document_title: Cabinet of the United States

question_text: who has to approve members of the president's cabinet

question_tokens: who has to approve members of the president 's cabinet

text: Cabinet of the United States

text: History[edit]

text: The tradition of the Cabinet arose out of the debates at the 1787 Constitutional Convention regarding whether the president would exercise executive authority singly or collaboratively with a cabinet of ministers or a privy council. As a result of the debates, the Constitution (Article II, Section 1, Clause 1) vests "all executive power" in the president singly, and authorizes—but does not compel—the president (Article II, Section 2, Clause 1) to "require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices".[1][2] The Constitution does not specify what the executive departments will be, how many there will be, or what their duties should be.

text: George Washington, the first U.S. President, organized his principal officers into a Cabinet, and it has been part of the executive branch structure ever since. Washington's Cabinet consisted of five members: himself, Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of War Henry Knox and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. Vice President John Adams was not included in Washington's Cabinet because the position was initially regarded as a legislative officer (President of the Senate).[3] It was not until the 20th century that Vice Presidents were regularly included as members of the Cabinet and came to be regarded primarily as a member of the executive branch.

text: Presidents have used Cabinet meetings of selected principal officers but to widely differing extents and for different purposes. Secretary of State William H. Seward and then Professor Woodrow Wilson advocated use of a parliamentary-style Cabinet government. But President Abraham Lincoln rebuffed Seward, and Woodrow Wilson would have none of it in his administration. In recent administrations, Cabinets have grown to include key White House staff in addition to department and various agency heads. President Ronald Reagan formed seven subcabinet councils to review many policy issues, and subsequent Presidents have followed that practice.[2]

text: Federal law[edit]

text: In 3 U.S.C. § 302 with regard to delegation of authority by the President, it is provided that "nothing herein shall be deemed to require express authorization in any case in which such an official would be presumed in law to have acted by authority or direction of the President." This pertains directly to the heads of the executive departments as each of their offices is created and specified by statutory law (hence the presumption) and thus gives them the authority to act for the President within their areas of responsibility without any specific delegation.

text: Under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet.[4]

text: Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department. These may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration.[5]

text: Confirmation process[edit]

text: The heads of the executive departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President and then presented to the Senate for confirmation or rejection by a simple majority (although before the use of the "nuclear option" during the 113th US Congress, they could have been blocked by filibuster, requiring cloture to be invoked by 3⁄5 supermajority to further consideration). If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in and then begin their duties.

text: An elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President.

text:
Office

Senate Confirmation Review Committee

Secretary of State

Foreign Relations Committee

Secretary of the Treasury

Finance Committee

Secretary of Defense

Armed Services Committee

Attorney General

Judiciary Committee

Secretary of the Interior

Energy and Natural Resources Committee

Secretary of Agriculture

Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee

Secretary of Commerce

Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

Secretary of Labor

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee

Secretary of Health and Human Services

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee (consult)Finance Committee (official)

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development

Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Committee

Secretary of Transportation

Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee

Secretary of Energy

Energy and Natural Resources Committee

Secretary of Education

Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions Committee

Secretary of Veterans Affairs

Veterans Affairs Committee

Secretary of Homeland Security

Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee

Trade Representative

Finance Committee

Director of National Intelligence

Select Committee on Intelligence

Ambassador to the United Nations

Foreign Relations Committee

Office of Management and Budget

Budget CommitteeHomeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency

Select Committee on Intelligence

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency

Environment and Public Works Committee

Administrator of the Small Business Administration

Small Business and Entrepreneurship Committee

text: Salary[edit]

text: The heads of the executive departments and most other senior federal officers at cabinet or sub-cabinet level receive their salary under a fixed five level pay plan known as the Executive Schedule, which is codified in Title 5 of the United States Code. 21 positions, including the heads of the executive departments and others, receiving Level I pay are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay (including the number two positions of the executive departments) are listed in 5 U.S.C. § 5313. As of January 2016, the Level I annual pay was set at $205,700.[6]

text: The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300.[6] The salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. The Vice President does not automatically receive a pension based on that office, but instead receives the same pension as other members of Congress based on his ex officio position as President of the Senate.[7]

text: Current Cabinet and Cabinet-rank officials[edit]

text: The individuals listed below were nominated by President Donald Trump to form his Cabinet and were confirmed by the United States Senate on the date noted, or are serving as acting department heads by his request pending the confirmation of his nominees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trump's Cabinet.

text: Vice President and the Heads of the Executive Departments[edit]

text: The Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. These 15 positions are the core "cabinet member" seats, as distinct from other Cabinet-level seats for other various top level White House staffers and heads of other government agencies, none of whom are in the presidential line of succession and not all of whom are Officers of the United States.[8] Note that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate follow the Vice President and precede the Secretary of State in the order of succession, but both are in the legislative branch and are not part of the Cabinet.

text:
Cabinet
hide

Office(Constituting instrument)

Incumbent

Term began

Vice President(Constitution, Art. II, Sec. I)

Mike Pence

January 20, 2017

Secretary of State(22 U.S.C. § 2651a)

Mike Pompeo

April 26, 2018

Secretary of the Treasury(31 U.S.C. § 301)

Steven Mnuchin

February 13, 2017

Secretary of Defense(10 U.S.C. § 113)

James Mattis

January 20, 2017

Attorney General(28 U.S.C. § 503)

Jeff Sessions

February 9, 2017

Secretary of the Interior(43 U.S.C. § 1451)

Ryan Zinke

March 1, 2017

Secretary of Agriculture(7 U.S.C. § 2202)

Sonny Perdue

April 25, 2017

Secretary of Commerce(15 U.S.C. § 1501)

Wilbur Ross

February 28, 2017

Secretary of Labor(29 U.S.C. § 551)

Alex Acosta

April 28, 2017

Secretary of Health and Human Services(Reorganization Plan No. 1 of 1953, 67 Stat. 631 and 42 U.S.C. § 3501)

Alex Azar

January 29, 2018

Secretary of Housing and Urban Development(42 U.S.C. § 3532)

Ben Carson

March 2, 2017

Secretary of Transportation(49 U.S.C. § 102)

Elaine Chao

January 31, 2017

Secretary of Energy(42 U.S.C. § 7131)

Rick Perry

March 2, 2017

Secretary of Education(20 U.S.C. § 3411)

Betsy DeVos

February 7, 2017

Secretary of Veterans Affairs(38 U.S.C. § 303)

Robert Wilkie

July 30, 2018

Secretary of Homeland Security(6 U.S.C. § 112)

Kirstjen Nielsen

December 6, 2017

text: Cabinet-level officials[edit]

text: The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions. Cabinet-level officials attend Cabinet meetings, but are not official Cabinet Members:

text:
Cabinet-level Officials

Office

Incumbent

Term began

White House Chief of Staff(Pub.L. 76–19, 53 Stat. 561, enacted April 3, 1939, Executive Order 8248, Executive Order 10452, Executive Order 12608)

John F. Kelly

July 31, 2017

Trade Representative(19 U.S.C. § 2171)

Robert Lighthizer

May 15, 2017

Director of National Intelligence[9][10](50 U.S.C. § 3023)

Dan Coats

March 16, 2017

Ambassador to the United Nations(22 U.S.C. § 287, Executive Order 9844, Executive Order 10108)

Nikki Haley

January 27, 2017

Director of the Office of Management and Budget(31 U.S.C. § 502, Executive Order 11541, Executive Order 11609, Executive Order 11717)

Mick Mulvaney

February 16, 2017

Director of the Central Intelligence Agency[9](50 U.S.C. § 3036)

Gina Haspel

April 26, 2018

Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency(5 U.S.C. § 906, Executive Order 11735)

Andrew Wheeler (acting)

July 9, 2018

Administrator of the Small Business Administration(15 U.S.C. § 633)

Linda McMahon

February 14, 2017

text: Former executive and Cabinet-level departments[edit]

text:
Department of War (1789–1947), headed by the Secretary of War: renamed Department of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947.
Department of the Navy (1798–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Navy: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
Post Office Department (1829–1971), headed by the Postmaster General: reorganized as the United States Postal Service, an independent agency.
National Military Establishment (1947–1949), headed by the Secretary of Defense: created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949.
Department of the Army (1947–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Army: became a military department within the Department of Defense.
Department of the Air Force (1947–1949), headed by the Secretary of the Air Force: became a military department within the Department of Defense.

text: Renamed heads of the executive departments[edit]

text:
Secretary of Foreign Affairs: created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789.[11]
Secretary of War: created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense.
Secretary of Commerce and Labor: created in 1903 and renamed Secretary of Commerce in 1913 when its labor functions were transferred to the new Secretary of Labor.
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare: created in 1953 and renamed Secretary of Health and Human Services in 1979 when its education functions were transferred to the new Secretary of Education.

text: Other positions no longer of Cabinet rank[edit]

text:
Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (1996–2001): created as an independent agency in 1979, raised to Cabinet rank in 1996,[12] and dropped from Cabinet rank in 2001.[13]
Director of Central Intelligence (1995–2001)[14][15][16]
Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy (1993–2009)[17][18]
Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers (2009–2017)[19][20]

text: Proposed Cabinet departments[edit]

text:
"Department of Industry and Commerce", proposed by Secretary of the Treasury William Windom in a speech given at a Chamber of Commerce dinner in May 1881.[21]
"Department of Natural Resources", proposed by the Eisenhower administration,[22] President Richard Nixon,[23] the 1976 GOP national platform,[24] and by Bill Daley (as a consolidation of the Departments of the Interior and Energy, and the Environmental Protection Agency).[25]
"Department of Peace", proposed by Senator Matthew Neely in the 1930s, Congressman Dennis Kucinich, and other members of the U.S. Congress.[26][27]
"Department of Social Welfare", proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[28]
"Department of Public Works", proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[28]
"Department of Conservation" (renamed Department of Interior) proposed by President Franklin Roosevelt in January 1937.[28]
"Department of Urban Affairs and Housing", proposed by President John F. Kennedy.[29]
"Department of Business and Labor", proposed by President Lyndon Johnson.[30]
"Department of Community Development", proposed by President Richard Nixon; to be chiefly concerned with rural infrastructure development.[23][31]
"Department of Human Resources" proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a revised Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.[23]
"Department of Economic Affairs" proposed by President Richard Nixon; essentially a consolidation of the Departments of Commerce, Labor, and Agriculture.[32]
"Department of Environmental Protection", proposed by Senator Arlen Specter and others.[33]
"Department of Intelligence", proposed by former Director of National Intelligence Mike McConnell.[34]
"Department of Global Development", proposed by the Center for Global Development.[35]
"Department of Arts", proposed by Quincy Jones.[36]
"Department of Business", proposed by President Barack Obama as a consolidation of the U.S. Department of Commerce’s core business and trade functions, the Small Business Administration, the Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, the Export-Import Bank, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation, and the U.S. Trade and Development Agency.[37][38]
"Department of Education and the Workforce" proposed by President Donald Trump as a consolidation of the Departments of Education and Labor. [39]

text: Gallery[edit]

text:
James K. Polk and his Cabinet in 1846. The first Cabinet to be photographed.

