document_title: List of NCAA schools with the most Division I national championships

question_text: who has the most national championships in the ncaa

text: Scope of the list[edit]

text: While many collegiate sports championships in the United States are now sponsored by the NCAA, historically this was not the case, and many championships were organized for decades without NCAA sponsorship.  This list includes both (i) NCAA championships and (ii) titles won in competitions organized by bodies other than the NCAA.

text: The column in the list below that sets forth NCAA championships includes all non-football titles won at the highest level organized by the NCAA (Division I/Collegiate), as of July 1, 2017,  for sports years through that date[1] and with updated results for subsequent sports year(s).  (In accordance with the NCAA's own records, this column includes certain "unofficial" NCAA championships won during years the NCAA did not calculate winning team scores – boxing from 1932 through 1947, track and field from 1925–27 and wrestling in 1928 and 1931–33.)  Other championships are set forth in other columns.  For example, women's sports were solely organized by the AIAW rather than the NCAA prior to the 1981–82 year of dual championships, and these titles are included in their own separate column.  Notably, the championship in the highest level of NCAA football (FBS) to date is still not sponsored by the NCAA ("Recognized Football Titles" column), nor has the oldest organized intercollegiate competition, men's rowing, ever been subject to NCAA control (included in the "Other Team Titles" column).

text: "Other Team Titles" column[edit]

text: The "Other Team Titles" column includes championships won by schools in one of the 27 sports that are (or were) sponsored by the NCAA or AIAW, during years competitive championships were organized by other bodies. These 27 sports are: women's badminton; baseball; basketball; women's bowling; boxing; cross country; fencing; field hockey; golf; gymnastics; ice hockey; lacrosse; indoor rifle; outdoor rifle; women's rowing; skiing; soccer; softball; swimming; women's synchronized swimming; tennis; indoor track; outdoor track; men's trampoline; volleyball; women's beach volleyball, water polo; and wrestling.  Finally, the "Other Team Titles" column also includes championships won in two other sports: men's rowing (1871–present), which has voluntarily remained outside NCAA sponsorship, and an NCAA "emerging sport" that organizes championships, women's equestrian (2002–present).

text: As more specifically detailed on the table of sports, below, the "Other Team Titles" column includes: (i) historic non-NCAA tournament titles compiled here, (ii) non-AIAW women's championships listed here, (iii) overall women's equestrian championships, (iv) gold medal lacrosse teams listed here and Wingate lacrosse championships, (v) pre-NCAA golf championships (NCAA started sponsoring the golf championship in 1939; the previous 41 championships conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association are in the "Other" column); (vi) pre-NCAA swimming championships; and (vii) ISFA soccer championships.

text: It does not include Helms Athletic Foundation or Premo-Porretta Power Poll selections, which were awarded retroactively.

text: Most collegiate team national championships[edit]

text:
Institution

Location

Founded

Type

Nickname

NCAA Team Titles[1]

Recognized Football Titles[2]

AIAW Team Titles

Other Team Titles[a]

Total Team Titles

Primary Conference

UCLA

Los Angeles, California

1919

Public

Bruins

116[b]

1

8

11[3]

136

Pac-12 Conference

Stanford University

Stanford, California

1891

Private

Cardinal

116[c]

1

2

10[4]

129

Pac-12 Conference

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, California

1880

Private

Trojans

106

11

6

5[5]

128

Pac-12 Conference

Pennsylvania State University

University Park, Pennsylvania

1855

Public

Nittany Lions

50

4

6

24[6]

84

Big Ten Conference

Cornell University

Ithaca, New York

1865

Private

Big Red

5

3

0

70[7]

78

Ivy League

Yale University

New Haven, Connecticut

1701

Private

Bulldogs

9[c]

18

1

50[8]

78

Ivy League

Navy

Annapolis, Maryland

1845

Public

Midshipmen

5

0

0

68[9]

73

Patriot League

Ohio State University

Columbus, Ohio

1870

Public

Buckeyes

30

8

5

26[10]

69

Big Ten Conference

Princeton University

Princeton, New Jersey

1746

Private

Tigers

13[c]

26

0

29[11]

68

Ivy League

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, Michigan

1817

Public

Wolverines

36[c]

11

0

9[12]

56

Big Ten Conference

Arizona State University

Phoenix metropolitan area

1885

Public

Sun Devils

24

0

12

20[13]

56

Pac-12 Conference

University of California

Berkeley, California

1868

Public

Golden Bears

37

4

0

14[14]

55

Pac-12 Conference

University of Texas

Austin, Texas

1883

Public

Longhorns

45

4

4

1[15]

54

Big 12 Conference

Penn

Philadelphia

1740

Private

Quakers

4

6

0

43[16]

53

Ivy League

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Oklahoma

1890

Public

Cowboys

52

1

0

0

53

Big 12 Conference

Harvard University

Cambridge, Massachusetts

1636

Private

Crimson

4[c]

8

0

39[17]

51

Ivy League

University of Washington

Seattle, Washington

1861

Public

Huskies

7

1

1

41[18][19][20]

50

Pac-12 Conference

University of Wisconsin

Madison, Wisconsin

1848

Public

Badgers

24

0

0

26[21]

50

Big Ten Conference

LSU

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

1860

Public

Tigers

43[b]

4

0

1[22][23][24]

48

Southeastern Conference

University of Oklahoma

Norman, Oklahoma

1890

Public

Sooners

30

16

0

0

46

Big 12 Conference

University of Arkansas

Fayetteville, Arkansas

1871

Public

Razorbacks

44[b]

1

0

0

45

Southeastern Conference

University of Maryland

College Park, Maryland

1856

Public

Terrapins

29

1

1

14[25]

45

Big Ten Conference

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, North Carolina

1789

Public

Tar Heels

43

0

1

0

44

Atlantic Coast Conference

University of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

1853

Public

Gators

35

3

2

0

40

Southeastern Conference

University of Georgia

Athens, Georgia

1785

Public

Bulldogs

31

2

0

6[26]

39

Southeastern Conference

NYU

New York City

1831

Private

Violets

12

0

0

25[27]

37

University Athletic Association

Columbia University

New York City

1754

Private

Lions

15

0

0

22[28]

37

Ivy League

University of Denver

Denver, Colorado

1864

Private

Pioneers

33

0

0[d]

3[29]

36

The Summit League

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan

1855

Public

Spartans

20

4

1

10[30]

35

Big Ten Conference

University of Oregon

Eugene, Oregon

1876

Public

Ducks

33

0

0

0

33

Pac-12 Conference

University of Notre Dame

South Bend, Indiana

1842

Private

Fighting Irish

19

13

0

0

32

Atlantic Coast Conference

University of Iowa

Iowa City, Iowa

1847

Public

Hawkeyes

25

1

0

6[31]

