c). In general, a qualifying child is any individual for whom the taxpayer can claim a dependency exemption and who is the taxpayer’s son or daughter (or descendent of either), stepson or stepdaughter (or descendent of either), or eligible foster child.

text: The per-child amount was originally capped at $400 in 1998 (and $500 in 1999) by the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997. The Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 (EGTRRA) set a graduated increase of the cap from $600 beginning in 2001 to $1,000 in 2010, but then reverting to $500.[3] The Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 (JGTRRA) increased the amount to $1,000 for 2003 and 2004. The Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 extended this amount through 2010.[3] The Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 extended this $1,000 cap through the end of 2012.[4] The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 made the $1,000 cap permanent.[5]

text: A taxpayer’s total tax credit is refundable to the extent of the greater of 15% of the taxpayer’s earned income over $3,000 (new for 2009) (an amount adjusted for inflation IAW 26 U.S.C. Sec. 24(d)(3)) or, as long as the taxpayer has three or more qualifying children, the excess of social security taxes paid over earned income credit, all subject to the income threshold. Unless a married couple files jointly, a qualifying child will be treated as such for the purpose of the Child Tax Credit for the taxpayer who is the child’s parent, or if not a parent, the taxpayer with the highest adjusted gross income for the taxable year in accordance with 26 U.S.C. Sec. 152(c)(4)(A). If more than one parent claims the child and do not file a joint return, the child will be treated as a qualifying child of the parent with whom the child resided for the longest period during the taxable year, and if the child resided with each parent equally, with the parent who has the highest adjusted gross income in accordance with 26 U.S.C. Sec. 152(c)(4)(B).

text: The tax credit is believed to have lifted about 3 million children out of poverty in 2016.[6] In 2017 the Trump administration, led by Ivanka Trump, was seeking to expand the tax credit for the first time since 2001.[6]