President Buchanan and his Cabinet

Abraham Lincoln met with his Cabinet for the first reading of the Emancipation Proclamation draft (July 26, 1862).

President Theodore Roosevelt's Cabinet

President William H. Taft's second cabinet, 1912(photographed by Harris & Ewing photo studio)

The Nixon Cabinet, 1969

President Gerald R. Ford meeting with his Cabinet (June 25, 1976)

President Jimmy Carter's Cabinet meeting (February 13, 1978)

President Reagan and his Cabinet (September 11, 1986)

President George H. W. Bush and his Cabinet in the Cabinet Room (September 5, 1989).

The Clinton Cabinet, in 1993.

The Bush Cabinet (February 2008).

The first Obama Cabinet (September 2009).


document_title: Instinctive drift

question_text: the early work into the phenomenon called instinctive drift was performed by

root

text: Instinctive drift

text: Instinctive drift or instinctual drift is the tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that interfere with a conditioned response. The concept originated with B.F. Skinner's former students Keller Breland and Marian Breland when they tried to teach a raccoon to put tokens into a piggy bank. Instead, the raccoon drifted to its instinctive behavior of putting the tokens on the ground or turning them over in its paws, as they often do with food.[1][2]

tag: p


document_title: Octagon

question_text: how many lines of symmetry in an octogon

text: Octagon

text: Properties of the general octagon[edit]

text: The sum of all the internal angles of any octagon is 1080°. As with all polygons, the external angles total 360°.

text: If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of an octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares form a quadrilateral that is both equidiagonal and orthodiagonal (that is, whose diagonals are equal in length and at right angles to each other).[2]:Prop. 9

text: The midpoint octagon of a reference octagon has its eight vertices at the midpoints of the sides of the reference octagon. If squares are constructed all internally or all externally on the sides of the midpoint octagon, then the midpoints of the segments connecting the centers of opposite squares themselves form the vertices of a square.[2]:Prop. 10

text: Regular octagon[edit]

text:
A regular octagon is a closed figure with sides of the same length and internal angles of the same size. It has eight lines of reflective symmetry and rotational symmetry of order 8. A regular octagon is represented by the Schläfli symbol {8}. The internal angle at each vertex of a regular octagon is 135° (

3
π

4

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {3\pi }{4}}}

 radians). The central angle is 45° (

π
4

{\displaystyle \scriptstyle {\frac {\pi }{4}}}

 radians).

text: Area[edit]

text: The area of a regular octagon of side length a is given by

text: In terms of the circumradius R, the area is

text: In terms of the apothem r (see also inscribed figure), the area is

text: These last two coefficients bracket the value of pi, the area of the unit circle.

text: The area can also be expressed as

text: where S is the span of the octagon, or the second-shortest diagonal; and a is the length of one of the sides, or bases. This is easily proven if one takes an octagon, draws a square around the outside (making sure that four of the eight sides overlap with the four sides of the square) and then takes the corner triangles (these are 45–45–90 triangles) and places them with right angles pointed inward, forming a square. The edges of this square are each the length of the base.

text: Given the length of a side a, the span S is

text: The area is then as above:

text: Expressed in terms of the span, the area is

text: Another simple formula for the area is

text: More often the span S is known, and the length of the sides, a, is to be determined, as when cutting a square piece of material into a regular octagon. From the above,

text:
The two end lengths e on each side (the leg lengths of the triangles (green in the image) truncated from the square), as well as being

e
=
a

/

2

,

{\displaystyle e=a/{\sqrt {2}},}

 may be calculated as

text: Circumradius and inradius[edit]

text: The circumradius of the regular octagon in terms of the side length a is[3]

text: and the inradius is

text: Diagonals[edit]

text: The regular octagon, in terms of the side length a, has three different types of diagonals:

text:
Short diagonal;
Medium diagonal (also called span or height), which is twice the length of the inradius;
Long diagonal, which is twice the length of the circumradius.

tag: ul

text: The formula for each of them follows from the basic principles of geometry. Here are the formulas for their length:[citation needed]

text:
Short diagonal:

a

2
+

2

{\displaystyle a{\sqrt {2+{\sqrt {2}}}}}

 ;
Medium diagonal:

(
1
+

2

)
a

{\displaystyle (1+{\sqrt {2}})a}

 ;
Long diagonal:

a

4
+
2

2

{\displaystyle a{\sqrt {4+2{\sqrt {2}}}}}

 .

text: Construction and elementary properties[edit]

text: A regular octagon at a given circumcircle may be constructed as follows:

text:
Draw a circle and a diameter AOE, where O is the center and A, E are points on the circumcircle.
Draw another diameter GOC, perpendicular to AOE.
(Note in passing that A,C,E,G are vertices of a square).
Draw the bisectors of the right angles GOA and EOG, making two more diameters HOD and FOB.
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H are the vertices of the octagon.

tag: ol

text: A regular octagon can be constructed using a straightedge and a compass, as 8 = 23, a power of two:

text: Each side of a regular octagon subtends half a right angle at the centre of the circle which connects its vertices. Its area can thus be computed as the sum of 8 isosceles triangles, leading to the result:

text: for an octagon of side a.

text: Standard coordinates[edit]

text: The coordinates for the vertices of a regular octagon centered at the origin and with side length 2 are:

text:
(±1, ±(1+√2))
(±(1+√2), ±1).

text: Dissection[edit]

text:
8-cube projection
24 rhomb dissection

Regular

Isotoxal

tag: table

text: Coxeter states that every zonogon (a 2m-gon whose opposite sides are parallel and of equal length) can be dissected into m(m-1)/2 parallelograms.[4] In particular this is true for regular polygons with evenly many sides, in which case the parallelograms are all rhombi. For the regular octagon, m=4, and it can be divided into 6 rhombs, with one example shown below. This decomposition can be seen as 6 of 24 faces in a Petrie polygon projection plane of the tesseract. The list (sequence A006245 in the OEIS) defines the number of solutions as 8, by the 8 orientations of this one dissection. These squares and rhombs are used in the Ammann–Beenker tilings.

text:
Regular octagon dissected

Tesseract

4 rhombs and 2 square

text: Skew octagon[edit]

text: A skew octagon is a skew polygon with 8 vertices and edges but not existing on the same plane. The interior of such an octagon is not generally defined. A skew zig-zag octagon has vertices alternating between two parallel planes.

text: A regular skew octagon is vertex-transitive with equal edge lengths. In 3-dimensions it will be a zig-zag skew octagon and can be seen in the vertices and side edges of a square antiprism with the same D4d, [2+,8] symmetry, order 16.

text: Petrie polygons[edit]

text: The regular skew octagon is the Petrie polygon for these higher-dimensional regular and uniform polytopes, shown in these skew orthogonal projections of in A7, B4, and D5 Coxeter planes.

text:
A7
D5
B4

7-simplex

5-demicube

16-cell

Tesseract

text: Symmetry[edit]

text:
Symmetry

The 11 symmetries of a regular octagon. Lines of reflections are blue through vertices, purple through edges, and gyration orders are given in the center. Vertices are colored by their symmetry position.

text: The regular octagon has Dih8 symmetry, order 16. There are 3 dihedral subgroups: Dih4, Dih2, and Dih1, and 4 cyclic subgroups: Z8, Z4, Z2, and Z1, the last implying no symmetry.

text:
Example octagons by symmetry

r16

d8

g8

p8

d4

g4

p4

d2

g2

p2

a1

text: On the regular octagon, there are 11 distinct symmetries. John Conway labels full symmetry as r16.[5] The dihedral symmetries are divided depending on whether they pass through vertices (d for diagonal) or edges (p for perpendiculars) Cyclic symmetries in the middle column are labeled as g for their central gyration orders. Full symmetry of the regular form is r16 and no symmetry is labeled a1.

text: The most common high symmetry octagons are p8, a isogonal octagon constructed by four mirrors can alternate long and short edges, and d8, an isotoxal octagon constructed with equal edge lengths, but vertices alternating two different internal angles. These two forms are duals of each other and have half the symmetry order of the regular octagon.

text: Each subgroup symmetry allows one or more degrees of freedom for irregular forms. Only the g8 subgroup has no degrees of freedom but can seen as directed edges.

text: Uses of octagons[edit]

text: The octagonal shape is used as a design element in architecture. The Dome of the Rock has a characteristic octagonal plan. The Tower of the Winds in Athens is another example of an octagonal structure. The octagonal plan has also been in church architecture such as St. George's Cathedral, Addis Ababa, Basilica of San Vitale (in Ravenna, Italia), Castel del Monte (Apulia, Italia), Florence Baptistery, Zum Friedefürsten church (Germany) and a number of octagonal churches in Norway. The central space in the Aachen Cathedral, the Carolingian Palatine Chapel, has a regular octagonal floorplan. Uses of octagons in churches also include lesser design elements, such as the octagonal apse of Nidaros Cathedral.

text: Architects such as John Andrews have used octagonal floor layouts in buildings for functionally separating office areas from building services, notably the Intelsat Headquarters in Washington D.C., Callam Offices in Canberra, and Octagon Offices in Parramatta, Australia.

text: Other uses[edit]

text:
Umbrellas often have an octagonal outline.