32

Big Ten Conference

University of Nebraska

Lincoln, Nebraska

1869

Public

Cornhuskers

20

5

1

6[32]

32

Big Ten Conference

Army

West Point, New York

1802

Public

Black Knights

2

5

0

24[33]

31

Patriot League

University of Colorado

Boulder, Colorado

1876

Public

Buffaloes

26

1

1

1[34]

29

Pac-12 Conference

University of Minnesota

Minneapolis and Saint Paul, Minnesota

1851

Public

Golden Gophers

19

6

0

4[35]

29

Big Ten Conference

University of Virginia

Charlottesville, Virginia

1819

Public

Cavaliers

25

0

1

2[36]

28

Atlantic Coast Conference

University of Alabama

Tuscaloosa, Alabama

1831

Public

Crimson Tide

10

17

0

0

27

Southeastern Conference

Villanova University

Villanova, Pennsylvania

1842

Private

Wildcats

21

0

0

6[37]

27

Big East Conference

University of Utah

Salt Lake City, Utah

1850

Public

Utes

21

0

3 [e]

3[38]

26

Pac-12 Conference

Indiana University

Bloomington, Indiana

1820

Public

Hoosiers

24

0

1

0

25

Big Ten Conference

Syracuse University

Syracuse, New York

1870

Private

Orange

15[b]

1

0

9[39]

25

Atlantic Coast Conference

West Virginia University

Morgantown, West Virginia

1867

Public

Mountaineers

20

0

0

5[40]

25

Big 12 Conference

Tennessee State University

Nashville, Tennessee

1912

Public

Lady Tigers

0

0

0

24[41]

24

Ohio Valley Conference

University of Illinois

Champaign, Illinois

1867

Public

Fighting Illini

18

4

0

1[42]

23

Big Ten Conference

Johns Hopkins University

Baltimore, Maryland

1876

Private

Blue Jays

9

0

0

14[43]

23

Big Ten Conference, lacrosse only

University of Connecticut

Storrs, Connecticut

1881

Public

Huskies

22

0

0

1[44]

23

American Athletic Conference

Auburn University

Auburn, Alabama

1856

Public

Tigers

14

3

0

5[45]

22

Southeastern Conference

University of Arizona

Tucson, Arizona

1885

Public

Wildcats

19

0

2

1[46]

22

Pac-12 Conference

University of Texas at El Paso

El Paso, Texas

1914

Public

Miners

21

0

0

0

21

Conference USA

University of Tennessee

Knoxville, Tennessee

1794

Public

Volunteers

16

4

1

0

21

Southeastern Conference

Dartmouth College

Hanover, New Hampshire

1769

Private

Big Green

3[c]

1

1

14[47]

19

Ivy League

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa

1858

Public

Cyclones

13

0

5

0

18

Big 12 Conference

Tuskegee University [f]

Tuskegee, Alabama

1881

Private

Tigerettes

0

0

0

18[48]

18

Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Conference

Florida State University

Tallahassee, Florida

1851

Public

Seminoles

8[b]

3

3

3[49]

17

Atlantic Coast Conference

University of Houston

Houston, Texas

1927

Public

Cougars

17

0

0

0

17

American Athletic Conference

Texas A&M University

College Station, Texas

1876

Public

Aggies

12

2

1

2[50]

17

Southeastern Conference

Duke University

Durham, North Carolina

1838

Private

Blue Devils

16

0

0

0

16

Atlantic Coast Conference

San José State University

San Jose California

1857

Public

Spartans

10

0

0

6[51]

16

Mountain West Conference

University of Miami

Coral Gables, Florida

1925

Private

Hurricanes

5

5

5

1[52]

16

Atlantic Coast Conference

text:
Jump up ^ As detailed on the table of sports, below, the "Other Team Titles" column includes all 27 sports that are or were at one time sponsored by the NCAA or AIAW, plus men's rowing championships (RAAC and IRA) and overall women's equestrian championships.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e The NCAA Committee on Infractions has vacated the following championships, which are not included in the schools' totals: Arkansas' 2004 and 2005 men's outdoor track and field championships, LSU's 2012 women's outdoor track and field championship, UCLA's 1995 softball championship, Syracuse's 1990 men's lacrosse championship, and Florida State's 2007 men's outdoor track and field championship.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e f The NCAA started sponsoring the intercollegiate golf championship in 1939, but it retained the titles from the 41 championships previously conferred by the National Intercollegiate Golf Association in its records. Of these pre-NCAA titles, Yale, Princeton, Harvard, Michigan, Dartmouth and Stanford won 20, 11, 6, 2, 1 and 1, respectively. These titles are counted in the "Other Team Titles" column.

Jump up ^ Denver's gymnastics championship at the AIAW Division II level is not included in its Total column because it was not won at the highest level of competition (Division I).

Jump up ^ Utah's cross-country championship at the AIAW Division II level is not included in its Total column because it was not won at the highest level of competition (Division I).

Jump up ^ Although not currently a NCAA Division I school, Tuskegee University won all 18 of its national championships at the highest level of competition in the United States, prior to establishment of collegiate divisions.

tag: ol

text: Table of sports[edit]

text:
Sport

Current NCAA DIchampionship sport

Years sponsored by NCAA

Years sponsored by AIAW

Titles included in "Other" column

Badminton (W)

N

—

1973–82

1970–72, 1983–93

Baseball

Y

1947–present

—

1893

Basketball (M)

Y

1939–present

—

1904–38 (various tourney winners)1939–50 NIT champs

Basketball (W)

Y

1982–present

1972–82

1969–71

Bowling (W)

Y

2004–present

—

1975–2003

Boxing

N

1932–1960 [a]

—

1924–31

Cross country (M)

Y

1938–present

—

1899–1937

Cross country (W)

Y

1982–present

1975–81

—

Equestrian (W)

N

—

—

2002–present

Fencing (M)

Yco-ed since 1990

1941–42, 1947–present

—

1894–1943

Fencing (W)

1982–present

1980–82

1929–79

Field hockey

Y

1981–present

1975–81

—

Football, FBS

N

—

—

N/A: football has itsown separate column

Golf (M)

Y

1939–present

—

1897–1938

Golf (W)

Y

1982–present

1972–82

1970–71

Gymnastics (M)

Y

1938–present

—

1900–02, 1917, 1925, 1944 (AAU)

Gymnastics (W)

Y

1982–present

1973–82

1969–72

Ice hockey (M)

Y

1948–present

—

1940, 1942 (AAU)

Ice hockey (W)

Y

2001–present

—

1998–2000

Lacrosse (M)