The famous Bukhara rug design incorporates an octagonal "elephant's foot" motif.

The street & block layout of Barcelona's Eixample district is based on non-regular octagons

Janggi uses octagonal pieces.

Japanese lottery machines often have octagonal shape.

Stop sign used in English-speaking countries, as well as in most European countries

An icon of a stop sign with a hand at the middle.

The trigrams of the Taoist bagua are often arranged octagonally

Famous octagonal gold cup from the Belitung shipwreck

Classes at Shimer College are traditionally held around octagonal tables

The Labyrinth of the Reims Cathedral with a quasi-octagonal shape.

text: Derived figures[edit]

text:
The truncated square tiling has 2 octagons around every vertex.

An octagonal prism contains two octagonal faces.

An octagonal antiprism contains two octagonal faces.

The truncated cuboctahedron contains 6 octagonal faces.

The omnitruncated cubic honeycomb

text: Related polytopes[edit]

text: The octagon, as a truncated square, is first in a sequence of truncated hypercubes:

text:
Truncated hypercubes

...

Octagon
Truncated cube
Truncated tesseract
Truncated 5-cube
Truncated 6-cube
Truncated 7-cube
Truncated 8-cube

text: As an expanded square, it is also first in a sequence of expanded hypercubes:

text:
Expanded hypercubes

...

Octagon
Rhombicuboctahedron
Runcinated tesseract
Stericated 5-cube
Pentellated 6-cube
Hexicated 7-cube
Heptellated 8-cube


document_title: 13 Reasons Why

question_text: how many episodes in 13 reasons why in season 2

text: 13 Reasons Why

text: Premise

text: In season one, seventeen year old Clay Jensen returns home from school one day to find a mysterious box on his porch. Inside he discovers seven cassette tapes recorded by Hannah Baker, his deceased classmate and unrequited love, who committed suicide two weeks earlier. On the tapes, Hannah unfolds an intensely emotional audio diary, detailing why she decided to end her life. It appears each person who receives this package of old-style tapes is fundamentally related to why she killed herself. Clay is not the first to receive the tapes, but there is implied detail as to how he should pass the tapes on after hearing them. There appears to be an order to distribution of the tapes, with an additional copy held by an overseer should the plan go awry. Each tape recording refers to a different person involved in Hannah's life contributing to a reason for her suicide. The tapes refer to both friends and enemies.

text: In season two, months after Hannah's suicide, Clay and the other people mentioned on the tapes, as well as close friends and Hannah's family members, become embroiled in a civil legal battle between Hannah's parents and Liberty High School. Alleging negligence on the part of the school, Hannah's mother pursues her perception of justice, while her reluctance to settle pre-trial and her personal circumstances eventually break up her marriage with Hannah's father. The story unfolds with narratives illustrating Hannah's story told by those who present in court at trial.

text: Clay, who perceives himself as Hannah's failed protector, embarks on an investigation using whatever evidence he can find in an effort to impact on the civil case between Hannah's parents and the school. Clay also endeavours to expose the corrupted culture of the High School and its favour of wealthy, sports savvy male students over the average student, which especially compromises the integrity of young girls such as Hannah.

text: Throughout season two, Clay appears to be communicating with the ghost of Hannah as a plot narrative device.

text: Cast and characters

text: Main

text:
Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen, a close friend of Hannah who becomes obsessed with finding out what happened to her.[3]
Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker, a teenager whose suicide and recorded audio cassettes spark the events of the series.[3]
Christian Navarro as Tony Padilla, Clay's best friend at Liberty High who tries to help him deal with Hannah's death.[3]
Alisha Boe as Jessica Davis, a student who starts attending Liberty High at the same time as Hannah. Her father is in the Air Force and as a result she has to move schools frequently. She is in a relationship with Justin.[3]
Brandon Flynn as Justin Foley, a student at Liberty High who comes from an abusive family and is in a relationship with Jessica.[3]
Justin Prentice as Bryce Walker, a student from a rich family and the captain of the football team at Liberty High.[3]
Miles Heizer as Alex Standall, a student at Liberty High, the ex-boyfriend of Jessica and a former friend of Hannah.[3]
Ross Butler as Zach Dempsey, a cowardly but kindhearted friend of Justin and Bryce at Liberty High.[3]
Devin Druid as Tyler Down, a bullied student at Liberty High and an avid photographer.[3]
Amy Hargreaves as Lainie Jensen, Clay's attorney mother.[4]
Derek Luke as Kevin Porter, a guidance counselor at Liberty High.[5]
Kate Walsh as Olivia Baker, Hannah's mother, who is determined to uncover the truth about the events leading to her daughter's suicide.[5]
Brian d'Arcy James as Andy Baker, Hannah's father.[6] In season 2, he has separated from his wife and moved in with the woman he cheated on his wife with for a brief period in season 1. James was promoted to series regular for the second season, after recurring in the first.

text: Recurring

text: Introduced in season one

text:
Josh Hamilton as Matt Jensen, Clay's father, a psychologist.
Michele Selene Ang as Courtney Crimsen, a closeted student at Liberty High who is responsible for spreading rumors about Hannah to protect the secret of her own sexual orientation. In season 2, she comes out on the stand during the trial of Hannah Baker, confessing her actions against Hannah that landed her on the tapes.
Steven Silver as Marcus Cole, the self-centered student body president at Liberty High, who is responsible for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah on a date. In season 2, he is suspended from school after lying on the stand during the trial and following the leaked release of the tapes soon after.
Ajiona Alexus as Sheri Holland, a student and cheerleader at Liberty High who forms a bond with Clay but is also on the tapes when her actions result in Jeff's accidental death.
Tommy Dorfman as Ryan Shaver, a student at Liberty High who betrayed Hannah's trust.
Sosie Bacon as Skye Miller, an estranged friend of Clay. In the second season, Skye and Clay date for while before she leaves for a "fresh start", following another self-harm incident which resulted in her bipolar disorder diagnosis.
Timothy Granaderos as Montgomery de la Cruz, a bully who is a student at Liberty High. In season 2, he secretly terroizes a number of individuals testifying at Hannah Baker's trial.
Brandon Larracuente as Jeff Atkins, a student at Liberty High and friend of Clay, who died in a tragic car accident.
Steven Weber as Gary Bolan, the principal at Liberty High.
Keiko Agena as Pam Bradley, the Communications teacher at Liberty High.
Mark Pellegrino as Deputy Bill Standall, Alex's father, a police officer.
Joseph C. Phillips as Greg Davis, Jessica's father, a member of the Air Force.
Cindy Cheung as Karen Dempsey, Zach's mother.
Henry Zaga as Brad, Tony's boyfriend. In season 2, it is revealed that the couple broke up sometime between the events of season 1 and 2.
Giorgia Whigham as Kat, a friend of Hannah and her former next-door neighbor.
Robert Gant as Todd Crimsen, one of Courtney's fathers.
Wilson Cruz as Dennis Vasquez, the lawyer representing Hannah's parents at the end of season 1 and during season 2.

text: Introduced in season two

text:
Jake Weber as Barry Walker, Bryce's father.[7]
Brenda Strong as Nora Walker, Bryce's mother.[7]
Meredith Monroe as Carolyn Standall, Alex's mother.[7]
R.J. Brown as Caleb, Tony's boxing trainer and boyfriend.[7]
Anne Winters as Chlöe Rice, a smart, clueless, popular girl at Liberty High and the new head cheerleader who is also Bryce's girlfriend.[8] At the end of season 2, it is revealed that she is pregnant.
Bryce Cass as Cyrus, an edgy, cynical mischief maker who serves as an unexpected champion of the downtrodden. He befriends Tyler and the two together embark on smear campaigns against bullies.[8]
Chelsea Alden as Mackenzie, Cyrus' sister, an artsy and witty girl who is not afraid to speak her mind. In season 2, she briefly develops a relationship with Tyler, though the latter breaks it up.[8]
Allison Miller as Sonya Struhl, a smart and ambitious young litigator, who defends the school during the Hannah Baker trial.[8]
Brandon Butler as Scott Reed, a student at Liberty High who is on the baseball team.[8]
Samantha Logan as Nina Jones, a well-respected track star who befriends Jessica over shared sexual assault pasts.[8]
Kelli O'Hara as Jackie, a passionate advocate for victims of bullying.[8]
Ben Lawson as Rick Wlodimierz, the baseball coach at Liberty High, who supports and protects his players.[8]

text: Episodes

text:
Season
Episodes
Originally released

1
13
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

2
13
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

text: Season 1 (2017)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

1
1
"Tape 1, Side A"
Tom McCarthy
Brian Yorkey
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

Clay Jensen finds a box filled with audio cassette tapes anonymously left on his front doorstep. He plays the first in his father's boombox and realizes they have been recorded by his recently deceased classmate Hannah Baker, before he accidentally drops and breaks the boombox when surprised by his mother. Clay steals his friend Tony's Walkman to continue listening. Clay listens to the first tape, in which Hannah begins to relate the experiences that led to her suicide. She starts by sharing the story of her first kiss, with Justin Foley, who goes on to inadvertently spread a salacious rumor that begins the sequence of events leading to her suicide. Clay is revealed, through numerous short flashbacks, to have been in love with Hannah and to have worked with her at the local movie theater. It is revealed in this episode that Hannah has put her friend Tony in charge of the tapes.

Tape subject: Justin Foley, for spreading a racy picture of Hannah along with a sexual rumor about their encounter.

2
2
"Tape 1, Side B"
Tom McCarthy
Brian Yorkey
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

Hannah reminisces about her friendship with two other new students: Jessica, who moves frequently because her father is in the Air Force, and Alex, whom they met at a coffee shop. Jessica and Alex eventually begin a relationship and stop spending time with Hannah. When Alex breaks up with Jessica, she very publicly blames Hannah. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia, finds a note in her daughter's textbook that leads her to believe Hannah was being bullied. Clay asks Jessica about the tapes, which results in Bryce Walker's circle of peers meeting to discuss how Clay is listening to Hannah's recordings.

Tape subject: Jessica Davis, for mistakenly blaming Hannah for her breakup with Alex.