Y

1971–present

—

1881, 1912, 1921, 1926–31, 1936–70

Lacrosse (W)

Y

1982–present

1981–82

1978–80

Rifle (co-ed)

Y

1980–present

—

1905–79

Rowing (M)

N

—

—

1871–present(overall points since 1952)

Rowing (W)

Y

1997–present

1982

1973, 1975, 1980–81, 1983–96

Skiing (M)

Yco-ed since 1983

1954–present

—

1921–53 (various)

Skiing (W)

1983–present

1977–82

—

Soccer (M)

Y

1959–present

—

1909–35, 1946–48, 1952–58 (ISFA champs);1949–51 Soccer Bowl champs

Soccer (W)

Y

1982–present

1981

1980

Softball

Y

1982–present

1973–82(also slowpitch 1981–82)

1969–72

Swimming (M)

Y

1924–present [b]

—

—

Swimming (W)

Y

1982–present

1973–82

1968–72

Synchronizedswimming (W)

N

—

1977–82

1983–present

Tennis (M)

Y

1946–present

—

1929–31 indoor

Tennis (W)

Y

1982–present

1977–82

1968–76

Track, indoor (M)

Y

1965–present

—

1918, 1923–64

Track, indoor (W)

Y

1983–present

1980–82

1941–79 (AAU)

Track, outdoor (M)

Y

1921–present

—

1876–1920

Track, outdoor (W)

Y

1982–present

1972–82

1923–26,[53] 1937–67 (AAU), 1969–71 (DGWS)

Trampoline (M)

N

1969–70

—

—

Volleyball (M)

Y

1970–present

—

1949–1969

Volleyball (W)

Y

1981–present

1972–81

1969–71

Volleyball, beach (W)

Y

2016–

—

2007–10, 2012–15

Water polo (M)

Y

1969–present

—

1913

Water polo (W)

Y

2001–present

—

1984–2000

Wrestling

Y

1928–present

—

1921

text:
Jump up ^ The first year of NCAA sponsorship of the boxing championship was 1932. Before 1948, NCAA team boxing championships were unofficial because team points were not officially awarded.

Jump up ^ The first year of NCAA sponsorship of the swimming championship was 1924. Before 1937, NCAA team swimming championships were unofficial because team points were not officially awarded.


document_title: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

question_text: who plays ben on one day at a time

question_tokens: who plays ben on one day at a time

root

text: One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)

text: Premise[edit]

text: The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban-American family with each character finding their own journey. Following the story of Penelope Alvarez (Justina Machado) a United States Army Nurse Corps[2] veteran, facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army. She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz (Stephen Tobolowsky). After her husband's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army make it, in Penelope's words, 'unsafe to be in the house', she separates from Victor (James Martínez), taking the children with her. With the help of her Mother, Lydia (Rita Moreno), a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro's rise to power, she is raising her two children: Elena (Isabella Gómez) and Alex (Marcel Ruiz). Apart from planning her daughter's quinceañera, Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest. Elena, resistant to have a quinces, starts dating a teenager from her class; to later realize that she is a lesbian. After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out. Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider (Todd Grinnell) and Lydia. Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto (Tony Plana).

tag: p

text: Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general. It has dealt with topics such as veterans' struggles with PTSD, depression, and anxiety, as well as sexuality, gender identity, sexism, and religion, amongst others.

text: Cast and characters[edit]

text: Main[edit]

text:
Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez, a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena. She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz. After coming back from army service, she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety. In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben. Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor's visit for Elena's quinceañera. In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner. She begins dating an Army Veteran, now EMT Max Ferraro, but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own, and decides to let him find that chance with someone else, as she believes that she is too old for another child, and has two children of her own.
Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider, the rich landlord of the building. He is a close friend of the family and Penelope's best friend. Schneider is frequently having one-night stands with different women. Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was, while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions. He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen.
Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leytevidal Inclán, the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope. After dating Josh, a classmate, and watching gay porn, she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family. The news doesn't sit well with her father, which upsets Elena. In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay-Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School.
Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro "Alex" Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leytevidal Inclan, the son of Penelope. He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team. He starts a school project about Cuba. In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz's office.
Rita Moreno as Lydia Riera, a faithful Cuban, Penelope's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power. She was a dancer and a performer back in the day. Over the course of the season, she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz.
Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz, Penelope's boss and Lydia's love interest.

tag: ul

text: Recurring[edit]

text:
Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker.
Ariela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers.
Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1)
Eric Nenninger as Scott (season 1–present): Penelope's co-worker.
Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1–present): Penelope's friend.
Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1–present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group.
Judy Reyes as Ramona (season 1–present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group.
Tony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1–present): Lydia's late husband.
James Martínez as Victor Alvarez (season 1–present): Penelope's ex-husband.
Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's boyfriend[14]
Sheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2): Elena's girlfriend who identifies as non-binary.[15][16]

text: Guest[edit]

text:
Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry
Jay Hayden as Ben
Gabrielle Elyse as Dani
Jolie Jenkins as Nikki
Ivonne Coll as Esme
Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose
Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara
Tim Bagley as Henry
Mindy Sterling as Delia
Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally

text: Episodes[edit]

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
January 6, 2017 (2017-01-06)

2
13
January 26, 2018 (2018-01-26)

tag: table

text: Production[edit]

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2018)

text: Music[edit]

text: The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series, “This is It", was re-recorded for the newer version of the series, with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan. The song was composed by husband-and-wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry. Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song.[17]

text: Reception[edit]

text:
Season
Critical response

Rotten Tomatoes
Metacritic

1
97% (29 reviews)
79 (23 reviews)

2
100% (14 reviews)
88 (6 reviews)

text: Critical response[edit]

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 97% based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively, sharp, and proudly old-school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado."[18]

text: Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be "lively without being rushed" thanks to the full 30 minute run time.[19] "The show is nicely written ... and the performances [especially Moreno's] are almost universally engaging," according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle.[20] The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as "flat-out terrific" and calls the first season "congenial, good-hearted, easy going, sentimental, old-fashioned and surprisingly new-fashioned. There’s also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical (or tired) beat of a multicamera sitcom."[21]

text: A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena's coming-out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its "unique, realistic and refreshing take on the subject... the depiction of a young, happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many."[22] Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc "mind-blowing" [22] and the show revolutionary because "it centers the family’s brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern-day sitcom."[23]

text: Awards and nominations[edit]

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017

Teen Choice Awards
Choice TV Show: Comedy
One Day at a Time
Nominated
[24]

Imagen Foundation Awards
Best Primetime Television Program – Comedy
One Day at a Time
Won
[25][26]