3
3
"Tape 2, Side A"
Helen Shaver
Diana Son
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

As Clay attempts to pursue a romantic relationship with Hannah, her relationships are threatened by a "best/worst list" made by Alex Standall, who has put a "target" on Hannah. In the present, Hannah's mother, Olivia Baker, seeks out the school principal about her suspicion of bullying and makes a disturbing discovery. In the midst of his investigation, Clay turns to Alex for answers, who not only feels regret for his actions on the tapes, but also warns Clay against trusting Tony, whom Clay later sees in a violent exchange with his brothers. As Justin tries to recuperate from his recent slump, Bryce strong-arms Clay and Alex into a drinking contest in an alleyway.

Tape subject: Alex Standall, for listing Hannah's ass as the best in school to make Jessica Davis jealous and for destroying her friendship with Jessica.

4
4
"Tape 2, Side B"
Helen Shaver
Thomas Higgins
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

Hannah hears someone outside her window, and confesses to her friend, Courtney, that she has a stalker. Courtney offers to help her catch the offender in the act. While waiting for the stalker to arrive, they play an alcohol-fueled game of truth or dare that leads to the two of them kissing on Hannah's bed. The stalker, school photographer Tyler Down, takes a photo of the girls and sends it around the school. This effectively ends Courtney and Hannah's friendship as Courtney distances herself from Hannah to avoid being revealed as one of the people in the photograph. In the present, Clay goes to Hannah's house and talks to her mother, though is unable to admit how close he and Hannah were. He also confronts Tony about the incident with his brothers. Tony responds that "people have to make their own justice" and proves he has an extra set of tapes. Inspired by this, Clay takes a naked picture of Tyler and sends it around the school in revenge.

Tape subject: Tyler Down, for stalking Hannah and spreading the photo of her and Courtney's kiss around the school.

5
5
"Tape 3, Side A"
Kyle Patrick Alvarez
Julia Bicknell
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

Courtney, afraid of her classmates finding out about her sexuality, spreads a rumor that the girls in the leaked photos are Hannah and Laura, an openly lesbian classmate. Courtney also adds to the rumor about Hannah and Justin, worsening Hannah's poor reputation. In the present, Clay takes Courtney to visit Hannah's grave. She leaves, not ready to face her involvement in the loss of her classmate or be more open about her sexuality. Tony arrives with Clay's bike and gives him a tape with the song he and Hannah danced to at the Winter Formal. Later, Justin, Zach and Alex force Clay into the car with them by stealing his bike and scare him into silence about the tapes by driving over the speed limit. They are pulled over by the police but face no consequences as the officer is revealed to be Alex's father. Clay denies knowing Hannah to his mother, who has been asked to represent the school in the lawsuit the Bakers are bringing.

Tape subject: Courtney Crimsen, for deflecting attention about both her sexuality and the photo Tyler took of her and Hannah by spreading further rumors about Hannah.

6
6
"Tape 3, Side B"
Kyle Patrick Alvarez
Nic Sheff
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

Hannah's date on Valentine's Day with Marcus does not go as planned due to the rumors that she is promiscuous. In the present, Alex gets into a fight with Montgomery and they both must appear before the student honor board. Clay helps Sheri on an assignment, and they nearly hook up, but Sheri reveals she is only there because she is on the tapes and wants Clay to like her despite her role in Hannah's death.

Tape subject: Marcus Cole, for humiliating and attempting to sexually assault Hannah in public on their Dollar Valentine date.

7
7
"Tape 4, Side A"
Gregg Araki
Elizabeth Benjamin
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

After Hannah refuses to go out with Zach, he gets revenge by sabotaging her emotionally during a class project. Zach removes compliments from Hannah's box, affecting her self-confidence. In the present, Clay hears Zach's tape and keys his car in an act of revenge, but things turn out to be different than they appeared. Clay is now having both auditory and visual hallucinations of Hannah during the day, including seeing her dead body on the floor of the basketball court during a game and hearing her tape playing over the school's intercom system. He returns the tapes to Tony, unable to continue listening.

Tape subject: Zach Dempsey, for stealing the "positive notes" destined to Hannah in Communications class out of revenge for her rejecting him and his help.

8
8
"Tape 4, Side B"
Gregg Araki
Kirk Moore
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

Hannah is touched by poetry recited by fellow student Ryan Shaver, and joins the Evergreen Poetry Club, a place where people write and perform their own poetry, and listen and critique others. Hannah presents some extremely revealing and confessional poetry at the poetry club after Ryan encourages her. Ryan betrays her by publishing the poem without her knowledge or consent in his school magazine. Almost everyone in school finds the poem hilarious, but Clay is both touched and disturbed by it, not realizing Hannah is the author. In the present day, Tony confides to Clay about the night of Hannah's death, and Clay takes back the tapes. Clay later gives the poem to Hannah's mother.

Tape subject: Ryan Shaver, for stealing a poem Hannah wrote detailing her personal problems and publishing it in the school newspaper without her consent.

9
9
"Tape 5, Side A"
Carl Franklin
Hayley Tyler
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

While hiding in Jessica's room during a party, Hannah witnesses Bryce Walker raping an unconscious and intoxicated Jessica. In the present, Marcus warns Clay the worst is yet to come and again attempts to scare him into silence about the tapes, this time by planting drugs in his backpack to get him suspended from school. Clay finally admits to his mother that he and Hannah were close. After getting suspicious legal advice from his mother, he goes to Justin's apartment to retrieve his bike and talk about getting justice for Jessica. Justin finally admits that what happened in the tapes is real, and claims it is better if Jessica does not know the truth.

Tape subject: Justin Foley (and seemingly Hannah Baker herself), for allowing Bryce to rape his girlfriend Jessica.

10
10
"Tape 5, Side B"
Carl Franklin
Nathan Louis Jackson
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

After the party, Hannah gets a ride home from her classmate, cheerleader Sheri Holland. They have what appears to be a minor accident, knocking over a stop sign. While Hannah wants to call the police to report it, Sheri refuses to do so, because she is afraid she will get in trouble. While Hannah is on her way to find a phone to call the authorities, the downed stop sign causes a serious accident at that intersection, resulting in the death of Clay's friend Jeff Atkins, which was incorrectly considered a drunk driving accident. When Hannah tries to tell Clay about the stop sign, he pushes her away, thinking she is being unnecessarily dramatic. In the present, Jessica's behavior becomes more erratic. Clay finds out that Sheri is trying to make up for her mistake in her own way, and he tells Jeff's parents that Jeff was sober when he died.

Tape subject: Sheri Holland, for abandoning Hannah after crashing her car into a stop sign, which ultimately caused the death of another student.

11
11
"Tape 6, Side A"
Jessica Yu
Diana Son
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

With Tony's support, Clay finally listens to his tape and is overcome with guilt to the point of contemplating his own suicide because he feels he did not do enough to prevent Hannah's death. Tony manages to calm him down. Justin finds out Jessica is at Bryce's home. He confronts her there and admits that Bryce raped her on the night of the party, causing her to break up with him. Olivia Baker finds a list with the names of all the people on the tapes, although she does not know what the list means.

Tape subject: Ostensibly Clay Jensen, for complying with Hannah's request to leave her alone at Jessica's party. However, Hannah is explicit in stating Clay is not included in the list, but is there because he must be, as he is part of the story.

12
12
"Tape 6, Side B"
Jessica Yu
Elizabeth Benjamin
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

After accidentally losing her parents' store's earnings, a depressed Hannah stumbles upon a party being thrown by Bryce. The night ends in tragedy when she ends up alone with him, and he rapes her in his hot tub. This leads Hannah to create a list of people (the one that her mother found in the previous episode) who she feels were responsible for leading her to her current circumstances, which becomes the inspiration for the creation of the tapes. In the present, everyone on Hannah's list is subpoenaed to testify in the lawsuit between the Bakers and the school. The subjects of the tapes disagree over what to do. Tyler eventually suggests they pin everything on Bryce, but Alex refuses and says they should tell the truth. Sheri turns herself in. Clay goes to Bryce's house, on the pretext of buying marijuana, to confront him about the events of the night he raped Hannah. Clay provokes Bryce to attack him and is badly beaten. However, Clay has been secretly recording their conversation and gets Bryce to admit that he raped Hannah. An unknown teenager with a gunshot wound to the head is treated by paramedics.

Tape subject: Bryce Walker, for raping Hannah in his hot tub.

13
13
"Tape 7, Side A"
Kyle Patrick Alvarez
Brian Yorkey
March 31, 2017 (2017-03-31)

Hannah begins to record the tapes and then visits Mr. Porter to tell him about her rape. Hannah secretly records the conversation, hoping he will help her. When he does not, she heads home and takes her own life. In the present, Clay gives Tony the tape of his conversation with Bryce to copy. He confronts Mr. Porter about meeting with Hannah on her last day. He also hands over the tapes, including the additional tape containing Bryce's confession. Clay tells Porter that he is the subject of the final tape. The depositions begin, Marcus and Courtney deny their involvement in Hannah's death as much as possible. Zach and Jessica admit their mistakes. Before his deposition, Tyler hides ammunition and guns in his room, and then reveals the existence of the tapes during his interview. Alex is revealed to have been the teenager with the gunshot wound; he is in critical condition at the hospital. Justin leaves town out of guilt, but not before telling Bryce about the tapes. Jessica finally tells her father about her rape. At school, Clay reaches out to Skye Miller, his former friend, to avoid repeating the same mistakes he made with Hannah.

Tape subject: Mr. Porter, for not believing Hannah was suicidal and for not giving her proper help.

text: Season 2 (2018)

text:
No.
overall
No. in
season
Title
Directed by
Written by
Original release date

14
1
"The First Polaroid"
Gregg Araki
Brian Yorkey
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Five months after the events of the first season, Hannah's trial moves to court. Tyler is the first to testify in the trial and does so truthfully. Skye and Clay are dating, but Clay starts to hallucinate Hannah. Mr Porter confronts Bryce in the bathroom about raping Hannah. Jessica returns to school, as does Alex who survived his suicide attempt, but has lost much of his memory from before it, including the contents of Hannah's tapes. Tony is given the note Hannah left him the night she died, and is later seen burning it. Clay finds a Polaroid photograph in his locker, with a note saying "Hannah wasn't the only one".