Best Actress – Television
Justina Machado
Won

Best Supporting Actress – Television
Rita Moreno
Nominated

Isabella Gomez
Won

Best Young Actor – Television
Marcel Ruiz
Won

Primetime Emmy Awards
Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series
Pat Barnett
Nominated
[27]

Gold Derby Awards
Best Comedy Supporting Actress
Rita Moreno
Nominated
[28]

2018

Critics' Choice Television Awards
Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series
Rita Moreno
Nominated

GLAAD Media Awards
Outstanding Comedy Series
One Day at a Time
Pending
[29]


document_title: Underwater sports

question_text: name an olympic sport played in the pool

text: Underwater sports

text: The sports[edit]

text: Aquathlon[edit]

text: Aquathlon (also known as underwater wrestling) is an underwater sport where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an attempt to remove a ribbon from each other’s ankle band in order to win the bout. The "combat" takes place in a 5-metre (16 ft) square ring within a swimming pool, and is made up of three 30-second rounds, with a fourth round played in the event of a tie. The sport originated during the 1980s in the former USSR (now Russia) and was first played at international level in 1993. It was recognised by Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) in 2008.[1][2][3][4]

text: Finswimming[edit]

text: Finswimming is an underwater sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water's surface using a snorkel using either monofins or bifins (i.e. one fin for each foot) or underwater with monofin either by holding one's breathe or underwater using open circuit scuba diving equipment. Events exist over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water venues. Competition at world and continental level is organised by CMAS. The sport's first world championship was held in 1976. It also has been featured at the World Games as a trend sport since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2013 Summer Universiade in July 2013.[5][6][7][8]

text: Freediving[edit]

text: Competitive freediving is currently governed by two world associations: AIDA International (International Association for Development of Apnea) and CMAS. Most types of competitive freediving have in common that it is an individual sport based on the best individual achievement. An exception to this rule is the bi-annual World Championship for Teams, held by AIDA, where the combined score of the team members makes up the team's total points. There are currently nine disciplines used by official governing bodies and a dozen disciplines that are only practiced locally. In this article, the recognized disciplines of AIDA and CMAS will be described. All disciplines can be done by both men and women and, while done outdoors, no differences in the environment between records are recognized any longer. The disciplines of AIDA can be done both in competition and as a record attempt, with the exception of Variable Weight and No limits, which are both done solely as record attempts.[9]

text: Spearfishing[edit]

text: Spearfishing (also known as competition spearfishing) as an underwater sport involves the hunting and capture of fish underwater using breath-hold technique and a tackle system such as a speargun as part of a tournament of fixed duration involving other competitors.[10]

text: Sport diving[edit]

text: Sport Diving is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool that test the competitors’ competency in recreational scuba diving technique. The sport was developed in Spain during the late 1990s and is currently played mainly in Europe. It is known as Plongée Sportive in French and as Buceo De Competición in Spanish.[11]

text: Underwater football[edit]

text: Underwater football is a two-team underwater sport that shares common elements with underwater hockey and underwater rugby. As with both of those games, it is played in a swimming pool with snorkelling equipment (mask, snorkel, and fins).[12]

text: Underwater hockey[edit]

text: Underwater hockey (UWH; also called Octopush and Water Hockey locally) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into the opposing team's goal by propelling it with a stick.[13] It originated in England in 1954 when the founder of the newly formed Southsea Sub-Aqua Club invented the game as a means of keeping the club's members interested and active over the cold winter months when open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater hockey was first played as a world championship in Canada in 1980 after a false start brought about by international politics in 1979. CMAS is the world governing body for this sport.[citation needed]

text: Underwater ice hockey[edit]

text: Underwater ice hockey (also called sub-aqua ice hockey) is a minor extreme sport that is a variant of ice hockey. It is played upside-down underneath frozen pools or ponds. Participants wear diving masks, fins and wetsuits and use the underside of the frozen surface as the playing area for a floating puck. Competitors do not utilize any breathing apparatuses, but instead surface for air every 30 seconds.[14][15]

text: Underwater orienteering[edit]

text: Underwater orienteering is an underwater sport that uses recreational open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water that test the competitors’ competency in underwater navigation. The competition is principally concerned with the effectiveness of navigation technique used by competitors to swim an underwater course following a route marked on a map prepared by the competition organisers, a compass and a counter meter to measure the distance covered. The sport was developed in the USSR during the late 1950s and is currently played mainly in Europe. It is known as Orientation Sub in French and as La Orientación Subacuática in Spanish. Historically, the sport has also been known as Technical Disciplines.[16]

text: Underwater photography[edit]

text: Underwater photography is an scuba-based underwater sport governed by CMAS where teams of competitors using digital underwater camera systems all dive at the same saltwater ocean sites at the same time over a two-day period. The submitted digital images are then assessed and ranked by a jury using a maximum of five photographic categories as well as an overall score. The sport was developed prior to 1985 as a photographic film-based event and is currently mainly practised in non-English speaking countries.[17]

text: Underwater rugby[edit]

text: Underwater rugby (UWR) is an underwater sport whose play involves two teams seeking to gain control of a slightly negatively buoyant ball (filled with saltwater) and passing it into a heavy metal bucket serving as the opponents’ goal at the bottom of a swimming pool. It originated from within the physical fitness training regime existing in German diving clubs during the early 1960s and has little in common with rugby football except for the name. It was recognised by CMAS in 1978 and was first played as a world championship in 1980.[18]

text: Underwater target shooting[edit]

text: Underwater target shooting is an underwater sport that tests a competitors’ ability to accurately use a speargun via a set of individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool using free diving or Apnoea technique. The sport was developed in France during the early 1980s and is currently practised mainly in Europe. It is known as Tir sur cible subaquatique in French and as Tiro al Blanco Subacuático in Spanish.[19]

text: Underwater video[edit]

text: Underwater video is an scuba-based underwater sport governed by CMAS where teams of competitors using digital underwater video systems all dive at the same saltwater ocean sites at the same time over a two-day period. The submitted digital video are then assessed and ranked by a jury.[20][21]

text: Governance[edit]

text: The majority of the sporting disciplines listed above are governed by CMAS. Other organisations involved in governance of underwater sports include AIDA International[22] and the World Aquachallenge Association[23] which also respectively govern Freediving and Underwater Hockey in competition with CMAS while the Manitoba Underwater Council governs Underwater Football.[24] As of July 2013, it is not known who governs Underwater Ice Hockey.