Testified: Tyler Down, who talks about taking photos of Hannah and attempting to befriend her.

15
2
"Two Girls Kissing"
Gregg Araki
Thomas Higgins
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Courtney reveals that she is a lesbian and had feelings for Hannah during her testimony. A group of protesters gather at the court to demand justice for Hannah, but Jessica and Alex are both threatened to avoid revealing anything incriminating when they testify. Skye and Clay fight over her suspicion that Clay is still in love with Hannah, and Skye is hospitalized soon after leaving Clay's house. Meanwhile, Tyler befriends a classmate named Cyrus.

Testified: Courtney Crimsen, who talks about her feelings towards Hannah and their kiss.

16
3
"The Drunk Slut"
Karen Moncrieff
Marissa Jo Cerar
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Clay, riding home on his bicycle, is hit intentionally by a car, injuring him slightly. He visits Skye in hospital, but she breaks up with him. Clay and Alex try to encourage Jessica to reveal information about Bryce during her testimony, but she fails after seeing incriminating pictures of her stuck to the board in a classroom. Olivia asks her afterwards if she was the girl on the ninth tape, but Jessica does not answer. After discovering Jessica had been contacted by Justin, Clay finds him homeless in Oakland with Tony's help. With no other option, Clay lets Justin stay in his bedroom with him. Skye's parents move her to a psychiatric facility, and tell Clay not to contact her. Tyler meets the rest of Cyrus' friends while Bryce is asked to testify.

Testified: Jessica Davis, who talks about the hot-or-not list and hers and Hannah's friendship.

17
4
"The Second Polaroid"
Karen Moncrieff
Hayley Tyler
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Marcus lies about what happened with Hannah the night they went out on Valentine's Day during his testimony (in order to protect his reputation) and briefly mentions Bryce, angering him. Cyrus and Tyler hear of Marcus' lies and prank him, going to a nearby field afterwards to shoot guns. Clay finds out that Justin has been taking heroin and he and Sheri help him onto the path to sobriety. Jessica shows the threatening note she was left before her testimony to Mr Porter. Alex continues to be frustrated about not being able to remember anything and asks Clay for the tapes, who sends them to him. Clay also finds a second Polaroid photograph in his locker, which shows Bryce having sex with an unconscious girl, alongside a note saying "he won't stop".

Testified: Marcus Cole, who lies about what happened with Hannah the night they went out.

18
5
"The Chalk Machine"
Eliza Hittman
Nic Sheff
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Tyler is confronted by Mr Porter, who suspects he was behind the pictures of Jessica found in the classroom before her testimony, but he denies involvement. Ryan testifies and talks about Hannah's poems, saying they were written about Justin and that she and Justin maintained contact even after falling out. Afterwards, Olivia invites Ryan to help her decipher Hannah's poems for additional clues, but Ryan soon leaves after Olivia mentions missing pages in Hannah's journal, which Ryan had torn out. Clay realizes the Polaroid photos were taken at school and attempts to find out where. Chlöe meets with Bryce's parents and his mother notices bruises on her. Jessica attends her first group therapy session. Mr Porter finds a brick thrown through his car window, with a threatening note attached; he later confronts Justin's mother and is arrested after a violent incident with her boyfriend.

Testified: Ryan Shaver, who talks about the poems he wrote with Hannah and who she wrote them about.

19
6
"The Smile at the End of the Dock"
Eliza Hittman
Julia Bicknell
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Zach testifies and reveals that he and Hannah had a romantic relationship the summer before she died, but they kept it secret. After the testimony, Clay reacts angrily and confronts Zach, ignoring his apologies, while Bryce teases Zach about his relationship, prompting a small fight between them. Justin returns to school and talks to Jessica, but she asks him to leave. He then faints after seeing Bryce, and on his return to Clay's house, has to hide as someone breaks in, at which point Clay's parents find out he has been staying there, but allow it to continue.

Testified: Zach Dempsey, who talks about his relationship with Hannah the summer before she died.

20
7
"The Third Polaroid"
Michael Morris
Brian Yorkey
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

During Clay's testimony, he is forced to reveal he and Hannah did drugs at a small party one night and spent the night together, and Clay ignored a comment Hannah made the next morning about wanting to die. Alex's birthday party is derailed after a number of arguments break out. When Clay leaves the birthday party, he finds a Polaroid photograph left on his car, with a note reading "The Clubhouse". After reading comments posted online about his testimony, Clay anonymously uploads Hannah's tapes to the Internet. Meanwhile, Bryce is seen having sex with Chlöe without getting proper consent.

Testified: Clay Jensen, who talks about his friendship with Hannah.

21
8
"The Little Girl"
Michael Morris
Felischa Marye
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

After the release of the tapes, Bryce returns to school to find his locker vandalized and his "confession tape" Clay recorded being shared among students. After Marcus is blackmailed, he calls Bryce a rapist during a speech at a ceremony, in front of a large group of parents and students, in order to protect his own reputation. Clay finally contacts Skye again and meets with her at the psychiatric facility, but she tells him she is moving to a different state. Justin overdoses on heroin, but Alex saves his life - he then returns to his mother's home.

Testified: Andy and Olivia Baker, who talk about Hannah's life and the bullying at Liberty High.

22
9
"The Missing Page"
Kat Candler
Rohit Kumar
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

When testifying, Mr Porter reveals that since Hannah's death he has come to believe that Hannah was raped by Bryce. He then emotionally apologizes to Hannah's mother for the part he played in her suicide. Justin steals money from his mother's boyfriend, and when confronted by his mother, leaves her some suggesting she leaves too in order to escape the relationship. Bryce confronts and threatens Clay under the assumption that it was Clay who blackmailed Marcus into publicly accusing Bryce of rape. Later, Clay is violently beaten at school by four masked students. He is then approached by Cyrus who invites him to join him and Tyler in vandalizing the school that evening, but when he does, he sees a group of students entering a storage shed next to the baseball field, which he correctly guesses that it's the location of The Clubhouse. He texts Justin and they reconvene. Meanwhile, Olivia contacts a girl, Sarah, and her mother and asks them not to testify.

Testified: Pam Bradley, who talks about the atmosphere at Liberty High and Kevin Porter, who talks about the day Hannah asked help from him.

23
10
"Smile, Bitches!"
Kat Candler
Kirk Moore
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Tony is asked to testify, but chooses not to reveal that Hannah left him her tapes because he owed her a favor after she helped him evade arrest. During Sarah's testimony, she reveals Hannah was part of a trio of girls who bullied her at another high school. After an argument between Tyler and Mackenzie, his friendship with Cyrus breaks down. Offering marijuana, Sheri tempts some male students into taking her to The Clubhouse, where Bryce takes a picture of her and two other boys on a Polaroid camera, placing the photograph in a box filled with many others. She learns the code to unlock the door and shares it with Clay and Justin. During a baseball game, Zach confronts Bryce, tells him he knows Hannah was not lying, and quits the game. He goes to The Clubhouse to find Clay and Justin there, and hands Clay the box of Polaroid photographs taken in the Clubhouse, confessing that it was him who had given Clay the first three photographs. Clay reviews the photographs at home with Justin and Sheri, and they find a pair of photographs which show Bryce raping Chlöe. Clay also finds a picture of Hannah.

Testified: Sarah, who talks about Hannah bullying her and Tony Padilla, who talks about his friendship with Hannah.

24
11
"Bryce and Chloe"
Jessica Yu
Marissa Jo Cerar & Thomas Higgins
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Bryce testifies and says that he and Hannah had a casual sexual relationship, and that she falsely accused him of rape after he brought an end to it. When Bryce returns to school, Justin approaches him and a fight breaks out, which evolves into a mass brawl. Jessica shows Chlöe the two pictures of Bryce and her in The Clubhouse, and Chlöe confesses that it was her who stuck up the pictures in the classroom before Jessica testified. Olivia, her legal team, and Jessica ask Chlöe to testify, and she agrees, but in the courtroom she reports that she remembers Bryce having sex with her and remembers consenting. The box of Polaroid photographs taken from The Clubhouse is stolen from Clay's car, and Alex is sent a package containing a gun and a threatening letter. Bryce's mother later asks him whether he was telling the truth in his testimony, and, after being pressed, he confesses to raping Hannah. Through a series of flashbacks, it is revealed Bryce wanted a relationship with Hannah and was rejected himself. Clay becomes mentally tormented by hallucinations of Hannah, to the point where he contemplates both murdering Bryce and killing himself.

Testified: Bryce Walker, who lies about raping Hannah, and Chloe Rice, who talks about the clubhouse but also lies about being raped by Bryce.

25
12
"The Box of Polaroids"
Jessica Yu
Hayley Tyler & Brian Yorkey
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

Justin receives a death threat before going to testify, but he tells of Bryce raping Jessica during his testimony nonetheless. Montgomery is confronted by Alex, Clay, Justin, Tony, Zach, and Scott after Alex realizes he is responsible for intimidating people during the trial, and admits to stealing the box of Polaroid photos. However, after taking Alex to their location, he reveals he was lying and escapes. As a result, Jessica is encouraged by a group of her friends to report her case of sexual assault to the police. After the trial concludes and the jury find the school district not responsible for the death, both Bryce and Justin are arrested outside the courtroom for their involvement in Jessica's rape. Mr. Porter is fired after a performance review, and Tyler is placed on a diversion program after one of his social media posts reveals it was him who vandalized the school.

Testified: Justin Foley, who talks about his relationship with Hannah and confesses about Bryce raping her.