text: Competition at international level[edit]

text: Olympic Games[edit]

text: As of 2013, there has been no competition at an Olympic Games by any underwater sport, even as a demonstration, although the following breath-hold events have been conducted as part of the swimming competition - underwater swimming event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and a plunge for distance event at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri.[25] During the 1950s and the 1960s, various parties including the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States and the International Underwater Spearfishing Association lobbied for the admission of spearfishing to the Olympics. It is reported that in 1968, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted in favour of synchronized swimming over spearfishing.[26][27][28] In 1999, finswimming was reported as being considered for inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.[29] In 2002, Underwater sports was one of the sports considered by the IOC for addition to the programme of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. It and eight other sports were declined admission on the basis of:[30]

text: Statistics reviewed on federation affiliation, nations competing in major events and broadcast and press coverage of major events for most requested sports did not indicate a higher level of global participation and interest than sports currently in the Programme, and therefore could not be considered to bring additional value.

text: Paralympic Games[edit]

text: As August 2013, there has been no Paralympic competition by any underwater sport, even as a demonstration.[citation needed]

text: World championships and world cups[edit]

text:
Sport
Body
Year
Event type
Location
Nations

Aquathlon
CMAS
2009
World Cup
Not known
Not known

Finswimming
CMAS
1976
World Championship
Hanover, Germany[31]
Not known

Freediving
AIDA
1996
World Championship
Nice, France[citation needed]
Not known

Spearfishing
CMAS
1957
World Championship
 Mali Losinj, Yugoslavia[32]
Not known

Sport Diving
CMAS
2013
World Championship
 Kazan, Russia[33]
8

Underwater football
MUC
2015[citation needed]
World Championship[citation needed]
 Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada[citation needed]
not known

Underwater hockey
CMAS
1980
World Championship
 Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[34]
5

Underwater Ice Hockey
Not known
2007
World Cup
Weissensee, Austria[35]
8

Underwater orienteering
CMAS
1973
World Championship
 Lokve, Yugoslavia [36]
Not known

Underwater photography
CMAS
1985
World Championship
 Genoa, Italy[37]
Not known

Underwater rugby
CMAS
1980
World Championship
 Mullheim, Germany [38]
Not known

Underwater target shooting
CMAS
1999[39]
World Championship
Not known
Not known

Underwater video
CMAS
2010
World Championship
 Fuerteventura, Canary Island, Spain[40]
7

text: World Games[edit]

text: Finswimming has been featured at the World Games as a trend sport since the inaugural games in 1981.[7][41]

text: Commonwealth Games[edit]

text: As of August 2013, no underwater sport has been conducted at a Commonwealth Games or is currently listed as an optional sport. However, a group of countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations has conducted at least one finswimming championship under the title of the Commonwealth Finswimming Championships and which was held in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia during February 2007.[42][citation needed]

text: Universiade[edit]

text: Finswimming became the first underwater sport to be demonstrated at an Universiade with an appearance at the 27th Summer Universiade in July 2013.[8]

text: Other multi-sport events[edit]

text: The following underwater sports has been offered at the following multi-sport events:

text:
Finswimming - the Asian Indoor Games since 2005, the Southeast Asian Games in 2009 and 2011, the Bolivarian Games in 2013 and the 2014 Bolivarian Beach Games.[43][citation needed][44][45]
Freediving - 2013 Bolivarian Games and the 2014 Bolivarian Beach Games.[46][45]
Spearfishing - the Micronesian Games since 2006, the 2013 Bolivarian Games and the 2014 Bolivarian Beach Games.[46][47][48][45]
Underwater orienteering - the 1986 South American Games.[49]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
Freediver using monofin in pool competition in London, 2009.

Freediver using monofin in depth competition (location & date not known).

Two players compete for the puck at the GB Underwater Hockey University Student Nationals 2009, held at Bangor University, Wales.

Underwater rugby match (location & date not known).

Underwater football match involving USN personnel in Panama City, Florida on June 3, 2011


document_title: Orbit of the Moon

question_text: who discovered that the moon orbits the earth

text: Orbit of the Moon

text: Properties[edit]

text: The properties of the orbit described in this section are approximations. The Moon's orbit around Earth has many irregularities (perturbations), whose study (lunar theory) has a long history.[9]

text: Elliptic shape[edit]

text: The orbit of the Moon is distinctly elliptical, with an average eccentricity of 0.0549. The non-circular form of the lunar orbit causes variations in the Moon's angular speed and apparent size as it moves towards and away from an observer on Earth. The mean angular movement relative to an imaginary observer at the barycentre is 7001131760000000000♠13.176° per day to the east (Julian day 2000).

text: Elongation[edit]

text: The Moon's elongation is its angular distance east of the Sun at any time. At new moon, it is zero and the Moon is said to be in conjunction. At full moon, the elongation is 180° and it is said to be in opposition. In both cases, the Moon is in syzygy, that is, the Sun, Moon and Earth are nearly aligned. When elongation is either 90° or 270°, the Moon is said to be in quadrature.

text: Rotation[edit]

text: The orientation of the orbit is not fixed in space, but rotates over time. This orbital precession is also called apsidal precession and is the rotation of the Moon's orbit within the orbital plane, i.e. the axes of the ellipse change direction. The Moon's major axis – the longest diameter of the orbit, joining its nearest and farthest points, the perigee and apogee, respectively – makes one complete revolution every 8.85 Earth years, or 3,232.6054 days, as it rotates slowly in the same direction as the Moon itself (direct motion). The Moon's apsidal precession is distinct from, and should not be confused with its axial precession.

text: Inclination[edit]

text: The mean inclination of the lunar orbit to the ecliptic plane is 5.145°. The rotational axis of the Moon is also not perpendicular to its orbital plane, so the lunar equator is not in the plane of its orbit, but is inclined to it by a constant value of 6.688° (this is the obliquity). This does not mean that, as a result of the precession of the Moon's orbital plane, the angle between the lunar equator and the ecliptic would vary between the sum (11.833°) and difference (1.543°) of these two angles, but, as was discovered by Jacques Cassini in 1722, the rotational axis of the Moon precesses with the same rate as its orbital plane, but is 180° out of phase (see Cassini's Laws). Therefore, the angle between the ecliptic and the lunar equator is always 1.543°, even though the rotational axis of the Moon is not fixed with respect to the stars.[10]

text: Because of the inclination of the moon's orbit, the moon is above the horizon at the North and South Pole for almost two weeks every month, even though the sun is below the horizon for six months at a time. The period from moonrise to moonrise at the poles is quite close to the sidereal period, or 27.3 days. When the sun is the furthest below the horizon (winter solstice), the moon will be full when it is at its highest point.