26
13
"Bye"
Kyle Patrick Alvarez
Brian Yorkey
May 18, 2018 (2018-05-18)

One month later, after Jessica's sexual assault trial, Bryce is convicted but sentenced to only three months' probation. Justin is sentenced to six months' probation and can only be released to one of his parents, neither of whom can be found. This leads to Clay's family adopting him, which Clay reveals to Justin after a funeral service for Hannah. Clay discovers he was included on a list of eleven "reasons why not" Hannah had written before her death. Tyler returns to school, but is savagely beaten and sexually assaulted by Montgomery and two of his friends. It is revealed that Justin is secretly shooting up heroin, and that Nina possesses the box of Polaroids, which she burns. The following night, at a school dance, Jessica and Justin share an intimate encounter, and Chlöe tells Jessica she is pregnant. Tyler arrives at the dance planning to orchestrate a mass school shooting, but Clay learns of his plan and confronts him, encouraging him not to do it. He peacefully disarms Tyler before Tony arrives to drive Tyler away in his car. The episode ends with sirens of the approaching police cars being heard, with Clay holding Tyler's assault rifle in front of the school.

text: Production

text: Universal Studios purchased film rights to the novel on February 8, 2011, with Selena Gomez cast to play Hannah Baker.[9] On October 29, 2015, it was announced that Netflix would be making a television adaptation of the book with Gomez instead serving as an executive producer.[10][11] Tom McCarthy was hired to direct the first two episodes.[12] The series is produced by Anonymous Content and Paramount Television with Gomez, McCarthy, Joy Gorman, Michael Sugar, Steve Golin, Mandy Teefey, and Kristel Laiblin serving as executive producers.[12]

text: Filming for the show took place in the Northern Californian towns of Vallejo, Benicia, San Rafael, Crockett and Sebastopol during the summer of 2016.[13][14] The 13-episode first season and the special were released on Netflix on March 31, 2017.[15][16]

text: Therapy dogs were present on set for the actors because of the intense and emotional content of the series.[17]

text: On May 7, 2017, it was announced that Netflix had renewed the series for a second season.[18][19] Filming for the second season began on June 12, 2017,[20] but was briefly halted in October in response to the then-ongoing Northern California wildfires happening around the areas where the series was being filmed.[21] Production on the second season wrapped in December 2017.[22] The second season was released on May 18, 2018.[23]

text: On June 6, 2018, Netflix renewed the series for a third season, which is set to be released in 2019.[24]

text: Reception

text: Audience viewership

text: The marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the first season was the second-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered, garnering 48% of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received, which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot. The series also showed an 18% increase in week-over-week viewership from week one to week two. Jumpshot, which "analyzes click-stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers", looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company’s U.S. members, factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season.[25]

text: Critical response

text: Season 1

text: The first season has received positive reviews from critics, with much of the praise for the show being aimed at its acting, directing, story, visuals, improvements upon its source material, and mature approach to dark and adult subject matter. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 80% approval rating with an average rating of 7.2/10, based on 51 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "13 Reasons Why complements its bestselling source material with a gripping look at adolescent grief whose narrative maturity belies its YA milieu."[26] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating generally favorable reviews.[27]

text: Jesse Schedeen of IGN praised 13 Reasons Why, giving it a 9.2 out of 10, "Amazing", stating that the show is "a very powerful and hard-hitting series" and "ranks among the best high school dramas of the 21st century".[28] Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe gave a glowing review for the show, saying, "The drama is sensitive, consistently engaging, and, most importantly, unblinking."[29] Maureen Ryan of Variety asserts that the show "is undoubtedly sincere, but it's also, in many important ways, creatively successful" and called it "simply essential viewing".[30] Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the entire season a score of B+, calling the show "a frank, authentically affecting portrait of what it feels like to be young, lost and too fragile for the world".[31] Daniel Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praised the show, calling it "an honorably mature piece of young-adult adaptation", and citing its performances, direction, relevance and maturity as some of the show's strongest points.[32]

text: The acting, particularly Katherine Langford as Hannah and Dylan Minnette as Clay, was frequently mentioned and widely lauded in several reviews. Schedeen of IGN praised the cast, particularly Minnette and Langford, stating: "Langford shines in the lead role... [and] embodies that optimism and that profound sadness [of Hannah's] as well. Minnette's Clay is, by design, a much more stoic and reserved character... and does a fine job in what's often a difficult role."[28] Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the chemistry of Langford and Minnette, saying that "watching these two young actors together is pure pleasure", while Schedeen of IGN also agreed, saying that they are "often at their best together, channeling just the right sort of warm but awkward chemistry you'd expect from two teens who can't quite admit to their feelings for one another". Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter also praises both actors: "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible. The actress' performance is full of dynamic range, setting it against Minnette's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red-eyed, hygiene-starved despair."[32]

text: Ryan of Variety also gave praise to not only the two leads, but also the supporting cast of actors, particularly Kate Walsh's performance as Hannah's mother, which Ryan describes as "career-best work".[30] Positive mentions from various critics, such as Ryan, Feinberg and Schedeen, were also given to the supporting cast of actors (most particularly Alisha Boe, Miles Heizer and Christian Navarro's respective performances of Jessica, Alex and Tony). Liz Shannon Miller of Indiewire, who enjoyed the show and gave it a positive score of B+, gave praise to the racial, gender and complex diversity of its supporting cast of teens.[30][28][32][33]

text: Another aspect frequently mentioned within reviews was the show's mature and emotional approach to its dark and adult subject matter. This was favorably reviewed by critics, such as Miller of Indiewire, particularly her statement that "the adult edges to this story ring with honesty and truth."[33] Miller, and Feinberg of The Hollywood Reporter, also stated that the show can be difficult to watch at times,[32] while Schedeen of IGN states that it is "an often depressing and even uncomfortable show to watch... a pretty emotionally draining experience, particularly towards the end as the pieces really start to fall into place."[28]

text: Numerous critics also praised several other aspects of the show. Feinberg highlighted the show's directors, saying: "A Sundance-friendly gallery of directors including Tom McCarthy, Gregg Araki and Carl Franklin keeps the performances grounded and the extremes from feeling exploitative",[33] while Gilbert of The Boston Globe praised the storytelling: "The storytelling techniques are powerful... [as it] builds on the world established in the previous hour, as we continually encounter new facets of Hannah's life and new characters. The background on the show keeps getting deeper, richer."[29]

text: Conversely, the series has also received criticism over its portrayal of teen angst. Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote a critical review, writing, "the show doesn't make [Hannah's] downward progress convincing. It too often feels artificial, like a very long public service announcement." He also criticized the plot device that has Clay listening to the tapes one by one instead of all in one sitting like the other teens did, which Hale felt was unbelievable: "It makes no sense as anything but a plot device, and you'll find yourself, like Clay's antagonists, yelling at him to listen to the rest of tapes already."[34]

text: Writing for The Guardian, Rebecca Nicholson praised some aspects of the show, including the performances from Minnette and Walsh, but was troubled by much of the plot, writing, "a storyline that suggests the love of a sweet boy might have sorted all this out added to an uneasy feeling that stayed with me". Nicholson was skeptical that the show would appeal to older viewers, unlike other series set in high school such as Freaks and Geeks and My So-Called Life: "It lacks the crossover wit of its forebears... It's too tied up in conveying the message that terrible behaviour can have horrible consequences to deal in any subtleties or shades of feeling. It's largely one-note – and that note is horrifying. 'It has to get better,' implores one student towards the end, but given its fairly open ending, an apparent season two setup, it does not seem as if there's much chance of that happening."[35]

text: Washington Post television critic Hank Stuever wrote a negative review, finding 13 Reasons Why "contrived" and implausible: "There are 13 episodes lasting 13 super-sullen hours – a passive-aggressive, implausibly meandering, poorly written and awkwardly acted effort that is mainly about miscommunication, delivering no more wisdom or insight about depression, bullying and suicide than one of those old ABC Afterschool Specials people now mock for being so corny." He also wrote that he found Hannah's suicide tapes "a protracted example of the teenager who fantasizes how everyone will react when she's gone. The story ... strikes me as remarkably, even dangerously, naive in its understanding of suicide, up to and including a gruesome, penultimate scene of Hannah opening her wrists in a bathtub."[36]

text: David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the series a tepid review, saying that it was plagued by character inconsistencies, particularly Hannah. He praised Langford's "stunning performance" but noted, "There are times when we simply don't believe the characters, when what they do or say isn't consistent with who we've been led to believe they are... At times, [Hannah] is self-possessed and indifferent at best to the behavior of the popular kids. At other times, though, relatively minor misperceived slights seem to send her into an emotional tailspin. No doubt, teenagers embody a constant whirl of conflicting emotions, but the script pushes the bounds of credibility here and there." He noted that overall, the series worked: "The structure is gimmicky and the characters inconsistent, but there are still at least 13 Reasons Why the series is worthy."[37]

text: Season 2

text: This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2018)

text: The second season received negative reviews from critics, with criticism aimed at the poor execution of its topics; many declared it unnecessary.[38][39] Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 27% with an average rating of 5.5/10, based on 25 reviews. The sites critical consensus states, "By deviating from its source material, 13 Reasons Why can better explore its tenderly crafted characters; unfortunately, in the process, it loses track of what made the show so gripping in the first place."[40] On Metacritic the season has an average score of 49 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".[41]

text: A scene in which the character Tyler gets viciously attacked and sexually assaulted during the finale also caused controversy from fans and critics of the series, with some describing it as "unnecessary" and "traumatizing".[42] The series' showrunner has defended the scene, saying that it was included in an attempt to "[tell] truthful stories about things that young people go through in as unflinching a way as we can".[43]

text: Social impact

text: The series has generated controversy over its portrayal of suicide and self-harm, prompting Netflix to add strong advisory warnings prior to the first, twelfth, and thirteenth episodes. School psychologists and educators expressed concern about the series.

text: The superintendent of Palm Beach County, Florida schools reportedly told parents that their schools had seen an increase in suicidal and self-harming behavior from students, and that some of those students "have articulated associations of their at-risk behavior to the 13 Reasons Why Netflix series".[45]

text: The Australian youth mental health service for 12–25 year-olds, Headspace, issued a warning in late April 2017 over the graphic content featured in the series, due to the increased number of calls to the service following the show's release in the country. Netflix however, demonstrably complied with the Australian viewer ratings system, by branding the series as "MA15+" when streamed via its own interface. They accompanied its presentation with additional warnings and viewer advice, and ensured that counselling referrals were included and not easily skipped at the conclusion of each episode, even including an Australian accent in the voice over for those referrals every fifth episode. The "MA15+" rating in Australia requires a guardian to accompany a minor to an Australian cinema to allow admission of those under 18 years of age. "MA15+" also prohibits the admission of anyone under the age of 15, requiring proof-of-age identification.[46][47][48]

text: In response to the graphic nature of the show and New Zealand's high youth suicide rate, which was the highest among the 34[a] OECD countries during 2009 to 2012,[50][51] the Office of Film & Literature Classification in the country created a new rating, "RP18", allowing individuals aged 18 and over to watch the series alone and those below having to watch it with supervision from a parent or guardian.[52][53]

text:
"We stayed very true to the book and that's initially what [author] Jay Asher created was a beautifully tragic, complicated yet suspenseful story and I think that's what we wanted to do ... We wanted to do it justice and, yeah, [the backlash is] gonna come no matter what. It's not an easy subject to talk about, but I'm very fortunate with how it's doing."

—Executive producer Selena Gomez, in defense of the controversy surrounding the series[54]

tag: div

text: In April 2017, the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) in the United States released a statement regarding the series, saying: "Research shows that exposure to another person's suicide, or to graphic or sensationalized accounts of death, can be one of the many risk factors that youth struggling with mental health conditions cite as a reason they contemplate or attempt suicide."[55] NASP sent a letter to school mental health professionals across the country about the series, reportedly a first for NASP in response to a television show.[56] The following month, the United States Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP) released a statement also noting how strongly the show may serve as a trigger for self-injury among vulnerable youth. They lamented the depiction of mental health professionals as ineffective for youth who have experienced trauma and may have been considering suicide.[57] The statement implored Netflix to add a tag following each episode with mental health resources, and a reminder that depression and suicide can be effectively treated by a qualified mental health professional, such as a clinical child psychologist, using evidence-based practice.

text: Similarly, clinical psychologists such as Daniel J. Reidenberg and Erika Martinez, as well as mental health advocate MollyKate Cline of Teen Vogue magazine, have expressed concerns regarding the risk of suicide contagion.[58][59][60] However, Eric Beeson, a counselor at The Family Institute at Northwestern University noted that "it's unlikely that one show alone could trigger someone to attempt suicide."[55] Mental health professionals have also criticized the series' depiction of suicide itself, much of which violates widely promulgated recommendations for reporting on actual suicides or not depicting them in fiction, in order to not encourage copycat suicides.[61] The season finale, which depicts Hannah's suicide in graphic detail, has been particularly criticized in this regard.[62] Nic Sheff, a writer for the show, has defended it as intended to dispel the myth that suicides "quietly drift off", and recalled how he himself was deterred from a suicide attempt by recalling a survivor's account of how painful and horrifying it was.[63]

text: The NASP statement also criticized the show's suggestion that bullying alone led Hannah to take her life, noting that while it may be a contributing factor, suicidal ideations far more often result from the bullied person having a treatable mental illness without adequate coping mechanisms. Alex Moen, a school counselor in Minneapolis, took issue with the show's entire plotline as "...essentially a fantasy of what someone who is considering suicide might have—that once you commit suicide, you can still communicate with your loved ones, and people will suddenly realize everything that you were going through and the depth of your pain ... That the cute, sensitive boy will fall in love with you and seek justice for you, and you'll be able to orchestrate it, and in so doing kind of still be able to live."[62] Other counselors criticized the depiction of Hannah's attempt to reach out to Mr. Porter as dangerously misleading, since not only does he miss obvious signs of her suicidal ideations, but says he cannot report her sexual assault to the police without her identifying the assailant. School counselors are often portrayed as ineffective or clueless in popular culture, Moen says, but Porter's behavior in the series goes beyond that, to being unethical and possibly illegal. "It's ridiculous! Counselors are not police. We don't have to launch an investigation. We bring whatever information we do have to the police", she told Slate.[62]

text: In May 2017, the Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) along with the Centre for Suicide Prevention (CSP) released a statement with similar concerns to the ones raised by NASP. CMHA believed that the series may glamorize suicide, and that some content may lead to distress in viewers, particularly in younger viewers. Furthermore, the portrayal of Hannah's suicide does not follow the media guidelines as set out by the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention (CASP) and the American Association of Suicidology. CMHA and CASP did praise the show for raising awareness about "...this preventable health concern," adding that, "Raising awareness needs to be done in a safe and responsible manner. A large and growing body of Canadian and international research has found clear links between increases in suicide rates and harmful media portrayals of suicide." Ways in which the portrayals of suicide may cause harm, according to CMHA and CASP, include the following: "They may simplify suicide, such as, by suggesting that bullying alone is the cause; they may make suicide seem romantic, such as, by putting it in the context of a Hollywood plot line; they may portray suicide as a logical or viable option; they may display graphic representations of suicide which may be harmful to viewers, especially young ones; and/or they may advance the false notion that suicides are a way to teach others a lesson."[64][65]

text: One study found the release of 13 Reasons Why corresponded with between 900,000 and 1,500,000 more suicide-related searches in the United States, including a 26% increase in searches for "how to commit suicide," an 18% increase for "commit suicide," and a 9% increase for "how to kill yourself."[66] A review, however, found that it is unclear if searching for information about suicide on the Internet relates to the risk of suicide.[67]

text: Accolades

text:
Year
Award
Category
Nominee(s)
Result
Ref.

2017
Gold Derby Awards
Breakthrough Performer of the Year
Katherine Langford
Nominated
[68]

2018
Golden Globe Awards
Best Actress – Television Series Drama
Katherine Langford
Nominated
[69]

Guild of Music Supervisors Awards
Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama
Season Kent
Won
[70]

MTV Movie & TV Awards
Best Show
13 Reasons Why
Nominated
[71]

Best Performance in a Show
Katherine Langford
Nominated

NAACP Image Awards
Outstanding Directing in a Drama Series
Carl Franklin for "Tape 5, Side B"
Won
[72]

Satellite Awards
Best Actress in a Drama / Genre Series
Katherine Langford
Nominated
[73]

Best Drama Series
13 Reasons Why
Nominated

Television Academy Honors
Television with a Conscience
13 Reasons Why
Won
[74]

text: Beyond the Reasons

text: With the release of the first season of the series, Netflix also released 13 Reasons Why: Beyond the Reasons, an aftershow documentary television film. The 29-minute documentary featured cast and crew of the series, and mental health professionals discussing their experiences working on the show and dealing with difficult issues, including bullying, depression and sexual assault. A second Beyond the Reasons special was released with the second season of the series.[75][76][77]

text: Notes

text: Jump up ^ While there are 35 OECD countries, figures for 2009–2012 exclude Latvia, which became a member country on July 1, 2016.[49]


document_title: The Professor (Gilligan's Island)

question_text: what was the professor's name in gilligan's island

question_tokens: what was the professor 's name in gilligan 's island

text: The Professor (Gilligan's Island)

text: This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

text:
Professor Roy Hinkley

Gilligan's Island character

First appearance
"Marooned"
Gilligan's Island (pilot, 1963)

Last appearance
"Gilligan's Army"
Gilligan's Planet (1982)

Created by
Sherwood Schwartz

Portrayed by
1963 – John Gabriel
1964-1983 – Russell Johnson

Information

Nickname(s)
The Professor

Gender
male

Occupation
High School Science Teacher
Scoutmaster
College professor

text: Roy Hinkley, referred to as the Professor, is one of the seven castaways from the television series Gilligan's Island (1964–67); he was played by Russell Johnson. The character was originally played by John Gabriel in the pilot episode, but the network thought he looked too young to have all the degrees attributed to the Professor.

text: Character summary[edit]

text: The Professor's backstory identifies him as a high-school science teacher who was born in Cleveland, Ohio.[1] His principal expertise was as a botanist, whose purpose in joining the ill-fated voyage that stranded the castaways was to write a book to be titled Fun With Ferns. His main function on the show was to devise many ways for the castaways to live more comfortably on the island. Many of his inventions (including a method for recharging the batteries in the ubiquitous radio) used coconuts and bamboo, both of which were in plentiful supply. Aside from his proficiency in science, he was also adept and well-versed in law, literature, social sciences, and the arts. Besides a list of degrees from various schools (including USC, UCLA, SMU, and TCU) he provides in one episode, little was ever learned about his past and nothing was ever learned about his family. In several episodes, brief remarks are made on his past: in the pilot he is described as a research scientist and "well-known scoutmaster"; in another when a big game hunter comes to the island and asks the Professor what sports he took, the answer is "chess"; after kissing Ginger for a prolonged period (during filming of a silent movie), he claims to be a "scuba diver"; in another, when the castaways try to recreate who killed "Randolph Blake", the Professor threatens to "...cancel his subscription to the Science Quarterly". Also, in the episode "Will the Real Mr. Howell Please Stand Up?", the Professor states that he does "...hold a Masters Degree in Psychology".

text: The Professor was portrayed as the most neutral and level-headed character. He usually displayed more patience with Gilligan than the other castaways, and was often called upon to settle disputes. As a result, he often served as the leader of the castaways whom the others respected because of his great store of knowledge, although the castaways rarely mentioned this. For unexplained reasons—possibly for research purposes in writing his book (although titled Fun with Ferns, ferns may not have been its sole topic)—the Professor brought a large number of books on diverse subjects such as chemistry and anthropology of the South Sea Islanders on a three-hour pleasure-cruise in Hawaii. On many occasions, he conveniently pulls out a book which has exactly the facts needed to fix or explain a particular problem they are having. In several episodes, electric power for phonographs or washing machines is generated by employing someone (usually Gilligan) to manually pedal, or turn, a pulley, which the Professor has engineered.

text: The Professor was also depicted as completely asexual. Russell Johnson has confirmed that it was the producers' intention for his character due to concern from the censors. Unusual for its day, the show actually includes a line where the Professor directly states to Ginger his lack of interest in either sex or romance.

text: A running joke about the Professor was his ability to build anything from coconuts and bamboo, yet he was somehow unable to create a raft or other means to leave the island. This was parodied in the sitcom Roseanne.

text: The show's producer, Sherwood Schwartz, answered this paradox in an interview, when he said that the Professor's behavior was logical and quite typical; people often ignore the obvious solution because of their own biases and preferences. "That’s true of mankind", said Schwartz in an interview[2] with WABC radio's Mark Simone. "They can do except what they cannot do." However, the professor did try many times to repair the boat using available island-resources, but they ultimately proved inadequate.