text: Nodes[edit]

text: The nodes are points at which the Moon's orbit crosses the ecliptic. The Moon crosses the same node every 27.2122 days, an interval called the draconic or draconitic month. The line of nodes, the intersection between the two respective planes, has a retrograde motion: for an observer on Earth it rotates westward along the ecliptic with a period of 18.60 years, or 19.3549° per year. When viewed from celestial north, the nodes move clockwise around Earth, opposite to Earth's own spin and its revolution around the Sun. Lunar and solar eclipses can occur when the nodes align with the Sun, roughly every 173.3 days. Lunar orbit inclination also determines eclipses; shadows cross when nodes coincide with full and new moon, when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align in three dimensions.

text: In effect, this means that the "tropical year" on the moon is only 347 days long. This is called the draconic year or eclipse year. The "seasons" on the moon fit into this period. For about half of this draconic year, the sun is north of the lunar equator (but at most 1.543°), and for the other half it is south of the lunar equator. Obviously the effect of these seasons is very minor compared to the difference between lunar night and lunar day. At the poles, there are not days and nights of about 15 Earth days, but rather the sun will be "up" for 173 days at a time. "Up" here means that the centre of the sun is above the horizon. The sunrise and sunset at the poles each take about 18 days.[11] These polar sunrises and sunsets occur around the time of eclipses (solar or lunar). For example, at the Solar eclipse of March 9, 2016, the moon was near its descending node, and the sun was near the point in the sky where the equator of the moon crosses the ecliptic. When the sun reached that point, the centre of the sun set at the north pole and rose at the south pole.

text: Lunar standstill[edit]

text: Every 18.6 years, the angle between the moon's orbit and the Earth's equator reaches a maximum of 28°36′ (the sum of the Earth's inclination 23°27′ and the Moon's inclination 5°09′). This is called major lunar standstill. Around this time, the moon's latitude will vary from −28°36′ to +28°36′. 9.3 years later, the angle between the moon's orbit and the Earth's equator reaches its minimum, 18°20′. This is called a minor lunar standstill.

text: When the inclination of the moon's orbit to the Earth's equator is at its minimum of 18°20′, the centre of the moon's disk will be above the horizon every day as far north and as far south as 90°−18°20' or 71°40' latitude, whereas when the inclination is at its maximum of 28°36' the centre of the moon's disk will only be above the horizon every day for latitudes less than 90°−28°36' or 61°24'. At higher latitudes there will be a period of at least a day each month when the moon does not rise, but there will also be a period of at least a day each month during which the moon does not set. This is similar to the behaviour of the sun, but with a period of 27.3 days instead of 365 days. Note that a point on the moon can actually be visible when it is below the horizon by about 34 arc minutes, due to refraction (see Sunrise).

text: Scale model[edit]

text: Scale model of the Earth–Moon system: Sizes and distances are to scale.

text: History of observations and measurements[edit]

text: About 1000 BC, the Babylonians were the first human civilization known to have kept a consistent record of lunar observations. Clay tablets from that period, which have been found over the territory of present-day Iraq, are inscribed with cuneiform writing recording the times and dates of moonrises and moonsets, the stars that the Moon passed close by, and the time differences between rising and setting of both the Sun and the Moon around the time of the full moon. Babylonian astronomy discovered the three main periods of the Moon's motion and used data analysis to build lunar calendars that extended well into the future.[9] This use of detailed, systematic observations to make predictions based on experimental data may be classified as the first scientific study in human history. However, the Babylonians seem to have lacked any geometrical or physical interpretation of their data, and they could not predict future lunar eclipses (although "warnings" were issued before likely eclipse times).

text: Ancient Greek astronomers were the first to introduce and analyze mathematical models of the motion of objects in the sky. Ptolemy described lunar motion by using a well-defined geometric model of epicycles and evection.[9]

text: Isaac Newton was the first to develop a complete theory of motion, mechanics. The sheer wealth of humanity's observations of the lunar motion was the main testbed of his theory.[9]

text: Lunar periods[edit]

text:
Name
Value (days)
Definition

Sidereal month
7001273216620000000♠27.321662
with respect to the distant stars (13.36874634 passes per solar orbit)

Synodic month
7001295305890000000♠29.530589
with respect to the Sun (phases of the Moon, 12.36874634 passes per solar orbit)

Tropical month
7001273215820000000♠27.321582
with respect to the vernal point (precesses in ~26,000 years)

Anomalistic month
7001275545500000000♠27.554550
with respect to the perigee (precesses in 3232.6054 days = 8.850578 years)

Draconic month
7001272122210000000♠27.212221
with respect to the ascending node (precesses in 6793.4765 days = 18.5996 years)

text: There are several different periods associated with the lunar orbit.[12] The sidereal month is the time it takes to make one complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars. It is about 27.32 days. The synodic month is the time it takes the Moon to reach the same visual phase. This varies notably throughout the year,[13] but averages around 29.53 days. The synodic period is longer than the sidereal period because the Earth–Moon system moves in its orbit around the Sun during each sidereal month, hence a longer period is required to achieve a similar alignment of Earth, the Sun, and the Moon. The anomalistic month is the time between perigees and is about 27.55 days. The Earth–Moon separation determines the strength of the lunar tide raising force.

text: The draconic month is the time from ascending node to ascending node. The time between two successive passes of the same ecliptic longitude is called the tropical month. The latter three periods are slightly different from the sidereal month.

text: The average length of a calendar month (a twelfth of a year) is about 30.4 days. This is not a lunar period, though the calendar month is historically related to the visible lunar phase.

text: Tidal evolution[edit]

text: The gravitational attraction that the Moon exerts on Earth is the cause of tides in the sea; the Sun has a lesser tidal influence. If Earth had a global ocean of uniform depth, the Moon would act to deform both the solid Earth (by a small amount) and the ocean in the shape of an ellipsoid with the high points roughly beneath the Moon and on the opposite side of Earth. However, because of the presence of the continents, Earth's much faster rotation and varying ocean depths, this simplistic visualisation does not happen. Although the tidal flow period is generally synchronized to the Moon's orbit around Earth, its relative timing varies greatly. In some places on Earth, there is only one high tide per day, whereas others have four, though this is somewhat rare.

text: The notional tidal bulges are carried ahead of the Earth–Moon axis by the continents as a result of Earth's rotation. The eccentric mass of each bulge exerts a small amount of gravitational attraction on the Moon, with the bulge on the side of Earth closest to the Moon pulling in a direction slightly forward along the Moon's orbit (because Earth's rotation has carried the bulge forward). The bulge on the side furthest from the Moon has the opposite effect, but because the gravitational attraction varies inversely with the square of distance, the effect is stronger for the near-side bulge. As a result, some of Earth's angular (or rotational) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth–Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass, called the barycentre. This slightly faster rotation causes the Earth–Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year. Conservation of angular momentum means that Earth's axial rotation is gradually slowing, and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 23 microseconds every year (excluding glacial rebound). Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents. Tidal rhythmites from 620 million years ago show that, over hundreds of millions of years, the Moon receded at an average rate of 22 mm (0.87 in) per year and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year, both about half of their current values. See tidal acceleration for a more detailed description and references.