text: Likewise, in an interview with Larry King, Bob Denver explained that the Professor simply "had no talent for boat-building". This is the more logical answer, since the island was stated to be 1000 miles from civilization, and an inexpert repair would be risky on such a long journey. Furthermore, in an early episode, "Goodbye Island", he attempts to do so with a native tree syrup, which proves a disastrous failure that results in the boat being completely destroyed. (Also, earlier in the series, Gilligan and Skipper built a raft to sail for help; however, the island was revealed to be near a shark-filled area that made such a journey too dangerous for anything other than an actual boat or rubber raft.)

text: In popular culture[edit]

text: In the sitcom Roseanne, when one of the characters playing the Professor stated after they crashed, "This hole on the boat defies all of my advanced knowledge. To fix it would be impossible...now if you'll excuse me, I'm going to go create explosive fillings out of sand." In the parody movie Back to the Beach, a character played by Bob Denver and obviously based on Gilligan mentions knowing "a guy who could build a nuclear reactor out of coconuts but couldn't fix a two-foot hole in a boat." Also, in "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Isle Thing" (a parody of Tone Lōc's "Wild Thing"), he sings: "She said 'That guy's a genius'/I shook my head and laughed/'If he's so fly/then tell me why/he couldn't build a lousy raft?'"


document_title: Valley of the Dolls

question_text: who was valley of the dolls written about

text: Valley of the Dolls

text: Plot summary[edit]

text: The novel tells the story of three young women who become fast friends in the turbulent post-war worlds of Broadway and Hollywood: Anne Welles, a reserved New England beauty who sees New York as the romantic city of her dreams; Neely O'Hara, an ebullient vaudevillian with a talent she doesn't fully understand; and Jennifer North, a sweet-natured showgirl who wants only to be loved. As life becomes difficult, each woman grows increasingly dependent on "dolls," the amphetamines and barbiturates which, for a time, seem to help.

text: Crossing their paths are such people as Helen Lawson, a brilliant but ruthless Broadway legend; Lyon Burke, a magnetic but self-centered theatrical attorney; Tony Polar, a child-like but sexually aggressive pop singer; Kevin Gillmore, a powerful but lovesick cosmetics tycoon; and Ted Casablaca, a potent but opportunistic fashion designer.

text: Over the course of twenty eventful years (1945–1965), each of the women strives to ascend the Mount Everest of her dreams, only to find herself back in the valley of the dolls.

text: Background[edit]

text: Susann had apparently been thinking about the novel for some time. Some years earlier, she had begun a show business novel, Underneath the Pancake, with her friend, actress Beatrice Cole (c. 1910–1999).[4] Later, she considered writing a novel about drug usage in show business to be called The Pink Dolls.[5]

text: Valley of the Dolls is widely considered to be a roman a clef, with its characters based on such famous figures as Judy Garland, Carole Landis, Dean Martin, and Ethel Merman.[6] In 1973, after publication of her third novel, Susann said, "They can keep calling it that [roman a clef]. It'll only make my books sell, I don't care."[7] Susann insisted that she began each book with a theme: "Then I start asking, what kind of a personality? And because I have a good ear, I unconsciously pick up certain people."[7]

text: Susann dedicated the book to her poodle, Josephine, and to her husband, Irving Mansfield.[8]

text: Reception[edit]

text: The book was published by Bernard Geis Associates on February 10, 1966, and "took off like a Cape Canaveral space shot." [9]

text: Although Publishers Weekly, in an advance review, called the novel "big, brilliant and sensational" (if "poorly written"),[10] the book received largely negative reviews. Gloria Steinem panned the book in The New York Herald Tribune [11] as did the reviewer in The New York Times.[12] Time magazine called it the "Dirty Book of the Month," and said, "it might more accurately be described as a highly effective sedative, a living doll."[13]

text: Despite the poor reviews, the book was a commercial juggernaut. On May 8, 1966, in its ninth week on the list, the book reached #1 on the New York Times Best Seller List, where it remained for 28 consecutive weeks.[14] With a total of 65 weeks on the list, the book became the best selling novel of 1966.[1] By the time of Susann's death in 1974, it had entered the Guinness Book of World Records as the best selling novel in publishing history, with more than 17 million copies sold.[15] By 2016, the book had sold more than 31 million copies.[2]

text: Adaptations[edit]

text: In 1967 the book was adapted into a film of the same name, directed by Mark Robson (Peyton Place), and starring Barbara Parkins (as Anne), Patty Duke (Neely), Paul Burke (Lyon), Sharon Tate (Jennifer), and Susan Hayward (Helen). The movie was written by Helen Deutsch (National Velvet) and Dorothy Kingsley (Seven Brides for Seven Brothers), and produced by Robson and David Weisbart. Reviews were scathing,[16] but the film was an enormous box-office hit, becoming the sixth most popular of the year with $44 million at the domestic box office.[17] Susann, who had a cameo as a news reporter, hated the film, reportedly telling director Robson that it was "a piece of shit."[18]

text: The novel was adapted for television in 1981 as Jacqueline Susann's Valley of the Dolls, a mini-series executive-produced by Susann's widower Irving Mansfield and directed by Walter Grauman. This version stars Catherine Hicks, Lisa Hartman, and Veronica Hamel. In 1994 a late-night, syndicated television soap opera, Valley of the Dolls, ran for one season and 65 episodes. The premise was a loose adaptation of the novel.[19] BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 15-episode dramatisation scripted by Yvonne Antrobus over three weeks in August and September 2005. It was part of the Woman's Hour programme's ongoing fifteen-minute daily drama slot,[20] and has been rebroadcast several times on BBC Radio 4 Extra in three 70-minute omnibus episodes.[21]

text: Notes[edit]


document_title: Luncheon of the Boating Party

question_text: where is the luncheon of the boating party located

text: Luncheon of the Boating Party

text: Description[edit]

text: The painting, combining figures, still-life, and landscape in one work, depicts a group of Renoir's friends relaxing on a balcony at the Maison Fournaise restaurant along the Seine river in Chatou, France. The painter and art patron, Gustave Caillebotte, is seated in the lower right. Renoir's future wife, Aline Charigot, is in the foreground playing with a small dog, an affenpinscher; she replaced an earlier woman who sat for the painting but with whom Renoir became annoyed.[4] On the table is fruit and wine.

text: The diagonal of the railing serves to demarcate the two halves of the composition, one densely packed with figures, the other all but empty, save for the two figures of the proprietor's daughter Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise and her brother, Alphonse Fournaise, Jr, which are made prominent by this contrast. In this painting Renoir has captured a great deal of light. The main focus of light is coming from the large opening in the balcony, beside the large singleted man in the hat. The singlets of both men in the foreground and the table-cloth all work together to reflect this light and send it through the whole composition.

text: Interactive image[edit]

text: Subjects depicted[edit]

text: As he often did in his paintings, Renoir included several of his friends in Luncheon of the Boating Party.[4] Identification of the sitters was made in 1912 by Julius Meier-Graefe.[5] Among them are the following:[6]

text:
The seamstress Aline Charigot, who is holding an affenpinscher dog, sits near the bottom left of the composition. Renoir married her in 1890, and they had three sons.
Charles Ephrussi—wealthy amateur art historian, collector, and editor of the Gazette des Beaux-Arts—appears wearing a top hat in the background. The younger man to whom Ephrussi appears to be speaking, more casually attired in a brown coat and cap, may be Jules Laforgue, his personal secretary and also a poet and critic.
Actress Ellen Andrée drinks from a glass in the center of the composition. Seated across from her is Baron Raoul Barbier, former mayor of colonial Saigon.
Placed within but peripheral to the party are the proprietor's daughter Louise-Alphonsine Fournaise and her brother, Alphonse Fournaise, Jr., both sporting traditional straw boaters and appearing to the left side of the image.  Alphonsine is the smiling woman leaning on the railing; Alphonse, who was responsible for the boat rental, is the leftmost figure.
Also wearing boaters are figures appearing to be Renoir's close friends Eugène Pierre Lestringez, a bureaucrat, and Paul Lhote, himself an artist. Renoir depicts them flirting with the actress Jeanne Samary in the upper righthand corner of the painting.
In the right foreground, Gustave Caillebotte wears a white boater's shirt and flat-topped straw boater's hat as he sits backwards in his chair next to actress Angèle Legault and Italian journalist Adrien Maggiolo. An art patron, painter, and important figure in the impressionist circle, Caillebotte was also an avid boatman and drew on that subject for several works.

text: Close-ups[edit]

text: Actual location[edit]

text: Contemporary critical reception[edit]

text: At the Seventh Impressionist Exhibition in 1882, the painting generally received praise from critics. "It is fresh and free without being too bawdy," wrote Paul de Charry in Le Pays, March 10, 1882. In La Vie Moderne (March 11, 1882), Armand Silvestre wrote, "...one of the best things [Renoir] has painted...There are bits of drawing that are completely remarkable, drawing- true drawing- that is a result of the juxtaposition of hues and not of line. It is one of the most beautiful pieces that this insurrectionist art by Independent artists has produced." Alternatively, Le Figaro published Albert Wolff's comment on March 2, 1882: "If he had learned to draw, Renoir would have a very pretty picture..." [7]

text: In popular culture[edit]

text:
Actor Edward G. Robinson (1893-1973) is quoted as saying: “For over thirty years I made periodic visits to Renoir's Luncheon of the Boating Party in a Washington museum, and stood before that magnificent masterpiece hour after hour, day after day, plotting ways to steal it."[8]
The painting was featured prominently in Jean-Pierre Jeunet's film Le Fabuleux Destin d'Amélie Poulain — released in English as Amélie (2001). The most prominent reference is a comparison between the film's protagonist, Amélie, and the woman in the centre sipping a glass (Actress Ellen Andrée), seemingly gazing out of the canvas, uninterested, while everyone else is enjoying the day together. The painting and its relationship to Amélie is also featured in the musical version of the film in the song "The Girl with the Glass."
A homage to this painting appears in the final panel of On the False Earths, the seventh volume of Jean-Claude Mézières and Pierre Christin's long-running comic book series Valérian and Laureline.[9]
Renoir's creation of the painting is dramatized in Susan Vreeland's 2007 novel, Luncheon of the Boating Party.