text: The Moon is gradually receding from Earth into a higher orbit, and calculations suggest that this would continue for about 50 billion years.[14][15] By that time, Earth and the Moon would be in a mutual spin–orbit resonance or tidal locking, in which the Moon will orbit Earth in about 47 days (currently 27 days), and both the Moon and Earth would rotate around their axes in the same time, always facing each other with the same side. This has already happened to the Moon—the same side always faces Earth—and is also slowly happening to the Earth. However, the slowdown of Earth's rotation is not occurring fast enough for the rotation to lengthen to a month before other effects change the situation: approximately 2.3 billion years from now, the increase of the Sun's radiation will have caused Earth's oceans to evaporate,[16] removing the bulk of the tidal friction and acceleration.

text: Libration[edit]

text: The Moon is in synchronous rotation, meaning that it keeps the same face toward Earth at all times. This synchronous rotation is only true on average, because the Moon's orbit has a definite eccentricity. As a result, the angular velocity of the Moon varies as it orbits Earth and hence is not always equal to the Moon's rotational velocity. When the Moon is at its perigee, its rotation is slower than its orbital motion, and this allows us to see up to eight degrees of longitude of its eastern (right) far side. Conversely, when the Moon reaches its apogee, its rotation is faster than its orbital motion and this reveals eight degrees of longitude of its western (left) far side. This is referred to as longitudinal libration.

text: Because the lunar orbit is also inclined to Earth's ecliptic plane by 5.1°, the rotational axis of the Moon seems to rotate towards and away from Earth during one complete orbit. This is referred to as latitudinal libration, which allows one to see almost 7° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side. Finally, because the Moon is only about 60 Earth radii away from Earth's centre of mass, an observer at the equator who observes the Moon throughout the night moves laterally by one Earth diameter. This gives rise to a diurnal libration, which allows one to view an additional one degree's worth of lunar longitude. For the same reason, observers at both of Earth's geographical poles would be able to see one additional degree's worth of libration in latitude.

text: Path of Earth and Moon around Sun[edit]

text: When viewed from the north celestial pole, i.e. from the approximate direction of the star Polaris, the Moon orbits Earth anticlockwise and Earth orbits the Sun anticlockwise, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes anticlockwise.

text: The right-hand rule can be used to indicate the direction of the angular velocity. If the thumb of the right hand points to the north celestial pole, its fingers curl in the direction that the Moon orbits Earth, Earth orbits the Sun, and the Moon and Earth rotate on their own axes.

text: In representations of the Solar System, it is common to draw the trajectory of Earth from the point of view of the Sun, and the trajectory of the Moon from the point of view of Earth. This could give the impression that the Moon orbits Earth in such a way that sometimes it goes backwards when viewed from the Sun's perspective. Because the orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth (1 km/s) is small compared to the orbital velocity of Earth about the Sun (30 km/s), this never happens. There are no rearward loops in the Moon's solar orbit.

text: Considering the Earth–Moon system as a binary planet, its centre of gravity is within Earth, about 4,624 km (2,873 mi) or 72.6% of the Earth's radius from the centre of the Earth. This centre of gravity remains on the line between the centres of the Earth and Moon as the Earth completes its diurnal rotation. The path of the Earth–Moon system in its solar orbit is defined as the movement of this mutual centre of gravity around the sun. Consequently, Earth's centre veers inside and outside the solar orbital path during each synodic month as the Moon moves in its orbit around the common centre of gravity.[18]

text: The Sun's gravitational effect on the Moon is more than twice that of Earth's on the Moon; consequently, the Moon's trajectory is always convex[18][19] (as seen when looking Sunward at the entire Sun–Earth–Moon system from a great distance outside Earth–Moon solar orbit), and is nowhere concave (from the same perspective) or looped.[17][18][20] That is, the region enclosed by the Moon's orbit of the Sun is a convex set.


document_title: The Return of Jafar

question_text: who plays the genie in return of jafar

question_tokens: who plays the genie in return of jafar

text: The Return of Jafar

text: Plot

text: Aladdin and Abu foil Abis Mal's plan, donating the treasures for the people of Agrabah. Meanwhile, Jafar orders Iago to release him, but he refuses and drops the lamp into the well. Hoping to help the others respect him, Iago tells Aladdin that he is under Jafar's spell. Aladdin fends off against Abis Mal's clan of bandits, until Iago rescues him. Aladdin hides Iago from the others in the palace. After the Genie returns home, he, Jasmine and the Sultan prepare their special honorable dinner to promote Aladdin as a grand vizier. Rajah chases Iago through the palace and they accidentally ruin the dinner. Though Jasmine and the Sultan mistrust Iago, Aladdin convinces them to respect him. When Abis Mal obtains and uses the lamp, he meets Jafar. Before returning to the city, Jafar grants three wishes for Abis Mal, but he uses the first one. They force Iago to work for them.

text: Aladdin, Iago and the Sultan head through the river, while Jafar imprisons the Genie, Abu and Jasmine. Abis Mal and Jafar kidnap the Sultan, but Aladdin evades them and returns to the palace. Jafar frames Aladdin for the Sultan's assumed death, using the guards to prepare for the prisoner's execution. However, the repentant Iago releases the Genie, allowing him to save Aladdin and the others. They plan to destroy Jafar's lamp which is identified as his soul. While celebrating Aladdin's assumed death, Jafar demands Abis Mal to free him from the lamp, but he refuses and uses the second wish to get various treasures. Aladdin tries to steal the lamp from Abis Mal, but Jafar discovers them. He traps Aladdin and the others, turning the palace gardens into a lava-filled wasteland. Iago arrives to help them, but is knocked unconscious by Jafar. After Iago kicks the lamp into the pool of lava, it melts away. Aladdin and his friends rescue Iago, and they escape through the closing ledge to safety.

text: With Jafar gone, the palace reverts to normal and Iago is revived. Aladdin refuses to become a vizier, telling his friends that they will see the world. After the credits, Abis Mal realizes he cannot use his third wish.

text: Cast

text:
Scott Weinger as Aladdin

Brad Kane as Aladdin (singing voice)

Jonathan Freeman as Jafar
Gilbert Gottfried as Iago
Dan Castellaneta as Genie
Linda Larkin as Princess Jasmine

Liz Callaway as Princess Jasmine (singing voice)

Jason Alexander as Abis Mal
Frank Welker as Abu
Val Bettin as the Sultan
Jim Cummings as Razoul

text: Songs

text:
"Arabian Nights"
"I'm Looking Out for Me"
"Nothing in the World (Quite Like a Friend)"
"Forget About Love"
"You're Only Second Rate"

text: Production

text: Originally planned to be a television special, Tad Stones suggested that the film should instead be released on home video.[6] Instead of receiving a theatrical release, Steve Feldstein, director of public relations for Disney's home video division, stated the decision to release The Return of Jafar on home video was due to time constraints claiming that "to put the film in the theatrical pipeline would have taken up to five years", but releasing it on home video would take "less than two years." In addition to that, Feldstein confirmed that financing was also a consideration since producing a direct-to-video feature would be "less costly to make than Aladdin."[7] Likewise, due to an expanding video market, Disney claimed demand from theatrical and video audiences for more Aladdin and the other characters was another reason for a speedy follow-up.[8] Due to a well publicized bitter fall-out over the use of his voice in the marketing campaign for Aladdin, Robin Williams refused to reprise the role of the Genie, and was instead replaced by Dan Castellaneta (best known for voicing Homer Simpson).[9] It was also the first Aladdin full-length production without the original voice of Sultan, Douglas Seale. He was replaced by Val Bettin, who reprised his role in the franchise's animated series and Aladdin and the King of Thieves.

text: Reception

text: Critical reception has been generally mixed to negative. Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating of 27% based on 11 reviews collected, with a weighted average score of 3.9/10.[10]

text: David Nusair of reelfilm.com summed up most of the negative feelings that contributed to this rating:

text:
“
Notable as the first direct-to-video Disney sequel, The Return of Jafar follows Aladdin (Scott Weinger) as he attempts to once again foil Jafar's (Jonathan Freeman) villainous plot to take over Agrabah. And despite the fact that he was freed from his lamp at the end of the first film, the genie (now voiced by Dan Castellaneta) is back and wackier than ever. It's clear right from the outset that Disney put very little effort into the production of The Return of Jafar, particularly in the realm of animation. The film has all the style and fluidity of a Saturday morning cartoon, while various songs are bland and forgettable. The repetitive storyline doesn't do the movie any favors, and even at a running time of 69-minutes, doldrums set in almost immediately. Castellaneta does the best he can with the material, but generally comes up short (particularly when compared with Robin Williams's manic performance from the original). The Return of Jafar is a thoroughly needless sequel that may keep small children engaged, but is bound to come off as nothing less than a huge disappointment for fans of the original.[11]
”

text: Despite the mostly negative reception, on the television program Siskel & Ebert, the film received a "two thumbs up" from Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert.[12] Writing for Entertainment Weekly, Steve Daly graded the sequel a C- criticizing it as a "knockoff" that "carries the Disney label and costs about as much as a tape of Aladdin, but it's clear from the first jerky frame that the same time, care, and creativity didn't go into it."[13]

text: Home video

text: The Return of Jafar was first released on VHS in the United States on May 20, 1994, being the first installment of Walt Disney Home Video collection series.[8] In its first two days, it had sold more than 1.5 million VHS copies.[3] By June 1994, more than 4.6 million VHS copies were sold in less than a week.[7] Ultimately, more than ten million copies were sold ranking among the top 15 top-selling videos of all time (at the time), grossing $150 million in profits.[14]

text: The trailer for the film was seen on the 1994 VHS videocassette release of The Fox and the Hound. Originally released on VHS that year, The Return of Jafar was later reissued on Special Edition DVD (with "Aladdin:" added to the title) on January 18, 2005, with digitally restored picture and remastered sound. The Special Edition DVD, along with the other two films in the series, were placed on moratorium ("placed back into the Disney Vault") on January 31, 2008 in the U.S., and February 4, 2008 in the U.K.[15] The Return of Jafar, along with Aladdin and the King of Thieves was released on Blu-ray/DVD/Digital HD Combo Pack on January 5, 2016 as a Disney Movie Club exclusive in North America.[16]

text: Adaptations

text: Comic

text: When Disney was publishing their own comics in the mid-90s, they produced a two issue Aladdin comic presenting an alternate version of The Return of Jafar. It was titled The Return of Aladdin. The comic is introduced by the Merchant from the first film.

text: The story starts off showing that Aladdin has been particularly bored of palace life. Meanwhile, Jafar has escaped the Cave of Wonders. Iago is given the task of finding the right master for Jafar to manipulate. Their search seems hopeless as some people are able to enjoy all three wishes or messing up. They find someone to use the lamp, who is known as Isabella, a master magician. Isabella is similar in appearance to Jafar (except his clothing is green). His first wish is to return to Agrabah Palace (as he performed entertainment to the sultan in #1). His second wish is for an army of soldiers to pursue Aladdin and Jasmine when they catch on to Jafar's presence. He is persuaded to use his third wish to trap Jafar and Iago in the lamp again, sending them back to the cave. Due to persuasion by the Genie, the Sultan hires Isabella to a permanent entertainment job at the palace. The end of the story shows the merchant having a black lamp similar to Jafar's, but he claims it to be worthless.

text: Video game

text: The plot of the film is loosely used in Agrabah, one of the worlds in Kingdom Hearts II, and the Peddler appears from the first film. As in the film, Iago escapes from Jafar and does his best to respect Aladdin, Jasmine, Sora, Donald and Goofy, although Jafar coerces him into aiding him in his revenge, almost damaging Iago's friendship with Aladdin and Sora, but he redeems himself after taking a blow for Aladdin which almost claims his life. The Peddler, at the beginning, comes across Jafar's lamp, but sells it to Aladdin, Sora, Donald and Goofy for a rare artifact in the Cave of Wonders. Despite Aladdin sealing the lamp in the palace dungeon, the greedy Peddler breaks into the dungeon and frees Jafar, unleashing his fury on Agrabah until he is defeated by Sora and company. The Peddler's fate is left ambiguous. This was the first Disney sequel to have its plot adapted into a level in the Kingdom Hearts series, which was then followed by the Grid being an adaptation of Tron Legacy.

text: Furthermore, there is a mild allusion to the Agrabah boss battle in Kingdom Hearts. Sora must fight Jafar in Genie form, surrounded by a lava pit with raising and lowering levels, while Iago flies above with Jafar's lamp. Only striking the lamp has any effect on Jafar's health. This fight also takes place in the second game, Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, and its PlayStation 2 remake. In both versions of Chain of Memories, the boss fight is due to the majority of the game being illusions created from Sora's memories. A second playable character, Riku, also fights the boss in his mode. The battle is once again visited in Kingdom Hearts Coded and Kingdom Hearts Re:coded.